BIBLIOTHECA CLASSICA. 



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1 



s 

1 



1 

i 



1 



THECA CLASSICA; 



A CLASSICAL DICTIONAEY, 



CONTAiMXG 



A COPIOUS ACCOUNT 



OF ALL THE 



PROPER NAMES MENTIONED IN ANCIENT AUTHORS, 



By J. LEMPRIERE, D. D. 



A NEW EDITION, 

U&;VISED AND CORRECTED, WITH NUMEROUS ADDITIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS, 



0/ ■ 



By WILLIAM PARK, M.A.. 



LIBRARIAN TO TH K UNIVBRSITY OF GLASfiOW. 




LONl 

PRINTED FOR THOMAS '^EGff'^i^Wij^l^l 

RICHARD GRIFFIN & CO., 

TEGG & CO., DUBLIN; 
ALSO, J< AND S. A. TEGG, SYDNEY AND HOBART TOWN. 

MDCCCXXXVIII. 



IDE , 



GLASaOW ; 

PRINTED BY GEORGE BROOKMAN 



i 

''^> TO 

Professor of Law in the University of Glasgow 

AS A. 

SINCEKE THOUGH IMPERFECT TBIBUTE 
TO 

I HIS LEARNING, ABILITIES, AND VIRTUES, 

I THIS EDITION 



IS DEDICATED 

BY 

HIS OBLIGED AND OBEDIENT SERVANT, 

THE EDITOR 



11 



THE AUTHOK'S PREFACE. 



In the following pagps it has bpen the wish of the author to g've the most acru- 
rate and satisfactory account of all the proper names which occur in reading tl»e 
Classics, and, by a judicious collection of anecdotes and historical facts, to draw a 
picture of ancient times, not less instructive than entertaining. Such a work, it 
is hoped, will not be deemed an useless acquisition in the hands of the public ; 
and while the student is initiated in the knowledge of history and mythoh)gy, and 
familiarised with the ancient situation and extent of kingdoms and cities that no 
longer exist, the man of letters may, perhaps, find it not a contemptible com- 
panion, from which he may receive information, and be made, a second time, 
acquainted with many important particulars, which time, or more laborious occu- 
pations, may havi' erased from his memory. In the prosecution of his plan, the 
author has been obliged to tread in tlie steps of many learned men, whose studies 
have been directed, and not \A'ithout success, to facilitate the attainment of classi- 
cal knowledge, and the ancient languages. 1 heir compositions have been to him 
a source of information, and he trusts that their labours have now found new 
elucidation in his own, and that, by a due consideration of every subject, he has 
been enabled to imitate their excellencies, without copying their faults. Many 
compositi«ms of the same nature have issued from the press, but tiiey are partial 
and unsatisfactory. The attempts to be concise, have rendered the labours of one 
barren and uninstructive ; while long and unconnected quotations of passages, 
from Greek and Latin writers, disfigure the page of the other, and render the 
whole insipid and disgusting. It cannot, therefore, be a discouraging employ- 
ment now, to endeavour to finish what oihers liave left imperfect, and, with the 
c<mciseness of Stephens, to add the diffuse researches of Lloyd, Hoffman, Collier, 
&c. After paying due attention to the ancient poets and historians, from whom 
the most authentic information can be received, the labours of more modern 
authors have been consulted, and every composition, distinguished for the clear- 

^ ness and perspicuity of historical narration, or geographical descriptions, has been 
carefully examined. Truly sensible of what he owes to modern Latin and Eng- 
lish writers and commentators, the author must not forget to make a public 
acknowledgment of the assistance he has likewise received from the labours of 

, the French. In the Siecles Payens of I'Abbe Sabatier de Castres, he has found 
all the information which judicious criticism, and a perfect knowledge of heathen 
mythology, could procure. The compositions of I'Abbe Banier, have also been 
useful ; and in the Dictionaire Historique, of a literary society, printed at Caen, 
a treasure of original anecdotes, and a candid selection and arran«^ement of his- 
torical facts have been discovered. 

It was the original design of the author of this Dictionary, to give a minute 
explanation of all the names of which Pliny and other ancient geographers make 
mention ; but, upon a second consideration of the subject, he was convinced, that 
it would have increased his volume in bulk, and not in value. The learned 



reader will be sensible of the propriety of this remarK, when he recollects, thai thej 
names of many places mentioned by Pliny and Pausanias, occur no where else in' 
ancient authors, and tliat to find the true situation of an insignificant village, meu- 
tinned by Strabo, no other writer but Strabo is to be consulted. ' 

This Dictionary being undertaken more particularly for the use of schools, it 
has been thought proper to maik the quantity of the penultimate of every word, 
iind to assist the student who cau receive no fixed and positive rules for pronun- 
ciation. In tins the authority of Smethius has been followed, as also Leede's! 
edition of Labbe's Catholici Indices. ; 

As every publication should be calculated to facilitate literature, and to be ser-j 
viceable to the advancement of the sciences, the author of this Dictionary did noti 
presume to intrude himself upon the public, before he was sensible that his humble; 
labours would be of some service to the lovers of the ancient languages. The 
undertaking was for the use of schools, therefore he thought none so capable of j 
judging of its merit, and of ascertaining its utility, as those who preside over the 
education of youth. With this view, he took the liberty to communicate his in-j 
tentions to several gentlemen in that line, not less distinguished for purity of 
criticism, than for their classical abilities, and from them he received all the en- 
couragement which the desire of contributing to the advancement of learning ■ 
can expect. To them, therefore, for their approbation and friendly communica- ^ 
tions, he publicly returns his thanks, and hopes that, now his labours are com- 
pleted, his Dictionary may claim from them that patronage and that support, to 
which, in their opinion, the specimen of the work seemed to be entitled. He had, 
paid due attention to their remarks, he has received with gr.ititude their judi-j 
cious observations, and cannot pass over in silence their obliging recommenda- 
tions, and particularly the friendly advice he has received from the Rev. R. Valpy,' 
master of Reading si hool. ' 

For the account ot the Roman laws, and for the festivals celebrated by the* 
ancient iniiabitanta of Greece and Italy, he is particularly indebted to the useful 
collections of archbishop Potter, of Godwyn, and Kennet. The quoted authorities 
have been carefully examined, and frequently revised ; and, it is hoped, the opi- 
nions of mythologists will appear without confusion, and be found divested of al^ 
obscurity. ! 

Therefore, with all the confidence which an earnest desire of being useful can 
command, the author olFers the following pages to the public, conscious that they 
may contain inaccuracies and imperfections. A dictionary, the candid reader is 
well aware, cannot be made perfect all at once; it must still have its faults and 
omissions, however cautious and vigilant the author may have been, and in every 
page there may be found, in the opinion of some, room for improvement, and for 
addition. Before the candid, therefore, and the impartial, he lays his publication^ 
and for whatever observations the friendly critic may make, he will show himsell 
grateful, and take advantage of the remarks of every judicious reader, should Ihej 
favours and the indulgence of the public demand a second edition. j 

Pemero'^k College, Oxford, j 

Soccinljer, 1783. 



I ADVERTISEMENT BY THE EDITOR. 

.1 
"i 

I In prepai ing" this New Edition of Doctor Lempriere's Bibliotheca Classica, it has 
. been the editor's endeavour to render the work still more worthy of the very 
[favourable reception it has so long- met with from the public. The whole has 
'been carefully revised and corrected; very considerable additions have been 
made, and many articles have been entirely re- written. 

In acknowledg-ing- the assistance derived from the labours of others, it is in- 
cumbent on the editor frankly to state, that he has availed himself iinsparing-ly of 
the valuable information collected in the works of Anthon, Arrowsmith, Butler, 
Cramer, D'Anville, Kruse, Malte-Brun, Mannert, Ukert, Wells, Entield, Tenne- 
mann, Tiraboschi, Schol), Banier, Bryant, Creazer, Voss, Adam?, Potter, &c. 

Glasgu'vV, June 1, 1S38. 



C 



A 

CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



ABA 

ACA and Abac, a' city of Phocis in Greece, said 
to have been founded by the Abantes ; celebrated 
"or an oracle of Apollo, more ancient than that at 
i)elphi, and for a rich temple whicli Avas sacked 
and burned by the Persians. S/rab. 9.— Herod. 8, 

38. A city of Caria. Another of Arabia 

Felix. A mountain near Smyrna. Ptin. 5, ^il. 

Abacene, a country of Sicily near Messaua. 
Diod. 14. 

Abalus, an island, as the ancients supposed, 
in the German ocean, called by Timseus, Basilia, 
and by Xenophon Lampsacenus, Baltia ; now 
the peninsula of Scandinavia. Here, according 
to Pliny, some imagined that amber dropped from 
the trees. Hisf. Nat. 37, 2. 

Abana, a plcice of Capua. Cic. contra Rult. 

Abantks, a warlike people, originally from 
f hrace, who settled in Phocis, where they built 
a city which they called Abae, after the name of 
their leader. From Phocis they crossed over into 
'he island Euboea, which took from them the name 
f Abantia. Some of them migrated from Euboea 

) Ionia, and mingled with the lonians. Herod. 
116. Horn. II. 542. 

ABANTIAS and Abantiades, a patronymic 
jiven to the descendants of Abas king of Argos, 
5uch as Acrisius, Danae, Perseus, Atalanta, &c. 
Ovid. 

Abantidas, a man who made himself master 
of Sicyon, after he had murdered Clinias, the fa- 
ther of Aratus. He was himself soon after 
assassinated, B. C. '251. Piut. in AraU 

Abantis, or Abantia, an ancient name of the 
island of Euboea, received from the Abantes, who 

settled in it from Phocis. Plin. 4, 12. ALso a 

country of Ejiirus. Pans. 5, 22. 

Abahbarea, one of the Naiades, mother of 
/Esopus and Pedasus by Bucolion, Laomedon's 
eldest son. Homer. II. 6, -23. 

AbarIMON, a country of Scylhia, near mount 
Imaus. The inhabitants were said to have their 
feet turned backwards, and to breathe no air but 
that of their native country. Plm. 7, '2. 

AbAris, a man slain by Peiseus. Uvid. Mel. 5, 

'C A Rutulian killed by Euryalus. Vug, 

..En. 9, 344. A native of Hyperborean Scy- 

thia, son of Seuthes, who received a golden 
arrow from Apollo, with which he gave oracles, 
and transported himself from place to place with 
the greatest celerity. He was sent by the Scy- 
tiiians on an embassy to the Athenians, in the 

line of a general pestilence, probably B. C. /Go. 



ABD 

He is said to have returned to the Hypcrboronn 
countries without eating, and to have made the 
Trojan Palladium with the bones of Pelops. Some 
suppose that he wrote treatises in Greek and 
it is reported, that there is a Greek manuscript of 
his epistles to Phalaris in the library of Augsbuj-g, 
Hi^rod. 4, 36.—S!rab. 7.— Diod, Sic. 8, 11. 

A BAKU S, an Arabian prince, who perfidiously 
deserted Crassus in his ejcpedition against Par- 
thia. A-ppiau. in Pnr/h.—He is called Mazercs 
by Flvr. 3, 12. and A riamnes by P^M^ in Crass. 

Abas, or Abus, a mountain of Armenia Major, 
which gives rise to the southern branch of the 
Euphrates. D Anville supposes it to be the mo- 
dern Ahi-dag, while Mannert is of opinion tliat 

it is the modern Ararat. A river of Armenia 

Major, where Pompey routed the Albani. Pint. 

in Pump A son of Metanira, changed mto a 

lizard for laughing at Ceres. Ovid. Met. 5. 7. 

The 11th king of Argos, son of Belus, some 

say of Lynceus and.Hypermnestra,was famous for 
his genius and valour. He was father to Proetus 
and Acrisius, and built Abae. He reigned twenty- 
three years, B. C. 1384. Pans. 2, 16. 10, 35.— 

Apoilod. '2, 2. One of ^neas's friends, lost in 

the storm which drove ^Eneas to Carthage. Virg. 

Mn. 1, 125. One of the four Etrurian chiefs 

who commanded the people of Populonia and liva 
in the war of iEneas against Turnus. He was 

killed by Lausus. ^E'i. 10, 170, &c. One of ihe 

Grecian chiefs killed at the burning of Troy, 
whose shield ^neas consecrated in the town of 
Ambracia. Virg. JEn. 3, 286. A centaur, fa- 
mous for his skill m hunting. Ovid. Met. 12, 306. 

A soothsayer, to whom the Spartans erected 

a statue for his services to Lysander. Paui', lU, 9. 

A son of Neptune. Hvgln. Fab. 157 A 

sophist v,-ho wrote two treatises, one on history, 
the other on rhetoric. The time in which he lived 

is unknown. A man who wrote an account of 

Troy. He is quoted by Servius in Virg. .Mn. i'. 

Abasa, an island in the Red Sea, near .^Ihic- 
pia. Pam. 6, 26. 

AbasITIS, a part of Mysla in Asia. Stmb, 
AbassENA or Abassinia. Vid. Abyssinia. 
Abassus, a town of Phrygia. Liv. 38, 15. 
AbAtos, a small island near Memphis i': 
Egypt, celebrated for its papyrus, and as the 
burial-place of Osiris. Lm an. 10, 323. 

Abdalonimtjs, a descendant of the ancient 
kings of vSidon, who, v. hen Alexander the Grrat 
subdued that country, was so poor, that he main - 
A 



AED 



2 



ABTi 



tained himself by the cuitui e of a kitchen garden. 
HLs penury, not an uncommon case, had resulted 
troni his probity. Ih^ Alucedonlan h ro caused 
liiiu to be bruugiit into his presence, ;.nd j-lacing 
the scepti-e in his hands, expressed a wish to 
know how he had endured his povorty. Wouid 
ton aveu, " replied Abdalonimus, I may bi'i-r 
my prosperity as well 1 Tuese hands sufficientlj 
niiuutered to my njcessities: 1 possessed no- 
thaig; I -wanted nothing." Alexander, pleas- 
ed wiih this reply, gave Uim the palace and pri- 
vate estate of fttrato his predecessor, and en- 
larged his dominions by the addition of a contigu- 
Oii3 tract of country. Juslm. 11, 10— Q. Curt. 4, 1. 
Abdeka, a town, of Hispania Eajtica, built by 

the Carthaginians. Slrao. '6 An opulent aiid 

celebrated city of Thi ace, towards the east bank of 
the month of the Nestus, founded by Timesius of 
Ciazomenae. The Teiaus completed it, aiid fn)m 
them it took its name Abdtra Teiuruiu cu.o-.iu. 
Many accounts ai-e given of its unwholesome ali 
and productions ; and the stupidity of its inhabi- 
tants, from which the phrase Aodei itica mttts had 
Its origin. Bat" it gave birth to Democi itus, I'ro- 
tagoras, Anaxarchus, Nic.enetus, and Hecataeus. 
Its ruins are said to exist near tli j cape Ba.ous 
F mp. Md. 2, 2. -C'.c. i.dAuic. 4, L6.—H,, 

1, 1^6 — :d..rl. Ill, 
ABDiiRiA, a town of Spain. Apollod. 2, 5. 
ABDERirES, a people of Pieonia, obiig d to 

l^ave their country on account of the great, num- 
b.;r of rats and frogs which infested it. Justin, lo, 2. 

Abdekl's, a man of Locris, arm-bearer io 
Hercules, was torn to pi c^s by the mares of Dio- 
uiedes, \viiich the hero had entrusted to his care 
waen going to war against the Biston.;s. ApoUud, 

2, o. 

AB E-4r^, a people of Achaia. PLin. 4, 6. 

Aa .:L,LA,a town of Campania, whose inhabitants, 
call d Abjiiani, were a colony of Ciialcidians. It 
derives its only interest from the mention made of 
ii by Virgil and Siiius Italicus. Its ancient walls 
remain in many places, and ir.ciosj a circuit of 
near.y three miles, within which are fragments 
of an amphitheatre, it is now called Aveila. 
rirg.^E .. 7, liO.—Sil.Jial. 8, dlo.—Juutn. 20, 5. 

Ab,-;llinum, a town in thi country of thj 
Hirpiai. It is distiug-uished from Aballiuum 
iMarsicam, a town of Lucania, by the surname of 
frotropum. It is now AutUino. Fd i. 3, 11. 

ABtJ^UX, a noble of Saguntum, who favoui-ed 
the party of the Romans against Cai thage. Ln. 
22, ^2. 

Abend A, a tovn of Carin, whose inhabitants 
were the rirst who raised temples to tiie city of 
Rome. Liv. 45, fj. 

AbIa, formerly Ira, a maritime town of M s- 
senia, one of the sev.-n cities promised to Achilles 
by Agam ^mnon. It is called aaor Abia, daughter 
of Here -des, and nurse of Hy.li-.s. Pata. 4, 50.— 
S.rub. 8 Homer. II. 9, 292. 

Abgarus, the name of the princes of Edessa, 
in Syria. Cupiin.i-i. Ant. PiO. 9.—iipariia,i, 6t.-vet. 
18. — icioi dri CcEsar. 20. 

Abii, a people of Scythia, who led a wandering 
life. They carried ali tli ir po.vSL'ssions in wag- 
gons; lived on the tlesh of their herds and flocks, 
uu milk, and cheese, and were unaci^viainted with 
commerce. They were remarkable tor their ini - 
grity and forbearance-, never entering into war^, 
but wh n compelled. According to Arrlan and 
Curti-.ij, tnoy ?nn*Midercd to Alexand.;r, after they 
iiad been iiul |<-,iJ.'i!t biuce the reign of Cyru . 
A'.nw. 7. -Hum r.L. ia, <i.—A,ria>t i.—Cu. t. 7, <>. J 



I AlitLA, or Abyla, a mountain of Africa, in that 
1 part wiiich is nearest to the opposite niouutam 
i caii d C^aipe, on the coast of am, only eighteen 
[ miies distant. These two mountains are caLed 
I the columns of Hercules, and were said formerly 
to be united, till the horo separated thein, and 
made a communication between the Mediterra- 
nean and Atlantic seas. S.rut;. a. — Ji.ia ■, 5. 2, 6. 

ABISAKES, an Indian prince, who oflered to 
suriend^-r to Alexander. is, 12. 

Abisaris, a country beyond the llydasies in 
India. Arrian, 

ABiSOKTES, soma inhabitants of the Alps. 
Pun. 3, 20. 

Abj.eul'S, a Tiojan, killed by Aiitilojaus. 
Huintr. I., li, h2. 

AiiLEXh-S, a people near Troy. Si ah. 

AunOba, a chain of mountains in Geniiany, 
stietching along the Rhine, from the he..a i^j uivj 
Danube, near i>jr«ic/iin^e«, lo the Lqiy,. isort , 
the Black mouniains. Tucit. Germ. 1. 

AbobrIca, a town of Lusittnna. P.in. 4, icO. 
Another in Spain. 

ABLiECKiruS, a Boeotian general, ki led with a 
thousand men, in a battle at Ch^tronea, agi^m^i 
the ^tolians. Pun. tn Ara . 

Abulani, a people of Latiiiiii, n ar Alba. Ptm. 

0, o. 

Abolus, a liver of Sicily. P.n/. in Tiu.o'. 

ABONITEICHOS, a Small sea-port town of 
Paphlagonia, previously called Coio-. a, and a.ier- 
wards denominated lonopoiis. It is now AmUtr 
boli. Arriau. in Peripl. 

Aboraca, a town of Sarmatia. 

Aborigines, a people of Italy, who inhabited 
the ancient Latiam, or countiy now called Caiu- 
pa^na d: Horn ma. Whence tnis people came i*y 
the appellation has not been determined, liie 
name is now used to denote the primitive inhalii- 
taiits of a country, in coiitradisiiuclion to colo- 
nists. Liv. 1, l.—Dwnt/s. Hal. 1, lii.—Juiu.-: 4^^ 
\.—P.m. 3, 5. 

ABORRAs^, a river of Mesopotamia. Si al-. 16* 

Abkadates, a king of Susa, in Tevsiii, who, 
when his wife Fautlieu had been taken prisoner 
by Cyrus, and humane.y treated, surondered 
himself and liis troops to tne conqueror. He was 
killed in the first battle he undertook in the CuUi.e 
of Cyri;s, and his wife stabbed Jieiseif on Jus 
corps . Cyrus raised a mon. ment on th u tomb, 
Xr.noph. Cyiup. 5, 6, &c. 

Abrenxil'S, a man made gove: nor of Taren- 
tum by Hannibal. He betrayed his trust to the ene- 
my to gain the favoius oi a beautiful wonn.n, 
whose brother was in the Roman army, i'o- 

iljCEn. S. 

AbrocoMAS, son of Darius, was in the army 
of Xerxes, when he invadod Greece, lie Wcui 
killed at ThermopyU. H'Tud. 7, 2-.il. 

.■VBRODl.i:rus, a name gi.en to Parrhasius 
the i;ainter, on acccuui of tlie sumptuous manner 
of his living. Fid. Parrhasius. 

Abron, an Athenian, who wrote a treat se 

concerning the religion of the ancient Greeks. 

A grammarian of Rhodes, wlio taught rhetoric at 
Home. Another who wrote a treaiise on Theo- 
critus, A Spartan, son of Lycurgus the 

jrator. Plut. i/, 10. Ora/. A native of Argos, 

famous for his dcbaiiciK-ry. 

ABRO-Jifs, Silii, a Latin puot in the Augustan 
ige. He wrote some fables. 

ABRONYCUS, an Athenian, very s M vicftable 
Tliemistodes in his embassy to Sj:aru;. J'tiutyt, 

1, 91 HtroU. 8, 21. 



A BR 



8 



/ACA 



AnitCTA, the wife of Nisus, the youngest of 
Uie suns of /Egeus. Ass. monunienlto herclias- 
tily, Nisus, after her death, ordered tlie garments 
which she wore to become the models of fasliion 
in Megara. Fiiit. Quoesl. Grcec, 

Abkotonum, the mother of 1 hemistocles. 

Pluf. Ill T/ieiii. A town of Africa, near the 

Syrtes. Phu. 5, 4. A harlot of Thrace. Pmi. 

in Aral. 

AjikUs, a city of the Sapaei. Paws. 7, 10. 

Abkypolis, an ally of Kome, driven from his 
possessions by Persians, the last king of Mace- 
donia. Lxv. 42d, Id et 41. 

Abseus, a giant, son of Tartarus and Terra. 
HyKin. P,wf,Jab. 

Absxntjhxi, a people on the coasts of Pontus, 
where there is also a mountain of the same name. 
He,od. 6, 34. 

AbsvrtIdes, four islands on the coast of Illy- 
ricum, so named from Absyrtus, who was said to 
have been murdered there by his sister Medea. 
The principal one was called Absorus, with a 
town of the same name. They are now known as 
Cfterto^ Oiero^ Fi-rosinu^ and <J/iuu. ISitab. 7. — Md, 

l.-PUu. 3, 26. 

ABSifRTOS, a river falling into the Adriatic 
sea, nQar which Absyrtus was murdered. Lutan. 
3, 190. 

ABSYETUS, a son of iEetes, king of Colchis. 
His sister, Medea, as she flc-d away M'i(h Jason, 
tore liis b^dy to pieces, and strewed his limbs in 
her father s way, to stop his pursuit. Some say 
that she murdered him in Colchis; others in one 
of the Absyrtides; and others again lay the scene 
at Tomos. It has been asserted, on the contrary, 
that he was not murdered, but that he arrived 

safe in lllyricum. Luca,,. 3, 190. -S/ra6. 7 

Hygin. Fab. 23 ApoLlod. 1, d.—FUicc. 8, ^61— 

Ovid. Trisf. 3. 9.— 6'ic. de Na/. D. 3, 19. 

Aeulixes, governor of Susa, betrayed his 
trust to Alexander, and was rewarded with a pro- 
vince. Curt. 5, 2 Diod. 17. 

Ab us, a river of England, now the H umber, 

Abydknus, a disciple of Aristotle, too much 
indulged by his master. He wrote some histori- 
cal treatises on Cyprus, Delos, Arabia, and As- 
syria. Phi/. Jud. — Joseph, contra ^p. 

Abydos, a city of Asia minor, situate on the 
Hellespont, nearly opposite to the town of Ses- 
tos in Europe. It was tirst possessed by the Thra- 
cians, andafierwards by the MiL'sians. It was the 
place from which Leander was wont to swim, aad 
from which Xerxes threw the famous bridge across 
the Helli spont. This city was once important, as 
it commanded the communication between the 
Euxine*sea and tlie Archipelago. Jt was besieg- 
ed by Philip of Macedon, and the inhabitants de- 
voted themselves to death with their families, 
ratlier than fall into the hands of the enemy. Liv. 

31, \8.—Lucin. 2, 674 Justin. 2, 13 Musoeus 

in Her. et L'and.—Flac: 1, 285. 

Abydus, a town of Thebais in Upper Egypt, 
which contained the palace of Memnon and the 
celebrated temple of Osiris. Now a ruin called 
Madfune. Plul. de Lid. ei Osir. 

Abyla. Vid. Abila. 

ABYJ^ON, a city of Egypt. 

AuyssiNiA, a large kingdom of Africa, in 
Upper Ethiopia, where the Nile takes its rise. 
The inhabitants are said to be of Arabian origin, 
and were little known to the ancients, 

ACACALLlS, a nymph, mother of Philander 
and Phyhujis by A polio. These children were 
exposed to the wild Uoast o ui Ctcle ; but a ^out 



gave them her milk, and preserved llicir life. 

Pans. 10, 16. ^A daughter of ftlinos, mother 

of Cydon, by Mercury, and of Amphithemis by 
Apollo. Paus. 8, 53.— ^poUori. 4, 14y3. 

ACACESiUM, a town of Arcadia, built by Aca- 
cus, son of Lycaon. Mercury, surnamed Acace- 
sius, was worshipped there. Paus, b\ 3, '^6^ &c. 

Acacxus, a rhetorician in the age of the em- 
peror Julian. 

ACADKMiA, a place in the immediate vicinity 
of Athens, surrounded with a wall, and adorned 
with groves, walks, and fountains. ISome have 
d rived its name from i/cay fiyyos^ removidj'rom ihn 
people^ or, ukos ivfJ-os, '^e cine 0/ the peopU ; but 
its origin is commonly ascribed to Acudemus, 
who lived in the time of Theseus, and who be- 
queathed it to the citiz ns for a gymnasium. - 
Here Plato opened his school of philosohpy, Liid 
from this, every place sacred to learning has 
ever since been called Acadetma. To exclude 
from it profaneness and dissipation, it was even 
fo bidden to laugh there. It was called -r^cad«m/a 
vetus^ to distinguish it from the 'second acaderuy 
founded by Arcesilaus, who made some few 
alterations in the Platonic philosophy, and from 
the third which was established by Carneades. 
The name of Ahalhymia is now attached to tiiiif 
once celebrated spot. Cic. dr. Div. 1, 3.~iJiog, 3. 
— mian. V. H. 3, 35. 

ACADEmuS, an Athenian, who discovered tc 
Castor and Pollux where Theseus had concealed 
their sister Helen, for which they amply reward- 
ed him. Plul. in Thts. 

Acalakdrus, or Acalyndrus, a river falling 
into the bay of Tareulum. Now, the ISulundtUa. 
Plin. 3, lU 

Acalle, a daughter of Minos and Pasiphac. 
ApoUod, 2» J . 

ACaBiaKcHIS, one of the Oceanides. 

Acamas, son of Theseus and Phaedra, went 
with Diomedes to demand Helen from the Tro- 
jans after her elopement from Menelaus. In his 
embassy he had a son by Laodice the daughter 
of Priam. He was concerned in the Trojan war, 
and afterwards built the town of Acamantium in 
Phrygia, and called a tribe after his own name at 

Athens. Paus. 10, 26.— X;'. Culat. 12 Uyf^i,,. 

108. A son of Antenor in the Trojan war. 

Homer. II, 11, 60, &c. A Thracian auxi- 
liary of Priam in the Trojan war. Homer. II. 11. 

A promontory of the island of Cyprus, now 

called Pifin". It is the first point that presents 
itself in a voyage form Greece. Piiu. 5, 31. 

AcAMPSis, a river of Colchis, called higher 
inland Boas; now Biiumi or Balum. Arnan, 
Peri pi. 

ACANTHA, a nymph loved by Apollo, and 
changed into the tiower Acanthus. 

Acanthus, a city of Macedonia near mount 
Athos, colonized by Andrians. Near this Xerxes 
cut a canal, about a mile and a half in length, 
and twenty-five yards in breadth, through which 
he conveyed his fleet into the Sinus Singiticus, 
without doubling the dangerous promontory of 
Athos. The modern ErissvS answers to the an- 
cient Acanthus. Thucyd, 4, M.—Mela 2, 2. 

A town of Egypt, near Memphis, the present 

Bisalla, or, according to D'Anville, Dashur^ whi- 
ther the waters of the Nile are conducted by a 
canal, and not far from which are the ruins of the 
temple of Osiris, and some pyramids. Piin, 5,28. 
An island mentioned by PUn, 5, 32. 

AcAKA, a town of Pannouici. Another in 

Itaij-. 



ACA 



4 



ACE 



Ataria, a fountain of Corinth, where lolas 
tul oil i!ie iicad of Eurystheus. StiaL. 8. 

A c A 1! NAN I A, (anciently calledCuretis,)a coun- 
try (tf Epirus, boanded on the; north by the gulf of 
A mbraciu, on the west by the Ionian sea, and on the 
east by the river Achelous. It received its name 
from Acamas, eon of Alcniaeon, both of whom are 
adduced as its earliest kings. Its first inhabitants 
were the Peieges, Curetes, and Telebote, or Ta- 
}:hii. To these Acamas brought a colony of Hel- 
lenes. The Acarnanians reckoned only six 
months in the year; they were luxurious and ad- 
dicted to pleasure. They were in fact a semi- 
barbarous people, and, like their neighbours the 
yEtoiians, they remained nzde and unrefined after 
the Athenians had become the instructors of the 

world. Pirn. 2, yO — Mela 2, S.-SiraL. 7 et 9 

Paus. 8, 2A. 

ACAKNAS and Amphoterus, sons of Alcmseon 
and Cailirhoe. Alcmaeon being murdered by the 
brothers of Alphesibcea his former wife, Cailirhoe 
obtained from Jupiter, that her children, who 
were still in the cradle, might grow up to punish 
their father's murderers. Tais was granted, f^id. 
Alcmaeon. Puus. 8, 24. 

ACARNAS and Acarnan, a stony mountain of 
Attica. Smrc t,i. HippuL. 2(1. 

ACASTA, one of the Oceanides. Hts'>od. TUiog. 
356. 

ACASTUS, son of Pelia^ king of Thessaly, 
married Astydamia or Hippolyte, v,'ho fell in love 
with Peleus, son of >Eacus, when in banishment 
at her husband's court, Peleus, rejecting the ad- 
dresses of Hyppoiyte, was accused before Acas.us 
of attempts upon her virtue, and soon after, at a 
chase, exposed to wild beasts. Vulcan, by order 
cf Jupiter, delivered Peleus, who returned to 
Thessaly, and put to death Acastus and his wife. 
Fid. Peleus, and Astydamia.— Owicf. Me.t. 8, 

306. Jteroid. 13, 2o Apul.vd. 1, 9, &c. The 

second archon at Athens. 

ACATHANTUS, a bay in the Red Sea. Slrab.lQ. 
AcCA Laurenxia, the wife of Faustulus, shep~ 
herd of king Numitor's flocks, who brought up 
Komulus and Remus, who had been exposed on 
the banks of the Tiber. From her wantonness, 
she was called Lupa (a prostitute ), whence the 
fable that Romulus was suckled by a she-wolf. 

Dionys. Hal. 1, 18.—- La'. ], 4. The Romans 

yearly celebrated certain festivals [ v d. Lauren- 
<a.'i'i] in honour of another prostitute of the same 
name, Avhich arose from this circumstance : the 
koej er of the temple of Hercules, one day playing 
at dice, made the god one of the number, on con- 
dition that if Hercules was defeated, he should 
make hire a present; but if he conquered, he 
should be entertained with an eU^gant feast, and 
share his bed with a beautiful female. Hercules 
was victorious, and accordingly Acca was conduct- 
ed to the bed of Hercules, who in reality came to 
see her, and told her in the morning to go into the 
streets, and salute with a kiss the first man she 
met. This was Tarrutius, an old unmarried man, 
who, not displeased with Acca's liberty, loved 
her, and made her the heiress of all his possessions. 
These, at hor death, she gave to the Roman peo- 
ple, whence the honours paid to her memory. 

P.iit. Qurs!. Rum, ^ tn liijmul. A companion 

of Camilla. F'lrg. JE't. 11, 820. 

AccIa or Atia, daughter of Julia, and M. Atius 
Balbus, was the mother of Augustus, and died 

about 40 years B. C. D.o.-Smt. tn Au^. 4. 

Variola, an illustrioas female, whose cause was 
eloquently pleaded by Pliny. Plin. 6, ^•j>. 3iJ. 



AccTla, a town of Sicily. Lir. 24, 35. 

L. ACCIUS, a Roman tragic poet, the son of a 
freedman, was born E. C. 170. He wrote several 
tragedies,ia imitation of the Greek dramatisls,and 
on subjects taken from the Grecian history; but 
he composed also one on the story of Erutus and 
Tarquin. He is supposed likewise to have writ- 
ten two comedies, one named N uptime, and the 
other Mercator. Besides these pieces, he wrote 
some historical annals in verse, and miscel- 
laneous poems. His style has been accounted 
somewhat harsh and crude, but he is generally al- 
lowed to have been a great poet, borne few of 
his verses are preserved by Cicero and other wri- 
ters, and may be found in the Corpus Poetarum 
Latinorum. Hmal, 2, ep. 1, 56. — Ovid. Am. 1, 

15, l^—Quinti'.. 10, \.—Cic. de Orat. J, 16. 

A famous orator of Pisaurum, in Cicero's age. 

C.c, Br, 78. A noble painter in the time of 

Vespasian. Piin. 35, 10, Labeo, a foolish poet 

mentioned Pen. 1, 50. Tullius, a prince of 

the Volsci, very inimical to the Romans. Corio- 
lanus, when banished by his countrymen, fled to 
him, and led his armies against Rome. LiV, 2, 37. 
—Pint, in Co ii l. 

Acco, a general of the Senones in Gaul. Ccef. 

Beil. Gail. 6, 4 et 44, An old woman who fell 

mad on seeing her deformity in a looking-glass. 
Hetych. 

ACCUA, a town of Aptdia, in the vicinity of 
Luceria. Liv. 24, 20. 

Ace, or A CO, a sea-port town of Phoenicia, af- 
tem-ards called Ptolemais, from the Ptolemies, 
kings of Egypt. In the time of the crusades, un- 
der the name of Acre, it acquired celebrity by be- 
ing the theatre of the exploits of Richard the first 
of England, and in our own time, by the defeat of 
Buonaparte, by sir Sidney Smith. Strah. 16. — 

Plin. 5, 19.— D.odur. 19, 93. A place of Arcadia 

near Megalopolis, where Orestes was cured from 
the persecution of the furies, who had a temple 
there. Puus. 8, 34. 

ACERATUS, a soothsayer, who remained alone 
at Delphi when the approach of Xerxes frightened 
away the inhabitants. Herod. 8, 37. 

ACERBAS, a priest of Hercules at Tyre, who 
married Dido, f^id, Sichaeus.— Jws/fn. 1, 4. 

ACERINA, a colony of the Bnitii in Magna 
Graecia, taken by Alexander of Epirus. Liv 8,2 ». 

ACERR^, a town of Cisalpine Gaul, now call- 
ed Gherra. It is mentioned by Polybius in the 
Gallic wars, as a strong and important place. 

Polyb, 2, 34. An ancient town of Campania, 

near the source of the river Clunius, which retains 
the name unchanged. It still subsists, and the fre- 
quent inundations from the river, which terrified 
its ancient inhabitants, are now prevented by the 
large drains dug there. Virg. G. 2, 2ib.—Stl. 
La.'. 8, 537. 

ACEKSECtJMES, a surname of Apollo, which 
signifies unsliurr. Juv. 8, 128. 

ACES, a river of A sia. Hcrod. 3, 117. 

ACESIA, part of the island of Lemnos, which 
received this name from Philoctetes, whose wound 
was cured there. Pful ati. 

ACESiNEs, a considerable river of India, which 
falls into the Indus. The modern Chunab is pro- 
bably the Acesines of the ancients; so at least 
major Renneil supposes, and not without advanc- 
ing good proofs. Arrian, 5, 'Z'Z.—Throphrnst, 4, 

\2.—Plin, 37, 12. A river cf Sicily. Thuryd. 

4, 25. 

AcfisiUS, a suman-.e of Apollo, as goJ of meili- 
cinc. Paw-, 6 24. 



ACE 



5 



ACH 



ACKSTA, a town of Sicily, called after king 
Acostes, and known also by the name of yegesta. 
Jt was built by iEneas, who left here part of his 
crew, as he was going to Italy. Virg. JEn. 5, 
746. 

ACESTES, or iEgestus, son of Crinisus and 
Egesta, was king of the country near Dre^anum 
in Sicily. He assisted Priam in the Trojan wai", 
and kindly entertained iEneas during his voyage, 
and helped him to bury his father on mount Eryx. 
In commemoration of this, ^Jineas built a city 
there, called Acesta, from Acestcs. F^rg. Mn. 5, 
746. 

ACKSTlUM, a woman Avho saw all her relations 
invested with the sacred office of torch-bearers in 
the leslivals of Ceres. V<xus. 1, 37. 

ACKS 1 oDOKUji, a Greek historian, who men- 
tions the review which Xerxes made of his forces 
before the battle of Salamis. PLut. in Themis'. 

ACESTOK, a tragic poet of Eretria, contempo- 
rary with Aristophanes •, by whom he is charged 
with being a foreigner, and not an Athenian citi- 
zen. Arisloph, Avi s^ '6i. Vtipa;^ 1221, 

ACESTOJ Ides, an Athenian, who was archon 

in the 69th Olympiad. A Corintliian governor 

of Syracuse. Diud. 19. 

ACETES, the armour-bearer of Evander, and 
attendant of his son Pallas. Vir^. JEn. 11, 30. 

ACHABYXOS, a lofty mountain in Rhodes, on 
the summit of v/hich stood a temple of Jupiter. 

AcH^A, a surname of Pallas, whose temple in 
Daunia was defended by dogs, who fawned upon 
the Greeks, but fiercely attacked ail other persons. 

Aristol. de Mirab. Ceres was called Achaea, 

from d;voy, a word expressive of her grief for the 
loss of her daughter Proserpine. Fi,ui. in Isid. et 

ACH^I, the descendants of Achssus, the son of 
Xuthus, and grandson of Hellen. Acliaus, hav- 
ing committed manslaughter, was obliged to fly to 
Luconia, where he died, and where his posterity 
remained under the name of Achcei^ until they 
were expelled by the Heraclidae. Upon this, they 
}jiessed into tJie northern parts of Peloponnesus, 
i.nd under the command of Tisamenus, the son of 
Orestes, dispossessed the lonians of their i ountry, 
and gave it the name of Achaia. The successors 
of 1 isanicnus ruled until the lime of Gyges's tyran- 
ny, when Achaia was parcelled into twelve small 
republics, or so many cities Avith their respective 
districts, each of which comprised seven or eight 
Ci.ntons. The names of these cities are PeJlena, 
-5igi;-a, iEgae, Bura, Tritaea, iEgion, Rhvpes, 
Oienus, Heiice, Patrae, Dymae, and PhariP. ' The 
inliabitants of these three last began a famous con- 
federacy, 284 years B. C, which continued for- 
midable upwards of 130 years, under the name of 
UieAchcBan lea(jup, and was most illustrious whilst 
supported by the splendid virtues and abilities of 
Aratus and Philopoe.men. Their arms were direct- 
ed against the ii^tolians for three years, with the 
assistance of Philip of Macedon, and they grew 
powerful by the accession of neighbouring states, 
and freed their country from foreign slavery ; till 
at last tliey were attacked by the Romans, and, af- 
ter one year's hostilities, the Achaean league was 
totally destroyed, B. C. 147. From this period the 
Pelo) onnesus was reduced to the condition of a 
Roman province, bearing the nanir/of Achaia. 
Tlie name of ActicB. is generally ap^ Aed to all the 
Gre.."ks indiscriminately, by the poets. Vid, 
Achaia. Ilerod. 1, 145.8, o^.—Sot. Thch. 2, M. 
~Pyhjh.—Liv. 1. 27, 32, SiC.-Plui. i.. PkUojj.- 
I'lin. 4, b.—Uvid. Met. 4, GC'.5. - Pt. uj. 7, 1, S.c. 



Also a people of Asia on the borders of the 

Euxine. Ovid. ae. Punt. 4, 10. 27. 

ACH^lUM, a piece of Troas, opposite to the 
island of Tenedos. ISiiob. 8. 

ACH^MtKES, a king of Persia, among the 
progenitors of Cyrus the Great*, whose descend- 
ants were called Achaemenides, and formed a 
separate tribe in Persia, of which the kings were 
members. Cambyses, son of Cyrus, on his death- 
bed, charged his nobles, and particularly the 
Achaemenides, not to suffer the JVledes to recover 
their former power, and abolish the empire of 
Persia. Herod, 1, 125. 3, 65. 7, 11 Uorat. 2, ud. 

12, 21. A Persian, made governor of Egypt by 

Xerxes, B. C. 484. 

ACH^MENlA, part of Persia, called after 
Achftmenes. Hence Achat;menius. Hora..Epod, 

13, 12. 

ACH^MEnTdes, a companion of Ulysses, 
abandoned on the coast of Sicily, where iliiieas, 
on his voyage to Italy, found him. F'ng. JEn. 3, 
6i4. 

ACHJEORUM LITTUS, a harbour in Cyprus. 
Slrab. In Troas. In ^olia. in Pelo- 
ponnesus. On the Euxine. Paus. 4, 34. 

ACH^ORUM STATlO, a place on the toast of 
the Thracian Chersonesus, where Polyxenu w as 
sacrificed to the shades ol Achilles, and where 
Hecuba killed Polyninestor, who had murdered 
her son Polydorus. 

ACHuEXJS.^ a king of Lydia, hung by his subjects 

for his extortion. Ovid, in lb, A son of Xuthus 

of Thessaly. He fled, afier th • accidental murder 
of a man, to Greece, w^here the inhabitants were 
called from him, Achaei. He afterwards returned 

to Thessaly. Sirab. 8 P««.>. 7, 1. A tragic 

poet of Eretria, born B. C. 484. He w^rote 
forty-three tragedies, of which some of the titles 
are preserved, such as Adrastus, Linus, Cycnus, 
EumeHides, Philoctetes, Pirithous, Theseus, CL'di- 
pus, &c. He gained the dramatic victory only 
once. Besides tragedies, he com.posed satirical 
poems; but of these there are no remains. — Ano- 
ther of Syracuse, author often tragedies.— A river 
which falls into the Euxine. Arrum. m Pmpl. — 
A relation of Antiochus the Gieat, appointed 
governor of all the king's provinies beyond '1 au- 
rus. He aspired to sovereign ] ower, wliich he 
disputed for eight years with Aniiochus, and wls 
at last betrayed by a Cretan. His limbs were cm 
oft", and his body, sewed in the skin of an ass, w\,s 
exi;Osed on a gibbet. Polyh. 8. 

Achaia, called also Hellas,, a country of Pelo- 
ponnesus, bounded on the north by the Corinthian 
gulf, on the south by Elis and Arcadia, on liie 
east by Sicyonia, and on the west by the loni.m 
sea. It was originally called iEgialus, eithei 
from a hero of that name, or, more probably, f oin 
its maritime situation. The lonians called it 
Ionia, when they settled there-, and it received 
the name of Achaia, from the Atha»i, who disj os- 

sessed the lonians. Vid^ kch.;^ i. A small j art 

of Phthiotis was also called Achaia, of which 
Alos was the capital. 

ACHAICUM BKLl-L'M. Fid. Achaei. 

A CHAM AS, one of the workmen of Vulcan. 
Vid. Fi<'cr. 1, 583. 

AcHARA, a town near Sardis. S uil . 1-1. 

A CH A R KNSiiS, a people of Sicily near iS v. a<ntse 
Cic. hi Vnu 3. 

ACHARNiE, a very large country town of At- 
tic;!, wliere the tyrants encamped Avlipn Ihoy 
inarched a;;aiiist Thrasybulus, and whorf tiio 
Laccdxmonians, under their king Aicliiduiiius 
A 3 



ACII 



6 



ACH 



encamped, when they made an irruption into At- 
tjcv, a.1 the beginning of the Peloponnesian war. 
Aristophanes, in the comedy which takes its title 
from this town, represents the inhabitants as char- 
coal makers; and other comic writers stigmatise 
them as rough and boorish, Achamae contained 
temples dedicated to Apollo Agyaeus, Hercules, 
Mi ierva, Hygeia, and Bacchus Melpomenus. Dod- 
well places the remains of Acharn* about an hour 
from Kasha, and near Menidi, Thueyd. 2, 19.— 
Aristophh. Achar. 175. — Pausan. 1, 31. 

ACHATES, a friend of jEneas whose fidelity was 
so exemplary that Jidus Avhutes became a pro- 
verb. Firg. .E//. 1, 316. 

Ac HHLOlDES,a patronymic given to tho Syrens, 
as daughters of Achelous. Ovid. J^I^t, 5, 15. 

ACHELOKIUM, a river of Thessaly. PiUyuen. 8. 

ACHELOL'S, the son of Oceanus or Sol, by Ter- 
ra or Tethys, was god of the river of the same 
name in Enirus. He married Perimede, daughter 
of ^Solus, by whom he had Hippodamas, Orestes, 
Callirrhoe, and Castalia. Afterwards, as one 
of the numerous suitors of Dejanira, daughter 
of CEneus, he entered the lists against Her- 
cules •, and being inferior, changed himself in- 
to a serpent, and afterwards into an ox. Hercu- 
les broke oft' one of his horns, and Achelous being 
defeated, retired into his bed of waters. The broken 
horn was given to the goddess of Plenty. Some 
say that he was changed into a riA^er after the 
victory of Hercules. This river is in Epirus, and 
rises in mount Pindus, and, after dividing Acar- 
nania from ^Etolia, falls into the Ionian sea. The 
sand and mud which it caxries down, have formed 
some islands at its mouth. This river is said by 
some to have sprung from the earth after the de- 
Inge. As it overflowed its natural limits, and de- 
stroyed the neighbouring plains, it was found 
nec -ssary to restrain its inroads by turning th- 
stream into its original channel, which is suppos- 
ed to have given rise to the fable of the contest of 
Hercules with the river god. The Achelous 
is said to have been formerly called Thoas, 
and Tliestius. its present name is Aspropolamo, 

or the white river. Uerudo'. 2, 10 Strab. 10.— 

Ov.d. Mel. 8, 5. 9, 1. Amo-. 3, 6, 35.— ApoUud. 

1, 3 et 7. 2, 7 Hyirin. prcrf. fib.—S'jph. Track. 

507 A river of Arcadia falling into the Al- 

l)heus. Another flowing from mount Sipylus. 

P'ois. 8, 38. 

ACHERPUS, a tribe of Attica; hence Acherdu- 
J»K5, in DHinos:h. 

ACHEBlMf, a people of Sicily. Cic. 3 in Frrr. 

Acheron, a river of Thesprotia, in Epirus, 
which, after passing through the Acherusian lake 
and receiving the Cocytus, falls into the sea near 
the Chimerian promontory. Homer called it, from 
the dead appearance of its waters, one of the 
rivers of hell, and the fable has been adopted by 
all succeeding poets, who make the god of the 
stream to be the son of Ceres, without a father ; and 
say that he conceal d himself in hell for fear of 
the Titans, and was changed into a bitter stream, 
over which the souls of the dead are at first con- 
veyed. It receives, say they, the souls of the 
df!ad, because a deadly languor seizes them at the 
liour of dissolution. Some make him son of Ti- 
tan, and suppose that he was plunged into hell by 
Jupiter, for supplying the Titans with water. 
The word Acheron is oft^n taken for hell itself. 
Horni. 1, /. 3, 36.— Fn -. G. 2, 492, .^n. ?, 295, 
A-c.-Strah. l.—Luca : 3, \P>.-Sll. 2, S Ir. 6, StI. 

—Liv. 8, A riy.M of i^lis in Pel.ii Oiuiesus. 

-—— Another on the Kiphxan mountui ii. Or- 



pheus. Also a river in the country of ihe Bratii I 

in Italy. Justin. 12, 2. | 
ACHKBONTIA, a small town of Apulia, situated i 
on a mountain. Now Actrenzu. Moral. 3, od. 4, ; 
14. 

ACHERUSIA, a lake of Campania near Cumae. j 

Pliii. 3, 5. Anoth r of Epirus, through which ! 

the Acheron runs. Plin. 4, 1. — Dlodorus, lili. 1. ' 
mentions, that in Egypt, the bodies of the dead 
were conveyed over a take called Acherusia, and I 
received sentence according to the actions of their | 
life. The boat was called Baris, and the ferryman , 
Chaion. Hence arose the fable of Charon and the 
Styx, <S-c. afterwards imported into Greece by 
Orpheus, and adopted in the religion of the coun- 
try, j 

ACHERUSIAS, a place near Heraclea, where ! 
Hercules, as is reported, dragged Cerberus out of ' 
hell. Xenoph. A'.ab. 6. I) 

ACHETUS, a river of Sicily. Sd. 14. L 

Achillas, a general of Ptolemy, who murder- ji 
ed Pompey the Great. He was himself soon af- fj 
terwards put to death by Ganymedes the eunuch, 
who Avas in the confidence of Arsinoe, the sister 

of Ptolemv. Hirt. B. Alex. i.—Plut. in Pomp 'k 

Liican. 8, 53?. 

Achillea, a peninsula near the mouth of the 

Borysthenes. 3J-ela 2, 1 — Herod. 4, 55 et 76. 

An island at the mouth of the Ister, where was ir 
the tomb of Achilles, over which it is said that 

birds never flew. PUn. 10, 29. A fountain of , 

Miletus, whose waters rise salted from the earth, ; 
and afterwards sweeten in their course. A then, l 
2, 2. !' 

Achilleiknses, a people near Macedonia. 
Xemph. Hist. Gr(BC. 3. , 

AcHiLLEis, a celebrated poem of Statins, writ- 
ten in heroic measure, in which that author pro- |,' 
posed to give the whole life and history of Achil- | i 
les; but being preventod by death, he has only 
treated of the infancy and education of this famous 
hero. Vid. Statins. 

Achilles, the son of Peleus and Thetis, was ' 
the bravest of all the Greeks in the Trojan war. |: 
During his infancy, Thetis plunged him in the , 
Styx, and made every part of his body invulnera- , 
ble, except Jhe heel, by which she held him. His I 
education was entiu^ted to the centaur Chiron, j, 
who taught him the art of war, and made him mas- | 
ter of music ; and, by feeding him with the mar- : 
TOW of wild beasts, rendered him vigorous and ac- ' 
tive. He was taught eloquence by I'hoenix, whom i 
he ever after loved and respected. Thetis, to pie- 
vent him from going to tlie Trojan war, wliere 
she knew he M'as to perish, privately sent him to 
the court of Lycomeaes king of Scyros, disgnisod 
in a female daess. By his familiarity with the 
king's daughters here, he made Deidamia mother 
of Neoptolemus. As Troy couJd not be taken Avilh- i 
out the aid of Achilles, Ulysses went to the court of 
Lycomedes, in the habit of a merchant, and expos- 
ed jewels and arms to sale. Achilles, choosing |i 
the arms, discovered his sex, and went to the war. i 
Vulcan, at the entreaties of Thetis, made him a * 
strong armour, which was proof against all wea- J 
pons. He distinguished himself in many combutn . 
and predatory expeditions, during the years th;.t '■ 
preceded the capture of Troy. At length he was 
deprived by Agamemnon of his favourite mistress 
Briseis, wiio had fallen to his lot at the division of \ 
the booty of Lyrnessus. For this attront, which i 
is the foundation of the Iliad, he r- iused to appear i 
in the field, till the death of his friend Patroiiuj j 
recalled him to action, and to reveuga [Kiti, i,! 



ACH 



7 



AGO 



r';!troclns.] lie slew Hector, the buhvark of 
Troy, lied the corpse by the heels to his chariot, 
a;id dragged it three times rotind the Avails of the 
city. After thus appeasing the shade of his friend, 
lie permitted old Priam to ransom and carry away 
Hector's body. In the tenth year of the war, Achil- 
les was charmed, with Polyxena ; and as he solicit- 
ed her hand in the temple of Minerva, it is said 
that Paris aimed an arrow at his vulnerable heel, 
of which wound he died. His body was buried at 
Sigseum, and divine honours were paid to him, 
and temples raised to his memory. It is said, 
that after the taking of Troy, the ghost of Achilles 
a) l eared to the Greeks, and demanded of them 
Polyxena, who accordingly was sacrificsd on his 
tomb by his son Neoptolemus. Some say that 
this sacri.-lce was voluntary, and that Polyxena 
was so grieved at his death that she killed herself 
on his tomb. The Thessalians yearly sacrificed a 
black and white bull on his tomb. It is reported 
that he married Helen after the siege of Troy, 
but others maintain, that this marriage happened 
i.her his death, in the island of Leuce, where many 
of the ancient h:roes lived as in a separate ely- 
sium. [Vid. Leuce,] When Achilles was young, 
his mother asked him, -whether he preferred a long 
life spent in obscurity and retirement, or a few 
years of military fame and glory ; and that, to his 
honour, he made choice of the latter. Some ages 
after the Trojan war, Alexander, going to the 
conquest of Persia, ofiered sacrifices on the tomb 
of Achilles, and admired the hero who had found 
a Homer to publish his fame to posterity. Achii- 
L-s is supposed to have died, B. C. 1183. Xenoph. 
dr. Venal. -PLut. in Alex. De f cie in Orbe Lun. 
Dc. music. De omic. mult. Quas'. Grce:—Paus. 3, 
18, &LC.—Diod. n.—Sial. Achdl.—Ovid. Met. 12, 
3, &c. Trist. 3, 5, 37, &ic. — Vir^. Mn. 1, 472, 
4b8. 2, 275. 6, 58, Sic-ApoUod. 3, \2.-Hysiu. 
9GetllO.-S.M^^. 14.— PZjk. 35, \b.—Max. Tyr. 

oral. 27 Horaf. 1, od. 8. 2, et 16. 4, 

od. 6. 2 ep. 2, 42. Horn. H. et OJ.— Diciys 

Crrt. 1, 2, 3, &iC.— Dares Phryfr.—Juv. 7, 210 

Apolim. Argon. 4, 869 There were other 

persons of the same name. The most known 

were a man who received Juno when she fled 

from Jupiter's courtship the preceptor of 

Chiron the centaur a son of Jupiter and Lamia, 

reported to be fairer than Venus a man who 

instituted ostracism at Athens Tatius, a Greek 

writer of A.lexandrla. Vid. Tatius. 

AcHXLLEUM, a town of Troas, near the tomb of 
Achilles, built by the Mitylenians. PLin. 5, 30. 

ACHlLf^EUS, or Aquileus, a Roman general in 
Egypt, in the reign of Diocletian, who rebelled, 
and for five years maintained the imperial dignity 
at Alexandria. Diocletian at last marched against 
him; and, because he had supported a long siege, 
tha emperor ordered him to be djvoured by 
iions. 

ACHIvr, a name given by the ancient poets to 
all the people of Greece or Achaic. 

AchlaDjEUS, a Corinthian general, killed by 
Aristomeries. Pans. 4. 19. 

ACHOI.OE, one of the harpies. Hygin. 14. 

ACICHORIUS, a general with Brennus in the 
fKpedition which the Gauls undertook against 
i'.eonia. Puus. 10, 10. 

ACIDALIA, a surname ofVenus, from a foun- 
tain of the same name in Boeotiaj sacred to her. 
The Graces bathed in the for.ntain. yirg. JS^n. 1, 
7jn._0u(V/. Fad. 4, 468. 

AciDASA, a river of Peloponnesus, formerly 
cali«;d Jiii danus. Paus. 5, 5. 



ACILA, a town of Arabia, from which the an- 
cients set sail for India. iS ow Zidtr. Piin. 6, 
28. 

ACILIA, a plebeian family at Rome, which trac- 
ed its pedigree up to the Trojana,— The motlier ol 
Lucan. 

ACILIA L ^ was enacted A. U. C. 556, by C. 
Acilius the tribune, for the plantation of five co- 
lonies in Italy. Liv. 32, 29. Another, called 

also Calpurnia, by Manlius Acilius Glabrio, a 
tribune, A. U. C. t83., ordained that in trials for 
extortion, sentence should be passed after the 
cause was once pleaded, and that there should 
not be a second hearing. Cic. prooem. in Verr. 
17. 1. 9.— ^icoM. in Cic. 

M. ACILIUS Balbus was consul with Por- 
tius Cato, A. U. C. 638. It is said, that during 
his consulship, milk and blood fell from heaven. 

Pli>.. 2, 56.- Glabrio, a Uibune of the people, 

who, with a legion, quelled the insurgent skvves 
in Etruria. Being consul with P. Corn. ,Scii)io 
Nasica, A. U. C. 661. he conquered Antiochus at 
Thermopylae, for which he obtained a triumph, and 
three days were appointed for public thanksgiving. 
He stood for the censorship against Cato, but de- 
sisted on account of the false measures used by his 
competitor. Justin. 31, 6.— Lit. 30, 4U. 31^ SC. 
35, 10, &c. The son of the preceding, erect- 
ed a temple to Piety, which his father had vo w- 
ed to this goddess when fighting against A ntiochus. 
He raised a golden statue to his father, the first 
that appeared in Italy. The temple of Piety Avns 
built on the spot where once a woman had fed with 
her niilk her aged father, whom the senate had 
imprisoned, and excluded from all aliments. V'.l. 
Max. 2, 5. The enactor of a law against bri- 
bery. A praetor in the time that Verres was 

accusedby Cicero. A man accused of extortion, 

and tv/ice defended by Cicero. He was procon- 
sul of Sicily, and lieutenant to Caesar in the 

civil wars. Cms, Bell. Civ. 3, 15. A consul, 

whose son Avas killed by Domitian, because he 
fought with wild beasts, The true cause of this 
murder Avas, that young Glabrio was stronger 
than the emperor, and therefore envied. Juv. 4, 
94. 

ACILLA, a town In Africa. Cce.u Afr- 3S. 

A CIS, a shepherd of Sicily, son of Faunus and 
the nymph Simiethis- Galatea fell passionately in 
love with him; upon which, his rival, Polyphe- 
mus, through jealousy, crushed him to death with 
the fragment of a rock. The gods changed Ac!s 
into a stream Avhich rises from mount iEtna, 
now Jaci. Ovid. Met. 13, 8. 

ACME, the mistress of Septimius. Cuiull. 45, 
1, &c. 

ACMON, a native of Lyrnessus, v.-ho accom- 
panied ^^neas into Italy. His father''s nr.me wi.s 
Clytus. Fi^g. ^n. 10. 128. 

ACM0N1D£S, one of the Cyclops. Ovid. Fmt, 
4, 288. 

A CO. Vid. Ace. 

ACCETES, the pilot of the snip which, against 
his consent, carried away Bacchus, who had been 
found asleep at Naxos. The crew wore changed 
into sea monsters, but Accetea was preserved. 
Ovid. Me!. 3, 9. 

ACONTES, one of Lycaon's fifty sona. Aj>ol' 
lod. 3, 8. 

ACONTEUS, a famous hunter, changed into a 
stone, by the head ofMedus;'., at the nuptials at 

Perseus and Andromeda. Ovu'. M<t. 5, 201. 

A pei son killed in the Avars of JineasandTurnu.-, 
, in Italy. Vog. .^.u U, 615. 



AGO 



8 



ACR 



A co.VTlLS, a youth of the island of C«a, who 
having gone to Delos, to see the sacred rites wliick 
were performed there by a crowd of virgins in the 
te:aple of Diaaa, fell i:i love with Cyuippe, a 
bejutifol virgin: but not daring to ask her in mar- 
riage oa account of the meanness of his birth, pre- 
sented her with an apple, on which were inscribed 
these words, "I s rear by Diana, Acontius shall 
be my husband." Cydippe read the words, and 
fe.;iing herself compelle\l by the oath she had 
iuadvertently made, married Acontius. Ovid. Her. 
ep. 20. A mountain of Eoeotia. Flin. 4, 7. 

ACuXTOBUf.Us, a place of Cappadocia, under 
Hyppolyte queen of the Amazons. Ayollou. arg. 

ACORIS, a king of Eg)-pt, who assisted Evago- 
ras king of Cyprus asainst Fersia. D.od. 15. 

ACKADIXA, the citadel of Syracuse, taken by 
Marc3lius the Roman consul. Plut. in ManseL— 
Cic. lu Verr. 4. 

A.CR^, a tov,-n of Sicily, about twenty- four 
miles west of Syracuse. It was founded by the 

Syracusans. Tftucyd. 6, 5. A mountain in 

Peloponnesus. Pans. 2. 34. 

Acr.^A, a daughter of the river Asterioru A 

surname of Diana, from a temple built to her by 
]MeIampus. on a mountain near Argos. A sur- 
name of Juno. PuHt. 2, 17. 

Agraphia, or Acrtephlum, a town of Bceotia, 
situated on mount Ptoon. It was founded by 
Acraephneus, son of Apollo. Hcrud. S, 135.— 
PiHs.9, 23. 

AcRAtiALLIDiG, a dishonest nation living an- 
ciently near Athens. ^-EiC". LOuira Ctesiph. 

ACRAGAS. rid. Agragas. 

ACRATUS, a freed man of Nero, sent into Asia 
to plunder the temples of the gods. Tac, Ann. 15, 
45. 16, 23. 

ACRIAS, one of Hippodamia's suitors. P ms. 
6, 21 — He built Acri t , a town of Laconia. Id. 3, 
21. 

ACRIDOPHAGI, an ^Ethiopian nation, who fed 
upon locusts, and lived not beyond their fortieth 
year. At the approach of old age, swarms of 
winged insects attacked them, ancT gnawed their 
belly and breast, till the patient, hs- rubbing him- 
self, drew blood, which increased their number, 
and ended in his death. Dtod. S.-Pli-.. U, 29.— 
S:r.,b. IH. 

ACRlox, a Pvthagorean philosopher of Locris. 
Cic. d^ /in. 5, 2tt! 

AcRiSTox£L'S, a patronymic applied to the 
Argives, from Acrisius, one of their ancient kings, 
or from Acrisione a town of Argolis, called after 
a dauahter of Acrisius of the same name. F'lrg. 
^ . 7, 410- 

AltisiujiIAdes, a patronymic of Perseus, 
from his grandfather Acrisius. Ovid. .M^t. 5, 70. 

ACRisiL'S, son of Abas, king of Argos, by Oca- 
lea, daughter of Mantineus. He was born at the 
same birth as Proetus, with whom, it is said, that 
he quarrelled even in his mother's, womb. The 
enmity between the brothers grew up with their 
years, and at last, after much dissention, Acrisius 
prevailed, and Proetus was driven from Argos. 
Acrisius had Danae by Eurydice daughter of Lace- 
d»'mon; and being told by an oracle, that his 
daughter's son would put him to death, he confin- 
ed Danae in a brazen tower, to prevent her becom- 
ing a mother. She however became pregnant, by 
Jupiter changed into a goldenshower; and though 
Acrisius ordered her, and her infant called Per- 
s'^us, to be exposed on the sea, yet they were 
saved \ and Perseus soon after became so fiunous ^ 



; for his actions, that Acrisius, anxious to se^ go 
\ re:io\vned a grandson, went to Larissa. Here 
Perseus %\-ishing to show his skill in throwing a 
quoit, killed an old man who proved to be his 
I grandfather, whom he knew not, and thus the ora- 
I cle was fulfilled. Acrisius reiened about 31 years. 

■ Hy^i>.. fab. 63 Ovi.r. J//". 4^ 16. ^Horat. 3, od. 

16 ApollwK 2, 2, &c.-P.=.,6. 2, 16, &c Vide 

Danae, Perseus, Polyd'^cies. 

AC RITAS, a promontory of Messenia, in Pelo- 
ponnesus. S'ow cape Qathi, Mel i 2, '2,—Pliii. 8, 
iO. 

AcroAthon' or ACROTHOOS, a town on the 
top of mount Athos, whose inhabitants lived to an 
uncommon old age. Mela 2, 2,—Plin. 8, li'. 

Acroceraunium, a promontory of tpinis, 
with momitaiiis called Acroceraunia, which sepa- 
rate the Ionian and Adriatic seas. The word 
comes from axpoy, hjgn, and Kspdviog. thuudn- ; be- 
cause, by reason of their great height, they were 
often struck with lightnin'g. Th.^y were remark- 
able for attractins: slorms, and thenc-e dreaded by 
mariners. Luctpu 6. 420._P;i... 4, \.-Firg. M>, 
3, 506 — S-ra'. 6.— if.ra'. 1, oi 3. 20. 

ACF.OCORINTHUS, a Steep and elevated moun- 
tain overhanging the city of Corinth, on which 
was bu It a citadel, called also by the same name. 
It was one of the horns on which Philip was ad- 
vised to lay hold, in order to secure the heifer, or 
the Pelo^ onnesus. It was also considered as one 
of the fetters of Greece, of which the others were 
Demetrias in Thessaly, and Chalcis in Euboea. 
Its position was natm-ally so strong, that a small 
number of men were sudicient to garrison it; and 
we find that in the time of Aratus it was defend- 
ed by four hundred soldiers. It abomided in 
excellent water, and aftbrded one of the most mag- 
niiicent prospects in the Avorld. Strai. S.—P.tu. 
2, 4.-P;-'. in Ar',t.-Slii. Th-b. 7, 106. 

Ac RON. a king of the Ccecinenses, whom Ro- 
mulus slew in sintcle combat, after the rape of the 
Sabines. His spoils were dedicated to Jupiter 
under the name of Feretrius, because they were 

carrietl on a frame. Pint, in R'miu'. Aj hysician 

of Agrisentum in Sicily, who flourished B. ('. 444. 
He wrote physical treatises in the Doric dialect, 
and put a stop to a pestilence by fumisration. P/ti. 

2=t, l.—Plui. i>i Jsid. One of the friends of 

iEneas, killed by Mezentius. Virg. 10, 719. 

AcroneU-S, a person who distinguished liini- 
self in the games performed at the court of A !ci- 
nous, in presence of Ulysses. Uoinfr. ■. 8, 111. 

ACROPATOS, one of Alexander's oiiicers, - ho 
obtained part of Media after the king's deatii. 
Jus-n-. 13, 4. 

Acropolis, the citadel of Athens, built on an 
elevated rock, and accessible only on one side. 
Its size has been variously stated; but from a 
careful consideration of the ditlerent accounts, it 
appears to have been about a Roman mile in cir- 
cumference. The .Acropolis was entirely occupied 
with temples and other public edilices. Pani. in 

Attir. 

ACROtXtl's, son of Cleomenes, king of ?parta, 
died before his father, leaving a son called Areus. 

Pans. 1, 15. 3, 6. Son of Areus, was greatly 

loved by Chelidonis, wife of Cleonymns. 
rhis amour displeased her husband, who called 
Pyrrhus the Epirot to avenge his wrongs. 
AVhea Sparta was besieged by Pyrrhus, .Acrotalus 
was seen biavely fighting in the middle of the 
enemy, and commended by the multitude, who 
conaTatulatod Chelidonis on being ini^tiess to 
such a warlike lover. Pi •'. m Pyrrh. 



ACR 



9 



ADD 



Aci^OTHOOS. Acroathon. 

Acta, or Acte, a word derived from aya), de- 
noliiig what is drawn out to somewhat of a wedge- 
like form, or iii a general way, a projection or pro- 
montory. It was a name given to the sea-coast 
about mount Athos, in ^^llich were six cities jnen- 
tioaed by Thucydides. It was likewise the an- 
cient name of Attica, Peloponnesus, Troezene, and 
Epidaums. Thucijd. 4, 1 U9. 9. 

ACTiEA, one of the IS'ereides. A sirname of 

Ceres. A daughter of Danaus. Jpollod. 2, 1. 

ACTiEON, a famous huntsman, son of Aristaeus 
and Autonoe, daughter of Cadmus, whence he is 
called Autoneius heros. He accidentally discover- 
ed Diana and her attendants bathing in a fountain 
near Gargaphia, for which he was changed into a 
stag, and in that shape pursued and devoured by 

nis own dogs. Pans. 9, 2 Ovid. M^t. 3, 3. 

A beautiful youth, son of ^leiissus of Corinth, 
whom Archias, one of the Heraclidae, endeavour- 
ed to debauch and carry away. He v. as killed in 
the struggle which in consequence of this happened 
between his father and ravisher. >lelissus com- 
plained of the insult, and drowned himself; and 
soon after, the country being visited by a pesti- 
lence, Archias was expelled. Plui. in Amat. 

ACT^US, a powerful person who made himself 
master of a part of Greece, which he called Atti- 
ca. His daughter Agraulos married Cecrops, 
whom the Athenians called their lirst king, thougli 
Actseus reigned before him. Pans. 1, 2 et 14.— i— 
The word is of the same signification as ^tticuf, 
an inhabitant of Attica. 

ACTK, a mistress of Nero, descended from At- 
tains. Sueton. in Net: 28. One of the Horae. 

Hytrin. 183. 

ACTIA, the mother of'Augustus. As she slept 
in the temple of Apollo, she di-eamt that a dragon 
had lain with her. Isine months after, she 
brought forth, having previously dreamt that 
her bowels were scattered all over the world. 

S'W, in Aug. 94. Games instituted, or perhaps 

restored, by Augustus, in commemoration of his 
victory over M. Antony, at Actium. They were 
roiebrated every fifth year, accordmg to the gen- 
eral opinion, and were sacred to Apollo, who was 

thence called Actius Apollo. Pint, in Anion 

H.n,b. l.~Vijg. ^.1.. 3, 280. 8, 675 A 

sister of Julius Ctsar. Plu'. m Ctc. 

ACTIS, son of Sol, Avent from Greece into 
Egypt, where he taught astrology, and founded 
Heliopolis. Diod. 5. 

ACTISANES, a king of JEthiopla, who conquered 
Egypt, and expelled king Ama is. He was fa- 
mous for his equity, and his severe punishment of 
robbers, whose noses he cut ofl", and whom he 
banished to a desert place, where they were in 
want of all aliment, and lived only upon crows. 
Da.d. 1. 

ACTIUM, a small town of Epirus, near a pro- 
montory at the entrance of the Ambracian. gulf of 
llie same name. It was celebrated for a temple 
of Apollo, and fcfr the naval combat between An- 
tony and Augustus, Avhich decided the fate of the 
Roman world, Sept. B. C 31. It is still call- 
ed ^2/0. F,d. Actia. Plu(. in Anion Snetun. 

in Auic. 

ACTIUS, a surname of Apollo, from Actium, 

TThere he had a temple. Virg. 8, 704. A 

poet. f^id. Accius. A prince of the V'olsci 

^Ki. Accii-s. 

ACTIVS i\ AVIU.'!, an augur wIlo cut a loadstone 
ill l.vo v.-lth a razor, uolore Tarrjuin and the Ro- 
njan peuj le, to convince them of liis skill as an 



augur. Flor. 1, 5 Liv. 1, 36. Labeo. Vid. 

Labeo. 

Ac rOK, a companion of Hercules in his expedi- 
tion against the Amazons. The father of Menoe- 

tius by ^gina, whence Patroclus is called Acto- 

ride.s. (>vid. Trist. 1, 8. A man called also 

Aruncns. Virg. ^n. 12, 93. One of the friends 

of .^:ne.;s. Id. 9, 500 A son of Neptune by 

Agameda, Hyoin. 14. A son of Deon 

and Diomede. Apollod. 1, 9 The father of 

Eurytus, and brother of Augeas. Apfjllud. 2, 7. 

A son of Acastus, one of the Argonauts. 

Hyifin. 14. The father of Astyoche. "Homer. 

II. 2. A king of Lemnos. Hyfrin. 102. 

ActorIdes," a patronymic given to Patroclus, 

grandson of Actor. Oiid Mat. 13, 1. Also 

to Erithus, son of Actor. Id. Met. 5, 3. Two 

brothers so fond of each other, that in driving a 
chariot, one generally held the reins, and the other 
the whip •, whence they are represented with two 
heads, four feet, and one body. Hercules con- 
quered them. PindiiT. 

ACT ORIS, a female servant of Penelope. Ho- 
mer. Od. 23. 

ACTORIDS Naso, a Roman historian.' 
Sueton, in Jul. 9. 

C. ACULKO, a Roman lawyer celebrated as 
much for the extent of his understanding, as for 
his knowledge of law. He was uncle to Cicero. 
6'ic. in Orai^ 

ActTPHL-i, an ambassador from India to Alex- 
ander. Pi it. in ALx. 

AcusiLAUi", and DamagEtus, two brothers, 
conquerors at the Olympic games. The Greeks 
strewed flowers upon Diagoras tlieir father, and 
called him happy in having such worthy sons. 

P-im. 6, 7 A Greek historian, who v.as born 

at Argos, and flourished about the same time with 
Cadmus the Milesian. He composed a work on 
the Genealogies of the principal Families of 
Greece, from some brazen tablets, which his fa- 
ther was reported to have found v. hile digging in 
his house. Cicero tells us that he confined him- 
self to a plain, unadorned narrative of facts, and 
aimed at none of the graces of composition. C>r. 

de Orat. 2. An Athenian who taught rhetoric 

at Rome under Galba. 

IM. ACUTICUS, an ancient comic writer, whose 
plays were known under the names of Leones, 
Gemini, Anus, Eceotia, &c. 

Ada, a sister of queen Artemisia, who married 
Hidricus. After her husband's death, she suc- 
ceeded to the throne of Caria; but being expelled 
by her younger brother, she retired to AiindcP, 
which she delivered to Alexander, after adopting 
him as her son. Curt. 2, S. -Sirab. 14. 

Ad^US, a native of Mitylene, who wrote a 
Greek treatise on statuaries. Athm. 13. 

A damant^a, Jupiter's nurse in Crete, who 
suspended him in his cradle to a tree, that ho 
might be found neither on the earth, the sea, nor 
in heaven. To drOAvn the infant's cries, she had 
drums beat, and cymbals sounded around the tree, 
i/.Vt-i". 13y. 

Adamas*, a Trojan prince, killed by Merion. 
Homer. IL 13, 550. A youth who raised a re- 
bellion on being emasculated by Cotys king of 
Thrace. Ariit. Pol. 5,/\0. 

Adamasxus, a native of Ithaca, father of 
Ach*menides. Vir^. JEn. 3, 614. 

Adaspii, a people at the foot of mount Canra- 
sus. Justin. 12, 5. 

Addephagia, a goddess of the SicUiucs. 
Mlian. F. //. 1, 27. 



AT>D 10 

DDUA, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, which issues 
from the lake Larius, aud flows into the Po. Ftin. J 
1113. 

ADELPHiX'S, a friend of IVI. Antoninus, whom J 
he accompanied in his expedition into Parthia, of J 
which he wrote the historj^ S rat\ 11. ; 

ADEMON, raised a sedition in Mauritania to ] 
avenge his master Ptolemy, whom Caligula had i 
put to death. Sueion. in Ccdig. ii5. i 

Ades, or Hades, the god of hell among the i 
Greeks, the same as the Pluto of the Latins. The * 
word is derived from a priv. and ttceti-, to ite ; in- : 
timating that hell is destitute of light. It is often 
used for hell itself by the ancient poets. 

AdgakdeStrius, a prince of Gaul, who sent 
to Rome for poison to destroy Arrainius, and M as > 
answered by the senate, that the Romans fought : 
their enemies openly, and never used pei-fidious 
meas res. Tacit. Av. 2, 8?. 

ADHi-.KBAL, son of Micipsa, and grandson ol 
Masinissa, was besieged at Cirta, and put to ' 
death by Jugurtha, after vainly imploring the aid : 
of Rome, B. C. 111. Sallvst. m Jug. 

ADHtKBAS, the husband of Dido. Vld. 
Sichieus. 

Adiante, a daushter of Danaus. .^po'.lod, 
2,11. ^ 

Adiatorix, a governor of Galatia, who, to 
gain Antony's favour, slaughtered, in one night, . 
all the inhabitants of the Roman colony of Hera- 
clea, in Poutus. He was taken at Actium, led in ; 
triumph by Augustus, and strangled in prison. 
at rub. 12. 

AdimantUS, a commander of the Athenian 
fleet, taken by the Spartans. All tiie men of the 
fleet were put to death, except Adimautr.s, be- i 
cause he had opposed the designs of his country- 
men, who intended to mutilate all the Spartans. 
Xenoph. Hist. Grac. Pausanias says, 4, 17. 

10, 9. that the Spartans had bribed him. A 

brother of Flato. Lnert. 3. A Corinthian gene- i 

ral, who reproached Themistocles with his exile, i 

A king struck with thunder, for saying that I 

Jul iter deserved no sacrilices. Ovid. in 'ibin. 337. 

AOMETA, daughter of Eurystheus, was priest- i 

OSS of Juno's temple at Arco£. One of the 

Uceanides. Ue- vKt. Thei g. 349. 

AD.METUS, son of Pheres and Clymene, king . 
of PhercE in Thessaly, man ied Theone daughter 
of Thestor, and after her death, Alc-este daughter < 
of Pelias. Apollo, when banished from heaven, ] 
is said to have tended his flocks for nine years, { 
aud to have obtained from the Paixiae, that Adme- 
lus should never die, if another person laid down . 
his life for him. 'Ihis was cheerfully done by 
Alceste. Adnielus was one of the Argonauts, - 
nnd was at ihe hunt of the Calydonian boar. Pe- i 
lias promised his daughter in marriage onlv to him ; 
who coiUd bring him a chariot drawn by a lion and • 
a v« 'Id boar. Admetus did this by the aid of Apol- 1 
lo, and obtained Alceste in marriage. Some say ] 
that Hercides brought him back Alceste from hell. ; 

Smec. in Medea, — Higiu. SO, 51, el 243 1 

Ovid, de Art. ^i„. ^.'-Apolluo. 1, 8, 9, &c.- : 

2\btdl. 2, 3.— Paiw. 5, 17. A king of the . 

I\;oiossi, to whom Ti.emistocles fled for protection. : 

C Nrp. in Th'in. 8. An ofticer of Alexander, 

killed at the siege of Tyre. Diod. 17. i 

Adokia, feasts in honour of Venus, and in ] 
memory of Adonis ; flrst celebrated at Byblos in 
J'liCL'nicia, They were observed with great solem- 1 
nily by the Greeks, Lycians, Syrians, Egyptians, '. 
^c. They generally lasted two days-, on the i 
lirst of whicli the women carried about images of '. 



> ADR 

Venus and Adonis, with all the pomp r.nd cere- 
monies practised at funerals, whiie the setotid 
was devoted to joy, as if Adonis was returned to 
life. In some towns of Greece and Egypt, they 
lasted seven or eight days. Only women were 
admitted, and such as did not appear were com- 
pelled to prostitute themselves tor one day. The 
time of the celebration was supposed to be very 
unlucky. The fleet of Nicias sailed from Athens 
to Sicily on that day, whence many unfortunate 
omens were diawn. Fait, in Nictu. — Aiitmiun, 
2-2, 9. 

ADONIS, son of Cinyras, by his daughtei 
Myrrha, [Vid. Myrrha] was the favourite ol 
Venus. He was fond of hunting, and was often 
cautioned by his mistress not to hunt wild beasts, 
for fear of being killed in the attempt. This ad- 
vice he slighted, and at last received a mortal 
bite from a wild boar which he had wounded, and 
Venus, after shedding many tears at his death, 
changed him into a flower called anemony. Pro- 
serpme is said to have restored him to life, oc ^ 
condition that he should spend six months with , 
her, and tlie rest of the year with Venus. This t 
implies the alternate return of summer and wiii- . 
ter, Adonis is often taken for Osiris, because the [, 
festivals of both were often begun with moiu-nful ' 
lamentations, and finished with a revival of joy, [ 
as if they were returning to life again. Adonis had , 
temples raised to his memory, and is said by 
some to have Jbeen beloved bv Apollo and Bacchus. '■ 
Ap,.Uud. 3, U.—Propert'. 2, 13, . 53. — Fir^r. . 
Ed. 10. 18.— Bio'u iu Aiion. — Hy^in. 58, " 
1(34, 248, (Stc-Oiid. Met. 10, I^.-Musceus de \ 
Hei.—Puus. 2, 20. 9, 41. A river of Phoeni- 
cia, which rises in the neighbouring mountain of 
Libanus, and falls into the sea, after a north- 
west coujse, at Byblos. The streams of this |; 
river, at th^ anniversary of the death of Adonis, j 
which was in the rainy season, Avere tinged with f 
the red earth over which they flowed, and were | 
supposed to have derived their coloiu- from his ' 
blood. 

ADRAMYTTirM, an Athenian colony on the 
sea coast of Mysia, near the Caycus. Strut: 13. — 1 
Thucyd. 5, 1. [i 
AdrAna, a river in Germany. Now, the [. 
Eidrr. Tac. Am,. 1, 56. 

AdkAnu>i, a town of Sicily near ^-Etna, with L 
a river of the same name. The chief deity of the [ 
place was called Adranus, and his temple was [. 
g-uarded by one thousand dogs. Piut. in Timoi, , 
Adrasta, one of the Oceanides who nursed |^ 
Ja] iter. Ht, friu. 182. . 
ADRASTlA,.a fountain of Sicyon. Paus. 2, 15. I 

A mountain. Pm/. in Lucul. A country |.' 

near Troy, cf.lled after Adrastus, who built there u 
a temple to Nemesis. Here Apollo had an oracle. ^ 
Stra . 13. A daughter of Jupiter and Necessi- 
ty. She is called by some Nemesis, and is the 
junisher of injustice. The Egyptians placed her I, 
above the moon, Mhence she looked down upon i; 

the actions of men. Stiab. 13. A daughter of {', 

Meliiseus, to whom some attribute the nursing of [ 
Jupiter. Slie is the same as Adrasta. Ajjo(. \^ 

I, 1. ! 
AdraSth Campi, a plain near the Granicus, jj 

where Alexander first defeated Darius. Justin. . 

II, R. 

A draStu-S son of Talaus and Lysiniache, was , 
king of Argos. Polyuices being banished IVom 
Thebes by his brother Eleocles, fled to Argos, 
where he "married Argir, daughter of Adraktus, 
The king assisted hie son-in-lnw, and marthod 



ADR 



1 



1 



Eixainst Tlipbes with an army headt'd by seven of 
iiis most I'aiiious generals. They all perisiiod in 
the war except Adrastus, who Avas obliged to 
have recourse to the Athenians, in ordei lo com- 
pel the Thebans to restore the bodies of the sLiiu. 
Adrastus, ten years after the conclusiou of the 
war, collected a new army, under the sons o*' ihe 
former chiefs, and marched with them, acccm- 
panied by his own sou iEgialeus, against Thebes. 
The city was taken, and JLgialeus alone, among 
the chiefs, was slaiu in the siege. This loss 
afflicted Adrastus so much, that he died of grief 
at Megara, as he was leading back his vicloi ious 
army. A temple was raised to his memory at 
Sicyon. Virfi. JEn. 6, m.—ApoU..d. 1, 9. 3, 7. 

—iit.it. Tki'b. 4 et 5 Hygin. 68, 69 et 70.— P«m^. 

], 39. 8, 25. 10, 90 —H-^^'d. 5, 6/, Sec.-- — A 
] eripatetic philosoj her, disciple to Aristotle. It 
is supposed that a copy of his treatise on harmo- 
nics is preserved in the Vatican. A i'hryf^ian 

prince, who having inadvertently kil.ed his bro- 
ther, fled to Croesus, where he was Humanely 
received, and entrusted with the care of his son 
Atys. In hunting a wild boar, Adrastus slew the 
young prince, and in his despair killed himself on 

his grave. Hirod. 1, 35, &c. A Lydian, who 

assisted the Greeks against the Persians. Paus. 

7, 5. A soothsayer in the Trojan war. Honvr. 

It. 2 et 6. The father of Eurydice, who mar- 
ried lJus the Trojan. Afiolhrl. '2, li. A king 

of Sicyon, who reigned 4 years B. C. 1215. A 

son of Hercules. Hygoi. 212. 

ADRIA, ADRIANUM, or ADRIATICUMMARK, 
a sea lying between lllyricum and Italy, now 
called the gulf of Venice, first made known to 
the Greeks by the discoveries of the Phocac- 

ans. Htrod.\ Uorat.Od.l, 33. 3, 3 et %-CatuU. 

4,6. 

AurianopQlis, a town of Thrace on the 

Hebrus. Another in iEtoiia, Pisidia, and 

Bithynia. 

Adrianus, or HadriAnus, the fifteenth 
emperor of Rome, was born A. D. 76. He is re- 
presented as an active, learned, warlike and aus- 
tere general. He came to Britain, in 120, where 
he built a wall from the mouth of the Tyne to 
Solway Frith, eighty miles in length, to protect 
the Britons from the incursions of the Caledo- 
nians. He also established a Roman colony in 
Jerusalem, where he built the city ^lia Capito- 
lina, which gave occasion to a revolt of the Jews. 
His memory was so retentive, that he remembered 
every incident of his life, and knew all the sol- 
diers of his army by name. In the beginning of 
liis reign, he followed the virtues of his adopted 
father and predecessor Trajan; he remitted all 
debts due to his treasury for sixteen years, and 
publicly burnt the account books, that his word 
might not be suspected. It is said that he wished 
to enrol Christ among the gods of Rome ; but his 
apparent lenity towards the Christians was dis- 
proved, by the erection of a statue to Jupiter on 
the spot where Jesus rose from the dead, and one 
to Venus on Mount Calvary. He died of a dysen- 
tery at Bai«, July 10. A.D. 138, in the 63d year 
of his age, after a reign of twenty years and 
nearly el ven months. On his death-bed, he 
composed some Latin verses, addressed to his 
soul, which betray his uncertainty witli regard to 

a future state. Dio. Ciusius. An officer of 

LiiciiUus. Piut. in Luc. A rhetorician of 

Tyre iu the age of M. Antoninus, who wrote seven 
i).')3ks of metamoiiihoses, besides other treatises 
now lost. 



A iRUMfiTUM, or HADRL'M:erUM, a town nf 
Africa, on the Alediterransan, built by the Phoe- 
nicians. Its ruins show it to have been rather a 
place of importance than extent. Suilust, in Jug. 

ADtJf.ls, a town of Ethiopia, founded by Egyp- 
tian slaves. Now Arkiho. 

ADY BMACHID^, a maritime people of Africi? , 
near Egypt. Herod. 4, lo8. 

iEA, a city of Colchis, situated on the river 
Fhasis, and famed in Ihe adventures of Jason. 
Heriid. 1, 2.—Apollo>i. 2 A fountain of Mace- 
donia, which rose near Amydon, and mingled its 
wate; s with those of the Axius. Stmb. 7. 

^ACKA, solemn festivals and games, cele- 
brated at iEgina, in honour of iEacus. 

iEAClDAS, a king of Epirus, son of Neoplole- 
mus, and brother to Olympias. He was expelled 
by his subjects for his continual wars with Mace- 
donia. He left a son, Pyrrhus, only two years 
old, whom Chaucus king of lllyricum educated. 
Paus. 1, 11. 

iEAClDivS, a patronymic of the descendants of 
^Eacus, such as Achilles, Peieus, Pyrrhus, &.c. 
^"iri . 1, 103, &c. 

jEacus, son of Jupiter by i?Egina daughter of 
Asopus, was king of the island of Ginopiu, v/hicb 
he called by his mother's name. A pestilence 
having destroyed all his subjects, he entre;itpd 
Jupiter to re-people his kingdom ; and according 
to his desire, all the ants which were in an old 
oak were changed into men, and called by JEacxis 
ntyrriiidous^ from ^vpfxv'^, an a^i/.—^acus married 
Endeis, by whom he had Telamon and Peieus. 
He afterwards had Phocus by Psamathe, one of 
the Nereids. He was a man of such integrity 
that the ancients have made him one of the judges 
of hell, with Minos and Rhadamanthus. Homt. 

Od. 2, 13. 4, 8 Pans. 1, 44. 2, 29.— Oyirf. Me.t. 7, 

25. 13, 25 Piopnrt. 4, \2. - Plul. ue cumol. ud 

Apull.—AfjuUvd. 3, 12. 

JEjea, a name given to Circe, because born 
at Ma. Firfr. ^T^n. 3, 386. 

iEANTEUM. a city of Troas, where Ajax was 

buried. Plin. 5, 30. An island near the Thia- 

cian Chersonesus. 4, 12. 

.^ANTlBES, a tyrant of Lampsacus, intimate 
with Darius. He married a daughter of'Hippias, 

tyrant of Athens. Triucyd. 6, 59. One of the 

seven poets, called Pleiades. 

iEANiIS, an Athenian tribe. Plut. Symp. 2. 

^AS, a river of Epirus, falling into the Ionian 
sea. In the fable of lo, Ovid describes it as fall- 
ing into the Peneus, and meeting other rivers at 
Tempe. This some have supposed to be a geo- 
graphical mistake of the poet. Lucan. 6, 3t3l. — 
Ovid. M.J. 1,. 580. 

jEatus, son of Philip, and brother of Pol yclea, 
was descended from Hercules. An oracle having 
said that Avhoever of the two t uched the land 
after crossing the Achelous should obtain the 
kingdom, Polyclea pretended to be lame, and pre- 
vailed upon her brother to carry her across on hitj 
shoulders. When they came near the opposite 
side, Polyclea leaped ashore from her brother's 
back, exclaiming that the kingdom was her own. 
iEatus joined her in her exclamation, and after- 
wards married her, and reigned conjointly with 
her. Their son Thessalus gave his name to 
Thessaly. Po/ycen. 8. 

yEcHMACOEAS, a son of Hercules, by Phyl- 
lone, daughter of Aicinicdon. When the father 
heard that his daughter had had a child, he op- 
posed her and the infant in the woods tu wild 
beasts, whore Hercules, condui tod by the noise ol 



12 



iEGE 



a maspioi which imitated the cries of a chiid, 
found'iiiul delivered them. Faus. 8, 12. 

^^^CH3IIS, succeeded his futher rolyninestor on 
the throne of Arcadia, in the reign of Theopom- 
pus of Sparta. Faus. 8, 5. 

.ii^DEPSUS, atownoi Eubcea, with warmbaths. 
The modern name is Dipso, Pliti. 4, 12. — Strai. 
10. 

Odessa, or Edessa, a town of Macedonia, 
near I'ella. Caranus, king of Macedonia, took it 
by following goats that sought shelter from the 
rain, and called it from that circumstance (a^yay, 
caprai:) ^g^'as. It was the burying-place of the 
Macedonian kings-, and an oracle had said, that 
as long as the kings were buried there, so long 
would their kingdom subsist. Alexander was 
buried in a different place; and on that account, 
some authors have said that the kingdom became 
extinct. Justin. 7, 1. 

iEDicULA RiDicULi, a Roman temple to the 
god of mirth, raised in commemoration of the 
repulse of Hannibal bj- severe weather, wlien he 
was advancing upon Rome after the battle of 

Cannse. Plut, in Lyc. Agid. et CLeom, Pausa- 

nias also mentions a 5^£os yeXo-oj. 

^^Idiles, Roman magistrates, of three kinds, 
^E(i<tei PUbeii, Curules, and Cereules. The Mdiles 
PLebeii were first created A. U. C. 2t>0, in the 
Comitia Cariata, at the same time with the tri- 
bunes of the commons, to bo as it were their 
assistants, and to determine certain lesser causes 
which the tribunes committed to them. They 
were afterwards created, as the other inferior 
magistrates, at the Comitia Tributa. The JEdiles 
CuTuLes were created from the patricians, A.U.C. 
3S7. They wore the tvga prce:''xOi^ had the right 
of images, and used the sella curuiis^ whence they 
had their name. It was. tlie especial duty of 
the sediles to take care of public buildings and 
roads, to regnilate the markets, and to examine 
tlie lawfulness of weights and measures. Ano- 
tlier part of their duty was to procure the cele- 
bration of certain public games, to act as judges 
in. all cases relating to the rate or exchange of 
estates, to inspect ail ne\T pieces offered to th-^ 
theatres, and to be watchful that no new gods or 
religious ceremonies were intruded upon the peo- 
ple. The ALdiles Cereales two in number, were 
add?d by Julius Caesar. Their office was to in- 
spect the public granaries, and to take care of the 
corn, which was called d mum C rerit. Diunyr. 6, 
yO Liv. t), 4-2, 21, 43.— CiV. d: L^tr, 3, 3. 

iEDON, daughter of Pandarus, married Zelhus, 
brother to Amphion, by whom she had a son call- 
ed Itylus. She was so jealous of h^r sister 
Niobe, because she had more children than her- 
self, that she resolv -d to nnirder the elder, who 
was educated with Itylus. She by mistake killed 
her own son, and was chanired into a niirhtingale 
as she attempted to kill herself. Homer. Od. 19, 
51-. 

iEDUl, or Hedui, a powerful nation of Celtic 
Gaul known for their valour in the wars of Caesar. 
W^hen their country was invaded by this celebrat- 
ed general, they were at the head of a faction in 
opposition to the Sequani and their partisans, and 
they had established their superiority in frequent 
battles. To support their cause, however, the 
Sequani obtained the assistance of Ariovistus 
king of Germany, and soon defeated their oppo- 
nents. The arrival of Cjcsar changed the face of 
affairs, the iEdui were restored to the sovereignty 
of t le country, and the artful Roman, by employ- 
ing one iiiction against tiic other, was enabled to 



conquer them all, though the insurrection of Am- 
biorix, and that more powerfully supported by 
V'ercineclorix, shook for a while the dominion of 
Rome In Gaul, and checked the career of the 
conqueror. Ccei. in Bell. G. 

yEETA, or ^Eetes, king of Colchis, son of Sol, 
and Perseis daughter of Oceanus, was father of 
Medea, Absyrtus, and Chalciope, by Idya, one of 
the Oceanides. He killed Phryxus son of Atha- 
mas, who had fled to his court on a golden ram. 
This murder he committed to obtain the fleece t.f 
the golden ram. The Argonauts came against 
Colchis, aiid recovered the golden fleece by means 
of Medea, though it was guarded by bulls that 
breathed fire, and by a venomous dragon. Thoir 
expedition has been celebrated by all the ancient 
poets. [F^irf. Jason, Medea, and Phryxus.] Apul- 
lod. 1, 9 Ovid. Met. 7, 1, &iC.-Puus. 2, d.— Jus- 
tin. 42, 'Z.—FLcc. ft Orpheus in ^rgon. 

iEETlAS, a patronymic given to Medea, as 
daugliter of iEetes. Ovid. .Met. 7, 9. 

-i5iGA, a city of the peninsula of Pallene. 
Herod. 7, 123. 

^^GEAS, a town, whose inhabitants are called 
^geates. {V,d. .-Ed-ssa.] 

^G^, a city of Macedonia, the same as iEdes- 
sa. Soma writOi S make them different, but Jus- 
tin proves this to be erroneous, 7, l.—Fdu, 4, 10. 

A town of Euboea, celebrated for the worsliip 

ofNeptuni'. S.rab. 9. A town of Achaia, on 

the banks of the river Cralhis. Herud. 1, 115. 

-A. town of iEolis, south of Cyma, and east 

of Phocaea. H-ro f. 1, 149. 

JEgje^. a town and sea port of Cilicia. Luc'in. 
3, 227. 

Memo's^ one of Lycaon's fifty sons. ApoUod. 
3, S. The son of CojIus, or of Pontus and Ter- 
ra, the same as Bnareus. [Vid. Briarcus.] It 
is supposed that he was a notorious pirate chiefly 
residing at jEga, whence his name ; and that the 
fable about his hundred hands arises from his 
having one hundred men to manage his oars in his 
piratical excursions. Vire- 10, 565. 

JLgeum Mark, now the Archipelago, a part 
of the Mediterranean which divides Greece from 
Asia Minor. It is full of islands, some of which 
are called Cyclades, others Sporades, &c. Some 
refer the origin of its name to iEgcus, but others, 
with more prob;ibility, derive it from the town of 
iEgae in the neighbourhood of Eubcea. The 
-Egean was accounted particularly stormy ai.d 

dangerous to mariners. FLin. 4, 11 Strab. 7. — 

Ho, at. 2, \^.—ViiK. JE'i. 12, 3C4. 

jEGiEUS, a surname of Neptune, from iEgae in 

Eubcea. S.rah. 9. A river of Corcyra. A 

plain in Phocis. 

x'Egaleos, or .Slgaleum, a mountain of Attica, 
from the summit of which Xerxes beheld the bat- 
tle of Salamis. It was situated to the left of the 
road from Athens to Eleusis. Its present name 
is Shcratua ign. Hrod. 8, 90 Thucyd. 2, 19. 

iECA N, [GrcEC. aiyav or atyawf] the iEgcau soa. 
Slat. T/ub. 5, 5(J. 

jEgas, a place of Euboea. Another near 

Daunia in Italy. Pulyb. 3. 

/EGAThS, a promontory of -^2olia. Three 

islands opposite Carthage, called Arse by rirfr, 
yE*. 1. Near these islands the Carthaginian 
tleet, commanded by Ilanno was defeated by that 
of the Romans, under Lulaiius Catulus, in a bat- 
tle which put an end to the fu-st Punic war. Lir. 
21, 10 et 41. 22, 5i.-M>-la % 7- 1 

iEoEMOxV, a town of Thessaly, taken by kiiigj 
Atlulus in the .Macedonian war. 'LiV. jl. Al\ i 



MGE 13 

^GgaiA. Vid. Egcria. 
' ^HiJii-si A, iha dautjhter ofHIppotes, and mo- 
llior ot yEgestas called Acosles. f^^irg. ^ i. 1, 

554. Aa ancient town of Sicily near mount 

Eryx, destroyed by Agathocles. It was some- 
times called Segesta and Acesta. Diod. 10. 

iEGEUS, the reputed father of Theseus, was 
the tenth king of Athons, reckoning from Ogyges, 
and the son of Pandion II. This king having no 
children, and wishing to have some, applied to 
the oracle at Delphi; by which he was directed 
to abstain from intercourse with women, till his 
return to Athens. The response, however, not 
being deemed by him sufficiently explicit, he con- 
sulted several persons upon the interpretation of 
it, and amongst others his friend Pittheus, king of 
Troezene, who was remarkable for his wisdom and 
learning. This prince was unable to solve the 
difficulty, but gave him his daughter /Ethra in 
marriage, ^geus left her pregnant, and told her, 
if she had a son, to send him to Athens as soon 
i as he could lift a stone under which he had con- 
I cealed his sword. By this sword he Avas to be 
known to /Egeus, who did not wish to make 
j any public discovery of a son, for fear of his ne- 
' phews, the Pallantides, who expected his crown, 
j ^-Ethra became motlier of Theseus, whom she ac- 
' cordingly sent to Athens with his father''s sword. 

At that time ^Bgeus lived with Medea, the di- 
j vorced wife of Jason. When TJieseus came to 
Athens, Medea attempted to poison him •, but he 
escaped, and upon showing iligeus the s vord he 
wore, discovered himself to be his son. When 
I Theseus returned from Crete after the death of 
! the Minotaur, he forgot, agreeably to the engage- 
\ ment made with his father, to hoist up white sails 
1 as a signal of his success; and iEgeus, at the 
I siglit of black sails, concluding that his son was 
dead, threw himself from a high rock into the sea ; 
which, from him, as some suppose, has been call- 
ed the /Eiean. yEgeus reigned forty eight years, 
and died B.C. 1235. [Vid. Theseus, Mmotaurus, 
and Medea.] ApoUod. 1, 8, 9. 3, Ij.—Paus. i, 5, 
22, 33. 4, ■Z.~PLut. in Thes.—Hyi^itu 37 & 13. 

JEgiAlr, one of Phaeton's sisters changed into 
poplars, and their tears into amber. They arc 

called Heliades. A daughter of Adrastus, by 

Amphitea daughter of Pronax. She married D'lo- 
medes, in whos j absence, during the Trojan war, 
she projtituted lierself to her servants, and chiefly 
to Cometes, whom the king had left master of his 
house. At his return, Diomedes being told of his 
wife's wantonness, went to settle in Daunia. 
Some say that Venus implanted those vicious and 
Install propensities in iEgiale, to revenge herself 
on Diomedes, who had wounded her in the Trojan 

war. Quid, i i lb. 350 Homer II. 5, 412 Apol- 

lod. 1, 9 Stat. 3.—Silv. 5, 48. 

iEGiALEA, the ancient name of Peloponnesus. 
jEcJiAliEUS, son of Adrastus by Amphitea or 
Demoanassa, was one of the Epigoni, j. e. one of 
the soiis of those generals who were killed in the 
first Theban war. They went against the The- 
bans, who had refused to give burial to their fa- 
thers, and were victorious. They all returned 
home safe, except iEgialeus, who was killed. 
That expedition is called the war of the Epigoni. 

Puus. 1, 43, 44. 2, 20. 9, 5 ApdLod. 1, 9. 3, 7. 

The same with Absyrtus, the brother of Me- 
dea. Justin. 42, 3. 

iEGiALUS, son of Phoroneus, was intrusted 
with the kingdom of Achaia by king Apis going to 
Egypt. Peloponnesus was called rEgialea from 
hi,(i. A maa who foundei the kingdom of Sicy- 



JEGl 

on 209 1 before the Christian era, anJ reigned 53 
years. 

iEGiALUS, a name given to part of Pel ipon- 

nesas. [Ftd. Achaia.] Faus. 5, I. 7, 1. A 

city of Asia Minor. 

iEGiDA, a small Roman city, afterwards called 
Justinopolis, in honour of Justinian, and uo>v 
Capo d' I^lna. Pun, 3, 19. 

iEGiDKS, a patronymic of Theseus. H.jmer. I . 
1, 265. 

JiGitiA, a place in Laconia, where Aristomeres 
was taken prisoner by a crowd of religious women 
whom he had attacked. P ius. 4, 17. 

MaililX, a small island in Eiibcea, wlierc the 
Persian fleet, under Datis and Artaphernes, was 
moored before the battle of Marathon. It is now 

Stouri. Hei-ud. 6, 101 et 107 Another in the 

channel which separates Cythera from Crete. 
yEgimiuS, an old man who lived, according to 

Anacreon, two hundred years. Pt.in. 7, 48. A 

king of Doris, whom Hercules assisted to conqaer 
the Lapithse. ApoUud. 2, 7. 

iEGiMiJiius, a small island in the bay of Car- 
thage. There were two rocks near this island, 
named ArcB, on which the Romans and Cartha- 
ginians agreed to fix their respective boundaries. 
The modern name of i^3gimuras is Zimbra. Pit/i. 
5. 7.—Firg. ^1. 1. 109. 

^'liGlN'A, daughter of Asopus, had Jiacus by Ju- 
piter changed into aflame of fire. She afterwards 
married Actor, son of Myrmidon, by whom she 
had some children, who conspired against their 
father Some say that she was changed by Jupi- 
ter into the island which bears her name. PUn. 

4, li Serah. 8 Mda 2, 7.— ApoUod. 1, 9. 3, 12, 

—Pans. 2, 5 et 23. An island in that part or 

the iEgean sea which formed the Saronlc gulf. It 
was also called CEnonc, Qilnopia, and Myrmidonia, 
and was reckoned about liO stadia, or 22g miles in 
circumference. This island vi^as originally occu- 
pied by colonists from Epidaurus ; it however 
soon shook oft" the yoke of the mother country, and 
became, by industry and enterprise, one of the lirst 
Grecian state-i. It furnished eighteen ships to 
the battle of Artemisium; thirty lo that of Sala- 
mis ; and five hundred men to the battle of Pla- 
tiea. The Athenians, jealous of the power of the 
^ginetans, made war against them; and after 
taking seventy of their ships in a naval action 
they expelled them from their island. The fugi- 
tives settled in Peloponnesus, and after the ruin 
of Athens by Lysander, they returned to their 
country, but never again rose to their former pros- 
perity. The modern name of the island is E g a. 

Herod. 5, 6 et 7.— Pans. 2,29 S rj.h. 8. — 'E.\an. 

12, 10. 

^-EginEta, [PaULUS] a physician born in 
iEgina. He flourisheJ about the year 620, and 
was the first who noticed the catiiartic quality of 
rhubarb. His works were published at Paris, in 
1532, folio. 

iEGlNExES, a king of Arcadia, In whose age 
Lycurgus instituted his famous laws. Paus. 1, 5. 
yEGlNiUM, a city of Thessaly. L-v. 32, 15. 
/EiJioCHUS, a surname of Jupiter, from his 
ising the goat Amalthaea's skin, instead of a shield, 
n the war of the Titans. D^od. 5. 

fflGlPAN, a name of Pan, because he had goat's 
feet. 

iEGIRA, a town of Achaia, between Sicyon and 
iEgium. It was more anciently named Hyperesia. 

Paus. 7. 26 H-'.rol. I, 145. 

^^^GIROSSSA, a town of .Etolia, whose si tuition 
is not known. Hcio:. 1, 14 J. 



JEGl 



1 



4 



MGY 



^GiS, the shield of Jupiter, so called because it 
was covered with tlie skin of a goat, the nauie be- 
ing derived from a Greek word signifying goal's 
skiu. The aegis of Jupiter was covered with that 
of the goat Amalthsea. The. goat was afterwards 
placed among the constellations. Jupiler gave 
his aegis to Minerva, who, having killed the gor- 
gon Medusa, placed upon it her sneaky head, 
which had the power of converting those whj 
beheld it into stone. Ftry. ^n~. 8, '652 et 
4J5. 

iSlGlSTHUS, king of Argos, was son of Thyestes 
by his daughter Felopea. Thyestes being tit va- 
riance with his brother Atreus, was told by the 
oracle, that his wrongs coald be revenged only by 
a son born of himself and his daughter. To avoid 
such an incest, Pelopea had been consecrated to 
the service of Minerva by her father, who some 
time after met her in a wood, and ravished her, 
without knowing who she was. Peiopea kept tlie 
sword of her ravisher, and finding it to be her 
father's, exposed the child she had brought forth. 
The child was preserved, and when grown up, pre- 
sented with the sword of his mother's ravisher. 
i'elopea, soon after this melancholy adventure, 
had married her uncle Atreus, who received into 
his house her natural son. As Thyestes had de- 
bauched the fir:,t wife of Atreus, Atreus sent 
.■Egisthus to put him to death; but Thyestes know- 
ing the assassin's sword discovered he was his 
own son, and, fully to revenge his wrongs^ sent 
him back to murder Atreus. After this muj-der 
Thyestes ascended the throne, and banished Aga- 
memnon and Menelaus, tiie sonsj or as others say, 
the grandsons of Atreus. These children M-ere 
taken care of by G^lneus, king of .Etolia. By their 
marriage with the daughters of Tyndarus, king of 
Sparta, they were empowered to recover the king- 
dom of Argos, to which Agamemnon succeeded, 
M'hile Menelaus reigned in his father-in-law's 
place. iEgisthus had been reconciled to the sons 
of Atreus; and when they went to the Trojan 
war, he was left guardian of Agamemnon's king- 
doms, and of his wife Clytemnestra. iEgisthus 
fcil in love with Clytemnestra, and lived with 
her. On Agamemnon's return, these two adul- 
terers murdered him, and, by a pulilic marriage, 
strengthened themselves on the throne of Argos. 
Orestes, Agamemnon's son, would have shared 
his father's fate, had not his sister Electra pri- 
vately sent him to his uncle Strophius, king of 
Phocis, where h« contracted the most intimate 
friendship with his cousin Pylades. Some time 
after, Orestes came to ftlycenae, the residence of 
jligisthus, and resolved to punish the murderers 
of his father, in conjunction wiih. Electra, who 
lived in disguise in the tyrant's family. To effect 
this more etfectually, Electra publicly declared 
that her brother Orestes was dead •, upon which 
iEgisthus and Clytemnestra went to the temple of 
Apollo, to return thanks to the god for his death. 
Orestes, who had secretly concealed himself in 
the temple, attacked them, and put them both to 
death, after a reign of seven years. They were 
buried without the city walls. [Vid. Aga- 
memnon, Thyestes, Orestes, Clytemnestra, Vy- 
lades, and Electra.] Ovid. de. Rr-.m. Am. Ibl— 

Tritt. 2, 39(3 Hyaiu. 87 et 88,— ^^»a«. H. 

12, 42.— Pa./f. 2, 16, &c Sophod. in Ekctr<:— 

Michyl. el Senec. in Ai^am Homer. Od. 3 et 11. 

Fompey used to call J. Caesar ^Egisthus, on 

account of his adultery with his wife Mulia, 
whom he repudiated after she had born him th;ee 
chiidroii. ./» jj. 



iEGlTUM, a town of .^olia, on a mountain 
eight miles from the sea. Thucyd. 3, ^. 

^GIUM, a town of Achaia, where for a long 
time the States of Achaia held their meetings. 
The worship of conventional Jupiter was ccie- 
braled here. It is now Vostitxa. Paiu. 7, 24. — 
Liv. 28, 7. 

^GLE, the youngest daughter of ^^ilsculai ius 

and Lampetie. A beautiful nvmph, daugu;er 

of the Sun and Ne«ra. Firg. M.. 6, 20 A 

nvmph, daughter of Panopeus, beloved by Th;- 
seus after he had left Ariadne. Phil, m T/us. 

One of the Hesperides. One of the Graces. 

A prostitute. .Martial. 1 95. 

^GLKS, a Samian wrestler, born dumb. See- 
ing some unlawful measures pursued in a contest, 
he broke the string which held his tongue, through 
the desire of speaking, and ever after spoke wiiu 
ease. FaU Max. 1, 8. 

/Egletes, a surname of Apollo. 

-liGL'JGE, a nurse of Nero. Santon. in Ncr. 5?1. 

--iGoCKROS, or Capricornus, an animal inta 
which Pan transformed himself when tiying be- 
fore Typhon in the war with tlie giants. Jupiler 
made him a constellation. Lucret. 1, 613. 

^TiGOX, a shepherd. Firg. Ec'. — Theocrit. Id;/', 

A promontory of Lemnos. A name of the 

^-Egean sea. Flacc, 1, G28. A boxer of Zacyii- 

thus, who dragged a large bull by the heel from a 
mountain into the city. Th'iocri:. Idyl. 4. 

/Egospotamos, i. e. the nOii's nvtr^ a small 
stream in the Thracian Chersonesus, with a town 
or port named .iigos at its mouth. Here tlie 
Athenian fleet, consisting of 181) ships, was totaiiy 
defeated by tlie Spartan admiral Lysander, on the 
13th Dec. B. C. ^05, in the last year of the Pe=o- 
ponnesian war. Maia 2, 2. — Fuiu 2, 5-S. — Paus. 
3, 8 et 11. 

^•EgosaG^, an Asiatic nation under A (talus, 
with whom he conquered Asia, and to wliom lie 
gave a settlement near the Hellespont. Polyb. 

Mgus and ROSCILLUS, two brothers amongst 
the Allobroses, who deserted from Ccesar to 
Pompey. Cis. Bdl. 3, 5J. 

JLgy, a town near Sparta, destroyed because 
its inhabitants were suspected by the Spartans of 
favouring the Arcadians. Pans. 3, 2. 

iEGV'PANE-;, a nation in the middle of Africa, 
whose bodv is human above the waist, and that of 
a goat below. .M-la. 1, 4, et 8. 

xEgypsus, a town of the Getse, near the Dan- 
ube. Ovid, ex Pan'. 1. 8. 4, 7. 

iEGYPXA, a freedman of Cicero, ad. Altir. 8. 

/Egyptii, the inhabitants of Egypt. [Fid. 
iEgyptus.] 

JiGYPriUM MARK, that part of the Mediti^r- 
ranean sea which is on the coast of Egypt, 

.EGYPfUS, son of Belus, and brother to Dana- 
us, gave his 50 sons in marriage to the 50 daugh- 
ters of his brother. Danaus, who had estabuslu-d 
himself at Argos, and was jealous of his biotiicr, 
obliged all his daugiiters to murder their husbands 
the lirst night of tlu-ir nuptials. This was exe- 
cuted; but Hypermnestra alone spared her hus- 
band Lyiiceus. Even ^Egyptus was killed by lii; 
ni ce I'olyxena. Fid. Dunaus, Dannidus, Ly-tCitut, 

.Egyptus was king, after his father, of a part 

of Africa, which from him has be n called --Egvp- 

tus. H::gi>i. 163, llO.-Ap diod. 2, 1 Ovid. Il - 

ruid. 14. -P.i/s. 7, "il. An extensive count. y 

of Africa, bounded on the south by .Ethiopia; on 
tile north by the Mediterranean; on the east by 
the Sinus Arabicus, or Red sea; and on the west 
by Marmorica, and the deserts of Libvx. it Ue. 



! 



^GY 



15 



MLl 



rivod its name either from iEgyplus, brother to 
p.inaiis, or, more probably, from the «ia?A colotn of 
its soil and inhabitants, called by the Greeks 
JEgypiios, Its extent, according to modern cal- 
cu/ation, is 700 miles from north to south, and it 
measures about 300 miles on the shore of the Me- 
diterranean ; but at the distance of 50 leagues 
from the sea, it diminishes so much as scarce to 
measure 7 or 8 leagues between the mountains on 
tiie east and west. It may be properly di^aded 
Into Upper, Middle, and Lower Eg-ypt. Thebes 
was the capital of Upper Egypt, and Memphis of 
Middle Egypt. Lower Egypt, comprising the 
Delta and the land on eitlier side, was full of 
cities, the most remarlable of which was Sais. 
The greater part of Lower Egypt is supposed to 
have been formed by the accumulation oi sand and 
mud, carried down from the higher countries by 
the Nile. The Egyptians reckoned themselves 
the most ancient nation in the world, (vid. Psam- 
mniichus^) but some authors make them of .3ithio- 
pian origin. They were conversant with the arts 
and sciences, and to them are ascribed many use- 
ful discoveries and inventions. They are remark- 
able for their gross and debasing superstition ; 
they paid as much honour to the cat, the crocodile, 
the bull, and even to vegetables, as to Isis. In 
consequence of the absence of rain, the fertility of 
the soil of Egypt depends on the yearly inunda- 
tions of the Nile, which rises to the height of 
about 20 cubits on an average, and exhibits a large 
plain of waters, in which are scattered, here and 
there, the towns and villages, as the Cyclades in 
the <^gean sea. The air is not wholesome, but 
the population is great, and the cattle very proli- 
fic. It is said that Egypt once contained 2O,0C0 
cities. It was governed by kings who have im- 
mortalized themselves by the pyramids they have 
raised and the canals they have opened. The 
priests traced the existence of the country for 
many thousand years, and fondly imagined that 
the gods were their first sovereigns, and that their 
monarchy had lasted 11,340 years according to 
Herodotus. According to the calculation of Con- 
elantine Manasses, the kingdom of Egypt lasted 
lb"63 years from its beginning under Misraim the 
son of Ham, 2188 B. C. to the conquest of Cam- 
lyses, 525 B. C. Egypt revolted afterwards from 
the Persian power, B.C. 414, and Amyrtaeus then 
became king. A fter him succeeded Psammetichus, 
whose reign began 408 B. C. Nerphereus 396. 
Acoris 389. Psammuthis 376. Nepherites 4 
months, and Nectanebis, 375. Tachos, or Teos, 
i563. Nectanebus, 361. Jt was conquered by 
Uchus 350 B.C. ; and after the conquest of Persia 
by Alexander, Ptolemy refounded the kingdom, 
and began to reign 323 B. C. Philadelphus, 284. 
Evergetes, 246. Philopater, 221. Epiphanes, 
2(14. Philomator, J80 and 169, conjointly with 
Evergetes II. or Physcon, for 6 years. Evergetes 
IJ. 145. Lathurus Soter, and his mother Cleo- 
1 atra, 116. Alexander of Cyprus, and Cleopatra, 
106. Lathurus Soter restored, 88. Cleopatra II. 
6 months, with Alexander the second, 19 days, 81. 
I'tolemy^ sirnamed Alexander 111. 80. Dionysius, 
sirnamed Auletes, 65. Dionysius II. with Cleo- 
vi.U-a. III. 51. Cleopatra III. with young Plo- 
I<>my, 46, and in 30 B. C. it was reduced by 
Augustus into a Roman province. The history 
of Egy[t, therefore, can be divided into three 
epiA-has; the first beginning wi'th the foundation 
of ilie empii-e, to the conquest of Cambyses; the 
stconii eiiUaSt the death of Aiei.c.adsi - and tiie 



third comprehends the reign of the Ptolemies, and 
ends at the death of Cleopatra, in the age of 

Augustus. Strab. n.—Hfrod. 2, 3, et 7 Tfuo- 

cm. Id. 17, l^.-Polyb. \b.-Dwa. l.-Fl,n. 5,1. 

14, 7.-Murce,l. 22, iO. — Justin, i. — Nep. in 
Paiii. 3, in Ji^h'c. in Datum. 3.~Curt. 4, }.-Juv. 

15, 175.— Paui. 1, 14 Pint. deFociein Orb. Lun. 

de Isid. et Osiy. in Ptol. in Alex.— Mela. 1, 9.— 

Apollod. 2, 1 et 5.- A minister of Mausolus 

king of Caria. Polyeen, 6. The ancient name 

of the Nile. Homer. Oa. 258.— Paw*. 9, 40. 

^GYS. Fid. JEgy. 

.^CYSTHUS. Vid. ^gisthus. 

Ml^lA, the wife of Sylla. Piul. in SyU.- 

The name of some towns built or repaired by the 
emperor Adrian. 

.aiLlA Lh x,enacted by^liusTubero the tribune, 
A, U. C. 569, to send two colonies into the coun- 
try of the Brutii. Lit . 34, 53. Another A.U,C. 

568, ordaining, that, in public affairs^ the augurs 
should observe the appearance of the sky, and tlie 
magistrates be empowered to postpone the busi- 
ness. Another called MWa, Sextia, by jEHvs 

Sexiids^ A. U. C. 756, which enacted, that all 
slaves who bore any marks of punishment receiv- 
ed from their masters, or who had been imprison- 
ed, should be set at liberty, but not rank as Ro- 
man citizens. 

JElia Petina, of the family of Tubero, mar- 
ried Claidius Casar, by whom uhe had a son. 
The emperor divorced her, to marry Messalina. 
Sueton. in- Gaud. 26. 

iELiANus Claudius, a Roman sophist of 
Praeneste, in the reign of Adrian. He first taught 
rhetorical Rome; but being disgusted v ith his 
profession, he became author, and published trea- 
tises on animals in seventeen books, on various his- 
tory in fourteen books, &c. in Greek, a language 
which he preferred to Latin. In his writings he 
shows liiraself very fond of the marvellous, and 
relates many stories which are often devoid of 
elegance and purity of style •, though Philostratus 
has commended his language as superior to what 
could be expected from a person wlio was neither 
bom nor educated in Greece, ^lian died in the 
60th year of his age, A. D. 140. The editions of 
his various history, most valued, are those of 
Gronovius, 4to. Amst. 1731 ; of Kuhnius, 2 vols. 
8vo. Lips. 1780^, and of Lehnertus, 2 vols. 8vo. 
Lips. 1/94. The best edition of his history of 
animals is that of Schneiderus, 8vo. Lips. 1784. 
His works were collected and published by Ges- 
nerus, at Zurich, in 1556. Some attribute the 
treatise on the tactics of the Greeks to another 
JEWun. 

AiLivs and MhlA^ a family in Rome, so poor 
that sixteen lived in a small house, and were main- 
tained by the produce of a little fir^ld. Their po- 
verty continued till Paulus conquered Perseus 
king of Macedonia, and gave his son-in-law, Ail. 
Tubero five pounds of gold from the booty. Fal. 
Max. 4, 4. 

iELiuS AD.HfANUS, an African, grandfather to 

the emperor Adrian. G alius, a Roman knight, 

the fir&t Avho invaded Arabia Fe'jix. He was very 
intimate with Strabo the geographer, and sailed 
on the Nile with him to take a view of the coiui- 

try. Pliu. C, 28. Publius, one of the first 

quaestors chosen from the plebeians at Rome. 

LU'.f, 54. Q. ^1. Psetus, son of Sexlus or 

Pubhus. As he sat in the senate-hou->e, a wood- 
pecker perched on his head ; upon whi<'h a sodth- 
sayer exclaimed, tliat if h^ prt served iin; and Lis 



18 



house would flo. rish a,iiJ Rome cecay; and If he 
KU.ed it, the coatrar/ must hapj^en. Hearing 
lais, Jiiius, in the presence of the senate, bit oil' 
the head of the bird. ALL the youths of his family 
were killed at Cajinse, and tha Roman arms were 
soon attended with success. Val. Max. 5, 60. 

Saturuinus, a satirist, thrown down from the 

Tarpeian rock for writing verses against Tiberius. 

Sejinus. fid. Sejanus. Sextus Catus, 

censor with il. Cethegus. Ha separated the sena- 
tors from the people in the public spectacles. 
Daring his consulship, the ambassadors of the 
^^i^tolians found him feasting in earthen dishes, 
and oft".3fed him silver vessels, which he refused, 
satisfied with the earthen cups, &c. which for his 
virtues, he had received from his father-in-law, 
L. Pauius, afier the conquest of Macedonia. Piin. 

33, 11. — Cc. de Orat. I. Spartiinus, wrote the 

live? of the emperors Adrian, Antoninus Pius, 

and M. Aureiius. He flourished A. D. 240. 

Tubero, grandson of L. Paulas, was austere in his 
morals, and a formidable enemy to the Gracchi, 
His grandson was accused before Cssar, and ably 

defended by Cicero. C<c. ep. ad Brut. Verus 

Csesar, the name of L. C. Commodu Verus, after 
Adrian had adopted him. He was made praetor 
and consul by the emperor, who was soon con- 
vinced of his incapacity lu the discharge of public 
duty. He killed himsfiif by drinking an antidote ; 
and Antoninus, surnamed Pius, was adopted in 
his place. iEiius was father to Antoninus \"erus, 

whom Pius adopted A physician mentioned 

by Galen, L. Gallus, a lawyer, who wrote 

twelve books concerning the signification of all 

law words. Sextos Pictus, a lawyer, consul at 

Home A. U. C 554. He is greatly commended 
by Cicero for his learning, and called cordmut 
hoiU i by Ennius for his knowledge of law. Cic. 

de Orat. 1, 4S. in Brul. 20. Stiio, a native of 

Lanuvium, master to N. Ter. Varro, and author 
of some treatises.— — Lamia. J^id. Lamia, 

Aello, one of the Harpies, (from iXovaa aXXo, 
clifinum tuUeus^ or aeXXa, ttmp. sl'ts.) Fiacc. 4, 45U. 

—Quid. Mef. 13, 710. One of Actaion's do-s. 

Ovid. Me.'. -3,2.9. 

^•Er.UKLS, {'I at) a. deity worshipped by the 
Egyptians *, and after death, embalmed, and buried 
in tiie city of Bubastis. Her .d, 2, 65, Suc.—D.oJ. 
L-C,c. d^ Xa;. D. 1. 

.x^MATHlON, and ^MATHIA. F.J. Emataiou. 

JEmiux lex, was enacted by the dictator 
.^Imllius, A. U. C. 309. It ordained that the cen- 
sorship, which was before quinquennial, siiould be 

limited to one year and a half. Lit. 9, 33. 

Another in the second consulship of JEmiiius Ma- 
niercus, A. U. C. 392. It gave po%ver to the 
eldest praetor to drive a nail in the capitol on tiie 
ides of September. Liv. 7. 3. The driving of a 
nail was a superstitious ceremony, by which the 
Romans supposed that a pestilence could be stopped 
or an impending calamity averted. 

/Emilianus, (C. Julius) a native of Mauritania, 
proclaimed emperor after the death of Decius. He 
marched agaiast Gallus and Valerian, but was in- 
formed they had been murdered by their o<\-ji 

troops. He soon after shared tlieir fate. One 

of the thirty tyrants who rebelled in the reign of 
Gallienus. 

.aiMILIUS. Vid. ^mylius. 

.l-:MXESTt'S, a tyrant of Enna, was deposed by 
Dio.-iysius the elder. D od. lA. 

.±,'m<jk. Fid. Haemon. 

.oiiU jNA, a h'Tg? city of Acia. Cic. p o Flue: 



^MONiA, a country of Greece, which receiv-ed 
its name from .Emon, or ^-Emus, and was after- 
wards called Tnessal}-. Aciiilles is cailea JEutou- 
(Mi, as being bom there. Ovid. Trist. 3, 11. 4, L 
—Hcrji. Od. I, 37. It wasalso called Pyrrha, from 
Pyrrha, Deucalion's wife, who reigned there. 

J.M JNiDES, a priest of Apollo in Italy, killed 
by JEneas. Virg. ^£ t. 10, 537. 

.iML's, an actor in Domitian's reign. Juv. 6, 
197. 

ibMYLlA, a noble family in Rome, descended 
from Mamerctis, son of Pythagoras, who, for his 
humanity, was called Al^uXoy , ^<^a/<dl/^. — —A ves- 
tal who rekindled the fire of Vesta, which was 
extinguished, by putting her veil over it. Val. 

Max. 1, 1 — D,onys. Uu. 2. The wife of Afri- 

canus the elder, famous for her behaviour to her 
husband, when suspected of infidelity. Fa/. M i.r, 
6, 7. — ^Lepida, daughter of Lepidus, married 
Dnisus the yotmger, whom she disgraced by her 
wantonness. She killed herself when accused of 

adultery with a slave. Ta-cit. 6, 40. A part of 

Italy, called also Flaminia. Mcriml. 6, 85. A 

: public road leading from Placeutia to Ariminum ; 
called after the consul .Dmylius, who is supposed 
to have made it. MaTtial. 'd, 4. 

iE:M YLIAxrs, a name of Africanus the younger, 
son of P. -ilmylius. In him the families of the 
Scipios and /Emylii were united. Many of that 
family bore the same name. Juv. 8, 2. 

^MYLll, a noble family in Rome, descended 
from iEmylius, who reckoned ^neas among his 
ancestors. Plutarch snys, that they are descended ^ 
from 3Iamercus, the son of Pythagoras, surnamed [, 
Jimylius, in Xo-i. et Emyl. 

.Emylius, a beautiful youth of Sybarls, whose 
wife met with the same fate as Procris. Fid. 

Procris. Censorlntis, a cruel tyrant of Sicily, 

who liberally rewarded those who invented new 
ways of torturing. Paterculus gave him a brazen 
horse for this purpose, and tiie tyrant made the 
first experiment upon the donor. Plui. de Fur:. 

Rom. Lepidus, a youth v, ho had a statue in the 

capitol, for saving th^ life of a citizen in a battle. 

Val. Mix. 4, 1. A triumvir with Octavius. 

y id. Lepidus. Macer, a poet of Verona in the 

Augustan age. He wrote soaie poems upon ser- 
pents, birds, and as some suppose, on bees. The 
book, which is extant, on the virtues of herbs, and 
bears his nanie, is not, according to Scaliger, the 
production either of a great poet or learned physi- 
cian. From the epithet I'-ia~um^ given him by 
Ovid, some imagine tiiat Jlacer wrote an account 
of the Trojan war. Placer died a few years before r 

the birth of Ciirisu Ov,d. Triif. 4, 16. Mar-f 

cus Scaurus, a Roman who flotirished about 100 
years B. G. and wrote three books concerning his 

own life. C«?. in Bru:. A poet in the age of 

Tiberius, who wrote a tragedy called Atreus, and 

destroyed himself. Stira, another writer on the 

Roman year. i^Iamercus, three times dlctator,|- 

conquered the Fidenates, and took their city. He 
limited to one year and a half, the censorship, r 
Wiiicn before his time was exercised during five ' 

years. Liv. 4, 17 et 19, &c, PapiniAnus, son of 

Hostilius Papinianus, was in favour with the em- '' 
j eror Seven's, and was made governor to his sons - 
Geta and Caracalla, Geta was killed by his bro- 
ther, and Papinianus for upbraiding hiin, wasmur- ' 
dered by his soldiers. Froin his school the Romans , 
i:ave had many iblc lawyers, who were called! 

Pa]nniaai5ts. Pappus, a censor, who Lanisheil ' 

frum tae sei:at?, P. C/Orn. RvUtinus, who hud baax I' 



17 



I t'vice consul, because he liad at Ins table ten 

' pounds of silver j late, A. U. C. 478. L v. 1 1. 

j Porci.ia, an elegant oniior. Cic. m Jind, Kec- 

I tus, a severe governor ox Egv] t, under Tiberius 

Uiu. liegillus, conquered the general of An- 

tiochus at sea, and obtained a naval triunipli. Liv. 

'o7~, cil. Scaurus, a noble, but poor citizen of 

Home. His fatlier, to maiutaiu himself, ^vas a 
, coal mercliant. He was edile, and afterwaids 
] l etter, and fought against Jugurtlia. — His sou, 
. iarciis, was son-in-law to Sylla, and in his edile- 
s.iip he built a very niagnilicenl theatre. P/iV/. 

o6, 15. A bridge at Rome, called also SubliciuF. 

Juv. 6, 32. 

.-l.NARIA, an island over against Cumae in 
C ampania, named after a5ineas, who is supposed 

• 10 have landed here on liis voyage from Troy. It 
was peopled by Chalcidians, but they soon aban- 
doned it. being alarmed by repeated eruptions and 

I earthqiuikes. It was famed for its cypress trees, 
as well as its mineral waters. It is now called 

I hdiia. Piui. 3, 6. 31. 2.—S at. Syiv. o, 5, 1U4. 

I .iliNASluS, one of the Ephori at Sparta. Thu- 

: tj d. 9, 2. 

M'Hi.X, or /Eneia, a town of 3Iacedonia, 15 
1 miles from Thessaloiaca, founded by .tueas. Liv. 
' et4-l, 10. 

, jEnJiAD^, a name given to the friends and com- 
j I anions of iEneas, by Fir({. yEn, 1, 161. 

^EneAdes, a town of Ciiersonesus, built by 
/^Eneas. Cassander destroyed it, and carried the 
inhabitants to Thessalonica, lately built. D.onys. 
I J^aU 1. 

-ExtA.S, a Trojan prince, son of Anchises and 
; li.e goddess Venus. Tiie opuiions of authors con- 
ccrjiing ]iis character are different. 1 he care of 
his tender years, as is generally reported, was in- 
trusted to a nymph, and at the age of live he vats 
recalled to 1 roy, and placed under the inspeclion 
-■^ Jcatlious, the friend and companion of his father. 
I He afterwards improved himself iu Tliessaly, un- 
der Chiron, a venerable sage, whose house was 
f quented by all the young jirinces and heroes of 
t!.c age. Soon after "his return home he married 
t reusa, Priam's daughter, by whom he Jiad a son 
ciuled Ascanius. During tlie Trojan war, he be- 
haved with great valour, in defence of liis country, 
and came to an engagement witli Diomedes and 
Aciiilles. Yet Strabo, Dictys of Crete, Uionvsuis 
i)i Halicarnassus, and Uares of Phrygia, accuse 
1 iin of betraying his country to the Greeks, with 
Anlenor, and of preserving his life and fortune by 
tiiis treaclierous measure. He lived at variance 
v, i(hPriam,because he received not sufKcient marks 
(jf distinction from the king and his family, a 
t ircunisiance v.liich might liave provoked him to 
seek revenge by perfuly. Authors of credit report, 
t..at when Troy was in flames, he carried away 
iijonhis shoulders, his father Anchises, and the 
t^tatues of his liousehold gods, leading in his hand 
l is son Ascanius, and leaving liis wife to follow 
beliind. Some say that he retired to mount Ida, 
where he built a fleet of twenty ships, and set 
sail in quest of a settlement. Strabo and others 
Jiiaintain that .Eneas never left his country, but 
rebuilt Troy, where he reigned and his posterity 
after him. Even Homer, wlio lived four hundred 
years after the Trojan war, says. //. 20, 30, &c. 
ti.at the gods destined .^"ncas and liis posterity to 
ri ign over the Trojans. Tliis passage Dionys. Hal. 
f >:( labied,by saying that Homer meant tlie Trojans 
^\llohad gone over to llaly with .1 iioas. and not 
tiieattual inhabitants of Tioy. Acto: din^ to Virgil 



and other Latin authors, who, to make their court 
to tlie Roman emperors, traced their origin up to 
.'Eneas, and described his arrival into Italy as in- 
dubitable, he with his fleet first came to the Tlira- 
cian Chersonesus, where Pclymnestor, one of his 
allies, reigned. After visiting D los, Strophades, 
and Crete, where lie expected to find the empire 
promised him by tlie oracle, as in tlie place wliere 
his progenitors were born, belauded in Epirus and 
Drepanum, the court of king Acestes, in Sicily, 
where he buried his fatlier. From Sicily lie sailed 
for Italy, but was driven on the coasts of Africa, 
and kindly received by Dido queen of Carthage, to 
wJiom on his fust interview lie gave one of tlie 
garments of the beautiful Helen. Dido being ena- 
moured of him, M'ished to marry him ; but he left 
Carthage by order of the gods. In his voyage he 
was driven to Sicily, and from thence he passed to 
Cumse, where the Sybil conducted him to hell, that 
he might hear from his father the fate which attend- 
ed hiin and all his posterity. After a voyage of 
seven years, and the loss of thirteen ships, lip 
came to tlie Tiber. Latinus, the king of the coun- 
try, received liim witli hospitality, and promised 
him his daughter Lavinia, who had been before be- 
trothed to king Turnus by her mother Aniata. To 
prevent this nuirriage, Turnus made war against 
.■Eneas; and after many battles, the \var was de- 
cided by a combat between the two rivals, in wliich 
Turnus was killed, .^hieas married Lavinia, in 
whose lioiiour he built the town of Lavinium, and 
succeeded his father in-law. After a short r-. ign, 
.■i:neas was killed in a battle against the Etriu-ians. 
Some say that he was drov.iied in the ISumicus, 
and his body weighed down by his armour; uj on 
which the Latins not finding their king, supposed 
that he had been taken uj. to heaven, and therefore 
otVered him. sacritices as to a god. Dionys. Hal, 
llxes the arrival of /Eneas in Italy in the oSth 
Olymp. Some authors sujpose that /Eneas, after 
the siege of Troy, fell to the share of Neoptolemus, 
together with Andi omache, and that he was car- 
ried to Thessaly, whence iie escaped to Italy. 
Others say, that after he had come to Ital}-, he re- 
iiu-iied to Troy, leaving Ascanius king of Latium. 
.Eineas has been praised for his i iety, and sub- 
mission to the will of the gods. Tlie story of 
the loves of Dido and .A-^neas is allowed to b* 
a mere poetical ornament, introduced by a 
violent anaclironism. Humer. Jt. 13 et 20. 
Hyvi'f. <n Ve>uT yipdb d. 3, \2.—Diod.3.- Pans 

2, 33. 3, £2. 10, 25 Plut. in RoiuuL. et i.und. 

Quceit. Rom.— Val. Max. 1, 8.— Flor. 1, l.~J»s- 

IV,. 20, 1. 31, 8. -13, 1 Bictvs Crt-t. 5 Dare% 

Phrv. 6 Dionys. Hid. 1, U.—Si-^ab. 13 Liv. 1, 

)._y,r^. ^n.—Aur. Victor E/ia«. F. H. 8, 

22 PropfT!. 4, \.—Uvid. M l. 14, 3, &c. TrisU 

4, 798. A son of /Eneas and Lavinia, called 

Sylvius, because l.is mother retired with him ii^to 
the woods after his father's death. He succeeded 
Ascanius in Latium. Virg. JEn. 6, 770. — Liv. 1, 

3. An siinbassador sent by the Lacedaemonians 

to Athens to treat of peace, in the eighth year of 

the Peloponnesian war. A Greek author on 

the military art, who flourished B. C. 300. His 
work was annexed, by Casaubon, to his edition of 
Polybius, Paris, 1609; and reprinted in 12mo. at 

Ley den, in 1633. A Platonic philosopher of 

Gaza who embraced Cliristianity, A. D. 485. He 
wrote a dialogue called Tfn-iphroshu., in which 
are maintained the df)ctrines ot the immortality of 
Ihf soul, and the resurrection of the body. The 
author^ tiiougli writing professedly ajjaiiist i'lulo. 



JE-SE 



18 



cn ifciunds tho doctrines of r-jalonlsin arid Cliris- 
tiaiiit/. An ei-'ition of U.is work was jublislied 
ill -ito at Leipsic, in 1655. 

^5£neja or ^NiA, a place near Rome, after- 
wards called Janiculum. A city of Troas. 

tiirab. 17. A city of Macedonia. DiO>iys,Ual. 1. 

jEn HIDES, a patronymic given to Ascanius, as 
son of , 'Eneas. Fng- 9, 653. 

AIkEIS, a poem of Virgil, which has for its sub- 
ject the settlement of the Trojans under ^Eneas in 
l aly. The great merit of this poem is well 
Knoivn. The author h^s imitated Homer, and, as 
some say, Homer is superior to him, only because 
he is more ancient, and is an original. Virgil died 
before he had corrected it, and at hie de.Uh ordered 
it to be burnt. This injunction Avas happily dis- 
obeyed, and Augustus saved from the flames, a 
poem which proved his family to be descended from 
t!ie kings of Troy. The iEneid had engaged the at- 
tention of the poet for eleven years, and in the first 
six books it seems that it was Virgil's design to 
imitate Homer's Odyssey, and in the last the lllad. 
The cictionof the .'Eneid comprehends eight years, 
one of which only, the last, is really tciken up by 
action, as the seven first are merely episodes, such 
i.s Juno's attempts to destroy the Trojans, the 
loves of /Eneas and Dido, "the relation of the fall of 
Troy, &c. Throughout the poem, the agents, di- 
vine and human, are equal to their allotted parts 
in the action: thi sentiments are always proper: 
and tlie diction is everywhere poetic, dignified, ex- 
quisite, and harmonious. In the first book of the 
^iMieid, the hero is introduced, in the seventh year 
of iiis expedition, sailing in the Mediterranean, and 
shipwrecked on the African coast, where he is re- 
ceived by Dido. In the second, ^-Eneas, at the desire 
of the Phoenician queen, relates the fall of Troy, and 
his flight through the general coofiagration to mount 
Ida. In the third, the hero continues his narration^ 
by a minute account of his voyage through the Cy- 
ciades, the places where he landed, and the dreadtiil 
slorjn with the description of which the poem open- 
ed. Dido, in the fourth book, makes public lier par- 
tiality to .-Eneas, which is slighted Dy the sailing 
of the Trojans from Carthage, and the book closes 
with the suicide of the disapj^ointed queen. In the 
fifth book, ^Eneas sails to Sicily, Avhere he cele- 
brates the anniversary of liis father's death, and 
thence pursues his voyage to Italy. In the sixtli, 
he visits the Elysian fields, and learns from his 
father tlie fate which attends him and his descend- 
ants the Romans. In the seventh book, the hero 
reaches the destined If, d of Latium, and concludes 
a treaty Avith the king of the country, whicli is 
soon broken by the interference of Juno, who stim- 
ulates Turnus to wai". The auxiliaries of the ene- 
my are enumerated ; and in the eighth book, .-Eneas 
is assisted by E\'ander, and receives from Venus a 
eiiield vrrought by Vulcan, on which are represent- 
t d the future glory and triumphs of the Roman na- 
tion. The reader is pleased, in the ninth book, 
with the account of battles between the rival ar- 
mies, and the immortal friendship of Nisus and 
I*:uiyalus. Jupiter in the tenth, attempts a recon- 
ciliation between Venus and Juno, who patronised 
the opposite pai ties-, the fight is renewed, Pallas 
killed, and Tiu'rus saved from the avenging hand 
c'" .Eneas, by the inierj osition of Juno. Tiie ele- 
venth book gives an recount of the funeral of Pal- 
las, and of the meditated reconciliation betv.een 
/Eneas and Latinus, which the sudden ap]:earance 
I f tlie enemy defeats. Camilla is slain, and the 
H)nH.atants separated by tlie night. In the last 
,Luoii., Juno prevents the single combi.t a^ ccJ upon 



by Turnus and .T.neas. The Trojsn? arc defeated 
in the absence of their king ; but on the return of 
^Eneas, the battle assufnes a dillerent turn, a single 
combat is fought by the rival leaders, and tlie poem 
is concluded by the death of king Turnus. Plm 7, 
30, &c. 

ESIDEMUS, a brave general of Argos. LIv. 

32, 25. A Cretan philosopher, who wrote eigl-t 

books on the doctrine of his niiister Pyrrho. Diuff, 
in Fyr. 

/ENESIUS, a surname of Jupiter, from his tem- 
ple in mount ^Enum. 

/Enetus, a victor at Olympia, who, in the mo- 
ment of victory, died througli excess of joy. Puus, 
3, 18. 

iENlA. Vid. .Eneia. 

^NiANES, the inhabitants of Thessaliolis. 
Herod. 7, 185. 

^NiCUS, a comic writer at Athens. 

iENioCHi, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia. Luco", 
2, 591. 

jEnobarbus, or Ahenobarbus, the surname of 
Domitius. When Castor and Pollux acquainted 
him with a victory, he discredited them ; upon 
which they touched his chin and beard, which in- 
stantly became of a brazen colour, whence the sur- 
name given to himself and his descendants. 

iENOCLES, a writer of Rhodes. Athm. 

^NOS, formerly called Poltyobria, an indepen- 
dent city of Thrace, at the eastern mouth of tlie 
river Hebrus. Here was the tomb of Polydorus, 
and a maable monument erected in memory of Cato 
Uticencis. It still bears the name of Enos. Mda 
2, 2. 

.^NUM, a mountain in Cephallenia. S'rah. 7, 
-(Enus, ariver of Germany, separating Vindelicia 
from Noricum. It rises in the Rhaetian Alps, and 
falls into the Danube. It is now called tlie Inn. 

Tacit. Hist. 3, 5. A small town, on a river of 

the same name, near mount Ossa. S^prJi. de 
Urb. 

.EKYHA, a town of Thasof. Herod. 6, Vi . 

.lEoLlA, a name given to Arne. Sappho is call- 
ed ..Solia putlla^ and lyric poetry yEi./u./n cun/ifn^ 
because Sappho ai.d Alcaeus were natives of Les- 
bos in ^olia, and wrote in the iEoiic dialect. 
Uorat, Od. 4, 3, 12 et 4, 9, V2. 

^EOlia, or .E^OLis, a country of Asia Minor, so 
called from the yEolians who settled there. It wi^s 
almost wholly comprised between the rivers tier- 
mus and Caicus. The .Eolians had twelve cities, | 
the most famous of which were CumcE and Smyr- 
na ; the latter, however, was afterwards taken by 
the loniajis. Besides these cities, they possessed 
the islands of Lesbos, Tenedos, and the Hecaton- 
nesL They received their na^me from .Eolus, tlie 
son of Hellen. They migrated from Greece about' 
ll!<!4 B. C. eighty years before the mixration of thei 
Ionian tribes. H'-rvd. 1, 26, &c — Sirat. J, 2 ct 

6.-rii i. 5, ■JQ.-MeU 1, 2 et 18 Thessaly has 

been anciently called uEolia. Bojotus, son of >«'ep- 
tune, having settled there, called his followers; 
Boeotians, and their country Boeotia, 

JEoLiJE and .lEoLlDES, a group of small islands' 
between Sicily and Italy, so called from being the 
supi osed residence of .Elolus. They were also 
nan.ed Vutcanice and Hfp'iumi- des, because they 
emitted flames, as they still do: ;nd Lrpari, from 
Lipara, the principal of them. The names of those 
isliuids are, Lipara, Hiera, Strongyle, Didyme, ; 
Ericusa, Phoeuicusa, and Euonymos. Now, the:' 
Lijmri hland-: Ju, in. 4, 1 — S:rab. 6. 

.^OLIPA, a cify of Tenedo* Anothtr iicafi 

Therniopylx. He oJ. 8, 35. 



19 



! ^ClTd Kf, a patronymic of Ulysses, from JEalus^ 
' bsjause Anticlea, his inotlier, was pregnant by 
! Sisyphus, the son of /Eolus, -when she married 
I Laertes. It is also given to Alhamas aud Misenus, 

as sons of /Eolus. Ovid. AJtU 4, 511. 13, 31.— 

r,Ji?. y3E«. 6, 164et529. 
j /l-.6l,us, a king of the /Eollan islands, was the son 

of Hippotas. He taught the use of sails, and hav- 
■ iug strictly observed the changes of the winds and 
I ^reathe^, he frequently foretold them with exact- 
, ness, and from hence he is fabled to be the god of 

tlie winds. He granted a favourable reception to 
I Ulysses, when thrown upon his coasts-, and at 
I j'nrting, made him a present of leathern bags, in 
i which he had confined the winds adverse to the 
j progress of his voyage. The companions of 

I'iysses, impelled by curiosity, opened the bags, 
j and by thus giving vent to their fatal contents, 
] brought upon the Grecian hero the further calami- 
I ties he sunered before his return to Ithaca. iEolus 
! v. as indebted to Juno for his royal dignity, accord- 
, ing to Virgil. The name seems to be derived from 
I aioAoy, varius, because the winds over which he 
, presided are ever varying. Plin. 3, 9. 7, 56.— 

: Jlomer. Od. 10, 1 Fng. ^n. 1, 56, &c Ovid. 

\ .Me'. 11. 748. 14, 22\—AiwUon. Anjon. 4,—Diod. 

5 — Fl'icc. 1, 556 There were tv,-o others, a 

king of Etruria, father to iMacareus and Canace, 
] and a son of Hellenus, often confounded with the 

god of the winds. This last married Eiiaretta, 

by whom he had seven sons and five daughters. 

ApoUod. 1. 

. .EORA, a festival in Athens, in honour of Eri- 
gone. 

! ^PALIUS, a king of Greece, restored to his 
I kingdom by Hercules, whose son Hyllus he adopted. 
\ S:r.ih. 9. 

/Ep£a, a town of Crete, called Soils, in lionour 
I of Solon. Plut. in So'.n,,. 

I /Epulo, a general of the Istrians, who drank to 
excess, after he had stormed the camp of A. Man- 
i iius, the Roman general. Being attacked by a sol- 
dior, he fled to a neighbouring town, which the 
Mo:nans took, and killed himself for fear of being 
t.ken. FiOT. 2, \0.—Liv. 41, 11. 

/Epy, a town of Elis, under the dominion of 
. Nestor. SCal. Thfb. 4, 180. 

/Epytus, king of Mycenae, son of Chresphontes 
and Merope, was educated in Arcadia with Cypse- 
]u3, his mother's father. To recover his kingclom, 
lie killed Polyphonies, who had married his mother 
;.i,^ainst her will, and usurped the crown. Ap:l- 

I 'li. 2, 6. -Paus. 4, 8. A king of Arcadia, son 

of Elatus. A son of Hippothous, who forcibly 

entered the temple of Neptune, near Mantinea, and 
was struck blind by the sudden eruption of salt 
water from the altar. He was killed by a serpent 
in hunting. Paus. 8, 4 et 5. 

-Equi or iEQUlc5Li, a people of Latium, near 
Tybur; they were great enemies to Rome in its 
infant state, and were conquered with much difti- 
culty. F.or. 1, U.—Liv. 1, 32. 2, 30. 3, 2, &c— 

Plin. 3, 4.—Firg. ^u. 7, 747. 9, 684 Ovid. Fast. 

3, 'X\.-Dio..yi. Hal. 2, 19. 

iEauiMELiUAT, a place in Rome where the 
liouse of Melius stood, who aspired to sovereign 
jower. Liv. 4, 16. 

iERIAS, an ancient king of Cyprus, who built 
j the temple of Paphos. Tacil. Hist. 2, 3. 

.Erope, wife of Atreus, committed adultery 
v illi Thyestes her brother-in-law, and had by him 
twins, who were placed as food before Atreus.— 

Or,-./. Trist. 2, 391. A daughter of Cepheus, 

f.i\-ished by Mars, She died in child-boJ; her 



child was preserved, and called ^'Eropus. Pens. 
8, 44. 

iER^ipus, a general of Epirus, in the reiga of 

Pyrrhus. A person appointed regent to Orestes, 

the infant son of Archeiaus king of Macedonia, 

An oiiicer of king Philip, banished for bringing a 
singer into his camp. Pu ycsn. 4, 2. A moun- 
tain of Chaonia. Lit. 31, 5, 

■ ^SACUS, a son of Priam by the nymph Alcxir- 
hoe, or, according to others, by Arisba. He be- 
came enamoured of the beautiful Hesperia-, but 
she treated his aftection with disdain. Endea- 
vouring to escape from him, when, he once ac- 
cidentally met her on the banks of the Cebrenus, 
he was bit by a serpent in. the foot ; the wound 
occasioned her death, and /Esacus in despair threw 
himself from a rock into the sea. Tetliys, out of 
compassion, transformed him into a cormorant ; 
but he, provoked that he couldnotdie, never cease. - 
plunging himself into the sea. Ovid. Met. 11, 
11. 

/ESAPUS, a river of Mysia, in Asia, falling into 
the Hellespont. Plin. 5, 3i. 

iESAR, or iESARAS, a river of Magna Graeria, 
falling into the sea near Crotona. Ovid. Mi i. 15, 
28. 

iEsCHlxES, a celebrated Grecian orator, the con- 
temporary and rival of Demosthenes, was born at 
Athens 389 B. C. His father's name was Atro- 
metus, and he boasted of his descent from a noble 
family, though Demosthenes reproached him as be- 
ing the son of a courtezan. The first open signs of 
enmity betv/een the rival orators cippeared at the 
court of Philip, where they were sent as ambassa- 
dors; but the character of -Eschines was tarnished 
by the acceptance of a bribe from the Macedonian 
prince, whose tyranny had hitherto been the gen- 
eral subject of his declamation. When the Athe- 
nians wished to rpwardthe patriotic labours of De- 
mosthenes with a golden crown, ^schines im- 
peached Ctesiphon, Avho proposed it; and to tlieir 
subsequent dispute we are indebted for the two 
celebrated orations de coT'ine '. /Eschines was de- 
feated by his rival's superior eloquence, and banish- 
ed to Rhodes-, but as he retired from Athens,Demos- 
thenes ran afier him, and nobly forced him to accept 
a present of silver. In his banishment, the orator 
repeated to the Rhodians the oration which he iiad 
delivered against Demosthenes; and after receiv- 
ing much applause, he was desired to read the an- 
swer of his antagonist. It was received with great- 
er marks of approbation; but, exclaimed /Eschines, 
how much more would your admiration have been 
raised, had you heard Demosthenes himself speak 
it ! iEschines died in the 75th year of his age, at 
Rhodes, or, as some suppose, at Samos. He wrote 
three orations, and nine epistles, Avhich, from their 
number, received the names, the first of the Graces, 
and the last of the Muses. The orations alone are 
extant. His style is diftuse, ornamental, and more 
adapted to please than to move; that of Demos- 
thenes, on tne contrary, is concise and energetic, 
and rushes upon the mind of the reader with the 
force of an impetuous torrent. The orations of 
.Eschines are generally printed with those of De- 
mosthenes. The best editions are, that of U'olfius, 
foL Francof. 1604, and that of Dobson, lO vols 8vo. 
London 1827. Dr Leland has given an excellent 
translation of iEschines' Oration against Ctesiphcn. 

(JiC. de Graf. 1, 24. -2, 53. in Brut. 17 Plut. in Dfm. 

-Diog. 2 et 3.-Piin. 7, 30 a philosopher of 

Athens, contemporary with Socrates, and a disci- 
ple of his school. He wrote seven dialogues in the 
true spirit of his master, on temperance, niiidera- 



20 



vESO 



tioii, huraanky, biiegrity, and otlier virtues. Only 
tiiiee of them are now extant, Tlie best editions 
are tiiat of Leovard, 1718, with the notes of Hor- 
raius, in 8vo. and that cf Fischer, 8vo. Lips. ITSti. 

^ESCHRJOX, a .^lity]enean poet, intimate with 
Aristotle. He accompanied Alexander in his 

Asiatic expedition An Iambic poet of Samos. 

A h II A physician, commended by Galen. A 

treatise of his on husbandry has been quoted by 

P,i ,y. A lieutenant of Archagathus, killed by 

Kanno. D od. 20, 

^EsCH ylTpes, a man who \\Tote a book on agri- 
culture, ^iian. U. An. 15. 

^SCHYLUS, the tragic poet, was born at Eleu- 
bIs about the end of the sixty-third Olympiad, B.C. 
525. He was of a respectable family, and distin- 
guished himself with his brothers Cynegirus and 
Awyneas, at the battles of ilarathon, Salarais. and 
Plutaea. His mind was early elevated by an en- 
tu us iastic fondness for the poems of Homer; and 
when he had scarcely attained his twenty-fifth year 
he composed pieces for public representation, tie 
first introduced two actors on the stage, and con- 
nected the Chorus, which he limited to fifteen, 
with the performance of some deiinite piece. He 
also invented the mask and the buskin, and embel- 
lished the stage -with appropriate scenery. He 
removed all scenes of bloodshed and murder frcm 
tlie eyes of the spectators. His fertility was such 
that iie wrote ninety tragedies, of wliich forty « ere 
rewarded with the public prize. A few ex],res- 
Bions of impious tendency in his plays liad nearly 
proved fatal to him : he was on the point of being 
condemned to death by the Athenian people, when 
his brother Amyneas uncovered the arm of which 
the hand had been cut otf at Salaniis, and claimed 
the acquittal of ^dischylus as his reward. After 
this the poet retired to the court of Hiero, king of 
Syracuse, by whom he was honouraLly entertain- 
ed. He died at Gela. in the sixty-ninth year of 
liis age, B. C. 456. The manner of his death, as 
commonly related, is singular. It is said that 
ha«. ing become very bald in his old age, an eagle 
with a tortoise in her bill flying over him, mistook 
his head for a stune, and dropping her prej' upon 
it, killed the poet on the spot. The people of 
Gela buried him with much pomp, and raised a 
tomb to his memory. Of the dramas which JEs- 
chylus composed, only seven have reached us : 
the Prometheus chained, the S ven Chiefs against 
I'hebes, the Persians, the Supplicants, the Aga- 
memnon, the Choephorie, and the Eumenides. 
They are diitinguished by an uncommon grandeur 
of style and loftiness ef thought, but they particu- 
larly excel in the terrific, and even now can 
scarcely be read without a shudder. The best 
edition of .iischylus is that of Butler, 8 vols. 8vo. 
Cantab. 180J. The editions of five tragedies, se- 
parately put forth by bishop Bloomfield^ are much 
esteemed. iNlr Potter has given an elegant trans- 
lation of this poet in English verse. Horal. ^rt. 
P el. 21B.—QuinnL 10, l.-Ploi. 10, 3.-Vid. 

.Mar. 9, Iv!. The twelfth perpetual archon of 

Athens. A Corinthian brother-i«-law to Ti- 

mophanes, intimate with Timoleon. PUit. in 

T mol. A IJhodian set over Egypt with Peu- 

cestes of Macedonia. Cur'. 4, 8. 

.^SCULAPics, the god of physic, was the son 
of Apollo, by Coronis, or as some say, by La» issr., 
ditughter of Phlegins. Apollo sot a raven to watch 
the nymph Coronis after his union with lier; and 
riiscoverin" liiat she admitted the embraces of 
Ischys of J^mo.-ii.-:, lie destroyed her with light- 
Tiing, but preserved the infant, and committed him 



to tlie care of Chiron the centaur, to be educatecl 
in the art of medicine. Some authors say, that 
Coronls left her father to avoid his discoveriiig; her 
pregnancy, and that she exposed her child near 
Epidaurus. A i;oat of the flock of Aresthanus 
litirsed him, and the dog that kept the flock stood 
by liim to shelter him from injury. He was found 
by the shepherd, Aresthanus, whilst in search of 
his lost goat, and the head of the infant was then 
observed to be surrounded with resplendent rays 
of light. He at last became so skilful in the art 
of healing, that he is believed to have restored 
many dead people to life. Pluto was displeased 
with the numerous cures of ^Esculapius, and lest 
his dominions should want inhabitants, complained 
to Jupiter. The father of the gods struck the phy- 
sician with thunder-, and Apollo, in revenge, kill- 
ed the Cyclops who made the thunderbolts. .5^6- 
cula];ius receiv d divine honours after death, 
chiefly at Epidaurus, Pergamus, Athens, Smyrna, 
&c. Goats, bulls, lambs, and pigs, were sacrificed 
on his altars •, and the cock, the raven, the dog, 
and the serpent, were sacred to him. Reme, be- 
ing delivered from a plague, A. U. C. 462, built a 
temple to this god of phytic, who, it was said, had 
concealed himself under the form of a serpent in a 
marshy island of the Tiber, and stopped the 
ravages of the disease. jiLsculapius is represent- 
ed with a large beard, holding in his hand a stafl'", 
round which is wreathed a serpent : his other hand 
is sometimes supported on the head of a se.--^ie:;t. 
Serpents are more particularly sacred to him, as 
the ancient physicians used them in their prescrip- 
tions. He married Epione, by whom he had two 
sons, famous for their skill in medicine, Machaon 
and Podalirius •, and four daughters, of wh mi Hy- 
geia, goddess of hcaitli, is the most eel brated. 
Some have supposed that he lived a short tinie 
after the Trojan war. Hesiod makes no mention 
of him. Homer. H. 4, U6.—Hom,i. in .E-sc-,/.— 
Apo tod. 3, l^i.—JpolUv.. 4, J>i^;n.—Hvgi . 49.— 
Ovid. Mf.i. 2, 8.— Pau.'. 2, il Pi 27. 7, -'3, &c — 

D '. '^.-Pindar. Pylh. ^.—Lucidu. Du l. dp t^ni- 
t u—Vul. Mnx. 1, S.-Cic. d- Xal. D. 3, 22, says 
there were three of this name: the 1st, a son of 
Apollo and Coronis, wrrshipped in Arcadia : 2d, a 
brother of Mercury: 3d, a son of Apollo and Ar- 
sinoe. 

iEsEPUS, a son of Bitcolion. Homer. Jl. 6, 21, [ 
A river. Vid. j£sapus. 

^ilsERMA, a city of the Samnites, in Italy. 
Now hK,nir.. Lit. 27, U.—SU. 8, 5f)7. 

.^.siON, an Athenian, known for his respect foi ■ 
the talents of Demosthenes. Pm/. in Dem-nth. i" 

-^ISis, a river of lt;ily, which separated Umbria !. 

from Picenum. Sil. Imi. 8, 446 A to^vn of j; 

Umbria, on the left bank of the river JEsis, now I 
Jes . P «. 11. ' 

A^SOfi. son of Crethnis. virts \ oin at the same 
b rih as Pflias He su; ceeded his father in ihe 
kinjidom of lolchos, but was soon exiled by kis , 
brother. He marrii d Ak-inieda, by wht.m he had | 
.Tason. whose cdneaiiiin he intrusted to Chiron, : 
being afraid ofPeli..s. 'When Ja>on was frown [ 
up, he demanded his father's kingdom from his j 
uncle, who gave him evasive answer.';, and | er- " 
suaded him to po in qnest of thf C'dden fleece. ( 
[ J'id. Ja.son.] At his return, jAsm found his 
fatht^r very infirm : and Medea [ Vid Medf aj. at 
his request, drew the blood from iEson's veins, ^ 
ind refilled them with the juice of certain herh"* 
^hich she had gathered, and immediately thet 'd 
vai recovered the viijour and bloo n of yonth. 
SJ.^le say that ^-on killed hinistll by drinking 



I /ESO 

j bi'll's blood, to avoid the perfeci'.tioii of Pcliii?. 
. D.od, l.—Jpollod. 1, 9 — Ovid. Mel. 7, 28o.-//(,- 

i oiri. 12. A river of Thessaly, with a town of 

I the same name. 

I iEsSNiDES. a patronymic of Jason, as being 
i descended from ^son. 

i iEsoPljS, a Phrygian philosopher, who, though 
j originally a slave, procured his liberty by the sal • 
li s of his genius. He travelled over the great- 
est part of Greece and Egypt, but chiefly resided 
lit tlie court of Croesus, king of Lydia, by whom he 
was sent to consult the oracle of Delphi, and to 
I make ofierings in the temple. In this commission 
I ^-Esop behaved with great severity, and satirically 
; compared the Delphians to floating sticks, which 
j lippear large at a distance, but are nothing when 
bi ought near. The Delphians, offended with 
' his sarcastic remarks, accused him of having 
! secreted one of the sacred vessels of Apollo's 
! temple, and threw him down from a rock, 561 
• B. C. The Athenians, soon after his death, 
I erected a statue to his memory. Maximus Fla- 
I nudes has written his life in Greek ; but no credit 
I is to be given to the biographer, who falsely 
assorts that the mythologist was short and deform- 
ed. iEsop dedicated his fables to his patron Croe- 
sus, but what appears now under his name, is no 
tliiubta compilaiion of all the fables and apologues 
of wits before and after the age of iEsop, con- 
jointly with his own. The best editions of ^Esop, 
are those of Hudsonus, 8vo. Oxon. 1718; of fleu- 
singerus, Bvo. Lips. 1775 •, and of Ernesti, 8vo. 
Lips. 1781. The translations have been numer- 

Dus. Plut. i?, Solon. -Phad. 1, 2. 2, 9. Clodius, 

a celebrated Roman tragedian, very intimate v. iih 
Cicero, to whom he gave instructions on tiie art 
of action. He was an extraordinary epicure; and 
among other luxuries, served up to his guests a 
dish filled with singing and speaking birds. His 
son, no less extravagant, melted precious stones 
to drink at his entertainments. Jisop, notv»ith- 
standing this wanton profusion, is said to have 
died worth ^160,000. HorU. 2, Sat. 3, 239.— 
V..I. Max. 8, I't. 9, -[.-Flin. 9, 35. 10, 51. 

An orator. Diog. An historian in the 

time of Anaximenes. Plut. in Solon. A river 

of Pontus. Strab. 12. An attendant of Mithri- 

dates, who wrote a treatise on Helen, and a pane- 
gyric on his royal master. 

/Es ri^I, a pemile of Germany, inhabiting mo- 
dern Estonia, in Livonia. Tacii. G. 45. 

iESTKIA, an island in the Adriatic Meln 2, 7. 
jEstJiiA, a town on a mountain between Tybur 
and Praeneste. Hir.if. 3, 29. 

iEsYETES. a man from whose tomb Polit^s 
spied what the Greeks did in their shii)s during 
the Trojan war. Homer. II. 2, 793. 

^SYMNETES, a surname of Bacchus. Paus. 7, 
21. 

J2SYMNUS, a person of Jlegara, who consulted 
Apollo to know the best method of governing his 
country. Paus, 1, 43. 

.EtHaLIA. Vid. llva. 

yETHALlDES, a herald, son of Mer. ury , 
whom it was granted to be amongst th.> dead and 
th^> living at stated limes, and thus to become ac- 
quainted with what passed on the earth. AvoUon. 
Aruon. 1, 641. 

AIthion, a man slain at the nuptials of Andro- 
meda. Ovid. Mel. 5, 146. 

^'Ethiopia, an extensive country of Africa, 
divided by the ancients into Superior and Inferior. 
The former, lying to the south of Egypt, answered 
iiarJ) ton.udeni Nubia and Abyssinia; and the 



2^ ,ETN 

ial!er, known to the ancients only in name, cor- 
responded v.iili modern Angola, C'atlVaria, iMono- 
motapa, and Monamuga. Homer has styled the 
/Ethiopians the most just of men, and the favour- 
ites of the gods, who used to feast among them for 
twelve days each year. Diod. 4, says, that the 
ztthiopians were the first iuhabilants of the earth. 
They were the first who woi sliipped the gods, for 
which, as some suppose, their cduiitry has never 
been invaded by a foreign enemy. The inhabi- 
tants are of a dark complexion. The country is 
inundated for five montiis every year, and their 
days and nights are almost of an equal length. 
Tue ancients have given the name of ^Ethiopia to 
every country whose inhabitants ai'e of a black 
col.mr. Lucan. 3, 1'53. 9, t-5l.—Juv. 2, 23.— Plin, 
6, 29.— Paw*. 1, 33.— Home:. Od. 1, 22. 

iETHLlTjS, son of Jupiter by Protogenia, or, 
according to some, of ^oius, was father of Endy- 
mion. ^pAhd. 1, 7. 

iEXHON, a horse of the sun. Ovid. Met. 1, 1. 

A horse of Pallas, represented as shedding 

tears at the death of his muster, by Virft. JE>i. H, 

89. A horse of Hector. Homfr. II. 8, IfeS. 

A horse uf Pluto''s chariot. Claud, de R p. Pros. 1. 

/L'iH&A, daugliter of Pittheus king of Trcezene, 
had Theseus by .cEgeus. [V'f'. Ageus.] She 
was carried away by Castor and Pollux., when they 
recovered their sister Helen, whom Theseus had 
stolen, and entrusted to her care. [Vid. Helen.] 
She went to Troy with Helen ; and it was the wish 
of seeing her, and of restoring her to liberty, which 
induced Demophoon and Acamas to accompany the 
Grecian expedition against Priam. Hurmr. 1 . 3, 
144.-^07/.% 2, 31. b, l^.—Hynin. 37 el 79.-Plut. 
i i Thes.— Ouid. Htr. 10, 131. One of the Ocean- 
ides, v.ife to Atlas. She is more generally called 
Pleione. A. G U. 13, 9. 
iEXHUSA, a daughter of Neptune by Amphitrite. 

Paw.9,20. An island near Lilybaeum. PUn.3.S. 

^TIA, a poem of Callimachus, in which be 
speaks of sacrifices, and of the manner in which 
they were offered. Marl. 10, 4. 

.aixlON, or Ebtion, the father of Andromache, 
Hector's wife. He was killed at Thebes, M'ith his 

seven sons, by the Greeks. A famous Grecian 

painter, whose picture of the nnptials of Alexan- 
der and Roxana, exhibited at the Olympic games, 
obtained for him not only tlie prize of merit, but 
the daughter of Prcxenides the president. C c. 
Brul. 18. 

/Etka, a mountain of Sicily, now called Gi- 
belLo, famous for its volcano, wliich, for about 
three thousand years, has thrown out fire at 
intervals. It is more than ten thousand feet above 
the surface of the sea, and measures one hundred 
and eiglity miles round at the b. se, with an 
ascent of thirty miles. Its crater forms a circle 
about three and a half n;iles in circumference, 
and its top is covered Avith snow and smoke 
at the same time, vrhilst tlie sides of the mountain, 
from the great fertility of the soil, exhibit a rich 
scenery of cultivated fields and blooming vine- 
yards. Pindar is the first who mentions an erup- 
tion of /Etna : and the silence of Homer on the 
subject is considered as a proof that the fires of 
the mountain were unknown in his age. From the 
time of Pythagoras, the supposed date of the first 
volcanic appearance, to the laattle of Phaisalia, it 
is computed that /Litna has had one hundred emp- 
tions. The streams of lava emitted in great 
eruptions, are sometimes fifteen and tv.enty miles 
in length, six or seven in breadth, and fii'ty feet in 
depth. The iX)cl3 supposed that Jui iter b;id con- 



.'ETO 



■22 



AGA 



fi;ied the giants under tliis mountain, and it was 
ro) resented as tlie forge of Vulcan, where his ser- 
vants the Cyclops fabricated tliunderbolts, &c. 

Jl^.iud. Tfirog. 6uU Firu. .-^n. 3, 570 — Oiud. 

M-!. 5, 6. 15, 340 luiL 14, 59. A town at tlie 

bottom of the south side of tlie mountain, now 
y.cohs. SlruL G. 

JEtoiaa, a province of Greece, bounded on the 
west by Acarnania, on the north by Thessaly, on 
tlie east by the country of the Locri, Ozolae, 
and on the south by the Corinthian gulf. Jt re- 
ceived Its name from /Etolus. The inhabitants 
were covetous and illiberal, and were little known 
in Greece, till after the ruin of Athens and Sparta 
they assumed a consequence in the country, and 
afterwards made themselves formidable as the 
allies of Rome, and as its enemies, till they Avere 
conquered by Fulvius. Lit: 2b, 24, &c —Flor. 2. 
'J.—i>irab. Set U\—Mela 2, 3.—Plin. 4, 2 — Pam: 

lO, 18.— P-'u/. in Fl.m Diomede is call d 

y^tolius herot i and Apulia, where lie setiled, 

,^toH campi. Ovid. Met. 14, 461 Sil. 1, Wo. 9, 

4J3. 10, 185, &c. 

.•ExoLUJi, son of Eiidymion of Elis and Iphian- 
assa, married Proiioe, by whom he had Pleiu-on 
and Calydon. Having "accidentally killed Apos 
son of Pliironeus, he left his country, and came to 
settle in that part of Greece which has been call- 
ed from him .i.tolia. Jpollod 1, 7 et 9. - P.ms. 5.1. 

/Ex, a rocky island between Tenedos and Chios. 
Piin. 4, 11. — ^-A city in the country of the Marsi. 
The nurse of Jupiter changed into a constella- 
tion. 

AFRR, an inhabitant of Africa. An informer 

under Tiberius and his successors. He became 
also known as an orator, and as the precej lor of 
(juintilian, and was made consul by Domitian. 
He died A.U. 59. (/ui7itil.U,U.-Taci/.Ann. 4,52. 

AfrANIA, a Roman matron who frequented 
the forum forgetful of female decency, ful. 
M -.x. 8, 3. 

Afranius, a comic poet, flourished about B.C; 
lOU. He wrote some Latin comedies, of which 
a few fragments are to be found in tlie Ct-rpus 
Poelarum. Quint. 10, l.—Sueton. N,r. U.—Hur. 

2, pp. 1, 5/. A general i f Pompev', conquered 

by Caesar in Spain. Sutton, in Cas. 34. — PLnt. in 

Pump. t. O. a man who wrote a severe satire 

agaiust Nero, for which he was put to death in 
the Fisouian conspiracj". Tucii. Fotitus, a ple- 
beian, who said before Caligula, that he would 
willingly die if the emperor could recover from 
tiie distemper he laboured under. Caligula recov- 
ered, and Afranius was put to death that he might 
not forfeit liis word. Da). 

AFRICA, called LHya by the Greeks, one of the 
three parts of the ancient world, and the greatest 

teninsula of the universe, was bounded on the east 
y Arabia and the Red Sea, on the north by the 
Mediterranean, south and west by the ocean. In 
its greatest length it extends 4.300 miles, and in 
its greatest breadth it is 3,500 miles. The ancients 
k.iew little more than the northern parts of this 
division of the globe, but with these they were 
Ljller acquainted than we are at the jiresent day. 
Tlie interior they thought uninhabitable from tlie 
excessive heat, or peopled it with fabulous mon- 
sters, of which Africa was proverbially the nurse. 
l^^id. Libya.] Me.!a 1, 4, bic.—Divd.o. \ ef20.- 
H.rudot. 2, 17, 26, et 32. 4, 41, he-Pan. 5, \ &c. 

There is a part of Africa called Propnu, which 

answers to the present Tunis. 

AfkicANUS, a blind poet commended by Ennius. 
A very eminent Christian writer, wlio flour- 



ished in the beginning of the third century. F.>! 
was tiie author of a treatise on chronology in liv^ 
books, containing a series of events from the ci e..- 
tion of the world to A. D. 221. He also wrote a 
letter to Origen, denying the authenticity of tlie 
history of Susanna; and another to Arislides, re- 
conciling the genealogies of oux Savioiu-, as given 
by St Matthew and St Luke. Eusebius has given 
extracts from the works of Africaiius in his Pie-A 
pardio evanf^eiica and in his Drmomtratio pvim-': 

geUca. A lawyer, disciple to Papinian, and in-'t 

timate with the emperor Alexander. An oratori 

mentioned by Quintilian. The surname of thpL. 

Scipios, from the conquest of Africa. Fid. Scipio.ji 

AfkIcum MARK, is that part of the Mediter-j 
ranean which is on the coast of Africa. [• 

AfrIcUS, a name applied to a violent wind,jr 
which blew from Africa between south and west. 
Virg. 1, 90 Homt. 1, od. 14, 5. i 

AgAgriAn^ PORTiE, gates at Syracuse, neai | 
which the dead were buried. Cic. in Tmr. 

Agalasses, a nation of India, conquered b> 
Alexander. Dtod. 17. 1 

Agalla, a woman of Corcyra, who wrote a 
treatise upon grammar. Atheu. 1. ■ 

Agamkdes and Tkophonius, sons of Erginus,,'; 
king of Orchomenos in Bceolia, were celebrated asl> 
the two architects who made the entrance of the ' 
temple of Delphi, for v»-hich they demanded of the^ 
gotl, whatever gift was most advantageous for a ' 
man to receive. Eight days after they were found-; 
dead in their bed. Plui. de co is. ud Jpvl. — Cic 

Tmc. ], 47. Puus. 9. li et 37, gives a ditl'erent ' 

account. , 

AGA3lKi\iN0X, king of Mycenae and -A.rgos, M as 
brother to Meuelaus, and son of Plisihenes,the son 
of Atreus. Homer calls them sous of Atreus, whichj 
is incorrect, upon the authority of Hesiod, Apol- ' | 
lod. &e. {Vid. Plisthenes.] When Atreus was dead,ri 
his brother Thyestes seized the kingdom of Ai-gos,| ', 
and removed Agauieiniion and Meuelaus, who tied : 
to Polyphidus king of Sicyon, and hence to (Eiie-I 
us, king of iEtolia, where they were educated. 
Agamemnon married Clyteninestra, and Menelaus i 
Helen, both daughters of Tyndarus king of Sparta,- j 
who assisted them to recover their father's king- 
dom. After the banishment of the usurjier to, 
Cytheia, Agamemnon established himself at My-| 
ceiiai, wliilst Meuelaus succeeded his falher-iii-lawi 
at Sparta. "When H^len was stolen by Paris, I 
Agamemnon, from the extent of his dominions, as 
well as from his personal valour and his mental' 
resources, was elected commander-in-chief of tlie ; 
Greeks in tlieir expedition against Troy. The fleeti • 
was detained at Aulis, where Agamemnon, yield- "i 
ing to the power of the gods and the entreaties ofi | 
the confederates, sacrificed his daughter to appease' 
Diana. [Kid. Iphigenia.] During the Trojan war,'- 
Agamemnon behaved with great courage; but his 
quarrel with Achilles, whose mistress he took by' 
force, was fatal to the Greeks. [Fid. Briseis.j; 
-A fier the ruin of Troy, Cassandra fell to his share,! 
and foretold him that his wife would put him toj \ 
death. He gave no credit to^his, and returned toi' 
Argos with Cassandra. Clyteninestra, Avith her 
paramour .^Egibtlius, [Fid. ,Egistlius.] preparedi j 
to murder liim; and as he came from the batli, to ,| 
embarrass him, she gave him a tunic whose sleeves 
were sewed toginlier, and while he attoinj ted to 
jinl it on, she brought Jiim to the ground with the 
stroke of a hatchet, and iEgisthus seconded lierl 
blows. His son Orestes afterwards took revecgel ' - 
on tlie murderers; and the events of horror r.llbrd-i ' I 
ed by the history of this family have been favour- I 



AG A 



^3 



AGE 



ife subjects ot tlie tragic muse ot ar.c'eni Greece, 
and its imitators in modern times. [Firf. Clytem- 
iiostra, Meuelaus, and Orestes,] Hum>r. li. 1, 2, 

- i<vO. Oayss. 4, &C Ovid, de Rh;,. Am. 777. 

I Met. 12, Sa.—Hygvi. 88 et f>7 — S r^.b. 8.— 
T/iitryd.]^ 9.—^LiuM. V. H. '^^2'6.—Dicys CreL 

. 1, 2, Ike— Dares Phryg.—S'phod. in Elect 

Euripid. iu Orest.— S-mkc. in Afrum — Paus.% C. 9, 
'iO, &c.— rirg-. Mn. 6, 838 — JbTe/a 2, 3. 
I AGAMEMNONIUS, an epithet applied to Orestes 
I as son of Agamemnon. Vtrg^. jEh. 4, 471. 

Agametob, an athlete of Mantinea, frequently 
honoured with the prize at Olympia. Fans, 6, 10. 
I jtAGAiVlNESXOR, a king of Athens. 

A'.vANiPPE, a celebrated fountain of Boeotia at 
! the foot of mount Helicon. It flows into the I'er- 
i rnessus, and is sacred to the muses, who, from it, 
I were called Aganippides. Puus. 9, 'I'd.— Pi op r.. 
2, d. 3 Ovid. Me.!. 3, 312. 

, AgaPKNOR, the commander cf Agamemnon's 

fleet. Hvnur. II. 2. The son of Anc^tus, and 

I grandson of Lycurgiis, w'ho, after the ruin of Troy, 
' was carried by a storm into Cyprus, where he 
I built Paphos. Paus. 8, 5. 

i AGAPTULEMUS, a son of jEgyptus and Phcr- 
i nissa, put to death by his wife Pirene. Apuliod. 2. 

AGAR, a town of Africa. His*. BrLl. Afr. 76. 
j Agarkni, a people of Arabia. Trajan destroy- 
ed their city, called Agarum. Sirab. 16. 
I AGARisrA, daughter of Clisthenes, v.-as court- 
ied by all the princes of Greece. She married 
■ Megacles. Mlum. V. H. 12, 24.—Hfr.d. tj, 126, 

i&c A daughter of Hippocrates, w^ho mar.ied 

.Xantippus. She dreamed that she had brought 
lfc)rtli a lion, and sometime after became mother of 
1 Pericles. Pint, m Peri— Herod. 6, 131. 

i Agasias, a sculptor of Eohesus, and the dlsci- 

; iile, if not the son, of Psytheus. He is celebrated 
by Ills admirable statue called the Gladiator. 

I Agasicles, king of Sparta, was son of Archida- 
' mus, and one of the Prociidae. He used to say that 
'5 king ought to govern liis subjects as a father gov- 
lerns his children. Paus, 3, 7.—Pluf. iu Apnpf . 
' Agassi, a city of Thessaly. L v. 45. 27. 

'■ \ Agasthen I'.S, father to Polyxenus, was, as 
.one of Helen's suitors, concerned in the Trojan 

1 iwar. Homer. If. 2. A son of Augeas, who 

, isucceeded as king of Elis, with 1/is brothers Am- 

. jphiinachus and Thalpius. Pum. 5, 3. 

, AGASTROPHUS, a Trojan, wou^idcd by Diomc- 

, Wes. Homn: /'. 11, 338. 

J I AaASTHUS, an archon of Athens. 

,1 AUASUS, a harbour on the coast of .Apulia. — 

e P'f. 5, 11. 

Agatha, a town of Gaul, now Ag 'p.. M la 

j. 12, o.-PUn. 3, 4. 

j| Agatharc^Tdas, a general of Corinth in the 

1 Peloponnesian war. Thucyd. 2. 83. A gcogra- 

^ iher and historian of Cnidus, who lived about 160 
Ij' 3. C. He wrote ten books on the History of Asia, 
i orty-nine on Europe, and five on the lied Sea. 
I Some fragments of this writer may be found in 
fosephus, Luciun, and Photins. J .seph. conim 
' ip, 

I' I Agatharchus, an o{tirr>i- fn the Syracnsan 

Iftot. ThuKi^d. 7, 23 A painter in tl:e age of 

peuxis. Pw. in I' ri :l. 

™ AGATHiAS, a Greek historian of iEoIia. A 

_ >0(H and nistorian in the age of Justinian, of whose 
lei;;ii he published the history in five books. Sev- 
ka: of his epigrams are found in the A .ili lof(ia. 
lis history is a sequel of that of Procopius. The 
j)fsteditiun is that of Paris, i'A. IGGD. 
A OATH 0, a Samian hi.-,(<M ian, who wrote an r.c 



count of Scyfhia. A Greek drcmalit; poet, th-^ 

contemporary and friend of liurij ides. He gained 
the tragic prize, B. C. 416. His works, exc<>| t 
some passages quoted by Aristotle and oUnr 

writers, are lost. Piut. m Par/. II. A son of 

Priam. Homer. I'. 21. A governor of Baby- 
lon. Curt. 5, 1. A Pythagorean philosopher. 

.tBdun. V- H. 13,4. A learned and melodious 

mi-sician, wlio fir^t introduced songs in tragedy. 

Ar-in/i. in Poet. A youth of Athens, loved ijy 

I'lato. Bio^f. Laert. 3, 32 — AuL. G. 19, 11. 

Agathoclea, a beautiful courtezan of Egypt. 
One of the Ptolemies destroyed his wife Euryuic3 
to marry her. She, with her broth r, long go- 
verned the kingdom, and attempted to murder tiie 
king's son. P^zif. in CUO'i — Justin. 30, 1. 

Agathocles, a lascivious and ignoble youth, 
son of a potter ; who, by entering in the Sicilian 
army, arrived to the greatest honours, and made 
himself master of Syracuse. He reduced all Sicily 
under his power; but being defeated at Himera by 
the Carthaginians, he carried the M^ar into Africa, 
where, for four years, he extended his conquests 
over li is enemy. He afterwards passed into itai}-, 
and made himself master of Crotona. He died m 
his 72d year, B. C. 289, after a reign of 28 years of 
mingled prosperity and adversity. Plat, in Apopkih. 

—Justin. 22 et 23. Polyd. 15. _ Diod. 18, &c 

A son of Lysimaclius, taken prisoner by the Getaj. 
He was ransomed, and married Lysandra, daugh- 
ter of Ptolemy Lagus. His father, in his old age, 
man led Arsinoe, the sister of Lysander. After 
her husband's death, Arsinoe, fearful for her chil- 
dren, attempted to murder Agathocles. Somesi.y 
that she fell in love with him, and kill; d him be- 
cause he slighted her. AVJien Agatliocles was 
dead, 283 B. C. Lysandra f ed to S> leucus. S-rai: 

13 Pint, iu Pyrrh. ^ Denieir.-Paua. 1, 9 et 1 . 

A Grecian historian of Babylon, who wrote an 

account of Cyzicus. A Chian, who wrote on lius- 

bandry. Varro. A Samian writer. A j^hy- 

sician. An Athenian archon. 

AgAthon. Vid. A gal ho. 

AgathonymUS wrote a history of Persia. 
Piut. d, FLum. 

Agathofulis, a town of Gaul, now Mont- 
prlier. 

AGATH0STHENE5?, a poct, &C. 

AGATHYLiiUS, an elegiac poet of Arcadia — 
DtO'-y^. Hal. 1. 

AGATHYRNUM, a town of Sicily. 

Agathyrsi, an efteminate nation of Scythia, 
who had tlieir wives in common. They claimed 
for their ancestor Agathyrsis, the son of Hercules 
the Libyan. Herud. 4, lO. --Firir. M:,. 4, 146. 

Agave, daughter of Cadmus and Hermione, 
married Echion, by whom she had Fentheus, v\}so 
was torn to pieces by the Bacchanals. [V'd. Pen- 
theus.] She is said to have killed lier husband in 
celebrating the orgies of Bacchus. She receiv^-d 
divine honours af;er death, because she had con- 
tributed to the education of Bacchus. Thro,-ni, 

26 Onid. M 3, Vib.—Lu,.an. 1, 574.-5"' 

Theb. 11, 31 Ap<AU,d. 3, 4 One of the 

Nereides. Ap d od. 1. A tragedy of Stati i% 

Juv. 7, 87. &c. 

Agaui, a northern nation who lived upon mi k. 
H.-)i-r. TL 13. 

Agavus, a son of Priam, i/ow-. I\ 24, 2^1. 

Agdestis, a mountain of Phrygia, where A\!s 
was l.uricd. Puui. 1, 4. A surname of Cybole. 

AgkladaS, a sculptor of Sicyon, master of 
Myron and Polycletus. His statues were nu-ch 
ai'.niired, particularly two in brass, one an infant 



AG I 



Jnj.iter, and the other a young Hercules. P. in. 

AGELASxrs, a surname of Crassus, tlie grand- 
fatlier of the rich Crassus. He only laughed once 
in his life, and this, it is said, was upon seeing an 
ass eat thistles. Cic. de. Fin. b.—Ptin 7, 19. 

AgelauS, a king of Corinth, son of Ixion. 

A Trojan, son of Fhradmon, killed by Diomedes. 

Humt-.r. li. 8. One of the suitors of Penelope, 

killed by Ulysses. Homer. Odt,ss. 20. A son 

of Hercules and Oraphale, from whom Croesus was 

descended. AptjUocL. 2, 7. A servant of Priam, 

who preserved Paris when exposed on mount 
Ida. Id. 3, 12. 

Agsndicum, a town of Gaul, the capital of the 
Seuones. Now Se-is. 

Agenor king of Phcenicia. was son of Neptune 
and Libya, and brother to Belus. He married Te- 
lephassa, called by some Agriope, by whom he had 
Cadmus, PhcEnix, Cilix, and Europa. As Car- 
thage was built by his descendants, it is called 
Agenoris urbs. Virg. ^-i. 1, 3'dS. — Hyuin. 6. — 

I-al. 1, 15. 17, 5S.—Apo'lod. 2, 1. 3, 1. A son 

of Antenor, brother to Polyb»is, slain in the Tro- 
jan war by Neoptolemus. Pan -. 10, 27 — Honur. 

II. 21, 579. A son of Jasus and father of 

Arsrus. Apoliod. 2, 10, A son of ^Eeryptus 

/ii~2, 1. A son of Phlegeus,_/d. 3, 7- A 

son of Pleui-on, and father to Phineus. Id. 1, 7. 

A son of Amphion and Niobe. Id, 3, 4. 

A king of Argos, father to Crotopus. A Mity- 

lenean.who wrote a treatise on music 

AGENORIA, or AGENORA, from ayrjywp, fortis, 
the goddess of industry and courage. Her temple 
was upon mount Aventine. The goddess of si- 
lence bore also the same name, and was represent- 
ed with one of her fingers pressing her lips. 

AGEXOrIdes, a patronymic applied to Cadmus 
and the other descendants of Ag-.-nor. Ovid, Met. 
3, S. 

AGEr.INUS, a freed man of Agrippina, accused 
of attempting Nero's life. Taa!. An, 14, 16. 

Agksander, a sculptor of Rhodes, who flou- 
rished about the SSth olympiad He is famous for 
having executed, in conjunction with his sons 
Athenodorus and Polyiorus, tbe Laocoon, which 
was discovered at Rome in 1506. 

Agesias, a Platonic philosopher who taught 
t!ie immortality of the souh One of the Ptole- 
mies forbade him to continue his lectures, because 
his doctrine was so prevalent that many of his 
auditors committed suicide. 

AgesilauS, king of Spaj-ta, of the family of 
the Agidae, was son of U.-ryssus. and father of 
Archelaus. During h:s roi-n, Lvcurgais insiituiet 

his famous laws. Herod, 'ZOi'.—Paus. 3, 

A son of Archidamus of the family of the Pro- 
clidae, by Eupoiia daughter of Meles-.ppidas elect 
ed king in preference to his nephew Leotycliides. 
He made war against Artaxerxes king of P r- 
sia with success ; bat in the midst of his con- 
quests in Asia, he was recalled home to oppose 
the Athenians and Boeotians, who desolated his 
country-, and his return was so expeditious that 
he passed, in thirty days, over that tract of coun- 
try which had taken up a wlioie year of Xerxes' 
expedition. He defeated his enemies at Coronea : 
but sickness prevented the progress of his con- 
quests, and the Spartans were beat in every en- 
gagement, especially at Leuctra, till he appeared 
at their head. Tliough deformed, small of stature, 
and lame, he was brave, and a greatness of soul 
compensated for al! the imperfcciions of nature. 
He -.vas Hi loud of sobriety as of miliiary disci- 



AGI 

pline: and when he went, in his eightieth yenr, 
to assist Tachus king of Egypt, the servants oV tiie 
monarch could hardly be persuaded that the Laco- 
daeraonian general was eating with his soldiers on 
the ground, bare-headed, and witliout any coverinfT 
to recline upon. Asesilaus died onhis return from 
Egypt, after a reign" of thirty-six years, 362 B. C, 
and his remains were embalmed and brought to' 
Lacedsemon. Jusiin. 6, l.—Plul. et C. Xep. iu 

'jit,— Pans. 3, ^.—XK)toph. Orat. pro Afres. A 

brother of Themistocles, who went into the Per- 
sian camp, and stabbed Mardonius instead of Xer- 
xes. PLxii. in Pur dl. A surname of Pluto. 

A Greek who -mote a history of Italy. 

AgksipOlis I. king of Laceditmon, son of Pau- 
sanias, obtained a great victory over tiie Manlin- 
eans. He rei?ned fourteen years, and was suc- 
ceeded b}- his brother Cleombrotus, B. C. 38i'. 

Pau$. 3, 5. 8, 8 Xenoph. 3. Hist. Grmc H. 

son of Cleombrotus, king of Sparta, was suc- 
ceeded by Cleomenes II., B. C. 370. Paus. 1, 16, 
3, 5. 

AGESlSTRATA, the mother of king Agis. Plul 
in As Id. 

AgesistrAtus, a man who wrote a treatise 
intitled De arie maehinali. 

AgIaS, a famous soothsayer of Lacedacmon, 
son of A gelochus, who foretold to Lysander his 
future success at ,^:gospotamus, and the destruc- 
tion of the Athenian fleet. Paiu, 3, 11. 

AggrammeS, a cruel king of the Gangarides. 
His father was a hair-dresser, of whom the queen 
became enamoured, and whom she made gover- 
nor to the king's children, to gratify her passion. 
He killed them, to raise Aggrammes, his son by t .e 
queen, to the throne Curl, 9, 2. 

Aggrin^. a people near mount Ilhodope. Cic. 
in L. Pis. 37.' 

Agio a:, the descendants of Eitrysthenes, who 
shared the throne of Sparta v. ith the Proi lid:*; ; 
the name seems to be derived from Agis son of 
Eurysthenes. Virg^, ^n. 3, 6S2. 
AGILAUS, king of Corinth, reign'~d thirty-six 

years. One of the Ephori, almost murdered by 

the partizans of Cleomenes. Pint, in Clei.m, 

Agis, king of Sparta, succeeded his father, Eu- 
rysthenes, and, after a reign of one year, was suc- 
ceeded by his son Echestratus, B. C lOoS. Patt-: 

3, 2. Another king of Sparta, who waged 

bloody wars against Athens, and restored liberty 
to many Greek cities. He attempted to restore 
the laws of Lycurgus at Sparta, but in vain \ the 
per.Hdy of friends, who pretended to second his 
views, brought him to difliculties, and he was at 
last dragged from a temple, where he had taken 
refuge, to a prison, where he was strangled hy 

order of the Ephori. Plx:L in Ai;i-. Another, 

son of Archidamus, who signalized himself in the 
war which the Spartans waged against Epidav;rv,s. 
He obtained a victory at Mantinea, and was si;c- 
cessful in the Peloponnesian war. He rc:j,nf^i 
twenty seven years. Thucyd. 3 el i.—Paus. b, 

et 10, Another, son of Archidamus, king ci 

Sparta, who endeavoured to deliver Greece from 
the empire of Macedonia, with the assistance of 
the Persians. He was conquered in th ^ attempt, 
and slain by Ant, pater, Alexander's general, and 
5,300 Laced emonians peri>hed with him. Can. 

6, l.—D od. \l.—Justi.-i. 1.', 1, &c. Another. 

son of EuJamidas, killed in a battle against tlie 

Manlineans. Paut. 8, 10. An .Arcadian in tlic 

expedition of Cyrus against his brother Artaxerscs. 

Pi' vicn. 7, 18. A p.oet of .A.rgos, who atten«;.s.' 

.\ iexaadjr in his Asiatic expeditioij, and rcnderei. 



.AGL 



55 



AGR 



j himself agree.ibte by the meanest adnlation. He 
i raised his patron to immortality, and declared tliat 
, Bacchus, Hercules, and the sons of Leda would 
I yield to his superior merits in the assembly of the 

fcods. Curt. 8, 5. A Lycian who followed 

• Ji- ncas into Italy, where he was killed. Virg. 

■ Ailn. in, 751. 

AGJyAiA, the youngest of the three Graces, call- 
j ed sometimes Pasiphae. Pam. 9, 35. 
j AglaONICE, daughter of Hegemon, was ac- 
'. rjiuiinted wiih astronomy and eclipses, whence slie 

ijoastcd of her power to draw the moon from hea- 
j veil. H er arrogance and the falsehood of her 

. ssertions, rendered her name proverbial for de- 
! ( !,Mt and imposition. Pint, de Orac. d-'fect. 

Agi.A 6pk, one of the Sirens. 
1 Agi.a ophon", an excellent Greek painter, in the 
! i^e of Evenor, the father of Panhasias. PLin. 

i,8. 

Agla OSTHENES, wTote a history of Naxos. 

■ S'.rab. 6. 

AcjlaIjROS, the daughter of Cecrops, king of 
I Athens, changed into a stone by Mercury. Ovid. 

■ Uef. 2, 12. 

j Aglaus, the poorest man of Arcadia, pronounc- 
' ed by the oracle more happy than Gyges king of 
I Lydla. Pliti. 7, 46— Fa/. Mace. 7, 1. 

A GMON, one of the companions of Diomodes, 
remarkable for his fidelity, liis valour, and con- 
stancy. The contempt he exj i cssed for Venus 
ctfeuaed the gods, and he was changed into a 
s'.van. Ovid. Me.u 14, -189. 
Agn'A, a woman in the age of Horace, who, 
I though deformed, had many admirers. Horat. 1, 
i 3,40. 

AgnO, one of the nymphs who nursed Jupiter. 
She gave her name to a fountain on mount Lycsus. 
\Vhen the priest of Jupiter, after a prayer, stirred 
the waters of this fountain with a bough, a thick 
vapour arose, which was soon dissolved into a 
plentiful shower. Paus. 8, 31, &c. 
I AgnodIce, an Athenian virgin, who disguised 
her sex to learn medicine. She was taught by 
Hierophilus the art of midwifery, and when em- 
l-loyed, always discovered her sex to her patients. 
This Ln ught her uito so much practice, that tlie 
males of her profession, who were now out of em- 
Dloyment, accused her before the Areopagus, of cor- 
ruption. She confessed her sex to the judges, and 
a law was immediately made to empower all free- 
born women to learn midwifery. Hytrin. 274. 

AG;iOX, son of Nicias, was present at the tak- 
ing of Samos by Pericles. In the Peloponnesian 
war, he went against Potidaea, but abandoned his 
expedition through disease. He built Amphipolis, 
whose inhabitants rebelled to Brasidas, whom they 
regarded as their founder, forgetful of Ag"non. 

Thucyd. 2, 3, &.C. A writer, Avhose talents 

were employed in vilifying the powers of elo- 
quence. Qnintil. 2, 17. One of Alexander's 

oOic M S. Plin. 33, 3. 

AgnonIdes, a rhetorician of Athens, who -ac- 
cused Phocion of betraying tlie I'irjeus to N lea- 
ner. When the people recollected wliat services 
Phocion had rendered them, they raised him sta- 
tues, and put to death his accuser. Plu(. tt Nf^p. 
,-1 Phocion. 

Agonalia and Agonia, festivals in Rome, 
celebrated three times a year, in honour of Janus, 
or .Agonius. The chief priest used to offer a ram. 
Ouid. fa»t, 1, 317.— rarro de L. L 5. 

AgOne.s CAi'Ixor,txi, games celebrated every 
fifth year upon fh > Capitolino hill, csU.blislicd by 
Dtoclasiaa. Pii;:es were proposed for ai-iiity and 
C 



strength, as well rs for poetical and oiher lilernry 
compositions. The poet Statins publicly recited 
his Thebdid, wliich was not received witli much 
applause. 

Agokis, a woman in the temple of Venus, on 
moujit Eryx. Cic. Verr. 1. 

AgoniL'S, a Roman deity, who patronized the 
actions of men. Fid. Agonalia. 

Agonothetes, the oflicers who sat as umpires 
at the Grecian games. They took care that the 
contests should be performed accordinfr to custoii! ; 
settled all disputes whicli arose; and decided lo 
whom the prizes should be awarded. 

Agokacritus, a sculptor of Pares, scholar of 
Phidias, B. C. 429. He seems to have been yar- 
ticulai^ly favoured by his master : who, it is said, 
permitted him to place his name on so.ne of the 
works which he himself had executed. Plm. 
35, 5. 

AgokAnis, a river falling into the Ganges. 
Now, the Gagrapli. Aniwi. dp Ind. 

Agoranomi, ten magistrates at Athens, who 
watched over the city and port, and inspected 
whatever was exposed to sale. 

AGOR.aEA, a name of Minerva at Sparta. Paus. 
3, 11. 

Ago REUS, one of the names of Mercury, from 
his presiding over the markets. Paus. 1, J5. 

Agra, a place near Athens, on the banks of the 
Ilissus, where the smaller Eleusinian mysteries 
were celebrated. Here was a temple to Diana, 
who was surnamed Agr&ea : and the beauty of the 
spot induced Plato to make it the scene of his 

dialogue called Phaedrus. Paus. 1, 1!). A city 

of Susa of Arcadia, and Arabia. 

AgK-^;! and Agrexses, a people of Arabia. 
PUn. 6. 28. Of /iitolia. Liv. 42, 34. 

AgraGAS, or AcragaS, a river, town, and 
mountain of Sicily, called also, Agrigentum. 
The town was built by the people of Gela, who 
wereaRhodian colonj^ [Fit?. Agrigentum.] Vt'O. 
.'E//. 3, 703 Diod.U. 

Agraria Lkx was intended to distribute among 
the Roman people all the lands which they had 
gained by conquest, and to limit the number of 
acres which an individual should possess. It 
was first projjosed, A. U. C. 267, by the consul 
Sp. Cassius Vicellinus, aud rejected by the senate. 
This produced dissensions between the senate and 
the people, and Cassius, upon seeing the ill-suc- 
cess of the new regulations he proposed, offered 
to distribute among the people, the money which 
Avas produced from the corn of Sicily, after it h;;d 
been brought and sold inRome. This act of liberali- 
ty the people refu>ed,and tranquillity was soon after 
re-established in the state. [Fit?. Cassius.] It was 
proposed a second time, A. U. C. 2o9, by the tri- 
bune Liciuius Stolo, but with no better success ; 
and so great were the tumults which followed, th;,t 
one of the tribunes of the people was killed, and 
many of the senators fined for their opposition. 
Mutius Scaevola, A. U. C. 6-20, persudded the 
tribune Tiberius Gracchus to propose it a thi;d 
time ; and though Octavius, his colleague in the 
tribuneship, opposed it, yet Tiberias made it p;;s3 
into a law, after much altercation; and commis- 
sioners were authorised to make a division of the 
lands. This law at last proved fatal to the free- 
dom of Rome, under Julius Caesar. Flor. 3, 3 
f:l \3.~Ctf:. j)r-) Leg. Agr.—Liv. 2, 41. 

AGKAUr-K, a tribe of Athens. Pint, in Th m. 

AGRAULIA, a festival at Ath-^ns i.i honour uf 
Agraulos. The Cyprians also observed lliese 
tivais, by olfering human victiuis. 



AGR 



26 



AGU 



, AfiUAUI-OS, a daughter of Cecrop*^. A snr- 

r.ai;:e < t' .\ii:.erv;:. 

A gi;aUu>i1-'I;, a people of Illyria. Lio. 4j. 

Agre, one of i^ctaion's dogs, Ovid. Mrl. 3, ^13. 

Agbianes, a liver oi Thrace, which falls into 

the Hebrus. Now tlie Erker-c, H>rod. 4, 9. 

A people that dwelt in the neighbourhood of that 
river. Id. 5, 16. 

AGRlcdLA, tlie father-in-law of the historian 
Tacitus, Avho wrote his lite. He was eminent for 
his public and private vutues. He was governor 
of Britain, and fu st discovered it to be an island- 
Domitian envied his virtues •, he recalled him 
trom the province he had governed with equity 
and moderation, and ordered him to enter Rome 
in the night, that no triumph might be granted to 
liim. Agricola obeyed, and without betraying any 
resentment, he retired to a peaceful solitude, and 
♦he enjoyment of tlie society of a few friends. 
He died in hia 5tiih year, A. D. S3. T-cit. tn 
^gric. 

AGRiGENTUM, a town of Sicily, eighteen sta- 
dia from the sea, on muui.t Agr;igas. U was 
founded by a colony from bela, B. C 5S^; and 
was renowned for its pov.-er, grandeur, and com- 
mercial enterprise. The inhabitants were noted 
for their hospitality and for their luxurious man- 
ner of living. In its flourishing situation Agri- 
gentum contained 200,000 inhabitants, who sub- 
mitted without resistance to the stiper.or power of 
Syracuse. The government vras monarchical, but 
afterwards a democracy was established. The 
famous Phalaris usurped the sovereignty, vi-liich 
was also for some time in the hands of the Cartha- 
ginians. Agrigeiitum can now boust of more 
ve;ierable remains of aTitiqiiitv tlian any other town 
in Siciiy. PoUb. 9 S.rab. 6. 

AGRi.ML'.M. a city of Acarnania, near the Ache- 
lous. Folyb. 6. 

Agrioma, a Gi Ccian festival observed in hon- 
our of Bacchus, who was c;;iled Agriouius, from 
his fondness for savage beasts. It was cele- 
brated at night, when the females present made a 
search after "the god as if he had fled from them, 
and not finding him exclaimed tliat he had con- 
cealed himself among the ."Muses. The rest of the 
time was spent in solving enigmas, and difficult 
questions, ^ This mystery has been thought to 
inculcate that learning and the muses should ac- 
company good cheer, Piuf. in Symp. 8, 1. 

Agriopas, a man who wrote the history of all 
those who had obtained the public prize at Oiym- 
pia. P.m. 8, 22. 

AGRIOPE, the wife of Agenor, king of rha?ni- 
cia, whom some, howeverj call Telepliessa. Hy' 
fiin. 6, 178, 179. 

M. AcrHiPPA ViPSANius, a celebrated Roman, 
who obtained a victory over S. Pompey, and fa- 
voured the cause of Augustus at tiie battles of 
Aclium and Philippi, where he behaved with 
great valour. He was an enemy to the measures 
adopted by his imperial frieiicl to abridge the 
liberties of Rome^ and, in all the openness of confi- 
dence, he adv sed him to lay down his authority, and 
tore-establish the republican government at Rome, 
jut he was over-ruled by :>Iec3enas. In his expedi- 
tions in Gaul and Germany, Agrippa obtained seve- 
ral victories, but refused the honoiirs of a triumph. 
The expenses which others would liave lavished 
on that frivolous spectacle, lie apjilied to the more 
laudable purpose of adorning Rome with magniti- 
ceiit buildings, one of which, the Pantheon, still 
remains. In consequence of a quarrel with Mar- 



cellus, the nephew of Augustur, he retire'l lo Mvt- 
tyiene, whence, after an absence of two years, he 
v.as recalled by the emperor. He first mnrneil 
Pomp.onia, the daughter of the celebrated Atticus, 
and afterwards Marcella, the niece of Augusius. 
While this lady was still living, the emperor pre- 
vailed upon his sister Uctavia to resign to him her 
son-in-law, and gave him in marriage his o.vn 
daughter Julia -, so strong was his desire of Au- 
gustus to be united with him in the closest alliance. 
The high degree of favour in which he stood with 
the emperor was soon after evinced by a farlhei 
mark of esteem : for during a visit to the Roman 
provinces of Gieece and As a, in which Augusius 
was absent two years, he left the government of 
the empire to his cai-e. While Agripja enjoyed, 
and indeed seems to have merited, all ilie partiality 
of Augusius, he was likewise a favourite with the 
people. . He died, B. C. 12, in the lifty-first year 
of his age, universally lamented; and his remains 
were deposited in the tomb which Augustus had 
prepared for himself. Agrippa left by Julia three 
sons, Caius, Lucius, and Fosthumus Agripjpa, as d 
two daughters, Agrippina, and Julia. His son, 
C. Caesar Agrippa, was adopted by Augustus, ard 
made consul, by the flattery of the Boman pco) le, 
at the age of fourte;ui or fifteen. This promising 
youth went to Armenia, on an expedition against 
the Persians, wiiere he received a fatal blow from 
the treacherous hand of Lollius, the governor of 
one of the neighbouring cities. He languished for 
a little time, and died in Lycia. His younger 
brother, L. C;es;u- Agrippa, was likewise adopted 
by his grandfather Augustus-, but he was soo:i 
after banished to Campania, for using seditious 
language against his benefactor. In the seventh 
year of^liis exile he would have been recalled, had 
not Livia and Tiberius, jealous of the partiality cf 
Augustus for him, ordered him to be assassinated 
in his tv,erity-sixth year. He has been called 
ferocious and savage; and he gave himself the 
name of Neptiuie, because he was fond of fishing. 

rirfr. 8, t8-2.—Hcra/. 1, 6, Sylvius, 

a son of Tiberius Sylvius, king of Latium. He 
reigned thirtv-three "years, and was succeeded by 

his son Kem'ulus Sylvius, D ouys. //.//. 1, 8. 

One of the servants of the murdered prince assum- 
ed his name and raised commotions. Toe I. Am^ 

2, 39, A consul who conquered the iEqr.i, 

A ];hiiosopher. DiV'^, Herodes, the son of A ris- 

tobulus and Berenice, and grandson cf Herod the 
Great, was born about B, C. 7. He was brought 
up at Rome wiih Drusus, the son of Tiberius ; but 
alter the death oi that prince, all who had been his 
companions were commanded by the emperor to 
leave Rome, lest the sight and presence of them 
.^hould renew his alHiction. A grippa had lived very 
profusely, and when lie left Rome, wa--^ overwheln:- 
ed with "debts. He did not think proper to go to 
Jeiusalem, because he could not appear in that 
ciiy in a manner suitable to his birih; but he re- 
tired to a castle of Idumea, in which he lived ra- 
ther like a private person than a prince. Hence 
he returned to Rome, where, attaching himself to 
Caius Caesar, he \\ as imjirudent eiuui^ii to express 
a wish for the death of Tiberius, whicli, being re- 
ported to that jealous emperor, causinl him tn be 
thrown into i)ri-on and loaded witii chains. When 
Caius ascentied the throne, his favourite was re- 
leased, piesented with a chain of gold,as heavy aj 
that wh'ch had lately contined him, and made kinsj 
of Juda-a. He commenced a persecution againsi 
the Christians to jdease the Jews, and put 
apostle James the Greater lo death. Boiujj sou/ 



AGU 



2" 



AJA 



after at C-esarea, he instituted games in honour of 
the ompe.or Claudius, at which the inhabitants of 
Tyre and Sidon wailed on him to sue for peace. 
Oil this occasion he made a pompous appearancs- 
on his throne, and when he spoke, tlie parasites 
who surrounded him. said, it is the voice of a god, 
aiid not of a man. Receiving this impious adula- 
ti j!i with pleasuj-e, the angel of the Lord smote 
h:;n with a disorder, of which he died, A. D. id. 

. His son, of the same name, succeeded to the 

throne at the age of seventeen. St Paul pleaded 
his cause bsfore him with so much eloquence, 
that Agrippa acknowledged he had almoat 
j ersufided him to be a Christian." He died at 
Home about A. D. 94. and in him terminated the 
Herodian line and family. Juv. b, 15o, — Ta.it, 

His'. 2, 81. Menenius, a Roman general, wlio 

obtained a triumph over the Sabines. He appeased 
the populace of liome by the well-known fable of tlie 
beily and the limbs, and erected the new office of 
tribunes of the people, A. U. C. 2tji. He died 
I'oor, but universally regretted; his funeral was 
at t!ie expense of the public, from which also his 
d.mghters received dowries. Liv. 2, 32. — Flor. 

i, Z6. A mathematician in tha reign of Domi- 

iian ; he was a native of Bithynia. 

Agrippixa, the daughter of M. Agrippa and 
.Marcella, and wife of ihe emperor Tiberius. She 
was much beloved by her husband, and it was 
with great reluctance that he divorced her, when 
obliged to marry Julia, the daughter of Augustus. 
Agrippina was afterwards married to Asinius 
G.illus, whom Tiberius, still retaining his affection 
for his former wife, condemned to perpetual impri- 
foament, in the spirit »f a jealous rival. S'ieto i. 

ii Tib, l.—Tac:t. Au'.l,!!. The daughter of 

M. Agrippa by Julia, daughter of Augustus. She 
married tiermanicus, whom she accompanied in 
all his campaigns i and when Piso poisoned him, 
the carried his ashes to Italy, and accused his 
murderer, who stabbed hiins -If. She fell under 
tae displeasure of Tiberius, who banished her to 
the island of Fandataria, where she starved her- 
s.^lf to death. The cabinet of antiquities at Dresden 
J assesses four famous busts of this Agrippina. S-u- 
to,u in TibM.— Tacit. Anri.16,25. Julia, daugh- 
ter of Germanicus and Agrippina, married Domi- 
tius Ahenobarbus, by whom she became the mother 
of Nero. After her husband's death she married 
her uncle the emperor Claudius, whom she destroy- 
ed, to make Nero succeed to the throne. After 
many cruelties and much licentiousness, she Avas 
assassinated by order of her son, and as she ex- 
jHred, she exclainied, "strike the belly which 
coald give birth to such a monster." She died. 
A. D. 59. She was richly eado.ved with the gifts 
of nature, but her ambition was boundless, and her 
disposition intriguing and dissolute. It is said 
that her son viewed her dead body with all the 
ruptures of admiration, saying, he never could have 
believed his mother was so beautiful a woman. 
She left memoirs which asiiisted Tacitus in the 
composition of his Annals. The town which she 
b:xilt, where she was born, on the borders of the 
Rhine, and called Agrippina Colonia, is the mo- 
dern Cutognc. Tacu. Ann. 4, 75. 12, 7, 22, &c. 

Agrisil'S. Vid. Acrisius. 

AGRISOPE, the mother of Cadmus. Hyg'm. 6. 

Agrius, the son of Parthaon king of ^4^tolia, 
wiio deprived his brother (Eneus of the crown. 
H i was afterwards dethroned by Diomedes, the 
g' andson of Gineus, upon which he killed himself. 

IhS^i*- 175 et tVZ JpoLM. 1, T. -Homer, 11, 

il7.— Gne of Action's dogs. H'jg^", — ^ 



A giant. A centaur killed by Hercules. Afnf' 

Lint, 5. A son of Ulysses by Circe. Heaod. 

Tk^u^. 1U13 The father of Thersites. Quid. 

ex Pont. 3, 9, 9. 

AGRiJLAS, surrounded the citadel of Athens 
with walls, except that part which afterwards Wcis 
repaired by Cimon. Pans. 1, 28. 

AGRON, a king of Illyria, who, after conquer- 
ing the iEtoiians, drank to such excess that he 
died instantly, E. C. 231. PuUo. 2, 4. 

Agrotas, a Greek orator of Marseilles. 

AGi'.orERA, an anniversary sacrifice of goats 
offered to Diana at Athens. It was instituted by 
Callimachus the Poiemarch, who vowed to sacri- 
fice to the goddess so many goats as there might 
be enemies killed in a battle which he was going 
to fight against the troops of Darius, who had in- 
vaded Attica. The quantity of the slain was so 
great, that a sufficient number of goats could not 
be procured-, therefore they were limited to five 
hundred every year, till they equalled the num- 
ber of Persians slain in battle. Xeuuph. in Cyrup, 

AQYLEUS and AGYIEUS, from ay>t.a. a itTKti ; 
a surname of Apollo, because sacrifices were 
offered to him in the public streets of Athens. 
Ho al. 4, 0. 

Agylla, a town of Etruria, founded by a colo- 
ny ot Pelasgians, and governed by Mezentlus 
when iEneas came to Italy. It was afterwards 
called Caere, by the Lydians, who took posses- 
sion of it. It is now Cerveltri. Virg, JEn. 7 
652. 8, 479. 

AGYi.LAirs, a famous wrestler of Cieonae, 
scarce inferior in strength to Hercul s, whose 
son he was said to be. Ovid. Met. 5, 148 — S.at. 
TUeb. 6,837. 

Agyku.s, a tyrant of Sicily, assisted by Diony- 
sius against the Carthaginians. Dio<\ 14. 

Ag?rium, a town of Sicily, where Diodorcs 
the historian was born. The inhabitants were 
called AqjTine i.e . It is now ^S'; Filipjjo d' Ar^i- 
ro. Dw'd. U. — Cc. in V rr. 2, 65. 

Agyrius, an Athenian general, who succeeded 
Thrasybulus. Dunl. 1-1. 

AGYRTES, a man who killed his father. Ovi K 

Mfi. 5, 148. -■V combatant in the Theban war. 

St t. Th b. 9, 2>S1. 

AHAf.,A, the surname of the Servilii at Rome. 

AHKA'OliAREUS. Vid. iEaobarbus. 

Ajax, son of Telamon by Periboea or Eriboea 
daughter of Alcathous, was, next to Achilles, the 
bravest of all the Greeks in the Trojan war. He 
engaged Hector, with whom at parting he ex- 
changed arms. After the deatK of Achilles, 
Ajax and Ulysses disputed their claim to the arms 
of the dead hero. When they were given to the 
latter, A; ax was so enraged that he sla ghtered 
a whole flock of sheep, supposing them to be the 
sons of Atreus, who had given the preference to 
Uiysses, and stabbed himself with his sword. 
The blood which ran to the ground from tlie 
wo.;nd, was changed into the flower hyacinth. 
Some say that he was killed by Paris in battle; 
others, that he was murdered by Ulysses. His 
body was buried at Sig.*;um, some say on mount 
Rhoetus •, and his tomb was visited and honoured 
by Alexander. Hercules, according to some au- 
thors, prayed to the gods that his friend Telamon, 
v.-ho was childless, might have a son, with a skin 
as impenetrable as the bkin ot the Nemaean lion 
which he then wore. His prayers were heard; 
and when Ajax was born, Hercules wrapi»ed him 
up in the lion's skin, which rendered his body iu- 
vuliieiabi:;, except that jiirt v.hich was lufl mi- 



AID 



28 



ALB 



cove; e<l Vy a hole m the skin, through which Hcr- 
ruies huii'g his quiver. This vulnerable part was 
in liis breast, or, as some say, behind the neck. 

i/. CUK 1 tt 4 Jpo'lod. 3, 10 et IS.—Philostr. in 

Heroic. 12 Ptxd'ir. Istlim, Q.—Honur. Jl. 1, &c. 

Odyss. II.— Dicfys Cr,i. 5 Daret Phry. 9.— Ovid. 

Mrt. 13 Uorat. SU. 2, 3, 19/ Hya in. m ei 

2il.—Paj4-: 1, 35. 5, 19. The son of Oileus 

king of Locris, was surnamed LocrUnu in contra- 
distinction to the son of Telamon. He accompani- 
ed the expedition to T; oy, because he had been one 
of the suitors of Helen. During tlie siege he dis- 
tinguished himself by his intrepidity ; he shared the 
toils and the dangers of the Telamonian A jax ; and 
so great was his dexterity, that, to express it, some 
of the ancients have represented him as havingtliree 

ands. As to his moral character, it appears in a 
veiy unfavourable liglit. On the night of the capture 

i Troy, he offered violence to Cassandra, the pro- 
jphetic daughter of Priam, in the very sanctuary of 
Minerva, whither she had fled for security. The 
goddess resented tliis profanation of her temple ; 
she obtained the privilege of hurling the thunder- 
bolts (if Jupiter, and the power of tempests from 
Neptune; and the fleet of the unhappy Ajax was 
dispersed, and his own ship set on fire. He, how- 
ever, escaped the violence of the waves and of the 
thunder, and swam to a rock, where he might h;;ve 
been preserved, had he not impiously boasted that 
he could there secuie himselt against the ven- 
geance of the gods. Neptune upon this struck 
the rock with his trident, and with the crumbling 
fragments the hero was again precipitated into the 
sea, where he perisl'.ed. His body was afterwards 
found, and the Greeks honoured his remains with 
funeral obsequies, and oft'ered black sheep on his 
tomb. According to Virgil's account. jMinerva 
seized him in a whirlwind, and dashed him against 
a rock, where he expired, consumed bv tiiunder. 
ririr. yEn. 1, 43, ^iC.—Homrr. P. 2, 13, &c. 

Ody.'^s. 4 Hygitt. 116 et -Zld.-PkiUsir. Ico. V, 

13 — Hor,J. epod. 10,13.— Paus.lO, -ZGe* 31. The 

two Ajaces were, as some suppose, placed after 
death in the island of Leuce, a separate piece 
reserved only for the bravest heroes of anti- 
quity. 

AiDONEUS, a surname of Pluto. A king of 

the Molossi, who imprisoned Theseus, because he 
and Pirithous attempted to ravish his daughter 
Proserpine, near the Acheron-, whenc arose the 
well known fable of the descent of Theseus and 

Pirithous into hell. PLu:. in TIks. A river 

near Troy. Paus. 10, 12. 

AIMYLUS, son of Ascanius, was, according to 
some, the progenitor of the noble family of the 
^Emylii in Rome. 

Aius LOCUTIUS, a deity to whom the Romans 
erec'.ed an altar from the following circumstance: 
one of the common people, called Ceditius, inform- 
ed the tribunes that as he passed one night through 
one of the streets of the city, a voice more than hu- 
man, issuing from above Vesta's temple, told him, 
that Rome would sooii be att ic ked by the Gauls. 
H is information was neglected but his veracity was 
\ roved by the event ; and Camiikis, after the con- 
quest of the Gauls, built a temj le to that super- 
natural voice which had give.i Rome warning of 
ti;e apfroaching calamity, und?r the name of Aius 
Locutius. This disinity is ridiculed by Cicero. 
L v. 5, 32 ct b{j.—C,c. de. N. D. 1. 45. 2, 32. 

A',A13ANDA, an inland town of Caria, near the 
river Meander. Its inhabitants were called Ala- 
baiidi, Ahibandeni, and Alalandenses. It was 
built by .\laba;ivlu5, vrJio was tliorc ore ^-Oibl'.ip- 



yed as o dcitv. Noav Carfusfli. Cic de N. D. 
3, U.~ H,roii'. 7, 195.— iVrni. 11. 

Aj.ABAPCHks, a nickname given to Pompey, 
on account of his having raised certain taxes in 
Syria. Cic. ad Ati. 2, j7. 

'Alabastrx'.m, a town in Egypt, near which 
alabaster, a soft kind of marble, was found. Pdn, 
36, 7. 37, 10. 

Alabl'S, a river of Sicily. 

Al.m\^ a surname of Minerva in Peloponnesus. 
Her festivals are also called Al*a. Pu<.s. 8, -1 ei 7. 

Kljel^ a number of islands in the Persian gulf, 
abounding in tortoises. Arrmn. in Per,v. 

Al^SiL's, the fatlicr of Auge, who married Her- 
cules. 

ALAGONIA, a city of Laconia. Paus. 3, 21 f l k6. 

Alal,a, the goddess of war, sister to iMars. 
Pint, de nloT. Athi-ti, 

Al.Ar.co.MEN.*, a city of Bocotia, near the wes- 
tern border of the lake Copais. It was cxjiebrated 
for the worship of IMinerva, thence surnamed 
Alalconieneis. 

Alalia, a to^vn of Corsica, built by a tolcny of 
Phocajans, d:?stroyed by Scipio 562 B. C. ai.d af- 
ter-wards rebuilt by bylia Huod. 1, lo5.— 
Fiur. ii, 2. A tovrn of Syria, near the Euphra- 
tes. 

A LA MANN I, Vid. Alemanni. 

ALANDKit, a river of Phrygia. Liv. SS, IS. 

A LAN I, a people of Sarmatia, near the Palus 
Mffiotis, who were said to have twenty-six diffe- 
rent languages. They migrated into Europe, ad- 
vanced to the banks of the Danube, and, traversing 
(^aul, settled at the foot of the Pyrenees. Tney 
next entered Spain, and took possession of many 
of its finest provinces ; bvit they were atterwartis 
dispersed by the Goths and Franks, and tiicir 
riame was fuially lost in that of their conquerors. 
S.rab. 

Alares. a people of Pannonia. Tac. Ann. 15, 
10. 

Alaricus, a famous king of the Goths, who 
jlundcred Rome in the reign of Konorlus. He 
was greatly respected for his military valour, and 
during his reign he kept tiie Roman empire in con- 
tinual alarms. He died, after a reign of thirteen 
years, A. D. 410. He was buried in the channel of 
the river Busentius, that his remaii;s might not be 
foiuid by tlie Romans, and the captives employed | 
in the work were murdered. i 

A LAI o Di ', a nation near Por.tus. He.rodo'. 3, 94. 

Alasxok, a son of Neleus and Chloris. ApoU ' 

■'or/. 1, 9. An rrm-bearer to Sarpedon, king of 

Lycia, killed by Ulysses. Jl'im^r. I. 5, 677 i 

0, i<j. Me . 1.1,2o7. One of Pluto's horses, when ' - 

he carried away Proseri'ine. Cuiud. de Ri-vt. I 
5. 1,286. ^ I 

A LATA Caste A, a military station of the Ro- } 
mans in Britain, placed by some at Edinburgh. 

A LAU u^E, soldiers of one of Ca:sar's legions in I • 
Gaul. Su'io-. i„ Jul. 2L ■■ 

AlazoN, a river or Albania, rising in mount |' 
Cauc;.sus, and flowing into ll.e Cyrus. Fiac. 6, ItJ. 

Alba SvlVIUS, son of Latinus Sylvius, sue- ): 
ceeded his fatlicr in the ki-.igdom of Latium, and 

reigned ihi; ly-six ye..rs Ov d. M' t. 14, 612. 

Longa, a city oi" Latium, built by Ascanius, B. C. 
llo2, on the spot where ^Er.eas found, according to 
the prophecy of Heieni s, ^'.'j^. -E '. 3, o'JO, &c., 
and of the god of the river, .F.n. 8, 43, a w «V - sow, 
with a litter of thiity young ones, it was calle.! | 
Longa, from its being extended along ihe sloje af i 
tlie Mons Albanus. The descendants of /Vies • 
roi^inoJ tiiero in the followi^.j order : i. Ascuulue, 



ALB 



29 



ALB 



son of iEneas, with little intei mission, eight years, 
2- Sylvius Posthumus, twenty-nine years. 3. 
iEneas Sylvius, thirty-one years. 4. Latinus, five 
years. 5. Alba, thirty-six years. 6. Atys or Cape- 
tus, twenty-six years. 7. Capys, twenty-eight 
years. 8. Calpetus, thirteen years. 9. Tiberinus. 
eight years. lO. Agrippa, thirty-three years. U, 
Hemulus, nineteen years, 12. Aventinus, thirty- 
seven years. 13. Procas, thirteen years. 14. 
Numitor and Amulius. Alba was destroyed 
by the Romans, 665 B. C. and the inhabitants 
were carried to Rome. The beautiful lake c 
ALbam^ with its canal, and the castle of Gui 
diifn^ still remind us of Alba Longa. L v. 1, 3. — 

Jw. 1-J, 72 Fa,ro R. R. 2, 4. Fucensi 

city of the Marsi in Italy, near the Lacus Fucii 
its inhabitants were called Albenses, to distinguish 
them from the people of Alba Longa, called Alba- 
ni. It was chogsn by the Romans as a place of 
residence for captives of rank and consequence, as 
well as for notorious offenders. Now ^^6/. Sirab, 

6 Pompeia, a city of Liguria, on the river Ta- 

iiarus. It was the birth-place of the emperor Pei ti- 
nax. It is now called Alba simply. Pliu. 3,5. 

AlbAni and ALBKNS:is, names applied to the 
inhabitants of the two cities of Alba. ^id. Alba. 
Ctc. ud H r. 2, 28. 

ALBANIA, a province of Asia, bounded on 
the west by Iberia, on the east by the Caspian 
sea, on the no;th by mount Caiicasus, and on 
tiie south by the river Cyrus. The inhabitants 
were occupied principally in the feeding of cattle. 
They are represented as having been of majestic 
stature, of handsome countenance, with yellow 
hair, and blue eyes. Some maintain that they fol- 
lowed Hercules from mount Albanus in Italy, 
v. hen he returned from the conquest of Geryon. 
Albania is now known by the names of E isi G^or- 
^ la and S drxa i. Dio ,ys. Jtal. 1, 15. — Jusiia. 
4-2,3.-Srab. II.— Plin. 8, 'lO.—Iih.la 3, 5.— The 
Caspian sea is called Albu.nuiti, as being near Al- 
bania. P in. 6, 13. 

Albania Port^, defiles in mount Caucasus, 
affording an entrance into Albania. Vat. FLucc. 
3, 497. 

ALBANUS, a mountain n~ar Alba Longa, about 
twenty miles from Rome. It was on this moun- 
tain that the LntincE Ferine, or holidays kept by 
all the cities of the Latin name, were celebrated. 
There was a lake at the foot of the mountain, call- 
ed the Alban lake, about seven or eight miles in 
circumference. The neighbourhood Avas adorned 
with the villas of the opulent Romans. Horat. ip. 

2. 1, 27. The word, taken adjectively, is applied 

to such as are natives of, or belong to, the town 
of Alba. A river of Albania, now Bdbana. 

Albia Threntia the mother of Otho. Suet. 

Ar.Blcl, a people of Gallia Aquitana. Cces. 
Bell. Civ. 1, 34. 

ALBIET^E, a people of Latium. Dlonys. H ,1. 

AI.UIGAUNUM, a town of Liguria. Now Al- 
beugn. Mela 2, 4. 

Albini, two Roman orators of great merit, men- 
tioned by Cicero I'l B ut. This name is common to 
many tribunes of the people. Liv. 2, 33. 6, 30 — 
HdltnL de Jujf. BHl. 

Albino VAN US C.elsus, Fid. Gelsus.— Pedo, 
a Latin poet, who flourished about A. D It). He 
was intimate with Ovid. He wrote elegies, epi- 
grams, and heroic poetry, but only t vo of his 
I ieces are e.'.tant, one, an elegy on the deatli of 
l>nisus, and another on that of Mcc-xaas. Uvtd. 
fx r<mt, 4, iO.~Qdnii'. 10, 5. 



AlbINTEMSliUAI, a town of Li ruri . Now 
Vutuinsh.. 'I\.ci(. Htu.^A, 13. 

Albinus, was born at Adrumetum in Africa, 
and made govei-nor of Britain by Commodus. Af- 
ter the murder of Pertinax, he was elected empe- 
ror by the soldiers in Britain. SeveruK had also 
been invested with the imperial dignity by his own 
army \ and these two rivals, with about 5U,0&0 men 
each, came into Gaul to decide the fate of the em- 
pire. Severus was conqueror, and he ordered tlie 
head of Albinus to be cut off', and his body to be 

thrown into the Rhone, A.D. 198. A praetorian, 

■'sent to Sylla, as ambassador from the senate dur- 
ing the civil wars- He was put to death by Syl- 
la s soldiers. Piut. iu SyU. A usurer. Hwat. 

A Roman plebeian who received the vestals 

into his chariot in preference to his family, when 
they fled from Rome, which the Gauls had sacked. 

ra/. Max. 1, l.—Liv. 5, 40 — Fiur. 1, 13 A. 

Posthumus, consul with L. LucuUus, B. C. 151, 
wrote a history of Rome in Greek, wiiich Cicero 
has praised A Latin poet, three of whose ver- 
ses are preserved in the collection of Latin poets. 

Albion, son of Neplune by Amphitrite, came 
into Britain, where he established a kingdom, and 
first introduced astrology and the art of buiidiug 
ships. He was killed at the mouth of the Rhone, 
with stones thrown by Jupiter, because he oppo ■- 

ed the passage of Plercules. 3Ie.la 2, 5. The 

greatest island of Europe, now called Great Bri- 
tain. The etymology of the name is very uncer- 
tain. The Greek a'x'rpov white, the Phoenician nip 
high, or alpiii high mountain, and the H brew 
alb")! white, have each been said to furnish its 
origin, from the height of the chalky cliffs on the 
coasts of the island. Some however, have deriv- 
ed it from king Albion, who is said to have reign- 
ed here. The ancients compared 1 he figure of this 
island to a long buckler, or to the iron of a hat- 
chet. 

Albis, a river of Germany falling info the 
German ocean, and now called the E.be. Lumn, 
2, 52. 

AlbiU-^, a man, father to a famous spendthrift. 

Horat. Sal. 1, 4. A name of the poet Tibuilus. 

Horit. 0.1. 1, 3J, 1. 

Albucilla, an im.modest woman. Tacif. Ann. 
6, 47. 

Albula, the ancient name of the river Tiber. 
riri;. mn. 8, 332 -L;(,'. 1, 3. 

Albunea, a wood near Tibur and the river 
Anio, sacred to the Muses. It received its name 
from a Sibyl, called also Albunea, worshii)ped as 
a goddess at Tibur, whose temple still remains. 
Near Albunea there was a small lake of the same 
name, whose waters were of a sulphurous smell, 
and possessed some medicinal properties. Tliis 
lake fell, by a small stream called Albula, into the 
river Anio, with which it soon lost itself in tJie 

Tiber. Wjrai. O.l. 1, 7, U Virg. ^ 7, 8J.— 

Tibuil. 2, 5, 69, 

Ar.BUliNUS, a lofty mountain of Lucania, near 
the junction of the SilarHs and Tanager. It is 
now Monle di Postiglione. Firg. G. 3, 147. 

Albus Pagus, a place near Sidon, where 
Anthony waited for the arrival of Cleopatrj. 
^ Ar.Bunus, a prince of Celtiberia, to whom 

Scipio restored his wife. Arriat. A sordid 

man, father to Canidia. He beat his servants be- 
fore they were guilty of any otFence, lest, said he, 
I should have no time to punish them when tii:;y 

offend. H,rat. S'd. 2, 2. -A rhetorician in 

the age of Seneca. An ancient satirist. Ctc, 



ALC 



30 



ALC 



in Brut. Titus, a Roman philosopher, flourish- 
ed about B. C. 120. He is ranked by Cicero 
a-iicni^ ilie Epicureans. Having been educated at 
Athens, he became so fond of Greece and Grecian 
ratinners, that he -wished rather to pass for a Greek 
than a Roman. He was made governor of Sar- 
dinia; but he grew offensive to the senate^ and 
was banished. It is supposed that he died at 
, Athens. 

Aj.c^US, a celebrated lyric poet, was born at 
Mityleae, in the isle of Lesbos, about 600 years 
before tlie Christian era. He was contemporary 
with the famous Saypho, to whom he paid his 
addresses, but, as it seems, unsaccessfulJy. In an 
engagement between the Athenians and Lesbians, 
he made his escape from the battle by flight, and 
having thrown away his armour, the victorious 
Athenians obtained possession of it, and hung it 
up, as a monument of his disgrace, in the temple 
of Minerva at Sigaeum. He is accounted the 
inventor of t\ie baruitun^ or harp •, and has given 
his name to the measure called Alcaic. He com- 
posed many amatory and Bacchanalian songs ; 
but his muse seems to have been more congenially 
employed in supporting the cause of liberty, and 
in denouncing vengeance on the heads of tyrants. 
Of the works of this admired poet, nothing but a 
few fragments remain ; which have been edited 
with great ability by Bloomtield, and printed in 
the Museum CrUicum. Q dniil. 10, l.—Htrod. 5, 

95 — Hurat. Od. 4, 9.— Cjc. Tusc. 4, 33. A poet 

of Athens, said by Suidas to be the inventor of 

traged}-. A writer of epigrams. A comic 

-poet. A son of Androgens, who went witli 

riercides into Thrace, and was made king of part 
of the country. ApoUud. 2, 5. A son of Her- 
cules by a maid of Omphale. A son of Perseus 

and Andromeda, and father of Amphitryon, the 
supposed father of Hercules. Fi om tiim Hercules 
has been called Alcides. Apo.lod. 2, 4. Fuut. 
8, 14. 

AlCAMENes one of the Agid e, king of Spar- 
ta, known by his apophthegms. He succeeded his 
father Teiecliis, and reigned thirty-seven years. 
Tue Helots rebelled in his reign. Paus. 3, 2. 4, 4 

et 5. A general of the Acha;ans. Paus. 7, 15. 

A statuary, who lived 448 B. C. and was dis- 
tinguished for his statues of Venus and \'ulcan. 

Pau!. 5, U.—Qumtil. 1, 10.— Plm. 34, 8. The 

commander of a Spartan fleet, put to death by 
the Athenians. Thucyd. 4, 5, &c. 

ALCANDER, an attendant of Sarpedon, killed 
by Ulysses. Ovid. 3Ie(. 13, -57. A Lacede- 
monian youth, who accidentally put out one of the 
eyes of Lycurgus, and was generously forgiven by 
tlie sage, though the people were clamorous for 
his punishment. P,.ul. m Lyc. — Paus. 3, 16. 
A Trojan killed by Turnus. Ttr^. ^n. 9,767. 

Alcaxdre, the wife of Polybius, a rich The- 
ban. H'jm'^r. Odyis. 4, 672. 

Alcanor, a Trojan of mount Ida, whose sons 
Pandarus and Bitias followed rEneas into Italv. 

V^rg. ^,1. 9, 672. A son of fhorus, killed by 

.Eneas. lb. 10, 333. 

AlcAthoe, a name of Megara in Attica, be- 
cause rebuilt by Alcathous, son of Peiops, who 
rei-ned there. Puus. 1, i.— Uvid. Mt.t. 7, 443. 
Ue^Ar . Am. 2, 421. 

ALCATHOCS, a son of Peiops, who being sus- 
pected of murdering h.s brother C^hrysippus, came 
to .Megara, wliere he killed a lion, which had de- 
stroyed the king's son. He succeeded to the 
kiii-d'jm of Mej.-jra, and, in commemoration of 
Lis soi vices, fjslivals, ui.icd Alcaih-jia, were iu- 



stitated at Megara. Panu 1, 4, &c. A Trojan, 

who married Kippod-imia, duugri er of Anchises. ' 
He was killed in the Trojan war by Jdomeneus. ' 

U-jn^'T. II. 12, 93. A son of Parthaon, killed ' 

by Tydeus. ApoLLod, 1, 7, &c. A friend of ' 

^ilneas, killed in the Rutulian war. Vim, ^n. ' 
10, 747. * 

Al-CK, one of Actaeon's dogs. Ovid A town 

of Spain, which surrendered to Gracchus, Now 
Alcazar. Liv. 40, 47. 

ALCENOR, an Argive, who alone with Chro- 
mius survived the battle between 300 of his coun- 
trymen and 300 Lacedaemonians. Herod. 1, 82. 

ALCESTE, or Alcestis, daughter of Pelias, 
married Admetus. She, with her sisters, put to 
death her father, that he might be restored to ■ 
youth and vigour by Medea, who, liowever, refus- j 
ed to perform her promise. Upon this, the sisters 
fled to Admetus, who married Alceste. They 
were soon pursued by an army headed by their i 
brother Acastus \ and Admetus being taken pri- ' 
soner, was redeemed from death, by the generous , 
offer of his wife, who was sacrificed in his stead 
to appease the shades of her father. Some say i 
that Alceste, with an unusual display of conjugal ' 
affection, laid down her life foi her husbaTid, 
when she had been told by an oracle, that he could 
never recover from a disease except some one of 
his friends died in his stead. According to some 
authors, Hercules brought her back from the infer- ' 
nal regions. She had many suitors while she 
lived with her father. [Fid. Admetus.] Juv. 6, 

m.-ApoU,.d. 1, 9.— i'atw. 5, 17 Hygin. 251.— 

Eurip. in Alcesl. 

Alcet.AS, a king of the Molossi, descended 
from Pyrrhus, the son of Achilles. Paxu. 1, 11. 

.1 general of Alexander's army, brother to 

Perdiccas. The eighth king of Macedonia, who 

reigned twenty-nine years. An histoiian, who . 

wrote an account of every thing that had been 

dedicated in the temple of Delphi. AtUfin. A 

son of .\rybas, king of Epirus. Paus. 1, 11. 

Alchioas, a Ruodian, who became enamour- 
ed of a naked Cupid of Praxiteles. PLm. 36, 5. 

AlcibiAdes, an Athenian general, the son of i 
Clinias, the nephew of Pericles, and lineally de- ' 
scended from Ajax. He was famous for his enter- 
prising spirit, versatile genius, and natural foibles. 
He was disciple to Socrates, whose lessons and 
example checked, for a while, liis vicious propensi- 
ties. He early entered on a military life, and won 
several prizes at the Olympic games. In the Pe!o- 
ponnesian war, he v, as appoint d to command with 
Nicias and Lamachus, in an expedition against ; 
Syracuse ; but while he was thus employed, a I 
charge was made against him of mutilating the | ' 
statues of Mercury dispersed through the city, and i 
of ridiculing the religious mysteries of his country. 
He was ordered to take his trial, but aware of tlie . 
jealousy of his countrymen, he fled to Sparta, and ,' 
stirred up the Lacedemonians to declare war I 
against Athens. He afterwards retired to Tissa- ' 
phornes, the Persian satrap, by whose interest he 
procured his pardon and recal. He then com- 
manded with success against the Lacedaemonians, 
and having forced them to sue for peace, he return- 
ed in triumph to Athens. He was welcomed by liis 
fellow-citizens as their deliverer, presented with 
crowns of gold, and chosen commander of the forces | 
by sea and land. But his popularity was of short du- | 
ration; for the defeat of the Athenian fleet by Ly- 
sander, being attributed to his perfidy, he was 
deprived of his coininand. Reduccvl to tliis situa- 
tion, he rolii cd i.ito Thraco, and ui tor wards look 



ALC 



SI 



ALC 



refuge with Pharnabazus, who was at last prevailed 
U1.011 by the Athenian tyrants to murder his guest. 
Two servants were sent for that purpose, and they 
set on lire the cottage where he was, and killed 
him with dajts as he attempted to make his escape. 
He died in the forty-sixth year of his age, 404 
B. C. after a life of perpetual difficulties. If the 
fickleness of his countrymen had known how to re- 
tain among them the talents of a man who distin- 
guished himself, and was admired wherever he 
went, they might have risen to greater splendour, 
and to the sovereignty of Greece. His character 
has been cleared from the aspersions of malevo- 
ie:ice by the writings of Thucydides, Timaeus, and 
T ieopompus ; and he is known to us as a hero, who, 
t ) t,ie pliant principles of the debauchee, added the 
inte.ligence and sagacity of the statesman, the cool 
intrepidity of the general, and the humanity of the 
ph losopher, Fiut. et C. N^p. in ALcih.— rhucyd. 
o, et 7, — Xenopli. Hist. Grac, 1, &c. — Diod. 

AlcidAmas, of Cos, father to Ctesilla, who 

was changed into a dove. Ovid. Met. 7, V-i. A 

celebrated wrestler. Stal. Theb. 10, 500, A 

Greek rhetorician, who was pupil to Gorgias, B.C. 
i'il. He wrote a treatise in praise of death, which 
is lost. Two of his orations are still extant, and 
are printed in the Oratores Grosci of Reiske. Ctc. 
Juic. ],48 Quiniil. 3, 1. 

ALCIDAMEA, was mother of Bunus by Mer- 
cury. 

AlcidamIdas, a general of the Messenians, 
who retired toRhegium after the taking of Ithome 
by the Spartans, B. C. 723. Sirab. 6. 

AlcidaS, a Lacedaemonian, sent with t^venty- 
three galleys against Corcyra, in the Peloponiiesiau 
war. Tuu. yd. 6, 16, &c. 

AlcIDES, a name for Hercules, from his strejigth, 
aXxoy, or from his grandfather Alcseus. A sur- 
name of Minerva in Macedonia. Liv. 42, 51. 

Alcidice, the mother of Tyro, by Salmoneus. 
JpuUod. 1, 9. 

Alcimachus, a renowned painter. Plin. 
35, 11. 

Alcimede, the wife of ^son, and mother of 
Jason. Fiacc. 1, 296, 

Alcimedon, a plain of Arcadia, with a cave, 
the residence of Alcimedon, whose daugliter Phillo 
was ravished by Hercules, and became mother of 
Ecmagoras. Homer. II. 16, 197. — Pau^. 8, 12. 

An excellent carver. V^rg, Ed, 3. A 

sailor, &c. Ovid. Met. 4, 10. 

ALCIMENES, a tragic poet of Megara. A 

comic writer of Athens. An attendant of Deme 

trius. Fhit. in Dem. A man killed by his bro- 
ther Bellerophon. ApoLlod. 2, 3. A Greek 

general. Xe/toph. Grcec. 4. 

Ai.cLmus, an historian of Sicily, who wrote an 

account of Italy. An orator. JOiog. Avitus, 

a Christian writer. Vid. Avitus. 

Alcinoe, a daughter of Sthenelus son of Per- 
sens, and sister of Eurystheus. ApMnd. 2, 4. 

One of Jupiter's nurses. She was hono red 

With a statue in ilhierva's temple at 'iegea. 
Puut. Arc. 47. 

Alcinur. Vid, Alcenor. 

A ACINOUS, a son of Naasithous, king of Phae- 
acia. He married Arete, the daughter of his bro- 
ttier Rhexenor, by whom he had five sons and a 
daughter named Nausicaa. He kindly entertained 
Ulysses, who had been shipwrecked on his coast, 
and heard the n cital of his adventures ; v/hence 
arose the proverb of the stories of Aicinous, to de- 
noic imi robability. Aicinous was reur.rded as a 



just prince; and hcs been praised for Lis love 
of horticulture. The beauty of his garden is very 
pleasingly described by Homer, homer. Uaysi. 7.— 
Orph. in Argou — Firg.G.2,87.—Stat. Sy<v. 
-^uv. 5, 151.— Oi;id. Am. 1,10,56.— P/a/o de llrp. 
10. — Apol'.od, 1, 9. — —A son of Hippocoon. Ap-ji' 
lod. 3, lU. A man of Elis. Pum. A philo- 
sopher of the second century, who wrote a book 
De docirina Piatonis, the best edition of which is 
the 12rao printed at Oxford, in 1667. It has been 
translated into English by Stcinley. 

AlcioneUS, a man killed by Perseus, Ovid. 
Met. 5, 4. 

Alciphron, a philosopher of Magnesia, in the 
age of Alexander. There are some epistles in 
Greek, that bear his name, and contain a very per- 
fect picture of the customs and manners of the 
Greeks. They are by some supposed to be the 
production of a writer of the fourth century. The 
best edition is that of Wagnerus, Lips. 1798, 2 
vols. 8vo. 

Alcippe, a daughter of the god Mars, by 
Agraulos. She was ravished by Kalirrhotius. 
Apf.Uod. 3, 14. The wife of Metion, and mo- 
ther to Eapalamus. Id. 3, 16. The daughter 

of 'i'nomaus, and wife of Evenus, by whom she 

had Marpessa. A woman who, it is said, 

brought forth an elephant. PUn. 7,3. A counti-y- 

woinan yirg. Ed. 7. An attendant in tue 

court of ^ienelaus. Hum^r. Odvss. 4, 121. 

Alcippus, a reputed citizen of Sparta, banished 
by his enemies. He married Democrite, of whom 
PLut. in Er.it. 

Alcis, a daughter of jEgyptus. ApoJhd. A 

deity worshipped by the Naharvali, a p.' ople ol 

Germany. '1 acii, Gtr, 43. A name given to 

Minerva by the Macedonians. Liv. 42, 51. 

Alcisthene, a female painter. Pi,n. S5, 
11. 

Alcithoe, a Theban woman, who ridiculed tr.e 
orgies of Bacchus. She was changed into a bat, 
and the spindle and yarn with which she worked, 
into a vine and ivy. Ovid. Met. 4, 1. 

ALCM.ffiON, was son of the prophet Amphiaraus 
and Eriphyle. His father going to the Thebaii 
war, where, according to an oracle, he was to per- 
ish, charged him to revenge his death upon Eri- 
phyle, wiio had betrayed him. [Fid. Eriphyle] 
As soon as he heard of his father's death, ho 
murdered his mother, for which crime the Furies 
persecuted him till the river god Phlegeus puri- 
tied him and gave him his daughter Aiphesiboea 
in marriage. Alcmaion gave her the fatal collar 
Avhich his mother had received to betray his father, 
and afterwards divorced her, and married Callir- 
rhoe, the daughter of Achelous, to whom he pro- 
mised the necklace he had given to Alphesibcea. 
When he attempted to recover it, Alphesiboea's 
brothers murdered him on account of the treatment 
he had shown their sister, and left his body a prey 
to dogs and wild beasts. Alcmaeon's children by 
Calirrhoe revenged their father's death by killing 
his murderers, [f^/c/. Alphesibcea, Ampiiiaraus. i 

Paitf. 5, 17. 6, 18. 8, 24.-Pt»<. de ExU ^>o.- 

lod. 3. 7 — Hyi^ir. 73 et '245 S-al. Tntb. -i et 

4.-0vi(l. Fusi. 2, 44. Met. 9, 10. A son of 

iiigyptus, the husband of Hippomedusa. Apoliod. 

A philosopher of Crotona, and a discij le of 

Pythagoras. He wrote on physic, and lie was tlie 
first wl.o dissected animals to exairXue ii:to the 
structure of the human frame. Cic. de .\a.'. D. f» 

27. A son of the poet Alschylus. A gon of 

Syllus, driven from Messenia, with tlie rest of- 
^■ebt._r's family, by the Heruclida;. lie came i-; 



ALC 



32 



Afiens, and from him the Alcm^eonidae were de- 
scended. P.-.n-. I, 18. 

Alom.eO.nId^, a noble family of Athens, de- 
scendei from Alcm jeoii. They undertook for tiiree 
hundred talents to rebuild the temple of Dt^lph!, 
■which had been burnt, and they finished the work 
in a more splendid manner than was required, ia 
consequence of which they gained popularity, and 
by their influence the Pythia prevailed upon the 
LacedEmonians to deliver their country from the 
tyranny of the Pisistratid H^r^d. 5 ei G.~Thu. 
cyd. 6, o9.—Plut. i'l S U.,n. 

Alcman, a Greek lyric poet, flourished about 
B. C. 670. The place of his birth cannot be posi- 
tively ascertained, for some authors assert that 
he was born at Sardis in Lydia, and others con- 
tend that this honour belongs to Laced^mon. He 
is said to have written six books of verses in the 
Doric dialect, besides a play entitled Colymbosas. 
He was remarkable for his voracious appetite, and 
died of the morbus pediculosus. Some fragments 
of his compositions are preserved in the works of 
Athenaeus, and other ancient writers. Pans, ], 41. 
■i, 15 Aristo-. Hist. Aui n. 5, 31. 

ALCMENA., was daughter of Electryon king of 
Ar-os, by Anaxo, whom Plutarch calls Lysidice, 
and Dio^lorus Eurymede. Her father promised 
his crown and his daughter to Amphitryon, if he 
would revenge the death of his sons, who had been 
all killed, except Licymnius, by the Teleboans, a 
people of >^Eto'if>. While Amphitryon was gone 
against the ^tolians, Jupiter, wlio was enamour- 
ed of Alcmena, resolved to introduce himsalf into 
her bed. Tne more efl'ectually to insure success 
in his anioui', he assumed the form of Amphitryon, 
declared tliat he had obtained a victory over Alc- 
mena's enemies, and even presented her with a 
cup, which he said );e had prieserved from the spoils 
for hei sake. Alcmena yielded to her lover what 
she had promised to her "future husband ; and Ju- 
piter, to delay the return of Amphitryon, ordered 
liis messenger, .Mercury, to stop tlie rising of Phoe- 
bus, or the sun, so that the night he passed with 
Alcmena was prolonged to three long nights. 
Amphitryon returned tne next day ; and after com- 
plaining of the coldness with which he was receiv- 
ed, Alcmena acquainted him. with the reception of 
a false lover the preceding niglit, and even showed 
him the cup whicii she had received. Amphitryon 
was perplexed at the relation, and more so upon 
missing the cup from among his spoils. He went 
1 1 ttie prophet Tiresias, who told him of Jupiter's 
intrigue-, and he returned to his wife, proud of the 
dignity of his rival. Alcmena became pregnant 
by Jupiter, and afterwards by her husband •, and 
wnen she was going to bring forth, Jupiter boast- 
ed in heaven, tiiat a child was to be born that day, 
to whom he would give absolute power over his 
neighbours, and even over all the children of his 
own blood. Juno, who was jealous of Jupiter's 
amours with Alcmena, made him swear by the 
Ntyx, and immediately prolonged the travails of 
A lcinena,and hastened the bringing forth of tlie wife 
of Stlienelus king of Argos, who, after a pregnancy 
of seven months, h^td a son called Eurystheus. Ovid, 
.•l/'';/.8,5, &c. says, that Juno was assisted by Lucina 
to put ott the bringing forth of Alcmena, and that 
Lucina, in the form of an old woman, sat before 
the door of Amphitryon with her legs and anr.s 
crossed. This posture was the c^use of infinite 
torment to Alcmena, till her servant Galanthis, 
rupposing the old woman to be a witch, and to be 
the cause of the pains of her mislr ss, fold her fliat 
she had brougiit forth. Luwna .cared from her 



posture, and immediately .Alcmena brought forth \- 
Iwius, Hercules conceived by Jupiter, and Iphicks i 
by Amphitryon. Eurystheus was already born, ! 
and ther fjre Hercules was subjected to his pov\ cr. ! 
After Amphitryon's death, Alcmena married Rha- - 
damanthus, and retired to Ocalea in Boeoli s '■ 
This marriage, according to some authors, was |s 
celebrated in the island of Leuce. The people of i : 
Megar.i said that she died in her way from Argos i 
to 1 hebes, and that she was buried in the temple - 
of Jupiter Olympius. Paus. 1, 41. 5, 13. 9, 16. 

—Plut. in Th-s,et Romu' Hoiwr. Odyss 11.//. 1-1. [f 

—Pindur. Pyili. \i.—Lucia>i. D.til. D -or Diod. 4. ji 

—Hygin. 2i). -Apo'.lod, 2, 4 el 7. H, 1 Piaut. i t - 

Ampki'.—Heri>d.-L,'ide.ti5,—[f^id. Amphitryon, ! 
Hercules, Eurystheus.] | 

AJjCON, a famous archer, who one day saw his I' 
son attacked by a serpent, and aimed at him so 
dexterously that he killed the beast without hurt- | 

ing his son. A silversmith. Ovid. Met. 13, 5. ' 

A son of Hippocoon. Paus. 3, 14. A sur- ' 

geon under Claudius, who gained much money by 
his profession, in curing hernias and fractur.^s. ; 

-A son of iMars. A son of Amycus. Tnese 

two last M-ere at the chase of the Calydonian boar. - 

Hygiu, 173. A native of Saguntnra, who at- 

tempted in vain to procure favourable condit ons ' 
of peace for his couutrvmen from Annibal. L x. 
2., 12. ' i 

Alcyone, or Halcyone, daughter of .-Eolus, 
married Ceyx, who was drowned as he Avas going i 
to Claros to consult the oracle. The gods apprised 
Alcyone, in a dream, of her husband's fate; and i 
when she. found, on the morrow, his body washed 
on the sea shore, she threw herself into the seii, i 
and Avas, with her husband, changed into birds of r 
the same name, who keep the waters calm and ' 
serene while they build, and sit on their n?sts on j 
the surface of the sea, for the space of seven, ■ 
ele^^en, or fourteen davs. Firg. G. 1, 399.— /if/>'•^ I 

lod. 1, l.—Ov.d. Mp.t'.W, 10 Higni.'Qb Una i 

of the Pleiades, daughter of Atlas and Pleione. ; 
She had Arethusa by Neptune, and Eleuthera • 
by Apollo. Slie, with her sisters, Avas changed | 
into a constellation. Vid, Pleiades. Pum.. i 
2, 30. 3, 18.-ApoUud. 3, IQ. — Hyuin. 157.; 

The daughter of Evenus, carried away by ' 

Apollo after her marriage. Her husband j ur-ueil j 
the rav.sher with bows and arrows, but was not 
able to recover her. Upon this, her parents called i- 
her Alcyone, and compared her fate to that of the ' 

wife of Ceyx. Homer. It. 9, 55S. Tiie wife of I 

Meleager. Hygin. 174. A town of Thossaiy, I 

where Philip, Alexander's father, lost one of his j- 
eyes. 

ALCYdNEUf, a youth of exemplary virtue, son l' 

to Antigonus. P'ut, in Purrh.—Diog. 4. .V i 

giant, brother to Porphyrion. He was killed by I' 
Hercules. His daughters, mourning his de^.tli. 
threw themselves into the sea, and were changed }' 
into Alcyons, by Amjdiitrite. Ctaudiajt, de Rap . T 
Pro .—.dp,:lod. 1, 6. ! ■ 

ALC YUMA P.ALL'S, a pool in Corinth, Mhose 
dej th the emperor Nero attempted in vain to iiud. i 
Its banks were grassy, and covered with rushes. 
Tiiere nocturnal orgies were annually celebrated 
in honour of Bacchus. Paus. 2, 37. \'. 

ALCS'O.Nif.Ai Make, a name given to that por- f 
tion of the Sinn* Corinthiacus, or Gut/'/ L-'punt " 
which lay beiween the promontory of Antirrhium 
and the coast of Megaris. Strab. 8- 

Ai.,DESCUS, a river of European Sarmali-a, lis- ! 
ing from the Riphacan mountains, and falling into 
the northern sea. Diouys. Ptr. 



ALD 



ALE 



I y^!,DI•ABIS. Vid. Dnhis. 

I A i,KA, a surname of Minerva, from Jier tciii] le, 
i built by Aleus, son of Aphidas, at Tega;a in Arca- 
i dia The statue of the goddess made of ivory Avas 
carried by Augustus to Rome. Puus. 8, 4 et 4b, 

■ A town of Arcadia, built by Aieus. It had 

j til! ee famous temples, that cf Diana Ej hesia, of 
' Minerva A lea, and of Bacchus At tae annual 
festival held here in honour of the latter deity, 
w omen were beaten with scourges, in obedier.ce 
to a command of the Delphian oriicle. Faus, 8, 
2.J. 

ALEBAS, a tyrant of Larissa, killed by his own 
gi.ards for his cruelties. Ovid, in lo. 323, 

Af.EBlOK and Dkrcynus, sons of Neptune, 
wcfiG killed by Hercules for stealing his oxen in 
Alrica. JpuUud. 2, 5. 

ALECTO, one of the three Furies, (from a priv. 
and Xvyw, to rest,) is represented with her head 
covered with serpents, and breathing vengeance, 
^\ ar, and pestilence, [l^id. Eumenides.l Vire. 
7, .'5i!4. 10, 41. 

Alector, succeeded his father Anaxagorns in 
tlie kingdom of Aigf s, and was father to Ijiliis 
and Capaneus. I'au . '2, \6.— /lpo l(id. 3, 6. 

ALECTRYON, a youth whom Mars, during his 
amours with Venus, stationed at the door to watch 
against Ihe ajproach of the sun. Ke fell asleep, 
and Apollo came and discovered the lovers, Avho 
were exposed by Vulcan in each other's arms, 
belbi e all the gods. Mars was so incensed that he 
tJianged Alectryon into a cock, who, still mindful 
of his neglect, early announces the approach of the 
S(U!. Lucian. in AUct. 

AlectlS, a tyrant of Britain, in Dicclesian's 
reign, &c. He died 296, A. D. 

Ai.EU'S Campus, a plain in Cilicia Campestris, 
to the east of the river Sarus, between Adana and 
the sea. It is celebrated for being the spot on 
v/hich Bellerophon fell from the horse Pegasus, 
and over which he wandered till his death. The 
name is derived from aXao/iat, to wander. Hoimr. 
1 . 6, -m.—Divi^ys. Periea. 872.— Cr/V. in Ih. '259. 

Alkmanni, a j3eople of Germany, probably de- 
scended from the buevi, who inhabitecl the country 
between the Neckar and the Upper Rhine. Their 
name, Alemanni, or All-man, signifies properly a 
tutdliitude of men, and indicated the variety of tribes 
of which they were composed. They are first men- 
tioned in the reign of Caracalla, M ho was honoured 
with the title oi Alemnnuicus from a victory ob- 
tained over them. In the succeeding reigns, they 
made frequent inroads upon Gaul and Italy, and 
experienced a great variety of fortune, till they 
were tinally dispersed by the Franks. The Ale- 
manni were characterised by the most obstinate 
bravery, and by a love of liberty which nothing 
could extinguish. 

Ai.EMON, a respected native of Argolis, father 
of MysccUus. He built Crotona in Magna Grae- 
cia. Myscellus is often called Alemonides. Ovut. 
Mp.t. 15, 19 et 20. 

A^KMUSii, inhabitants of Attica, in whose 
country there was a temple of Ceres and of Pro- 
serpine. Pom-, in Attic. 

ALENS, a place in the island of Cos. 

Aleo, a son of Atreus. Cic de Nat. D. 3, 21. 

auk:-. Fid. Hales. 

ALESA, ALiESA, or Halesa, a town of Sicily, 
founded by Archonides, 15. C. 403. It was built 
on an eminence about a rnile inland, and was 
b;.thed by the river Alaesus. The Romans made 
it an independent city. D < d. S-c, 14, 16". 

Ai^thJA or Alexia, now Aliue, a famous cily 



of the Msndubii in Gaul, built by Hercules on his 
return from Iberia. It stood on the summit of a 
lofty mountain, and was watered by two rivers. 
Alesia was besieged and taken by Caesar, B. V. 5:<, 
but it became a place of some consequence nndor 
the Roman emperors. It was entirely destroyed 
in the ninth century. Fior. 3, 10.— Cces. BtlU Gail. 
7, m.-Vell. 2, 47. 

Ai.ESiUM, a town and mountain of Peloponne- 
sus. PnUS. 8, 10. 

Ax.KTES, a son of iEgisthus, muidered by Ores- 
tes. Hy^in.Vi'i. 

Alethes, the first of the Keraclidse, who w. s 
king of Corinth. He was son of H ippotas. pi: .• . . 

2, 4. -A companion of iKneas, described ; s a 

prudent and venerable old man. Virg. jT.h. \. 
125. 9, 246. 

Alethia, one of Apollo's nurses, 

AlexIdas, (from aXao/iot, to wander,) cerlai:i 
sacrifices at Athens, in remembrance of Erig' i:o, 
who wandered with a dog after her father Icarus. 

Aletridm, a town of Latium, whose inhi.bi- 
tants are called Aletrinates. Lh\ 9, 42. 

Aletum, a tomb near the harbour of Cartlu.ge 
in Spain. Polyb. 10. 

Aj>EUADiE, a royal family of Larissa in Thes- 
saly, descended from Aleuas king of that couuliy. 
Tliey betrayed their country to Xerxes. 'Ihe 
name is often applied to the Thessalians williont 
distinction. Biod. 16 Berml. 7, 6 e< 172 — Punk. 

8. 7, \^.—Mlinn. Anin,. 8, 11. 

A/.ELS, ason of Aphidas, kingof Arcadia, famous 
for his skill in building temples. Taus. 8, ^ ri 53. 

Alex, a river in the comitry cf the Erulii. 
iony. Pervg. 

Alexa MENUS, an ^tolian, who killed N:.bis. 
tyrant of Lacedazmon, and was soon after murdered 
by the people. Liv. 35, 34. 

Alexander 1. son of Amyntas, v.-rs the tenth 
king of Macedonia. He killed the Persian ambas- 
sadors for their immodest behaviour to the women 
of his father''s court, and was the first who raised 
the reputation of the Macedonians. He reigned 
fortv-three years, and died 451 B. C. Justin. 1, S. 
—Herod. 5, 7, 8 e/ 9. 

Alexander II. son of Amyntas second king 
of Macedonia, was treacherously murdered, B. C 
370, by his younger brother Ptolemy, who held the 
kingdom for four years, and made way for Pei dic- 
cas and Philip. Justin. 7, 5, says Eurydice, tiic 
ife of Amyntas, was the cause of his murder. 
Alexandkr III. surnamed the Great, was son 
of Philip and Olympias. He Avas born at Pel!a, 
B. C. 265, that night on which the f mons temple of 
Diana at Ephesus was burnt by Erostratus. This 
event, according to the magicians, was en early 
prognostic of his future greatness, as well as the 
taming of Bucephalus, a horse whom none of iho 
kind's courtiers could manage; upon which Philip 
said with tears in his eyes, that his son must seek 
another kingdom, as that of Macedonia would not 
be sufKciently large for the display of his great- 
ness. Olympias during her prcgnarcy declared 
that she was with child by a dragon ; and the day 
hat Alexander was born, two eagles perched for 
some time on the house of Philip, as it loretelline 
that his son would become master of Europe and ; 

He was pupil to Aristotle during five 
years, and he received his learned prccejtor's in- 
structions with becoming deference and pleasure, 
and ever respected his abilities, by his grali- 
' md liberality. "When Philip wont to war, 
nder, in his fiflcenth yf^ar, was left go- 
1 c'i Macedonia, where ho quelled a dun- 



ALE 



ALE 



gerous sedition and soon after follo>-.ed liis fa- 
in. r to tlie Jield, and saved liis life in a bf.ttle. 
He was highly offended when I'liilip divorced 
Oiympias to marry Cleopatra, and even caused the 
death of Attains, the new queen's brother. After 
this he retired from court to his mother Oiympias, 
but was recalled; and wlien fhilip was assassi- 
nated, he punished his murderers •, and by hi-s 

£rudence and moderation, gained the atieclion of 
is subjects. He conquered Thrace and lllyri- 
cum, and destroyed Thebes; and after he had been 
chosen chief commander of all the forces of 
Greece, he declared war against the Persians, 
wlio under Darius and Xerxes liad laid waste and 
plundered the noblest of the Grecian cities. With 
ii-2^0m foot, and o,UOO horse, lie invaded .^sia; and 
after the defeat of Darius at the (iranicus, he con- 
quered all the provinces of Asia iVlinor. He 
obtained two other celebrated victories over Dari- 
us at Issus and Arbela, took Tyre alter an obsti- 
nate siege of seven mojiths, and ibe slaughter of 
two thousand of the inhabitants in cool blood, and 
made himself master of Egypt, Siedia, Syria, ana 
Persia. From E ypt he visiied tlie temple of Ju- 
jiiter Ammon, and LribeJ the priests, wlio saluted 
iiim as the son of their god, and enjoined his army 
to pay him divine honours. He built a town, which 
he called Alexandria, on the western side of the 
IS'ile, near the coast of the Mediterranean •, an eli- 
gible situation which his penetrating eye marked 
us best entitled to become the future capital of his 
immense dominions, and to extend the commerce 
of Jiis subjects from the Mediterranean to the 
banges. His conquests were spread over India, 
where he fought with Porus, a powerful king of 
tiie country ; and after he had invaded .Scythia, and 
visited the Indian ocean, he retired to Habylon, 
loaded with the spoils of the east. His entering 
the city was foretold by tiie magicians as fatal, 
and their prediction was fulfilled. He ciied at 
Babylon the 21st of A|)ril, in the thirty second 
year of his age, after a reign of twelve years and 
eight monlhs of brilliant and continued success, 
h. C. His deatli was sojiremature, that ^.ome 
have attributed it to the eff ects of poison, and ex- 
cess of drinking. -Anii])aier has been accused of 
causing the fatal poisjn to be given him at a feast; 
and perhaps the resentment of the Macedonians, 
whose services he seemed to forget, by entrusting 
the guard of his bjdy to the Persians was the" 
cause of his death. He was so universally regret- 
led, that Babylon was iilled with tears and lamen- 
tations; and in their sorrow theJMedes andMacedon- 
jaiis declared, that no one was able or worthy to suc- 
teea him. Many conspiracies were formed against 
/lim by the officers of his army, but they were all 
^easonably suppressed. His tender treatment of 
the wife and mother of king Darius, who were taken 
prisoners, has been greatly praised ; and the lat- 
ter, who had survived the death of her son, killed 
herself when she heard that Alexander was dead. 
His great intrepidity more tliaii once endangered 
his life; he always fought as if sure of victory, 
and the terror of his name was often more power- 
fully effectual than his arms. He was always 
forward in every engagement, and bore the labours 
of the field as well as the meanest of his soldiers. 
During his conquests in Asia, he founded many 
cities, which he called Alexandria, after his own 
iiump. When he had conquered Darius, he order- 
ed himself to be worshij ped as a god; and Callist 
thencs, who refused to do it, was shamefully put 
to dealJi. He murdered, at a banquet, his friend 
Clilus, who had onco saved his lite in a battle. 



because he enlarged i.\ on the virti e» find exploit^ 
of Philip, and preferred tiieiii lu those of his son- 
His victories and success encreased his pride; he 
dressed himself in the Persian manner, and gave 
himself up to pleasure and dissipation. He set , , 
on tire the to\\n of Persepolis, in a lit of madness ] 
ai;d intoxication, encouraged by the courtezail . 
Tliais. Yet among all his extravagancies, he was 
fond of candour and of truth; and when one of 
his officers read to him, as he sailed on the Hy- 
daspes, a history which he had composed of the 
wars with Porus, and in which he had too liberally 
panegyrized him, Alexander snatched the book 
Irom his hand, and threw it into the river, savins, 
"■what need is there of such flattery ? are not the ' 
exjiloits of Alexander sutticiently meritorious in 
themselves, without the colourings of falsehood ?" 
He in like manner rejected a statuary, who offered ; . 
to cut mount Athos like him, and represent him \: 
as holding a town with one hand, and pouring i 
a river from the other. He forbade any statuary : 
to make his statue except Lysippus, and any pain- i 
ter to draw his j.icture except Apelles. On his ' 
death-bed he gave his ring to Perdiccas, and it 
was supposed that by this singular j resent he 
wished to make him iiis successor, ^ionie time . 
before his death, his officers asked liim whom he i 
appointed to succeed him on the throne ? and he - 
aiiswerecL, the worthiest among you; but i am • 
afraid, added he, my best friends will jierform my 
funeral obsequies with bloody hands. Alexander, 
with all his pride, was humane and liberal, easy 
and familiar with his friends, a great patron of 
learning, as may be collected from his assisting 
Aristotle with a purse of money, to efiect the com- 
pletion of his ruitural history, fie was brave often 
to rashness ; he frequently lamented that his father 
conquered every thing, and left him nothing to do ; 
and exclaimed, in all the pride of regal dignity. Give 
me kings for competitors, and 1 will enter the lists at 
Ulympia. AVhen Anaxarchus the j hilosopher told 
him that there was an infinite number of worlds, 
he is said to have wept, from his despair of not 
being able to extend his victories and his fame be- 
yond tlie boundaries of the globe. Yet, in spite 
of his brilliant conqi-.ests, and the greatness of his 
I'Ower, it has been doubted by Livy whether his | 
arms would have prevailed over the well-disci- 
jilined armies of republican Rome, if he had direct- 
ed his i)rogress towaids the west instead of the east. 
All the family and infant children of Alexander 
wereput to death byCassander. Thefirst deliberation 
that was made after his decease, among his generals, 
was to appoint his brother Philip Aridacus succes- 
sor, until Koxana, who was then pregnant by him, 
brought into the world a legitimate heir. Perdic- 
cas wished to be supreme regent, as Aridieus 
wanted capacity; ancL, more strongly to establish 
himself^ he married Cleopatra, Alexander's sister, 
and made alliance with Kumenes. As he endea- 
voured to deprive Ptolemy of Egyyt, he was de- | 
feated in a battle by i>eleucus and Antigonus, on 
the banks of the river Nile, and assassinated by 
his own cavalry. Perdiccas was the first of Alex- ' 
ander's generals who took up arms against J.is 
fellow-soldiers, and he was the lirst who fell a 
sacrifice to his rashness and cruelty. To defend 
himself against him, Ptolemy made a treaty of al- 
liance with some generals, among whom was An- 
tipater, who had strengthened liimself by giving l 
his daughter Phila, an ambitious and aspiring wo ? 
man, in marriage to Craterus, another of the geiio- . 
rals of Alexander, After many dissensions and 
bloody wars among (heaisclvesj (lie generals of ' 



ALE 



35 



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I Alntarder hiicl tlic foui;d^!ions of sevcrd frcat 
; enif ires in the tlii ee qiiai tei s of the globp. Ttole- 
j n.y seized Egj"pt, where lie fiiinly established him- 
I self, and where his successors were called Plole- 
I niies, in honour of the founder of their cmj/ne, 
which subsisted till the time of Augustus, t^eleu- 
I ens and his posterity reigned in Babylon and Syi ia. 
j Antigonus at first established himself in Asia 
Minor, and Antipater in Macedonia. The descen- 
dants of A ntipater were conquered by the succes- 
sors of Antigonus, who reigned in Macedonia lill 
! it was reduced by the Komans in the time of king 
I Perseus. Lysimachiis made himself master of 
i Thrace; and Leonatus, who had taken possession 
I of Phrygia, meditated for a while to drive Anti- 
pater from Macedonia. Lumenes established him- 
self in Cappadocia, but was soon overpowered by 
' the combinations of his rival Antigonus, and 
j starved to death. During his life-time, Eumenes 
I appeared so foiniidable to the successors of Alex- 
ander, that none of them dared to cssume the tide 
I of king. An admirable account of the life and ac- 
I tions of Alexander has been written by the Rev. 

I J. Williams, A. M. vicar of Lampeler. Arriim 

: Plutorch.-Slrt.b.—Dio<\-Q. Cur:. A son of 

j Alexander the Great, by Koxana, put to death 
with liis mother, by Cassander. Justi". 15, 

! 2. A man, who, after the expulsion of 

I Telestes, reigr.ed in Corinth, twenty-five years 
^fter, Telestes dispossessed him, and put him 

<o dea!h. A son of Cassander, king of I\la- 

codonia, who reigned two years conjointly with 
I his brother Antipater, and was prevented by Lysi- 
j machus from revenging his mother Thessalonica, 
v»-hom his brother had murdered. Demetrius, the 
son of Antigonus, put him to death. Justih. 16, 

'i.—Pam. 9, 7. A king of Epirus, brother to 

Olympias, and successor to Arybas. He banished 
Timolaus to Peloponnesus, and made w r in Italy 
against the Romans ; and observed that he fought 
I with men, while liis nephew, Alexander the 
Great, v/as fighting with an army of women 
; (meaning the Persians). He was surnamed I\lo- 
lossus. Justin. 17, 3,— D,o(/. 16.-i?r. 8, 17 et 

27.-6' rab. 16, A son of Pyirhus, was king of 

Epirus. He conquered Macedonia, from which 

!he was excelled by Demetrius. He recovered it 
fay the assistance of the Acarnanians. Justin. 26, 
'd.—Piut. 171 Pyrrh. A king of Syria, surnamed 
Balae, was the natural son of Antiochus Epipha- 
nes. He was driven from his throne by Demetri- 
us Nici'tor, the lawful heir, and Ptolemy Philo- 
n.eter. J«sti». 35, 1 et 2.-Josepfi. A„i. Jud. 13. 

-Sirub. 17. Another, surnamed Zebina. He 

conquered Nicanor by means of Ptolemy Physcon, 
and was aftenvards killed by Anliochus Grypus, 

«0u of Nicanor. Jesfph. ant. Jud. 13, 18. Pto- 

(emy, was one of the Ptolemean kings of Egypt. 
His mother Cleopatra raised him to the throne, 
;n preference to his brother Ptolemy Lathurus, 
and reigned conjointly with him. Cleopatra, 
, however, expelled him, and soon after recalled 
him; and Alexander, to prevent being expelled a 
second time, put her to death, and, for this unna- 
tural action, was himself murdered by one of his 
subjects. Josfpfi. Ant. Jud. 13. 20, '&c — Justin. 

o9, 3 et 4.-Paus. ], 9. Ptolemy II. king of 

Kgyj t. was son of the preceding. He was edu- 
cated in the island of Cos, and, falling into the 
lii.nds of ]\lil]irid£;tes, escaped to Sylla, who re- 
stored him to his kingdom. He was murdered by 
his suhjpcts a few''d;iys afl^r his restoration. 

.^j.r,.:;. /<■<,'. Civ. 1 nr.- III. was Kin.' of 

hjijy. citler liis brollier AU xanik-r, Die hist n;cn- 



lior.cd. After a pe.-icciul reign, he was banished 
by his subjects, and u.ed al 'J yre, B. C. 116, h .w- 
ing his kingdom to the Roiiii.n jcojle. [f'fd. 

yEgyilus et Ptolonairs.] Cir. jr., lUdl.. A 

youth, ordered by Alexander the Great to clin b 
tlie rock Aornus, with thirty other youths. He 
Was killed in the attempt. CVr;. II.- — I-n 
historian mentioned by PUii. in J/m o.- — An 

Epicurean philosopher. Plut. A governor of 

y^.olia, who assembled a multitude on pr; tcnce of 
sliowing them an uncommon speclitcle. and con- 
fined them till they had each bought their liberty 

M'ith a sum of nior.ey. PUiatt. C. 10. A nm e 

given to Paris, son of Piiam. [Vid. Paris.]. 

Jannaeus, a kirg ol Judaea, son of Hyrcai.us, ci d 
brother of Arislobuh.s, wlio reigned as a tyrant, 
and died through excess of drinking, E. C. '9, 
after massacring 800 of his subjects lor the ent r- 

tainnient of his concubines. A Peihlagoni^n 

who gained divine hmours by his mag cal tricl s 
and impositions, and likewise procured the frier. d- 
ship of Marcus Aureliu?. He died 70 years oli.. 

Aphrodisaius, a peripatetic philosopher in the 

second century. He was called the Commentator, 
on account of the variety and excellence of bis 
comments on Aristotle, ^'everal ot his works sre 
still extant, among Avhich is a treatise Dp. Fate., 
wherein he supports the doctrine of divine provi- 
dence. ^g"us, a peri[ atetic philosopher in the 

f.rst century. He was one of Nero's preceptors, 
but gained little credit in his oflice, for he is sus- 
pected of having contributed to the corruption of 
his pupil. He wrote a commentary on Aristotle's 
Meteorology. Trallianus, a physician and phi- 
losopher of the fourth century, some of whose 

works in Greek are still extant. A poet of 

^tidia, in the age of Ptolemy Philadelphus.- 

An historiiin of lAiiletus, called also Folyhistor, 
who floui-ished about B. C. 80. He wr. te five 
books concerning Rome ; and various other works 
in history and philosophy, which are all lost.— — 
A poet of Ephesus, who vro'e a poem on astrono- 
my and geography. A writer of Myndus. quoted 

by Aihei csvs and MLitiv. A sophist of Sileneia, 

in the age of Antoninus. A physician in the 

age of Justinian. A Thessaliai*, who, as he 

was going to engage in a naval battle, gave to his 
soldiers a great number of missile weapons, and 
ordered them to dait them continually upon the 
enemy, to render their numbers useless. Po'yan. 

6, 27. A son of Lysimachus. Poiycen. 6, 1^. 

A governor of Lycia, who brought a rein- 
forcement of troops to Alexander the Great. 

Curt, 7, 10 A son of Polyspherchon, killed in 

Asia by the Dymaeans. Diod. 18 et 19 A poet 

of Pleuron, son of Satyrus and Stratoclea, who said 
that Theseus had a daughter, called Iphigenia, by 
Helen. He wrote elegies and tragedies, sonse 
fragments of which may be found in Athenceus, 

A. GeUius, &c. S;rab. U.—Pavs. 2, 22. A 

Spartan, killed with 200 of his soldiers by the Ar- 
gives, when he endeavoured to prevent their pass- 
ing through the country of Tecea. Diod. 15. 

A cruel tyrant of Pherae, in Thessaly, who made 
war against the Macedonians, and took Pelopidas 
prisoner, who had been sent in the sacred charac- 
ter of ambassador to his court. Naturally vicious 
and revengeful, he took delight in burying men 
alive, or often covered them in the skins of Dears» 
and hunted them with dogs like wild beasts. 'H 
was murdered, B. C. 357., by his wife callc<i Thebe 
whose room he carefully searched every night 
fearful of some dagger that might le conceal 
to take av.ay his life. Vu: de Juv. 2, 49. de (j 



ALE 



£6 



ALG 



2. 9.— Tn'. Mar. P, YS.—Plut. et C. Xrp. v, Pelop. 
-y-ai.i, (j, o.-/>«.d. 10 et 16.— i« 3-21. 

Severus, a Roman emjeror. l^.d. i>e- 

\ e.-us. 

Alexandra, Ihe name of some quoens of Ju- 
da>a, mei'.tioned by Jose].hiis. A nurse of Isero 
^•t:./, 171 N.r. 60. 

Alkxanuri aB^, tlie boundaries, according 
to some, of Alexander's victories, near tbe Tanais, 
P.i.*. 6, 16. 

Alexandria, the name of several cities 
wliich were founded by Alexander, during liis 
co::quests in Asia; the most famous are: — The 
caj.ital of Lower Egypt, situated on the shores of 
the Mediterranean,"between the lake Mairotis and 
the harbour formed by the isle of Phaios, about 
twelve miles west of the Canopic branch of ti.e 
Kile. It was buiJt E. C. 332, by Alexander, who 
intended it to be at cnce the seat of em j ire, i.nd 
tlie centre of the commerce of the world. The 
latter intention of the founder completely succeed- 
ed ; and during eighteen centuries, from the time 
of the Ptolemies till the discovery of the naviga- 
tion by the Cape of Good Kope, Alexandj ia was 
ths great mart for all the merchandise betAveen 
Europe and the East Indies, which was trans- 
ported from thence to Arsinoe, or Suez, at the top 
of the Red Sea, and so to India. Alexandria was 
famous, among other cvuiositics, for the large lib- 
rary which the pride or learning of the Ptolemies 
had collected there, at a vast expense, from all 
parts of the earth. This A'aluable repository, con- 
taining from seven to eight hundred thousand vo- 
lun.es, is said, but without any very positive 
proof, to have been destroyed by the Saracens, at 
tliC command of the caliph Omar, A. D. 642, and 
to have furnished fuel during six months to the 
4O00 baths which contributed to the health and 
convenience of the poj)ulous capital of Egyptt. 
Alexandria was likewise distingxiiihed for its 
schools, not only of theology and philosophy, but 
of physic, where once to have studied was a sufii- 
eient recommendation to distant coimtries. The 
astronomical school, founded by Philadelihus, 
maintained its superior reputation for ten centu- 
ries, till the time of the Saracens. Alexandi ia 
was peopled by 300,000 free citizens, and at least 
equal that number of slaves. The modern Alex- 
andria, called Scatidtria by the Turks, contains 

only 12,600 inhabitants. Curl. Sr^b. Fi.v. 

Another in Arachosia, on the river Arachotus. 
aow Sea ndt Tie i:f Arrokhaj^i'^ or Vmh nd. An- 
other in Aria, built on the river Arius, four miles 

in circuit. Isow Gorrc. Another necr the foot 

of the Paj'opamisus, and long the cenvrc of com- 
merce between Persia and India, It is thought 
by U'Anville to be the present Kandi.hi.r, An- 
other in Syria, called Alexandria ad Issum, on the 

Issic bay, now Aiexandrettn., or Incaudun on. 

Another in Sogdiana, built on the river Oxus, and 

surnamed by Ptolemy Oxiana. Now Knh. 

Alexandria Troas in Mysia, about eighteen miles 
south of the site of Troy. It was built by Anti- 
gonus, and from him hrst called Antigonia; but 
Lysiniachus, to -whom it afterwards devolved, 
tlianged its name in honotir of Alexander. In the 
war with Antiochus, it v.cs distinguished for its 
fidelity to the Romans, who conierred on it the 
same privileges as the cities of Italy enjoyed. 
During tlie reign of Augustus, it received a Ro- 
man colony, and became an illustrious city. It is 

now Exhi-Slmnli^u'. Alexandria Ultima, in 

Sii.jd.i.i;;<, built on the river Junaritcs or Sthon^ 
iiL'iir the n oderu Kodihend. i 



A J.FXAKDrIdt?, a Lacedaemonian who mar- 
ried Ills sistcj's daughter, by whom lie had Doiy- 

(u?, Leonidas, and Cleombrotus. A native of 

Delphi, of which he wrote a history. A native 

of Rliodes, who lived for some time at Alliens, 
where he distinguished himself by some comodios 
which obtained the apjdause of his contemporaj ics, 
some fragments of Avhich are preserved in Aihe- 
rtaus, 6. 8, 9, &c 

ALtXANDRlNA AQUA, baths in Rome, built by 
the emperor Alexander Severus. 

AlexandropoliS, a city cf Parthia, built l y 
Alexander the Great. PI u. 6, 5:5. 

AlEXAKOR, a son of jNTrxhaon, av1;o built n If m- 
pie to his grandfather ^-Esculapiuy, and rcceivod 
divine honoiu-s after death. Pnus. 2, 11, 

ALEXAECHUS, a Greek historian. 

ALIXas, of Laodicea, was recommended to V. 
Antony by Timagenes. He was the cause that 
Antony repudiated Octavia, to marry Cleop;.tro. 
Augustus punished him sev erely after the deleat of 
Antony. Plut. iw Anion. 

Alexia, or Alesia. nd. Alesia. 

AlexiCacuS, (from aXe^co, to drive away, and 
KaKoy evil,) a surname gi%-en to Apollo by the 
Athenians, on account of his having removed the 
dreadful pestilence under Avhich they groaned dur- 
ing the five years of the Peloponnesian war. 

Pavs. 8, 42. The same surname was applied lo 

Hercules, Avhose aid was said to be extended to 
those who besought it un/ler diseases, and who 
was venerated as the common protector of man- 
kind. Von: 6, 5. 

AlexInuS, a disciple of Eubulides the Mile- 
sian, famous for the acuteness of his genius and 
judgment, and for his fondness for contention and 
argumentation. He died of a wound he had re- 
ceived from a sharp-pointed reed, as he swam 
across the river A Ipheus. Dioff. in Euclid, 

Alexion a physician, intimate with Cicero. 
C.c. ad A:/. 13, '25. 

Alexippl's, a physician of Alexander. Plut, 
in Alex, 

Alexibazs, a son of Hercules by Hebe, born 
at the same birth with Anicetus. ApoUcd, 2, 7. 

A place of Bo^otia, where Alexiraes was bom, 

bears also this name. Pans. 9, 25. 

AlexieHOE. a daughter of the river Granicus. 
Ovid. Mf t, 11, 763. " " 

Alexis, a man of Samos, who endeavoured lo 
ascertain, by his writings, the borders of his coun- 
try.' A comic p<oet of Thurium in Italy, and 

either uncle or patron to Menander, lived about 
B. C. 363. He composed two hundred and forty- 
five plays, of which some few fragments remain. 

A servant of Asinius Pollio. -An ungroie- 

ful youth of whom a shejiherd is decj ly enamour- 
ed, in Virgil's Eel. 2. A statuavy, disci] le 

to Polycletcs, 87 Olymp. PUn. 34, 8. A 

school fellow of Atticus. Cic. ad Jltic. 7, 2. 

Alexon, a native of ilyndos, Avho vroto fa- 
bles. Dio^. 

ALFA'iZRNA, a town of Campania, be_\oi.J 
mount Vesuvius. 

P, Alfems Varus, a native of CroBiona, 
who, by the force of his genius and his applicaiii n, 
raised himself from his original profession of a 
cobbler, to offices of trust at iiome, and at k st be- 
came consul. He flourished about A. U. C. <64. 
Horar. Sal. 1, 3, ISU. 

AlgIdUiM, a town of Latium near Tnscvlum, 
about twelve miles from Ronie. TJiere is a n.i.i.n- 
tain of the same name in the neighboiuliood. fJo' 
rat. Od. \, 21. 



i Aliatmok. Vil. Kaliacmo-. 
! Alia KT us. Vid. Kaliartus. 

AxJcis, a town of Laconia. A tribe of 

I Athens. Sm,b. 

j Ar.iENUS CiEClNA, a qujestor in Boeotia, ap- 
I f oin:ed, for his services, commander of a legion \\\ 
■ ermany, by Galba» The emperor disgraced him 
for his bad conduct, for which he raised commo- 
tions in the empire. Tacit. His/. 1, 52. 

Alifm, Alifa, or Alipha, a town of Samnium, 
near the river Vulturnus, famous for its manufac- 
ture of pottery. It is now Aliji. L,v. 8, 25.~Hur. 
Sat. 2, 8, 39. 
Alilv'EI, a people of Arabia Felix. 
Alimentus, C. an historian inth^ second Pmiic 
war, who wrote in Greek an account of Annibal, 
besides a tre.itise on military afl'airs. Liv. 21 et iJO. 
I AlinDvS;, a town of Caria. Airian. 

Aliph£ria, a town of Arcadia, situated on a 
lofty hill, about eight miles south of Herasa. The 
! strength of its position made it a valuable acquisi- 
j tion to the Eleans, who became possessed of it 
I when the inhabitants were transferred to Megalo- 
polis, on the foundation of that city. It was,Uiow- 
j ever, taken from them during tlie social war by 
Philip, king of Macedon. The site of Aliferia 
probably corresponds witb that of Nerovifza. Pu- 
ly!>. 4, n.-Pau,. 8, 26 —Lit;. 28, 8. 32, 5. 

ALIRKOTHIUS, a son of Neptune. Hearing 
that his fath er had been defeated by Minerva, in 
his dispute about giving a name to Athens, he 
went to tlie citadel, and endeavoured to cut down 
the olive, which had sprung from the ground, and 
given the victory to M inerva ; but in the attem.pt 
he missed his aim, and cut his own legs so severe- 
ly that he instantly ex}iied. Sarvius in Viig. G. 
I 1, 18. 

i T. Allkdius Skvf.KUS, a Roman knight, who 
; married his brother's daughter to ];iease Agrip- 

I pina. A noted glutton in Domitiau's reign. 

1 Juv. 5, 118. 

Alma, a river of Italy, descending from th ; 
bills of C'lustuminum, and tiowing into the Tiber 
a little above Rome. On its banks the Romans 
were defeated by the Gauls under Brennus, July 
17th, B. C. b87. Pl-if- in Camil!.—Liv. 5, 37.— 
F:or. 1, 13._Ftri; . Mn. 7, 717.— Ovid. Art. Am. 
1, 413. 

Alliencs, a prajtor of Sicily, under Cassai". 
Hir '. Afr 'c. 'I. 

ALLr)BKr;GES, a warlike nation of Gallia, who 
dwelt near the Khodanus, in that part of the coun- 
try now called Savoy^ Dauphii,^^ and Picdmon'. 
The Rom.ans destroyed their city, because they 
had assisted Ha.nniba]. Their ambassadors were 
allured by great promises to join in Catiline's con- 
spiracy against his country ; but tliey scorned the 
offers, and discovered the plot. Strah. 4. — Taci'. 
Hist, 1, 6Q.-Sallust. in Ju;;. JieiK—Cic. in 
Cot. 3. 

AllobrogTcus, a surname given to Fabius 
Maxinius, for having conquered the Allobroges. 
Jitv. 8, 13.— Ta . MuT. 3, 5. 6, 9. 

Allobryges, a people of Gaul, suppos^ed to be 
the same as the Allobroges. Po/?^'>. 30, 56. 

Allo TRTOKS, a nation in the southern parts of 
Spain. Sirah. 2. 

AllutiU-'^, a prince of the Celtiberi, to whom 
Scipio restored the beaut. uil princess he had taken 
in battle. 

Almo, a small liver near Rome, fillingir.to tl a 
Tiber, in which the statue of Cybele was annual iy 
wash.Hl on the 2.5th of .March. Now Aqu:: S:ni'-. 
Ovii. Fiut. 1, 3.,7.-it«;:(/;. 1, 600.— iVur.'. 3, .7. 



[ Almon. the eldest of ihe sons ofTyrrlilu?. Ha 
was the first Rutulian killed by the Trojans ; and 
from the skirmish which happened before and after 
l;is death, arose the enmities which ended in the 
fall of Turnus. Fir^. Mn. 7, 532. 

Aloa, festivals at Athens in honour of Bacchus 
and Ceres, by whose beneficence the husbandmen 
received the recompense of their labours. The 
oblations were the truits of the eavtli. Ceres has 
been called, from this, Aloas and Alois. 

ALOE US, a giant, son of Titan and Terra. He 
married Iplumffdia, by whom Neptune had two 
sous, Othus andEphiaitus. Aloeus educated them 
as his own, and from that circumstance they have 
been called Aloides. They made war against tiie 
gods, and were killed by Apollo and Diana. TiiCy 
grew up nine inches every month, and were oi;iy 
nine years old when they undertook their war 
They built the town of A sera, at tlie foot of n-i0u;:t 
Helicon. Paui. 9, 29 Vir-r. ^JSn. 6, 582. -Ho- 
mer. II. 5, 385. Odij^i. 1 1, 305, 

Aloidks, and AloID.e, the sons of Aiocus. 
Vid. Aloeus. 

ALfiPE, daughter of Cercyon king of Eleusis, 
hod a child by Neptune, whom she exposed in V.q 
woods, covered with a piece of her gown. Tlie 
child was preserved, and carried to Alojje's father, 
who, upon knowing the gOM'^n, ordered his daugh- 
ter to be put to death. Neptune, who could not 
save his mistress, changed her into a fountain. 
The. child, called Hippothoon, was preserved by 
some shepherds, and placed by Theseus upon liLs 
grandfather s throne. Pans. 1, 5 et 39,— //vi' 

157. One of the Harpies, n^iriu. 14.— ^A 

town of Thessaly. Plh: 4, 7.— Humer. H. 2, 63?. 

Another of Locris in Greece. L v, 42, 56. 

Alop^cE, an island in the Palus Mffioli-. 

S'rub. AnotliT in the Cimmerian Eosphorus. 

Plin. 4, 12. Another in the iEgean sea, oppo- 
site Smyrna. Jd. 5, 51. 

Alopeces, a small village of Attica, where v.'as 
the tomb of Anchimolius, whom the Spartans had 
sent to deliver Athens from the tyranny of the 
Pisistratidae. Socrates and Aristides were born 
there, ^schin. cuntra Timnrch. — H rod. 5, 64- 

Alofeconne.SUS, a town of the Thracian Chor- 
sonnesus. It was taken by Philip, king of Mace- 
don, towards the commencement of liis wars v. ilh 
the Romans. It is now AL-xi. Liv. 31, 16. 

AlopxU-^, a son of Hercules and Antiope. 
ApoUod. 

A LOS, or Halos, a town of Phtliiotis in Thessa- 
ly, washed by the river Amphrysus. it containci-l 
a temple sacred to Jupiter Laphystius. S.rai. y, 

—Pliu. 4, 7 H>-.od. y, PIG. 

Alotia. festivals in Arcadia, in commemora- 
tion of a victory gained over Lacedainiou by the 
Arcadians. 

ALPE^'US, the cnpital of Locris, to the north of 
Thermopylae, //.•?> orf. 7, 176, &c. 

Alpes, a celebriited chain o' mountains, divid- 
ing Italia f om Gallia, Helvetia, and Gerniania. 
It extends, in the form of a crescent, from Viida 
Sabatia, or Savona^ at the bottom of the Gulf of 
Genoa, to the Sinus Flanaticus, or Gulf of (J r- 
niiro, in the Adriatic sea. The name seems to be 
derived citlier from the Celtic word a j*, den<iti".g 
a mountc'iln; or from the Latin a>btis. si'.Tiiiyi:;f^ 
Vv^hite, the summits of the mountains l-ei:;.; always 
covered witii snow. The ler.gth of tlie . hain i-; 
coiiipuied at fiUO British miles. It l:;.s been -J:- 
vidod by bct'i jn^rient and m'>dern gf-n-i .; 
into seve.-ai porlions, to eacii of wiiirli a (ii.sli'ift 
i api-cllatioa ha^; been given. Ti;ey are, t. Aivi's 



ALP 



38 



ALT 



Maritimae, the Maritime Alps, so call d from their 
vicinity to the Mediterranean, stretcliiiig from the 
environs of >i icaca, now Nicp^ to mount Vesulus 
now F isu. 2. Alpes Cottias, the Couian Alps,' 
now mount Genevre, extending from mount Fifi to 
mount C'i/iis. They derived their name from Cot- 
tius, a Gallic prince, who was protected by Augus- 
tus. It is generally supposed that Hannibal pass- 
ed over the Cottian Alps in his way to Italy. Tlie 
manner in which he levelled some of the most 
inaccessible heights rests entirely on the authority 
of Livy and Juvenal. 5. Alpes Graiae, the Gre- 
cian Alps, now the Li tile St Bernard, lying be- 
tween moiuit Cenis and the Great St Bernard. 
The name is taken from Hercules, who, with his 
Grecian followers, passed this way from Spain 
into Italy. 4. Alpes Penninas, the Pennine Alps, 
deriving their name from the Celtic term ppn, a 
summit, and reaching from the Great St B&rnard to 
the souixes of the Rhone and Rhine. There are 
two passes over the Pennine Alps ; by one of 
v.-hich Constantius marched his ai-my against the 
Alemanni, and by the other, which is over mount 
Simplou^ Buonapaite invaded Italy. 5. Alpes 
Rhceticse, the Rhaetian Alps, so named from their 
situation in Rhastia, extending from the St Go- 
ihard, to mount Brenner in the Tyrol. 6. Alpes 
Noricae, the Noric Alps, taking their name from 
Noricum, and proceeding from mount Brenner to 
the head of the river Plavis or Piavp. 7. Alpes 
Juliae, the Julian Alps, so called from the road 
made across them by Julius Cffisar, terminating 
in mount Albius in the confines of Illyricum. 
The Alps were inhabited by numerous and savage 
clans, v\ ]n were unsiibdued till the age of Augus- 
tus, who, to eternise the victory he Jiad obtained 
over them, erected a pillar in their territory. 

Sirab. 4 et 5.—Liv. 21, 65 et 38 Juv. 10, 151.- 

Hurat. Sal. 2, 5, 41.—Luca)i. 1, 183 Taai. Hist. 

5, 53. 

Alpheia, a surname of Diana in Eiis. It was 
given her v.-hen tlie river Alpheus endeavoured to 
ravish her without success. Pans. 6, 22. A sur- 
name of the nymph Arethusa, because loved by 
the Alpheus. Uvid. Met. 5, 487 , 

A LP HEN OK, one of Niobe's sons. Ovid. Met. 

6, 6. 

AlPHENUS. Fi f/. Alfenus. 

AlphesibceAj daughter of the river Phlegeus, 
married Alcmseon, son of Amphiaraus.who had lied 
to her father's court after the murder of his mo- 
ther. [Vid. Alcmjeon.] She received as a bri- 
dal present, the famous necklace which Polynices 
liad given to Eriphyle to induce her to betray her 
liusband Amphiaraus. Alcmason, being persecut- 
ed by the manes of his mother, left his wife by or- 
der of the oracle, and retired near the Ache- 
lous, whose daughter Callirhoe he married. Cal- 
lirhoe had two sons by him, and begged of him as 
a present the necklace, which was then in the 
hands of Alphesiboea. He endeavoured to obtain 
it, and was killed by Temenus and Axion, Alphe- 
siboea's brothers who thus revenged their sister, 
who had been so innocently abandoned. Uvgin. 
2'i4.-Prnp,rt. 1, 15, \5.—Pavs. 8, 24. 

ALPHESIBGEUS, a shepherd, often mentioned 
in Virgil's eclogues. 

ALPHtt'S, a famous river of Peloponnesus, 
which rises in Arcadia, and, after passing th»-ough 
Elis, falls into the Ionian sea below Olympia. 
Tiie god of this river fell in love Avith the nymi>h 
Arc(husa, and puismd lier till she was changed 
into a fountain by Diann. The fountain Arethusa 
is .a Ortygia, a small island near Syracuse; and 



the ancients affirm, that the river Alpheus passes 
under the sea from Peloponnesus, and without 
mingling itself with the salt waters, rises again .n 
Ortygia, and joins the stream of Arethusa. If 
any thing is thrown into the Alpheus in Elis, ac- 
cording to their traditions, it v,-)ll re-appear, after j 
some time, swimming on the waters of Arethusa 
near Sicily. Hercules made use of the Alpheus 
to clean the stables of Augias. The modern name ' 

of Alpheus is Rouphia. Virg. ^n. 3, 694 Ovi:'. ■ 

M t. 5, \\]—Lucan. 3, 176 Stat. Theb. 1 et 4 

Mehi 2, 7.— Pai<s. 5, 7. 6, 21.— MarcdUn. tio.— • 
Piin. 2, 103. " 

Alphius, or Ai.feus, a celebrated usurer, rid:- ' 
culed in Horn/. Epod. 2. ^ 

Alphius Avitus, a Latin poet, who flourish- ' 
ed in the third century. He wrote the lives of 
eminent men, and the history of the Carthaginian 
war, in verse. Only a few lines of his poetry re- f: 
main, which may be found in the Corpus Poeta- r 

AlpInUS, belonging to the Alps. rirg-. Mn. ^ 
4, 442. 1 

ALPINUS, (CobneliuS), a contemptible poet, V 
whom Horace ridicules for the nwkwai-d manner 
in which he introduces the death of 3Iemnon in a 
tragedy, and the pitiful style with which he de- ' 
scribes the Rhine, in an epic poem, which he had ' 
attempted on the wars in Germany. Horat. Sat. j 

1, 10, 3t). Julius, one of the chiefs of the [ 

Helvetii. Tacit. Uis/. 1, 68. i\ 

Alpis, a small river falling into the Danube. ' 
Hcrcd. 4, 29. 

Alsium, a maritime town of Etrnria, upwards 
of twenty miles west of Rome, now the village of 
Pale. Sil. Ital. 8, 476. _ i , 

AlsUS, a river of Achaia in Peloponnesus, |' 

flowing from mount Sipylus. Pens. 7, 27. A I' 

shepherd during the Rutulian wai's. Virg. ^n, H 
12, 304. 

Alth.i;a, daughter of Thestius and Eurythe- 
mis, married CEneus king of Calydon, by whom 
she had many childi-en, among whom, was Melea- 
ger. When Althaea brought forth Meleager, the \ 
Parcas placed a log of wood in the fire, and said 
that as long as it was preserved, so long would I i 
the life of the child just born be prolonged. The 
mother saved the wood from the flames, and kept j 
it very carefully, but when jMeleager killed his I 
two uncles, Altha;a's Drothers, Althaea, to revenge j' 
their death, threw the log into the fire, and as ' 
soon as it was burnt, Meleager expired. She was 
aftem-ards so sorry for the death which she had f 
caused, that she killed herself, luiable to stuvive r 
her son. [Vid. Meleager.] O.id. Met. 8, 4.— \ 

Honvr. li. 9 Paus. 8, 45. 10, 31.— ^poliud. ' 

1, 8. I~ 

Alth^mSkes, a son of Creteus king of Crete. | 
Hearing that either he or his brothers were to be ' 
their father's murderer, he fled to Rhodes, where j 
he made a settlement, to avoid becoming a parri- i 
cide. After the death of all his other sons, Cre- [ 
tens went after his son Althaemenes ; wlien he | 
landed inRhodes,the irihabitants attacked him, sup- 
posing him to be an enemy, and he was killed by '' 
the hand of his own son. "When Allha;mcncs 
knew that he had killed his f.nther, ho entre;,ted _ 
the gods to remove him, and the earth inimedioU;- i' 
ly oi'cned and swaliowed him up. ^po /ud. 3, 2. I, 

ALTINU5I, now ^Itino, a flourishing city of j' 
Venetia, celfebratcd for its fine wool. Fiin. 3, IS. / 
—Marlial. 14, 25. j. 

Altis, a sacred grove round Jupiter's temple ct 
Ulympi,!, where the statues ot the victors at the 



ALT 



S9 



A MA 



jOIjmp'c games were generally placed. P w. 
5, 'M, &c. 

Ai.Tuy, a city of Peloponnesus. Xenoph. Hist. 
^ Grw: 

ALUNTILM, a town of Sicily. Plin. 3. 8.— 
i in V^TT. 4. 

I itLUS, ALU US, and Haltjs, a village of Arca- 
: dia, called also the temple of jSIsculapius. Puus. 
8, 25. 

j . ■ Aluta, now Alty a river of Dacia, which runs 
into the Danube. 

I Alyattks, a king of Lydia, succeeded his fa- 
ither Sardyattes, B. C.i 619. He prosecuted, for 
jisome years, the war begun by his father with the 
j Milesians; but was through a stratagem of their 
I ing induced to make peace with them. He also 
j ngaged in a war with Cyaxares, king of the 
' IMedcs, which continued five years, and was attend- 
ed with various success. He then drove the Cim- 
I merians out of Asia, possessed himself of Smyrna, 
; and invaded Clazomerae. Alyattes dying after a 
I reign of fifty-seven years, was buried near Sardis, 
I where his sepulchre still remains. An eclipse of 
! the sun terminated a battle between this monarch 
and Cyaxares. Herod. 1, 16, 17, 103. 
; ALVBA, •■ country near Rlysia. Homer. I!. 2. 
' Alycea, a town of Arcadia. Paw:. 8, 27. 
Alyc^US, son of Sciron, was killed by The- 
seus. A place in Megara received its name from 
him. Plvt. in Thes. 

Alymon, the husband of Circe. 
Alyssus, a fountain of Arcadia, whose -waters 
were said to cure hydrophobia. Pai4s. 8, 19. 

ALYXOTHOE, or Alexirhoe, daughter of 
Dymus, was mother of ^sacus by Priam. Ovid. 
J\Je>. 11, 763. 

Alyzia, a town of Acarnania, on the western 
mouth of the Achelous, opposite the Echinades. 
I C,c. ad Fom. 16, 2. 

AmadOCUS, a king of Thrace, defeated by his 
• antagonist Seuthes. Aristot. b. Polit. 10. 

Amafinius, a Roman, who first taught among 
his countrymen the tenets of Epicurus, which he 
saw embraced with avidity. Cic. Tusc. 4, 3. 

Ajmage, a queen of Sarmatia, remarkable for 
her justice and fortitude. Po'ycBn. 8, 56. 

Amalth^A, daughter of Melissus king of 
Crete, fed Jupiter with goat's milk. Hence some 
authors have called her a goat, and have main- 
tained that Jupiter, to reward her kindnesses, 
placed her in heaven as a constellation, and 
gave one of her horns to the nymphs who had 
taken care of his infant years. This horn was 
called the horn of plenty, and had the power 
to give the nymphs whatever they desired. Diod. 
3, 4, et 5.— Ovid. Fait. 5, U^.Strab. IQ.—Hygin. 

lo9.-Paus. 7, 26. A Sibyl of Cumae, called 

also Hierophile and Demophile. She is supposed 
to be the same who brought nine books of prophe- 
cies to Tarquin king of Rome, &c. Varru. — Ti- 
bull. 2, 5, 67. [F/ri. SibylliE.] 

Amaltheum, a public place which Atticus 
had opened in his country-house called Amalthea, 
in Epirus, and provided with every thing which 
could furnish entertainment and convey instruc- 
tion. Cic. ad Attic. 1, 13. 

Amana, or AmAnus, now Almada^., a branch 
of mount Taurus, which separates Syria from Cili- 
cia. Cic. ad Fc.m. 2, 10. -Ad Alt. 5, 10. . 

Cn. Sal. Amandus, a rebel general under 
Dioclesian, who assumed imperial honours, and 
was at last coi quered by Dioclesian's col- 

AMANJCiE Py Li^s, a defile or pasj thrgugh 



Amana, by which Darius penetrated into Cillcia, 
at a greater distance from the sea than the Pylae 
Syriae, through which Alexander the Great enter- 
ed Syria. Cur/. 3, i.—Arrian. 2. — Plut. in 
Alex. 

Amantes, or Amantini, a people of Illyri- 
cum, descended from the Abantes of Phocis. 
CaUimach. 

Amantia, a town on the coast of Illyricum. 
Cic. Phil. 11, n.—Cccs. C.v. 3, 40. 

AmAnup, one of the deities worshipped in Per- 
sia, supposed to be the sun. Strab. 11. 

AmabACUS, an officer of Cinyras, changed in- 
to marjoram. Servius in ^n. 1, 697. 

Amakdi, a Tartar horde from Bactriana, who 
dwelt on the south coast of the Caspian Sea, in 
the territory called after them Masaudcren. Meh\. 
], 3. 

Amartus, a city of Greece. Hvmer. Hymn. i» 
Apoli. 

Amaryllis, the name of a country-woman in 
Virgil's eclogues. Some commentators have sup- 
posed, that the poet spoke of Rome under this fic- 
titious appellation. 

Amahywceus, a king of the Epeans, buried 
at Buprasium. Strab. 8.~Paus. i. 

Amarynthus, a village of Euboea, whence 
Diana is called Amarysia, and her festivals in 
that town Amarynthia. Euboea is sometimes 
called Amarynthus. Pans. 1, 31. 

Amas, a mountain of Laconia. Paus. 3. 

AwASENUS, a small river of Latium falling 
into the Tyrrliene sea. Now Amasem. Virg. 
J£7i. 7, 685. 

Amasia, a city of Pontus, where Mithridates 
the great, and Strabo the geographer, were born. 

Now Amasyuh. Sirah. 12.— PU". 6, 3. A 

river of Germany, flawing into the German ocear, 
now the Ems. Mela. 3, S.—PUn. 4, l4.~Tucu. 
Ann. 1, 60 et 63. 

Amasis, king of Egypt, began to reign B. C. 
569. He was at first contemned by his subjects on 
account of his low origin ; but he removed their 
absurd prejud.ces by the following device. He 
caused the statue of a divinity to be formed out of 
a golden vessel in which he was accustomed to 
wash his feet; and when he found that it had be- 
come an object of general adoration, he assembled 
the Egyptians, and told them, that if they worship- 
ped that which had been formerly destined to mean 
uses, because it bore the impress of a deity, so they 
ought to reverence him, though he had formerly 
filled an obscure place among them. He greatly 
improved and beautified the country of Egypt; 
and built many magnificent temples, especially at 
Sais, the place of his birth. He made a law, that 
every person, on pain of death, should annually 
state, Defore a magistrate, what was his employ- 
ment, and how he subsisted. He proved very 
friendly to the Greeks ; and is said, like his con- 
temporary Croesus, to have received a visit from 
Solon. Amasis reigned forty-four years, and was 
loved and respected by his subjects. He died in 
the t me of Cam.bysea, B. C. 526. Hfrod. 1, 2, 3. 
A man who led the Persians against the in- 
habitants of Barce. Herod. 4, 201, &c. 

Amastra, or Amestbatos, a town of Sicily. 
S,/. 14, 267 Cie. in Vfrr. 3, 39. 5, 51. 

Amastius, the wife of Dionysius the tyrant of 
Heraclea in Fontus, "svas sister to Darius whom 

Alexander conquered. Sirirb. Also, the wife 

of Xerxes king of Persia. [Vid. Amestris.] 

A city of Paphlagonia, on the Euxine sea, formerly 
Qahkll tieiuiium, and at present Amaitro, CalutU 



AM A 



A MB 



Amastru?, one of th-e tusiliiiri s cf Perse;. 
i.st xEctes king cf Colchis, kiJied by Argus, 

EO.i cf Fiiryxus. I-'^ucc. 6, ji:. A frisiid of 

^■necis, killed by Camilla in the Raiulian v/ar. 
V',ii . 11, 673. 

Amata, the wife of king Latinus. She had 
betrothed her daughter Lav.nia to Turiius, beiorc 
the arrival of jEneas iu Italy. She zealously 
favoured the ir.terest of Turnus •, aud v. lien her 
daughter was given in marriage to ^-Encas, she 
Jiung herself to avoid the sij-lit of her son-in-law. 
r^rg. 7, &c. 

A4IATHUS ), a City on the sou ' e.n 

side 0* tiie island of CVi^ais, j^articularly dedicat- 
ed to Venus The island is sometimes called 
AmatLusia. Amathva is i.ov,- named Li nmcsol^ or 
Ltnuu-s'dAnti a. Vi fr. jS. .. 10, il—Ptol 5, H. 

AM '. XAMPEl'S, a fountain of Soythia, v.-hosa 
wat rs embitter the stream of the river Hi-panid. 
H^ro 4, 52. 

AmaXIA, a (own of Cilicia. abounding with 
wood for ship buildinsr. P// 5, )^.-S r b 14. 

Amaze or Maz2NES, a prince rftae island 
Oaractus, who sailed for some liine with the Ma- 
ce4onir.ns 4'ni earchus, in Alexander's expedition 
into the east. Ar-:i>n,. in Indie. 

AwAZ '^XES, or AMAZOxIdeS, a nation of fa- 
mous women who lived near the river Thermodon 
in Cappadocia. All their life was employed in 
wars and manly exercises. They never had any 
commerce with the other sex ; but, only for the 
sake of propagation, they visited the inhabitants 
of the ;ieignbouring country for a few days, and 
the male children which they brought forth 
v.-ere, according to Q. Curtius and Philostratus, 
j;iven to the fathers. According to Justin, they 
were strangled as soon as born; and Diodorus says, 
that they maimed them, and distorted their limbs. 
T;.e females were carefully educated with their 
mnthers, in the labours of the field; their right 
breast was burnt oft', that they migiit hurl a jave- 
lin witli more force, and miike a better use cf the 
bow ; from that circumstance, therefore, their 
riame is derived (a i.on, f^aZa jnasnnia). They 
founded an extensive empire in Asia Minor, along 
the shores of the Euxine, and near the Thermo- 
don, Thoy were defeated in a battle near the 
Thermodon, by the Greeks ; and some cf them 
migrated beyond the Tanais, and extended their 
territories as far as the Caspian sea. Themyscyra 
was the most capital of their to%vns. Smyrna, 
P'lagY.esia, Thyatira, and Ephesus, according to 
ome authors, were built tiy them. Diodorus 
mentions a nation of Amazons in Africa, more an- 
cient than those of Asia. Someautho. s. among 
v/hom is Strabo, deny the existence of ihe Ama- 
zons, but Justin and Diodorus particularly suppo.'-t 
it: aid (he latter says, that Penthesilia, one of 
their queens, came to the Trojan war on the side 
of Priam, and that she was killed by Achilles, and 
from that time the glory and character of the 
AnuiZ^'ns gradually decayed, and was totally for- 
FOtts- . The Amazons of Africa flourished" lontr 
before the Trojf.n war, and many of their actions 
Jirve been attributed to those of Asia. It is said. 
ihdi after they had almost subdued all Asia, they 
inv.'^ded Attica, and were conquered by Theseus. 
T;.f ir most famous actions were their expedition 
ar:ri st Priam, and aflerwards the assistanc; they 
ear:- i^im during tiie Trojan war; and their inva- 
sion of Attica, to punish Theseus, who had carried 
away Antir>]e. one of their queens. They were 
also conr-uered by Eelleropfion and Hercules. 
Among their queens, Kippclyte, Antioje, Lam- 



peto, Marjes:;', & c. are famous. Curfus s; ys, 
that Thaiifiiris, one of the r queens, came to Alex- 
ander whilst he was pursuing his conquests in 
Asia, for the sake of raising cliildren from a nu.n 
of such military reputation; and that, after she 
had remained thirteen da3-s with him, s:;e retired 
into her country. Tiie Amazons were such e^j crt 
archers, that, to denote the goodness of a Lovi- or- 
quiver, it was usual to call it Amazonian. F rg. 

^n. 5, i,ll.-Joniand. de R t. G>t. 7 FhiUi, r. 

Jco^. 2, 5.—Juslin. £, 1 r.,r'. 6, 5 Piiii. 6, 7. 

1'!, 8. cO, o.—Htrod. 4, Ui}.-St7aj, II.— Diu,:. 

ApoUod. ^ 3 «i 5 Hyi;i . 14 e li;3. 

Amazonia, a celebrated mistress cf the empe- 
ror Comraodus. The ccunuy of ihe Amazons, 

near the Caspian sea. 

AniAZOKiL'M, a jlace in Attica, where The- 
sens obtained a victory over the Amazons. 

A31.. L a sui-name ol' Apollo at Lacedae- 
mon. 

Ambaep.1, a people of Gallia Celtica, who 
lived on the river Arar, a little north of its junc- 
tion v>ith the Rhodanus. CcBi. Be .'. G. 1, 11, 

AmbA-RV'ALIa, sacred rites in honour of Ceres, 
performed before the beginning of har\-est. Ti.e 
Fralres ylmhirvales, called also J'Vnles^ twelve in 
number, offered up on this occasion sacrifices fi i 
the fertility of' the ground, which were termr^d 
S'icra Ambarvalic^ because the victim was carried 
round the fields, ( rva awii^bat). The cou-.try 
people followed, crowned with garlands of oak 
leaves, and celebrating the praises of the goddess, 
to whom they n.ade libations of honey diluted 
with milk and wine. Virg. Gtorg. 1, 339 l: cAj. 
Macr .L. 3, 5. 

A:viBi:xus, a mountain cf European Sarmali '. 
Fiacc. 6, 85. 

Ambialites, a people of Gallia Celtica. Ca\ 
Be l. G. 3, 9. 

Ameiam, a nation of Gaul, living along the 
river Samara. Their chief city Samorobriva, Avas 
afterwards called Ambianum, now Amiens, The 
Ambiani conspired against Julius Caesar, C'ff*. 
BeU. G. 2, 4. 

AA'BiatINL'M, a village of Germany, where 
the emperor Caligula was born. Suttv.-. iu 6'... 
8. 

AmbigatU-S, a king of the Celtjs, in the time 
of Tarquinius Priscus. Seeing the great popula- 
tion of his country, he sent his two nephews, Si- 
govesus and Eellovesus, with two colonics, in 
quest of new settlements; the former towards the 
Hercynian woods, and the other towards Italy. 
Liv. 5, 34, &c. 

AlvJBIORlx, a king of one half of the I'beronos 
in Gaul, Cativolc.us being king of the other half. 
He was a great enemy to Rome, and dist ngui.-hod 
himself much in the battles which he fcuvi.t 
against her generals. He was at last killed in a i 
battle with Julius Caesar, and fiiaOOO cf his coi n- I 
trymen shared his fate. Cl<: . B il. G. 5. ii t; 2Q. I 
6, 30. ■ I, 

AmbiviL'S, a man mentioned by C> -o d'- - 

nsc'. Turpio, a comic actor, wliO rojrcs nled 

some of the cliaracters in the pi. ys of Terence. 

AjiBLADA, a tovni of Pisidie. S!u:b. 

Ambracia, a city of Thresprotia, in Epirus, j 
situated on the- river Arachthus or Arathcn, now 
Aria. It is said to have been founded by seme! 
Corinthians headed by Gorges, who was either, 
the brother or the son of Cypselus, chief of Co- 
rinth, though other traditions na.vo represented it 
as already existing long bcf.'re Ihi.t peri(.il. It , 



; AMB 4< 

vras of a tolerable size, and had an excellent port. 
I It appears also, from the various sieges it uritier- 

went, to have possessed considerable strength. 
; It was the royal residence of Pyrrhus, who waged 
I war with the Romans. _ Augustus, after the bat- 
I tie of Actium, called it Nicopolis, in honour of" 
■ his victory. Mda 2, 3.— P4n. ^r, I.— Strab. IQ. 

Ambracius Sinus, a bay of the Ionian sea, 
j near Ambracia, about three hundred stadia long, 
I very narrow at the entrance, but inland near one 
! hundred stadia in breadth. It appears to have 

abounded with every kind offish. It is now called 

j the gulf of yJria. Polyb. 4, m.—jMela 2, 3 

! Fo ; 4, U.—Stmb. 10. 

I AmbkAcus, a fortress near Ambracia, now 
i called Veio Casiro. Polyb. 4, 63. 

AaiBKr, an Indian nation. Justin. 12, 9. 
I Ambronks, a people of Gaul, who lost their 
I possessions by an overflowing of the sea, and af- 
! terwards lived by rapine and plunder. They as- 
! sisted the Cimbri and Teutones in their invasion 
; of the Roman territories. They were conquered 
I by Caius Marius. Plttt. in Maria. 

AmbrSsia, festivals celebrated in honour of 
I Bacchus, in particular cities of Greece. They an- 
swered to the Brumalia of the Romans. One 

of the daughters of Atlas, changed into a constel- 
lation after death. The food of the gods, in 

distinction from their drink, Avhich was called 
I nectar. The word signifies immortal, being com- 
! pounded of a not, and jSporos, mortal. It had the 
j power of giving immortality to all those who eat 
it. It was sweeter than honey, and of a most 
odoriferous smell; and it is said, that Berenice 
the wife of Ptolemy Soter, was saved from death 
I by eating ambrosia given her by Venus. Tithonus 
was made immortal by Aurora, by eating ambro- 
I sia; and in like manner Tantalus and Pelops, 
who, on account of their impiety had been driven 
i from heaven, and compelled to die upon earth. It 
;. had the power of healing wounds, and therefore 
Apollo, in Homer's Iliad, saves Sarpedon's body 
from putrefaction, by rubbing it with ambrosia; 
and Venus also heals the wounds of her son, ir. 
Virgil's ^neid, with it. The gods used generally 
to perfume their hair with ambrosia, as Juno when 
she adorned herself to captivate Jupiter, and 
Venus when she appeared to >.'Eneas. Homer. I/. 

1, 14, 16 et 2i.—Lucia'i. de De.a S^ria aduil. 100. 

—TUeorrit. Id. \5.-Virg. ^n. 1, 407. 12, 419.— 
Ovid. Met. 2 — Pmdar. Olymp. 1. 

AmbrosiUS, one of the fathers of the Christian 
church, was born about A. D. 340, probably at 
Treves, where his father resided as governor of 
Gaul. He devoted himself to the study of law, in 
which he became so distingiiished, tliat Anicius 
I'robus, prefect of Italy, first admitted him into 
his council, and afterwards appointed him gover- 
nor of Liguria, of which Milan was the capital, 
his mildness secured the love of the people, and 
the wisdom of his government tended greatly to 
promote their happiness. This state of prosperity 
was interrupted, however, by disturbances grow- 
ing out of the doctrines of Arius, and Ambrose 
was called to the bishopric of iVlilan; all parties 
uniting in the choice. He long refused to accept 
the dignity, but in vain. He fled by niglit, and 
thought himself on the way to Pavia, but unex- 
pectedly fuund himself again before the gates of 
I Milan. At length he yielded, received baptism, 
j for he had hitherto been only a catechumen, and, 
eight days after, was consecrated a priest. He 
I obtained great honour by his conduct as a bishop. 
He gave his jios sessions to the church and the 



[ AMI 

poor, reserving the interest during life, and gave 
himself up to the study of theology under the "gui- 
dance of Simplicianus. He abolished abuses, 
established greater ecclesiastical discipline, re- 
claimed heretics, and boldly opposed the illegal 
encroachments of imperial power. A remarkable 
instance of firmness was given in his excommuni- 
cation of the emperor Theodosius for the massacre 
at Tliessalonicaj whom at last with difticulty he ab- 
solved after a penance of eight months and a pub- 
lic humiliation. He died April 4th, A. D. 397, 
regretted by his people and glorying in his God. 
The best edition of his works is that of the Bene- 
dictines, 2 vols. fol. Paris, 1686-90. 

Am BR YON, a man who wrote the life of Theo- 
critus of Chios. Diog. 

AmbpySSUS, a city of Phocis, so called from a 
hero of tlie same name. It was situated in a coun- 
try abounding in a plant which produced a scarlet 
dye, by means of an insect which was bred in its 
berries. This city, having been destroyed by the 
Amphictyons, was rebuilt and fortified by the 
Thebans before the battle of Cheronsea. It was 
taken by T. Quintius Fiaminius in the Macedonian 
war. Its ruins are to be seen near the village of 
Dystomo. Pans. 10, 2,5 — Liv. 32, 18. 

AMiiUBAJ^, dissolute women of Syria, resem- 
bling the almas or daiicing giris of eastern nations, 
who were in the habit of attending tlie festivals 
and public assemblies of Rome as minstrels. They 
derive their name either from the Syriac word 
abub^ signifying a flute; or from aw, round, and 
Baits., the place which they generally frequented. 
Hurut. Sat. 1, 2.— in N.r. 27. 

Ambulli, a surname of Castor and Pollux, in 
Sparta. 

Ameles, a river of hell, whose waters no ves- 
sel could contain. Plw. d" Rf-p. ]0. 

Amenanus, a river of Sicily, near mount .^t- 
na, now JudieeUn, Sirab. 5. 

Amenides, a secretary of Darius tha last king 
of Persia. Alexander set him over the Arimaspi. 
Curl. 1,3. 

Amen T'CLES, a Corinthian, said to be the first 
Grecian that built a three-oared galley at Samos 
and Corinth. Tkucyd. 1, 13. 

Ameria, an ancient town of Umbria, south- 
west of Spoletum, where Sextus Roscius was 
born. Its low and moist vall^^ys were famous for 
the production of willows. 'Siioyf Amdia. Pliiu 
3, U.—Virg. G. 1, 265. 

Amestratus, a town of Sicily, near the Hal-- 
sus. It resisted the besieging army of the Romans 
seven months ; but was obliged to yield after a 
third siege, when the inhabitants were all sold for 
slaves, it is now Misiratta, in the l^al de Demo- 
na. Polyb. 1, 21. 

Amestris, queen of Persia, was wife to Xer- 
xes. She cruelly treated the mother of Artiante, 
her husband's mistress, and out oft' her nose, ears, 
Jips, breast, tongue, and eye-brows. She also 
buried alive fourteen noble Persian youths, to ap^ 
pease the deities under the earth. Herod. 7, 61. 

9, 111. A daughter of Oxyartes, wife to Lysi- 

machus. Diod. 20. 

Amida, a city of Mesopotamia, besieged and 
taken by Sapor, king of Persia. It was called Cou- 
stantia, in honour of the emperor Constanlius, 
who fortified it. It is now named Diaritk^r, or 
Cara-Ainid. Ammian. 19. 

Amii.caR, a Carthaginian general of great elo- 
quenco andcinming, snnianicd P.liodanus. When 
tlie Athcuiu IS weie afiaid of Alexander, Amilrar" 
went to his camp, gained his conlidence, and 



! 



AMI 



42 



AMM 



sscrotly Iransmiited an account of all his schemeB 

to^ Auieas. Irogiu 21, 6 A Ci^rtha^'inian, 

■R-hom the Syracusans called to their assfstance 
against the tyrant Agathocles, who besieged their 
ci;y. Amilcar soon after favoured the interest 
of Agathocles, for which he was accused at Car- 
thage. He died in Syracuse^ B. C. 309. Diod. 

20 — JusUn. 22, 2 et 3. A Carthaginian, sur- 

liamed Jiaicas, father to the celebvafed Annibal. 
lie was general in Sicily during the first Punic 
v. ar ; and after a peace had been made with the 
Ji MDuns, he quelled a rebellion of slaves, who had 
besieged Carthage, ai;d taken many towns of 
Afi ica, and rendered themselves so formidable to 
the Carthajjnians that ihey begged and obtained 
assistance from Rome. After this, he passed into 
Spain with his son Hannibal, who was but nine 
years of age, and laid the foundation of the town 
of Barcelona. He was killed in a battle asainst 
the Vettones, B. C. 237. He had formed the 
■pi --in of an invasion of Italy, by crossing the Alps, 
wiLich his son afterwards carried into execution. 
His great enm.ity to th; Romans was the cause 
of the second Punic war. He used to say of 
his three sons, that he kept three lions to devour 
the Roman power. C. Ntp. in f^it.—Llv. 21, 1. 

—Potyh. 2.—P.ut. in Annib. A Carthaginian 

general, who assisted the Insubres against Rome, 
and was taken by Cn. Cornenus. Ldv. 3'2, 50. 33, 

8 A son of irJanno, defeated in Sicily by Ge- 

lon, the same day that Xerxes was defeated at 
Salamis by Themistocles. He burnt himself, that 
liis body m'-'^iit not be found among the slain. 
^^ac^irice3 - c;e cneredtohim. H'r d. 7, iCo, 8cc. 

A>ii;.o?, or AmIlus, a river of JIaurltania, 
where the elephants go to wash themselves at th ■ 

new moon. FU'i. 8, 1. A town of Arcadia. 

Funs, in Arcad c. 

AmimCne. or AmyMwNE. a daughter of D:.- 
iisus, changed into a fountain v.-hicli is near Argrs, 
ana flows into the lake Lerna. 6v cJ. M^l, 2, 2M. 

AMlrt'EA, or Amminea, a part of Campaiiia, 
vrhere the inhabitants arc great liusbar.dmer!. Its 

wi.ie was highly esteemed. I'ir. . G. 2, f 7. 

A piace of Thessaly. 

AMIN.i^aS, a citizen of Athens, who bej-cn the 
bal-le at Salamis. He pursued Artemisia in her 
tii^ht, on v-hich account great praise was bestow- 
ed on him. Hf.ryl. 8, Si er 93. 

AMJ>"!AS, a fasious pirate, whom Anfigonus 
eriiployed aaainst Ar'oUodo.-us lyraiit of Cassan- 
diea. Pot'i^«. 4, 18.* 

AMiNiL'.^, a river of Arcadir. Pnus. 8, SO. 

A.^^l^•^''CLES5 a native of Corinth, v,-ho iiourish- 
ed 705 B. C. &c. 

Amiseka, a coimtry of Capradocia. Sir^ib. 12. 

^-.MiSENCS Sinus, a gi-if on the Euxine, adja- 
cent to the town of Amisus, and called atter its 
name. 

A3IISIA, a river of Germany falling into the 
German cc an. Now, the E-ns. 

AiHSlAS, a comic poet, whom Aristophanes 
ridiculed for his insipid verses. 

A.VIISSAS. an o^licor of Megalopolis in Alexan- 
di-r's Si-my. ' Curl. 10, 8. 

Ar.ilSLS, a city of Pontus, on the coast of the 
Euxine, ncrtb-west of the mouth of the river iris. 
It v/as founded by a colony of Mil-siiins and 
Athenians commixed, and was cr c-n.-iliv a free 
city of Greece, but fell to Pharnacsi, ki;-^" of Vov- 
tus, by conquest, and ulti:r;-i.". Romans, 
under the command O' Luc. • . known 

by tiie iiam-?- of Sams\i\, o.—Plirt. 
li-, 3. 



A.MITEP.KUM, a town cf Italy, where Sal- i 
lust was born. Its inhabitants assisted Turnus 
against iEneas. It was taken by the con- 
sul Sp. Carviiius. A, U. C. 459, and subsisted P 
until tlie quarrels of tlie tiuelphs and Gibeiiiiies. 
The ruins of this tovs-n are to be seen near Si Fit- 
to i:0. FiT^. ^u. 7, ll[i.—PLu. -6, b.-Liv. z-, 
45. 

AaiiTBiON, or AmythAcn, was f:ther to 
Melampus the famous prophet. Hi.i. Thcb. 3, 
451. 

AMr.lAC'HOSTUS,a promontory of Cypras, south- r 
west of S^alamis, now Famagvsla. |-' 

Ammalo, a festival in honour of Jupiter in r 
Greece. -j' 

Amm'ZKUS. Vid Marcel linus. 

A?.i>iON and Ka:.;:mo>', a name of Jupiter, I; 
worsliipped in Libya. He appeared under 'iie 
form of a ram to Hercules, or, according to others, r 
to Bacchus, who, witii his army, suffe.ed ihe 
g! eatest extremities for want of water, in the de- |; 
se ts of Africa, and showed him a fountain. Upon 
this, Bacchus erected a temple to his father, under 
the name of Jupiter Amraon, i. e. sandy^ with the 
horns oi a ram. The ram, according to some, was ^- 
mnde a constellation. The temple of Jupiter Am- 
mon v.-as.in the deserts of Libya, twelve days' * 
journey from Memphis. It had a famous oracl ', 
which, according to ancient tradition, v/as esfab- P 
lished about eighteen centuries before the time of • 
Augustus, by Iwo doves which fiew away from r 
Thebais in Egypt, and cam.e one to Dodona, and 
the other to Libya,, where the people were soon in- 
form.ed of their divine mission, Tiie oracle of 
Hammon was consulted by Hercules, Perseus, and 
others ; but wlien it pronounced Alexander to be 
tlie son of Jupiter, sucli flattery destroyed its long 
cs'.ablished reputation, and in the ag3 of Plutarch 
it was scarcely knovrn. The situation of the tem- 
ple Avas pleasant; and, according to Herodotus, 
there v. as' near it a fountain vrhose water was te- 
pid in the .morning, cool in the forenoon, extremely 
cold at mid- day, diminishing in coldness as the ' 
day declined, warm at sunset, and boiling hot at j 
mi'dnight. Browne discovered in 1792 the site of | 
rlie temple of Ammon, in a fertile spot called the • 
Oasis of Si-iak, situated in the midst of de- ' 
serts, five degrees nearly west from Cairo. In 
1798. HoiTieman discovered the foimtain. ia 
181S, Belzoni. visited the s; ot, and found the foun- ' i 
tain situated in the muddle of a beautiful v>'ood of .( 
palm tree?. He visited the fountain at noon, even- y 
ing, midnight, and morning. He had no thermo- , t* 
meter witii him, but judging from his feelings at 
these different periods, it might be 10" at noon,- 
60^ in the evening, 100'' rt m.idnight, and 80' in-. [; 
the morning. Piin. 6, 29.— Strao. 1. 11 et 17. — ^ 
Pi tt. cxir. Orac. edi dcnie ant ; ft in li d. — Cvrt. |; 
4, 7. 6, 10. 10, b.—Hstod. 1, 6. 2, 32 et 55. 4, 44 et r 
iSi— Pciw*. 3, 18. 4, 23.-~Hig u. lo3, Po f..-Js:r. - 

2, 20 J.^siin. i, 9. 11, 11. ^^A king of Libya, [; 

irither to Bacchus. He gave his nrme to the tem- 
pie of Hammon, acc rdiugt) Di'.d. 8 I. 

AM.%roN and BROiHAS. two brothers famous , 
for their skill in boxing. Oturf. 3/ 107. 

Ammoxia, a name of Juno in Ells Paus. 5, 
15. . u 

Ammonii, anatio-:Of ^f;'^.~. 'li: -rivod their { 
origin from the Egyj iians an - . Their ' 

language was a mi'xtu.e of i. . - people [ 

from whom they were desceu.'." J. i ' ■ ^ 4. ^ 

AMMONXUS, a; ei ipate;ic i-iiiio c; her at Atnoiis, ; 
Avho .flouiished iibout ,A . D. 6'i. ' Piuinrch, who 
was his pupil, mcikes .'Vc-^.-.ent me;. lion cfhim ia 



A MM 



AllV 



I bis v,-orks. Saccas, a ■•iiiiosoplier of the third 

I centisry, uud tlie ioiinder oi tiie eclectic sect. He 
v.T.s born of Christian parents, and, according to 
6 jme, continued tlirougii life to profess the Chris - 
ti.iii religion ; but PoiiDiiyry and olhei-s claim him 
as a convert to Paganism. He instituted a scliool 
:lI Alexandria to reconcile the discordant doctrines 
Oi Plato and Aristotle, and among his otiiei- 
c.uinent disciples were the elegant Longinus and 

t!.o profound Piotinus. He died A. D. 243. 

A peripatetic philosopher, son of Hermias, flour- 
is.'ifjd at Alexandria, at the beginning of the 6th 
j ceaturj-. He wrote commentaries on Aristotle 

Porphyry, which are still extant. ^A grani- 

i ua ian of Alexandria, liv^ed in the fourth tentui y. 

iiis treatise Ilepi Ofj-OLdif kui. ci-ncpopwv Xe'^eaiv^ on 

.^ords ofaimitur and of d>jfftre."i &i^iojicai:0uii^ was 
■ l imed at Venice in 1497. It is also annexed to 
.r-io] hen's Thesaurus, and to -Scapula's Lexicon. 

.-in AUieiiiau general sumamed iiarcas. Po- 

^ih. 3. 

A.MM0TH3A, one of the Nereides. Hesiod. 

! '/Vi-.o . 

_ A:m nias, a river of Bithynia. ^pj'''- 

A:\ini5ls, a port of Crete, south-east f:om 
GuoEsus, with a small ri%^er of the same name, 
near v. iiich llithyia had a temple. The nymplis 
were called Amuisiades or Amnisides. P.j«i. 1, 

18 —Homer. OJyis. 19, 187 VaU rn. in D a-,. 15. 

Amg-;b.sUS, an Athenian player • f great repu- 
tatioii, wiio sang at the nuptials of Demetrius and 
K icaia. F'lli^cEH. 4, 6. 
AMOMEXUS, a Greek historian. Plin. 6, 17. 
AiMuii, the son of Venus, was the god ciflove, 
F'id. Cup i do. 
Amokges, a Persian general killed in Car'a in 
I the reign of Xerxes. H^ruc. 5, 
] Amukgos, an island among the Cyclades. 
I v%'-here Simonides was born. It gave its name to 
] aijeculiar linen dress manuirctured in the isUuid. 
I Now Amor PO. Sirab, iO — S-fph. Byz. 

Ampe, a town situate on the Erythraean S3a, at 
the mouth of the Tigris. H'.rod. 6, 2D. 

AMPELUS, a promontory of Samos An- 
other of Macedonia, in the Torona:an gulf. A 

town of Crete, Liguria, and Cyrene. A 

favourite of Bacchus, son of a satyr and a nymph, 
who lived on the shores of the iiuphrates in Ar- 
menia. He was presented with a vine by the gx'd 
v. hose friendship he enjoyed, and some time after, 
while he amused himself in collecting the finest 
grapes from the branches, he fell down, and was 
killed on the spot. The god honoured his memory 
by placing him among the constellations. Ovid. 
l 3, 407. 

Ampelusia, a promontory of Ttlauritania, in 
^^frica, now Cap-. Sparii.l. Mda 1, 5 et 6. 

AaiPHJiA, a city of Messenia, taken by the 
Lacedfsmonians. Paus. 4, 5. 

Amphialaus, a famous dancer in the island 
of the Phaeacians. Honiftr. Od/jts. 8. 

AmphiAnax, a king of Lycia in the time of 
Acrisius and Proetus. ApoUod. 2, 2. 

Ami-hiaraTdes, a patronymic of Alcmaeon, 
I c i.eiug son of Amphiaraus. Ovtd. Fast. 2, 43. 
Ampuiaracs, son of Uicleus, or, according to 
ethers, of Apollo, by Hypermnestra, was at the 
cixiise of the Calydorfian boar, and accompanied 
UiQ Argonauts in their expedition. He was fa- 
nio s for his knowledge of futurity. He married 
t-rijihyle, the sister of Adrastus king of Argos, by 
v.hora ho had two sons, Alcmieon and Amphilo- 
thus. Wiien Adrasius, at tiie riifjuest of Poly- 



r.;CPs, df-clared war a:ra:n-t ThpL s. Am; liiarriis 
secreted himself, not t. accmj au v his Liuilier-i,.- 
law in an expedition m which he knev/ he was to 
perish. But Eriphyle, who knew v.here he had 
coi:cealed hiins,lf, was prevailed upon to betray 
him by Polynices, who gave her as a reward tor 
her perfidy, a famous golden necklace set v. An 
diamonds. Amphiaraus, beaig thus discovered, 
went to the war, but previously charged his son 
Aicmajon to put to death his mother Eriphyle, as 
soon as he vras informed that he was killed. 
The Theban v,-ar v,'as fatal to the Argives, and 
Amphiaraus v.as swallowed up in his chariot by 
the earth as he attempted to retire from battle. 
The news ot his death was brought to AlcmEeon, 
vvho immediately executed his father's command, 
and murdered Eriphyle. Amphiaraus received 
divine honours after death, and had a celebrated 
temple and oracle at Oropos in Attica. His statue 
was made of white marble, and near his tem] ie 
was a fountain, Avhose waters were ever held sti- 
rred. They only wlio had consulted his orccle, or 
had been delivered from a disease, were permitted 
to bathe in it •, after which they threv.- pieces of 
gold and silver into the stream. Those who con- 
suited the oracle of Amphiaraus, first purified 
themselves, and abstained from food for twenty- 
tour hours, and three days from wine; after which 
they sacrificed a ram to the prophet, and spread 
the skin upon the ground, upon which they slept 
in expectation of receiving in a dream the answer 
of the oracle. Plutarch de Orac. Di-ffct. mentions, 
that the oracle of Amphiaraus was once con-uited 
in the time of Xerxes, by one of the servants of 
Mardonius, for his master, who was then with an 
army in Greece \ and that the servant when asleep, 
saw in a dream a minister of the god approach 
him, v>-ho commanded him to be gone, and upon 
his refasal.threw a large stone at his head, so that 
he believed himself kiiled by the blow. This ora- 
cle was verified in the death of Aiardonius, who 
was actually killed by the blovr of a stone he re- 
ceived on the head. Cc. de Dir. J, iU.—Phii sir. 
in Vii. Apollon. 8, M.—Hom^r. Odysr. 15, 243, &c. 

— Hyg'n, 70, 73, 128 et VolK—Diod. 4 Oliv. \i, 

\\].~Pai,s. i, 34. 2, 37. 9, 8 et l9.—^schil. S:p'. 
ante Th. b.—JpoUod. 1, 8 et 9, 3, 6, rr.h. b. 

Amphiclea, or Amp.hiC^a, a city of Phocis, 
sixty stadia from Liisa. It vras i-uined Ly She 
Persians. Bacchus had a temple and an oracle in 
thi- city, where many cui-es are said to have been 
vi-rougbt. Pans. 10, -d^.—Hu-ud. 8, S3. 

A.MPHiCLU.s, a Trojan, killed by INlrges during 
the siege of his country. Homer. II. 16;, 31 j. 

Amphic RATES, an historian v,ho wrote the 

lives of illustrious men. Biog. An Athenian 

sophist, banished from his country. He retired 
to Seleucia, but despising the place, he observed, 
with all the arrogance of false philosophy, tiiat 
trie fish was too large for the dish. Pint, in 
L'.icul' 

AmphictYON, son of Deucalion and Pyrrha, 
reigned at Athens after Cranaus, and first attempt- 
ed to give the interpretation of dreams, and to 
draw omens. Some say that a deluge happened 
in his age, which destroyed the greater part of the 
inhabitants of Greece. Justin. 6. 

AmphiCXYOKES, the representatives of the 
principal states of Greece, who formed a ge- 
neral assembly, similar to the states - general 
of Holland, or the diet of the Gern\an emj.ire. 
Some writers suip ss that Acrisius, king of 
Argos, was the ioi'.;;dcr cjt this ass;'r:ibiy ; l;::t 
others, with greater pi obubiiity, ascribe thftl hn- 



I 

I 



AMP 



44 



AMP 



noiir to Amphictyon, the son of Deucalion and 
Tyrrha. It consisted of t\velve members origin- 
ally, sent by the loniaas, Dorians, Perrhaebians, 
Bceotians, Magiiesians, Achaeans, Phthians, Me- 
liaiis, Dolopians, jEnianiaiis, Delphians, and 
Phocians. Other cities in process of time sent 
also some of their citizens to the council of the 
Amphictyons \ and in the age of Antoninus Pius 
they were increased to the number of thirty. At 
first, they met at Delphi ; in later times, at Ther- 
mopyla;, or rather at the ueighboui-ing village, 
Anthela. It was their duty to compose tlie pub- 
lic dissensions and the quarrels of individual 
cities, to punish civil and criminal offences, and 
particularly to take cognizance of transgressions 
against the law of nations. Another pai't of their 
duty was to protect the Delphian oracle, to super- 
intend its treasuries, and to settle all disputes be- 
tween the Delphians and the votaries who cam3 
to consult the oracle. When the Phocians plun- 
dered the temple of Delphi, the Amphictyons de- 
clared war against them, and this war was sup- 
ported by all the states of Greece, and lasted ten 
years. _ The Phocians, with their allies, the Lace- 
daemonians, were deprived of the privilege of sit- 
ting in the council of the Amphictyons, and the 
Macedonians were admitted in their place, for their 
services in support of the war. About sixty years 
after, when Brennus, with the Gauls, invaded 
Greece, the Phocians behaved with such coinage, 
that they were reinstated in all their former privi- 
leges. Before they proceeded to basiness, the 
Amphictyons sacrificed an ox to the god of Del- 
phi, and cut his flesh into small pieces, intimating 
that union and unanimity prevailed in the several 
cities which they represented. Their decisions 
were held sacred and inviolable, and even arms 
were taken up to enforce them. Pans, in Phucic. 
ei Acliaic — Strab. S.—Suidus Hesych ^schin. 

Amphidamus, a son of Aleus, brother to Ly- 
curgus. He was of the family of the Inachidaj, 

and one of the Argonauts. FLacc. 1, 376 Pans. 

8, 5. The father of Clysonimus. Homer. II. 

10, 268. A son of Busiris, killed by Hercules. 

ApoLLod. 2, 5. 

AMPHiDROMiA, a festival observed by private 
families at Athens, on the fifth day after the birth 
of every child, denominated the lustral day. It 
was customary to run round the fire with the in- 
fant, to dedicate it to the household gods, and to 
give it a name in presence of its parents. Hei,y- 
chius in Vtrb. 

Amphigenia, a town of Messenia, near the 
river Hypsoeis. It possessed a temple of Latona. 
ISlat. Tkeb. 4, 178,— 6'<ra6. 8. 

AmphiloCHIA, the country round the city of 
Argos Amphiiochium, in Acarnania. Its modern 
name is Filoquia, 

AmpHILOCHUS, a son of Amphiaraus and Eri- 
phyle. After his return from the Trojan war, he 
left Argos his native country, and built a city in 
Acarnania, which he called Argos Amphiiochium, 

or Amphilochi. Sirab. 7 Puus. 2, 18. An 

Athenian philosopher who wrote upon agriculture. 
rarro. de R. R. 1. 

Amphilyxu-;, a soothsayer of Acarnania, who 
encouraged Pisistratus to seize the sovereign 
power of Athens. H^rod. 1, 62. 

Amphimachus, one of Helen's suitors, son of 
Cteatus. He went to the Trojan war. Ap'/Uod. 

3,10. Hygin. 97. One of the Carian chiefs, 

son of Nomion. He was killed by Achilles. Ho- 
vier. I'. 2, sub Jin. 

AmphimkdoiV, a Libran, killed i)y Perseus in 



the court of CepLeus. Ovid. Mei. 5, 75. One 

f Penelope''s suitors, son of x^ielanthcus. He 
was killed by Telemachus. Hum r. Odyss. 22, 283. 

AMPHiNoiiE, the name of one of the Nereides, 
attendants of Thetis. H»mr. II, 18, 44. 

AmphinOmus, one of Penelope's suitorsj kill- 
ed by Telemachus. Homer. IL 22, 89. 

Amphinomus and Anapius, two brothers^ 
who, when Catana and the neighbouring cities 
were in flames, by an eruption from mount ^tna, 
saved their parents upon their shoulders. The fire, 
it is said, spared them while it consumed others 
by their side; and Pluto, to reward their uncom- 
mon piety, placed them after death in tlie island 
of Leuce, and they received divine honours in 
.Sicily. Val. Max. 5, 4.— Sirab. G.—Ilul. 14, 197. 
— Seneca de Benpf. 3. 

Amphion was son of Jupiter,byAntiope daughter 
of Nycteus, who had married Jjycus, and had been 
repudiated by him when he married Dirce. Am- 
phion was born at the same birth with Zethus, on 
mount Citheron, where Antiupe had fled to avoid 
the resentment of Dirce ; and the two chiJdi-en 
were exposed in the woods, but preserved by a 
shepherd. [Vid. Antiope.] When Amphion 
grew up, he cultivated poetry ; and made an micom- 
mon progress in music Mercury was his instruc- 
tor in the science of music, and gave him the lyre, 
by the sound of which he so charmed the stones, 
that they arranged themselves in architectural 
order, and formed the walls of Thebes. He was 
the lust who raised an altar to this god. Zellms 
and Amphion united to avenge the wrongs which 
their mother had suffered from the cmelties of 
Diice- They besieged and took Thebes, put Ly- 
ons to death, and tied his wife to the tail of a wild 
bull, who dragged her through precipices till she 
expired. The fable of Amphion's moving stones 
and raising the walls of Thebes at the sound of 
his lyre, has been explained by supposing that he 
persuaded, by his eloquence, a Avild and uncivilized 
people to unite togetiier and build a town to pro- 
tect themselves against the attacks of their ene- 
mies. Homer. Odyss. 11. — ApoUod. 3, 5 et 10. — 

Puus. 6, 6. 6, 20. 9, 5 et 17 Propert. 3, \o.—Ovid. 

de Art. Am. 3,323 Horat. Od. 3, 11. Art. Po t. 

394.—- S/u/. Th^b. 1, 10. A son of Jasus, king 

of Orchomenos, by Persiphone daughter of M ins. 
He married jN iobe, daughter of Tantalus, by whom 
he had many children, among whom was Chloris, 
the wife of Neleus. He has been confounded by 
mythologists Avitli the son of Antiope ; though 
Homer, in his Odyssey, speaks of them both, and 
distinguishes them beyond contradiction. The 
number of Amphion's children, according to Ho- 
mer, was twelve, six of each sex ; according to 
iElian, twenty •, and according to Ovid, foui-teen, 
seven males and seA^en females. When Niobe 
boasted herself greater, and more deserving of im- 
mortality than Latona, all her children, except j 
Chloris, Avere destroyed by the arrows of ApolJo j 
and Diana; Niobe herself Avas changed into a j 
stone; and Amphion killed himself in a fit of de- . 
spair. Homer. Odyss. 11, 261 et 282.— .E/i F. ' 
H. 12, 36 Ovid. Met. 6, 5. One of the Argo- 
nauts, son of Hyperasius king of Pallene in Arca- 
dia. Flacc. 1, 367. A famous painter and statu- 
ary, son of Acestor of Gnossus, ia Crete. P.ais. . 

10, 15 Plin. 36, 10. One of the Greek gene- | 

rals in the Trojan AA'ar. Homer. II. 13, 6'12. |: 
AMPHIPOLES, magistrates appointed at Syra- 1 
cuse, by Timoleon, at'ier the expulsion of Dio.iy- \ 
sius the younger. The office existed for abavol, 
three hundred years. Diud. i6. 



AMP 4.5 

AWPHiPfMS, a town cn the Strymoii, bctv.-cen 
Blacedoiiia and Thibce. An Aliieiiian colony uu 
der Agnon, son of I'>icias, drove the ancient inha- 
Litanls, called Edonians, fiom tlie country, anc 
ouilt a city, which tl.ey called Amjihipolis, i. e. a 
lown snn ounded on ail sides, because the Stry- 
ir.on flowed all around it It was also called Ev 
rea '06oc, or the nine ways, frcm the number of 
I oads which met here. It Jiad also other names, 
such as Acra, Myiica, Kioii, the town of Mars, 
I &c. It is now caJled lamboLi. it v.'as the cause 
; of many wars between tlie Athenians and tsj ar- 
I r;,ns. Thmyd. 4, 102, &c — Hiyiod. 5, Ijio. 7, 

j ii^.—Diod. 11, 12, &c. V. Nep. in Cim. 

jlMPHiPYKOS, a surname of Diana, because 
; Euc carries a torch in Lo h iier hands. Sopkoilts in 
! 1 rc.ch. 

Amphieetus, a man of Acanthus, who art- 
] fiUiy escajed from pirates who liad made him pri- 
[ sorer. I'olyeEh. 6. 

I Amphiroe, one of the Oceanides. Hesiod. 
\ Tniog. 3t)l. 

j AaiPHls, a Greek comic yoet of Athens., son of 
/.mphicrates, contemporary with Plato, besides 

j l;is comedies, he wrote other pieces, which are 

I now lost. Suidas.—Dio^. 

A:.iPHiSBiENA, a two-headed serpent in the 
deserts of Libya, whose bile was venomous and 
deadly. Lucan. 9, 7 i9.-Pu-;/. 20, 20. 

I Amphissa, the capital of the Locri Ozolse, 
situated at the head of the Sinus Crissasus, about 

i sixiy stadia from Del])hi. It was said to have de- 
li. ed its name from, the circr;mstance of being sur 
rounded on every side witii mountains. It is now 

ci.i:ed Salona. Lit: 37, b.—Lucir.. 3, 172. A 

town of the Bruttii, betM'een Locri and Caulon, 
now called Rucdla. Ovid. Met. 15, 703. 
Amphissene, a country of Armenia. 
AMPHISSUS, a son of Lryope. Ovid. Met. 
9, 10. 

AaiPHiSTHSNrs, a LacedHemonion, wiio fell 
delirious in sacrificing to Diana. Pans. 3. 16. 

AMPHlSTlDES, a man so naturally destitute of 
intellects, that he seldom remembered tliat he ever 
had a father. He wished to learn arithmetic, but 
never could comprehend bevond the figure 4. 
Aristo;. Prvbl. 4. 

AltfPHiSXRATUS and RheCAS, two men of 
hi\£ ia, charioteers to Castor and Pollux. tSirai. 
ll._J»<A/m. 42, 3. 

Amphitea, the mother of >T5gialf us, by Cya- 
nippus, and of three daughters, Aigia, Deipyle, 
and iEgialea, by Adrastus king of Argos. She 

was daughter to Pronax. JpoUud- 1. The 

wife of Autolycus, by whom she had Anticlea, 
the wife of Laertes. Homer, Odynf. 19, 416 

AMPHiXHEATRUM, a building of an oval form, 
in which wore exhibited various kinds of games 
;:r:d spectacles, particularly combats of gladiators 
and wild beasts- Tlie area in the jiiiddle was 
called the arena, from the circumstance of its be- 
ing covered with sand, to prevent the gladiators 
fiom slipping, and to conceal tlie blood. The 
arena was surrounded by vaults or caves in which 
the animals were kept; and immediately above 
these vaults was a gallery, from which ascended 
successive rows of seals, each of greater height 
and circumference than the preceding. The four- 
Xo.p.n first rows were allotted to the senators and 
Judges, the others v.ere apj;ropriated to the com- 
mon jeople. As the building was open in (he 
to];. It v-as i rov dod wi'h an awning, wliicli, by 
means of pulleys and cords, could be let down or 
drav.-n M\: i;t jlOfSiure, a;.d which was occasioiuJiy 



AMP 

sl.'-etched to defend the si.ecti,lors from the r 'n 
and sun. Ti;e inst durable amphitheatre of e'-jne 
was erected by btatiiius Taurus, at the desire of 
Augustus. The largest one was the Flavian nm- 
phitheatre, or, as its ruins are generally called, 
tJie Colosseum ; built, as Suetonius intorius us, on 
the ancient site of the gardens of Nero. It was 
commenced by Flavins Vespasian, A. D. 72, and 
completed by i:is son Titus, It measured in its 
longer diameter, 619 feet, and in the shorter 513 
feet. Its entire circumierence measured about 
1741 feet. Its extreme height was about 179 feet. 
It contained ranges of seals for the enormous 
assemblage of 87,000 persons, 'besides standing 
room for 20,000 more. It is recorded, that thirty 
thousand Jews, the victims of war, were emiployed 
in its construction. The time that it occupied in 
building is variously stated; but, from a medal 
truck on the occasion, we learn that it was dedi- 
cated and opened by Titus in the eighth year of 
his consulship, and the eightieth of the Christian 
era. Having suftercd by tire in the reign of An- 
toninus I'ius, it was repaired by that emperor, and 
in, afccr a similar misfortune, by Alexander 
fcieverus. The ruins of this wonderlul production 
of antiquity still remain. There are amphithea- 
tres still standing, in various degrees of perfection, 
at several other ])lac s besides Rome. The most 
remarkable are, at Capua and Verona in Italy, at 
Nismes in Languedoc, at Pola in Istria, and at 
Pa;stum in Lixania. 

AMPHiTHEMIs, a Theban genrral, who in- 
volved the LacediEmon ans in a v,ar v.ith his 
ccuutry. Plut. in Ly .-Pans. 3, 9. 
AmphiTHOE, one of the Nereides. 
AmphitkIxr, a daughter of Oceanus and Te- 
thys, or of Nereus and Doris. Though she had 
made a vow of perpetual celibacy, yet she was 
prevailed upon to marry Neptune, and rewarded 
the fidelity of the dolphin, who had so powerfully 
pleaded the cause of the god, by j)laci!iff him 
among the stars. She became mother of Triton, 
and shared the divine honours of her husband, 
especially at Corinth, where she had a statue in 
his temple. She is sometimes called Salatia, and 
is often taken for the sea itself. Varrj de L. L, 4. 
—H.siod. Tk'og. 'sd'd.— ApvlLod. -d.— Claudia',, de 
Rapt. Pioi: 1, lG4._6.'i;ic.'. Met. 1, 14.— f/.v^ i-/.. 

P. ^. 2, 17. One of the Nereides. Hemid. 

Theog. 241. 

AiViPHlTR-XON, a Theban prince, son of Alcccus 
and Hipponome. His sister Anaxo had married 
Electryon king of JVIycenae, whose sons were 
killed "in a battle by tiie Teleboans. Klectryon 
promised his crown, and daughter Alcmena, lo 
him who could revenge the death of his sons upon 
the Teleboans ; and Amphitryon oflered himself, 
;.nd was received, on condition that he should not 
aj-proach Alcmena before he had obtained a vic- 
tory. Jupiter, who was captivated with the 
charms of Alcmena, borrowed the features of Am- 
l:hitryon, when lie was gone to the war, and inir.i- 
duced himself to Elcctryon's daughter, as her 
hu.-.band returned victorious. Alcmena became 
pregnant of liercules by .lupiier, and of Iphiclus 
by Amphitryon, after his return. [Vid. Alcmena.] 
W hen Ampliitryon returned from the war, ho 
brought back to Electryon the herds which the 
Teleboans liad taken from him. One of the cows 
having strayed from the rest, Amphitryon, to 
hi ing them to£;ethejr, threw a stick, which struck 
the liorns of the cow, and rebi>unded with s> ch 
violence upon Electryon that he dictl on the s]H)t. 
After this accidental murder, Sthcuelus, iilcit.y 



AMP 



46 



AMY 



Otto's brother, seized the kingdom of Mycenae, and 
obliged Amphitryon to leave Argolis, and retire 
to Thebes with AJcmena. Creou, king of Thebes, 
purified him of the murder, ^pulled. 2, 4. — ir-^. 

j^n. 8, 213.— Projj.r/. 4, 10, 1 Htsiod. in Scut. 

HercuL—Hijgin, Z9 Pans. 8, \i.—FLacc. 1, 371. 

-Liican. 9, 644. 

AmphitryOniAdes, a surname of Hercules, 
is the supposed sou of Amphitryon. F^irg. ^n. 
8, 103. 

A.MPHiTUS, a priest of Ceres, at the coiu t of 

Cepheus. Olid. .Met. 5, 5. A charioteer in the 

sei vice of Castor and Pollux. Piin. 6, 5. 

A-MPHics, a sou of .Merois the soothsayer, 
who, in spite of liis father's prophecies, attended 
the siege of Troy, at the head of tlie inhabitants of 
some of the Peloponnesian cities. Homer. II. 2, 

33T. A Trojan, son of Selagxis, killed by Ajax. 

Homer, I'. 5, 

AmphotkrUS, an officer appointed commander 
of a fleet in the Hellespont by Alexander. Cur.'. 
3, 1. A son of Alcmaeon. f^id. Acarnas. 

AilPHKYSUS, a river of Thessaly, near which 
Apollo, when banished from heaven, fed the flocks 
of king Admetus. From this circiimstauce, the 
god has been called ^m/j/iri/iiuff, and his priestess 

Ampliryssia. Ovtd. Met. 1, 5S0 Lucan. 6, 3ti7. 

-FiTg. G. 3, -I.—yEii. 6, 398. A river of 

Phrygia, whose waters rendered women liable to 
barrenness. Piin. 32, 2. 

A>ipiA Labiena. Lex, was enacted by T. 
Ampius and T. Labienus, tribiuies of the people, 
A. U. C. ti93. It gave Pompey the Great the pri- 
vilege of appearing in triumplial robes, and with a 
golden crown at the Circensian games, and with a 
prwetexta and golden crown in the theatre, which 
mark of distinction he used only once. Pattvc. 2,40. 

AmpraCIa. [Vid. Ambracia.] 

Ampsagas, a river of Africa, separating Nu- 
niidia from 3Iauritania Caesariensis, and falling 
into the jNIediterranean sea to the east of Igilgilis, 
or Jigd. Now, the JVad-U-KibeT, i. e. the Great 
River. 

AmpysIdeS, a patronymic of Mopsus, son of 
Amj.yx. Ovid. Met. 8, 316. 

A-MPYX, a son of Pelias. P .ws. 7, 18 A 

man mentioned by Ovid. Met. 5, 184, Tlie fa- 
ther of the soothsayer Mopsus. Orjjh. in Argon. 
—Pans. 5, 17. 

AmsanCTUS, a lake in the country of the Hir- 
pini, at the east of Capua, whose waters are so 
sulphureous that they infect and destroy whatever 
animals come near the place. It is Ihrough this 
place that A'irgil makes the fury Alecto descend 
into hell, after her visit to the upper regions. On 
the banks of the lake stood a temple consecrated 
to Mephitis, the goddess of bad smells, hence it is 
now called Mujui. Virg. ..En. 7, 5b3 — Cic. de 
JJn: 1, 36. 

AMULirs, king of Alba, was son of Procas, and 
youngest brother to Xumitor. The crown belong- 
ed to Numitor by right of birth-, but Amiiliiis 
dispossessed him of it, and even put to death his 
son Lausus, and consecrated his daughter Rhea 
bylvia to the service of Vesta, to prevent her ever 
becoming a mother. Yet, in spite of all these 
precautions, Rhea became pregnant by the god 
•Uiirs, and brought forth twins, Romulus and Re- 
flus. Amulius, who was informed of this, order- 
ed the motlier to.be buried alive for violating the 
Ifiws of Vesta, which enjoined perpetual chastity, 
and tlie two children to be thrown into the river. 
T .cy were providentially saved by some shep- 
herds, or, as others say, by a she- wolf- and when 



r they had attained the years of manhood, they put 
to death the usurper Amulius, and restored the 
crown to their grandfather. Ovid. Fml. 3, 6?.— 
Liv. 1, 3 et A.— Pint, in RomuL.—Fivr. 1, 1.— 
Dwnys. Hal. A celebrated painter. Plin. 35,10. 

Amyci Portus, a harbour on the Thracian 
Bosphorus, noi th of ivico[ oiis, and south of tlie 
temple of Jupiter Urius. Here Amycus, an an- 
cient king of the Bebryces, was slain in combat 
with Pollux. Arrian. 

A31YCLA, a daughter of Xiobe, Avho, with her 
sister Melibcea, was spared by Diana, when her 
mollier boasted herself greater ihan Diana. Paus, 

2, 22.— Apollod. 3. Homer says that all the 

daughters perished. Jl. 24. [Fid. 2siobe.] 

The nurse of Alcibiades. Piul. 

AIVIYCL,-E, a town of Latium, situated between 
Caieta and Terracina. The inhabitants were Py- 
thagoreans, and considered it impious to take 
away life even in self-defence, upon which princi- 
ple tliey sutfered serpents to multiply nearly to 
their own destruction. In consequence of a false 
rumour that an enemy was coming to storm the 
town, a law was enacted in Am\ cl^e, inflicting a 
severe penalty on any person who should in future 
propagate such a rumour, which procui-ed the 
town the e])ithet of tucito;^ or the silent, and had 
ultimately a still more serious eftect-, for when 
the Dorians really appeared, no one presumed to 
announce their arrival, and the place was easily 
taken. Amyclae appears to have transmitted its 
name to the sea on which it stood; for Tacitus and 
Pliny speak of the Amyclanum mare and Amycla- 
nus sinus. Piin. 8, 29. 13, Q.—Virf(.,Es. lU, 564. 

--Sil. Ital. 8, 529 Tacit. Ann. 4. An ancient 

city of Laconia, about forty stadia south-east of 
Sparta, built by Amyclas. It was celebrated for 
the birth of CastcJr and Pollux, and for the death 
of Hyacinthus. Apollo, surnamed Amyclaeus, had 
a magnificent temple here, which contained a sta- 
tue of the god seated on a throne, richly adorned 
in every part by the chisel of Bathycles. Polybius 
describes the country around Amyclae as most 
beautifully wooded, and of great fertility, which 
account is corroborated by Dodwell, who says it 
luxuriates in fertility, and abounds in mulberries, 
olives, and all the fruit-trees which grow in 
Greece. The modern name of Amvclae is Sda- 
vo-Chorio. Pans. 3, 18.— Theb. 4, 2^^3. 7, 
162. -//a/. 2, 434.-SrraA. Q.— Virg. G. 3, 345.— 
Ovid, de Art. Am. 2, 5. 

AMYCJ>^US, a statuary. Pans. 10, 13. A 

surname of Apollo. 

A3IYCLAS, son of Lacedaemon and Sparta, bnilt 
the city of Amyclae. His sister Eurydice married 
Acrisius king of Argos, by whom she had Danae. 
He himself had for wife Diomede, daughter of 
Lapithus, wlio became mother of Cynortas the 
father ot Perieres. ApoUod. 1, 23. 3, l9 — Pans. 

3, 1. 7, 18. The master of a ship in which 

Caesar in disguise embarked from a place near 
Oricum, in order to hasten the passage of his 
troops from Brundusium. When Amyclas wished 
to put back to avoid a violent storm, Caesar, unveil- 
ing his head, discovered himself, and bidding the 
pilot pursue his voyage, exclaimed, Ccesarein vehis^ 
CcB^arisque fortunam. JLucan. 5, 5x0. 

Amycus, son of Neptune, by Melia, or Bithynis 
according to others, was king of tlie Bebryces. He 
was famous for his skill in the management of the 
cestus, and he challenged all strangers to a (rial 
of strength. When the Argonauts, in their expe- 
dition, stopped on his coasts, he ti eatod them with 
great kindness 3 and PoUux accepted liis challenge. 



AMY 



47 



ANA 



I and killed him when he attem] ted to overcome 
him by fraud. j^poUon. ArgO'i. 2. — Theucrit. Id, 

, 22. — ApoUod, 1, 9. One of the companions of 

^-Eneas, who almost perished in a storm on the 
! coast of A frica. He was killed by Turnus. Vtrg. 

I yE/i.^l, 'lib. 9, 772. -Another, likewise killed by 

I Turnus. lb. 12, 509. A son of Ixion and the 

; cloud. Ovid. Met. 12, 215. 

Amydon, a city of ?*Iacedonia, on the Axius, 
which sent auxiliai-ies to Priam during the Trojan 

war. Homer. II. 2 Juv. 8, 79. 

AMYMOne, daughter of Danaus and Europa, 
laarried Enceladus, son of jEgyptirs, whom slie 
jnurdered the first night of her nuptials. She 
wounded a satyr with an arrow which she had 
I aimed at a stag. The satyr pursued her, and even 
offered her violence, but Neptune delivered her. 
• It was said, that she was the only one of the fifty 
' sisters Avho was not condemned to fill a leaky tub 
I -with water in hell, because she had been continu- 
I ally employed, by order of her father, in supplying 
I the city of Argos with water, in a great drought 
j Neptune saw her in this employment, and was 
j enamoured of her. He carried her away, and in 
the place where she stood, he raised a fountain, by 
I striking a rock. The fountain has been called 
I Amymone. She had Nauplius by Neptune. Pro- 
■ pen. 2, 26, iG.—ApoUod. 2.—S:rab. Q.—Paus. 2, 
: 37.— Ovid. Amor. 1, 5\5.—Hygin. 169. A foun- 
tain and rivulet of Peloponnesus, flowing through 
( Argolis into the lake of Lerna. Ouid. Met. 2, 240. 
1 Amyntas I, was king of Macedonia after his 
' father Alcetas. His son Alexander murdered the 
j ambassadors of Megabyziis, for their wanton and 
insolent behaviour to the ladies of his father's 
court. Bubares, a Persian general, was sent with 
j an army to revenge the death of the ambassadors ; 

but instead of making war, he married the king's 
I daughter, and defended his possessions. Justin. 

7, 3 — Herod. 5, 7 et 8. The second of that name 

was son of Menelaus, and king of Macedonia, 
after his murder of Pausanias. He was expelled 
by the Ulyrians, and restored by the Thessalians 
and Spartans. He made war against the Ulyrians 
and Olyn'hians with the assistance of the Lacedjs- 
monians, and lived to a great age. His wife, 
Eurydice, conspired against his life ; but her 
Siiares were seasonably discovered by one of his 
daughters by a former wife. He had Alexander, 
Perdiccas, and Philip, Alexander the Great's fa- 
ther, by his first wife •, and by the other he had 
Arcbelaus, Aridaeus, and Menelaus. He reigned 
twenty-four years ; and soon after his death, his 
son Philip murdered all his brothers, and ascend- 
ed the throne. Justin. 7, 4 et 9 Diod. 14, &c 

C. Nep. ei Pint, in Pelopid. There is another 

king of Macedonia of the same name, but of his 

life few particulars are recorded in history. A 

man who succeeded Dejotarus, in the kingdom of 
Gallograecia. After his death it became a Roman 

province under Augustus. Strab. 12. One of 

Alexander's officers. Another officer, who de- 
serted to Darius and was killed as he attempted 

to siege Egypt. Curt. 3, 9. A son of Antio- 

chus, who withdrew himself from Macedonia, be- 
cause he hated Alexander. An officer in Alex- 
ander's cavalry. He hi.d two brothers called 
iSimias and Polemon. He was accused of con- 
spiracy against the king, on account of his great 
ii.timacy with Philotas, and acquitted. Curt. 4, 

15.^6, 9. 8, 12.^ A shepherd. Firg. Ed. 3, 28 

et 73. A Greek writer who composad several 

works quoted by Athenaeus. 
AMYNTiANts, an historian in the ajj of Anto- 



ninus, who vTote a treatise in commendation of 
Pliilip, Olympias, and Alexander. 

Amyntor, a king of Argos, son of Phrastor. 
He deprived his son Phoenix of his eyes, to punish 
him for the violence he had offered to Clytia his 

concubine. Hytrin. 173 Ovid. MpU 8, 307.— 

AvoUod. 3 Homer. II. 9 A general of the 

Dolopes. Ovid. Met. 12, 364. A son of IE-zy\> 

tus, killed by Damoae the first night of his mar- 
riage. Hygin. 170. 

AMYRis, a man of Sybaris, who consulted the 
oracle of Delphi concerning the probable duration 
of his country's prosperity, &c. 

A.M YRIGUS Campus, a plain of Thessaly. Po- 
lyb. 3. 

AjMYRrus, a king by whom Cyrus was killed in 
a battle. Ciesias. 

AmyruSj a town of Thessaly. A river men- 
tioned by Vai. Flacc. 2, 11. 

AaiystIS, a river of India, falling into' the 
Ganges. Nov,- Patlerea. Arritni. in Indic. 

AmythaoNj a son of Cretheus king of I ilchos, 
by Tyro. He married Idomene, by whom he had 
• Bias and Melampus, and a daughter called Peri- 
mele. After his father's death, he established 
himself ill Messenia, Avith his brotiier Neleus, and 
re-estabiished or regulated the Olympic games. 
Melampus is called Amyihaomus, from his father 
Amythaon. Vir^r. G. 3, bbOi.—Diod. ^.—Apollod. 

1 — Homer. Odyss. 11.- A son of Kippasus, who 

assisted Priam in the Trojan war, and was killed 
by Lycomedes. Homer. II. 17. 

AiMYTHAONlUS, a patronym.ic of Melampus, 
son of Amythaon. Virg. G. 3, 550. 

Amytis, a daughter of Astyages, whom Cyrus 

married. Ctesias. A .daughter of Xerxes, who 

married Megabyzus, and disgraced herself by her 
debaucheries. 

AiVACES, or ANACTES, a name given to Cas- 
tor and Pollux by the Athenians, on accownt of 
the regard they were supposed to have shown their 
city. "Their festivals were called Anaceia. Plul. 
in Thes. Cic. de N. Z>. 3, 21. 

AnachaRSIS, a Scythian philosopher, was the 
son of a Scythian chief by a native of Greece, and 
flourished about B. C. 600. Being early instructed 
in the Greek language by his mother, he became 
desirous of being acquainted with Grecian w isdom, 
and obtained from the king of Scythia an embassy 
to Athens. On his arrival, in the first year of 
the forty-seventh Olympiad, or B. C. 592, he met 
with Toxaris, one of his countrymen, who con- 
ducted him to the house of Solon. V/hen he arriv- 
ed there, he desired a servant to inform his master 
that Anacharsis, a Scythian, was at the door, and 
wished to be received as his guest and friend. To 
this message Solon's answer was, that friendships 
are best formed at home; to which Anacharsis 
replied, then let Solon, who is at home, make me 
his friend, and receive me into his house. Solon, 
struck with the propriety of the reply, immediately 
gave admittance to his visitor, and, finding him 
worthy of his confidence, honoured him with his 
friendship. Anacharsis, on his part, did not ne- 
glect this opportunity of possessing himself of all 
the wisdom which was to be learned from so ex- 
cellent a master. He was introduced by Solon to 
the principal citizens at Athens, and was the first 
stranger upon whom the A thenians conferred the 
honour of citizenship. After tiie doath of Solon, 
he left Athens, and travelled into different coun- 
tries. On his return to Scythia, lie attempted to 
introduce the civilization and religion of Greece, 
which brought upon him tiie enmity of his counlry- 



ANA 



48 



ANA 



men. Going one day into a wood, to perform s?.- 
cied rites to Cybele, he was killed by an arrow 
"fevelled at Inm by the king's own hand. He was 
celebrated for a noble and manly mode of speaking, 
wiiich, from his time, acquired the epithet of Scy- 
thid'i eloquence. He is said to have added the 
second ilook to the anchor, and to have invented 
the potter's wheel. Among his ingenious sayings, 
the foUov^-ing may deserve to be mentioned. The 
best method of teaching a youth sobriety, is to 

Eiace before his eyes a drunken man. The vine 
ears three kinds of fntit : the first, pleasure; the 
second, intoxication; the third, remorse. An ape 
is ridiculous by nature, a man by art and study. 
To an Athenian of infamous character, who re- 
proached him with being a Scythian, lie remarked, 
my country is indeed a disgrace to me, but you 
are a disgrace to your country. The epistles 
v.-hich bear his name, are generally supposed to be 
spurious.— i/t roc/. 4, 46, ilet-LS.—Piut. in Conviv. 
—Cic. Tusc. 5, 32.—Sirab. 7. 

A^ACIUM, a mountain with a temple sacred to 
tlie Anaces in Peloponnesus. P'-iycs-i. 1, 21. 

AnacreON, a Greek lyric poet, v^as born at 
Teos, a city on the coast of Ionia, in Lesser Asia, 
and flourished about oUO B. C. In the earlier 
part of his life, he seems to have left his native 
country, at the invitation of Polycrates, king of 
iSamos, who bes!:owed upon him his friendsnip, 
and entertained him at his couit. Here Anacreon 
composed his songs, inspired by wine and love. 
After the death of his protector, lie went to 
Athens, where he met with the most distinguished 
reception from Hip^ arclms. The fall of the latter 
drove him from Athens, and probably he returned 
to Teos. But when Ionia revolted from Darius, 
he fled to Abdera, where he reached the advanced 
age of eighty-five. According to tradition he 
was choked, in the act of drinking, by a grape- 
stone. From 'he few particulars that can be 
gathered of his life, it is evident that Anacreon 
was a man of vicio. s principles and debauched 
manners. He did not, however, unite avarice 
with voluptuousness ; for Polycrates having pre- 
sented him with four talents, whicli prevented him 
from sleeping, he returned them, observing, that 
though the sum Avas of great value, sleep was of 
greater valite st.ll. The city of Teos put his like- 
ness upon its conis ; his statue vras placed on the 
Acropolis, in Athens, and he was held in hoiiour 
throughout Greece. Only a small part of his 
works has come dov>-n to us. Of five books, there 
are sixiy-eight poems remaining under the name 
of Anacreon. They are, for the most part, in 
praise of wine, and of the appetites which have been 
so often and so improperly dignified by the name 
of love. In their kind, however, they are match- 
less. They abound in the happiest tunis, the 
most appropriate imagery, and the most singular 
felicities of expression. Tlie diflicuJty of attaining 
these excellencies is proved by the numberless 
unsuccessful imitations, unworthy of the name of 
Anacreontics. The measure in wliich Ai a^reon 
co:iiposed h's poems, arid whicli is called after 
him, is comn.oaly divided into three ianibuses, 
with a caesura. The best editions of Anacreon 
are, that of Mattaire, 4to. Lond. 1725, of which 
cily one hundred copies were printed, and the 
very correct one of Ihunck, 12mo. Argentor. 1778, 
to which may be added that of Fisher, Svo. Li]'S. 
1793. The last grp;,tly surpasses all ;he edilio is 
which hav:"! preceded if. Tue works of Anacreon 
havj been vo -s fr.^q^ out y rendered i:!io Knglisli. 
The best translations are t;;ose of Fa'vkcs and 



Moore. P,us. 1, 2. 2j.—S:r b. 1-i S'jav. F.H, 

9, 4.~ Cir. in Tu,f. 4, 33.— Horai. Ep^u. 14, -JO. 
—F.in. 7, 1.— Herod. 3, 121. 

AnacxoriUxM, a town cf Epirus, north of Leu- 
cadia, at the mouth of tiie Ambracian gulf, it v. as 
founded by a Corinthian colony, and was the cause 
of many quarrels between the Corcyreans and Co- 
rinthians. It ceased to exist as a town, \vlien 
Augustus transferred its inha.bitants to Nicopoils. 
Anactorium occupied the place of the present Kcy -;- 

itza. Slrab. \\}.—Tkucyd, 1, 55 Ptm. 4, 1. 5, i9. 

An ancient name of Miletus. 

AnacTORIE, a woman of Lesbos, wantonly 
loved by Sappho. Oiid. Her. 15, 17. 

Anadyomene, an exquisite painthig of Venns, 
ascribed to Apelles, wh ch originally adorned ilie 
temple of JEsculapius, in the "island of Cos. it 
represented the goddess rising out of tlie sea, and 
in the act of wringing her hair. AugTistus bougl;t 
it, and placed it in the temple of Julius Cses^ir. p 
The lower part of it was a little defaced, and there ,.' 
were foimd no painters in Rome able lo repair it. 
Antipater of Sidon, in the Anthology, and als? 
other poets, have celebrated its beauty. Pim. oo, 
10 Anthol. 4, 12. 

Anagnia, now Anngui^ the capital of the Her- 
nici in Latium, Avhere Antony struck a medal 
when he divorced Octavia and married Cleopatra. 
It is tiiirty-six miles east of Rome. F'lrg. ^u, 
7, 684.-6Vra6. 5.-Iiul. 8, 392. 

Anagogia, an annual feast in honour of Venus, ;y 
celebrated at Eryx, in Sicily, where she had u r 
temple, and from which place she was said to re- 
treat into Africa for nine days, when sJie was fol- 
lowed by ail the doves in the vicinity, Tlie return 
of tlie goddess was commemorated by a feast named 
Cataaogia. 

A^Tagybontui.i, a small village of Attica. 
Herod. 

Anagyrus, a place in Attica, where a plant, 
called Anagyrus, grevv in great abundance, which 
emitted a fetid odour on being touched ; hence thj 
proverb A):agyrnni com>nov,ri\ to bring a misfor- 
tune on one's self. Slrab. 9.—Pli>i. 27, 4. 

Anaitis. a goddess of Armenia. The virg'ns | 
who were consecrated to her service, esteenio.l j , 
theinselves more dignified by public prostitutio:;. i i 
The festivals of the deity were called Sacaium 
Festa; and when they were celebrated, both sexes j 
assisted at the ceremony, and inebriated themselves 
to such a degree, that the v.-liole was concluded by F 
a scene of the greatest lasciviousness and intem- 
perance. Ihey were first instituted by Cy; ;'.s, I 
when he marched against the Sacae, and coveio.l I' 
tables with the most exquisite dainties, that he t' 
might detain the enemy by the novelty and sweet- • 
ness of food to whicii they were unaccustomed, 

and thus easily destroyed them. Slrab. 11. r 

Diana is als i worshipped under this name by the [ 
Lydians. Plin. 33, 4. I 

Ananias, an Iambic poet. Allien. 

AnapaUOMENOSJ, a fountain in the grove cf i 
Dodona, wliose waters could kindle an extinguish- j 
ed torch. It iilways became dry at mid-day, and . 
then gradually increasinc, overflowed at midnight. 
Plin. 2, \Q3.—3Lla 2, 3." 

AiXAPHE, from (paiyai to appear, one of the Spora- ^ 
dcs, norm-cd.st of Thera, that suddt-nly rose out|^ 
oftiiesea, and atibrded the Argonauts shelter in|: 
the midst of ;: storm. A temple was in conse- 1 
quence erectcu lo Apo.lo under the name of .E^le-i 
tes in the isirnd. It is now called Atipkn 
ApoU. Ar^o^u 4, Ui7.-.S' rab. 10. j 

AnapklYo; U;S ;■. i.!::;.il village of Allica, near' 



ANA 



49 



ANA 



fl-'j sea, cailecl sfter an ancient liero of the seme 
iia'-.io, who was son of Tioezen. It belonged to 
the tribe Antiochis. The inliabitcints were suid to 
possess a strong propensity to satire. The modern 
village of Anaphiso is supposed to represent the 
ancient Anaphlystus. Aristuph. Ran. 451.'. Ec- 
clfs, m.—Paus. 2, S.-S rub. 8. 

AnAPUS, a river of Epirus. Thucyd. 2, .82. 
Of Sicily. Id. 6, 96. 

Ana RTES, a people of lower Pannonia. Cess. 
Bell. G. 6, 25. 

Anas, a river of Spain, now called Gwdiana. 
S:rab. 3. 

Anatole, one of the Horse. H>gv>. ]?3.- — 
A mountain near the Ganges, where Apolio ravish- 
ed a nymph called Anaxibia. 

AnaUCHIDAS, a vSamian wrestler. Pnu^. 5, 27 . 

Ana-^JRUS, a river of Thessaly, near the foot of 
mount Pelion, where Jason lest one of ?iis san- 
dals, on his return to his country. The winds 
were said to respect the waters of this river, ac- 
cording to Lvcaii. 6, 370.— Apolloti. 1 et 3. — Aptd- 
lod. 1, 26. A river of Troas near Ida. Coluth. 

Anausis, one of Medea's suitors, killed by 
Styras. F<'^ Fl.:rc. 6, i3. 

Anax, a son of Coelus and Terra, father to 
Asterius, from whom Miletus has been called 
Anactoria. P -wf. 1, 36. 7, 2. 

AnaxagoeAs, succeeded his father Megapen- 
thes on the throne of Argos. He shared the so- 
vereign power with Bias and Melampus, who had 
cured the women of Argos of madness. Pans. 2, 

18. A celebrated philosopher, born at Clazo- 

menae, in Ionia, about B. C. 500. He iiihcrit- 
ed a considerable estate in his On-n country, Avhich 
he relinquished to indulge his thirst for know- 
ledge at Athens, where he applied himself to 
the study of eloquence and poetry. Afterwards he 
left Athei:s to attend the instructions of Anaxi- 
menes, at Miletus, under whom he made a great 
progress; but on returning to his native country, 
he found that his estate had ruu to vraste, 
which he afi'ected to consider a fortunate cir- 
cumstance, as leaving him free to pwsue his 
studies. He then removed to Athens, A\'here 
he taught philosophy, and had, among nume- 
rous pupils, Euripides, the tragedian, and Peri- 
cles, the orator ; to whom some have added, but 
rather inconsistently with chronological da(es, 
Socrates and Themistocles. His great celebrity at 
length excited the jealousy and envy of his contem- 
poraries, and brought upon him a cruel persecu- 
tion He was accused by Cleo of impiety, for 
teaching that the sun was an inanimate tiery sub- 
stance, or burning mass of stone; herein robbing 
it of its divinity, and contradicting the popular 
oiinion that the sun was Apollo, one of the greater 
deities. He was sentenced by his judges to death, 
but, through the interposition of Pericles, the sen- 
tence was commuted ii.to banishment. "When he 
was told of his being condemned to die, he re])lied 
w^ith the calmness of a true philosopher, nature 
long ago pronounced the same sentence against 
me ; and when a friend had intimated to him the 
milder punishment that had been substituted, and 
was expressing regret on account of his departure 
from Athens, he said, with a mixture of equanim.i- 
ty and pride, it is not I v.hn have lost the Athen- 
ians, but the Athenians who have lost me. After 
his banishment, Anaxagoras passed the remainder 
of his time at Lampsacus, where he taught philo- 
sophy till his death, which happoncd in his 
60\'pr.ty-sccond year, and B. C. 428. Being asked 
Ly hi* friends, a little before his '.;ca.th, whether 



they should carry liis bones to his ralivo cify, be 
answered, it is unnecessary; the Avay to tl.c le- 
gions below is every where alike open. 'i r><^ 
magistrates of Lampsacus, having, at the saii.u 
period, sent a message, requesting to be ir.foimed 
in Avhat manner they might honour his memory 
after his decease, he said, by ordaining that the 
anniversary of my death be annually observed 
as a holiday in all the schools of Lampsacus. His 
request was complied with; and the festival, 
which was called Anoxa^oreia^ continued in 
Lampsacus for many centuries. The inhabitants 
of that city farther expressed their v neration for 
his memory, by honouring him with a tomb and 
epitaph, and by erecting two altars in his namOj 
one dedicated to Tiuih, and the other to Miitd. 
Several doctrines are ascribed to Anaxagoras, 
vvhich prove him to have been an attentive and 
judicious observer of the phenomena of nature. 
He taught that \^ind is produced by the rarefac- 
tion of the air; that the rainbow is the reflection 
of the solar rays from a cloud; that the moon is 
an opaque body inhabited like the earth ; that co- 
rnets are wandering stars ; and that the fixed stars 
are in a region beyond our system. Diog. in Vitfi. 
—P ut. in Nicia et Peric'.— Cic. Acad. Q. 4, 2o. 

Tusc. 1, 43 A statuary of iEgina. Pans. 5, 

9,2. A grammarian, disciple to Zenodotus. 

Dio^. An orator, disciple to Socrates. Dicg. 

A son of Icheanax, who, with his brothers 

Ccdrus and Diodorus, destroyed Hegesias, tyrant 
of Ephesus. 

ANAXA.NDER, of the family of the Heraclid-T, 
was son of Eurycrates, and king of Sparta. The 
second Messenian v.ar began in his reign, in 
which Aristomenes so egregiously signalized him- 
self. Herod. 7, 204._P/z./. in Apoph.—Pav,. 3, 

3. 4, 15 rt 16. A general of Megalopolis, taken 

by the Thebans. 

AnaxAkdrTdes, king of Sparta, son of Leon, 
reigned about B. C. 550— 5tO, with his collcagTvC 
Arist n. His first wife, whom he loved, had no 
children, and he was obliged by the Ejjhori to 
marry again, in order tiiat the race of Eurystho- 
nes miglit not be extinct. He became father of 
Cleomenes by the second v,-ife, and, some lime 
after, the first bore him Doricup, Leonidas, arn! 
Cleombrotus. Alexandrides was successful in 
war against the Tegeates. Several apophthcgnis 
of his, which evince his good sense, are recorded 
by Plutarch. Herod- \, 5 et 7.— Pint- in Apoph. 

\.—Paus. 3, 3, &c A son of Theopompus. 

Herod. 8, 131. A comic poet of Rhodes in tlie 

age of Philip and Alexander. He was the first 
who introduced scenes of gross intrigue and de- 
bauchery upon the stage. He was of such a pas- 
sionate disposition, that he tore his unsuccessful 
compositions in pieces, or sent them as waste 
paper to the perfumers' shops. He composed 
sixty-five plays, of which ten were crov>Tied 
Some fragments of his poetry remain in AlhensEU--. 
He was stai-ved to death, by order of the Atheni- 
ans, for libelling their government. Aristtt. 
Rhet. 3. 

Anaxarchus, a philosopher of Abdera, one 
of the followers of Democritus, and the friend of 
Alexander. When thfi monarch aspired to the 
honours of divinity, the philosopher checked his 
vanity, by pointing to his fi.nger while it bled, ai d 
exclaiming, see the blood of a mortal, not of a 
god. Being one day at the table of Alexander, 
who asked him what he thought of the feast, A n- 
' axarchus replied, that it only wai tod tlic l-.e;,d <.f 
[ a nobleman to be served up in a dish ; in saying 



AKA 



iO 



ANC 



•vxhich, he fixed his eyes steadfastly upon Nico- 
creon. On the death of Alexander, this sarcasm 
wa:? severely punished by Nicocreon, who caused 
Auaxarchus to be pounded to death in an iron 
mortal-, and his tongue to be torn out by the roots. 
The philosopher endured the punishment without 
complaint, and biting ofi" his tongue Avith his 
teeth, spit it in, the tyranfs face. Justin. 12, 13. 

— Val. Max. 3, 3 Ovid, in lb. 571 Phil, in 

Si/n,p. 7.— Dio/r. in Vita Cic. in Tusc. 2, 22. 

— A Theban general. Thucyd. 8, 100. 
Anaxakete, a girl of Salamis, who so arro- 
gantly despised the addresses of Iphis, a youth of 
ignoble birth, that the lover hung himself at her 
door. She saw this sad spectacle without emo- 
tion or pitv, and was changed into a stone. Ovid. 
Met. 13, 748. 

Anaxenok, a musician, whom M. Antony 
greatly honoured, and presented with the tribute 
of four cities. Strah. 14. 

Anaxias, a Theban general. Pans. 2, 52. 

Anaxibia, a daughter of Atreus, who became 
mother of seven sons and two daughters by Nes • 

tor. ApoUod. 1 Pans. 2, 29. A daughter of 

Bias, brother to the physician Melampus. She 
married Peiias, king of lolchos, by whom she had 
Acastus, and four daughters, Pisidice, Pelopea, 
Hippothoe, and Alceste. /I poll id. 1, 9. She is 
called daughter of Dymas, by Hv^in. 14. 

Anaxicrates. an Athenian archon. Pans. 
10, 23. 

AKAXIDAMUS, succeeclei his fjther Zeuxida- 
mus on the throne of Sparta. P,ivs. 3, 7. 4, 15. 

Anaxilas and Anaxilaus, a Messenian ty- 
rant of Khegium, descended from Alcidamas, who 
had brougiit a Grecian colony into Sicily. He 
took Zancle, and was so mild and popular during 
his reign, that when he died, 476 B. C. he left his 
infant son to the care of one of his servants, and 
the citizens chose rather to obey a slave than re- 
volt from their benevolent sovereign's children. 

Tustin. 3, -l.—Pam. 4, 23. 5, 25.— Thucyd. 6, 5 

Herod. 6, 23. 7, 167. A magician of Lar- 

issa, banished from Italy by Augaistus. A Py- 
thagorean philosopher.' A physician. PLin. 

J 9, 1, An historian, who began his history 

with bitter invectives against former writers. 

Dionys. Hal. 1. A Lacedaemonian. Plut. 

in Alc b. A comic writer, about the lUOth 

Olympiad. 

A^"AXALIDES, wrote some treatises concerning 
philosophers, and mentioned that Plato's mother 
became pregnant by a ].hantom of the god Apollo, 
from which circumstance her son was called the 
prince of wisdom. Biog. in Plut. 

Anaximandee, a philosopher of IMiletus, and 
the founder of the Ionic sect, was the disciple of 
Thales. He cultivated with considerable success 
the sciences of mathematics and astronomy. He 
wrote a compendium of geography, and delineated 
a map of the earth, or geographical tables, in 
v\-hich he marked ttie divisions of land and water. 
He explained the obliquity of the ecliptic, and 
erected a gnomon, or sun-dial, at Lacedaemoru He 
believed that the stars are globular collections of fire 
and air, carried round with the spheres in which 
they are placed; that the sun occupies the highest 
place in the heavens, the moon the next, and the 
planets and fixed stars the lowest; that the earth is 
placed in the midst of tiie universe as in a common 
centre; and that the sun is twenty-eight times 
areer than the earth. He died in "ihe 64th year 
of tis age, B. C. 547. C\c. Acad. Qucest. 4, 37. — 
£>:f. 1, 50. iV. D. 1, \{).-Diig. in vU.-Ptin. 2, 



79 —I'luf. Ph. He had a son who bore his name, ; 
Sfr.b. 1. 

ANAXiMKNES, a philosopher of Miletus, the 
disciple and successor of Anaximander, tlourished 
about B. C. 550. He said that air was the cause 
of every created being, and a self-existent divini- '- 
ty; that all minds ai-e air ; that fire, water, and ' 
earth, proceed from it, by rarefaction, or condensa- 
tion ; that the sun and moon are fiery bodies, 
whose form is that of a circular plate. He consid \ 
ered the earth as a plain, and the heavens as a so 
lid concave sphere, on which the stars were fixed 
like nails, an opinion prevalent at that time, and 
from which originated the proverb, n ei ovpavos 
What if the heavens should fail ! to which 
Horace has alluded, Od. 3, 3, 7. He died 504 
vears B. C. C'c. A:»d. Quaes'. 4, 37. Z>c Not. D. I 

i, v\—Plut. Ph.—Piin. 2, 76. A native of 

Lampsacus, son of Aristocles. He was pupil to 
Diogenes the Cynic, and preceptor to Alexander 
the ~Great, of Avhose life, and that of Philip, he 
wrote the historv. When Alexander, in a fit of 
anger, threatened to put to death all the inhabi- 
taiits of Lamjsacus, because they had maintained ; 
a long siege against him, A.naxinienes was sent by 
his counirymen to appease the king, who, as scon . 
as he saw him., sv.-ore he Avould not grant the fa- 
vour he was going to ask. Upon this, Anaxime- J 
nes begged the king to destroy the city, and enslave f. 
the inhabitants, and by this ai'tful request the city i' 
of Lampsacus was saved from destruction. Be- 
sides the life of Philip and his son, he wrote a 
. history of Greece, in twelve books, all now lost. 
His nephew bore the same name, and wrote an 
account of ancient paintings. Pans, 6, l&.— Vid. 
Max. 7, 3 Biog. in Vii. 

Anaxipolis, a comic poet of Thasos. Plir. v, 

14, 14. A writer on agricultui-e, likewise of ij 

Thasos. I' 

Anaxipfus, a comic writer in the age of De- 
metrius. He used to say, that philosophers wei e 
wise only in their speeches, but fools in their ac- 
tions. Aihen. 

Akaxirrhoe, a daughter of Coronus, who 
married Epeus. Paus. 5, ]. | 

A^■AXIS, a Boeotian historian, who wrote a 
history do\vn to the age of Philip son of Amyntas. 
Diod. 25. 

-Anaxo, a virgin of Troezene, carried away by 

Theseus. Pui'. in Thes. A daughter of Alceus 

and Hipponorae, who married Electrj'on king of 
Thebes, and became mother of Alcmena. Apol- 
lod. 2, 9 eilO. 

Anazabbus, now Ain-Z-rbpK a city of Cilicia , 
Propria, situated on the banks of the river Pyra- I 
mus, at some distance from the sea. It was L- 
twice destroyed by an earthquake, and twice re- jj 
paired by the Koman emierors. When Cilicia 
was divided into two provinces, under the younger | 
Theodosius, Anazarbus was made the capitaTcf | 
the eastern province. Tarsus being the metropolis j 
of the western. In the neighbourhood of this 
city a battle was fought in 1130, between the 
Saracens and Christians, in which the latter were 
defeated with great slaughter. Anazarbus liad 
the honour of giving birth to Dioscorides and 
Appian. 

AXCEXJS, the son of Lycurgns and Anlinoc, 
was in the expedition of the' Argonauts, He was 
at the chase of the Calydonian boar, in which he 

perished. Hygir,. 173 'et 248 Ovid. Met. 8. 

TJiC son of Neptune and Astypahxa. He went 
with the Argonauts, and succeeded Tiphis as pilot 
of the ship Argo. He reigned in loni.t, wliere lio 



ANC 



51 



ANC 



' hand, and called the prophet to convince him of 
his falsehood; when the servant, yet tirm in his 
■ prediction, uttered this well-known proverb, 
UoWa fxera'^v irsXsi kvXikos kuc x^'-^^°S axpov, 
Multa caiunt inter calicem supremaque libra. 
\ At that very moment Ancaeus was told that a wild 
' boar had entered his vineyard; upon which, he 
threw down the cup, and ran to drive away the 
I -wild beast. He was killed in the attempt. 
I Ancalitks, a people of Britain, intheneigh- 
I .bourhood of the Atrebatii. Some authors sup- 
; ])Ose them to have been the shepherds and herds- 
1 men of the Atrebatii, and to have enjoyed the fine 
pastures of Bucking hamthire and Oxfordshire. 
1 The Romans conquered this people and some 
I others in their vicinity, with the government of 
i which they rewarded the British king of the Do- 
' Luni, for his ready acknowledgment of their pow- 
I er, and his faithful adherence to their interests. 
I Cxi. BM. G. 5, 21. 

I Ancarius, a god of the Jews, p'tcf. Anchi- 
j alus. 

I| Ancharia, a family of Rome. The name 

I of Octavia's mother. Plut. in Anton. 

Ancharius, a noble Roman killed by the par- 
! tizans of Marius during his civil wars with Sylla. 
' FLut. in Mario. 

Anchemolus, son of Rhcetus, king of the 
Marrubii, in Italy, ravished his mother-in-law, 
Casperia, for whxh he was expelled by his father. 
He fled to Turnus, and was killed by Pallas, son 
of Evander, in the wars of ^neas against the 
Latins. Virg. .Mn. 10. 389. 

Anchesttes, a wind which blows from An- 
chisa, a harbour of Epirus. C/c. ad Attic, 7, 1. — 
Dlitnys. Hal, 

AnchesmUS, a mountain of Attica, with a sta- 
1 tue of Jupiter on its summit. Now Agios Geor- 
I gios^ or Mount St George. 

AnchiAle, and Anchilia, a city on the sea- 
' coast of Cilicia. It was built, wath its neighbour- 
': ing city Tarsus, by Sardanapalus, the last of the 
• Assyrian kings, who was buried here, and had a 
statue with an inscription in the vSyrian language, 
denoting the extreme intemperance, extravagance, 
and folly of his life. Sirab. li.—Piin. 5, 27 — 
Diod. 2. 

AnchiAlus, a famous astrologer. A Greek 

killed by Hector. Homer. II. 5, 609. A great 

warrior, father of Mentes. One of the Phaea- 

cians. Horner. Odyss. A god of the Jews, as 

some suppose, in Martial's epigrams, 11, 95. 

A city in Thrace. Another in Epirus. 

Anchimolius, a Spartan general, sent against 
the Pisistratidae, and killed in the expedition. 

Herod. 5. 63. A son of Rhcetus. [Vid. An- 

I chemolus.] 

Anchinoe, a daughter of Nilus, and wife of 
Belus. Apollod. 2, 1. 

Anchion. Vid. Chion. 

ANCHlSiE PORTUS, a name given to the port 
of Onchasmus in Epirus, by the Romans. 

AnchisE, a city of Italy. Diouys. Hal. 

Anchises, a son of Capys by Themis, daughter 
of Ilus. He was of such a beautiful complexion, 
that Venus came down from heaven on mount Ida, 
in the form of a nymph, to enjoy his company. 
The goddess became pregnant, and forbade An- 
ciiises ever to mention thefavourshe had receiv- 
ed, on pain of being struck with thunder. The 
child which Venus brought forth, was called 
i^ineas ; he was educated as soon as born by the 
nymphs of Ida, and. when of a proper age, was in- 
trusted to the care of Chiron the centaur. When 



Tr :y v/as taken, A nchises was becomn so infirm 
that ^neas, to whom the Greeks permitted to take 
away whatever he esteemed most, carried him 
through the flames upon his shoulders, and thus 
saved his life. He accompanied his son in his voy- 
age towards Italy, and died in Sicily in the eighti- 
eth year of his age. He was buried on mount 
Eryx by Mneas and Acestes king of the country, 
and the anniversary of his death was afterwards 
celebrated by his son and the Ti-ojans on his tomb. 
Some authors have maintained, that Anchises had 
forgot the injunctions of Venus, and boasted at a 
feast, that he enjoyed her favours on mount Ida, 
upon which he was killed with thunder. Others 
say, that the wounds he received from the thunder 
were not mortal, and that they only weakened and 
disfigured his body. Virgil, in the sixth book ot 
the iEneid, introduces him in the Elysian fields, 
relating to his son the fates that were to attend 
him, and the fortune of his descendants, the Ro- 
mans. [Vid. .Ilneas.] Firg. Mn. 1, 2, &c.— 
Hyg,u. 94, 254, 260, 270.— Hwioi. Theog. 1010 — 

A'polol. Z.— Ovid. Fad. 4, 34 Homer. li. 20. et 

Hymn, in Vener. — Xenoph. Cyneg. 1. — Dionys. 

Hal, de An iq. Rom. 1. Pausanias, 8, 12, says 

that Anchises was buried on a mountain in Ar- 
cadia, which from him has been called Anchisia. 

An Athenian archon. Dionys. Hal. 8. 

Anchisia, a mountain of Arcadia, at the bot- 
tom of which is a monument of Anchises. Pans, 
8, 12 ens. 

AnchisiAdes, a patronymic of JEneas, as 
being son of Anchises. Vtrg. ^n. 6, 348, &c. 

AnCHOE, a place near the mouth of the Cephi- 
sus, in Bceotia, where there is a lake of the same 
name. Strab. 

AnchOba, a fortified place in Galatia. 

Anchukus, a son of Midas king of Phrygia, 
who sacrificed himself for the good of his country, 
when the earth had opened and swallowed up 
many buildings. The oracle had been consulted, 
and gave for answer, that the gulf would never 
close, if Midas did not throw into it whatever he 
had most precious. Though the king had parted 
with many things of immense value, yet the gulf 
continued open, till Anchurus, thinking himself 
the most precious of his father's possessions, took 
a tender leave of his wife and family, and leaped 
into the earth, which closed immediately over his 
head. Midas erected there an altar of stones to 
Jupiter, and that altar was the first object which 
he turned into gold, when he had received his fatal 
gift from the gods. This unpolished lumpof gold 
existed still in the age of Plutarch. Ptui. in Pa- 
rall. 

AnCILK, and Ancyj.e, a sacred shield, which, 
according to Roman authors, fell from heaven 
in the reign of Numa, when the Roman people 
laboured under a pestilence. Upon the preserva- 
tion of this shield depended the fate of the Roman 
empire, and therefore Numa ordered eleven of the 
same size and form to be made, that if ever any 
attempt was made to carry them away, the plun- 
derer might find it difficult to distinguish the true 
one. They were made with sucli exactness, that 
the king promised Veterius Mamurius, the artist, 
whatever reward he desired. [Fid. Mamurius.] 
They were kept in the temple of Vesta, and an or- 
der of priests was chosen to watch over their 
safety. These priests were called Salii, and were 
twelve in number ; they carried every year, on the 
first of March, the shields in a solemn procession 
round the walls of Rome, dancing and smging 
praises to tho god Mars. This sacred festivui 



A. NX 



52 



ANI> 



eonti:uied thres dars, du; whicli every impor- 
Ui.it ijusiiiess W3,i stojip-^d. It was deemed uiifor- 
tuaute to be married on tliose days, or to undertake 
iiijy expedition : and T;;citus in Hisl. 1. has attri- 
bcted the unsuccessful campaign of the emperor 
Oiiio ajaiiist Viteliius, to his leaving Rome during 
thi^ celeb- atioa of the Ancyliorium festum. These 
verses of Ovid explain the origin of the word 
A iicyle, which is applied to these shields : 
itique ancyle vocat, quodab omni parte recisum est, 

Ouemque notes oculis, angulus omnis abest 

F.si. 3. 377, &c. Farru d". L. L. 5, 6 Vol 

Mr.r. 1, l.—Juv. 2, 124 P.ut. in Xnm.— Virf^. 

^2 •. 8, e64.-D:oat/s. Ha!. 2.—L v. ], 2n. 

A.NX'OX and Ancona, a to-vn of Picenum, 
about twen y miles from Senagallica. It is sup- 
posed to derive its name from the angxilar form of 
tjie promontory on wliich it stands. The founda- 
tion of Ancona is a^-cribed to the Syracusans. It 
is mentioned in Roman history, as a naval station 
Of some importance in the wars with the Illyrians, 
i id was occupied by C«sar soon cifter his passage 
of the Rubicon. The present port was made, or 
greatly improved, by Trajan ; and the honorary 
arch is still standing, which the gratitude of tlie 
citizens raised to their benefactor. At some dis- 
tance from Ancona is the famous chapel of Loret- 
to, supposed by monkish historians to have been 
brought through the air by angels, August ICth, 
A. D. 1291, from Judaea, where it was a cottage, 
iuiiabi'.ed by the virgin Mary. Tlie reputed sanc- 
t ty of the place has ofien broueht 100,000 pilgrims 
in one day to Loretio. Pu,k 3, U.—Lucin. 2, 

4 02. _//«/.' 8. 437 .)fe:a 2, A.-J.v. 4, 40. 

AxclS Mahtic--, the fourth king of Rome, 
w;is gruuds'in to Nur.ia, by his daughter. His 
nr.ine Ancus was derived from the Greek ayKwy^ 
because he had a crooked arm ivhich he could not 
stretch out to its full length. He waged a suc- 
cessful war against the Latins, Veientes, Fidea- 
ates, Volsci, and Sabines, and joined mount Jani- 
cuium to the city by a bridge, and inclosed mount 
?-Iariius and the Aventine within the walls of the 
ci-y. He extended the confines of the Roman 
territories to the sea, where he built the town of 
Ostia, at the mouth of the Tiber. Ha inherited 
the val ur of Romulus with the moderation of 
Numa. He died B. C. G16, after a reign of twen- 
tv- four years, and was succeeded by Turquin the 
ei.ier. Du.nys. Hat. 3, 9.—L.V. 1, 32, &ic.—Fcur. 
1 4.—V^rg. "jE t. 6, 815. 

A.VCURA, a city of Galatia, near the river Ha- 
lys. Pausanias states, that it derived its name 
from an uncftor which v. as found here, and preserv- 
ed iii the temple of Jupiter. This city was enlarg- 
ed and ornamented by Augustus, and, under Nero, 
v.as called tlie metropolis of Galatia. It is now 
lu.nied by the Turks A ■g ntri^ and by the Europeans 
^-'•ii'orn, and is famous for the fleeces of its goals. 
:=i the neighbourhood of this place Bajazet was 
co:;qu^.'-ed and r.iade prisoner by Tiraur the Great 

Az-i'SYR.^. a town of Sicily. A to\^n of 

Phry, ia. 1. 
AXDA, a city o. Africa- P-h/'-. 
AXDABAT-^, from aya^at cu, to ascend, a term 
applied to those gladiators wiio fougiit in chariots 
with their eyes biind- folded, and having almost all 
their face concealed by a peculiar kind of helmet. 
l:Jence the phrase y^fidrt aiamm i/iorp, which denotes 
r^ishaess and want of consideration. Cic. ad Fa- 
-, n!. 7, 10, 

Andania, a city of Arc?dia, where Aristo- 
m-r-ics v/as educated. It derived its name from a | 
{jujf in its vicir.ity. Pau^,. 4. 1 ei 33. J 



ANDEGAvi, Andf.cavi, or AXDF.s, a people 
of Gaui, east of the Namneles, and north of ius 
Liger, or Lar . Cces. Bi.l. G. 2. 35. 

AXDEGAVIA, a country of Gaul, near the Tu- 
rcnes and the jcean. T^.cit. Ann. 3, 41. 

Andes, a viliaze of Italy, near Mantaa, immor- 
tal as the bi: th-place of Virgil. 

ANDOUIDES, an Athenian orator, son of Lco- 
goras. He lived in the age of Socrates the philo- 
sopher, and was intimate with the most illustrious 
men of his age. He was often banished, but his 
dexterity al'.vays restored him to favour. Plu- 
tarch has written his life in 10 Orat. Four of \i\s. 
orations are extant. 

A N DOM AD UN u 31, a town in GauI,now Langres. 

And j-MATIS, a river of India, falling into the 
Ganges. Aman. 

Andr^mox, the father of Thons, married 
Gorge daughter of (Eneus, whom, he succeeded 
on the throne of Caiydon. He died at Amj>h;ss^, 
where his tomb was still to be seen in the ase of 

th- Antonines. Hygi?,. 97 Puus. 10, 38 — 

Homer. It. 2 ft U.—ApoUod. 1, 19 et 21. The 

husband of Dryope, and f^^ther of Thoas. Ovid. 
.Ut:!. y, 333, &c. 

AxDRAGATHitrs, atyrant, defeatedby Gratian, 
A. D. 383, &c 

AxDRAGATHUS, a man bribed by Lysimachus 
to betray his country, &c. Poiymn. 4, 12. 

AxDRAG jR.\.s, a man who died asudden death. 
Mam t. 6, 53. 

AXDRAMlTTirM. Vid. Adramyttium. 

AxDRAMYLES, a king of Lydia, who cas- 
trated women, and made use of them as eunuchs, 
Ailu . 

AxdrEas, a statuary of .Argos. Paus. 6, 16. 

A man of Panormum, who wrote an account 

of all the remarkable events that haxl happened m 

Sicily. Atfte/i. A son of Peneus. Part of 

Greece was called Andreis after him. Paui. 9, 
34, &c. 

AXDRICLUS, a mouiitain of Ciiicia. Strut:. 14. 

A river of Troas, falling into the Scamander. 

Plir^. 5, 27. 

AXDHlSCUS, a man who wrote a history of 

Naxos. Atheii. 1. A worthless person called 

Psendophilipptis, on account of the likeness of his 
features to king Phiiip. He incited the Macedo- 
nians to revolt against Rome, and was conquered 
and led in triumph by Jtietelius, 152 B. C. FLr. 

AXDROBIUS, a famous painter. Plin. 35, 11. 

Androclea, a daugiiter of Autipoenus of 
Thebes. She, v.ith her sister Alcida, sacrificed 
herself in the service of her couiiti y, when the 
oracle had promised the victory to her counti ymon, 
who were engaged in a war against Orchomeiios^ 
if any one of noble birth devoted himself for t..e 
glory of his nation. Antipoenus refused to do it, 
and his daughters cheeifuliy accepted it, and re- 
ceived great honours after death. Hercules, who 
fought on the side of Thebes, dedicated to them 
the i.iiage of a lion in the temple of Diana. Pans. 
y, 17. 

Androclf.S, a son of Phintas, who reigned in 

Messenia. Pa:ii. 4, 5, ike. A man who wrote 

a history of Cyprus. 

AxDiiOCLiDKS, a noble Theban who defended 
the democratical, ag'iiust the encroachments of the 
oligarchical, power. He was killed by one of his 

enemies. A sop.liist in the age of Aui elian, who 

gave an account of philosophers. 

AndrOcll'S, a son of Codius, who reigned in 
loaia, and took Ephesus and Samos. Puui. 7, 2. 



AND 



63 



AND 



—A Dacian slave, recognised in the Circus 
Maxiiims by a lion, which he had formerly reliev- 
ed when woancred in the woods. Gillius 5, 14. — 
H. An. 7 4S,.-S-ne,:a di Bene/. 2, 19. 

AndrocydES, a physician, who wrote the fol- 
lowing letter to Alexander: — " Vinum potatuvus, 
rex, memento tebibere sangainem terree, sicutive- 
neaum est homini cicuta, sic et vinum." PUn. 14,5. 

ANDRODAMUS. Vid. Androraadas. 

ANDRODUS. nd. Androclus. 

Androgeos, a Greek, killed by JEne&s and his 
friends, whom he took to be his conntrymeD. J^irg. 
Mn. 2, 371. 

AndrogeuS, son of I^Iinos and Pasiphae, Avas 
famous for his skill in wrestling. Ke overcame 
every antagonist at Athens, end became such a 
fevourite of the people, and of the Pallantides, the 
apparent heirs to the throne, that Jigeus king of 
the country grew jealous of hici popularity, and 
caused him to be assassinated as he was going to 
Thebes, Some say that he was killed by the wild 
bull of Marathon. Minos declared war against 
Athens to revenge the death of his son, and peace 
was at last re-established on condition that -'Egeus 
sent yearly seven boys and seven girls from 
Athens to Crete to be devoured by the Minotaur. 
[Vid Minotaurus.] The Athenians established 
festivals by order of Minos, in honor of his son, 
and called them Androgeia. Hij^iu. 41.— Diod. 

^.—Virg. JF.n. 6, 20 Pans. 1, 1 tt 21.—ApdLod, 

2, 5. 3, 1 f.i 15.— Pint, in Thes.—CatuU. 6:2, 77. 

Androgyne, a fabulous nation of Africa, be- 
yond the NasaJHones. Every one of them Dore 
the characteristics of the male and female sex ; 
and one of their breasts was that of a man, and 
the other that of a woman. Lucret. 5, 837. — Li\.\ 
27, n.—AuL Gell. 9 4.—Plin. 7, 2. 
Andromache, daughter of Eetion, king of 

I T!iebes in Cilicia, married Hector, son of Priam, 
king of Troy, by whom she had Astyanax. She 
was so fond of her husband, that she even fed his 

I horses with her own hand- Baring the Trojan 
war, she remained at home employed in her do- 
mestic concerns. Her parting with Plectoi-, M'ho 
was going to a battle, in which he perished, has 
always been deemed the best, most tender, and 
pathetic of all the passages in Homer's Iliad. She 
received the news of her husband's death with 
extreme sorrow; and after the taking of Troy, she 
had the misfortune to see her only son Astyanax, 
after she had saved him from the flames, thrown 
hcsidlong from the walls of the city, by the hands 
of the man whose father had killed her husband. 
{S'^nec. in Troud.) Andromache in the division of 
the prisoners by the Greeks, fell to the share of 
Neoptolemus, who treated her as his wife, ;:nd 
carried h -r to Epirus. He had by her three sons, 
Molossus, Piclus, and Pergamus, and afterwards 
repudiated her. After this divorce she married 
Helenus the son of Priam, who, as herself, was a 
captive of Pyrrhus, and by him she had Cestrinus. 
She reigned with her husband over part of the 
country, and she received there iEneas and his 
followers, on their v,-ay to Italy. Some say that 
AsVyanax was killed by Ulyssss, and Euripides 
says that Menelaus put him to death. Homer. //, 
U, T2et 2i.—Q. Calnb. IS.-Virg. AS-i. 3, 4S6.— 
Hi^gin. VZd —Dares Phrrjg — Quid. Am. 1, 9, .35. 
Trut. 5, 6. 43.— Apollod. 3, U.—P.ius. 1, 11. 10, 

25 The title of a tragedy written by Ennius. 

Cic. D v. 1, 13. 

Anoromachidve, a nation who presented to 
their king all the virgin.'j who were of nubile years, 
and pciiuittcd him to use them as he pleased.. 



AndromIchiis, an opulent person of Sicllr, 
father to the historian Timasus. Dlod, 16. He 
assisted Timoleon in recovering the liberty of the 

Syracusans. A general of Alexander, to whom 

Parmenio gave the government of Syria. Ke was 

burnt ali ve by the Samaritans. Curt. 4, 5 et» 8. 

A brother-in-law of Seleucus Callinicus. A 

traitor who discovered to the Parthians all the 
measures of Crassus, and,, on being chosen guide, 
led the Roman army into a situation whence there 

was no mode of escape. A poet of Byzantium. 

A physician of Crete in the age of i';ero. He 

invented tf:eriaca^ which he described in some 

elegiac verses. ^A sophist of Naples, in the age 

of Dioclesian. 

AndromAdas, or AND.RODAMUS, a native of 
Rhegium, who made laws for the people of Chal- 
cis in Macedonia. Aristot. 

Andromeda, a daughter of Cepheus king of 
Ethiopia, by Cassiope. She v^-as promised in 
marriage to Phineus, her uncle, when Neptune 
inundated the kingdom, and sent a sea-monster to 
ravage the country, because Cassiope had boasted 
herself fairer than Juno and the Nereides. The 
oracle of Jupiter Ammon was consulted, and no- 
thing could stop the resentment of Neptune, if 
Andromeda was not exposed to the sea-monster. 
She was accordingly tied naked on a rock, and at 
the moment that the monster was going to devour 
her, Perseus, who returned through the air from 
the conquest of the Gorgons, saw her, and was 
captivated with her beauty. He promised to deli- 
ver her and destroy the monster, if he received her 
in marriage as a rev>^ard for his trouble. Cepheus 
consented, and Perseus changed the sea-monster 
into a rock, by showing him Medusa's head, and 
untied Andromeda, and married her. He had by 
her many children, among whom were Sthenelus, 
Ancaeus, and Electryon. The marriage of Andro- 
meda with Perseus v/as opposed by Phineus, 
who, after a bloody battle, Avas changed into a 
stone by Perseus. Some say that Minerva made 
Andromeda a constellation in heaven after her 
death. [Fid. Medusa, Perseus.] Hygin. 64. 
—Cic. de IVat. D. 2, 43 —Apollod. 2, 4 — Manil. 

5, 533.— Propr'rt. 3, 21. According to Pliny, 

5, 31, it was at Joppa in Judea that Andro- 
meda was tied on a rock. He mentions that the 
skeleton of the huge sea-monster to whom she had 
been, exposed, was brought to Rome by Scaurus, 
and carefully preserved. The fable of Andromeda 
and the sea-monster has been explained, by sup- 
posing that she was courted by the captain of a 
ship, who attempted to carry her away, but was 
prevented by the interposition of another more 
successful lover. 

Andron, an Argive, who travelled all over the 
deserts of Libya without drink. Aristot. de Ebri- 

et. 1.- A man set over the citadel of Syracuse 

by Dionyius. Hermocrates advised him to seize 
it and revolt from the tyrant, which he refused to 
do. The tyrant put him to death for not discover- 
ing that Hermocrates had incited him to rebellion. 

Po y-Eu. 5, 2. A man of Halicarnassus, who 

composed historical works, particularly a valuable 
genealogy, now lost, but often quoted by Diogenes 

and otiiers. Piui. in Thp.s. A native of Ephe- 

sus, who wrote an account of the seven wise men 

of Gr-'ece. Diog. A man of Argo.s. .\no- 

ther of Alexandria, &c. Apollon. His!. Mirab. 

c'o Atheru— Aristot. de Ebriet, 

Andronicus LlVlXJS. Vid. Livius. 

AndronIcus, a peripatetic pihilosophcr of • 
Rhodes, wlio flourished tifty-uine years B. C. He 



54. 



:he fii-st vrho pubiisiied and revisod the wo 
istotle and Tiiejplirastus. His Periphra 



is extant, the best edition of whicli is {i:at of Hin- 

eius, Svo. L. Bat. 1617. Pint, m i^yil. A Latin 

poet in the age of Caesar. A Latin grarnmariiin, 

wlioic Ufa Suetonius has written. A king of 

Lydia, surnamed Alpyus. One of A.oxander s 

orncei s. One of the oiiicers of Antiociius F.j 

phanes. A Greek architect, who bui»t t^ie fa- 
mous octagonal temple of the winds at Athoi.s, 
and was the inventor of the weathercock. 

Andkophagi, a savage nation of European 
Scythia, H^r ,d. 4, 18. ft 102, 

Anuropompus, a 'fheban, who killed Xanlhus 
in single combat, by fraud. P,:us. 2, 18. 

AXDROS, an island in the JE^es.n Sea, known 
by the dillerent names of Epagrys, Antandros, 
Lasia, Cauros, Hydrussa, Isonagrij. Its chief 
t \vn was called Andros. It had a harbour, near 
v.hich Bacchus had a temple, with a fountuin, 
W11053 Avaters, during the ides of January, tasted 
like wine. It received the name of Andj-os, from 
Andros, son of Anius, one of its kings, who lived 
in tiie time of the Troian war. It is now called 

Auiiro. Ovid. M L 13, i>18 F.r^. ^ :. 3, o'J 

Ju . 3, 70.-Pli;. 2, l^d.—Meh 1 et 2. 

AndkoSTHEXEs, one of Alexander's genen.ls, 
sent with a ship on the coast of Arabia, .^j -r.a .. 

7. iO S.rab. 16. A govern T of The£s,.ly, 

v h J favoured the interest of Pompey. He was 

con juered by J. Cajsar. Cces. BelL. Ctv. 3, 80. 

A statuary of Thebes, who was engaged in beau- 

ti/Viiig the ten-.ple of Delphi. Puu.^."lO, 19. 

A geographer in the age of Alexander. Theophr. 
de Caiu. Piani. 2., 7. 

ANDKOTF.ION, a Greek, who \XTC\e a history of 
Attica, and a treatise on agriculture. Pi ii,—Faus. 
10, 8 — ^Uau V. H. 8, 10. 

ANELONTi.s, a river near Colophon. P»i/ ■. 8. -28. 

Anemo, or Almo, a river near Rome, vror- 
shipped as a god. Ctc. X i'. D. 3, liO. 

AxVEMOREA, or Anemolea, a city of Phocis, 
in the immediate vicinity of Hyacipoiis. H^/n^ir, 
I. 2, oli.-Srat. 9. 

AXEMOSA, a village of Arcadia. P ius. 8, 35. 

Anekastus, a king of Gaul. 

Anetok, a native" of Fhocis. who kept the 
sheep of Peleus. Ovid. M^.t. 1 1, 5 i8. 

ANFINOMUS and AxaSIAS, rather Amphino- 
tnns J wh.ich see. 

Angelia, a daughter of IMercury. 

Angelion, a sf;.tu;ry. who mada Apollo's 
statue at Delphi. Pa-.s. 2, 'i2. 

ANGELUS, a son of Neptune, bom in Chios, 
of a nyiuph whose name is unknown. Paut. 7, 4. 

AngItes, a river of Thrace, rising in the 
mountains north of the Edones, and falling into 
the Strymon above Amphipolis. Now Angtds:a, 
H r..a. 7, 113. 

Anglrs, or Angli, a German nation, origin- 
ally a branch of the Suevi, who, after Vcu ions mi- 
grations, settled in tfiat part of On.'.m :rk and the 
D iciiy of Sleswick which is still called A-^qp.in^ 
and of which, the city of Flesisiourff is the capital. 
This is the nation wiiich, according to Rapi:i and 
many other writers, gave the name of English to 
the S!;biects of Egbert, early in the ninth century. 
TiiC'\ G^rm. 40. 

A.NGRUS. a river of Illyricum, flowing in a 
northern direction through the Triballic plain, and 
uniting wiiii the Brongus, which joins the Danube. 
H rod. 4, 49. 

A .< .,ri Ti \ , a wood in the country of the Marsi, 
tc-i ., e3;i t;ie ir.k? Fticinus iind Alba. Serpents, it 



) is sa d, could not i-ijure t"..e inliabltruitd b^^cause 
! they were d scended from Circe, wiio.se po.-. er 
j over those venomous creatures has been much ce- 
lebrated. S:i. S.—r:^g. ^iEu. 7, 75J. 
I Akia, a Roman wl.l'^v,-, celebrated for her beau- 
ty. One of i.er fil nds advised her to jnarry 
again. "No," said she, ' if 1 marry a man as 
atrectionate as n\y rirsi lir.sband, I shall be appre- 
i^easive for h s tieatli : and if he. is bad, wliy nave 
liini. after such a kind and indulgent one :" 

AxiCETLS, a son of Hercules, by Hebe the 

goddess of youth. ApolL-jd. 2. A freedman who 

directed the education of Nero, and became the 
instrument of his crimes. Sum. in Xer. 

AxiciA, a family at Rome, v.-hich, in (he flour- 
ishing times of the republic, produced many brave 

and illustrious citizens. A relation of Att;cus. 

C. X^pos. 

-AkiciUM, a town of Gaul. Ccbs. Bell. G JI. 7, 

AniciUS GALi,US triumphed over the lUyrians 
and their king Gentius, and was propraetor of 

Rome, A. U. C. 535. A consul with Corn. Ce- 

ihegus, A. U. C. 592. During his consulship 
or that of a consul of the same name, the. e was so 
plent.fu! a vintage, that A-iiaafium vinum after- 
wards became expressive of superior excellence. 

Cic Brut. 83. Frobus, a Roman consul in tiie 

fourth century, famous for his humanity. 

ANlGii'JS, a river of Thassaly, the waters of 
which were rendered unwholesome from the cir- 
cumstance of the Centaurs having washed their 
wounds in them after their battle with Hercules. 
The nymplis of this river were called Anigriades, 
and it was pretended, that if any person who had 
a complaint of the skin oifered a sacrifice to them, 
and afterwards sv.-am over the river, he would be 
cured. The modern name of the Anagrus is 
is dero. Puus. 5, 5. 

ANIO and AnieN, now Ttvrronp., a river of , 
Italy, rising in the Apennines, and falling into I 
the river Tiber, about live miles north of Rome, i 
It receives its name, as some suppose, from Ani- 
us, a king of Etruria, who drowned himself there j 
when he could not recover his daughter, who had | 
been carried away. S'a!. Si^lv. 3. 20.— Virg.^ i. i 

633 S rat: 5 Horal. 1, 7, 13 — Plut. de Fort. I 

it m. ! 

Aa'itobgis, a city of Spain, near which a bat- ] 
tie was fought between Asdj-ubal and the Scipios» 
Liv. 25, 3J. 

ANIUS, son of Apollo and Rhea, was king of 
Delos, and father oi Andrus. He had by B .-rippe 
three daughters, tEno, Spermo, and Elais, to 
whom Bacchus had given the power of changing 
whatever they pleased into wine, corn, and oil. 
When Agamemnon went to the Trojan war, he 
wished to carry them with him to supply his army 
with provisions ; but they complained to Bacchus, 
who changed them into doves. Ovid. M^ t. 13, 642. 
—Dioiiys. HaL \.—Diod. 5 Firg. .S;. 3, 80. 

Anxa, a goddess, in whose honour the Romans 
instituted festivals. She was, according to some, 
Anna the daughter of Eelus and sister of Dido, 
who, after her^sister's death, tied from Carthage, 
wh ch laibas had besieged, and came to Italy, 
where ^^Eneas met her as he walked on the banks 
of the Tiber, and gave her an honourable recep- 
tion, for the kindnesses she had shown him when 
he was at Carthage. Lavinia, the wife of .^Eneas, 
was jealous of the tender treatment wliich was 
shown to Anna, and meditated her ruin. Anna 
was apprized of this by her sister in a dream, and 
she ft ii to the river Numicus. of which she be- 
c.me a deiiv, and ordered lae iuhabitant's of tha 



ANN 



65 



ANN 



country to call h^r Au lu J'-.r^iuua^ bccau;s s'.ie 
wo.itd re.naiu for ever under the waters. Her 
iosiivals were performed with muny rejoicings ; 

tiie females often, in the midst of their clieer- 
fidiiess, forgot their natural decency, probably to 
cj.iiaiemorate the intrigues which Anna is said 
to have carried on with the god of war, by as- 
suming thi dress of Minerva. Ttiey Vv-ere in- 
t/odacei into Rome, and celebrated the loth of 
.»;arch. The Romans generally sacrinced to her, 
to obtaia a lour and liappy life : and hence the 
words Auiiire and Peren^^are^ Some have sup- 
posed Anna to be the moon, quia mensibus implea: 
nuuti ti; others call her Themis, or lo, the daugh- 
ter of laachus; and sometimes Jtlaia. Anotfier 
mure received opinion maintains, that Anna v,-a.3 
an old industrious v/oman of Boviilit', vrlio, when 
ihe Roman populace had fled from the city lo 
inoant Sac r, brought them cakes every day ; for 
wii ch kind treatment the Romans, when a reco.i- 
ciiiation was eft'ected, decreed immortal honours 
to her, whom they called Ferenaa, nb per n-ntnt-. 
ciUcus, and who, as they suppose, was become one 
of their deities. Ouid. F .^r. a, 653, 6i.c.—iiiL 8, 
l^.—Fug. .Ell. 4, 9, 2;j, iil et b.\).—jdurii..l. 4, 
t)K 16. 

Anna CJ-AIMHIxA, daughter of Alexus Corn- 
menus emperor of Coiistd'.itino^.l;!, and celsbiaied 
for the Greek history v,-hich slie has written, in 
which, with great elegance and spirit, tiiough of- 
ten with partiality, sne records tJie events vdiich 
distinguished her father''s reign. 

AxNjSUS, the name of a family at i\ome, to 
which beionged Lucanus, Seneca, Florus, &c._ 

AnxAles, a chronoio^ic :1 history which gives 
an account of all tue important events of eve.y 
year in a state, without entering into tne causes 
which produced tliem. The Annals of Tacitus 
may be considered in this light, ia the first ages 
of tlome, the writing of the annals was one of 
the duties and privileges of the high-priest: 
whence they have been cailed Annaies Aiaximi, 
from tiie priest Pj-t if-x .>/au'/;» <i, who consecrat- 
ed them, and gave them as truly genuine and 
autiientic. 

Annalis Lex, settled the age at which, 
amoiig the Romans, a citizen should be eligible to 
exercise any ohice of state. Tais law originated 
in Athens, and was i.itroduced in Ro ne by the 
tribune L. ViUias, wiio from that circumstance 
obtained for laimself and posterity the surname of 
Annalis. No mun could be a knight before eigh- 
teen years of age, nor be invested with the con- 
s liar power bei'ore he had arrived to his t wenty- 
Hfth year. 

AnniANUS, a poet in the age of Trajan. 

ANNIBAO, a celebrated Carthaginian general, 
son of Amilcar. He was educated in his fathsr s 
cjmp, and inured from his early years to tiie la- 
bours ol the field. He passed into Spain when 
ni.i; years old, and, at the request of his father, 
t)ok a solemn oath he never v/ould be at peace 
with the Romans. After his father's death, he 
w:s appointed over th ; cavalry in Spain; and 
some time after, upon the death of Asdrubal, lie 
v/as invested wi h the command of ail the armies 
of Carthage, though not yet in the twenty-fifth 
ye.ir of liis age. In tiiree years of continual suc- 
cess, he subdued all the nations of Spain which 
opposed the Carthaginian power, and took Sagun- 
tum after a siege of eii^ht montlis. Tnis city was 
in alliance with the Romans, and its fail was the 
cause of the second Punic war, which A-nnibai 
prepared to support with all the courage and pru 



dence of a consummate general. He levied three 
large armies, one of which he sent to Africa, he 
left another in Spain, and marched at the head of 
the third towards Italy, over the Pyrenees, the 
Rhone, and the Alps, a didicult march of above 
a thousand miles, vy-hich he enected in the space 
of five months. This army some have calculated 
at twenty thousand foot and six thousand horse ■, 
others say that it consisted of one hundred thou- 
sand foot and twenty thousand horse. Liu. iil, 
58. After gaining the top of the Alp;, which 
were deemed almost inaccessible, and wiiich h;,d 
never been jiassed over before him but by Her- 
cules; he conquered the uncivilized iiuiabitaiits 
that opposed his passage, and aft^r the amazing 
loss of thirty thousand men, made his way so 
easy, by softening the rocks w'.tii lire and vin- 
egar, that even his a.med elepliants descended 
tlie mountains witiiout danger or difficulty, where 
a man, disencumbered of his arms, could not 
walk before in saf ty. It is supposed by Hol- 
stenius, DAnville, and others, that Annibal pass- 
ed into Italy over the Coltiau Alps. It is 
maintained, however, by General Melville, 31. 
de Liuc, and the author of " A Dissertation on 
tiiS Passage of Anaibal over the Alps," that 
iie crossed by the L tile Sunt Btrnard. In the 
silence of ancient historians on tliis subject, it 
is by no means clear over what part of tue Alps 
Anaibal effected his passage, and some circum- 
stances which are said to have attended it are 
still more doubtful. The manner in M^hich he le- 
velled some of the most inaccessible heights, 
splitting the rocks by means of fire, and afier- 
wards pouring on quaniiiies of vinegar, which are 
said to have sofie.ied and crumbled them, re-ts 
entirely upon the authority of Livy, supported by 
a CO npiimeniary and extravagant line of Juvenal. 
Ana;bai was ojiposed by the Romans as soon as 
he entered Italy; and after he had defeated P. 
Corn. Scipio and Seinpronius, near the Rhone, the 
Pc, and tiie Trebia, he crossed the Apennines, 
and invaded Etruria. He defeated the army of 
the consul Flaminius near the lake Trasimenus; 
and soon after met t.^ie two consuls, C. Terentius 
and L. .^Emilius, at Cannas. His army consisted 
of forty thousand foot and ten tliousand horse, 
when he engaged the Romans at the celebrated 
battle of Caniif£. The slaughter was so great, 
that no less than forty thousand Romans w -re 
killed, and the conqueror made a bridge with the 
dead carcases ; aad, as a sign of his victory, he 
sent to Carthage three bushels of gold rings 
which had been takan from 563 J Roman knights 
slain in the battle. Had Annibal, immcd aleiy 
af\ei- the battle, according to the advice of Mahar- 
ba!, marched his army to the gates of Rome, it 
must have yielded amidst the general consier- 
nation, if we believe the opinions of some wri- 
ters. His delay, however, gave the enemy 
spirit and boldness; and when at last he ap- 
proached the walls, he was informed that the 
piece of ground on which his army then stood, 
was selling at a high price in the Roman forum. 
After hovering for some time round the city, he 
retired to Capua, where the Carthaginian soldiers 
soon forgot to conquer, in the pleasures and riot of 
this luxurious city From that circumstance it 
has been said, and with propriety, that Capua 
was a Cannae to Annibal. After the battle of 
Cannai, the Romans became more cantioii;?, and 
n-hen t/ie dictator Fa'iius Maxitnus hiul deiicd 
the arlitice as well as the valour of Annibal,- 
they bejjan to look for better limes. iMarcelius, 



ANN 



55 



ANN 



who succeeded Fabius in the field, first tsuglit 
the Romans that Annibal "vvas not invincible. 
After many important debates in the senate, it 
was decreed that war should be carried into Africa, 
to remove Annibal from the gates of Rome ; and 
Scipio, who was the first proposer of the plan, 
was empowered to put it into ex cution. When 
Carthage saw the enemj- on her coasts, she recall- i 
ed Annibal from Italy ; and that great general is j 
said to have left, with tears in his eyes, a country, 
which during s-ixteen years he had kept imder con- 
tinual alarms, and whicli he could almost call his 
own. He and Scipio met near Carthage, and after 
a parley, in which neither would give the preisr- 
ence to his enemy, they determined to come to a 
general engagement. '1 he battle was fought near 
Zama : Scipio made a great slaughter of the enemy, 
twenty thousand were killed and the ssms number 
made prisoners. Annibal, after he hid iost the day, 
fled to Adrumetum. Soon after this decisive bat- 
tle, the Romans granted peace to Carthage, on 
hard conditio.'is; and afier^ards Annibal, who was 
jealous and apprehensive of the Roman power, 
fled to Syria, to king Antiochus, whom he advised 
to make war against Rome, and lead an army into 
the heart of Italy. Antiochus distrusted the fide- 
lity of Annibal, and was coi quered by the Romans, 
■who granted him peace on the condition of his de- 
livering their imniortt^l enemy into their hands. 
Annibal, who was apprised of this, left the court 
of Antiochus, and fled to Prusias, king of B thy- 
nia. He encouraged him to declare war against 
Rome, and even assisted him in weakening the 
power of Eumenes king of Pergamus, "who was in 
alliance with the Romans. 1 he sena'.e received 
intelligence that Annibal was in Bithynia, and im- 
mediately sent ambassadors, amongst wliom was 
li. O. Flaminius, to demand him of Prusias. The 
king was imwiliing t(f- betray Annibal, and violate 
the laws of hospiiality, but at the same time he 
dreaded the power of Ron;e. Annibal extricated 
him from his embarrassment, and when he heard 
that his house was besieged on every side, and all 
means of escape fruitless, he took a dose of poison, 
which he always carried -w ith, him in a ring on his 
finger, and as he breathed his last, he exc. aimed, 
" Solvamus diulurni cura populum Romanum, 
quaiido mortem senis expectare longum censet." 
He died in his 70th year, according to some, about 
182 years B. C- That year was famous for the 
death of the three greatest generi.ls of the a^e, 
Annibal, Scipio, and Philopoemen. The death'of 
so formidable a rival was the cause of great 
rejoicings in Rome; he had always been a pro- 
fessed enemy to the Roman name and ever endea- 
voured to destroy its power. It he shone in the 
field, he also distinguished himself by his studips. 
He was taught Greek by Sosilus a Lacedaemo- 
nian, and he even wrote some books in that lan- 
guage on different subjects. It is remarkab'e, 
that the life of Annibal, whom the Romans wished 
so many times to destroy by perfidy, was never 
attempted by any of his soldiers or countrymen, a 
circumstance which strongly proves the humanity 
of his character, and the popularity of his name 
among the discordant tribes of which his armies 
were composed. He made himself as con- 
spicuous in the government oi the state, as at 
the head of armies ; and though his enemies 
reproached him with the rudeness of laughing 
in the Carthaginian senate, whilst every senator 
was bathed in tears for the misfortunes of the 
counti-y, Annibal defended himself by saying, 
that he, v. ho had beer. b:?d all his life in a 



camp, ought to dispensed with all the HiOre 
polished leelings ol a ca{,ilal. He was so appre- 
hensive for his safety, that when he was in 
Biiliynai, his house was fortified like a castle, 
and on every side there were secret doers which 
could give immedia.e escape if his life was ever 
attempted. When he quilted Italy, and embarked 
i on board a veesel for Alrica, he so strongly sus- 
pected the fidelity of his pilot, who told him that 
the lofty mountain which appeared at a distarice 
was a piomontory of Sicily, li/at he killed him on 
the spot; and when he was convinced of his fatal 
error, he gave a magnificent burial to the man 
whom he had so falsely mnrJertrd. and cal.ed the 
promontory by his name, Pe.o^us. The labcurs 
wliich he sustained, and tlie inclemency of the 
weather to which he e.xposed himself in crossing 
the Alps, so weakened one of his eyes that he 
ever after lost the use of it. The Romans have 
celebrated the humanity of Annibal, wlio, after 
the battle of Cannae, sought the body of the 
fallen consul .Smilius, amidst the heaps of slain, 
and honoured it with a funeral becoming the 
di£;nity of R'ime, He perlormed the same friendly 
offices to the remains of l\Iarcellus and Tib. 
Gracchus, who had fallen in battle. He often 
blamed the unsettled measures of his country; 
and when the enemy had thrown into his camp the 
head of his brother Asdrubal, who had been con- 
quered as he came from Spain with a reinforce- 
ment into Italy, Annibal said that the Carthaginian 
arms would no longer meet with their usual suc- 
cess. Juvenal, in speaking of Annibal, observes, 
that the ring which caused his death made a due 
atonement to the Romans for the many thousand 
rings which had been sent to Carthage from the 
battle of Cannae. Annibal when in Spain, married 
a woman of Castulo. The Romans entertained 
such a high opinion of him as a commander, that 
Scipio who conquered him, calls him the greatest 
general that ever lived, and gives tiia second rank 
to Pyrrhus the Epiror, and places h mself the next 
to these in merit and abilities. It is plain that the 
failure of Annibal's expedition in Italy did not 
arise from his neglect, but from that of his country- 
men, who gave him no assistance; far from imi- 
tating their enemies of Rome, Avho even raised in 
one year eighteen legions to oppose the formidable 
Carthaginian. Livy has painted the character of 
Annibal like an enemy ; and it is much to be la- 
mented that this celebrated historian, with an in- 
excusable bitterness, and the most reprehens'ble 
illiberality, has withheld the tribute due to the 
merits and virtues of the greatest of generals. 
C. Nov. in Vita.— Liv. 21, 22. &c.- in 
FLamin. &c.— Justin. 32, 4.- Sil. Ilul. 1, &c. — 
Appion.— FloTus, 2, et 3. — Pclyb. — Diod,- Juv. 
1(1, 159, &c.- Fal. Max.— Herat. Od. 4, Ep.d. 

16. The son of the great Aiinibil, was sent 

by Himilco to Lilybaeum, which was besiegeU by 
the Romans, to keep the Sicilians in their duty. 

Polyb. 1. A Carthaginian general, son of A sdru- 

bah commonly called of Rhodes, above one hun- 
dred and sixty years before the bir'h of the great 

Annibal. Justin. 19, 2 Xenoph. Hist. Gioec. 

A son of Giscon, and grandson of Amilcar, sent 
by the Carthaginians to the assistance of ^gista, 
a town of Sicily. He was overpowered by Her- 
mocrates, an exiled Syracusan. Jitctin. 22. 23, 

A Carthaginian surnfmed Senior. He was 

conquered by the cousul, C. Sulpit. Paterculus, in 
Sardinia, ajid hung on a cross by his countrymen 
for his ill success. 

ANMCERIS, a philosopher of Cyicne, and dis- 



ANN 



57 



ANT 



' c'lple of Aristippus. When Plato was sold for a 
! slave at .^gina by the orders of Dioiiysius, Aniii- 
I ceris redeemed liim, and seiitliim to Athens. An- 
1 iiiceris was a famous charioteer, and placed all 
I good in worldly pleasure, to which virtue was to 
I be considered as only subservient. C-c. d". Ojf. 3, 

: -dd.—Diog. in Plat, et Am! E lan. V. H. "27. 

ANiVlUS Scapula, a Koman of great dignity, 

j-ut to death for conspiring against Cussius. Hir.. 

Alejc. 55. 

Annon and Hanno, a Carthaginian general, 
conquered in Spam by Scipio, and sent to Rome. 
I He was son of Bomilcar, whom Annibal sent pri- 
vately over to the Rhone to conquer the Gauls. 

Lnv. '21, 27. A Carthaginian who taught birds 

t') sing Annonis a god," after which he restored 
tiiera to their native liberty; but the birds lost 
] with their slavery what they had been taught. 

mUan. V. H. ult. lib. 30. A Carthaginian gene- 

il ral, who was employed to sail round Africa, and 
j to settle colonies in the most commodious stations. 
|j lie wrote an account of his discoveries in the 
j Punic language, which was translated into Greek. 

D')dwell disputes the authenticity of the woik, and 
j ascribes it to a Greek of Sicily, Mannert, how- 
i ever, successfully defends its credibility. It was 
• I'ubiished by Troben in 1538; and in Hudson's 
; (xi'.'igrophicB Veicris S^r.ptures Greed Minores., in 

1698. Another banished from Carthage for 

j taming a lion for his own amusement, v/hich was 
1 interpreted as if he wished to asjjire to sovereign 
power. Pa//. 8, 16. This name has been com- 
mon to many Carthaginians who have signalized 
themselves among their countrymen during the 
Punic wars against Rome, and in their wars 
against the Sicilians. Liv. 26, 27, &c. 
: Anop^a, a mountain and road near the river 
] Asopus. Herod. 7, 216 

' Anskr, a Roman poet, whom Ovid, Trist. 3, 1, 
i 425, calls bold and impertinent. He reflected with 
severity on some of Virgil's verses, which the 
}:oet resented by playing upon the double meaning 
; of ^//Srr, in his ninth eclogue. Propertius, 2, 36, 
also makes mention of him with the same faceti- 
ous raillery. Anser was a favourite with M. 
Antony, whom he accompanied to the siege of 
Mutina. C,c. Phil. 13, 5. 

ANSJBARil, AMSIVABII, or AMPSICARIl, a 
poopie of Germany, driven from their settlements 
by the Romans. Tacit. Ann. 13, 55. 

A:\ T^A, the wife of Proteus, called also Steno- 

btna. Hunter. lU A goddess Avorshipped by 

tlie inhabitants of Antium, supp<'sed to be the 
same as Rhea, or Fortune. 

Ant^AS, a king of Scylhia, who said that the 
neighing of a horse was far preferable to the 
music of Ismenias, a famous musician who had 
been taken captive. Pint. 

ANT^OPULIS, now Gan-el-Kebir, a town of 
I'pper Egypt, on the eastern side of the Nile. 
Jt had a magnificent temple in honour of Antaeus, 
the portico of which remains. 

Ant^US, a giant of Libya, son of Terra and 
Neptune. He was so strong in wrestling, that he 
boasted that he would erect a temple to his father 
v.'ith the skulls of his conquered antagonists, 
llcicules attacked him, and as he received new 
st.ength from his mother as often as he touched 
the ground, the hero lifted him up in the air and 
squ zed him to death in his arms. Lucan. 4, 598. 

—.V' '. Theb. 6, md.-Jnv. 3, 8S A servant of 

Alt CHS. CVc. ad Attic. 13, 44. A friend of 

T:iiiiu-, killed by iEncas. ^ rg. JE;. IC, 5G]. 

ANTAGUKA-^' a n;an of Cos. j-'uus 3, 5. 



A Rhodian poet, much admired by Antigonus, Id^ 
1, <i. One day as he was cooking some fish, the 
king asked him, whether Homer ever dressed any 
meals v. hen he was ;ecording the actions of Aga- 
memnon ? And, do you think, replied the poet, 
that he a, Xaot t' s-nrimpaCpaTai icai roaaa, fie/j.r/'Xi, 
over inquired whether any individual dressed iish 
in his army. Piut. tiymp. et Apopb. 

Antalcidas of Spiirla. soli of Leon, was sent 
into Persia, where he made a peace with Arta- 
xerxes very disadvantageous to his country, by 
which, B. C. 387,the Greek cities of Asia became 
tributary to the Persian monarch. Paus, 9, 1, 
&c D.od. U.—Plut. in Artax. 

Antander, a general of Messenia, against 

the Spartans. P^i/s. 4, 7. A brother of Aga- 

thocles, tyrant of Sicily. Jusiin. 22, 7. 

Antandeos, now Antandro., a city of Great 
Mysia, on toe north coast of the gulf of Adramyt- 
tium. It was the arsenal of the Cimmerians for 
upwards of a century. According to Servius, it 
was built by the people of Andros, driven from 
their island by a sedition. Some authors place it 
at the bottom of mount Ida. Sirab. 13. — Vtrg. 
AEn, 3, 6 Mela. 1, 18. 

ANTAPHKRNhS. Vid. Artaphernes. 

Antkbp.ogiUS, an ambassador to Csesar from 
the Rhomi, a nation of Gaul. Cas. BkIL G-dL. 2, 3. 

Anteius Publics was appointed over Syria 
by Nero. He was accused of sedition and con- 
spiracy, and drank poison, which operating slow- 
ly, obliged him to open his veins. Tacit. Ann, 
13, &c. 

AKTKMN.S;, a city of the Sabines at the conflu- 
ence of the Anio and Tiber.- F^ri^. ^n. 7, 63J — 
Divnys. Hill. 

ANTENOr., a Trojan prince related to Priam, 
It is said, that during the Trojan v,ar, he always 
kept a secret correspondence with the Greeks, and 
chiefly vrith Wenelaus and Ulysses. In the coun- 
cil of Priam, Homer introduces him as advising 
the Trojans to restore Helen, and conclude the 
war. He advised Ulysses to carry away the Tro- 
jan palladium, and encouraged the Greeks to make 
the Avooden horse, which, at his persuasion, was 
brought 'nto the city of Troy by a breach made in 
the walls, .^neas has be?n accused of being ;i 
partner of his guilt; and the ni^ht that Troy was 
taken, they had a number of Greeks stationed at 
the doors of their houses to protect them from 
harm. After the destruction of his country, An- 
tenor removed to Thrace, and thence with the 
Heneti, to Italy, Avhere he founded PataAMuni, 
noAV Paduii. His children AA^ere also concerned in 
the Trojan Avar, and display, d mucli valour 
against the Greeks. Their names Avere Polybins, 
Acamas, Agenor, and, according to others, Poly- 
tlamas and Helicaon. Lit. 1, 1- — PLm. 3, 13. — 
Vira. AP.n. 1, 242— 7Vcj7. 16, 21— //ow.-r. / . 3, 
7, 8, U.—Ovid. Mel. VS.—Dtctys.Cret. 5.-D rs 
Ph^y.o. 6.-Sr..b. IS.—Dwnys. Hal. l.—Pau.^. 10, 

27. A statuary. Pov^, A Cretan Avho 

wrote a history of his comitry. jElian. 

ANTE1SOR7DES, a patronymic giA^en to the 
three sons of Anlenoi-, ail killed during the Trsijan 
Avar. rirg. M-u 6, 484. 

ANTEROS, (avTt spajj,- against loA-e,) a son of 
Mars and Venus. He Avas not, as the derivation 
of his name implies, a deity that presided over an 
opposition to love, but he Avas the god of mutual 
love and of mutual tenderness. Venus had com- 
plained to Themis, ihi.t hf-rsou Cupid always con- 
tinued a child, and Avas told, that if he hr.d r.no- . 
ther brother, he would si cv,- v.\> in ti short lULve 



J 



ANT 



58 



ANT 



of time. As soon as Anteros was born, Cupid 
felt liis strength increase, and his wings enlarge; 
but if ever his brother was at a distance from him, 
he found himself reduced to his ancient shape. 
From this circumstance it is seen, that return of 
passion gives vigor to love. Anteros had a tem- 
ple at Athens raised to his honour, when Meles 
had experienced the coldness and disdain of Tima- 
goras, whom he passionately esteemed, and for 
whom he had killed himself. [Vid. Meles.] Cu- 
pid and Anteros are often represented striving to 
seize a palm-tree from one another, to teach us 
that true love always endeavours to overcome by 
kindness and gratitude. They M-ere always paint- 
ed in the Greek academies, to inform the scholars 
that it is their immediate duty to be grateful to 
their teachers, and to reward their trouble \^ith 
love and reverence. Cic. de Nat. D. 3, 5^3. — Pans, 

1, 30. 6, 23. A grammarian of Alexandria, in 

the age of the emperor Claudius. A freedman 

of Atticus. Cic. ad Attic. 9, 14. 

Anthea, a to^vn of Achaia. Pam. 7, IS. 

OfMessenia. /J. 4, 31. OfTroezene. /d.2, 30. 

AntheaS, a son of Eumelus, killed in attempt- 
ing to sow corn from the chariot of Triptolemus 
drawn by dragons. Paus. 7, 18. 

ANTHEDON, a city of Bceotia, a little to the 
north-east of mount -Messapius, which received its 
name from the flowery plains that sujTOund it, or 
from Anthedon, a certain nymph. The Cabiri 
were worshipped at Anthedon •, there was also a 
temple of Proserpine in the city, and one of Bac- 
chus without the walls. According to Sir W. 
Gell, the ruins of this city are under mount Ktypa. 
Paus. 7, 10. 9, 22. It was formerly inhabited by 
Thracians. Homer. II. 2.— Quid. Met. 13, 905. 

■ A town of Palestine, on the se? coast to the 

south-west of Gaza. It was also called Agrippias, 

in honor of Agrippa. It is now Darun. A 

port of Peloponnesus. Plin. 4, 5. 

Anthela, a town of Thessaly, situated be- 
tween Thermopylae and the Phoenix. In the plain 
round this town was the temple of Ceres Amphic- 
lyonia, that of Amphictyon, and the seals of the 
Amphictyons. H^rod. 7, 176. 

A^fTHEMIS, one of the names of the islas.d of 
Samos. S.rah. 10. 

Anthemon, a Trojan. Homer. I!. 4. 

Anthemus, a city of Macedonia, to the north- 
east of Thessalonica A city of Syria. Strab. 

AnthejMUsIa, the same as Samos. A city 

of Mesopotamia, to the south-east of Samosata, 
and just below Edessa. Sirab. 

AN'XHENE, a town of Cynuria in Argolis. Now 
PalcBo Castro. Tfiucyd. 5, 41. 

Anthermus, a Chian sculptor, son of Mic- 
ciades, and grandson to Malas. He and his bro- 
ther Bupalus made a statue of the poet Hipponax, 
which caused universal laughter, on account of 
the deformity of its countenance. The pcet was 
so incensed upon this, and inveighed with so much 
bitterness against the statuaries, that they hang- 
ed themselves, according to the opinion of some 
authors. Plin. 36, 5. 

Anthes, a native of Anthedon, who first in- 
vented hymns. Piul. de jhis. A son of Nep- 
tune. 

A NTH ESPHOEIA, festivals celebrated in Sicily, 
in honor of Proserpine, who was carried away 
by Pluto as she was gathering flowers. Cluudian. 

Rupt. Pros. Festivals of the same name 

were also observed at Argos in honor of Jiuio, 
who was called Antheia. Puns. Ctrlnth.— Pollux 



Anthestkria, festivals in honour of Bacchus 
among the Greeks. They were celebrated in the 
month of February, called Anthesterion, whence 
the name is derived, and continued three days. 
The first day was called ni5oi74a, airo rov tti^ovs 
oiysty, because they tapped their barrels of liquor. 
The second day was called Xoey, from the measiire 
X'oa., because every individual drank of his own 
vessel, in commemoration of the arrival of Orestes, 
who, after the murder of his mother, came, with- 
out being purified, to Demophoon, or Pandion, 
king of Athens, and was obliged, with all the 
Athenians, to drink by himself, for fear of pollut- 
ing the people by drinking with them before he 
was purified of the parricide. It was usual on 
that day to ride out in chariots, and ridicule those 
that passed by. The best drinker was rewarded 
with a crown of leaves, or rather of gold, and 
with a cask of wine. The third day was called 
^i)rpot, from a vessel brought out full of all 

sorts of seed and herbs, deemed sacred to Mercu- 
ry, and therefore not touched. The slaves had 
the permission of being merry and free during 
these festivals and at the end of the solemnity a 
herald proclaimed, evpafE, Kapss, cvk et Av9«o-T??pto, 

1. e. Depart, ye Carian slaves, the festivals are at 
an end. ^iian. V. H. 2, 41. 

AntkEUS, a son of Antenor, much esteemed 
bv Paris. — one of the companions of iEneas. 
Vag. ^.n. 1, 514. 

Anthia a sister of Priam, seized by the 
Greeks. She compelled the people of Pallene to 
burn their ships, and build Scione- P^ivtsn. 7, 47. 

A town. Vid. Anthea. A daughter of 

Thespius, mistress to Hercules. Apo'.lud. 2, 7. 

Akthias. Vid. Antheas. 

Anthippe, a daughter of Thestii'.s, king of 
Bceotia, mother of Hippodromus, Teleutagoras, 
Hippotas, and Euboeus, by Hercules. ApoUod, 

2, 33. 

Anthium, a town of Thrace, on the coast of 
the Euxine, afterv>-ards called ApoUonia. Now 
Sizeboli. Ptin. 4, 11. A city of Italy. 

Anthius (Jlow. ry), a name of Bacchus wor- 
shipped at Athens. He had also a statue at 
Patraa. 

AiVTHO, a daughter of Amulius, king of Alba. 

AnthoreS, a companion of Hercules, who 
followed Evander, and settled in Italy. He was 
killed in the war of Tuxnus against i3£neas. Virg. 
^n. 10, 778. 

AnthkaCIA, a njmph. Pnus. 8, 31. 

anthpvOpinus, Tisaechus, and I/iocles, 
three persons who laid snares for AgaUiocles ty 
rant of Sicily. Polycen. o, 3. 

Aktheopogkaphus, a surname given toDio- 
nysius the painter, because he painted nothing but 
men. Plin. 35, 10. 

Anthropophagi, a people of Scythia who 
fed on human flesh. They lived near the country 
of the Messagetffi. Plin. 4, 12. 6, 30.— il/e/a 2, 1. 

AxTHYLLA, a city of Eg}-pt, west of the Cano- 
P'C branch of the Psile, and north-west of Naucra- 
tis. It is the same as Gynsecopoiis. It main- 
tained the queens of the country in shoes, or, ac- 
cording to Athenceus, 1, in girdles. Herud. 2, 93. 

Antia Lex was made for the suppression of 
luxiuy at Rome. Its particulars are not known. 
The enactor was Antius Restio, who aftenvards 
never supped abroad for fear of being himself a 
witness of Ihe profusion and extravagance which 
his law meant to destroy, but without eflect. Ma- 
rroh. 3, 17. 

A.\ x: VMr.A, the mother of Echion. 



ANT 



59 



ANT 



j Antias the goddess of fortune, chiefly wor- j 

! s'lippe i at Antium. A poet. iVid Furius.) 

Anticlea, a daughter of Autolycus and Am- , 
■ phitliea. Her father, who was a famous robber, j 

permitted Sisyphus, son of ^olus, to enjoy the ■ 
I favours of his daughter, and Anticlea was really i 
I pregnant of Ulysses when she married Laertes ' 
' l;in^ of Ithaca. Laertes was nevertheless the ! 

r,-puted father of Ulysses. Ulysses is reproached j 
; by Ajax in Ovid. Met. 5, as beioisr the son of Sisy- I 
i phus. It is said that Anticlea killed herself when j 
I sbe heard a false report of her son's death, which 
; Nauplius had intentionally raised to avenge 
I himself on the family of Ulysses, by whose influ- 
I enee his son Palamedes had been sacrificed to the 
' resentment of the Greeks at the Trojan war. 
i Homer. Od. 11, 19.— Hygin. /ab. 201, 243.~Paus. 
I ]o, 29. A woman who had Periphetes by 

Vulcan. Apollod. 3. A daughter of Diodes, 

j who married Machaon the son of ^sculaplus, by 

whom she had Nicomachus and Gurgasus. Paus. 

4, 30. 

! ANTICLES, an Athenian archon. A man 

i who conspired against Alexander with Hermo- 

I' laus. Curt. 8, 6. An Athenian victor at 

, Olympia. 

Anticlides, a Greek historian, whose works 
i are now lost. They are often quoted bv Athe?icsus, 
; and Plut. in Alex. 

^ Anticragus, a detached chain of the ridge oS 
mount Cragus, in Lycia, running in a north-east 
direction along the coast of the Sinus Glaucus. 
1% is now c2L\\QdSoumbourlou. Strab. 4. 

ANTICRAtbs, a Spartan who stabbed Epamin- 
ondas, the Theban general, at the battle of Man 
tinea. Plut. in Ages. 

/vNTiCYRA, a city of Phocis, on the isthmus of 
a small peninsula in the Sinus Corinlhiacus, 
I west of the Sinus Criss£eus. It is supposed by 
j Vausanias to have been the city called by Homer 
Cyparissa. It is now called Aspropitia, or the 
white houses, and some traces of the buildings 
from which it was so named still remain. There 
was another of the sam.e name in Thessaly, at the 
mouth of the Sperchius. Both these places were 
celebrated for the growth of hellebore, which 
was recommended by the ancient physicians as a 
cure for insanity ; whence arose the adage, Na- 
viget Anticyram, applied to a person of unsound 
mind. Horace has been supposed to allude to 
three places of this name ; but this is a mistake, 
as he merely speaks of a head so incurable, as to 
defy the healing virtues of three Anticyras, if 
there even were so many. Paus. Ifl, 36. — 
Horat. Sat. 2, 3, 166.— De Art. Poet. 30Q.—Per- 
sius, 4, Strab. 9.— Mela, 2, 'S. — Ovid. Ep. 

ex. Pont. 4, 3, 53. A mistress of Demetrius. 

Plut. in Demetr. 

AntidSmus, a warlike solditr of king Philip 
at the sieee of Perinthus. 

Antidotus, an excellent painter, pupil of 
Euphranor. Plin. 35, 11. 

Antigenes, one of Alexander's generals, pub- 
licly rewarded for his valour. Curt. 5, 14. 

Antigenidas, a famous musician of Thebes, 
disciple to Philoxenus. He taught his pupil Is- 
nienias to despise the judgment of the populace; 
and when he seemed discouraged by the coldness 
of his auditors, he raised his spirits by saying, 
Miht cane et Musis. Aul. Gell.lb, 17.— FaZ. Max. 
3, 7 Cic. in Brut. 97. 

Antigona, daughter of Berenice, was wife to 
kin,' Pyrrhus. Plut. in Pyrr 

AwriGONE, a daughter of (Edipus, king of 



Thebes, by his mother Jocasta, viho was the 
guide of her father in his wanderings, alter he 
had lost his sight. She interred by night the re- 
mains of her brother Polynices, against the po- 
sitive orders of Creon, who when he heard of it, 
ordered her to be buried alive. She, however, 
stabbed herself before the sentence was executed; 
and Hasmon, the king's son, who was passionate- 
ly fond of her, and had not been able to obtain 
her pardon, killed himself on her grave. The 
death of Antigone is the subject of one of the 
tragedies of Sophocles. The Athenians were so 
pleased with it at the first representation that 
they presented the author with the government 
of Samos. This tragedy was represented thirty- 
two times at Athensj. without interruption. So- 
phocl. in Antig . -Hygin. fab. 67, 72, 243, 254.— 

Apollod. 3, 5 Ovid. Trist. 3, el. 3.— Philostrat. 

2, 29.— Stat. Theb. VZ, 350 A daughter of 

Eurytion, king of Phthia, in Thessaly. Apollod. 

A daughter of Laomedon. She was the 

sister of Priam, and was changed into a stork, 
for comparing herself to Juno. Ovid. Met. 6, 
93. 

Antigonia, an inland town of Epirus, south- 
west of Apoiionia. Now Argyro Castro. Plin. 

4, 1. One of Macedonia, in the district of 

Mygdonia, founded by Antigonus, son of Gon- 

atas. Id. 4, 10. One in Syria, on the borders 

of the Orontes, founded by Antigonus. Strab. 

16. Another in Bithynia, subsequently called 

Nicsea. Id. i.2.- Another in Arcadia, founded 

on the ruins of the ancient Mantinea. Paus. S, 

8. One of Troas, in Asia Minor, afterwards 

named Alexandria. St7ab. 13. 

ANTIGONUS, one of Alexander's generals, uni- 
versally supposed to be the illegitimate son of 
Philip, Alexander's father. In the division of 
the provinces after the king's death, he received 
Pamphylia, Lycia, and Phrygia. He united 
with Antipaterand Ptolemy, to destroy Ferdic- 
cas and Eumenes ; and after the death of Per- 
diccas, he made continual war against Eumenes, 
whom, after three years of various fortune, he 
took prisoner, and ordered to be starved- He af- 
terwards declared war a':ainstCassap.der,whom he 
conquered, and had several engagements by his 
generals with Lysimachus. He obliged Seleucus 
to retire from Syria, and fly for refuge and safety 
to Egypt. Ptolemy, who had established him- 
self in Egypt, promised to defend Seleucus, and 
from that time all friendship ceased between 
Ptolemy and Antigonus, and a new war was be- 
gun, in which Seleucus, Ptolemy, Lysimachus, 
and Cassander, arrayed themselves against An- 
tigonus. After varied success, the confederates 
made a treaty with him, and surrendered to him 
the possession of the whole of Asia, upon condi- 
tion that the Greek cities should remain free. 
This treaty was soon brol<en ; and Ptolemy made 
a descent into Lesser Asia, and some of the 
islands of the Archipelago, which was at first 
successful ; but he was defeated in a sea-fight by 
Demetrius, the son of Antigonus, who took the 
island of Cyprus, made 16,000 prisoners, and de- 
stroyed 200 of his ships. Such was the effect o. 
these successes on the mind of Antigonus, that 
he assumed the title of king, and conferred the 
same on his son ; and from this period, B.C.306, 
properly commenced his reign in Asia, and also 
the reigns of Ptolemy in Egypt, and those of the 
other captains of Alexander in their respective 
territories. Seleucus, Cassander, Lysimachus, 
;ind Ptolemy, soon found sufBcient reasons to ■ 



ANT 



60 



ANT 



enter Into a nev/ combination. Antigonus gave i 
his s. n Demetrius the command oi a po\'eriul 
fleet ; and himself, at the head of a numerous 
army, made an attempt to enter Egypt, threat- 
ening to disperse his enemies like a fl' ck of birds. 
But nis efforts were not attended with his usual 
success ; and, after being joined by Demetrius, 
who had made an equally unavailing attack upon 
Rh^ides, he marched their united forces into 
Phrygia They met the confederates in the plain 
of Ipsus, B- C. iiOl, where a decisive battle «as 
iought. Anti^onus was defeated, and died of his 
wounds; and his sonDemetrius fled from the field. 
Antigonus was b4 years old when he died. Dur- 
ing his life, he was master of all Asia Minor, as 
f r as Syria ; but after his death, his son Deme- 
trius lost Asia, and established himself in Mace- 
donia after the death o: Cassandcr, and some time 
after attempted to recover his former possessions, 
but died in captivity in the court of his son-in- 
law Seleucus. Antigonus was ccncerned in the 
u..frerent intrigues of the Greeks. He made a 
treaty of alliance with the .EtoHans, and was 
higt:ly respec:ed by ti-e Athenians, to whom he 
showed himseii very liberal and indulgent. An- 
tigonus discharged some of his ( fficers because 
they spent their time in taverns; ana he gave 
their cc-mmissions to common soldiers, who per- 
formed their duty with punctuality. A certain 
poet called him divine ; but the king despised his 
flattery, ar.a bade him go and inquiie oi his ser- 
vants whether he was reailv V. hat he supposed 
him. Strab. Yd.— Eiod. 11, fyc. — Puus. 1, 6, 
cfc. — Justin. 13, 14 ot 15.— C. Ae/; in Eun.en. — 

Fiut. in Demetr, Eurnen. et Aral. Gonatas, 

so called from the place of his birth, son of De 
metrius, and grandson to Antigonus, was king of 
Macedonia. Ke restored the Armenians 
berty, dereated the Gauls who had made an ir- 
rupLii.n into his kingdum. and at last was ex- 
pelled by Pyrrhus, who seized upon his kingdom. 
He afterwards recovered a great part of Mace- 
donia, and followed Pyrrhus to the neighbour- 
hood of Argos. In a e^ naict that ensued there, 
Pyrrhus was slain. After the death of Pyrrhus, 
he enlarged his authority, and died after a rei^n 
of thirty-four years, and was succeeded b> his 
son, Dem.etrius II., B.C. 243. Justin. 21 eizb. 

— Polyb.— Plut. in Demetr. The guardian of 

his nephew, Piiilip, the son of Demetrius, who 
married the widow of Demetrius, and usurped 
the kingdom. He was called Dcson, irom his 
promising much, and giving nothing. He con- 
quered Cieomenes, king of Sparta, and ob- 
liged him to retire into h^y^it, because he fa- 
voured the ^".olians against the Greeks. He 
died. B. C. 221, after a reign of eleven years, 
leaving his crow n to the law !ul possessor, Philip, 
who distinguished himself by his cruelties, and 
the war which he made against the Romans. 

Justin. -IS et 29.— Polyb. 2.— Plut. in Cleom. 

A son of Aristobulus, king of Judasa, who ob- 
tained an army from the king of Parthia, by pro- 
mising him 1000 talents and 500 women. With 
these foreign troops he conquered his ,ountry, 
and caused the ears of his uncle, Hyrcanus, the 
high priest, to be cut off, that he might be inca- 
pacitated for tne office. Hend, who Lad be- 
trothed, and afterwards married, Mariamne, the 
grand-daughter of Hyrcantis, invested Jerusah m. 
and at length, after a siege of six months, took 
it by storm. With this event, which happened 
B.C. 37, ended the reign of the Asmonrar.s, 
which iiaJ C'-iiLinutd l.j vcars. from Judas Mac- 



C£ba;u5 to Antigonus, the last male of tl.r.t rsce 
who bore the regal title. Sosius, governor of 
Syria, who commanded the Roman forces, and 
who had assisted Herod on this occasion, havii g ' 
presented a crown of gold to the temple, left Je- -■, 
rusalem, and conveyed Antigonus in ch.-dns to 
Antony ; by whom he was, at the earnest sclici- 
tations of Herod, put to a shameful death in the 
third yea.r of his reign. Joseph. 14. — Dion, et 

Plut. in Anton. Carystius, a philosopher and jj 

historian, who flourished under the Ptolemits L 
Lagus and Philadelphus, about 300 years B. C. a 
H.> wrote the lives of some ol the ancient philo- 
sophers, an heroic poem, entitled " Autipater. 
and other works; but none are extant, except a 
"Collection of Wonderiu! Stories," concerning u 
animals and other natural bodies. This woikf 
was first published at Basle, 1568, and reprinted t 

at Leyden. 1619. Liog.—Athen. A writer on . 

agriculture. .A statuary, who wrote on his j 

profession. 

ANTiLCO, atyrantof Chalcis. After his death, >< 
oligar.:!;} prevailed in that ci;y. Aristot. Polit. 5. 'v 
ANTILIBANUS, a chain of nrountains in t^yria, p 
east of, and runnine: 5 araliel to, the chain calUd i 
Libr.nus. Near it riscs the Oiontes. Strab. — 
rUn. 20. 

ANTiL.,CHrs, a king of Messenia The - 

eldctl son of Nestor, by iiurydice. He went to i 
the Trojan war with his father, where he distin- 
guished himself by his great valour, and where 
he killed some of the most illustrious of the Tro- 
jan chie.'s. Ke displayed his agility at the games \ 
m honour of Patroclus, v- here he was repeatedly |? 
rewarded with the prize. He had betn one oil 
Helen's suitors; and he was at last killed by f 
Memnon, the son ot Aurora. Homer. 
7, lo, 14, 15, 16, et 2.x Odyss- S.—Pindu 

0. A poet ^^ho wrote a panegyric upon l^ys- i 

ander, and received a hat tilled witii silver. 

Ihd. in Lys An his orian commended by - 

Lictiys. Hut. 

AntimaCHUS, a lascivifus person.- 

historian. A Greek poet of Ionia, whofc 

flourished about 40^ B. C. He wrote a potra 
upon the Theban war; and before be had brought 
his h! roes to the city of Thebes, he had fiil;- " 
24 b( oks. At a public rtcital of this pitci 
all hi;- aud.tor.s deserted him except Plato, uj i- 
which AiUimachus declared that he would read ^" 
on, as Plato alone was equal to a w hole audience. 
Quintilian places h:m ncxt to Homer in epic 
poetry, but at a g.^-eat distance. \Vhen his fame 
was almiost forgotten, the emperor Adrian < 
deavoured to revive it, and to give him the prior- 
it) to Homer; but a Ruman emperor could not 
do this. He was surnamed Clarius, from Claros, 
a mountain near Cob phon, where he was born, ' 
Vuus. 9, '60.— Plut. in Lysand ei TirnoL — Pro- 
pert. El. 2, 34, Ab.— Quintil. 10, 1. Anoth. r 

poet of the same name, surnamed P^ecas, because I 

he praised himself. Svidas A Trujan whc-m j _ 

Pans bribed to oppose tlie restoring of Helen to ^ 
Menelaus and Ulysses, who had come as amLas- I* 
.^adors to recover her. His sens, Hippolochus 
and Pisander, were killed by Agamemnon. L'o- 

mer. 11. 11, 123. 12, Ibi. A son of Ilcrcule- by 

a daughter of Tiiespius. Apollcd. 2 et 3. A ; 

native of Heliopolis, w ho w rote a poem on the 
creation of the -world, in 3780 verses. r 
AxNTIMENES, a son of Deiphou. Fans. 2,2S. f 
Antinoe, ^one of the daughters of Pelias, , 
w hose \^ i-hes to restore her father to vouthfu! vii;- : 
our i:n.\(.d so la al. Apcllcd. 1, ^l. — Pam. ti. xi. ' 



ANT 



61 



ANT 



AWTiKOEiA, anntuil sacrifices, and quinquen- 
nial games in honour of Antinous the Bithynian. 
They were instituted by the command of Adrian, 
the Roman emperor, at Mantinea in Arcadia, 
where Antinous was honoured with a temple and 
divine worship. They were also celebrated at 
Argos. 

ANTINOOPOLIS, or Antinoe, a town of Egypt, 
builf in honour of Antinous, opposite Hermopo- 
lis Magna, on the eastern side of the Nile. It 
was originally an obscure place, named Besa, 
but became a magnificent city. (^Vid. Antinous.) 
It is now called Enseneh, and the shrine ot a 
Christian saint has also caused it to obtain the 
name of Shekh Abacleh. 

Antinous, a youth of Bithynla, of whom the 
emperor Adrian was so extremely fond, that at 
his death he erected a temple to him, and wished 
it to be believed that he had been changed into a 
constellation. Some have said that he fell acci- 
dentally into the Nile, as he was sailing on that 
river with the emperor, and was drowned. Ac- 
cording to another account, Adrian, consulting 
an oracle at Besa, was informed that he was 
threatened with great danger, unless a person 
that was dear to him was immolated for his pre- 
servation. Antinous offered himself for the vic- 
tim, and the emperor accepted the sacrifice. The 
generous Antinous threw himself from a rock 
into the Nile; and Adrian, grateful for this in- 
stance of devotion, built Antinoopolis in honour 
of him, and ordered him to be worshipped 

throughout the whole of his dominions. A 

native of Ithaca, son of Eupeithes, and one of 
Penelope s suitors. He was brutal and cruel in 
his manners; and excited his companions to de- 
stroy Telemachus, whose advice comforted his 
mother Penelope. When Ulysses returned 
home, he came to the palace in a beggar's dress, 
and begged for bread; which Antinous refused, 
and even struck him. After Ulysses had dis- 
covered himself to Telemaclius and Eumaeus, he 
attacked the suitors, who were ignorant who he 
was, and killed Antinous among the first. Ho- 
mer. Odyss. 1. 16, 17 et 22. —Propert. El. 2, 5, 7. 

Antiochia, the name of a Syrian province. 

Mela, 1, 14. A city of Syria, situated on the 

river Orontes, about 20 miles from the place 
where that river empties itself into the Mediter- 
ranean, and equally distant from Constantinople 
and Alexandria, or about 7O0 miles from each. 
It was built by Seleucus Nicator, B.C. 300, who 
ramed it alter his father, Antiochus. It soon be- 
came, andco ;tinuedformany ages, the metropolis 
of the ea.-.t, ibr the Syrian kings, and afterwards 
tiie Roman governors, who presided over the af- 
fairs of tiie eastern provinces, chose it for their 
place of residence; and in the Christian times it 
was the seat of the chief patriarch of Asia. It 
was here that the disciples of our Saviour first 
received the name of Christians, A, D. 39, hav- 
ing been before commonly called Nazarenes and 
Galileans. Here also the gospel was preached 
to the Grecians, who were incorporated into the 
Christian church. Here also Barnabas and Saul 
were sent out by the chur.ch^ to travel through 
Pagan cities, to give light to the Gentiles, and to 
publish Jesus for salvation to the ends of the 
earth. It may be observed, that the gospel ac- 
quires credibility from its having been first taught 
in the most populous, enlightened, and learned 
cities, never shunning the public eye, but chal- 
lenging: full examination; and that in those cities j 
it obtained numerous converts by conviction, 



without the aid of force oi fraud, Antiochia vsas 
afterwaids known by the name of Tetrapoiirf, 
being divided as it were into four quarters, each 
having its separate wall, besides a conimon oi e 
which enclosed them all. The first was built by 
SeleucuS Nictitor, the second by those who re- 
paired thither on its being made the capital of 
the Syro- Macedonian empire, the third by Se- 
leucus Callinicus, and the fourth by Antiochus 
Epiphanes. It was surnamed ad Orontem, from 
the river on which it stood; and ad Daphnen, 
from the neighbouring Daphne. It is now a 
small town full of gardens, known by the nam;? 

of Antakia, Dio7iys. Ferieg. A city calbd 

also Nisibis, in Mesopotamia, buiit by Seleiicun, 

son of Antiochus, -The capital of Pisidia, 

built by the Magnetes, and subsequently colon- 
ized by the Romans under Augustus, who calletl 
it Caesarca. Its precise position remains un- 
determined by geographers, but it probably sUK-d 
on the road leading from the coast of the Gul/ of 

Adalia, to Iconium. A city at the foot of 

mount Cragus, called likewise Antiochia Isau- 

riae. Another near the river Tigris, 25 leasut s 

from Seleucia on the west. Another in Mar- 

giana, built by Antiochus the first, on the site of 
a city named Alexandria. Here many oi those 
Romans were confined, who were taken prison- 
ers at the defeat of Crassus. It is now callt d 

Merve, or Merou - Another at the foot of 

mount Taurus, in the province of Syria, railed 

Comagene. Another of Caria, on the rivtr 

Meander. 

Antiochis, the name of the mother of Anti' - 

chus, the son of Seleucus, A tribe of Athens, 

Anti jchuS, surnamed Soler, was son of Sti- 
eucus, and king of Syria and Asia. He made a 
treaty of alliance with Ptolemy Philadelphus, 
king of Egypt. He fell into a lingering disease, 
which none of his father's physicians could cui e 
for some time, till it was discovered that his pulse 
was more irregular than usual, when Stratonice, 
his stepmother, entered his room, and that love 
for her was the cause of his illness. This was 
told to Seleucus, who willingly gave Stratonice 
to his son, together with a considerable part <^f 
his dominions; and caused them to be crowned 
king and queen of Upper Asia. Upon the death 
of his fV-iher, he succeeded to the whole empire, 
and resided at Antioch. He was called Soter, or 
Saviour, by the provinces of Lower Asia, from 
his having freed them from the Gauls, whom he 
defeated in battle. He died 291 B C , alter a 
reign of 19 years. Justin. 17, 2, &c. — Vol. 

Max. 5.—Pofyb. 4 — Appian The second of 

that name, surnamed Theos {God) by the Milesi- 
ans, because he put to death their tyrant, Tim- 
archus, was son and successor to Antiochus Soter. 
In the third year of his reign, a bloody war broke 
out between him and Ptolemy Philadelphus, 
king of Egypt. During this war, he lost all his 
provinces beyond the Euphrates, by a revolt of 
the Parthians and the Bactrians, who shook off 
the Macedonian yoke, and elected princes of 
their own. In these circumstances of de.^ertion 
and distress, Antiochus concluded a treaty irt' 
peace with Ptol«my, on the condition of divorc- 
ing his former wife, Laodice, and marrying Ber- 
enice, the daughter of Ptolemy. The male issue 
of this marriage were also to succeed to the 
crown. The nuptials were solemnized with ex- 
traordinary magnificence at Seleucia. Within 
j two years after this marriage Ptolemy died, and 
Antiochus repudiated Berenice, and restored 



ANT 



62 



A XT 



LfioJtce, who erabraced this favourable oppor- 
ui.iiiy of securing the succesaion to her son. 
Witu this view, she caused Aniiuchus to be pois- 
oned, and suborned Artenion, whose features 
were similar to his, to represent him as king. 
Artemon, subservient to her will, pretended to 
be indisposed, and as king, called all the minis- 
ters, and recommended to them Seleucus, sur- 
named Callinicus, son of Laodice, as his succes- 
sor. After this ridiculous imposture, it was made 
public that the king had died a natural death, 
and Laodice placed her son on the throne, and 
dispatched Berenice, and her son, 245 yeai-s be- 
fore the Chiistian era. Appian. The third of 

that name, surnaraed the Great, brother to Sel- 
eucus Ceraunus, was king of Syria and Asia, and 
reigned 36 years. He was defeated by Ptolemy 
Philopater, at Raphia, and was obliged to sur- 
render to him the whole of Coelosyria and Pales- 
tine. He was more successful, however, in Up- 
per Asia, where he recovered possession of Media, 
and made treaties with the kings of Parthia and 
Bactria, who agreed to assist him in regaining 
his other provinces, if their respective kingdoms 
were confirmed to them. He crossed over also 
into India, where he renewed his ailiance witli 
tile king oi that country; and having marched 
tlirough Aracliosia, Drangiana, and Carmania, 
he returned to his capital, after an absence of 
seven years. Hearing of the death of Philopater, 
he endeavoured to crush his infant son^ Epi- 
phanes; but his guardians solicited the aid of the 
Romans, and Antiochus was compelled to resign 
his pretensions. He conquered the greatest part 
of Greece; but though some cities implored the 
aid of Rome, and gave a new turn to the state of 
the war, Annibal, who had taken refuge at his 
court, encouraged him to resist these formidable 
allies, and even to carry hostilities into the bosom 
of Italy. Antiochus felt and acknowledged the 
propriety of the Carthaginian's proposals, but 
his measures were dilatory, and his counsels 
guided by timidity ralher than boldness of en- 
terprise. He saw his numerous armies defeated 
at Thermopylie, by Glabrio, the Roman general, 
and his conquests in Greece and Asia snatched 
away with astonishing rapidity from his feeble 
hands, whilst, to avoid the disgrace of captivity, 
he tied into the heart of his kingdom, and agreed 
to confine his authority to Asia, beyond mount 
Taurus, and to pay the Romans fifteen thousand 
Euboic talents for the expenses of the war. His 
revenues being unable to pay this heavy imposi- 
tion, he attempted to plunder the temple of 
Belus, in Susiana, which so incensed the inha- 
bitants, that they killed him, with his followers, 
137 B C. In his character of king, Antiochus 
was humane and liberal, the patron of learning, 
and the friend of merit; and he published an edict, 
ordering his subjects never to obey him except 
his commands were coiisistent with the laws of 
the country. He had three sons, Seleucus Phi- 
lopater, Antiochus Epipiianes, and Demetrius. 
The first succeeded him, and the two others 
were kept as hostages by the Romans. Justin. 
31 eldi.—Slrah. 16. — izr. 34, b^.—Flor. 2, 1.— 

Appian. Bell. Syr. The fourth Antiochus, 

surnamed Epipkanes or Illustrious, v. as king of 
Syria, after the death of his brother Seleucus, 
and reigned eleven years. He destroyed Jeru- ■ 
salem, and was so cruel to the Jews, that they 
called him Epimanes, or Furious, and not Epi- 
phanes. He attempted to plunder- Persepolis 
without effect. He was of a voracioivs appetite. 



and fond of childish diversions; be used for h:3|: 
pleasure to empty bags of money into the streets, C 
to see the people's eagerness to gather it : hea 
bathed in the public baths with the populace, andfi 
was lond of perfuming himself to excess. He in- a 
vited all the Greeks he could at Antioch, and ■ 
waited upon them as a servant, and dancedwithp 
such indecency among the stage players, that 
even the most dissipated and rhameless blushed .< 

at the sight. Polybim.— Justin. 34, 3. The i 

fifth, surnamed Eupator, succeeded his father, >i 
Epiphanes, on the throne of Syria, 164 B C Hel. 
made a peace with the Jews, and in the second p 
year of his reign was assassinated by his uncle, lii 
Demetrius, who said that the crown was lawfully ) 
his own, and that it had been seized irom his ; 

father. Justin, 3-^. — Joseph. ]2. The sixtiib 

king of Syria was surnamed Entheus, or Nobie. j£ 
His father, Alexander Bala, intrusted him to thep 
care of Malcus, an Arabian; and he received the'l 
crown from Tryphon, in opposition to his brother |)> 
Demetrius, whom the people hated. Belore he i; 
had been a year on the throne, Tryphon mur- y. 
dered him, 143 B.C., and reigned in his place ;i 

lor three years, Joseph. 13. Tiie seventh, '• 

called Sidetes, reigned nine years. In the begin- <i 
ning of his reign he was afraid of Tryphon, and - 
concealed himself, but he soon obtained the ^ 
means of destroying his enemy. He made war |» 
against Phraates, king of Parthia, entered Par- I 
thia, and recovered the provinces which Phraates (1 
had separated from the Syrian empire ; but i. 
whilst his troops were separated, and put into t 
winter quarters, the inhabitants of that country b 
massacred them all in one day, and Antioclius r. 
perished in the general slaughter, Justin, 36, 1. J 

— Appian. Bell. Syr. The eighth, surnamed : 

Grypus, Irom his aquiline nose, v,as son of De- i 
metrius Nicanor, by Cleopatra. His brother, \ 
Seleucus, was destroyed by Cleopatra, and he (i 
himself M ould have shared the same fate, had he |J 
not discovered his mother's artifice^ and com- P 
pelled her to drink the poison which was pre k 
pared for himself He killed Alexander Zebina, t 
whom Ptolemy had set to oppose him on the • 
throne of Syria, and was at last assassinated, f- 
B.C. 97, after having reigned, according to Jo- |f 
sephus, twenty-nine, and according to Porphy- ^ 
rius, twenty-six years, Justin. 39, &.c.-~ Joseph, p 

—Appian. The ninth, surnamed Cyzicenus, f 

from the city of Cyzicus, where he received his i 
education, was son of Antiochus Sidetes, by p 
Cleopatra. He disputed the kingdom with his \\ 
brother Grypus, who ceded lo him Coelosyria, i 
part of his patrimony. He was at last conquered P 
by his neyi;!ew, Seleucus, near Antioch; and m 
rather than to continue prisoner in his hands, he !^ 
killed himself, B.C. 93. While a private man, jf 
he seemed worthy to reign ; but when on the p 
throne, he was dissolute and tyrannical. He \- 
was fond of mechanics, and invented some use- i' 
ful military engines. Appian.— Joseph. — The !• 
tenth, was ironically surnamed Fius, because he h 
married Selena, the wife of his father and of his - 
uncle. He was the son of Antiochus ninth, and 
he expelled Seleucus, the son of Grypus, from i« 
Syria, and was killed in a battle which he fought ^ 
against the Parthians, in the cause of the Gala- P 

tians. Joseph.— Appian. Alter his death, the | 

kingdom of Syria was torn to pieces by the fac- |^ 
tions of the royal family, or usurpers, wno, undar s 
a good or false title, under the name of Antio- 
chus or his relations, established themselves for i 
a little time as sovereigns either of Syria, or f 



ANT 



63 



ANT 



Uamascii3, or other dependent provinces. At last 
Antiochus, surnanied Asiaticus, the son of An- 
tiochus the ninth, was restored to his paternal 
throne, by the influence of LucuUus, the Roman 
general, on the expulsion of Tigranes, king of 
Armenia, from the Syrian dominions ; but four 
years after, Pompey deposed him, and observed, 
that he who had hid himself while an usurper sat 
upon his throne, ought not to be a king. From 
that time, B.C. 65, Syria became a Roman pro- 
vince, and the race of Antiochus was extinguish- 
ed. Justin, 40. A philosopher of Ascalon, 

famous for his writings, and the respect with 
which he was treated by his pupils, Lucullus, 
Cicero, and Brutus. Plut. in Lucul. An his- 
torian of Syracuse, son of Xenophanes, who 
wrote, besides other works, a history of Sicily, 
in nine books, in which he began at the age of 

king Cocalus. Strab.—Diod. 12. A rich king, 

tributary to the Romans in the age of Vespasian. 

Tacit. Hist. 2, 81. A sophist who refused to 

take upon himself the government of a state, on 

account of the vehemence of his passions. A 

king conquered by Antony, &c. Ccbs. Bell. 

Civ. 3, 4. A king of Messenia. Pans. 4. • 

A commander of the Athenian fleet, under Alci- 
biades, conquered by Lysander. Xenoph. Hist. 

Grcec A writer of Alexandria, w ho published 

a treatise on comic poets. Alhen. A sceptic 

of Laodicea. Diog. in Pyrrh. A learned 

sophist. Philostrat. A servant of Atticus. 

Cic, ad Attic. Ep. 13, 33 A hair-dresser men- 
tioned by Martial, Ep. 11, 85. A son of Her- 
cules, by Medea. Apollod. 2, 7. A stage 

player. Juv. 3, 98. A sculptor, said to have 

made the famous statue of Pallas, preserved in 
the Ludovisi gardens at Rome. 

Antiope, a daughter of > ycteus, king of 
Thebes, by Polyxo, was beloved by Jupiter, w ho, 
to deceive her, changed himself into a satyr. 
She became pregnant, and to avoid the resent- 
ment of her father, she fled to mount Cithajron, 
where she brought forth twins, Amphion and 
Zeihus. She exposed them, to prevent discov- 
ery, but they were preserved by the kindness of 
some shepherds. After this she'fled to Epop us, 
king of Sicyon, who married her. Some say that 
Epopeus carried her away, for which action 
Nycteus made war against him, and at his death 
left his crov/n to his brother Lycus, entreating 
liim to continue the war, and punish the ravisher 
of his daughter. Lycus obeyed his injunctions, 
killed Epopeus, and recovered Antiope, whom 
he loved, and married, though his niece. His 
tirst wife, Dirce, was jealous of his new connec- 
tion; she prevailed upon her husband, and An- 
tiope w'as delivered into her hands, and confined 
in a prison, where she was exposed to daily tor- 
ments. Antiope, after many years of imprison- 
ment, obtained means to escape, and went after 
her sons, who undertook to avenge her wrongs 
up.on Lycus and his wife Diice. They took 
Thtbes, put the king to death, and tied Dirce to 
tiie tail of a wild bull, which dragged her till 
she died in the most excruciating tortures. 
Bacchus changed her into a fountain, and de- 
prived Antiope of the u=e of her senses. In this 
forlorn situation she wandered all over Greece, 
and at last found relief from Phocus, son of Or- 
iiytion, who cured her or her disorder, and mar- 
ried her. Hyginus,y?/6. 7, says that Antiope was 
divurced by Lycus, because she had been ravish- 
ed by Epopeus, whom he calls Epaphus, and 
tii:«t after her repudiation she became prejinant 



by Jupiter. Meanwhile Lycus married Dirce, 
who suspected ihat her husband still kept the 
company of Antiope, upon which she imprisoned 
her. Antiope however escaped from her con- 
finement, and brought forth on mount Cithceron. 
Some authors have called her daughter of Aso- 
pus, because she was born on the banks of that 
river. The scholiast on Apollon. J, 735, maintains 
that there were two persons of the name, one 
the daughter of Nycteus, and the other of Aso- 
pus, and mother of Amphion and Zethus. Paus. 
2, 6. 9, 17. — Ovid. Met. 6, \\^.— Apollod. 3, 5. 
—Propert. El. 3, 15.— Horn. Od. 11, 259 —Hygin. 

fab. 7, 8, et 155. A daughter of Thespius or 

Thestius, mother of Alopius, by Hercules. 

Apollod. 2, 7. A daughter of Mars, queen of 

the Amazons, taken prisoner by Hercules, and 
given in marriage to Theseus, She is also 

called Hippolyte. {Vid. Hippolyte.) A 

daughter of ^olus, mother of Boeotus and 

Helen, by Neptune. Hygin. fab. 157. A 

daughter of Pilon, who married Eurytus. Id, 

fab. 14. A tragedy, written by Pacuvius, bore 

the name of Antiope. Pers. 1 , 77. 

ANTiORUS, a son of Lycurgus. Plut. in Ly- 
curg. 

ANTlPlROS, a small island in the Mgean sea, 
opposite to Paros, and separated from it by a strait 
about seven miles wide. Its most ancient name 
was Olearos, and it was colonized by the Sidon- 
ians. This island is remarkable for its grotto, 
which is of great depth, and which, according to 
the relations of the ancient Greeks, communi- 
cates beneath the waters with su.T.e neighbour- 
ing islands. 

Antipatek, son of lolaus, was soldier under 
king Philip, and raised to the rank of a general 
under Alexander the Great. When Alexander 
went to invade Asia, he left Antipater supreme 
governor of Macedonia, and of all Greece. An- 
tipater exerted himself in the cause of his king; 
he made a successful war against the Greeks, 
w hom the absence of Alexander induced to rebel, 
and killed in battle Agis, king of Sparta. IIis 
great services, however, were ill repaid by his 
master: Alexander grew jealous of his fame; and 
not only deprived him of his government, but 
commanded him to appear before him at Baby- 
lon, to explain and vindicate his conduct. An- 
tipater obeyed with reluctance; but the death of 
Alexander, which happened soon after, was at- 
tributed to the machinations of the offended 
general. His sons, Cassander and iolas, were 
in the camp; and it is said by some historian^, 
that, to prevent the condemnation of their fa- 
ther, they administered poison to the unsuspect- 
ing king. After Alexander's death, his generals 
divided the empire among themselves, and Ma- 
cedonia was allotted to Antipater. The wars 
which Greece, and chiefly Athens, had meditated 
during Alexander's life, now burst forth with un- 
common fury, as soon as the news of his death 
was received. The Athenians levied an army of 
30,000 men, and equipped 200 ships against An- 
tipater, who was master of Macedonia. Their 
expedition was attended with much success, An- 
tipater was routed in Thessaly, and even be- 
sieged in the town of Lamia. But when Leos- 
thenes, the Athenian general, was mortally 
wounded under the walls of Lamia, the fortune 
of the war was changed. Antipater obliged the 
enemy to raise the siege, and soon after received 
a reinforcement from Cratenis from Asia, with 
which he conquered Uie Athenians at Cranon, ia 



ANT 



6i 



ANY 



Thessaly. After this de eat, Anti pater an l 
Craterus marched into Boeoiia, conq iered tne 
^lolians, and granted peace to the jithenians, 
on the conditions which Leosthenes ha.i propos- 
e-i to Antipater when besieged in Laaiia, i. e. 
lhat he should be absolute master over them. 
Besides this, he demanded from their ambassa- 
dors, Demades, Phocion, and Xenocrates, that 
they should deliver into his hands the orators 
Demosthenes and Hyperides, whose eloquence 
liad inflamed the minds of tbeir countrymen, 
a'l.i had been the primary causes of the war. 
Tile condiiions were accepted, a Macedonian 
fiairison was stationed in Athens, but the inha- 
b :-ants still « ere permitted the free use of their 
Ih-.vs and privileges. Antipater aiid Craterus 
V. ere the first who made hostile preparations 
against Perdiccas; and during that time Polyper- 
t'!i )n was appointed over Macedonia. Poiyper- 
ciion defeated the .Etolians, who had made an in- 
v.ision upon Macedonia. Antipater gaveafsist- 
auce to Eumenes in Asia a^jainst Antigonus. ac- 
cording to Justin. 14, 2. At his death, B.C. 319, 
Antipater appointed Polyperchon master of all 
his possessions; and as he was the oldest of all 
the generals and successors of Alexander, he re- 
commended that he might be the supreme ruler 
in their councils, that every thing might be done 
according to his judgment. As for his son Cas- 
sander, he left hira in a subordinate station un- 
der Polyperchon, But Cassander was of too 
aspiring a disposition tamely to obey his father's 
injunctions. He recovered Macedonia, and made 
himself absolute. Antipater, like many ot the 
great men of his age, cultivated and patronised 
literature; and as a proof of his learning, a let- 
ter of his to his son Cassan 'er is hi ih v exrolled 

bv C.cero, Of. 2, 14 Curt. 3. 4, 5, 6, 7 et 10.— 

Justin. II. l^ 13, S:c.~Diod. 17, B, occ — C. Nep. 
in Phoc. et Eumen. — Plut. in Eumen. Alexand. 

cj-c. A son of Cassander, king of Mrcedonia, 

and son-in-law of Lysimachus. He killed his 
mother, because she wished his brother Alex- 
ander to succeed to the throne. Alexander, to 
revenge the death of his mother, solicited the 
assistance of Demetrius; but peace was re-es- 
tablished between the twu brothers by the advice 
of Lysimachus, and soon alter Deme rius killed 
Antipater, and made himself king ot Macedonia, 

2.(4 B.C. Justin. 26, 1. A kir.g of Macedonia 

M'ho reigned only 45 days, 277 B.C. A king of 

Cilicia. A powerful prince, father to Hercd. 

He was appointed governor of Judsea by Cffisar, 
■whom he had assisted in the Ale.xandrine war. 

Joseph An Athenian archon. — One of 

Alexander's soldiers, who conspired against his 

life with Hermolaus. Curt. 8, 6. A celebrated 

sophist of Hierapolis, preceptor to the children 

of the emperor Severus. A stoic philosopher 

of Tarsus, 144 years B.C. A poet of Sidon, 

who could compose a number of verses extem- 
pore, upon any subject. He ranked Sappho 
among the Muses, in one of his epigrams. He 
had a fever every year on the day of his birth, 
of which at last he died. He uauiished about 80 
years B.C. Some of his epigrams are preserved 
in the Antliologia Piin. 7, 51.— Fa/. Max. 1, 10. 
—Cic. de Orat. 3. De Offic. 3. Be Qucsst. Acad. 

4. A philosopher of Phoenicia, preceptor to 

Catoof Utica. Pint, tn Cat A Stoic philoso- 
pher, disciple to Diogenes of Babyion. Rewrote 
two books on divination, and died at .A.t'nens. 
Cic. de Div. I, 3.- Ac. Qucpst. 4, ^— l)c GJic. 3. 
A dijcipie of Ari>toile, \^ho -rucc t^io 



-A poet of Thcsseloi;5e;i, 



books of It 'ters.— 
ti.e age o! Au-iusi 

ANTif ATR^A, a city of Mace onia, on rlie 
ern conhnes, north-east of Nic£Ea. Liv. 31^ 



27. 

AntipatrTdas, a governor of Te'.Ki' ssus. 
Polyrrn. 5. 

ANTIFATRIS, formerly called Capl:arsabe, a 
town of Palestine, siiuate in Samaria, near the 
coast, south-eastof Apollonias. Itvas enlarged 
find beautified by Herod the Great, who named 
it Antipairis, in honour of his father Antipater. 

Antiphanes, an ingenious statuary of Argos, 
whose statues of Erasus, Aphidas, and Elarus, 
were still seen and admired in the temple 
Delphi, in the age of the Antonines. Puus. 

17. 10, 9. A comic poet befoie the age 

Thespis, whose poems were called Antipha?iic 

Another of Rhodes, Smyrna, or Caiystas, 

who was born B C. 403, of parents in the ;t)W 
condition of slaves. He composed upwards of 
oUJ dramas, and was so popular in Athens, that 
on his decease a decree w as passed to remove his 
remains from Chios to that city, where they were 

interred with public honours..^^ A physician of 

; Delos, who used to say that diseases originated 
i from the variety of food that was eaten. Clem. 

I Alex Alhen. 

ANTiPHAS and Tkymbr-ECS, two sons of 
Laocoon, called al>o ^S:hon and Melantiius, 
• slain with their lather bv a serpent. Kygin. 
jah. 135. 

ANTIPHATES, a king of the Lsestrygones, de- 
scended from Lamus, who founded Forniice. 
Ulysses returning from Troy, came upon his 
coasts, and sent three men to examine the coun- 
Antiphates devoured one of them, and 
pursued the others, and sunk the fleet of Ulysses 
with stones, except the .-h-p in which Ulysses 

was. Ovid. Met. 14, 232. A son of Sarpedon. 

Vi7g. JEn. y, fij6 Tiie grandfather of Amphi- 

araus. Homer. Odyss. 15, 242. A man killed 

in the Trojan war bv Leou'eus. Homer. 11. i2, 
191. 

ANTIFHILI PoRTUS, a bar: our on the Afri- 
can side of the Red Sea. Strab. 16. 

ANTIFHTlus, an Athenian wh) succeeded 
Leosthenes at the siege oi Lamia against Anti- 
pater. Diod. 16. An architect employed in 

building the public treasury of Sicyon in Elis. 

Paus. 6, 19. A noble painter, who represented 

a youth leaning over a lire and blowing it, irora 
which the whole hoKse seemed to be illuminat- 
ed. He was an Egyptian by birth; li - imitated 
Apelles, and was di:ciple to Ctesiuernus. Itin. 
35, 10. 

Antiphon, a poet. An A henian orator, 

born at Rhamnus in Attica, about B. C.4i(J. He 
was the first who w rote precepts on the art of 
oratory, and he first introduced the practice of 
pleading for hire. He o.\erted himsi-lf in estab- 
lishing the tyranny o: the 400 at A hens, and 
was for this otlence condemned and executed. 
Sixty orations under his name were once extant, 
but there now remain only filteen. Ti.ey are 

printed in thi^ eaitions cf the Greek orators. 

An orator who promised Philip, king of Mace- 
donia, that he would set on hre the citadel of 
Athens, lur which lie was put to death, at the 
instigation of Den^.'^.~:henes. CVc. de Div. 2. - 

Pint, in A-cib. ct DeuiGsth. A poet «ho wro e 

on a;;r5culture. Alhen »An author who wrote 

a treat se on peacocks. A rich man intrc-fl-io- 

c-J bv XeHi-phun ;,5 di.-pu.ing « ;th S./Cates. • 



ANT 



65 



ANT 



An Athenian who interpreted dreams, and 
wrote a history of his art. Cic. de Dio. 1 et i!. 

A foolisli rhetorician.' A poet of Attica, 

who wrote tragedies, epic poems, and orations. 
Dionysius put liim to death, because he refused to 
praise his compositions. Being once asked by the 
tyrant, what brass was the best ? He answered, 
that with whicii the statues of Harmodius and 
Aristogiton are made. Plut. — Aristot. 

AntiphOnus, a son of Priam, who went with 
his father to the tent of Achilles to redeem Hec- 
tor. Homer. II. ji4. 

ANTIPHUS, a son of Priam, killed by Aga- 
memnon during the Trojan war. A son of 

Thessalus, grandson to Hercules. He went to 
the Trojan war in 3!) ships. Homer. 11. 2, 185. 

An intimate friend of Ulysses. Horner. Od. 

17. A brother of Ctimenus, was son of Ga- 

nyctor the Naupactian. These two brothers 
murdered the poet Hesiod, on the false suspicion 
tliat he had offered violence to their sister, and 
threw his body into the sea. The poet's dog dis- 
covered them, and they were seized and convict- 
ed of the murder. Plut. de Solert. Anim. A 

son of Pylemenes, who conducted the Majonians 

to the Trojan war. Homer. II. 2. A son of 

Myrmidon and Pisidice. Apollod. 1, 16. 

ANTIPGSNUS, a noble Theban, whose daugh- 
ters sacrificed themselves for the public safety. 
{Fid. Androclea.) 

Antipolis, a city of Gaul, on the coast of 
the Mediterranean, south-east of the river Varus, 
founded by the Massilians. It is now Antibcs. 
Tacit. Hist. 2, 15. 

Antirrhium, a promontory on the Sinus 
Corinthiactis, or Gulf of Lepanto, opposite to 
llhium, whence its name. These two promon- 
I tories being fortified with castles, have been 
called the Dardanelles of Lepanto, 

Antissa, a city of Lesbos, between the pro- 
montory Sigeum and Meihymne. Having, of- 
fended the Romans, it was destroyed by Labeo, 
and the inhabitants were transplanted to Me- 

tbymne. An island near it. Ovid. Met. 15, 

2^1.—Plin. 2, 89. 

Antisthenes an Athenian philosopher, the 
founder of the Cynic sect, flourished about 3S0 
B.C. He taught rhetoric, and had among his 
pupils the famous Diogenes; but when he had 
heard Socrates, he shut up his school, and told 
his pupils, " Go seek for yourselves a master; I 
have now found one. ' While he was a disciple 
of Socrates, he discovered his propensity towards 
i^everity of manners by the meanness of his dress, 
and frequently appeared in an old and ragged 
cloak. Socrates observing that he took pains to 
expose, rather than to conceal his tattered dress, 
said to him, " Why so ostentatious? through 
your rags, I see your vanity." He paid little 
respect to the gods and the religion of his coun- 
try, though he seems to have entertained just 
notions concerning the Supreme Being. He 
wrote many books, of which none are extant, 
except two short orations entitled Ajax and 
Ulysses. These were published in the collection 
of ancient orators by H. Stephens, in 1575, and 
hy J. J. Reiske, in 1770— fj7. Cic. de Oral. 3, 

'.'>:>.— Diog. 6. — Plut. in Lye- .A disciple of- 

lieraclitus. An historian of Rhodes. Diog. 

Antistius Labeo, an excellent lawyer at 
Rome, who defended the liberties of his coun- 
try against Augustus, whence Horace, paying 
c mri to Augustus, ridicules him for his insanity. 
IJurai Suf, \, '3, H'Z. - Siiclon in Auq. fii. Te ■ { 



, tro of Gabii, was the author of a celebrated treaf^' 
between Rome and his country, in the age of 

Tarquin the proud. Dionys. Hal, 4. C. Re- 

ginus, a lieutenant of Caesar in Gaul. Cces. Bell. 

G. 6 et 7. A soldier of Pompey's army, so 

confident of his valour, that he challenged all 
the adherents of Caesar. Hirt. Hisp. Bell. 25. 

Antitaurus, a chain of mountains, extend- 
ing from Armenia through Cappadccia to the 
west and south-west. 

Antitheus, an Athenian archon. Paus. 7, 
17. 

Antium, a maritime town of Italy, built by 
Ascanius, or, according to others, by a son of 
Ulysses and Circe, upon a promontory 32 miles 
east from Ostium, it was the capital of the 
Volsci, who made war against the Romans for 
above 200 years. Camilius took it, and carried 
all the beaks of their ships to Rome, and placed 
them in the Forum on a tribunal, which, from 
this circumstance, was called Rostra. This town 
was dedicated to the goddess of fortune, who 
had here a splendid temple. The famous 
Apollo Belvidere, the fighting gladiator, and 
many other statues, were discovered at Amium. 
It is now Angio. Cic. de Div, 1. — Horat. Od. 1, 
35. ~Liv. 8, 14. 

Antomenes, the last king of Corinth. After 
his death, magistrates with regal authority were 
chosen annually. 

Antonia lex was enacted by M. Antony, 
the consul, A. U. C. 708. It abrogated the lex 
Alia, and renewed the lex Cornelia, by taking 
away from the people the privilege of choosing 
priests, and restoring it to the college of priests, 

to which it originally belonged. Dio. 44. . 

Another by the same, A. U. C. 703. It ordain- 
ed that a new decury of judges should be added 
to the two former, and that they should be cho- 
sen from the centurions. Cic. in Philip. 1 et 5. 

Another, by the same. It allowed an appeal 

to the people, to those w ho were condemned de 
majeslate, or of perfidious measures against the 
state. Another, by the same, during his tri- 
umvirate. It made it a capital offence to pro- 
pose ever after the election of a dictator, and for 
any person to accept of the office. Appian. de 
Bell, Civ. 3. 

Antonia, adaughter of M. Antony, by Octa- 
via. She married Domitius iEnobarbus, and 

v/as mother of Nero and of two daughters. A 

sister of Germanicus. A daughter of Claudius 

and ^lia Petina. She was of the family of the 
Tubero's, and was repudiated for her levity. 

Sueton. in Claud. 1.— Tacit. Ann. 11. The 

wife of Drusus, the son of Livia, and brother to 
Tiberius. She became mother of three children, 
Germanicus, Caligula's father ; Claudius the 
emperor; and the debauched Livia. Her hus- 
band died very early, and she never would marry 
again, but spent her time in the education of her 
children. Some people suppose that her grand- 
son Caligula ordered her to be poisoned, A. D. 

33. Vhl.Max.4,3. A tower or fortress of 

Jerusalem, situated at the north-west angle of 
the temple on a steep liill, and founded by Hyr- 
canus. It was originally named Baris ; bnt 
Herod atllerwards enlarged and foitified it, and 
called it Antonia, in honour of M. Antony. 

Antonii, a patrician and plebeian lamdy, 
which were said to derive their origin from An- 
tones, a san of Ileicules, as Plut. in Anion, in- 
forms us. 

ANi'ONi.'A. the wife of Belisarius, S:c, 



ANT 



m 



AST 



AXTOSIXOPOLIS, a city of Mcscpotaniia, 
n .r:u-easi of Charraj and Edessa. ll is siappoi- 
td to iiave been founded by Severus cr Cara- 
calla. and named after the euipercr Antoniuus. 
ll was subsequently called Constantia, from the 
ern-ieror Constaniius, who beautified and en- 
larged it. 

AXTOXIM Vallu:m, the barrier erected by 
the Romans across the isthmus between the Fonh 
and the Clyde. It was c.;n5iructed A. D. 140, 
and consisted of a ditch, from iii to 14 ieet wide, 
t.ie wall being formed of :he earth that was 
t;jr<i\vnup. A very considerable portion of the 
in renehment may still be traced. Its modern 
liam? IS Graham's Djks. 

ANTo>:i>'!."s, or Titus Acrelius Fultius 

BOIONIUS ANTONIXCS, surn:;:ued Fius, was 
H.i pted by the emperor Adrian, to whom he 
succeeded m his filtj -second year. This prince 
is remarkable for ali the virtues that can form a 
jseriect statesman, a judicious philosopher, and 
a benevolent king. Directing the whole ot his 
attention to the happiness of his people, he re- 
built whatever cities had been destr^^yed by wars 
in .'urmer reigns: and m cases oi famine, or in- 
undation, he relieved the distressed, and suppli- 
ed their wants with his own money. He sudVred 
the governors of the provinces to' remain long in 
the administration, that no opportunity of exiur- 
tioa might be given to new comers. In his con- 
duct towards his subjects, he behaved with aSfa- 
biliiy and humanitj', and listened with patience 
to every complaint brought before him. When 
toid of "c.jnciuering heroes, he said w:th Scipiu, 
" 1 prefer the liie and preservation of one citizen, 
to the death of a hundred enemies. " He did not 
persecute the Christians like his predecCASors, 
bat his life was a scene of universal benevolence, 
ever active to spread order, happiness, and tran- 
cuilliiy over the whole earth. His last moments 
were easy, though preceded by a lingering ill- 
ness Wnen consul of Asia, he lodged at Smyrna 
in the house of a sophist, who in civility obliged 
the governor to change his house at night. The 
sophist, when Antoninus became emperor, visit- 
ed Rome, and was jocosely desired to use the 
palace as his own house, without any apprehen- 
sion of being turned out at night. He extended 
the boundaries of the Roman province in Bri- 
tain, by raising a rampart between the friths of 
Clyde "and Forth (^Fid. Antonini Valium) ; but 
he waged no war during his reign, and only re- 
pulsed the enemies of the empire who appeared 
in the field. He died in the 75th year of his age, 
after a reign of 23 years, A. D. 161. He was suc- 
ceeded by his adopted son, .M. Aurelms Anton- 
inus, surnamed the philosopher; a prmce as hu- 
mane and beloved as his father, though his vir- 
tues w ere of a severer and more laborious kind. 
Tne .-on acquired, by patient study aiul ausiere 
exercise, those high characters of temperance, 
m.) deration, and goodness, which in the father 
wvre the uncultivated fruits of nature and w atch- 
ful experience. Like Titus, the benign Marcus 
detested war as the disgrace and calamity of hu- 
manity; but he disdained to st^op to the insults 
of an enemy, or not to resent the ambiguous 
conduct of a perfidious friend. So highly tiuisli- 
ed a picture of moral excellence and universal 
benevo.ence do these tw o meritorious emperors 
Elf >r'i :o i.istory, that they havef drawn upon 
tiir . ? -yes and the admiration of poster- 
ity ^ : .vh^re every thing that is great, 
i (. .-.. - .e, juit, and amuiLle: is happily 



centred. The 42 years during which they pre- 
sided over the destinies of the empire, may be 
cor.sidered therefore as the most fortunate era of 
R^ine, where absolute power and uncontrolled 
aominion were directed by wisdom and virtue to 
establish and to cement the happiness and the 
prosperity of a great nation. In coniormity to 
tne settlement recommended by Adrian, Marcus 
adopted and raised to the imperial dignity Verus, 
the son of ^lius Verus, a youth whose voluptu- 
ousness and dissipation w ere as conspicuous as 
the moderation of the philosopher. During their 
reign, the Quadi, Farthians, and Marcomanni 
were defeated, Antoninus wrote a book in 
Greek, entitled ra «-ai- eatroy, concerning hiimelf. 
Tne most valued editions are those, with Galak- 
er's notes, particularly that of Cambridge, 4to, 
1552 ; and ot Oxford, tvo, 17u4. Tne best trans- 
lation is that by R. Graves, M. A. Alter the war 
w ith the Quadi had been finished, Verus died of 
an apoplexy, and Antoninus survived hun eight 
years, ana died at Vindobona, now Vienna, ap- 
parently of a pestilential disease which prevail- 
ed in the army, in the 5..th year of his age, altera 
reign of somewnatmore than It; years. Dio. Cass. 

Bassianus Cai'acalla, w as son of the emper- r 

Septimius Severus. He was appointed, with his 
brother Geta, to succeed to the empire; but the 
animosity of these two brothers against each 
other was so vi.;ient, that neither respect for 
tneir own character, nor deference to the voice 
of their mother, nor regard for the happiness of 
Rome, could produce a reconciliation. Geta's 
more popular conduct at last brought down ui»ou 
him the malicious vengeance of his brother, and 
he was stabbed in his mother s arms. The inno- 
cent friends of this unfortunate youth felt too, 
in these turbulent times, the dangers of suspect- 
ed confidence, and not less than 20,000 were de- 
voted to death for their pretended attachment to 
Geta. These foul crimes were avenged by the 
severe and unceasing tortures of conscience, 
which often pictuied before the eyes of the af- 
frighted murderer the phantoms of a bleeding 
brother and an upbraiding father. It is said, 
that this suspicious tyrant attempted to destroy 
the writings of Aristotle, observing that Aris- 
totle wa* one of those who sent poison to Alex- 
ander. He married his mother, and pubnciy 
lived with her, which gave occasion to the peo'- 
pie of Alexandria to say, that he was an GEdii us, 
and his wife a Jocasta. This joke was la:ai tu 
them; and the emperor, to punish their ill h.n- 
guage, slaughtered many thoujands in A.exau- 
dria. Atter assuming the name and dress oi* 
Achilles, and styling himself the conqueror k f 
provinces which he had never seen, Carack;i.=i 
was, to the universal joy of the Roman yeopit% 
assassinated at Edessa, by Macrinus, whcni i e 
had devoted to death, April b, in the 43d year of 
his age, A.D. 217. His body was sent to his 
wife Julia, who stabbed herself at the sight. He 
was succeeded by his murderer. Dio. ",1 . — He- 

rodian. i. — Hid. August.- There is extant a 

Greek itinerary, and another book called Iter 
liritannicum, which some have attributed to ti e 
1 emperor Antoninus, though it was n.ore proba- 
i biy written by a person of that name, whose age 
j is unknown. 

M. ANTONIL'S GXIPHO, a poet of Gaul, who 
! taught rhetoric at Rome. Cicero and other il- 
I lustrious men frequented his school. He never 
! asked anything lor his lectures, whence he le- 
, ceived more from the lil.er.iii(y cl uis pupiis. ■ 



A>JT 



67 



ANT 



Sneton- de lllustr. Gr, 7. A famous onitfTs 

o-randfatber to the triumvir of the same nairu\ 
He was slain during the disturbances raised by 
Marius and Cinna, and his head was stuck upon 
a pole, before that very rostrum where he had so 
often defended the cause of his country. Cicero 
says, that in him Rome might rival Greece itself 
for eloquence, and, when lamenting his /all, 
speaks as if ominouslv of the fate which awaited 
himself. Cic. in Brut. 36. Orat. 3, 8. Ad. Quir. 

post Red 5.— Val. Max- 9, 2.—Lucan.2, 121. 

Marcus, surnamed Crelicus, the eldest son cf the 
orator of the same name, by means of Cotta and 
Cethegus, obtained from the senate the office of 
managing the corn on the maritime coasts of the 
Mediterranean, with unlimited power. This 
gave him many opportunities of plundering the 
provinces and enriching himself. He died of s 
broken heart, it is said, upon being vanquished, 
by the Cretans, against whom he had unjustly 
waged war. Cic. Verr. 2, Z.~-Liv. i^7. — Sallust. 

Frag. Caius, a son of the orator of that 

name, who obtained a troop of horse from Sylla, 
and plundered Achaia. He was carried before 
the praetor M. Lucullus, and banished from the 
senate by the censors for pillaging the allies, and 
refusing to appear when summoned before jus- 
tice. Caius, son of Antonius Caius, was con- 
sul -rtith Cicero, and assisted him to destroy the 
conspiracy of Catiline in Gaul, though he has 
been suspected by some of favouring the traitor, 
because he delivereri the conimaiid of the army to 
his lieutenant Petreius. He vvent to Macedonia, as 
his province, and fought with ill success against 
the Dardani. On his return, he was accused by 
Caelius of plundering the pri vmces, and upon full 
conviction was sent into perpetual exile. Cic. 
Vat. n. Ccel. 3\. SaLlust. Catil. 24 ei 59 —Liu. 

Marcus, the triumvir, was grandson 

to the orator M. Antonius, and son of Antonius, 
f urnamed Cretensis, from his wars in Crete. He 
v\as augur and tribune of the people, in which 
he distinguished himself by his ambitious views. 
He always entertained a secret resentment 
against Cicero, which arose from Cicero's hav- \ 
ing put to death Corn. Lentulus, who was con- ■ 
cerned in Catiline's conspiracy. This Len- • 
tuhis had married Antonius's mother after his 
fathirr s death. When the senate was torn by the ; 
factions of Pompey's and Caesar's adherents, An- 
tony proposed that both should lay aside the 
conimand of their armies in the provinces ; but 
as this proposition met not with success, he pri- 
vately retired from Piome to the camp of Caesar, 
and advised him to march his army to Rome. 
In support of his attachment, he commanded the 
left wing of his army at Pharsalia, and, accord- 
ing to a premeditated scheme, offered him a dia- 
dt-m, at the Lupercalia, in the presence of the 
Roman people. When Ceesar was assassinated 
in the senate house, Antony was also apprehen- 
sive that the same fate av%aited him, but his life 
was spared by the moderation of Brutus; and 
thus, as Cicero has observed, the conspirators 
left their work unfinished. When the ferment 
occasioned by Caesar's death was abated, Antony 
at last came forth from his concealment, and so 
prevailed on the murderers by his artifice, that 
they were apparently reconciled to hirn. lie 
gr.idually, however, threw off the ma-.k, and, 
equally ambitious as Caesar had been, to become 
the first man in Rome, he began to take such 
step-- .'IS mi^:ht be i;ecessary to supplant Erunis. 
who was the great obstacle to his views in tlie 



affections of the people. Fi^r this purpose he 
pronounced a funeral oration over th» body of 
the dictator, in which he adverted to every cir- 
cum.stance that could move the pity, or rouse 
the indignation of the multitude, and succeeded 
so w ell, that the conspirators, to avoid the rage 
of the deluded populace, were mider the neces- 
sity of retiring from the city. And having got 
possession of all Caesar's papers, containing his 
journals of the past, and his plans for the future, 
and also of Faberius, the secretary, by whose 
hand they were written, he was able to regulate 
every thing in the army, the senate, and all other 
df'partments in the state, as he found most con- 
ducive to his ow n interests. Intent only to raise 
his power above that of the state, he advanced 
in the road of ambition, and, as if fighting for 
the public weal, he attacked and defeated the 
forces of his personal enemies. He besieged 
Mutina, which had been allotted to Decimus 
Eiutus; and for this the senate declared him a 
public enemy, at the rem.onstrance of Cicero. 
The consuls" Hirti us and Pansa took the field 
a;.;ainst him, and along with Octavius, the heir 
of Cassar, whom his harshness had exasperated, 
advanced to Mutina, in order to raise the siege. 
In the first engagement Antony had the advan- 
ta^je, and Pansa was m.ortally wounded, but he 
vAas defeated the same day by Hirtius, as he was 
resuming to his camp. In a subsequent engage- 
ment, Antony was again vanquished, his lines 
were forced, and Ootavius had an opportunity of 
distinguishing himself, Hirtius being slain in the 
action, and the whole command devolving on 
the former. Antony, after this check, retreated 
to the other side of the Alps, where Lepidusand 
Munatius Plancus were encamped; and having 
with some difficulty prevailed upon them to join 
him, he marched back into Italy with a large 
army. But Octavius, who perceived that Ci- 
cero, with whom he had hitherto been united, 
wished to restore the state to its form.er liberty, 
instead of opposing Antony, soon came to an ac- 
commodation with him: and at last these two 
generals, along with Lepidus, met, and divided 
among themselves the empire of the world, as if 
it had been their paternal inheritance. Thus 
wjis formed that infamious triumvirate, which 
makes such a dark arid bloody figure in Roman 
history; and which was established with such 
cruel proscriptions, that Antony did not evtyi 
spare his own uncle, that he might strike off the 
head of his enemy Cicero. The triumvirate di- 
vided the Roman empire among them.selves ; 
Lepidus was set over all Italy, Augustus had 
the west, and Antony returned into the east, 
where he enlarged his dominions by different 
conquests. Antony had tnarried Fulvia, whom 
he repudiated to marry Octavia, the sister of 
Augustus, and by this connexion to strengthen 
the triumvirate. ' He assisted Augustus at the 
battle of Philippi against the murderers of J. 
Cajsar, and he buried the body of M. Brutus, his 
enemy, in a most magnificent manner. During 
his residence in the east, he became enamoured 
of the fair Cleopatra, queen of Egypt, and re- 
pudiated Octavia to marry her. This divorce 
incensed Augustus, who now prepared to deprive 
Antony o'' all his power, Antony, in the mean 
time, assembled all the forces of the east, and 
wi'h Cleopatra marched against Octavius. 
These two enemies met at Actium, where a na- 
val engagement soon began, but Cleopatra, by" 
[flying with 60 sail, drew Antony from the battle, 



! 



ANT 



68 



AOR 



and ruined his cause. After the battle of Actium, 
Aiitony fuliowed Cicopalra into Egypt, where he 
was soun informed of the defection of all bis al- 
lies and adherents, and saw the conqueror on 
his shores. Dreading the dishonour of "being led 
in triumph by his victorious enemy, and sensible 
that a'.l hopes of reconciliation were lost, he 
stabbed himself, and Cleopatra likewise killed 
herself by the bite of an asp. Antony died in 
ilie 56th year of his age, B. C. 30, and the con- 
queror sbed tears '.\hen he was informed that his 
enemy was no more. Antony left seven children 
by his three wives. He has been blamed for his 
great effeminacy, for his uncommon love of 
pleasure, and his fondness of drinking. It is 
said that he wrote a book in praise of drunken- 
ness. He was fond of imitating Hercules, from 
whom, according to some accounts, he was des- 
cended; and he is often represented as Hercules, 
with Cleopatra in the form of Omphale, dressed 
in the arms of her submissive lover, and beating 
hina with her sandals. In his public character, 
Antony was brave and courageous, but with the 
intrepidity of Caesar, he possessed all his volup- 
ttious inclinations. He was prodigal to a degree, 
and did not scruple to call, from vanity, his sons 
by Cleopatra, kings of kings. His fondness for 
low company, and his licentiousness, form the 
best parts of Cicero's Philippics. It is said, that 
on the night of Caesar's murder, Cassius supped 
wi:h Antony; and, being asked whether he had 
a dagger with him, answered, yes, if you, An- 
tony, aspire to sovereign power. Plutarch has 
written an account of his life. Virg. j±.n. i, bio. 
—Horat, Ep. 9.— Juv. 1(1, V4.2.—C. Nep. in Attic. 

— Cic. in Philip.— Justin. 41 et 42. Julius., son 

of Antony the triumvir, by Fulvia, was consul 
with Paulus Fabius Maximus. He was surnam- 
ed Africanus, and was put to death by order of 
Augustus, for his criminal conversation with 
Julia, the emperor's daughter. Some say 
tna.t he killed himself. It is supposed that 
he wrote an heroic poem on Diomede, in twelve 
books. Horace dedicated the second Ode of the 
fourth book to him. Tacit Ann. 4, 44. Lu- 
cius, the triumvir's brother, was besieged in Pe- 
lusium by Augustus, and obliged to surrender 
himself, with 3uO men, by famine. The con- 
queror spared his life. Some say that he was 

killed at the shrine of Caesar. A noble but 

unfortunate youth, grandson of the triumvir. His 
father, Julius, was put to death by Augustus, 
and he himself was removed by the emperor to 
Marseilles, on jretence of finishing his educa- 
tion. Tacit. Ann. 4, 44. Felix, a freedman 

of Claudius, appointed governor of Judaea. He 
married Drusilla, the daughter of Antony and 
Cleopatra. Tacit. Hist. 4, 9. Flamma, a Ro- 
man condemned for extortion under Vespasian. 
Tacit. Hist. 4, 45. Musa, a physician of Au- 
gustus. Plin. 29, I. Merendal a decemvir at 

Rome, A.U.C. 304. Liv. 3, 35 Q. Merenda, 

a military tribune, A.U.C. 333. Lii. 4, 4^. 

AXTORiDES, a painter, disciple to Aristippus. 
Plin. 

ANTRO CORACIUS. (/ id Coracius.) 

ANTYLLA. {Vid. Anthylla.) 

ANVCIS, ihe faithful companion of Osiris and 
Isis, represented under the figure of a man with 
a dog's head, holding in one hand a branch of 
palm, in the other a caduceus. He was proba- 
bly emblematical of Sirius, the dog-star, and 
was supposed to give warning of the approach c:f 
the Nile'; inundation, a> a d->g rouses to vigil- 



ance by bis barkii^g. Temples and priests were 
consecrated to him, and his image was carried in 
all religious processions. His worship was in- 
troduced from Egypt into Greece and Italy. 
When Mundus had corrupted the priests of Anu- 
bis at Rome to offer violence to Paulina, the 
wife of Saluminus, the worship of the god was 
abolished, and the temple levelled with t'ne 
ground. Diod. I.—Lucan. 8. 3'6i.~Ovid. Met. 
9, GS^.—Piut. de laid, et Omid.— Herod. 4.— 
Firg. 8, Gi^S. 

-\NXILS, a river of Armenia, falling into the 
Euphrates. 

Anxur, a city of the Volsci, taken by the 
Romans, A.U.C. 34S. It was sacred to Jupiter 
Anxyrus, who was there represented in the form 
of a beardless boy. It stood on the lofty rock at 
the foot of w hich the modern Teiracina is situ- 
ated. Liv. 4,59. — Horat, Sat. 1, 5, 26 —Lucan. 
3, ii.— rirg. ^n. 1, 799. 

Anyta, a Greek woman, some of whose ele 
gant verses are still extant. 

Anytus. a.n Athenian rhetorician, who with 
Melitus and Lycon, accused Socrates ol impiety, 
and was the cause of his condemn.ntion. Thtsf 
false accusers were afterwards put to death b> 
the Athenians. Diog.—^lian. V. H. 2, 13.- 

Horat. Sat. 2, 4, Z.— Plut. in Alcib. One o 

the Titans. Pau3. S, 37. 

AXZACAS, a river near the Tigris. MarceU. 
13. {Fid. Zabatus.) 

AOLLius, a son of Romulus by Hersilia, af- 
terwards called Abillius. 

Aox, a son of Neptune, who came to Eubcea 
and Bceotia, from Apulia, where he collected the 
inhabitants into cities and reigned over them. 
They were called Aones, and the coimtry Aonia, 
from him. 

AoXES, the inhabitants of Aonia, called after- 
wards Eccotia. They, jointly with the Hyantes, 
succeeded the Ectenes, At the arrival of Cad- 
mus, the Hyantes took up arms to oppose him, 
but the Aones submitted, and w ere incorporated 
with the Phoenicians. The muses were called 
AonicE, from mount Helicon in Boe 'tia. Pau&, 
y, 5 — Ovid. Met. 3, 7. lU, 13. Trid. El. 5, lU. 
Fast. 3,-156. 4, -ZVo—Firg. G. 3, 11. 

Aonia, one of the ancient names of Boeotia. p 

AORIS, a famous hunter, son of Aras king of 
Corintii. He v. as so f nd of his sister Arathy- j- 
r^a, that he called part of the country by her 

name. Pans. 2, 12. The w ifeof Neleus, called 

more commonly Chloris, Id. 9, 36. p 

AoRNOS, AORXUS, AORNis, a lofty rock in i 
India, taken by Alexander. It was so high that 
birds were .said to be unable to reach the summit, V 
whence the name. Its strength was reputed to 
be so great, that Hercules, who had besieged it, |: 
was unable to take it; and Alexander would 
probably have never gained possession of it, but I 
for some ingenious mancEUvres, which frighten- ' 
ed the garrison, and caused them to abandon it. 
It is now called Ohund. Diomjs. Per. 11-19.— !^ 
Curt. 8, U.—Ar7'ian. i. — Sirab. Ib. — Flut. in 
.Hex. — -Another in Bactriana east of Zariaspa 
Bactra. It is now TekJutn, situated on a high 
mountain called .\oj-k-koh, or the mountain of 

silver. A place in Epirus, with an oracle. 

Paus. 9, SO. A certain lake near Tartessus. i 

Another near Baiae and Puteoli, celebrated ' 

for the descent of Ulysses to the infernal regions, 
and said to have obtained its name from the ex- 
halations of its waters proving fatal to birds. It 
was also called Avernus. Ji.-g /En. 5, 'l-.'d. 



AOR 



69 



APE 



Aonsi, a powerful and numerous people on 
the f.tjoies of the Caspian, who had the w'noie 
tcaue of the neighboaring countries in tlieir 
hanJs, and who conducted upon ti;eir cair.els 
t::e iDt-rciiandise ot In lia and Babylon, which 
they received from the Armenians and Medes, 
to the eiistern parts of Europe, 

AOTI, a people of Thrace, near the Getse, on 
the Ister. Piin. 4. 

APaIt.E, a people of Asia Minor. Sirab. 

Ahama, a daughter of Artaxerxes, who mar- 
ried Pharnabazus, satrap of Ionia. A daugli- 

ter of Antiochus. Paus. 1, 8. 

Apa>JE, tlie mother of Nicomedes, by Prusias 

king of Bithynia. The mother of Antiochus 

{ gi)ter, by Seleucus Nicanor. Soter founded a 
' cny which he called by his mother's name. 

APAMIA, or APA:.iEA, a city of Phrygia, 
founded by Antiochui Soter in honour of his 
mother, on the ruins of Cibotus- It v\ as situ- 
ated at the junction of the Marsyas and Mae- 
a uier, only a mile or two from Celsnge, and 
became one of the greatest marts of trade in 
tne whole of Asia Minor. It is now called Am- 
pkion-kara-htssar, or the black castle of opium. 
I which narcotic is prepared in its neighbourhood. 

Another in Bithyiua, founded by the Colo- 

p'lonians, and named ?vlyrlasa. It was destroyed 
in the war bet\\een Prusias the Second, king of 
Bithynla, aad Philip the Third of Macedi;n, but 
subsequently restored by Prusias, who called it 
Apamea, in honour of his queen. It was after- 

wa. ds colonized by the Romans, Another in 

Syria, at the confjuence of the Orontes and Mar- 
syas, which form a small lake. It was built by 
Artigonus, who called it Pella, after the famous 
city of that name in Macedonia; but Seleucus 
I Nicator after '.lards improved it, and named it 
Apamea, in honour of his wife. It was a place 
oi such plenty, that Seleucus made it the great 
depot of his army, and kept in it five hundred 
elephants. It was ruined by the Saracens, 
and IS now a very insignificant place called 

Famieh. Another in Mesopotamia, on the 

■ Tigris, in a district which lay between the canal 
and the river, whence the epithet Mesenes ap- 
plied to this city, because it was in the midst of 
that small territory which is now called Digel. 

Another on the confines of Media and Par- 

thia, not far from Ragas. It was surnamed Ra- 
phane. Another at the junction of the Eu- 
phrates and Tigris, now Corny. Another at 

the pass of Zeugma, south-west of Ede>sa. 

APARNl, a nation of shepherds near the Cas- 
pian sea. Strub. 

Ar-ATURiA, a festival first celebrated by the 
Atiienians, and afierwards by the rest of the 
lon.ar.s, c-xc! pt those of E-'hesus and Colophon. 
It is said to hnve received its name from aTriT??, 
dezeit, because it was instituted in memory of a 
stratagem by which M'-lanlhius, the Athenian 
king, overcame Xanthus, king of BcEotia. In 
memory of this success, Jupiter was surnamed 
' Kirarvvtap, deceirer. It being also pretended 
that a person habited in a black goa?-skin had 
been sei-n before the engagement, Bacchus was 
surnamed t.ieXavaiyl';. and was honoured with a 
new temple, and the instiiution of this festival. 
It is, however, more probable that 'KTrarov^ia 
was so called as if 'ATrardpji, that is, 
because at this festival children accompanied 
their fathers, that their names miglit be eV.tered 
,n tiip public register; or because they wpu' in a 
ceiU.ia sense d7rar-'pF-,. irit-Mvt 'athers, lill thcv 



haJ been publicly registered as the children of 
their fathers. The festival commenced on the 
twenty-second day of the month Uuavf\piaiv, and 
continued three days. The first day was called 
Aop-rria, from iopTros, a mppCTj because in the 
evening of that day each tribe met, and had a 
sumptuous entertamment. The second day was 
named 'Ai appujtj, iirb rov avoi spvetv, because on 
this day victims were offered to Jupiter ^pdrptci 
and 'ATrarni-«^P: and to Minerva, in whose sacri- 
fices (as in all oflfer^d to the celestial deities) it 
was customary Svoi kpveiv rij KE(pa.'Xds, to turn the 
heads of the victims upwards towards heaven. 
At this sacrifice, the children enrolled among 
the citizens were placed close to the altar. It 
was usual also for persons richly attired to run 
about with lighted torches, and sing h>mns in 
praise of Vulcan, who first taught men the use 
of that element. The third day was called 
Koi'peoi-ij, from Kovooi a youth or from Kovpa, 
shaving; because the youih had their hair cut off, 
before they were presented to be regi.-tered. At 
this time the fathers m ere obliged to swear that 
both themselves and the mothers of the young 
men were freeborn Athenians. It was also cus- 
tomary to offer two ewes and a she-gi.at in sacri- 
iice to Diana, which they called eueiv (pparplav \ 
the she-goat was termed a'i? i^parpioy, and the ewe 
£'Js (pparr.p The viclim was to be of a certain 
weight; and because it once happened that the 
: spectators cried out in jest, Ms^ov, fjLBlov, toolittle, 
! too lilt.e; it was afterwards called fxtlov, and the 
I persons who offered it were denominated ^st- 
I ay^yol. Aristoph. Schol. Acharn.— Theophrast. 

\ Charact. Ethic. 4. — Hesych — At .en. 4. A 

I surname of Minerva, of Venus. 

I APEAUROS, a mountain of Peloponnesus. 
; Folyb. 4. 

i Apella, a word, Horat. 1, Sat. 5, 10, which 
i has given much trouble to ciitics and com.men- 
! tators. Some suppose it to mean circumcised, 
j {sine pelle), an epithet highly applicable to a Jew. 
Others .maintain that it is a" proper name, upon 
the authority of Cicero ad Attic. Ep. 12, 19, who 
mentions a person of the same name. 

Apelles, a celebrated painter of Cos, or, as 
others say, of Ephesus, son of Pithius. He flouf- 
ished in the time of Alexander the Great; and 
was in such high favour with that prince, that no 
other pain-er was allowed to draw his portrait. 
Edicto vetuit, ne quis se prceter Apellem pvngeret. 
Apelles was so devoted to his profession, that he 
never suffered a day to elapse w ithout exercising 
his pencil, whence the proverb of Nulla dies sine 
linea. The most famous of all his paintings was 
the Venus Anadyomene, or Venus rising out of 
the sea. This piece was painted for the inhabi- 
tants of the isle of Cos, and was by them hung 
up in the temple of ^sculapius. It was pur- 
chased from them by Angus us, by the remission 
of a hundi ed talents of tribute. The lower part 
of the painting had been injured by length of 
time, and no painter could be fbund who 
would undertake to replace what was wanting. 
He made a paintmg of Alexander holding thun- 
der in his hand, so much like life, that Pliny, 
who saw it, says that the h;md of the king wiih 
the thunder seemed to ccme out of the picture, 
fhis picture was placed in Diana's temple at 
Fphesus. He made another of Alexander, but 
the king expressed not much satisfaction at the 
sight of it; and at that moment a horsp, passing 
by, neighed at the horse which was represented • 
in the piece, supposing it to be ah.e ; upon 



APE 



70 



APH 



which the painter said, " One woul l imagine ' 
that the horse is a better judge of paiuiing 
than j'our maje.-ty." When Alexander ordered 
him to draw tne picture of Canipaspe, one of his 
mistresses, Apelies became enamoured of her, 
and the king^ permitted him lo marry her. Ke 
wrote three volumes upon painting, which wete 
still extant in the age of Pliny. It is said that 
he was accused in Egypt of conspiring against 
the life of Ptolemy, and that he would have been 
put to death had not the real conspirator dis- 
covered himself, and saved the painter. Apell^s 
never put his name to any pictures but three; a 
sleeping Venus, Venus Anadyomene, and an 
Alexander. It is said that he used only four 
colours, white, yellow, red, and black, but with 
such skill and judgment, that none of the an- 
cients ever surpassed him in delicacy of colour- 
ing or sublimity of expression. The proverb of 
Ne sutor ultra crepidam, is applied to him by 
some. Plin. 33, 10.— Horat. Ep. 2, 1, 23S.— C/c. 
.n Famil. 1, 9. — Ovid, de Art. Am. 3, 401.— Fa/. 

Max. 8, 11. A tragic writer. Suet. Calig. 33. 

A Macedonian general. A heretic of the 

second century, who denied the prophetSj the 
iaw of Moses, and the resurrection. 

ArELLlcON, a Teian peripatetic philosopher, 
ji'ho lived at Athens about SO B. C. He was very 
rich, and spared no cost in purchasing books. 
He bought the works of Aristotle and Theophras- 
tu-". {Vid Scepsis.) Conveying them to Athens, 
ce there caused them to be copied ; but the tran- 
jcribers supplied such passages as were become 
illegible, and thus many corruptions were intro- 
duced into the text. After the death of Apelli- 
;on, Sylla, at the taking of Athens, seized his 
library, and ordered it to be conveyed to Rome. 
Apellicon seems to have taken m.ore ps^ns to ob- 
tain possession of the v.ritings of pLiiosophers 
than to understand them. Strabo calls him a 
lover of books, rather than a lover of wisdom: — 
0tXo;3t^Aof aaAXoj/ 7? 0iXocro(pof. Strah. 13. 

APENNINUS, a chain of mountains in Italy, 
which leaving the Maritime Alps, iu the neigh- 
bourhood of Genoa, runs diagonally across Italy, 
to the sources of the Arnus and Tiberis, whence 
it proceeds southward through its whole length, 
terminating in tiie promontory of Leucopetra, 
near Rhegium. The highest point of this chain 
is Mons Cunarus, now Mante Corno, which is 
about 8790 feet above the level of the sea. 
Liican. 2, 396. — Or/o'. Met. 2, 216.— Sil. Hal. 4, 
liS.—Strab. 2.—Mela,2, 4. 

APER, Marcus, a Roman orator, who dis- 
tinguished himself by his genius and eloquence, 
and occupied several important posts in tiie em- 
pire. The dialogue on the corruption of elo- 
quence, inserted with the works of Tacitus and 
tjuintilian, is attributed to him. He died about 

A.D. 85. Another. (^Vid. Numerianus.) 

APEROPIA, a small island on the coast of Ar- 
golis. Faus. 2, 34. 

APiiSUS Apesas, or Apksantus, am >untain 
of Peloponnesus, near Lerna. Stat, in Theb. 3, 
461. 

Afhaca, a town of Palestine, between Heli- 
opolis and Byblus, celebrated for a temple of 
Venus, which was destroyed by Constantine the 
Great, on account of the wantonness of its vot- 
aries. Euseb. Vita Const. Mag. 3, 55. 

Aph^a, a name of Diana, who had a temple 
in iE^ina. Paus. 2, 30. 

Aphau, the capital city of Arabia, situate on 
the coast of the Red sea. It is now Al Farar, 



between Mecca and Medina. Jrt-ian in Fe» I 
ripl, 

APHARETUS, fell in love with Marpessa, ' 
daughter of Q^momaus, and carried her a%^av. 

APHAREUS, a king of Messenia, son of Peri 1" 
eres and Gorgophone, who mairied Arene, | 
daughter of G:balus, by whom he had three sons, 
Idas, Pisus, and Lynceus. He had reigned lor 
sometime conjointly with his brother Leucippus, 
but he soon afterwards sei2ed upon the unaivid- 
ed sovereignty. Ke granted the maritime paits [ 
of his k.ngdonj to Neleus, who settled there af- ■ 
ter he had been diiven from lolchos. Apollod. 

1, 23. 3, \9.~Gvid. Met. 12, m. — Pam.d, 1.- f 

A relation of Isocrates, who wrote thirty seven j 

tragedies. A son of Caletor, killed by ii:neas I 

during the Trojan war. Homer. II. 9, 83. IJ, 
478 et 541. i 
Aphas, a river of Greece, w hich falls Into the ' 
bay of Amtracia. Plin. 4, 1. 

Aphellas, a king of Cyrene, who, with the 
aid of Agathocles, endeavoured to reduce all j 
Africa under his pow er. Justin. 22, 7. ' 

Aphesas, a mountain in Peloponnesus, f 
whence, as the poets have imaginea, Perseus ' 
attempted to fly to heaven. Stat. Theb. 
461. 

APHET.ffi;, now Fetio, a city of Thessaly, at 
the entrance of the Sinus Pelasgicus, or Gulf of : 
Volo, where Xerxes stationed his fleet previous r 
to the battle of Artemisium, and from which the I 
ship Argo is said to have taken her departure 
for Colchis. Apoll. Argon. 1, 591.— Htrod. " 
193 et m. 

AFHiDAS, a son of Areas, king of Arcadia, 
who inherited Tegea and the neighbouring coun- 
try, when he divided with his brothers the pa- 
trimony of their father. His son Aleus succeed- 
ed him on the throne. Paus. 8, 4. A famous 

sleeper. Ovid. Met. 12, 317. 

Aphidna, a part of Attica, w hich received its 
name froni Aphidnus, one of the companions of 
Theseus. Herod. 

Aphidnus, a friend of .ffineas, killed by Tur- 
nus. Virg. JEn. 9, 702. 

APHNEUS, a surname of Mars, from a temple 
he had in Arcadia on mount Cresius, after his 
amour with .Krope, the daugiiter of Cepheus, 
as mentioned by Paus. 8, 44. 

APHCEBETUS, one of the conspirators against ] 
Alexander. Curt. 6, 7. 

AFHRICES, an Indian prince, who defendecl 
the rock Aornus, with 20,01,0 foot and 15 ele- 
phants. He was killed by his troops, and his 
head sent to Alexander. 

APHRODISIA, festivals in honour of Venus, 
several of which w ere observed in different pans 
of Greece. The most remarkable of them was 
that at Cyprus, first instituted by Cinyras; out of 
w hose family were elected certain priests of Ve 
nus, who for that reason were cahed KivvpdUi.. 
At this solemnity several mysterious rites were j 
practised; and they who were initiated into them . 
offered a piece of money to Venus as an harlot, 
and received in token of the favour of the god- 
dess a measure of salt, and a (paWh^ : the f 
mer, because salt comes from the sea, whence 
ihe goddess herself sprang, and the latter, be- 
cause she was the goddess of wantonness. At 
Amathus, a city of Cyprus, they offered to 
Venus solemn sacrifices, which were called 
KapTTwi/siy, from /raoTToy, f?-i(it, perhaps becau.^e [ 
this goddess presided over generation. The fes- 
tival of Venud was celebrated at both the Papii 



I 



AMI 



7i 



API 



not only by the inhabitants of those places, but 
by multitudes who resorted thither irom other 
cities. At Corinth it was celebrated by harlots. 

Sh-ab lA.— Athen. ]3.—Arnob. 5.— Hesijch. 

A town of Thrace, north of the Chersonesus 
Thracica, between Cardia and Heraclea. 

AphrodisTas, an island in the Persian gulf, 

sacred to Venus and Mercury. A town of 

Caria, sacred to Venus. It lay east of Alaban- 
GH, on the borders of Phrygia. Now Ghcira. 

Tacit. Ann. 3, 6^. Another in Cilicia, which 

appears to have been of some consequence in 
the time of Antiochus Magnus. Liv. '66, 20. 

Aphrodisum, an island on the coast of Boe- 
tica. A promontory of Caria, near Cnidus. 

Aphrodite, the Grecian name of Venus, 
from icpgoi, froth, because Venus is said to have 
been born from the froth of the ocean. Hesiod. 
Th. 193.— PUn. 36, 5. 

Aphroditofolis, a city of Egypt, the capital 
of the 3tith Nome, sacred to the goddess Aphro- 
dite, and celebrated for the worship of a white 
heifer. Its name is still preserved in the mo- 
dern Alfleh, but its ruins are found at Doulab-el- 
Haljeh. Another in the same country, the ca- 
pital of the 42d Nome, now Itfu Another in 

the same country, belonging to the Nome Her- 
monthites, now Asfun. 

APHYTE,orAPHYTis, a city of Thrace, in the 
peninsula of Pallene, on the Sinus Therraaicus, 
where Jupiter Ammon was worshipped. Ly- 
sander besieged the town, but the god of the 
place appeared to him in a dream, and advised 
him to raise the siege, which he not only imme- 
diately did, but introduced the worship of the 
god with greater ceremonies among his country- 
men. Theophrastus speaks of the vine of 
Aphyte. Herod. 7, 123.— Paws. 3, 18.— Theophrast. 
3, 2U. 

Apia, an ancient name of Peloponnesus, 
v.'hich it received Irom king Apis. It was after- 
v/ards called iEgialea, Peiasgia, Argia, and at 
last Peloponnesus, or the island of Pelops. 

Homer. II. 1, 2d?0. Also the name of the earth, 

worshipped among the Lydians as a powerful 
deity. _ Herod. 4, 59. 

Apian us, or Apion, was born at Oasis in 
Egypt, whence he went to Alexandria, of which 
he was deemed a citizen. He succeeded Theus 
in the profession of rhetoric in the reign of Ti- 
berius, and wrote, among other works, a book 
against the Jews, which Josephus refuted. Apion 
rendered himself ridiculous for his great vanity. 
He not only abused the learning which he pos- 
sessed, in trifling and unprofiiabie researches, 
but h.° often made his page the vehicle of abusive 
language and intemperate satire, and he v\asnot 
ashamed to boast that he conferred Immortality 
oa those to whom he dedicated any of his writ- 
ings. Aul. Gellius, I eib.— Senec. Ep. 88.— Plin. 
Prcef. in Hist. Nat. 

Aficata, married Sejanus, by whom she had 
three children. She was repudiated. Tacit. 
Ann. 4, 3. 

Apicrus, the nameofthree celebrated Roman 
gluttons. The first lived in the time of the re- 
public, about the age of Sylla; the second in the 
reign of Augustus and Tiberius; and the third, 
who had an admirable secret of pickling oysters, 
under Trajan. The second was the most noted 
of these epicures. He kept a kind of school of 
ijluttony, and spent in splendid entertainments 
uii hundred million of seste\ci>s(jnUlies sestertimi) 
t'. «oout L.h.')3,6Ul sterling; but finding bis fin- 



ances reduced to about L.SO.OOO, he poisoned 
himself for fear of starving. There is extant a 
treatise rf£? re cidinaria, with the name of Api- 
cius prefixed; but it is thought to be spurious. 
Tacit. Ann. 4, 1. — Senec. ad Helciam, 10. — 
Juv. 11, 3.— Martial. 2, 69. 3, 22. 10, 73. 

APIDANUS, one of the chief rivers of Thes- 
saly, which, after receiving the Enipeus, enters 
the right bank of the Peneus, a little west of 
Larissa. It is now the Sataldge. Eurip. Hec, 
AbO.— Lucan. 6, 374, 

Apina, and Apin^, a city of Apulia, destroy- 
ed with Trica, in its neighbourhood, by Dio- 
medes; whence came the proverb of Apina et 
Trica, to express trifling things. Marlial. 14, 1. 
—Plin. 3, 11. 

API OLA and Apiol^E, a town of Italy, taken 
by Tarquin the proud. The Roman capitol was 
begun with the spoils taken from that city. 
Plin. 3, 5. 

APION, a surname of Ptolemy, one of the de- 

Sf-endan^s of Ptolemy Lagus. A grammarian. 

{Vid. Apianus.) 

APIS, one of the ancient kings of Pelopon- 
nesus, son of Phoroneus and Laodice. Some say 
that Apollo was his father, and that he was king 
of Argos, while others call him king of Sicyon, 
and fix the time of his reign above 200 year.= 
earlier, which is enough to show that he is but 
obscurely known, if known at all. He was a 
native of Naupactum, and descended from Ina- 
chus. He received divine honours after death, 
as he had been munificent and humane to his 
subjects.- The country where he reigned was 
called Apia; afterwards it received the name of 
Peiasgia, Argia, or Argolis, and at last that of 
Peloponne.sus, from Pelops. Some, amongst 
whom are Varro and St Augustine, have ima- 
gined that Apis went to Egypt with a colony of 
Greeks, and that he civilized the inhabitants, 
and polished their manners, for which they made 
him a god after death, and paid divine honours 
to him under the name of Serapis. This tradi- 
tion, according to some of the moderns, is with- 
out foundation. Aischyl. in Suppl.— August, de 

Civ. Dei. 18, 5.— Pans. 2, b.—Apollod. 2, 1. 

A son of Jason, born in Arcadia; he was killea 

by the horses of Etolus. ^Paus. b, 1. A town 

of Egypt, on the lake Mareotis. A god oi the 

Egyptians, worshipped under the form of an ox. 
Some say that Isisand Osiris are the deities wor- 
shipped under this name, because during their 
reign they taught the Egyptians agriculture. The 
Egypti'ans believed that the soul of Osiris was 
really departed into the ox, where it wished to 
dwell, because that animal had been of the most 
essential service in the cultivation of the ground, 
which Osiris had introduced into Egypt. The 
ox that was chosen was always distinguished by 
particular marks ; his body was black; he had a 
square white spot upon the forehead, the figure 
of an eagle upon the back, a knot under the 
tongue like a beetle, the hairs of his tail weie 
double, and his right side was marked with a 
whitish spot, resembling the crescent of the 
moon. Without these an ox could not be taken 
as the god Apis; and it is to be imagined that 
the priests gave these distinguishing character- 
istics to the animal on which their credit and 
even prosperity depended. The festival of Apis 
lasted seven days; the ox was led in a solemn 
procession by the priests, and every one was anx- 
ious to receive him into his house, and it was be- 
lieved that the children who smelt his breath 



API 



72 



APO 



received the knowledge of futuiity. The ox was 
concluded to the banks of the Nile wiiii much 
ceremony, and if he had lived to the timev. hich 
their sacred books alio" ed, they drowned him in 
the river, and embalmed his body, and buried it 
in solemn state in the city of Memphis. Alter 
his death, which sometimes was natural, the 
greatest cries and lamentations were heard in 
Egypt, PS if Osiris was just dead; and the piiests 
shaved their heads, which w as a sign of liie deep- 
est mourning. This continued till another ox 
appeared with the proper characteristics to suc- 
ceed as the deity, which was followed with the 
greatest acclamations, as it Osiris were returned 
to life. This ox, which was found to represent 
Apis, was left4U days in the city of the Niie be- 
fore he was carried' to Memphis, during which 
time none but women were permitted to appear 
before him, and this they performed, according 
to their superstitious notions, in a wanton and 
indecent manner. There w as also an ox w or- 
shipped at Heliopolis, under the name of Mne- 
\is; some suppose that he was Osiris, but others 
maintain that the Apis of Memphis was sacred 
to Osiris, and Mnevis to Isis. When Cambyses 
came into Egypt, the people were celebrating 
the festivals of Apis with every mark of joy and 
triumph, which the conqueror interpreted as an in- 
sult upon himself. He called ihe priests of Apis, 
and ordered the deity itself to cume before him. 
When be saw that an ox was the object of their 
veneration, and the cause of such rejoicings, he 
wounded it on the thigh, ordered the priests to 
be chastised, and commanded his soldiers to 
slaughter such as were found celebrating such 
riotous festivals. The god Apis had generally 
two stables, or rather temples. If he eat from 
the hand, it was a favourable omen; but if here- 
fused the food that was offered him, it was inter- 
preted as unlucky. From this, Germanicus, 
when he visited Egypt, drew the omens of his 
approaching death. When his oracle was con- 
sulted, incense was burnt on an altar, and a piece 
of money placed upon it, after which the people 
that wished to know futurity applied their ear 
to the mouth of the god, and immediately re- 
tired, stopping their ears till they had departt-d 
from the temple. The first sounds that were 
heard, were taken as the answer of the oracle to 
their questions. Paus. 7, 22. — Herod. 2 et d. — 
Flin. 8, 33, 8cc.—Strab. l.— Piut. in hid. et Osir. 
—ApoUod. 1, 7. 2, L-Mela, 1, 9.—Plin. 8, b9, 
Eic.-Strab. l.—^lian. V. H. 4 et 6.-Diod. 1. 

Apisaon, son of Hippasiis, assisted Priam 
against the Greeks, at the head of a Psonian 
army, and was killed by Lycomedes. Homer. 

11. 17, 348 Another on the same side, killed 

by Eurypilus. Id. 11, 576. 

Apitius Galea, a celebrated buflFoon in the 
time of Tiberius. Jw. 5, 4. 

Apollinares ludi, games celebrated at 
Rome in honour of Apollo. They originated 
fiom the following circumstance: an old prophe- 
tic poem informed the Roiiians, that if they in- 
stituted yearly games to Apollo, and made a 
collection of money for his service, they wuuld 
be able to repel the enemy w hose approach al- 
ready threatened their destruction. Tne first 
time they were celebrated, Rome was alarmed 
by the approach of the enemy, and instantly the 
people rushed out of the city, and saw a cloud 
of arrows discharged from the sky on the troops 
of the enemy. With this heavenly assistance 
ihey easily obtained the victory. The people 



generaliy eat crowr.ed with laurel at the repre- 
sentation or these games, which were usually 
celebrated at the option of the praetor, till the 
year A.U. C. 545, when a law w as parsed to settle 
the celebration yearly on the same day about the 
nones of July. When this alteration happened, 
Rome was infested with a dreadful pestilence, 
which, however, seemed to be appeased by this 
act of religion. These games were merely sceni- 
cal, and not unlike the puppashows of mcdern 
times. Liv. 25, 12, 27, 26. 

APOLLINARIS, C. Sulpitius, a grammariai: c>f 
Carthage, flourished in the second century, u;!- 
der the Antonines. He was succeeded in hi; pio- 
fession by 1 is pupil, Helvius Pertinax, who a.- 
terwards became emperor He also i;ad amon^ 
his pupils Aulus Gelliu-S who speaks in the 
highest couimendation of his learnii:g, and ad- 
mires that modtsty and aiffidence in him \\ h.ch 
does not impose upon the world, but rather con- 
ceals, superiority of talents and greatness of 
genius. Jul. Capitol, in Pertin. — Aul. Gelt. 

4. A writer better known by the name oi Si- 

donius. {^Fid. Sidonius.) 

AFOLLlNlDES, a Greek in the wars of D-irius 
and Alexander, &c. Curt. 4, 5. 

.APOLLINIS ARX, a place at the entrance of 

the Sibyl's cave. Virg. /E7i. 6. Pionion cr- 

ium, was situate on the coast of Alrica, east of 
Utica, and north of Carthage, it is now Idm- 

Zebid. Liv. 30, 24 Templum, a place m 

Thrace, in Lycia. Mlian. V. H. 6, 9. 

APOLLIKIS Fan CM, a town of Lydia, west of 
Thyatira A town of Africa Propria, north- 
east of Tatraca. 

ApollikopClis Magna, the capital of the 
52d Egyptian Isome, in the southern pan of Up- 
per Egypt, about 'db miles nearly north of tiie 
great cataracts. Its inhabitants worshipped 
Apollo, and were inveterate enemies to the cro- 
codile, which they took in nets and destrojed. 
Its remains are yet to be seen at the town or 
village of Edfou. 

APOLLINOPOLIS Parva, a city of E^ypt, in 
the 48th Nome of Coptos, north-wLstof 'ihtbes. 
It is now Kous. 

Apollo, a son of Jupiter and Latona, called 
also Phoebus. According to Cicero, de Nat. Dcc)\ 
3, 23, there were four persons of this name. The 
first was don of Vulcan, and the tutelary god of 
the Athenians. The second was son ot Corybas, 
and was born in Crete, for the don.inion of w hich 
he disputed even with Jupiter bin. self. The third 
was son of Jupiter and Latona, and came from 
the nations of the Hyperboreans to Delphi. The 
fourth w as born in Arcadia, and called Nuniion, 
because he gave laws to the inhabitants. To the 
son of Jupiter and Latona all the actions of the 
others seem to have been attributed. The Apollo, 
son of Vulcan, was the same as the Orus of (he 
Egyptians, and was the mustancient, fromwt;om 
the actions of the others have been copied. 1 he 
three others seem to be of Grecian origin. 
The tradition that the son of Latona was born 
in the floating island of Delos, is taken fronr- the 
Egyptian mythology, which asserts that the --on 
of Vulcan, which is supposed to be Orus, was 
saved by his mother Isis from the persecution of 
Typhon, and intrusted to the care of Latona, 
who concealed him in the island of Chenimis. 
When Latona was pregnant by Jupiter, Juno, 
who w as ever jealous ol her husband's amours, 
raised the serpent Python to torment Latona, 
who V. as lefused a place to give birth to her 



APO 



73 



APO 



children, till Neptune, moved at the severity of 
• her fate, raised tlie island of Delos from tlie bot- 
; tim of the sea, where Latona brought forth 
' Apollo and Diana. Apollo was the god of all 
I the fine arts, of medicine, music, poetry, and 
I eloquence, of all which he was deemed the in- 
ventor. He had received from Jupiter the power 
of knowing futurity, and he was the only one of 
j the gods whose oracles were in general repute 
j over the world. His great dexterity in the man- 
j agement of the bow is celebrated; and in every 
i part of the world he received homage as the presi- 
j Jent of the muses, the oracle of poets and musici- 
I ans, and the patron of every liberal and ingenuous 
I profession in arts and sciences. His amours v, ith 
! Leucothoe, Daphne, Issa, Bolina, Coronis, Cly- 

■ mene, Cyrene, Chione, Acacallis, Calliope, &c. 
' are well known, and the various shapes he as- 
I sumed to gratify his passion. He became father 

■ of Hyreus, Hyperenor, and Eleuthera, by JE- 

i thusa, daughter of Neptune; by Clymene he had 

j Phaeton; by Thya or Melene, Delphus; by Co- 

' rycia, Lycoreus; and Phylacis, Philander, and 
Naxus, by Acacallis. The nymph Cyrene bore 

I him Aristssus and Idmon; Coronis, iEsculapius; 

' Chione, the musician Philammon; and by him 
Calliope, according to some, became mother of 
Orpheus; and Urania, of Linus. He was also 
father of Argeus, by Euboea, daughter of Ma- 

! careus; of Ilius, by Uraea, daughter of Neptune; 

! r.nd of Euripides, by Cleobula. He was very 
lond of young Hyacinthus, whom he accidentally 
killed with a quoit; as also of Cyparissus, who 
was changed into a cypress tree. When his son 
/Esculapius had been killed wiihthe thunders of 
Jupiter, for raising the dead to life, Apollo, in 
his resentment, killed the Cyclops who had fa- 

I bricated the thunderbolts. Jupiter was incensed 
at this act of violence, and he banished Apollo 
from heaven, and deprived him of his dignity. 
The exiled deity came to Admetus king ot Thes- 
saly, and hired himself to be one of his shep- 
herds, in which ignoble employment he remain- 
ed nine years; from which circumstance he was 
called the god of shepherds, and at his sacrifices 
a wolf was generally offered, as that animal is 
the declared enemy of the sheepfold. During 
his residence in Thessaly, he rewarded the ten- 
der treatment of Admetus. He gave him a cha- 
riot drawn by a lion and a bull, with which he 
was able to obtain in marriage Alceste the daugh- 
ter of Pelias; and soon after, the Parcag gra UeJ, 
at Apollo's request, that Admetus might be re- 
deemed from death, if another person laid down 
his life for him. He assisted Neptune in build- 
ing the walls of Troy; and when he was refused 
the promised reward from Laomedon, the king 
of the country, he destroyed the inhabitants by a 
pestilence. He also assisted Alcathous, son of 
Pelops, in erecting the fortress of Megara in At- 
tica; and the stone on which the god had placed 
his lyre, when employed in the work, was still 
shown in the age of Pausanias, and remarked as 
possessing, when touched, a sweet melodious 
sound. As soon as he was born, Apollo destroy- 
ed with arrows the serpent Python, which Juno 
had sent to persecute Latona; hence he was 
called Pythius; and he afterwards vindicated the 
honour of his mother, by putting to death the 
children of the proud Niobe. ( Fid. Niobe.) He 
was not the inventor of the lyre, as some have 
imagined, but Mercury gave it him, and receiv- 
ed as a reward the famous caduceus with which 
ApcUo w?s wont to drive tlie flocks oi Admetus. 



His contest with Pan and Marsyas and the pun- 
ishment inflicted upon Midas are well known. 
He received the surnames of Phoebus, Delius, 
Cynthius, Poean, Delphicus, Nomius, Lycius, 
Clarius, Ismenius, Vulturius, Smintheus, &c., 
for reasons which are ex-plained under those 
words. Apnllo is generally represented with 
long hair, and the Romans were fond of imitat- 
ing his figure, and therefore in their youth they 
were remarkable for their fine heads of hair, 
which they cut short at the age of seventeen or 
eighteen. He is always represented as a fall 
beardless young man, with a handsome shape, 
holding in his hand a bow, and sometimes a lyre ; 
his head is generally surrounded with beams of 
light. He was the deity who, according to the 
notions of the ancients, inflicted plagues, and in 
that moment he appeared surrounded with 
clouds. His worship and power were universally 
acknowledged: he had temples and statues in 
every country, particularly in Egypt, Greece, 
and Italy. His statue, which stood upon mount 
Actium, as a mark to mariners to avoid the dan- 
gerous coasts, was particularly famous, and it 
appeared at a great distance at sea. Augustus, 
before the battle of Actium, addressed himself to 
it for victory. The animals consecrated to him 
werje the wolf and hawk, from their piercing 
eyes ; the crow and raven, from their supposed 
faculty of predicting futurity; the cook, from his 
announcing the dawn of day; the grasshopper, 
on account of his tuneful powers; and the swan, 
from its fabulous vocal powers in death ; and in 
his sacrifices, wolves and hawks were offered, as 
they w ere the natural enemies of the flocks over 
which he presided. Bullocks and lambs were 
also immolated to him. As he presided over 
poetry, he was often seen on mount Parnassus 
with the nine muses. His most famous oracles 
were at Delphi, Delos, Claros, Tenedos, Cyrrha, 
and Patara. His most splendid temple was at 
Delphi, where every nation and individual made 
considerable presents when they consulted the 
oracle. Augustus, after the battle of Actium, 
built him a temple on mount Palatine, which he 
enriched with a valuable library. He had a 
famous colossus in Rhodes, which was one of 
the seven wonders of the world. Apollo has been 
taken for the sun; and though many passages in 
ancient writers might prove that Apollo, the 
Sun, Phcebus, and Hyperion, were all different 
characters and deities, yet it must be evident 
that mythology considered the son of Latona as 
the god who guided the chariot of the sun, and 
received, as that universally beneficent lumin- 
ary, the homage of the various nations of the 
earth, though under different appellations and in 
) various characters, Ovid. Met. 1, fab. 9 et 10. 4, 
I fab. 3 et (j.~Paus. 2, 7. 5, 7. 7, 20. 9. 30, 8cc.— 
f Ui/gin fab. 9, 14, .50, 93, 140, 161, 202, 203, &c. 
\ —S(at. Theb. i, 560— Tibidl. El. 2, 3.~Plut. de 
'• Amor. — Horn. 11. et Hymn, in Apoll. Virg. JEn. 
2, 3 &c. G. 4, 323.— Horaf. Od. 1, \{).— Lucian. 
Dial Mer. et Vulc— Proper t. El. 2, 2S.-~Calli- 
mach. in ApoU. — Apollod. l, 3, 4, et 9.' 2, 5. 3, 5, 

10, et 12. One of the ships in the fleet of 

^neas. Virg. yEn. 10, 171. Also a temple of 

Apollo upon mount Leucas, which appeared .it a 
great distance at sea; and served as a guide to 
mariners, and reminded them to avoid the dan- 
gerous rocks that were along the coast. Firg. 
'din 3, 275. 

Ar'OLLoCRS.TES, a friend of Dion, supposed" 
by some to be tiie son ol Dionysius. 
G 



APO 



74 



APO 



APOLLODORCS, a famous grammarian and 
mythologist of Athens, son of Asclepias, and dis- 
ciple to Aristarchus the grammarian, and the 
two Stoic philosophers, Panaetius, and Diogenes 
the Babylonian. He flourished about 115 years 
before the Christian era, and wrote an history 
from the destruction of Troy to his own age, a 
space of 1040 years ; besides other works men- 
tioned by Fabricius. But of all his compositions, 
nothing is extant but his Bibliotheca, a valuable 
work, divided into three books. It is an abridged 
history of the gods, and of the ancient heroes, of 
whose actions and genealogy it gives a true and 
faithful accoimt. The best edition is that of 
Heyne, Goetr. in 8vo. 4 vols. 1782. Athen.— 

Piin. 1,37.-01001. 4 et 13. A tragic poet of 

Cilicia, who wrote tragedies entitled Ulysses, 
Thyestes, Hyaetides, &c. ; some fragments of 
which are preserved in Suidas and AthenoBUS. 

Deipnos. 15. A comic poet of Gela in Sicily. 

in the age of Menander, who wrote 47 plays ; of 
which, the Mysteries, Sisyphus, the Cheats, the 
Philadelphi, &c., are mentioned. Terence co- 
pied his Hecyra and Phormio from the works of 
this writer. Gyrald. de Poet. G. l.—Donat. ad 

Terent. A famous architect of Damascus, 

who lived under Trajan and Adrian. He was 
employed by the former to build the great briJse 
over the Danube, and other structures. His 
bluntness proved his ruin, for when Adrian sent 
him the design of a temple of Venus, which he 
had just built, the architect found that it was too 
small for the size of the statues, and said, that if 
the goddesses should take a fancy to rise and go 
nut, they could not. This sarcasm cost him his 

life. ^A writer who composed a history of 

Parthia. ^A di ciple of Epicurus, the most 

learned of his school, and deservedly sumamed 
the Illustriou-!. He wrote about forty volumes 

on different subjects. Diog. 7 et 10 A painter 

of Athens, to whom Zeuxis was a pupil. He 
highly distinguished himself, and was particu- 
larly re-pectable for that liberality of sentiment 
which commends, but envies not, a rival. So far 
from detracting from the fame of Zeuxis, he not 
only confessed himself inferior to him, but wrote 
verses to recomirrend his pieces. Two of his 
paintings were admired at Pergamus, in the age 
of Flmy; a priest in a suppliant posture, and an 

Ajax struck with lishtoing. Piin, 35, 9. A 

statuary in the age of Alexander. He was of such 
an irascible disp.) -ition, that he destroyed his 
own pieces upon the least provocation. Pun. 34, 

3. A rhetorician of Pergamus, preceptor and 

friend to Augustus, who wrote a book on rhe- 
toric Strub. 13. A tragic poet of Tarsus. 

A Lemnian who wrote on husbandry. A phy- 
sician of Tarentuni. -Another of Cytiura. 

APOLLONIA, a festival at JEgialea in honour 
of Apollo and Diana. It arose from this cir- 
cumstance; these two deities came to ^gialea, 
after the conquest of the serpent Python ; but 
they were frightened away, and fled to Crete. 
JEgiadesL was soon visited with an epidemical dis- 
temper and the inhabitants, by the advice of 
their prophets, sent seven chosen boys, with the 
same number of sirls, to entreat them to return 
to .E^ialea. Apollo and Diana granted their 
fietii.on, in honour of which a temple vvas r.iised 
to TTEit?.^, the goddess of persuasio7i; and ever 
Jtfter a number of youths, of both sexes, were 
.Hii to march in solemn procession, as ifanx- 
i'lH- to briiig back ApoHo and Diana. Puna in. 
li, "'iitJi A. to'.vii of lilvii."., neu.r ih;j 



mouth of the river Aous, It was founded by 6 ] 
colony of Corinthians from Corey ra. and after- i 
wards restored by the Corinthians, when assist- i 
ance had been in vain asked from Corcyra; which ' 
proceeding on the part of Corinth, was the first ', 
cause of the Peloponnesian war. It was conti- 
nually depressed by its lUyrian neighbours. Ire- ' 
quently recruited by new settlers from Greece ; ' 
and willingly received the aid of the Romans, 
when the lilyrian princes had nearly subdued it. 
The Romans allowed its inhabitants the unin- 
terrupted enjoyment of their civil constitution, 
which is praised by Strabo, and the town pos- 
sessed a considerable trade, as well as a respect- 
able school of Greek learning, frequented by 
young Romans of the higher classes. Its ruins 
still retain the name of Pollina. Sirab. 7.— Died. 
\ Sic. is.— Herod. 9, 92. -Suet. Aug. iO.—VeU.' 

I Paferc. 2, 59. Another in Macedonia, north o. I 

! Chalcis, now Pollina. It is menti'^ned in the 
I Acts of the Apostles, St Paul having passed 
I through it on his v. ay from Philippi to Thessal- 

j onica. Another iii Thrace, on the coast of the 

Euxine, called afterwards Sozopolis, now Si^e- 
• boli. It was a Milesian colony. It was cele- 
j brated for a colossal statue of Apollo, which was 
carried to Rome by M. Crassus, on his conquer- 

\ ing the inhabitants.. Another in Bithynia, on 

i a lake which receives the Rhyndacus, now Abu- 

\ lionte. Another in Assyria, on the Deias, 

north-east of Artemita. It is now Shahrahan. 

Another in Cyrenaica. It derived all its ini 

portance from the Ptoiemies, who made it a city 
of the Pentapolis, and gave it many immunities. 
In the lower ages it was called Sozousa, and 
hence its modern name Marsa Susa, or Sosush. 

Afolloniades, a tyrant of Sicily, compelled 
to lay down his power by Timoleon. 

APOLLONIAS, the wife of Attains, king of 
Phrygia, to whom she bore four children. 

APOLLONlDES, a w riter of Nicaea. A phy- 
sician of Cos at the court of Artaxer?es, who be- 
came enamoured of Amytis, the monarch's sis- 
ter, and was some time after put to death for 
slighting her after the reception of her favours. 

AP0LL0MU3, a Stoic philosopher of Chalcis, 
sent for by Antoninus Pius, to instruct his adopt- 
ed son Marcus Antoninus. When he came to 
Rome, he refused to go to the palace, observing 
that the master ought not to wait upon his pupil, 
but the pupil upon him. The emperor hea.ring 
this, said, laughing, " It was then easier for 
ApoUonius to come from Chalcis to Rome, than 

from Rome to the palace." A geometrician 

of Perga in Pamphylia, who lived about 242 
years before the Christian era. After studying 
at Alexandria, under the disciples of Euclid, he 
composed various geometrical works, which ob- 
tained him the name of the Great Geonielriciaji. 
The only work of his which remains is a treaii.se 
on conic sections. The lour first books of this, 
which were all that were known in Europe till 
1658, contain the properties ob.<erved previously ' 
to his time; but the three following ones, w hich 
were brought from the east and translated irom 
the Arabic, give his own discoveries They are 
principally on the greatest and least lines which 
can be drawn from any point to the cutve of a 
conic section. They show w onderful powers in 
the management of the ancient geometry, and 
though it might be imagined that the instrument 
WHS scarcely capable of such results, they lead 
to the borders of the modem theories of evolute 
cmves and ccnties of osculation. The best edi- 



AlPO 



APO 



Ition of Apollonius is Dr Halley's, Oxon. fol. | for all this, Hieroc:es had the presumption io 

' 1710. Vos'iius de II. Gr. 2 A poet of Alex- I compare the impostures of Apollonius with the 

fandriain Egypt, generally called Apollonius of | miracles of Jesus Christ. A sophist of Alex- 

; Rhodes, because he lived for some time there. ! andria, distinguished for his Lexicon Grcccum 11- 
' Ke was pupil, when young, to Callimachus and i iadis et Odyssece, a book that was beautifully 



Panaetius; and succeeded Erastosthenes as third 
librarian of the famous library of Alexandria, 
under Ptolemy Euergetes. He was ungrateful 
to his master Callimachus, who wrote a poem 
against him, in which he denominated him Ihis, 
borrowing the appellation of an Egyptian bird 
which indelicately assists nature by the applica- 
tion of its bill. Ol all his works, nothing re- 
j mains but his poem on the expedition of the Ar- 
I gonauts, in four books. In this poem the author, 
. though greatly inferior to Homer in majesty and 
j sublimity, yet displays many beauties and much 
; varieiy. The passion of Medea is so finely and 
exquisitely pourtrayed, that Virgil has borrowed 
I largely from his predecessor, and incorporated 
; the most delicate and pathetic parts into his ac- 
! count of Dido. For this work, the Rhodians 
j honourably rewarded the poet with the freedom 
I of their city, when he came to reside among 
them. The Argonautica of Apollonius have been 
translated into English by F. Fawkes and W. 



edited by Villoison, in 4to. 2 vols. Paris, 1773. 
Apollonius was one of the pupils of Didymus, 
and flourished in the beginning of the first cen- 
tury.- A physician. A son of Sotades, at 

the court of Ptolemy Philadelphus Syrus, a 

Platonic philosopher. Herophilius, wrote 

concerning ointments. A sculptor of Rhodes, 

who, conjointly with his countryman Tauriscus, 
is conjectured to have completed that vast group ' 
called the Farnese Bxdl. It was discovered near 
the Antonine baths, in the time of Paul III., 
and remained for a long time unnoticed in the 
Farnese palace. Dirce is represented in the act 
of being bound to the horns of the enraged ani- 
mal, in order to precipitate her into the sea. by 
Zethus and Amphion, the sons of the repudiat- 
ed Antiope, who is likewise there, and a fifth fi- 
gure of a young man sitting, who expresses hor- 
ror of so cruel a punishment 

Afollophanes, a Stoic, who greatly flatter- 
ed kmg Antigonus, and maintained _that the 



Preston. The best edition of the original is that ! existed but one virtue, prudence. Diog. A 



of Schaefer, 2 vol?. 8vo. Lips- IblO— 12. Quintil. 

10, \.—Vossius de Poet. Gr Longinus de Subl. 

A Greek orator, surnamed Molo, was a na- 
tive of Alabanda in Caria. He opened a school 
of rhetoric at Rhodes and Rome, and had J. Cae- 
iar and Cicero among his pupils. He discour- 
.•iged the attendance of those whom he supposed 
incapable of distinguishing themselves as orators, 
; nd recommended to them pursuits more conge- 
nial to their abilities. He wrote an history, in 
which he did not candidly treat the people of Ju- 
dea, according to the complaint of Josephus 
contra Apion.—Cic. de Orat. 1, 28, 75, 126, et 130. 
Ad. Famil Bp. 3, 16. De Invent. 1, Qi.— Quin- 
til. 3, 1. 12, Q.—Suet. in Ccfs. ^.—Plut. in C<es. 
A Greek historian about the age of Augus- 
tus, who wrote upon the philosophy of Zeno and 
of his followers. Strab. 14. A Stoic philoso- 
pher, who attended Cato of Utica in his last mo- 
ments. Plut. in Cat. An officer set over 

Egypt by Alexander. Curt. 4, 8. A wrestler. 

Paus. 5. -A physician of Pergamus, who wrote 

on agriculture. Varro. A grammarian of 

Alexandria, in the 2d century, author of a work 

on syntax. A writer in the age ot Antoninus 

Pius, Thyaneus, a Pythagorean philosopher, 

and notorious impostor, born at Tyanain Cappa- 
docia, three or four years before the Christian 
era. By renouncing the common and regular 
indulgences of hi.s age, and affecting singularity 
by letting his hair grow, wearing nothing but 
liiien, and appearing barefoot, he aspired to the 
name of a relormer of mankind. Being one day 
haranguing the populace at Ephesus, he sudden- 
ly exclaimed, "Strike the tyrant, strike him 
the blow is given, he is wounded, and fallen !" 
As a' that very moment the emperor Domitian 
had been stabbed at Rome, the magician acquir- 
ed much reputation when the circumstance was 
known. He was courted by kings and princes, 
and commanded unusual a'tention by his num- 
berless artifices. His friend and companion, 
cailed Damis, wrote his life, which 200 jears af- 
ter engaged the attention of Philostratus. In 
his history the biographer relates so many curi- 
iiis and extraordinary anecdotes of his hero, 
ihat many have justly det-med it a romance; yd 



physician in the court ofAntiochus. Polyb. b. 
— A comic poet. Julian. Anim. 6 
APOMiloS, a name under which Jupiter and 
Hercules were worshipped at the 01 ytnpic games, 
being supplicated to destroy or drive away the 
ast numbers of /2es which always attended great 
sacrifices. The sacrifice to the Apomyios Deus 
on these occasions was always the first, that he 
might drive away the flies from the rest. 

Afoniana, an island near Lihb£cum. liirt. 
Afric. 2. 

M. Aponius, a governor of Moesia, rewarded 

ith a triumphal statue by Otho, for defeating 
90(i0 barbarians. Tacit. Hist. 1, 79. 

Aponus, now Ab ino, a fountain wi?h avilir.t^e 
of the same name near Patavium in Italy. The 
waters of the fountain, which were hot, were 
wholesome, and were supposed to have an ora- 
cular power. It is celebrated by Martial as the 
birth-place of Livy. Lucan. 7, 194. — Suet, in 
Tiber. U —TyTort. 1, 62. 

Afostrophia, a surname of Venus in Boeo- 
tia, who W.1S distinguished under these names, 
Venus Urania, Vulgaria, and Apostrophia. The 
former was the patroness oi' a pure aivl chaste 
love ; the second of carnal ar.d sensual desires . 
and the last incited men to ill cit and unnatural 
gratifications, to incests, and rapes. Venus 
Apostrophia was invoked by the Thebans, that 
they might be saved from such unlaw ful desires. 
She is the same as the Verticordia of the Ro- 
mans. Pans. 9, IQ.— Val. Max. 8, ly. 

Apotheosis, asolenmity among the ancients 
by Mhichaman was raised to the rank of thf 
gods. The custom of their placing mortals wh( 
had rendered their country important service; 
among the deities, was very ancient among th( 
Greeks, who generally followed, in so doing 
the advice of an oracle. On their coins, mos 
of the founders of cities and colonies are im 
mortalised as gods ; and, in subsequent times 
living Yjrinces assumed this title. The Roman' 
imitated their example, and not only deified the 
most prudent and humane of their emperors 
but also the most cruel and profligate. Herod 
ian, 4, 2, h;is Ir't us an account of the apottieosi 
of a Roman en peror. Ailer the body of iht 



APP 



76 



APR 



deeeased had been biirned with the usual cere- 
monies, they placed an image of wax, perfectly 
like him, but of a sickly aspect, on a large bed 
of ivory, covered with a cloth of gold, in the 
vestibule of the palace. The greatest part of the 
day the senate sat ranged on the left side of the 
bed, dressed in robes of mourning; the ladies of 
the first rank sitting on the right side, in plain 
white robes, without ornaments. This continu- 
ed for seven days successively, during which 
time the physicians came regularly to visit ihe 
sick emperor, reporting each time that he grew 
worse, till they reported that he was dead. 
When the death was announced, a band of young 
senators carried the couch and image to the 
Campus Martius, where it was deposited on an 
edifice in the form of a pyramid, where spices 
and combustible materials were thrown. After 
tliis the knights walked round the pile in solemn 
procession, and the images of the most illustri^ 
ous Romans were drawn in state, and immedi- 
ately the new emperor, with a torch, set fire to 
the pile, and was assisted by the surrounding 
multitude. Meanwhile an eagle was let fly from 
the middle of the piJe, which was supposed to 
earrj- the soul of the deceased to heaven, where 
he was ranked among the gods. If the deified 
w.is a female, a peacock, and not an eagle, was 
sent from the flames. 

Apfia AQt'A, an aqueduct, constructed dur- 
ing the censorship of Appius Claudius Caucus, 
A.L7.C. 4-11. It began seven miles from Rome, 
and after running under ground for a consider- 
able dis ance, introduced a supply of w ater into 
the very heart of the city. 

Apfia Via, a great Roman road, called, by 
w ay of eminence, regina I'iamm. It commenced 
at the Porta Capena. It was constructed by 
Appius Claudius Caecus, w ho w as censor, A.U.C. 
441. In his time it went as far as Capua, but 
was afterwards carried on to Brundusium. It 
j)assed by Aricia, Terracina, Fundi, Formiae, 
Minturnae, Capua, and Beneventum. Its whole 
U ngth was reckoned at 350 miles. Trajan did 
a good deal to repair it, whence part of it was 
sometimes called Via Trajana, as did Anton- 
inus Pius. In some places it is still entire, after 
a lapse of more than two thousand vears. {Vid. 
Via.) Stat. Silv. 2, 2, \2.-Liv. 9, 22.—Diod. 
Sic. 5.—Strab 6. 

Appiades, a name given to these five deities, 
Venus, Pallas, Vesta, Concord, and Peace, be- 
cause a temple was erected to them near the 
Appian road. The word Appias in the singular 
is applied by Cicero to Venus alone; and it ex- 
presses also the Appian aqueduct, through which 
water was discharged near the temple of Venus. 
O-id de Art. Am. 3, 452. — Ctc. Fam. 3, 1. 

Afpianus, a Greek historian of Alexandria, 
who flourished in the beginning of the second 
century, during the reigns of Adrian, Trajan, 
and Antoninus Pius. Having left his native ci:y, 
and settled at Rome in the time of Trajan, he 
acquired such celebrity as a ph ader, that he was 
appointed to the respectable ofiSce of gover-nor of 
a province. His history of Roman affairs is com- 
prised in 24 books, several of which exist only 
in frai'ments, and is written in Greek, in the or- 
der of the countries in which the events happei^.- 
ed He has been charged with many errors, 
and with copying without acknowledgment from 
Polybius, Plutarch, and others ; but he has re- 
ceive i universal credit for tho conciseness and 
simplicity of his style, his know ledge ofmilita'^y 



affairs, and the peisuasive eloquence which char- ' 
acterizes all h s orations. Tne best edst.oa is ; 
that of Schw eighaiuserus, 3 vols. 8vo. Argent, ll 
17S5. 

Appii Forum, now Borgo Longo, a town of 
the Volsci in Latium, built by the consul Ap- 
pius Claudius Caecus. It was the second resting- |; 
p ace cf Horace, in his journey to Brundusium 
Horat. Sit. 1, o.— Cic cut Att. ], 15,— Flin. 3, 5. , 

Aprils, the praenomen of an illustrious fa- u 

milv at Rome. Acensor of thatname, A U.C. 1 

442. Horut. Sat. 1, 6. r 

appius Clai dius, a Roman senator, ap I ,i 
pointed a decemvir upon the enacting of the i; 
laws of the twelve Tables. By his advice his 
colleagues reuined their office ; but this arbi- . 
trary and oppressive conduct proved the source j-. 
of great commotions in Rome. The soldiers re- 
fused to fight in defence of their country, and d 
thus to maintain an usurped power; but Appius u 
added insolence and biutaliiy to his oppression, 
He attempted the chastity of Virginia, and w hen 
his base purposes failed, he claimed and Wduld 
have obtained her as the slave of one of his la- i 
vo\irites, had not her father Virginius stabbed 
her to the heart to save her from ignominy, {i 
This event opened the eyes of the Romans : the a 
decemvirs were stripped of their authority, and j 
Appius destroyed himself when cited to appear i 
before the tribunal of his country. Liv. 3, 33. 

Claudius Csecus, a Roman orator, who built 

the Appian way, and many aqueducts in Rome. 
In his second consulship, A U.C. 45S, he detVat- 
ed the Samnites and Etrurians WhenPynhus, 
who was come to assist the Tarentines against 
Rome, demanded peace of the senators, Appius, 
grown old in the service of the republic, caused 
himself to be carried to the senate house, and by i 
his authority dissuaded his country from grant- jj 
ing a peace which would prove dishonourable to 
the Roman name. Ovtd. Fast. 6,203. — Cic. in 

Brut, et Tusc. 4. A Roman, who, when he 

heard tliat he had been proscribed by the trium- 
virs, divided his riches among his servants, and 
embarked with them for Sicily In their passage 
the vessel was shipwrecked, and Appius alone 

saved his life. Appian. 4. Claudius Crassus, 

a consul, who, with Sp. Naut. Rutilius, conquer- 
ed the Celtiberians, and was defeated by Per- 
seus, king of Macedonia. Liv. Claudius 

Pulcher, a grandson of Ap. CI. Cascus, consul in 
the age of Sylla, retired from grandeur to enjoy 

the pleasures of a private life. Clausus, a 

general of the Sabines, who, upon being ill- 
treated by his countrymen, retired to Rome w ith 
5000 of his friends, and v.as admitted into tl.e 
senate in the early ages of the republic. Plut. 

in Poplic. Herdonius, seized the capitol widi ; 

4000 exiles, A.U.C. 292, and was soon alter over- , 

thrown. Liv. 3, \b.~Flor. 3, 19. Claudius 1- 

Lentulus, a consul w ith M. Perpenna. A die- pi 

tator, w ho conquered the Hernici. The name K 

of Appius w as common in Rome, and particu- |' 
larly to many consuls, whose history is not 
marked by any uncommon event. ( Vid Clau- 
dius.') 

Appila, an immodest w oman, &c. Juv. 6. 64. 

Apries and Aprils, a king of Egypt, after 
P.>-ammis, 594 B.C. He is supposed by some to f 
be the Pharaoh Hophra of the scriptures. He ( 
took Sidon, and lived in great prosperity till his 
subjects revolted to Amasis, by whom he was 
conquered and strangled. Ilc'rod, 2, 15i), &c. 
^Diod. 1. 



APS 



77 



ARA 



Al'SlNTHir, a people of Thrace, between the 
river Melas and the Hebrus. They received 
their name from the river Apsinthus, which 
flowed through their territory. Dionys. Perieg. 
^Herod. 6, iii. 9, 119. 

APSINUS, an Athi-nian sophist in the third 
century, author of a work called Prcsceptor de 
Arte Rhetorica 

APS us, a river of Macedonia, falling info the 
I inian sea between Dyrrhachium and ApoUonia. 
Now Crevada. Lucan. 5, 46. 

Apt£RA, an inland town of Crete, west of 
Cydonia. Its name was supposed to be derived 
from a contest waged by the Sirens and Muses 
in its vicinity, when the former being vanquish- 
ed in the trial of musical skill, were so over- 
come with grief, that their wings dropped from 
their shoulders. Sh ab. 10. — Steph. de Urb. 

Apuleia Varilia, a graiid-daughter of 
Augustus, convicted of adultery with a certain 
Manlius, in the reign ol Tiberius. Tacit. Ann. 
2, 50. 

APPULEi^ LEGES, proposed by L. Appu- 
leius Saturninus, A. U. C. 652, tribune of the 
commons; about dividing the public lands among 
the veteran soldiers, settling colonies, punishmg 
crimes against the state, furnishing corn to the 
poor people at in-12ths of an as, a bushel. Aurti. 
Fict. de Fir. lUustr. 13.—Cic. pro Balb. 2L— De 

Orat. 2, 25 efc 4t) Ad Herenn. 1, 12,— De Leg. 

2, 6. 

Apuleius, a Platonic philosopher of the se- 
cond century, born at Madaura in Africa. He 
studied at Carthage, Athens, and Rome, where 
he devoted himself so closely to study, that he 
acquired Latin without the assistance of a mas- 
ter. He was so expensive in the younger part 
of his life, that he was obliged to pawn his 
clothes to provide himself necessaries. His 
wants were however soon removed by a mar- 
riage with Pudentilla, a rich widow, who pos- 
sessed neither youth nor beauty. This connexion 
was considered as so extraordinary, that the 
philosopher was accused by some of her rela- 
tions of using magic to gain her affections. His 
apology, which is niill extant, is a masterly com- 
position. The most famous of his works extant 
is the Golden Ass, in eleven books, an allegori- 
cal piece replete with morality. One of the best 
editions of Apuleius, is that published at Ley- 
den, in 3 vols. 4to, in 17S6— The first vol- 
ume, containing the Metamorphoses, was edited 
by Oudendorp and Ruhnken. The second and 
third volumes, containing the remaining works 

of Apuleius, were edited chiefly by Buscha 

Saturninus, a tribune of the people, in the time 
of Marcus, frequently mentioned by Ciceio. 

Apulia, now la Puglia^ a country of Magna 
GriEcia in Italy, bounded on the north by the 
Tifernus, on the east and south by the sea, 
and on the west by the Bradanus and the eastern 
limits of Samnium. It was called Japygia by 
the Greeks, but this name appears to have been 
applied in a confined sense. Apulia Proper com- 
prehended the northern part of the province, as 
fxr as the river Cerbalus; then followed Daunia, 
reaching as far south as mount Vultur and Can- 
nae; Peucetia, extending to Egnatia, and the up- 
per course of the Bradanus; and Japygia, in- 
cluding the remainder of the province. Its prin- 
cipal rivers were the Frento, Cerbalus, Aufidus, 
and Bradanus; its chief mountains Garganus and 
Vultur. Apulia was famed for its wool, and is 
said to have derived its name from Apulus, au 



ancient king of the country. Its inhabitants 

were probably descended from the Osci and lU 
lyrian Liburni. Piin. 3, Cic. de Div. 1,43. 
— Strab. 6. — Mela, 2, 4.— Martial in Apoph. 155. 

APUSCIDAMUS, a lake of Africa. All bodies, 
however heavy, w ere said to swim on the surface 
of its waters. Pliii. 32, 2. 

AQU^ AUGUSTjE TARBELL1C.E, now DaT, 
a tow n of modem Gascony, fanied lor its bath.-. 

Calidae or Solis, a town of Britain, fanious 

for its waters, now Bath. Sextiai, now Aix in 

Provence, a town at the east of the Rhone, 
founded by C. Sextius, and iamous for its warm 
mineral waters. In its neighbourhood, Marius 
defeated the Teutones and Cimbri with great 
slaughter. 

Aquarius, one of the signs of the zodiac, 
rising in January, and setting in February. 
Some suppose that Ganymede was changed into 
this sign. Firg. G. 3, 304. 

AquIla, a Ireedman of Maescenas, whose as- 
sistance lie employed to diffuse the knowledge of 
his invention of writing short-hand. Dio. bb, 7. 

Pontius, one of the conspirators against Cai- 

sar. Cic. Phil. 11, 6. 

Aquilaria, a place of Africa. Cces. Bell. 
Civ. 2, }i3. 

Aquileia or Aquilegia, a town founded by 
a Roman colony, souietimes called, from its 
grandeur, Roma secunda, and situated on the 
northern coast of the Sinus Tergestinus, or Gulf 
0/ Trieste. It is famous lor the obstinate resist- 
ance which it made to Attila, king of the Huns, 
by whom, however, it was taken, A.D. 452. The 
Romans built it chiefly to oppose the frequent 
incursions of the barbarians. The Roman em- 
perors enlarged and beautified it, and often made 
it their residence; but its splendour has long 
since vanished, and its ruins and poverty 
mournfully exhibit a lasting proof of the vicissi- 
tudes of empires as well as of m^ n. Ital. 8, 605. 
—Martial. Ep. 4, 2b.— Mela, 2, 4. 

Aquilius Niger, an historian mentioned by 
Sueton. in Aug. 11. Marcus, a Roman con- 
sul who had the government of Asia Minor. 

Justin. 36, 4.~ Sabinus, a lawyer of Rome, 

surnamed the Cato of his age. He was father 
to Aquilia Severa, whom Hi liogabalus married. 
- — - Severus, a poet and historian in the age ol 
Valentinian. 

AQUlLLIA and AQUlLIA, a patrician family 
at Rome, supposed to have received their nariie 
from their dark colour, ab aquilo colore. 

Aquilo, a wind blow ing from the north-north- 
east point of the horizon. Its name is derived, 
according to some, from aquila, on account of 
its keenness and velocity. Fi7g. G. 3, 1^6, &c. 

AQUILONIA, a city of the Hirpini in Italy. 
Liv. 10, 38. 

AQUIMTJS, a poet of moderate capacity. Cic. 
Tusc. 5. 

Aquinum, now Aquino, a town of Latium, 
south-west of Venali-um. It was the birth-place 
of Juvenal, as that poet himself informs us. 
Strab. b. — Sil. Ital. 8, 4Q4. — Juv. 3. 319. 

AQUITAMA, acountiy of Gaul, between the 
Ligeris, or Loire, and Pyrenees. It was subdi- 
vided into Aquitania Prima, Aquitania Sex;unua, 
and Novempopulana. The opulence and ex- 
tensive commerce ol the Aquitani made them 
corrupt and effeminate, and rendered them an 
easy prey to the Roman armies. Plin. 4, i',. — 
Strab. 4. 

ARA, a constellation, consisting of fevtij 
G 2 



ARA 



ARA 



stars, near the tail of the Scorpion. Ond. Met. 
2, 133. 

Ara LiUGDUNENSIS, a place at the confluence 
of the Arar and Rhone. Juv. 1, 44. 

Arabarches, a vulgar person among the 
Egyptians, or perhaps an usual expression for 
the leaders of the Arabians, who resided in 
Rome, Ju». 1, 130, Some believe that Cicero, 
Ep. 2, 17, ad Attic, alluded to Pompey under the 
name of Arabarclies. 

Arabia, an extensive country of Asia, bound- 
ed on the east by the Persian gulf, on the south 
by the ErythrEean sea, on the west by the Ara- 
bian gulf or Red sea, and on the north by Ba- 
bylonia and Syria. It was divided into Arabia 
Petraea, Arabia Felix, and Arabia Deserta, which 
names are still used to distinguish the same por- 
tions of country. Its length, from the cape of 
Babelmandel to the extreme angle on the Euph- 
rates, is about ISOO British miles, and its mean 
breadth 800, In the plains the soil is sandy 
and barren; but in the mountains, and particu- 
larly where there is no want of water, it is ex- 
tremely fertile. Arabia was famous in former 
days for its gold, precious stones, pearl?, frank- 
incense, myrrh, aloes, and spices. It probably 
took its name from its inhabitants being a mixed 
race, composed of the Cushites, Ishmaelites, 
Midianites, and Amalekites, the word Arab sig- 
nifying in the Hebrew \a.ug\i?ugQio mix or mingle. 
The Arabians recognise for their ancestors Jok- 
tan, or Kahtan, the son of Eber, and Ishmael, 
the son of Abraham and Hagar, The knowledge 
of the one living and true God, which could not 
but have been possessed by all the posterity of 
Abraham, was soon corrupted by the Arabians, 
who fell into the common and fatal superstition 
of adoring the sun, moon and stars- Arabia was 
often invaded by the great Asiatic pow ers, but it 
was never conquered, Alexander the Great, it 
is said, wished to place in it the seat of his em- 
pire, but died at Babylon before he could carry 
his project into execution. The Arabians for 
some time supported the splendour of literature, 
which was extinguished by the tyranny and su- 
perstition which prevailed in Egypt, and to them 
we are indebted for the invention of algebra, or 
the application of signs and letters to represent 
lines, numbers, and quantities, and also for the 
numerical characters of 1, 2, 3, &c., which were 
first used in Europe, A.D. 1253, in the Alphon- 
s'an tables made by Alphonso king of Castile. 
The Arabs had received these figures from the 
Indians in 900, and they were communicated to 
ihe rest of the western nations by the Spaniards. 
They were universally used in England, accord- 
ing to Dr Wallis, about the year 1130. Herod. 
1. 2, 3. &c.—Diod. 1 et 2.— Plin 12 et U. — Strab. 

\6.—Xenoph.— TibuU. 2, 2 Curt. 5, \.—Virg. 

G. 1, 57. Also the name of the wife of »Egyp- 

lus. Apollod. 

Arabtcus Sinus, that part or branch of the 
Mare Erythraeum, which interposes between 
Egypt and Arabia. Its length is about 12O0 
miles, and its broadest part 170. It is now called 
Golfl. de Mecca, or more commonly the Red Sea. 
The meaning of this latter appellation must be 
looked for in the name of Idumea, or the land of 
Edom, whose coasts this sea touches on the north. 
Edom in the Hebrew signifies red, and was the 
name given to Esau, for selling his birthright 
for a mess of pottage. This country, which his 
posterity possessed, was called after his name, 
aud so was the sea which adjoined it : but ;he 



Greeks, not understanding the reason of theap- 
peiiaiion, translated v-hat is in Hebrew the Si^a 
of Kdom, into epvdpcL QAxaaaa. \ thence the Latins 
Mare Rubrum, and we the Red Sea. The navi- 
gation of the Red Sea was rendered very dan- 
gerous and difficult, on account of the sand 
banks and sunk rocks with which it abounded 
Its northern part was divided into two arms < r 
heads; the eas_tern, called iElaniticus Sinus, 
from the town Jilana, which stood at the head 
of it; and the western, Herocpoliticus Siuu'-, 
from the city Heroopolis at its northern extrem- 
ity. It was over this latter arm that it pleased 
God to show his almighty power, by causing 
the children of Israel to pass through it on dry 
ground, after he had divided the waters, that 
they were as a wall unto them on their right hand 
and on their left; whilst the Egyptians, who pur- 
sued after them, were utterly destroyed, by the 
sea returning to its strength. Pli7i. 5, 11. — Strab. 

ARABIUS, ARABIS, or ARBIS, a river of Ged- 
rosia, running into the Erythraean sea, now 
Pooralee. Arriaii. 6, 21. 

Arabs and Arabus, a son of Apollo and Ba- 
bylone, who first invented medicine, and taught 
it in Arabia, which is called after his name. 
Plin. 7, 5t). 

Aracca and Arecca, a town of Susiana, on 
the eastern bank of the Tigris, not far from 
its mouth, now Wasit. It is conjectured to be 
the same with Erech, one of the cities built by 
Nimrod in the land of Shinar. Tibull. 4, 1. 

Arachne, a woman of Colophon, daughter to 
Idmon, a dyer of purple. She «asso skilful in 
weaving, that she challenged Minerva, the god- 
dess of the art, to a trial of skill. In vain did 
Minerva, in the form of an old woman, forewarn 
her of the consequences of her lolly. The con- 
test began, and Arachne prepared, with much 
skill, a web which represented the amours of 
Jupiter. This irritated Minerva, who tore the 
• eb in pieces, and struck Arachne on the head 

th the shuttle. Arachna hung herself in de- 
. lir. The goddess restored her to life, but 
.ranged her into a spider. Ovid. Met, 6, I, &c. 
A city of Thessaly. 

Arachosia, now Arrochash, a province of 
?c:-iia, west of the Indus, and north of Gedro.sia, 
The Parthians called it India Alba, from the 
circumstance of its inhabitants, who were white 
people, having been at one lime under the con- 
trol of an lyidian monarch. _ 

Arachot-E and ARACHOTI, a people of In- 
dia, who received their name from the river 
Arachotus, which flows down from mount Cau- 
casus. Dionys. Perieg. — Curt. 9, 7. 

Arachotus, the metropolis of Arachosia, 
built by Semiramis, and called by her Cophen. 

It still preserves its name in Rokndj. A river 

of Arachosia, rising in the Parueti Montes, a^d 
after a westerly course of 200 miles, connecting 
itself with a little lake, called Arachotus Pons 
Now Lor a. 

ARACHTHUS, ARiETHUS, and AR^THON, 
one of the four capital rivers of Epirus, near Ni- 
copolis, falling into the bay of Ambracia. Am- 
bracia stood on its left bank. Now, the Arta, 
Strab. 7. 

Aracillum, a town of Hispania Tarracon- 
ensis. Flor. 4, 12. 

- ARACOSll, an Indian nation. Justin. 13, 4, 

Aracynthus, now Zigos, a mountain of 
.Eti)lia, north-west of Calydon, towards the 
liver Achelous. Plin. 4, 2 Another in Bceo- 



] 



ARA 



79 



ARC 



I tia, called AetceuSy because it is near the shore. ' 
' Virg. Ed. 2, 24. 

! ArAdus , a city in an island of the same name, 
1 on the coast of Phoenicia, founded by fugitives 
j Irom Sidon. It is supposed to be the same with 
j Arvad, the country of the Arvadites, mentioned 
i in the Old Testament. It is now Ruad Dionys. 
Paieg. 

ARiS. {Vid. JDgimurus.) 
I ARiE Phil^NORUM. (lYrf. Philseni.) 

ARAR, a slow running river of Gaul, rising 
near Mons Vo'jesus, and after a southern course, 
joining the Rhodanus at Lugdunum. Now, the 
Saone. Ccbs. Bell. Gall. 1, \2.—SiL 3, 452. 

Ararus, a river of Seythia, east of the Tiar- 
antus, flowing from north to south, and falling 
into the Ister. It is now the Sereth. Herod. 4, 
48. 

I Arathyrea, a small province of Achaia, 
afterwards called Asophis, with a city of the 

I same name. Homer. II. 2. — Strab. 8. 

ARATUS, a Greek poet, born at Pompeiopolis, 

I in Cilicia, about 270 B.C. He appears to have 
resided principally at the court of Antigonus 
Qonatus, son of Demetrius Poliorcetes, king of 

j Macedonia; at whose desire he is said to have 

' composed his poem, entitled Phcenomena, in 
which he has given us, in correct and elegant 
verse, all that was then known of the heavens, 
wiih their signs and appearances. The esteem 

! which the ancients had for this poem, appears 

! from the fact, that it was translated by Cicero, 
Caesar Germanicus, and Avienus. Eratosthenes, 
with many other great astronomers, wrote com- 
mentaries on it. The best editions are by Fell, 
Oxford, 1672. 8vo; and by Buhle, Leipsic, 17^3 
—1801, 2 vols. Svo. Cic. dc Nat. D. 2, 41.— Poms 
1, 2.— Ovid. Am. 1, 15, 26. The son of Clin- 

j ias and Ari.stodama, was born at Sicyon in 
Achaia, near the river Asopus. When he was 

I but seven years of age, his father, who held the 
government of Sicyon, was assassinated by 
Abantidas, who made himself absolute. After 
some revolutions, the sovereignty came into the 
hands of Nicocles, whom Aratus murdered, to 
restore his country to liberty. He was so jeal- 
OU.S of tyrannical power, that he even destroyed 
a picture which was the representation of a 
tyrant. He joined the republic of Sicyon to the 
Achsean league, which he strengthened, by mak- 
i;ig a treaty of alliance with the Corinthians, and 
with Ptolemy king of Egypt. He was chosen 
chief commander of the forces of the Achajans, 
and drove away the Macedonians from Athens 
and Corinth. He made war against the Spartans, 
but was conquered in a battle by their king 
Cleomenes. To repair the losses he had sustained, 
he solicited the assistance of king Antigonus, 
and drove away Cleomenes from Sparta, «ho 

! fled to Egypt, where he killed himself. The 
iEtolians soon after attacked the Achaeans ; and 
Aratus, to support his character, was obliged to 
call to his aid Philip king of Macedonia. His 
friendship with this new ally did not long continue. 
Philip showed himself cruel and oppressive; and 
put to death some of the noblest ot the Achaeans, 
and even seduced the wife of the son of Aratus 
Aratus, who was now advanced in years, showed 
his displeasure Wy withdrawing himself from the 
society and friendship of Philip. But this rup- 
ture was fatal. Philip dreaded the power and 
iiitluence ot Aratus, and therefore he caused him 
and Ills son to be poirsoned. Some days belbre 
hiis death; Aratus was observed to spit blood ; 



and when apprized of it by his friends, he re- 
plied, ' Such are the rewards which a connexion 
with kings will produce." He was buried with 
great pomp by his countrymen; and two solemn 
sacrifices were annually made to him, the first 
on the day that he delivered Sicyon from tyranny, 
and the second on the day of his birth. During 
those sacrifices, which were called Arateia, the 
priests wore a ribbon bespangled with white and 
purple spots, and the public schoolmas er walk- 
ed in procession at the head of his scholars, and 
was always accompanied by the richest and most 
eminent senators, adorned with garlands. Ara- 
tus died in the 62d year of his age, B. C. 213. 
He wrote a history of the Achaean league, much 
commended by Polybius. Plut. in vita. ~ Paus. 

2, 8.— Ctc. de Offic. 2, 23 Strab. 14.— Liv. 27, 31. 

-^Polyb. 2. 

Araxes, a river of Armenia Major, now the 
Aras. It rises in the Anti- Taurus, only a few 
miles from the northern source of the Euphrates, 
and having joined the CyruS; flows with an east- 
erly course of 60O miles into the Caspian sea. 

Another in Persia, running by Persepolis, 

and falling into the Medus; now Bend Emir. 
The river Chaboras appears to be called Araxes 
by Xenophon, in his account of the younger Cy- 
rus. {Vid. Chaboras.) Xen, Anab. 1 

Araxus, a promontory of Elis, opposite the 
mouth of the Achelous, now Cape Papas. 

ARBACES, a Mede who revolted with Belesis 
against Sardanapalus, and founded the empire of 
Media upon the ruins of the Assyrian power, 
820 years before the Christian era. He reigned 
above fifty years, and was famous for the great- 
ness of his undertakings, as well as for his val- 
our. Justin. 1, 3. — Pater c. 1, 6. 

Arbela, a city of Assyria, in the district 
Adiabene, on the eastern side of the Zabatus, 
renowned for a decisive battle fought by Alex- 
ander the Great against Darius at Gaugamela, 
in its neighbourhood, B.C. 331. {Vid Gauga- 
mela ) Its modern name is Arbel. Ciirt. 5, 1. 
—Plut. in Alex. 

Arbela, a town of Sicily, whose inhabitants 
were very credulous : hence the proverb, Quid 
non ftes, Arbelas profeclus f Ercsm. in Adag. 

ARBIS. {Vid- Arabius.) 

Arbocala, a city taken by Annibal as he 
marched against Rome. 

Arbuscula, an actress on the Roman stage, 
who laughed at the hisses of the populace, while 
she received the applauses of the knights. Hot. 
Sat. 1, 10, 77. 

Arca, a city of Phoenicia, north of the Eleu- 
theros, where Alexander Severus was born. 

Arcadia, a country in the centre of the Pelo- 
ponnesus, bounded on the north by Achaia, on the 
west by Elis, on the east by Argolis, and on the 
south by Laconia and Messenia. It was very 
moimtainous, though, at the same time, diversi- 
fied with fruitful valleys, and well watered by 
an abundance of streams. The Arcadians were 
for the most part shepherds; hence their love of 
music, and hence also the worship of Pan, as the 
tutelary deity of the land. They were brave 
and warlike, and fought, when they had no wars 
of their own, in the service of other states. Ar- 
cadia was anciently called Drymotis, from the 
word ('pvj, qucrcus, owing to its producing such a 
number of oafcs, but it was subsequently named 
Lycaonia and Pelasgia. It was also occasionally 
calle ! Parrhasia, from the Pairhasii, who inha- 
bited the south- \% extern part of <he province* 



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The nsrae of Arcadia itself was said to have ' 
been derived from Areas, a son of Jupiter. The 
Arcadians had settled ia the country from such 
an ear'.y period, as to induce them to boast of 
their having sprung from the earth, and of their 
being older than the moon. They were at lirst 
ruled by hereditary kings of the house of Areas; 
but in the second Messenian war, the last Arca- 
dian king, Aristocrates II., having betrayed his 
allies, was in consequence stoned to d<^a:h by 
his subjects, and the kingship was abolished 
in Arcadia, B.C. 662. Arcadia then crumbled 
into as many small states as it contained cities, 
•with their separate districts; among those Tegea 
and Mantinea were the chief. It eventually 
joined the Achaean league, and fell under the 
Roman power. Folyh. 4, 20, — Thucyd. 7, 57. — 
Plin.^,b.—Paus. 8, 4..- Ovid. Fast. 1, 47S. 2, 
27-2.— ApoU. Argon. 4, 264.— FiVg". Ed. 4, 55 

Arcadius, eldest son of Theodosius the 
Great, succeeded his father A.D. 395, who at his 
death divided th? empire between his two sons, 
allotting to Arcadius the eastern, and to Honor- 
ius the western part. After this separation 
of the Roman empire, the two powers looked 
upon one another with indifference; and soon 
after their indifference was changed into jeal- 
ousy, and contributed to hasten their mutual 
ruin. In the reign of Arcadius, Alaricus attack- 
ed the western empire, and plundered Rome. 
Arcadius married Eudoxia, a bold ambitious 
woman, and died in the 31st year of his age, af- 
ter a reign of 13 years, ir» which he bore the 
c^iaracter of an effeminate prince, who suffered 
himself to be governed by favourites, and who 
abandoned his subjects to the tyranny of minis- 
ters, while he lost himself in the pleasures of a 
voluptuous court. 

Arcanum, a villa of Quintus Cicero's, near ! 
Minturnse. Cic ad Att. 7, 10. i 

ARCAS, a son of Jupiter and Callisto He 
nearly killed his mother, whom Juno had chang- 
ed into a bear. He reigned in Pelasgia, which ; 
from him was called Arcadia, after his uncle 
Nyetimus, and communicated to his subjects the 
instruction he had received from Triptolemus 
End Aristaeus, and taught them agriculture and 
the art of spinning wool. After his death, Jupi- 1 
ter made him a constellation with his mother. \ 
As he was one day hunting, he met a wood | 
njmnpb, who begged his assistance, because the ( 
tree ovjr which she presided, and on whose pre- • 
serva-ion her life depended, was going to be car- 
ried away by the impetuous torrent of a river. , 
Areas changed the couise of the w aters, and pre- ! 
served the tree, and married the nymph, by 
whom he had three sons, Azan, Aptiidas, and | 
Elatus, among whom he divided his kingdom. ' 
The descendants of Azan planted colonies in ! 
Phrygia. Aphidas received for his share Tegea, 
which on that account has been called the inheri- 
tance of Aphidas; and Elatus became master of 
mount Cyllene, and some time after passed into 
Phocis. Pans. 8, i.—Hygin. fab. 155 et 176.— 

ApoUod. 3, S.— Strab. S. — Ovid. Fast. 1, 470. 

One of Actaeon's dogs. 

Arce, a daughter of Thaumas, son of Pontus 
and Terra. Ptolem. Heph. 

Arcena, a town of Phoenicia, where Alexan- 
der Severus was bom. 

Arcexs, a Sicilian who permitted his son to 
accompp.nv ^neas into I'alv, w here he was kil- 
led by MeVentius. r'irg. ^n. 9, 551, &c. 
Arcesilaus, son of Battus, king of Cyrene, 



was driven from his kingdom in .1 sedition, and 
died B.C. 575. Tiie second of that n.ime died 

B.C. 5:0, PoJycen. 6, 4].-Ke?-orf. 4, 159. 

One of Alexander's generals, who obtained Me- 
sopotamia at the general division of the pro- 
vinces after the king s death. A chief of Ca- 

tana, which he betrayed to Dionysius the elder. 

Diod. 14. A Grecian .philosopher, born at Pi- 

tane, in .5;tolia B C. 316. He was sent to Athens 
to study rhetoric, but philosophy attracted him 
more. He enjoyed the instructions of Aristotle, 
Theophrastus. Polemon, and Crantor; with the 
latier of w hom he formed an intimate friendship. 
After the death of Crates, he took the charge of 
the academy, and made important innovations, 
which gave rise to a new school, called, in refer- 
ence to the school of Plato, the second academy; 
and, with respect to a subsequent innovation by 
Carneades, the middle academy. His doctrine 
was, that whatever certainty there may be in the 
nature of things, every thing is uncertain to the 
human understanding. He maintained that 
truth has no certain characters by which it may 
be distinguished from error; and, consequently, 
that opposite opinions may be supported by ar- 
guments of equal w eight. He disputed against 
the testimony of the senses, and the authority of 
reason, but at the same time allowed that they 
are capable of furnishing probable opinions suf- 
ficient for the conduct of life. Arcesilaus was 
kind to the distressed, and a friend to pleasure. 
A rival of Aris! ippus, he divided his time be- 
tween Venus, Bacchus, and the Muses, without 
ever filling a public ofBce. He died from in- 
temperate indulgence in wine, '/ 5 years old, B.C. 
241. The Athenians, however, honoured -his 
memory with a public funeral. Diog. in vita — 

Persius, 3, 78.— Cic de Fin. The name of tw o 

painters. A statuary of the Augustan a^e, 

born in Magna Grascia. He excelled in model- 
ling in pipe-clay, from the m.ost esteemed an- 
tiques, and is said never to have begun a statue 
without having previously modelled it, having 
attained to the greatest perfection in the plastic 

art. Plin. 35, 11. 36, 5. A Boeotian leader, 

killed by Hector. Homer. 11. 2 etl5. A comic 

and elegiac poet. 

Arcesius, son of Jupiter, was grandfather to 
Ulysses. Ovid. Met. 13, 144. 

ARCH2EA, a city of ^olia. 

ARCHJEA.NAX of Mitylene, was intimate with 
Pisistratus, tyrant of Athens. He fortified Sig- 
agjm with a wall from the ruins of ancient Trov. 
Strab 13. 

ARCH^ATiDAS, a country of Peloponnesus. 
Polyh. 

ARCHAGAthus sonof Archagathus, was slain 
in Africa by his soldiers, B. C. 2S5. He killed 
his grandfather Agathocles, tyrant of Syracuse. 
Diod. 20. — Justin. 22, 6. &c. says, that he was 
put to death bv Archesilaus. — ^A physician at 
Rome, B.C. 219. 

Archander, father-in-law to Danaus. He- 
rod. 2, 98. 

Archaxdros, a town of Egypt 

ARC HE, one of the muses, according to Ci- 
cero. 

Arckhgetes, a surname of Hercules. 

Archelaus, a name common to some kings 
of Cappadocia. One of them was conquered by 

Sylla, for assisting Mithridates. A person 

of that name married Berenice, and made him- 
self king of Egypt ; a dignity he enjoyed only 
six months, as he was killed by the soldiers of 



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Gabinius, B.C. 56. Re had been made priest of 
C )mana by Pompey. His grandson was made 
king of Cappadocia by Antony, whom he assisted 
at Actium, and he maintained his independence 
under Augustus, till Tiberius perfidiously de- 
stroyed him. Liv. 76 et t2. A king of Mace- 
donia, who succeeded his father Perdiccas the 
second. As he was but a natural child, he killed 
the legitimate lieirs to gain the kingdom. He 
l)roved himself to be a great monarch; but he 
was at last killed by one of his favourites, be- 
cause he had promised him his daughter in mar- 
riage, and given her to another, after a reign of 
23 years. He patronized the poet Euripides. 

Dio'd. 14 Justin 7, i.—AUlian. V. H. 2, 8, 12, 

14. A king of the Jews, son of Herod the 

Great. He married Gtaphyre, daughter of 
Archelaus, king of Macedonia, and widow of his 
brother Alexander. His reign is described as 
most tyrannical and bloody. The people at 
length accused him before Augustus, Judea being 
then dependent upon Rome. The emperor, af- 
ter hearing his defence, banished him to Vienna, 
or Vienne, in Gaul, where he died. To avoid 
the fury of this monster, Joseph and Mary re- 
tired to Nazareth. Dio. A king of Lacedte- 

mon, son of Agesilaus. He reigned 42 years with 
Charilaus, of the other branch of the family. 

Herod.7, 204.— Paws. 3, 2. A general of An- 

tigODUs the younger, appointed governor of the 
Acroeorinth, with the philosopher Persaeus. Po- 

lycen. 6, 5. A celebrated general of Mithri- 

dates, defeated by Sylla. Id. 8, 9. A philo- 
sopher, born either at Miletus or Athens, son of 
ApoUodorus, and successor to Anaxagoras. He 
was preceptor to Socrates, and was called 
6 (pvniKos, the natural philosopher, from the ce- 
lebrity he acquired in teaching the doctrines of 
Anaxagoras, concerning natural bodies. In phy- 
sics, he taught that the universe is infinite, that 
heat and cold are the immediate causes of pro- 
duction, and that animals were produced from 
the earth, which was at first a muddy mass. In 
ethics, he maintained the dangerous position 
that the distinction between right and wrong is 
not founded in nature, but in positive institution, 
and consequently that all actions are indifferent 
until human laws declare them to be good or 
evil. Cic. Tmc. 5. — Diog. in vita. — Augustin. 
de Civ. Dei, 8. A man set over Susa by Alex- 
ander, with a garrison of 3000 men. Curt. 5, 2. 

A Greek philosopher, who wrote a history 

of animals, and maintained that goats breathed 
not through the nostrils, but through the ears. 

nin. 8, 50. A son of Electryon and Anaxo. 

Apollod. 2. . — A Greek poet, who wrote epi- 
grams. Farro de R, i?. 3, 16. A sculptor of 

Priene, in the age of Claudius. He made an 
apotheosis of Homer, a piece of sculpture highly 
admired, and said to have been discovered 

under ground, A. U. 1655. A writer of 

Thrace. 

ArchemAchus, a Greek writer, who pub- 
lished an history o: Euboe.i. Athen 6. Ason 

of Hercules of Priam. Apollod. 2 et 3 

Archemorus, or Opheltes, son of Lycur- 
gus, king of Nemjea, in Thrace, by Eurydice, 
was brought up by Hypsipyle, queen of Lemnos, 
who had lied to Thrace, and was employed as a 
nurse in the king's famih-. Hypsipyle was met 
by the army of Adrastus, who were going against 
Thebes; and she was forced to show them a 
fountain where they might quench their thirst. 
Tud-j this mure expeditiously, she put down the 



child on the grass, and at her return found him 
killed by a serpent. The Greeks were so arilicl- 
ed at this misfortune, that they instituted games 
in honour of Archemorus, which were cal.ed 
Nemeean, and king Adrastus enlisted among the 
combatants, and was victorious. Apollod. 2 et J. 
—Pans. 8, 48 — Stat. Theb. 6 

Archepolis, a man in Alexander's army, 
who conspired against the king with Dymnus. 
Curt. 6, 7. 

Archeptolemus, son of Iphitus, king of 
Elis, went to the Trojan war, and fou^htagainst 
the Greeks. As he was fighting near Hector, he 
was killed by Ajax son of Telamon. It is said 
that he re-established the Olympic games. Ho- 
mer. II. 8, 128. 

Archestratus, a tragic poet, whose piece.? 
were acted during the Peioponnesian war. Plut. 

in Arist. A man so small and lean, that he 

could be placed in a dish without filling it, 

though it contained no more than an obolus. 

A follower of Epicurus, who wrote a poem in 
commendation of gluttony. 

ArcHETIMUS, the first philosophical writer 
in the age of the seven wise men of Greece. 
Diog. 

ARCHETias, a Rutulian, killed by the Tro- 
jans. Virg. Ain. 12, 439. 

Archia, one of the Oceanides, wife to Ina- 
chus. Hygin./ab. i43 

Archias, a Corinthian, descended from Her- 
cules. He founded Syracuse, B.C. 732. Being 
told by an oracle to make choice of health or 

riches, he chose the latter. Dionys. Hal. 2. 

A poet of Antioch, intimate with the Luculli, 
Metelli, Catulli, Crassi, and other noble families 
in Rome, whither he came in the consulship of 
Marius and Catullus, B.C. 102. He obtained the 
rank and name of a Roman citizen by the means 
of Cicero, who defended him in an elegant ora- 
tion, when his enemies had disputed his privi- 
leges of citizen of Rome. He wrote a poem on 
the Cimbrian war, and began another concern- 
ing Cicero's consulship, which are now lost. 
Some of his epigrams are preserved in the An- 
thologia. He is better known as the friend of 
the eloquent Cicero, than as the author of the 
few verses preserved under his name. Cic pro 

Arch. A polemarch of Thebes, assassinated 

in the conspiracy of Pelopidas, which he could 
have prevented, if he had not deferred to the 
morrow the reading of a letter which he had re- 
ceived from Archias, the Athenian high priest, 
and which gave him information of his danger, 
Plut. in Pelop. A high priest of Athens, con- 
temporary and intimate with the polemarch of 

the same name. Id. ibid. A Theban taken 

in the act of adultery, and punished according to 
the law, and tied to a post in the public place, 
for which punishment he abolished tue oligarchy. 
Aiistot. 

ArchibiAdes, a philosopher of Athens, who, 
by his dress and his long beard, affected the man- 
ners of the Spartans, and showed himself very 
inimical to tlie views and measures of Phocion. 

Plut. in Phoc. An ambassador of Bjzantium, 

&c. Polycen. 4, 44. 

Archibius, the son of the geographer Ptol- 
emy. 

Archidamia, a priestess of Ceres, who on 
account ot her affection for Aristomenes, restor- 
ed him to liberty when he had been taken pri- 
i soner by her female attendants at the cele- 
bration of their festivals. Paus. 4, 17. A 



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daughter of Cleadas, who, upon hearing that her I 
countrymen, the Spartans, were debating w he- j 
ther they should send away their women to Crete, ' 
a^^ainst the hostile approach of Pyrrhus, seized | 
a s-.vord, and ran to the senate house, exclaiming 
that the women were as ab:e to fight as the men. 
Upon this the decree was repealed. Plut. in 
Pyrrh.—Polycen. S, 8. 

Archidamus, son of Thenpompus king of 

Sparta, died before his father Paus. Another, 

king of Spar:a, son of Anaxidamus, succeeded 

by Agasicles -Another, son of Agesilaus, of 

the family of the Proclidse. Another, grand- 
son of Leotychidas, by his son Zeuxidamus. He 
succeeded his grandfather, and reigned in con- 
junction with Plistoanax. He conquered the 
Argives and Arcadians, and privately assisted 
the Phocians in plundering the temple of Delphi. 
He was called to the aid of Tarentum against 
the Romans, and killed there in a battle, after a 
reign of thirty-three years. Diod. \6. — Xenoph. 

Another, son of Kudamidas. Another, 

who conquered the Helots, who had made an in- 
.surrection, after a violent earthquake. Diod. 11. 

A son of Agesilaus, who led the Spartan 

auxiliaries to Cleombroms at the battle of Leuc- 
tra. His assistance was implored against the 
Phocians, who had pillaged the temple of Apollo 
at Delphi; and because he refused, it was said 
that he exposed himself to the resentment of the 
god, and therefore he was killed in a battle 
against the Lucaniansin Italy, B.C. 338, and his 
body left without the honours of burial. He left 
two sons, FLudamidas and Agis, by Dinicha. 

Paus. 3, 10 A son of Xenius Theopompus. 

Paiis. 

Archidas, a tyrant of Athens, killed by his 
troop 

ARCHlDr.Mis, a stoic philosopher, who wil- 
lingly exiled himself among the Parthians. Pint, 
de Exil. 

Archideus a son of Amyntas, king of Mace- 
donia. Justin. 7, 4. 

Archidil'M, a city of Crete, named after 
Archidius son of Tegeates. Paus. 8, 53. 

Archigallus, the high prie.-t of Cjbele, 
always chosen from one of the most distinguish- 
ed families. 

ARCHlGriNES, a physician, bom at Apamea, 
in Syria. Ht- lived in the reign oi Domitian, 
Nerva, and Trajan, and died in the 73d year of 
his age. He « rote on pharmacy, on local af- 
fections, on the cure of chronic diseases, &c. 
Various fragnn-nts of his writings exist in the 
collections of ^tius and Amida. Juv. 6, 235. 

Archilochus, a poet of Paros, who wrote 
elegies, satires, odes, and epigranr-.s, and was the 
first who introduced iambics in his verses. He 
had courted Neobule, the daughter of Lycambes, 
and had received promises of marriage ; but the 
lather gave her to another, superior to the poet 
in rank and fortune; upon which Archilochus 
wrote such a bitter satire that Lycambes hung 
himself in a fir of despair. The Spartans con- 
demned his verses on account of their petulance, 
and banished him. He gained the laurel crown, 
however, at the Olympic games, for a hymn to 
Hercules. Archilochus did not greatly distin- 
guish himself as a warrior. In a battle he :hrew 
down his arms, and saved his life by a dish-.n- 
ourable flight; and so regardless was he of mili- 
tary merit, that he defended his conduct, and 
thus drew down upon him t!ie sarcasm of some 
of .-lis contemporaries. He flourished 638 ti. C, 



and it is said that he was assassinated. Some -. 
fragments of his poetry remain, which display 
vigour and animation, boldness and vehemence, 
in the highest degree; from which reason per- 
haps Cicero calls virulent eaicts, Archi-ochia 
edicta. Cic. Tuse. l.—Quintil. JO, ].— Herod. 1. 

\Z. — Horat. Art. Poet. 19.—Athen. 1,2. &c. 

A son of Nestor, killed by Memnon in the Tro- 
jan war. Homer. II. 2. A (^reek historian, 

who wrote a chronological table, and other 
works, about the time of the 20th or 3 th olym- 
piad. 

ARCHIMEDES a famous geometer and me- 
chanician of Syracuse, born about 287 B.C., and 
related to king Hiero. He enriched mathema- 
tics with discoveries of the highest importance, , 
upon which the moJerns have founded their ad- . 
measurements of curvilinear surfaces and solids. 
Euclid, in his elements, considers only the re- I , 
lation of some of these magnitudes to each other, 
but does not compare them with surfaces and 
solids bounded by straight lines. Archimedes j 
has developed the propositions necessary fur ef- 
fecting this comparison, in his treatises on the 
sphere and cylinder, the spheroid and conoid, 
and in his work on the measurement of the i 
circle. He rose to still more abstruse consider- 
ations, in his treatise on spiral lines, which, how- 
ever, even tho^e acquainted with the subject can 
with difficulty comprehend. His discoveries in 
mechanics and hydrostatics were scarcely less 
important than those which he made in geome- 
try. He first taught the principle, that two bo- 
dies, equal in bulk, and immersed in a fluid ( 
lighter than themselves, lose equal quantities of ' 
their w eight, and determined by means of it, how r, 
much alloy an artist had fraudulently added to k 
a crown, which king Hiero had ordered to be i 
made of pure gold. He discovered the solution 
of this problem while bathing; and it is said to 
have caused him so much joy, that he hastened | 
home from the bath undressed, and exclaiming 
'(.vg-nKo. ! 'svgrjKo. .' " I have found it, I have [ 
found it !" He seems ro have turned much of , 
his attention to the construction of machines of , 
extraordinary pow ers; and he boasted oftheun- | 
limited extent of his art in the well known ex- ( 

Clamation, coy -n-ov .TTto ko. tIv xS^tfiOV K^vrjow, 

"give me a place where I may stand, and I will 
move the gi jbe." He is said to have invented 
the compound pulley, the endless screw, &c. | 
During the sie?e of Syracuse, he devoted all his 
talents to the deience of his native country. Po- ; 
lybius, Livy, and Plutarch speak very circum- 
stantially of the machines with which he repel- i 
led the attacks of the Romans. They say not a | 
word about burning the Roman fleet by means | 
of burning-glasses, a thing which is in itself very 
improbable, and mentioned only in the later ' 
writings of Lucian and Galen. At the moment 
when the Romans, under Marcellus, gained 
possession of the city by assault, Archimedes 
was sitting in the market place, abs(.rbed in the 
contemplation of a mathematical diagram which 
he had drawn in the rand To a Roman soldier, 
who .addressed him, he is related to have cried 
out, "disturb not my circle!' but the rough 
warrior little heeded his request, and struck him 
d'uvn. As the conquest of Syracuse is placed in 
the year 212 B.C., Archimedes must have been 
7j years old when he lost his life. On his ton)b- 
stone was placed a cyhnder, with a sphere in- 
scribed in it, thereby to immortalize his dis- 
covery of their mutual relation, on which he set 



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particular value. Cicero, who was appointed 
quaestor over Sicily, found this monument in a 
tiiicltet which concealed it. The best edition of 
his works is that of Joseph Torelli, fol. Oxiord, 

. 1792. Cic. Tusc. 1, 25 De Nat. D. 2, M.—Liv. 

'24, — Quint.il. 1, 10 Vitruv. 9, 3.~Pohjb. 7. 

■ —Pint, in Marcell.— Val. Max. 8, 7- 

' ARCHiNUS, a man who, when he was appoint- 

' ed to distribute new arms among the populace of 
Argos, raised a mercenary band, and made him- 
self absolute. Polycsn. '6, S A rhetorician of 

Athens. 

' ARCKIPElAgo, apartof the sea where islands 
in great number are interspersed, such- as that 
part of the Mediterranean which lies between 
Greece and Asia Minor, and is generally called 
Mare .iEgeum. It is doubted whether the name 
Archipelago is derived from Egio Pelago, or 
Agio Pelago; the former being a corruption of 
the word ^gceuin, and the latter arising from the 
number of religious houses at the foot of mount 
Athos. 

Archipolis, or ARCHEPOLIS, a soldier who 
conspired against Alexander with Dymnus! 
Curt. 6, 7. 

ARCHIPPA, a famous courtezan who gained 
the affections of Sophocles in his old age. Her 
attachment to the poet drew the ridicule of Smi- 
crines, her former lover, who observed that she 
was like owls which love to perch on lombs.. 
Athen. IJ. 

ARCHtPPE, a city of the Marsi destroyed by 
an earthquake, and lost in the lake of Fucinus. 
Plin. 3, Vd. 

ARCHIPPUS, a king of Italy, from whom per- 
haps the town of Archippe received its name. 

Virg. Mn. 7, 732. A philosopher of Thebes, 

pupil to Pythagoras. An archon at Athens. 

—- — A comic poet of Athens, of whose eight co- 
medies only one obtained the prize. A philo- 
sopher in the age of Trajan. 

ARCHITIS, a name of Venus, worshipped on 
mount Libanus. 

Archon, one of Alexander's generals, who 
received the provinces of Babylon, at the gene- 
ral division, after the king's death. Diod. 18. 

ARCHONTES, the name of the chief magis- 
trates of Athens. They were nine in number, 
and were elected by lots. Their appointment 
was preceded, or immediately followed, by two 
examinations, one in the senate-house, called 
avawpto-tj, the other in the forum before the He- 
liastaB, named 6o<t^airt'a. They were obliged to 
prove that they were descended from ancestors 
who had been citizens of Athens for three gener- 
atton-; to declare to what tribe and hundred they 
belonged; to show that they had always paid a 
proper veneration to their parents ; th '.t tl ey 
had borne arms in the service of their country; 
were possessed of a competent estate, and were 
without any personal defect. They took a so- 
lemn oath that they would observe the laws, ad- 
minister justice impartially, and accept no pre- 
sents, or, if they received any, that they would 
dedicate a statue of gold of equal weight with 
themselves to the Delphian Ai)ollo. They pos- 
sessed the entire powerof punishing malefactors 
with death. Tlie chief anmng tliem was called 
Arc/i07i, by way of eminence, and sometimes 
Eponymus, because the year took its denomina- 
tion from him, as it did from the consuls at 
Rome, lie determined all causes between mar- 
ried people, parents and children, and disputes 
relating to wills, dowries, and le-acies. He 



took care of orphans, and provided tutors and 
guardians fur them. He heard the complaints 
of those who had been injured by their neigh- 
bours, punished persons addicted to drunken- 
ness, and took the first cognizance of certain 

public actions, such as Pto-ayytXtai, 0ao«ty, ivisi^eir, 

Efprjynaeii. He was puni.^htd with death, if prov- 
ed to have been overcome with drink at any 
time during his office. The second of these ma- 
gistrates was called Basileus, or king. He de- 
cided all disputes between the priests and fami- 
lies sacred by inheritance, as the Ceryces, Eteo- 
butadas, Szc. Those accused of impiety, or of pro- 
faning the mysteries or temples, were brought 
before him. He assisted in the celebration of the 
Eleusinian and Lenaean festivals, and in tho.-,e 
of the Panathensea, Hephsestia, and Promethea; 
and offered public sacrifices for the safety and 
prosperity of the state. It was requisite that his 
wife, who was termed Basilissa, or queen, should 
be a legitimate citizen of Athens, and a virgin 
at the time of her nuptials. He had a vote among 
the Areopagites, but was obliged to sit among 
them without his crown. The third of the 
archons was named Polemarch. He had under 
his care all the strangers and sojourners in 
Athens, and provided a sufficient maintenance, 
from the public treasury, for the children of 
Ihjse who had lost their lives in the service of 
their country. Each of these three magistrates 
made choice of two Paredri, or assessors, who 
were men of gravity and judgment, well skilled 
in the administration of the laws ; and sat with 
the archons on the bench, as their name imports, 
and assisted them in their decisions. The re 
maining six archons were denominated Thesmo- 
thetce, or legislators. They received complaints 
against persons guilty of false accusations, of 
calumny, bribery, or impiety. Disputes be- 
tween citizens, strangers, and merchant^, were 
brought before them; and they were appointed 
to guard the rights of the people, and, as their 
name implies, to vindicate the laws. They pub- 
licly examined several magistrates, and took the 
votes in the assemblies. They ratified all pub- 
lic contracts, appointed days on which the 
jndges were to transact business, and prosecuted 
thosa who attempted to mislead the ignorant ai.d 
unwary into any act injurious to the state. They 
were accustomed to walk about the city by 
night, for the purpose of maintaining order and 
tranquillity. These officers of state were chosen 
after the death of king Codrus, Their power was 
originally for life, but afterwards it was limited 
to ten years, and at last to one year. After some 
time, the qualifications which wei^ required to 
be an archon were not sinctly observed. Adrian, 
before he was elected emperor of Rome, was 
made archon at Athens, though a foreigner; and 
the same honours were conferred upon Plutarch. 
The perpetual archons, after the death of Cod- 
rus, vrere Medon, whose office began B. C. 1070; 
Acastus, 1050, Archippus, 1014; Thersippus, 995; 
Phorbas, 954; Megacles, 923; Diognetus, 893; 
Pherecles, 8tw; Ariphron, 846; Thespieus, 826; 
Agamestor, "id'J; .'Eschylus, 776; Alcmaion, 756; 
after whose death the archons were decennial, 
the first of whom was Charops, who began 753; 
i-Esiniedes, 744; Clidicus, 734; Hippoinenes, 724; 
Leocrates, 714; Apsander, 704; Eryxias, 6J4; 
after whom the office became annual, and of 
these annual archons Creoii was ll^e first. Arii' 
toph. in Nuh. el Avib. - Veil. P.ilerc 1, 2— Justin. 
2, ti. — Meujsius de Arch. — Euseb. C/tr. 1.— Podux. 



ARC 



84 



AUE 



8, 9. -S^'on. de Rep. Athen. 4, 3. -Scholiast 
Anstoph. — Plul. Sympos. 1. — /Eschin. — Deinostli. 
■—Lysi'ris. 

Archylus Thurius; a general of Dionysius 
the elder. Diod. 14. 

ArcHiTAS, a musician of Mitylene, who 

wrote a treatise on agriculture. D/o^. A 

Pythagorean philosopher, the son of Hestisus of 
Tarenturn, and the friend and contemporary of 
Plato. He flourished about 400 B.C. So high 
was his reputation for wisdom and valour, that, 
contrary tu an express law, which required that 
no parson should hold the command of the army 
more than once, he was chosen general seven 
times. He discovered the method of finding two 
mean proportionals between two given lines, 
and the duplication of the cube by means of the 
conic sections. He constructed several hydraulic 
machines, a winged automaton of wood, &c. 
Aristotle is said to have been indebted to him 
for the ten categories, and for many of his ethical 
principles. Horace celebrates him as an emi- 
nent geographer and astronomer, and records, 
in one of his poems, his sad fate, in being 
drowned on the coast of Apulia. Hoi at. Od. 1, 

2S.~Diog. in vit Cic. de Orat. 3, 34.— Fm. 2, 

14 et 5, ■Z^.— Tusc. 5, 22. 

ArcItenens, an epithet applied to Apollo, 
from his bearing a boic, with which, as soon as 
born, he destroyed the serpent Pjthon, Virg. 
Mn. 3, 75. 

Arctinus, a Milesian poet, said to be pupil 
to Homer. Dionys Hal. 1. 

ARcroPHiLAX, a star near the great bear, 
called also Bootes Cic. de Xat. D. 2, 42. 

Arctos, a mountain near Propontis, inhabit- 
ed by giants and monsters. Two celestial 

constellations near the north pole, commonly 
called Ursa Major and Minor, supposed to be 
Areas and his mother, who were made constel- 
lations, Virg. G. l.—Aratus.— Ovid. Fast. 3, 
107. 

Arcturus, a star near the tail of the great 
bear, whose rising and setting were generally 
supposed to portend great tempests. Horat. Od. 
3, 1, The name is derived from its situation, 
fipvToj ursus, ovpa Cauda. It rises now about the 
beginning of October, and Pliny tells us it rose 
In his age on the \tth, or, according to Columel- 
la, on the 5th of September. 

Ardalus, a son of "Vulcan, saiJ so have been 
the first who invented the pipe. He gave it to 
the Muses, who on that account have been called 
Ardalides and Ardaliotides. Paiis, 2, 31. 

Ardania, a country of Egypt. Strab. 

Ardaxanus, a small river of Illyricum. 
Polyb. 

Ardea, formerly Ardua, a town of Latium, 
near the coast, south-east of Lavinium, built by 
Danae, or, according to some, by a son of Ulys- 
ses and Circe. It was the capital of the Rutuli, 
Some soldiers set it on fire, and the inhabitants 
publicly reported, that their city had been 
changed into a bird, called by the Latins Ardea. 
It was rebuilt, and it became a rich and magni- 
ficent city, whose enmity to Rome rendered it 
famous. Tarquin the proud was pressing it with 
a siege, when his son ravished Lucretia. Its 
site answers to a miserable place bearing the 
name Ardia. C. Nep. in Attic. \^.—Liv. 1, 57. 
3. 71. 4, 9, Sec— Virg. ZEn. 7, 412. — Oi-jd. Met. 
Jab. 1, bl^.—Slrab. 5. 

Ardericca. a small town on the Euphrates, 
north of Babylon. 



Ardi.^:t, a town of Dalmatia, in Illyricum, 
whose capital was called Ardia. Strab. 7. 

Ardiscus, a river of Thrace, falling into the 
Hebrus at Adrianopolis. Now the Arda. 

Ardonea, a town of Apulia. Liv. 24, 20. 

Ardua, an ancient name of Ardea. Virg. 
^n. 7, 411. 

Arduenxa, the largest forest of Gaul, ex- 
tending from the Rhenus, through the country 
of the Treveri, to the territory of the Remi and 
Nervii. Large remains of it are yet standing, 
and that part of it which is on the frontiers of 
France and the Netherlands, retains still the 
name Forest of Ardennes, Tacit. Ann. 8, 42. — 
Cces. Bell. Gall. 6, 29. 

Arduine, the goddess of hunting among the 
Gauls. She was represented with the same at- 
tributes as the Diana of Rome, and probably 
received her name from the forest Arduenna. 
Gesner. Thes. — Erud. Ling. Lat. 

Ardyenses, a nation near the Rhone. Polyb. 

Ardys, a son of Gyges, king of Lydia, who 
reigned 49 years, took Priene, and made war 
against Miletus. Herod. 1, 15. 

Area, a surname of Minerva, from a temple 
she had on Mars' hill (5p»7t), erected by Orestes, 
after he had been acquitted by the Areopagites 
Pans. 1, 2S. 

AreacId.E, a nation of Numidia. Polyb. 

x\REAS, a general chosen by the Greeks against 
iEtolia. Justin 24, 1. 

Aregoni>, the mother of Mopsus by Aropyx. 
Or ph. 171 Argon. 

Areithol'S, a king of Arne in Peloponnesus, 
father, by Philomedusa. of Menestius, who perish- 
ed at the Trojan war by the hand of Paris. 
Homer. 11. 7, 9. Another warrior, the attend- 
ant of Rigmus, son of Pires of Thrace, who as- 
sisted Priam against the Greeks. Id. 20, 48G. 

Arelatum, or Arelas, a town of Gallia 
Narbonensis, situated on the Rhodanus. It was 
a favourite place of resort for the Romans, and 
so greatly ornamented, as to have been called 
Gallula Roma. It was hither that the emperor 
Honorius transferred the seat of the prtetorian 
prcefecture of Gaul, when Augusta Treverorum, 
sacked by the barbarians, was no longer able to 
maintain this distinction. It is now Aries. PHn. 

10, 42.— Strab. i — Mela, 2,5 Auso7i. in Urb. 

8, 2. 

Arellius, a celebrated painter of Rome, in 
the age of Augustus. He painted the goddesses 

in the form of his mistresses. Plin. 35, 10. 

A miser in Horace. 

Aremorica, a part of Gaul, at the north of 
the Loire, now called Brittany. Plin. 4. 

ARENA ani ARENE, a city of Messenia, in 
Peloponnesus. Homer. E. 2. 

Arenacum, a fortified place on the Rhine, 
in the territories of the Batavi, not far fioln 
where the river separates to form the Vahalis. 
It is now Arnheim. Tacit. Hist. 5, 20. 

Areopagit^, the judges of the Areopagus, a 
seat ol justice on a small eminence near Athens 
whose name is derived from'Apetoy ira-io^, the 
hill of Mars, because Mars was the first who «a3 
tried there, for the murder of Halirrhothius, 
who had offered violence to his daughter AI- 
cippe. Some say that the place received the 
name of Areopagus, because the Amazons pitch- 
ed their camp there, and offered sacrifices to 
their progenitor Mars, when they besieged 
Athens; and others n)aintain, that the name was 



ARE 



83 



ARE 



given to the place, because Mars is the god of 
lilcodshed, war, and murder, which were under 
the cognizance of that court. At what period 
this celebrated seat of justice was first instituted 
is uncertain. It is said by some to have been 
founded by Solon, while others assert that it was 
established by Cecrops, the founder of Athens, or 
by Cranaus, one of his successors. The num- 
ber of judges in this venerable assembly seems 
' to have been varied at different times. At first 
it consisted of nine persons ; they were after- 
I wards increased, however, so that some have 
I reckoned them at thirty-one, others at fifty-one, 
and others at five hundred. A seat in it was 
' held for life. The members were chosen from 
i among the most worthy and religious of the 
Athenians, and from such archons, or chief ma- 
I gistrates, as had discharged their duty with zeal 
1 and fidelity. If any of them were convicted of 
i immorality, if they "were seen sitting in a tavern, 
or had used any indecent language, they were im- 
I mediately expelled from the assembly, and held in 
[ the greatest disgrace. In the later ages of the re- 
I public, however, these regulations were often ne- 
j glected, and men of vicious and profligate lives 
were elected judges. The Areopagites took cog- 
' nizance of murder, impiety, and immoral beha- 
viour, and particularly of idleness, which they 
I deemed the cause of all vice. They watched 
' over the due execution ofthe laws; had the man- 
agement of the public treasury, and the liberty 
of rewarding the virtuous; and, by their autho- 
I rity, parents were compelled to educate their 
children, in a manner suitable to their condition 

I in society. They held their meetings in the open 
air, partly because it was considered unlawful 
that the criminal and accuser should be under 
the same roof, and partly that the judges, whose 
persons were sacred, might contract no pollution 
by conversing with profane and wicked men. 

ji Tiiey heard causes, and passed sentence at night, 

II and in darkness, that they might not be influ- 
j onced in favour of either the plaintifT or defend- 
■ ant, and that no one might know the number, or 

discern the countenances of the judges. In the 
ancient periods of the republic, the parties 
spoke for themselves; but in later ages they 
were allowed counsel to plead for them. The 
judges, however, strictly prohibited warm and 
ornamented harangues, lest they should charm 
their ears and corrupt their judgment. Hence 
ttieir decisions were just and impartial, and 
were always deemed inviolable. The Areopa- 
fritcs at first sat on the twenty-seventh, twenty- 
eighth, and twenty-ninth days of every month, 
and afterwards almost every day. Their autho- 
rity continued in its original state, till Pericles, 
who was refused admittance among them, re- 
solved to lessen their consequence, and destroy 
Their power. From that time the morals of the 
Athenians were corrupted, and the Areopagites 
were no longer conspicuous for their virtue and 
justice; and when they censured the debauch- 
eries of Demetrius, one of the family of Phaler- 
eus, he plainly told them, that if they wished to 
make a reform in Athens, they must begin at 
home. Juv. 9, 102.— Paws. 1, 28. — Lys. de Era- 
tos.—Cic de Off. 1. 22. Ad Ait. ], U.—Suidas in 
verbo.—yElian. V. H. 5, 15 et Pollux, 8, 9 et 10. 

Areopagus, a hill in th« neighbourhood of 
Athens. {Vid. Areopagitse. ) 

Arescusa, a woman said to have been chang- 
ed into a man, and to have consequently receiv- 
t u the name of Arescon, Plin, 7, 4. 



AftEST.4:, a people of India, conquered bj 
Alexander. Justin. 42, 8. 

ARKSTHANAS, a countryman, whose goat 
suckled JSsculapius, when exposed by his mo- 
ther. Paus. 2, 26. 

ArestorIdes, a patronymic given to the 
hundred eyed Argus, as son of Arestor. Ovid. 
Met. 1, 584. 

Areta, the mother of Aristippus, the philo- 
sopher. Laert. 2. A daughter of Dionysius, 

who married Dion. She was thrown into the 

sea. riut. in Dion. A female philosopher f;f 

Cyrene, B.C. 377.- A daughter of Rhexenor, 

descended from Neptune, who married her uncle 
Alcinous, by whom she had Nausicaa. Homer, 
Od. 7 et 8.—ApoUod. 1. 

ARET^ailUS, a physician of Cappadocia. He 
practised medicine at Rome, but at what period 
is uncertain, probably about the reign of Vespa- 
sian. He wrote upon acute and chronic diseases, 
in eight books, wliich are come down to us in an 
imperfect state. They contain much excellent 
description of the diagnostics and symptoms of 
diseases, and many valuable observations re- 
specting their cure, from which he appears to 
have been a bold and decisive practitioner. 
The best edition of his works is that of Boer- 
haave. Lug. Bat. 1731, fol. A translation 
by John Moffat, M.D. was printed in 1785, 
8vo. 

ARETAPHILA, the wife of Melanippus, a 
priest of Cyrene. Nicocrates murdered her hus- 
band to marry her. She, however, was so at- 
tached to Melanippus, that she endeavoured to 
poison Nicocrates. and at last caused him to be 
assassinated by his brother Lysander, whom she 
married. Lysander proved as cruel as his bro- 
ther, upon which Aretaphila ordered him to be 
thrown into the sea. After this she retired to a 
private station. Plut. de Virtut. Mulier, — Poiy- 
cen. 8, 38. 

A RETAKES, a Cnidian, who wrote an history 
of Macedonia, besides a treatise on islands. 
Plut. 

Arete. Vid Areta. 

Aretes, one of Alexarjder's ofScers. Curt. 4, 
15. 

Arethusa, a nymph of Elis, daughter of 
Oceanus, and one of the attendants of Diana. As 
she returned one day from hunting, she sat near 
the Alpheus, and bathed in the stream. The god 
of the river was enamoured of her, and pursued 
her over the whole country; when Arethusa, 
ready to sink under fatigue, implored the aid of 
Diana, who transformed her into a fountain. 
The Alpheus immediately mingled his streams 
with hers, and Diana opened a secret passage 
under the earth and under the sea, where the 
waters of Arethusa disappeared, and rose in the 
island of Ortygia, near Syracuse, in Sicily. The 
river Alpheus followed her also under the sea, 
and rose also in Ortygia: so that, as mytholo- 
gists relate, whatever is thrown into the Al- 
pheus in Elis, rises again, after some time, in 
the fountain Arethusa near Syracuse. (fVd. 

Alpheus.) Ovid. Met. Jab. 5, \{),—Athen. 7 

Paus. One of the Hesperides. Apollod. 2, 5. 

A daughter of Herileus, mother of Abas, by 

Neptune. Hygin.fab. 157. One of Actaeon's 

dogs. Hy gin. fab. 181. A lake of upper Ar- 
menia, near the fountains of the Tigris. No- 
thing can sink under its waters. Plin. 2, 1(13. 
A town of Thrace. Another in Sy- 



ARE 



86 



AR6 



ARETINUM, a Roman colony in Etruria. Ital. 
5, 1-^3. 

Aretcs, a son of Nestot and Anaxibia. Ho- 
mer. Od. 3, 413. A Trojan against the Greeks. 

He was killed by Automedon. Homer. II. 17, 

494. A famous warrior, whose only weapon 

was an iron club. He was treacherously killed 
by Lycurgus, king of Arcadia Pans. S, 11. 

Areus, a king of Sparta, preferred in the suc- 
cession to Cleonymus, brother of Acrotatus, who 
had made an alliance with Pyrrhus. He assist- 
ed Athens when Antigonus besieged it, and died 

at Corinth. Pans. 3, 6.—Piut. A king of 

Sparta, who succeeded his father Acrotatus II., 
and was succeeded by his son Leonidas, son of 
Cleonymus. A philosopher of Alexandria, in- 
timate with Augustus. Sueton. A poet of 

Laconia. An orator mentioned by Quintil. 

ARGiEUS and ARGEL'S, a son of Apollo and 

Cyrene. Justin. 13, 7. A son of Perdiccas, 

who succet ded his father in the kingdom of Ma- 
cedonia. Justin. 7, 1. -A mountain of Cappa- 

docia, covered with perpetual snow, and so high, 
that from its summit, accordins to the ancients, 
both the Mediterranean and Euxine seas were 
visible. It is now called Erd.iish, and at its foot 
stood Mazaca, the metropolis of Cappadocia, 
called by Tiberius, in honour of Augustus, Cae- 
sarea ad Argeeum, a name which it has preserv- 
ed lo the present day in that of Kasaria. A 

son of Ptolemy, killed by his brother. Pans. 1. 
A son nf Licymnius. Apollod. 2. 

ArgaLUS, a king of Sparta, son of Amvclas 
Paus.3. 1. 

Argath JNA, a huntress of Cios in Bithynia, 
whom Rhesus married before he went to the 
Trojan « a r. She endeavoured to dissuade him 
from going to the field, but the love of fame pre- 
vailed over his fondness for Argathona; who, 
when she heard of his death, died in despair. 
Parthen. Erotic. 36. 

Argathonius, a king of Tartessus, near 
Cadis; who reisned eighty years, and, accord- 
ing to Pliny, lived 120; according to Anacreon, 
mentioned by Pliny, loO; and 300, according to 
Silius Italicus, Plin. 7, Ai.—Ital. 3, 3j6. 

ARGE. a beaut ful huntress, changed into a 

stag by Apollo. Hy gin. fab. 205 One of the 

Cyclops. Hesiod. A daughter of Thespius, 

by whom Hercules had two sons. Apollod. 2, 35. 

A nymph, daughter of Jupiter and Juno. 

ApoUod. 1. 

Argea, a place at Rome where certain Ar- 
gives were buried, and where also some sacred 
ceremonies wf^re observed in honour of the gods. 
Lie. 1, 2}.— Odd. Fust 3, 791.— Farro de L. L. 
4, S. 

ARG^ATH^, a village of Arcadia. Paus. 8, 
23. 

Argekxum, a promontory of Ionia, near Ha- 

lonessus. Also a promontory of Sicily, on the 

eastern sid.^, now Cape St. Al^ssio. 

ARGENTARICS, a mountain of Etruria, now 
A'gentaro. 

ARGENTIXUS, an imaginary fiei'y at R im?^, 
called the son of the goddess Pecunia, and in- 
voked by thos3 who were engaged in commer- 
cial affairs. August, de Civ. D. 4, 21. 

ARGHXT0RATU3I, now Strasbourg, an ancient 
town of Gaul, near which Julian defeated the 
Alemanni. 

ARGES, a son of CoelriS and Terra, who 
bad oaJv one eye in nis forehead. Apollod. ' 
1,1. " I 



Argestr.\tus, a king of Lacedjemon, who 
reigned 35 years. 

Argecs, a son of Perdiccas, king of Mace- 
donia, Avho obtained the kingdom when Amyntas 
was deposed by the lUyrians. Justin. 7, 2. 

ARGI, (jAur. masc.). T'id. Argos. 

Argia, daughter of Adrastus, married Poh'- 
nices, whom she loved with uncommon tender- 
ness. When he was killed in the war, she buried 
his body in the night, against the positive orders 
of Creon, for which pious action she was punish- 
ed with death, Theseus revenged her death by 
killip.g Creon. Hygin. fab. 6J et 12.— Stat. 

Theb 12. (^Vid. Antigone, and Creon.) A 

country of Peloponnesus, called also Argulis, of 

which Argos was the capital. One of the 

Oceanides. Hygin. prcef. The wife of Ina- 

chus, and mother of lo. Id. Jab. 145. The 

mother of Ar^os, by Polybus. Id. fab. 145. 

A daughter of Autesion, who married Aristode- 
mus, by whom she had two sons, Eurysthenes, 
and Procles. Apollcd. 2. — Pam. 4, 3. 

Argias, a man who founded Chalcedon, 
A U.C. 148. 

Argiletum, a place at Rome, near the Cir- 
cus Maximus, where the tradesmen genera. ly 
kept their shops. The name is said by some to 
have been derived from Argus, airiendof Evan- 
der, who was slain here, but others deduce it 
from the abundance of argilla, or clay, found in 
the vicinity. Virg. ^n. 8, 3^5. — Martial. Ep. 
1, 4. 

Argilics, a youth beloved and protected by 
Pausanias. He revealed his master's corre- 
spondence with the Persian king, to the ephori ; 
and thus was the cause of his disgrace and death. 
C. Nep. in Paus. 

ARGILLUS, a mountain of Egypt, near the 
Nile. 

ArgIlvs, a town of Thrace, near the Stry- 
mon, built bv a colony of Andrians. Thucyd. 4, 
iU3.— Herod." 7, 115. 

ARGINVS^, three small islands south-east of 
Lesbos, lying off the promontory of Cana, or 
Coloni. They were rendered lamous for tha 
great naval victory gained near them by the 
Athenians over the Lacedsenionians, B. C. -Ice. 
Strab. 13. 

ARGldPE, a nymph of mount Parnassus, se- 
duced by the musician Philammon, the son of 
Apollo; bv whom she had Thamyris. Pau5. 4, 
33. 

Argiphontes, a surname given to Mercury, 
because he killed the hundred-eyed Ai-gus by or- 
der of Jupiter. 

Argipp.*;!, or Arimphjei, a people of Sar- 
matia, born baid, and with flat noses. They 
lived on the fruits of trees, particularly on th.^t 
of the tree called Ponticus, from which, when 
ripe, they obtained a black juice called Ascky, 
wnich they mixed w ith milk. Of the thick <in gs 
they made" cakes. The Argippaei settled all dis- 
putes between their neighbours, and whoi-ver 
took refuge among them was sure of protectio.i. 
Herod. 4, 23. 

Argiva a surname of Juno worshipped a.t 
Argos. She had also a temple at Sparta, co; sc- 
csated to her by Eurydice, daughter of Laced^e- 
mon. Paus. 4, Vd. — Virg. jlin. 3. 547. 

ArgIvi, the Inhabitants of the city of Ar^os 
and the neighbouring country. The word is in- 
discriminately applied by the poets to all tlie 
inhabitants of Greece. 

Argils, a steward of Galba who private y 



Arg 



87 



ARG 



interred the body of his master in his gardens. 
Tactl. Hist. ], 49. 

ARiiO, the name of the famous ship which 
carried Jason and his 54 companions to Colchis, 
when they rasolved to recover the golden fleece. 
The derivation of the word Argo has been often 
disputed. Some derive it from Argos, the per- 
son who first proposed the expedition, and who 
built the ship. Others maintain that it was built 
at Argos, whence its name. Cicero, Tusc. 1, 2U, 
calls it Argo, because it carried Grecians, com- 
monly called Argives. Diod. 4, derives the word 
irora 'apyos, which signifies swift. Ptolemy says, 
teut falsely, tliat Hercules built the ship, and 
called it Argo, after a sonof Jason, whobore the 
same name. The ship Argo had fifty oars. Ac- 
cording to many authors, she had a beam on her 
prow, cut in the forest of Dodona by Minerva, 
which, as it had the power of giving oracles to 
the argonauts, warned them that they never 
should reach their country, till Jason had been 
purified of the murder of Absyrtus. This ship 
was the first that ever sailed on the sea, as some 
report. After the expedition was finished, Jason 
ordered her to be drawn aground at the isthmus 
of Corinth, and consecrated to the god of the 
sea. The poets have made her a constellation in 
heaven, Jason was killed by a beam w hich fell 
from the top, as he slept on the ground near it 
Hygin.fab. 14, A. P. 2, 37 — Catid. de Nupt. Pel. 
et Thet.— Val. Place. 1, 93, &c.— PAtEdr./aft. 4. 6. 
— Sen?ca in Medea. — Apollon. Argon. — Apollod. 
1 Cic. de Nat. D.—Plin. 7, 56 Manil. I. 

ArgolTcus sinus, a bay on the coast of Ar- 
golis, now the Gulf of Napoli. 

Argolis and ARGIA, a country of Pelopon- 
nesus, bounded on the east by the Sar^^nic gulf, 
on the north by Corinthia, on the west by Arca- 
dia, and on the south by Laconia. Its original 
inhabitants were Pela-gi, who, on the arrival of 
ari Egyptian colony under Danaus, changed their 
rane to Danai, and afterwards to Argivi and 
Argolici. Argolis at first acknowledged the au 
thority of one sovereign; but after the lapse of 
t'.vo generations, it was divided into the small 
kingdoms of Argos, ?«Jycen£e, and Tiryns, wliich 
wsne all finally re-united in the person of A- 
treus, son of Pelops, This hero acquired the 
possession of nearly the whole Peloponnesus, 
which ample territory he transmitted to his son 
Agamemnon, who is called by Homer the king 
of many islands and of all Argos. The govern- 
ment, however, afterwards assumed a republi- 
can form. The Argives were engaged in fre- 
quent hostilities with the Spartans, sometimes 
about the possession of the small district Cy- 
nuria, and at others from a constant jealousy of 
their wily neighbours, and a determination to 
oppose tlieir attempts at aggrandizement. They 
joined the Achaean league, and continued to form 
a part of this confederacy till its final dissolution 
by the Romans. Eurip. Archel. Frag. 2. Orest. 
921.— Hoot, II. 2, m. 

Argon, one of the descendants of Hercules, 
who reigned in Lydia 505 years before Gyges. 
Herod. I, 7. 

ARGONAUTiE, a name given to those ancient 
heroes who went with Jason on board the ship 
Argo to Colchis, about 79 years before the taking 
of Troy, or 1263 B.C. The causes of this expe- 
dition arose from the following circumstance :— 
Athamas, king of Thebes, had married Ino, the 
(laughter of Cadmus, whom he divorced to marry 
Wtjphele, by wLoruhth.ad Lwu children, Phryxus : 



and Helle. As Nephele was subject to cert&in 
fits of madness, Athamas repudiated her, and 
took a second time luu, by whom he had soon 
after two sons, Learchus and Melieerta. As the 
children of Nephele were to succeed to their fa- 
ther by right ol birth, Ino conceived an immortal 
hatred against them, and she caused the city of 
Thebes to be visited by a pestilence, by poison- 
ing all the grain which had been sown in the 
earth. Upon this the oracle was consulted; and 
as it had been corrupted by means of Ino, the 
answer was, that Nephele *s children should be 
immolated to the gods. Phryxus was apprized 
of this, and he immediately embarked with his 
sister Helle, and fled to the court of ^etes, king 
of Colchis, one of his near relations. In the 
voyage Helle died, and Pliryxus arrived safe at 
Colchis, and was received with kindness by the 
king. The poets have embellished the flight of 
Phryxus, by supposing that he and Helle fled 
through the air on a ram which had a golden 
fleece and wings, and was endowed with the fa- 
culties of speech. This ram, as they say, was 
the offspring of Neptune's amours, under the 
form of a ram, with the nymph Theophane. As 
they were going to be sacrificed, the ram took 
them on his back, and instantly disappeared in 
the air. On their way Helle was giddy, and fell 
into that part of the sea which from her was 
called the Hellespont. When Phryxus came to 
Colchis, he sacrificed the ram to Jupiter, or, 
according to others, to Mars, to whom he also de- 
dicated the golden fleece. He soon after married 
Chalciope the daughter of ^etes; but his father- 
in-law envied him the possession of the golden 
fleece, and therefore to obtain it he murdered him. 
Some time after this event, when Jason the son 
of .Eson, demanded of his uncle Pelias the crown 
which he usurped, (Fid. Pelias, Jason, iEson,) 
Pelias said that he would restore it to him, pro- 
vided he avenged the death of their common rela- 
tion Phryxus, whom ^etes had basely murdered 
in Colchis. Jason, who was in the vigour of youth, 
and of an ambitious soul, readily undertook the 
hazardous enterprise, and was joined by the 
most illustrious young men of Greece. They 
sailed with favourable winds, from Aphetae, at 
the entrance of the Sinus Pelasgicus, in the ship 
Argo. They reached the island of Lemnos, where 
they remained two years, and raised a new race 
of men from the Lemnian women, who had 
murdered their husbands. (F<d. Hypsipyle.) 
After they had left Lemnos, they visited Samo- 
thrace, where they offered sacrifices to the gods, 
and thence passed to Troas and to Cyzicum 
Here they met with a favourable reception from 
Cyzicus, the king of the country. The night after 
their departure, they %vere driven back by a 
storm again on the coast of Cyzicum, and the 
inhabitants, supposing them to be their enemit-s, 
the Pelasgi, furiously attacked them. In this 
nocturnal engagement the slaughter was great, 
and Cyzicus was killed by the hand of Jason, 
who, to expiate the murder he had ignorantly 
committed, buried him in a magnificent manner, 
and offered a sacrifice to the mother of the gods, 
to whom he built a temple on mount Dindymiis. 
From Cyzicum they visited Bebrycia, otherwise 
called Bithynia, where Pollux accepted the 
challenge of Amycus, king of the country, in tiie 
combat of the cestus, and slew him. They were 
driven from Bebrycia by a storm, to Salmydessa, 
on the coast of Thrace, where they deliverod 
?h incus, king of the place, from ihv persecution 



ARG 



88 



ARG 



(»f Ihe harpies. Phineus directed their course 
thr ;ugh the Cyanean rock or the Symplegades, 
( rid, Cyaneas,) and they safely entered the Eux- 
i'ne sea- They visited the country of the Mari- 
andynians, where Lycus reigned, and lost two of 
their companions, Idmon, and Tiphys their pilot. 
Af ter they had left this coast, they were driven 
upon the island of Arecia, where they found the 
children of Phryxus, whom ^etes their grand- 
father had sent to Greece to take possession of 
their father's kingdom. Fi'om this island they 
at last arrived safe in ^Sa, the capital of Colchis. 
Jason explained the causes of his voyage to .E- 
etes ; but the conditions on which he was to re- 
cover the golden fleece, were so hard, that the 
Argonauts must have perished in the attempt, 
had not Medea, the king's daughter, fallen in 
love with their leader. She had a conference 
with Jason, and after mutual oaths of fidelity in 
the temple of Hecate, Medea pledged herself to 
deliver ilie Argonauts from her father's hard 
conditions, if Jason married her, and carried her 
with him to Greece. He was required to tame 
two bulls, having brazen feet and horns, and vo- 
miting forth fire ; he was required also to yoke 
them to a ploughshare of adamant, and turn up 
the soil of two acres of ground that had never 
before been cultivated. After this he was to sow 
in the furrows the teeth of a dragon, from which 
an armed multitude were to rise up, and to be 
all destroyed by his hands. This done, he was 
to kill an ever- watchful dragon, that guarded the 
tree on which the golden fleece was hung. All 
these labours were to be performed in one day . 
and Medea's assistance, whose knowledge ot 
herbs, magic, and potions, was unparalleled, 
easily extricated Jason from all danger, to the 
astonishment and terror of his companions, and 
of .Ee:es, and the people of Colchis, who had 
assembled- to be spectators of this wonderful 
action. He tamed the bulls with ease, ploughed 
the field, sowed the dragon's teeth, and when 
the armed men sprang from the earth, he threw 
a stone in the midst of them, and they im- 
mediately turned their weapons one against 
the other, till they all perished. After this 
he went to the dragon, and by means of en- 
chanted herbs, and a draught which Medea had 
given him, he lulled the monster to sleep, and 
obtained the golden fleece, and immediately set 
sail with Medea. He was soon pursued by Ab- 
syrtus, the king's son, who came up to them, and 
was seized and murdered by Jason and Medea. 
Tiie mangled limbs of Absyrtus were strewed in 
the way through which ^Eetes was to pass, that 
his farther pursuit might be stopped. After the 
murder of Absyrtus, thfy entered the PalusMaeo- 
tis, and by pursuing their course towards the 
left, according to the fool sh account of poets who 
were ignorant of geography, they came to the 
island Peucestes, and fo that of' Circe. Here 
Circe informed Jason, that the cause of all his 
c ilamities arose from the murder of Absyrtus, of 
w hich she refused to expiate him. Soon af er, 
they entered the Mediterranean by the columns 
oi Hercules, and passed the straits of Charybdis 
and Scylla, where they must have perished, had 
not Tethys, the mistress of Peleus, one of the 
Arjronauts, delivered them. They were preserv- 
ed from the Sirens by the eloquence of Orpheus, 
and arrived in the island of the Phisacians, 
where they met the enemy's fleet, which had 
C'.-ntinued their pursuit by a" different course. It 
was therefore resolved that Medea aliould be re- 



stored, if she had not been actually married to 
Jason, but the wife of Alcinous, the king of the 
country, being appointed umpire between the 
Colchians and Argonauts, had the marriage pri- 
vately consummated by night, and declared that 
the claims of ^etes to Medea were now void. 
From Phceacia the Argonauts came to the bay 
of Ambracia, whence they were driven by a storm 
upon the coast of Africa, and after many disasters, 
at last came in sight of the promontory of Mele.a, 
in the Peloponnesus, where Jason was purified 
of the murder of Absyrtus, and soon alter arriv- 
ed safe in Thessaly. The impracticability ui 
such a voyage is well known. ApoUonius Rho- 
dius gives another account, equally improbable. 
He says, that they sailed from the Euxine up 
one of the mouths of the Danube, and that Ab- 
syrtus pursued them by entering another mouth 
of the river. After they had continued their 
voyage for some leagues, the waters decreased, 

; and they were obliged to carry the ship Argo 
across the country to the Adriatic, upwards of 
I jO miles. Here they met with Absyrtus, who 
had pursued the same measures, and conveyed 
his ships in like manner over the land. Absyr- 
tus was immediately put to death; and soon 
after the beam of Duuona(r2d. Argo,) gave an 
oracle, that Jason should never return home, if 
he was noi previously purified of the murder. 
Upon this they sailed to the island of ^a, where 
Circe, who was the sister of ^etes, purified him 
without knowing who he was. There is a third 
tradition which maintains, that they returned to 
Colchis a second time, and visited many places 
O; Asia. This famous expedition has been cele- 
brated in the ancient ages of the world ; it has 
employed the pen of many writers, and among 
the historians, Diodorus Siculus, Strabo, ApoUo- 
dorus, and Justin; and among the poets, Ono- 
macritus, more generally called Orpheus, Apol- 
lonius Rhodius, Pindar, and Valerius Flaccus, 
have extensively given an account of its most 
remarkable particulars. The number of the Ar- 
gonauts is not exactly known. Apollonius and 
Diodorus say that they were 54; Tzetzes admits 
the immber of 50 ;. but Apollodorus mentions 

■ only 45. The following list is drawn from the 
various authors who have made mention of the 
Argonautic expedition : Jason, son of .lEson, as 
is well known, was the chief of the rest. His 
companions were, Acastus son of Pelias, Actor 
son of Hippasus, Admetus son of Pheres, ^^^scu- 
lapius son of Apollo, ^talides son of Mercury 
and Eupoleme, Almenus son of Mars, Amphi- 
araus son of CEcleus, Amphidamus son of Aleus, 
Amphion son of Hyperasius, Anceus son of Ly- 
curgus, and another of the same name, Areus, 
Argus the builder of the ship Argo, Argus son of 
Phryxus, Armenus, Ascalaphus son of Mars, 
Asterion son of Cometes, Asterius son of Neleus, 
Augeas son of Sol, Aialanta daughter of Schoen- 
eus, disguised in a man's dress, Autolycus son of 
Mercury, Azorus, Buphagus, Butes son of Te- 
leon, Calais son of Boreas, Canthus son of Abas, 
Castor son of Jupiter, Ceneus son of Elatus, Ce- 
pheus son of Aleus, Cius, Clytius and Iphitus 
sons of Eurythus, Coronus, Deucalion son of 
Minos, Echion son of Mercury and Antianira, 
Eigynus son of Neptune, Euphemus son of Nep- 
tune and Macionassa, P'ribotes, Euryalus son of 
Cisteus, Eurydamus and Eurythion sons of Iras, 
Eurytus son of Mercury, Glaucus, Hercules son 
of Jupiter, Idas son of Aphareus, lalmenus son 
of .Mars, Idmun son of Abas, lolaus son oi Iphi- 



ARG 



89 



ARG 



clus, Iphiclus son of Thestius, Iphiclus son oi 
Philacus, Iphis son of Aiector, Lynceus son oi 
■ Ayhareus, Iritus son of Naubolus, Laertes son 
of Arcesius, Laocoon, Leodatus son of Bias, 
Leitus son of Aiector, Meleager son of (f^neus, 
, Menoetius son of Actor, Mopsus son of Amphy- 
cus, Nauplius son of Neptune, Neieus the bro- 
ther of Peleus, Nestor son of Neieus Oileus the 
father of Ajax, Orpheus son of CEager, Palenion 
soil of ^ti'lus, Peleus and Telamon sons of Ma.- 
cus, Periclymenes son of Neieus, Peneleus son 
of Hipalmus, P!iiloctetes son of Poean, Phlias, 
Pollux son of Jupiter, Polyphemus son of Elates, 
Poeas sonof Thaumacus, Phanus son of Bacchus, 
Phalerus son of Alcon, Phocas and Priasus sons 
of Ceneus one of the Lapithae, Talaus, Tiphys 
son of Aginus, Staphilus sun of Bacchus, two of 
the name of Iphitus, Theseus son of ^geus, 
with his friend Pirithous. Among these iEscu- 
lapius was physician, and Tiphys was pilot. 
Bryant considers the Arg:onautic expedition as 
one of those corrupt traditions in which the re- 
collection of the deluge, and the preservation of 
mankind in the ark, was long preserved. Jason, 
'therefore, he believes to be the arkite deity, and 
the name of Argo to be connected with and de- 
rived from the ark itself. Sir Isaac Newton 
thinks that it was an embassy sent by the Greeks 
to persuade the nations along the Euxine and 
Mediterranean seas to throw off the yoke of 
Amenophis, king of Egypt, during his absence in 
Ethiopia. Many consider it to have been a 
mere commercial enterprise. Dr Gillies sup- 
poses that it was a confederacy formed by the 
states of Greece, under the influence of the Am- 
phictionic council, to repel the invasions of their 
barbarous neiijhbours, and to enrich themselves 
with foreign plunder. Be the object of the Ar- 
gonauts, however, what it might, their under- 
taking appears to have been attended with a con- 
siderable and a happy effect on the manners and 
character of the Greeks. From the era of this 
expedition, we may discover not only a more 
darirg and more enlarged spirit of enterprise, 
but a more decisive and rapid progress towards 
civilization and humanity. The chiefs who had 
hitherto been the isolated leaders of barbarous 
hordes, and owed their pre-eminence principally 
to their physical strength and ferocious courage, 
when combined in a joint expedition, practically 
learned the value of the political virtues, and 
found that to retain their superiority, it was ne- 
cessary to brighten the lustre of martial spirit by 
the more valuable virtues of justice and hu- 
manity. 

Argonautica (-orum), the account of the 
expedition of the Argonauts for the recovery of 
tile golden fleece; such as that of Valerius Flac- 
cus, Orpheus, &c. 

Argos, {sing-, neut. et Argi, masc. plur.), the 
capital of Argolis in Peloponnesus, about two 
miles from the sea, on the bay called Argolicus 
Sinus. Its walls were built by seven Cyclopians 
who came from Lycia- It was surrounded by 
otrong fortifications, and protected by two cita- 
dels, one of which was called Larissa, from a 
daughter of Pelasgus. It was a very flourishing 
and splendid city, and produced some of the fin- 
est sculptors in the world. Music was also high- 
ly cultivated here, and in the reign of Darius its 
inhabitants were accounted the first musicians 
of the age. The goddess Juno was worshipped 
at Argos with especial honour, and her attach- 
ment to its interests is frequent. y recorded in 



the ancient poets The excellence of its horses 
is shown also by the epitiiet \Tnr6j3oTov, equos 
pascens, which Homer so constantly applies to 
Argos. The trrm Argos in the Macedonian and 
Thessalian dialects signified afield, or plain, and 
was frequently adopted by the Pelasgi in their 
various settlements. Eurip. Troad. 10S7. Here. 

Fur. Vo.—Paus. 2, 22 — Liu. 34, '■^5 Herod. 3, 

V6\. — Virg. ^n. 1, 24.— iJor. Canra. 1, 7, 8.— 

Horn. II. 3, 76. — Strab. 8. A town of Thessaly, 

called Pelasgicon by the Pelasgians. Luca7i^ 0, 

355. A city of Acarnania, called Argos Am- 

philochium, at the south-eastern extremity of 
the Sinus Ambracius, built by Amphilochus, 
son of Amphiaraus. According to others, it was 
founded by Alcmaeon, brother to Amphilochus. 
Its ruins are known by the name of Ambrakia. 

Argus, a son of Arestor; whence he is often 
called Arestorides. He married Ismene, the 
daughter of the Asopus, and distinguished himself 
so much by his strength, that he killed a bull 
which laid waste Arcadia, destroyed a satyr 
equally terrible, and also the Echidna, a dr.>ad- 
ful monster, half a nymph and half a serpent. 
As he had an hundred eyes, of which only two 
were asleep at one time, Juno set him to watch 
lo, whom Jupiter had changed into a heifer; but 
Mercury, by order of Jupiter, slew him, by lull- 
ing all his eyes asleep with the sound of his lyre. 
Juno put the eyes of Argus on the tail of the 
peacock, a bird sacred to her divinity. Moschus 

Idyll. — Ovid. Met. 'i,/ab. 12 et 13 Propert. 1, 

585, &c., el. 3. — ApoUod. 1, 9- 2, 1. A son of 

Agenor. Hygin,fab. 145. A son of Uanaus, 

who built the ship Argo. Id 14. A son of 

Jupiter and Niobe, was the first child which the 
father of the gods had by a mortal. He suc- 
ceeded Phoroneus as king of the country, and 
built Argos, which became the capital of his do- 
minions. He married Evadne, the daughter of 
Strymon and Neeera, by whom he had Jasus, 
Piranthus, Epidaurus, Criasus, &c. Id. 145 et 
I'OD.—Apollod. 2, l.—Paus. 2, 16 et 22.— —A son 

of Pyras and Callirhoe. Hygin. /ab 145. A 

son of Phryxus. Id. 3. A son of Polybus. 

Id. 14. One of Actason's dogs. Apollod 

A dog of Ulysses, which knew his master after 
an absence of 20 years. Homer. Odyss. 17, 300. 

ARGYLLjE, an ancient name of Caare, in Etru- 
ria. Virg. j^n. 7, 652. 8, 478. 

ARGYNNIS, a name of Venus, which she re- 
ceived from Argynnus, a youth who was greatly 
beloved by Agamemnon, and was drowned in 
the Cephisus. Propert. El. 3, 5, 52. — Athen. 
13,8. 

Argyra, a nymph greatly beloved by a shep- 
herd called Selimnus. She was changed into a 
fountain, and the shepherd into a river of the 
same name, whose waters made lovers forget tlie 
object of their affections. {Fid. Selimnus.) 
Pans. 7, 23. A city of Troas. Also the na- 
tive place of Diodorus Siculus in Sicily. 

ArgyraspIdes, a Macedonian legion which 
received this name from their silver helmets. 
Curt. 4, 13. 

ARGYRE, a country of India, on the other side 

of the Ganges. Also a town of India, and the 

capital of the island Jabadii, or Sumatra. It is 
called by Ptolemy Argentea, and us site corre- 
sponds with the modern Acheen. 

Argyripa, a town of Apulia built by Dio- 
med(;s after the Trojan war, and called by Poly- 
bius Argipana. Only ruins remain to show 
wliere it once stood, though the place biill 



ART 



90 



ARI 



preserves the name of Arpi. Virg. ^n. 11, 
216. 

Aria, a province of Ariana, touching to the 
east upon (he Paropamisadae, to the north upon 
Margiana, to the west upon Parthia, and to the 
south upon Drangiana. It derived its name from 
its chief tribe the Arii. It was much famed for 
its excellent wine. Mela 1, 2. 2, 7. The he- 
roic wife of Cajcinna Pstus, of Padua, a Roman 
senator, who, being suspected of a conspiracy 
against the emperor Claudius, was ordered to 
destroy himself. Perceiving him hesitate, she 
pUmged a dagger into her breast, and presented 
it to her husband with these words: " Pcpte, non 
doZef"— Pastus, it is not painful, Plin. 7. 

Ariadne, daughter of Minos II., king of 
Crete, by Pasiphae, fell in love with Tneseus, 
w ho was shut up in the labyrinth to be devoured 
by the Minotaur, and gave him a clue of thread, 
by which he extricated himself from the difficult 
windings of his confinement. After he had 
conquered the Minotaur, he carried her away 
according to the promise he had made, and 
married her; but when he arrived at the island 
of Naxos he forsook her, though she was already 
pregnant, and repaid his love with the most en- 
dearing tenderness. Ariadne was so disconsolate 
upon being abandoned by Theseus, that she hung 
herself, according to some ; but Plutarch says 
that she lived many years after, and had some 
children by Onarus the priest of Bacchus. Ac- 
cording to some writers. Bacchus loved her after 
Theseus had forsaken her, and he gave her a 
crown of seven stars, which, after her death was 
made a constellation. The Argives showed 
Ariadne's tomb, and when one of their temples 
was repaired, her ashes were said to have been 
found in an earthen urn. Homer. Odyss. 11, 320, 
says that Diana detained Ariadne at Naxos. 
Plut. in Thes.—Ovid. Met. 8, fab. 2. Heroid. 10. 
De Art. Am. 2. Fast. 3. 4e>2.—CatuU. de Nupt. 

Pel. et Thet. Ep. 61 Hygin. Jab. 14, 43, 270 

Apollod. 3, 1. 

Arijeus, an officer %vho succeeded to the 
command of the surviving army after the death 
of Cyrus the younger, after the battle of Cunaxa. 
He made peace with Artaxerxes. Xenoph. 

Ariamnes, a king of Cappadocia, son of 
Ariarathes III- 

Ariana, a country of Asia, bounded on the 
south by Gedrosia, on the east by India, on the 
north by Bactrianaand Scythia, and on the west 
by Parthia and Carmania. It was divided -into 
five principal provinces, namely, Drangiana, 
Arachosia, the Paropamisadas, Aria, and Mar- 
giana. It derived its nSme from Aria, the most 
fertile of its districts. It corresponded with the 
western part of the modern Cabid. 

Ariantas, a king of Scythia, who, in order 
to ascertain the number of the Scythians, or- 
dered each of his subjects, on pain of death, to 
present him with the point of an arrow. The 
heap thus collected was left as a monument of 
the transaction. Herod. 4, 81. 

Ariarathes, a king of Cappadocia, wl.o 
joined Darius Ochus in his expedition against 

Etrypt, where he acquired much glory His 

nephew, the 21 of that name, defended his king- 
dom against Perdiccas, the general of Alexander, 
but he was defeated and hung on a cross in the 
8J St year of his age, 321 B.C. His son Ariar- 
athes III. escaped the massacre which attended 
his father and his followers; and after the death 
of Perdiccas, he recovered Cappadocia, by con- 



quering Amyntas the Macedonian general. He 
was succeeded by his son Ariainnes. Ariara- 
thes IV. succeeded his father Ariamnes, and 
married Stratonice, daughter of AntiochusThro.s. 
He died after a reign of twenty-eight years, B.C. 
220, and was succeeded by his son Ariarathes V , 
a prince who married Antiochia, the daughter of 
king Antiochus, whom he assisted against the 
Romans. Antiochus being defeated, Ariarathes 
saved his kingdom from invasion by paying the 
Romans a large sum of money remitted at the 

instance of the king of Pergamus. His son, 

the 6th of that name, called Philopater, from his ' 
piety, succeeded him 166 B.C. An alliance with 
the Romans shielded him against the false claims 
that were laid to his crown by one of the favour- 
ites of Demetrius, king of Syria. He was main- 
tained on his throne by Attains, and assisted his 
friends of Rome against Aristonicus the usurper 
of Pergamus; but he was killed in the war B.C. 
130, leaving six children, five of whom were 

murdered by his surviving viife Laodice. 

The only one who escaped, Ariarathes VII., 
was proclaimed king, and soon after married 
Laodice, the sister of Mithridates Eupator, by 
whom he had two sons. He was murdered by 
an illegitimate brother, upon which his widow 
Laodice gave herself and kingdom to Nicomedes 
king of Bithynia. Mithridates made war against 
the new king, and raised his nephew to the 

throne. The young king, who was the 8th of 

the name of Ariarathes, made war against the 
tyrannical Mithridates, by whom he was assassi- 
nated in the presence of both armies, and the 
murderer's son, a child eight years old, was 
placed on the vacant throne. The Cappado- 
cians revolted, and made the late monarch's 
brother, Ariarathes IX., king ; but Mithridates 
expelled him, and restored his own son. The 
exiled prince died of a broken heart, and Nico- 
medes of Bithynia, dreading the power of the 1^ 
tyrant, interested the Rom.ans in the affairs of » 
Cappadocia. The arbiters wished to make the V 
country free; but the Cappadocians demanded a S 
king, and received Ariobarzanes, B.C. 91. On p 
the death of Ariobarzanes, his brother ascended i 
the throne, under the name of Ariarathes X.; 
but his title was disputed by Sisenna, the eldest 
son of Glaphyra, by Archelaus priest of Comana. 
M. Antony, who was umpire between the con- 
.tending parties, decided in favour of Sisenna; 
but Ariara'hes recovered it for a while, though 
he was soon after obliged to yield in favour of 
Archelaus, the second son of Glaphyra, B.C. 
36. Diod. IS.—Justm. 13 et 29. — Strab. 12. 

Aribb^us, a general mentioned by Polycen. 
7, 29. |- 

Aricia, an Athenian princess, niece to Ving p 
jSlgeus, whom Hippolytus married after he had P 
been raised from the dead by ^Esculapius. He 
built a city in Italy, which he called by her K 
name. He had a son by her called Virbius. V 

Ovid. Met. 15, bii.— Virg. ^n. 7, 762, &c. A V 

very ancient town of Italy, now Riccia. built by ' 
Hippolytus. son of Theseus, after he had been 
raised from the dead by ^sculapius, and trans- 
ported into Italy by Diana. In a grove in the 
neighbourhood of Aricia, Theseus built a temple 
to Diana, where he established the same rites as 
were in the temple of that goddess in Tauris. 
The priest of this temple, called Rex, was al- j 
ways a fugitive, and the murderer of his prede- I 
cessor, and went always armed with a dagger, to P 
prevent whatever attempts might be made upon r 



ARI 



91 



ARI 



his life by one who wished to be his successor. 
The Arician forest, frequently calied nemorensis 
or nemoralis sylva, was very celebrated, and no 
horses would ever enter it, because Hippolytus 
had been killed by them. Egeria, the favourite 
nymph, and invisible protectress of Numa, gen- 
erally resided in this famous grove, which was 
situated on the Appian way, beyond mount Al- 
banus. Ovid. Met. 15. Fast. 3. 263.— Lucan. 6, 
l^.— Vir^.Mn. 7, 761. &c. 

Aricina, a surname of Diana, from her tem- 
ple near Aricia. {^Vid. Aricia.) The mother 

of Octavius. Cic. Phil. 3, 6. 

ARIDiEUS, a companion of Cyrus the younc^er. 
After the death of his friend, he reconciled him- 
self to Artaxerxes, by betraying to him the sur- 
viving Greeks in their return. Diod. An il- 
legitimate son of Philip, who, after the death of 
Alexander, was made king of Macedonia, till 
Roxane, who was pregnant by Alexander, 
brought into the world a legitimate male succes- 
sor, Aridaeus had not the free enjoyment of his 
senses; and therefore Perdiccas, one of Alex- 
ander's generals, declared himself his protector, 
and even married his sister to strengthen their 
connexion. He was seven years in possession of 
the sovereign power, and was put to death with 
his wife Eurydice, by Olympias. Justin. 9, 8. — 
Diod. 

Arienis, daughter of Alyattes, married As- 
tj ages king of Media Herod. 1, 74. 

ARIETIS Frons, or, in Greek, Criu-metopon, 
a promontory in the Chersonesus Taurica, oppo- 
site to Carambis in Paphlagonia. 

ARIG^UM, a town of India, which Alexander 
found burnt, and without inhabitants. Arrian. 
4. 

ArIi, a savage people of India of Arabia. 

Pliyi. 6. of Scythia. Herod. of Germany. 

Tacit. 

ARiMA, a place of Cilicia or Syria, where Ty- 
phoeus was overwhelmed under the ground. 
Homer. II. 2. 

ARIMANIUS, a god of Persia and Media, who 
presided over the evils and disorders of human 
life, in the same manner as Oromagdes, another 
divinity, presided over the moral and physical 
order of things. Zoroast. in Plut. de Isid. et 
Osir . 

ARIMASPI, a people who inhabited the coun- 
try which bordered upon Arimaspias, a river of ■ 
Scythia. The name is derived from two Scythian 
words, arirna, one, and spou, an eye, from their 
having been said to have only one eye. The ap- 
pellation of one-eyed was probably given from 
the circumstance of their being expert archers. 
They are said to have waged a continual contest 
with the griffins, monstrous animals who col- 
lected the gold from the river Arimaspias. Piin. 
7, 2.— Herod. 3 et i. — Strab. 1 et 13. 

Arimasth^, a people near the Euxine sea. 
Orpheus, Argon. 

Arimazes, a powerful prince of Sogdiana, 
who treated Alexander with much insolence, 
and even asked, whether he could tly to aspire 
to so extensive a dominion. He surrendered, 
and was cruelly exposed on a cross wiih his 
friends and relations. Curt. 7, II. 

Arimi, a nation of Syria. Strah. 

ARiMlNUM, a city of Urabria in Ita y, at the 
mouth of the river Ariminus, on the coast, not 
far to the south-east of the Rubicon. It was 
founded by the Umbri, and afterwards inhabited 
partly by them and partly by the Pelasgi. The 



Romans sent a colony to it, A.U.C. 483. From 
that time, it was considered as a mosi important 
place, and the key of Italy on the eastern coast: 
hence a Roman army was generally placed there 
during the Gallic and Punic wars. It was here 
that Tib. Sempr. Gracchus landed from Sicily to 
reinforce Scipio after the battle of the Ticinus. 
It was the first city taken by Ca3sar after his 
crossing the Rubicon. Among its antiquities is 
the suggestum, or pedestal, from which he is said 
to have harangued his soldiers. It is now called 
Rimini, Appian. Bell. Civ. 2, 11.— Polyb. 2, 23 
3, 77.— Lip. 21, 51.—Hor. Epod. 5, 42. 

ARlMiNUS, a river of Italy, rising in the Ap- 
pennine mountains, and falling into the sea at 
Ariminum. It is now the Marecchia, Plin. 

3, 15. 

ARIMPH7E1. Vid. Argippaei. 

Arimus, a king of Mysia. Varro. 

Ariobarzanes, a man made king of Cappa- 
docia by the Romans, after the troubles which 
the false Ariarathes had raised, had subsided. 
Mithridates drove him from his kingdom, but 
the Romans restored him. He followed the in- 
terest of Pompey, and fought at Pharsalia against 
Julius Caesar. He and his kingdom were pre- 
served by means of Cicero. Cic. Ep. ad Attic. 5, 

29. —Horat. Ep. 6, 3S.—Flor. 3, 5. A satrap of 

Phrygia, w ho, after the death of Mithridates, in- 
vaded the kingdom of Pontus, and kept it for 5^6 
years. He was succeeded by the son of Mithri- 
dates. Diod. 17. A general of Darius, who 

defended the passes of Susa with 15,000 foot 
against Alexander. After a bloody encounter 
with the Macedonians, he was killed as he at- 
tempted to seize the city of Persepolis. Diod. 

17 — Curt. 4 et 5. A Mede, of elegant stature, 

and great prudence, whom Tiberius appointed 
to settle the troubles of Armenia. Tacit. An. 2, 

4. A mountain between Parthia and the 

country of the Massagetse.- A satrap, who re- 
volted from the Persian king. 

Ariomandes, son of Gobryas, was general of 
Alliens against the Persians. Plut. in dm. 

ARIOMARDUS, a SOU of Darius, in the army 
of Xerxes when he went against Greece. Herod. 
7, 78. 

ARIOMEDES, a pilot of Xerxes. 

Arion, a famous lyric poet and musician, son 
of Cyclos, of Methymna, in the island of Lesbos. 
After having resided at the court of Periander, 
in Corinth, he travelled into Italy and Sicily, 
and acquired great wealth by the profession of 
music. On his return to Greece, the sailors of 
the Corinthian vessel in iphich he was carried, 
tempted by his treasures, conspired to throw him 
overboard. Arion requested and received per- 
mission to play one tune before his death, and, 
as soon as it was finished, he threw himself into 
the sea. A number of dolphins had been at- 
tracted round the ship by the sweetness of his 
music; and it is said that one of them carried 
him safe on its back to Taenarus, whence he 
hastened to his friend Periander, who ordered 
all the sailors to be crucified at their return. 
Ovid. Fast. 2, %3.—De Am. Art. 3.— Martial. 8, b. 
—Plin. 9, 8.—Aul. Gell. 16, 19.~Hygin. 194, &c, 

A horse, sprung from Ceres and Neptune. 

Ceres, when she travelled over the world in 
quest of her daughter Proserpine, had taken the 
figure of a mare, to avoid the importuning ad- 
dresses of Neptune. The god changed himself 
also into a horse, and from their union arose a 
daughter called Hera, and the horse Arion, 



ARI 



92 



ARI 



which hal the po'.vor of speech, fhr= feet on the 
right side like those of a riian, ;',nci the re^t of the 
»)-)(ly like a horse. Ariun was brought up by the 
Nereides, who often harnessed him to his father's 
chariot, which he drew over the sea v.ith uncom- 
mon swiftness. Neptune gave him to Copreus, 
who presented him to Hercules. Adrastus, I<ing 
of Artios, received him as a present from Her- 
cules, and with this wonderful animal he won 
the prize at the Nemasan games. A. ion, there- 
fore, is often called the horse of Adrastus. Paus. 
8, ■ZD.-Propct-t. El. 2, 34, ■6l.—Apollod. 3, G. 

ARIOVISTt:s, a king of the Germans, who 
assisted 'he Gauls against the Romans, and was 
defeated by J. Cajsar. Ccfs. Bell. Gall. \.~Tacit. 
Hist. 4. 

ARIS, a river of Me?5enia. Paus 4, 31. 

ARlSBA, a tonn of Lesbos, destroyed by an 

earthquake. Plin. 5, 31. A colony of the 

Mityleneans in Troas, destroyed by the Trojans 
before the coming of the Greeks. " Virg. JEti. 9, 

2(j^.— Honier. II. 7. The name of Priam's first 

wife, and mother of ^i^sacus; divorced that the 
monarch misrht marry Hecuba. Apollod 3. 23. 

Arist^i:netus, a Greek writer who lived in 
the tourlh century. He was a native of Nic^a 
in Bithynia, and the friend of Libanius. He 
perished in an earthquake which happened at 
N:comedia, A.D 35S. He has left two books of 
elesant love epistles. The best edition is by 
Boissonade. Paris. 1822, 8vo. 

Arist.^;nus, a pra^'.or of the Achiean league. 
Lio. 32. 1;). 

ArisT-EU:.i. a citv of Thrace, at the foot of 
mount Haiinus. Plin. 4, 11. 

Arist^us, son of Apollo and the nymph 
Cyrene, was born in the deserts of Libya, and 
brought up by the Seasons, and fed upon nectar 
and ambrosia. His fondness for hunting procured 
him ihe surname of Nomus and Agreus. After 
he had travelled over the greatest part of the 
world, Aristagus came to settle in Greece, where 
he married Autonoe, the daughter of Cadmus, 
by whom he had a son called Actseon. The 
u'ifortunate deaih of this son rendered him 
inconsolable, and he passed into Sardinia, 
attended by some Greeks; from w hence he visited 
Sicily and the island of Cos, where some of his 
children settled. He, as Hyginus and Virgil 
relate, fell in love with Kurydice, the wife of 
Orpheus, and when she rejected his addresses, 
he pursued her in the fields. She was stung by 
a serpent that lay in the grass, and died, for 
which the gods destroyed all the bees ol Aristeeus. 
In this calamity he applied to his mother, who 
directed him to seize 4|ie sea-god Proteus, and 
consult him how he might repair the losses he 
had sustained. Proteus advised him to appease 
the manes of Eurydice by the sacrifice of four 
bulls and four heifers; and as Sf.on as he had 
done it and left them in the air, swarms of bees 
immediately sprang from the rotten carcasses, 
and restored Aristajus to his lormer prosperity. 
Some authors say, that Aristasushad the care of 
Bacchus when voune:, and that he w as initiated 
in the mysteries of this god. Aristseus went to 
live on mount Htemur, where he died. He was, 
after death, worshipped as a demi-god. Aristajus 
is said to have learned Irom the nymphs the cul- 
tivation of olives, and the management of bees, 
&c., which he afterwards communicated to the 
rest of mankind. Firg. G. ^, o\7-—Diod. 4.— 
Justin. 13. l.— Qi-id. Fast. 1, SG3.-C/f. de Nat. 
D. 3, IS.— Paws. 10, Vi.—Hygin. fab. 161, UO, 



2^7 .— Apollnd. 3, -t—Herod. 4, 4, ^c- Fvly^ru 
I, 24. A general who commanded the Cor- 
inthian forces at the siege of Potidaa. He w as 
taken by the Athenians and put to death. 

ARlSTAGORAS, a writer who composed a 

history of Egypt. Plin. 36, 12. A son-in-law 

of Histiaeus, tyrant of Miletus, who revolted from 
Darius, and incited the Athenians to take up 
arms against the Persians, and restore the Gre- 
cian cities of Ionia to their native independence. 
In this undertaking he, with the assistance of 
his all'ies, attacked Sardis, w hich he reduced to 
ashes; but the Persian monarch was so exasper- 
ated at this act of hostility from the Athenians, 
that every evening before supper he ordered his 
servants to remind him of punishing the Athen- 
ians. Aristai-'oras at last, after displaying great 
powers of mind in his endeavours to restore 
libertv to Asia, was killed in Thrace, in a battle 
against the Persians, B- C. 499. Heicd. 5, 30, 

&c. 7, 8.—Poly(Tn. 1, 24. A man of Cyzicus. 

An; therof Cun^as. Herod. 4. 

Aristander, acelebrated soothsayer, greatly 
esteemed by Alexander. Pint, in Alex. — Plin. 
17, 25. • An Athenian, who wrote on agricul- 
ture. 

ARISTANDROS, a statuary of Sparta. P^us. 
3, 18. 

ARISTARCHE, a matron of Eihp?n?, who by 
order of Diana sailed to the coasts of Gaul with 
the Phoca;ans, and was made priestess. Strab. 4. 

AriSTARCHUS, a celebrated grammarian, was 
a native of Samothrace. He lived the greatest 
part of his life at Alexandria, and Ptolemy 
Philometor entiusted him with the education of 
his son. He was famous for his critical powers; 
and he revised the poems of Homer with such 
severity, that ever after all severe critics were 
called Aristarchi. He criticised also the works 
of Pindar, Aratus, and other poets. It is said by 
the ancient commentators on Homer, that Aris- 
tarchus first divided the Iliad and Odyssey into 
books, answering to the order and number of 
the Greek letfers. It was his practice to con- 
demn those verses as spurious, which did not 
appear to him to le worthy of Homer, and to 
mark them with an obelisk; and, on the con- 
trary, todistiniruish those which he thought par- 
ticularly excellent w ith an asterisk. He wrote 
about eight hundred books of commentaries on 
different authors, much esteemed in his age. In 
his old age he became dropsical, upon which he 
starved himself, and died in his 72d year, B.C. 
157, in the isle of Cyprus. He left two sons called 
Aristarchus and Aristagoras, both famous for 
their stupidity. The first of these was sold as a 
slave, but out of respect for the merits of his 
father, the Athenians restored him to liberty. 
Ho7-at. de Art. Poet. Ao^.— Ovid. Ep. ex Pont. 3, 
9, 24.— a'c. Ep. ad Fam. 3. 11. ad Attic. 1, 14 — 
Quintil. in, 1 A tragic poet of Tegea in Ar- 
cadia, about 4.')4 years B.C. He composed 70 
tragedies, of which two only were rewarded wiih 
the prize. (Jne of them, called Achilles, was 
imitated by Ennius, and also by Plautus in his 

Pcemdus. Suidas. A physician to queen 

Berenice, the widow of Antiochus. Pohjcen. 8. 

An orator of Ambracia. An astronomer 

of Samos, who flourished about B.C. 2S0. He 
is said to have been the first who asserted the 
rotation of the earth upon its axis, and its motion 
about the sun. He also maintained that the 
orbit of the earth is a mere point, compared with 
the distance of the fixed stars. lie louiid tl.^t 



AR 



93 



ARI 



'! the diameter of the earth bears a greater propor- 
j tion to that of the moon, than that of lO.S to 43, 
I but less than that of GO to 1 ,1, a result sufficienLly 
exact. He estimated the diameter of the sun at 
the 180th part of the zodiac, but some very con- 
siderable error must have been committed in his 
I observation, as it is only the 720th part of the 
j zodiac. The only work of Aristarchus now 
I extant is a treatise on the magnitudes and dis- 
i tances of the sun and moon. The best edition 
, is that of Wallis, Oxon. 8vo, 16S8. 

Aristazanes, a noble Persian in favour with 
I Artaxerxes Ochus. Diod. 16. 
! ARiSTiiAS, a poet of Proconnesus, who, as 
' fables report, appeared seven years after his 
death to his countrymen, and 540 years after to 
j the people of Metapontum in Italy, and com- 
i manded them to raise him a statue near the 
temple of Apollo. He wrote an epic poem on 
i the Arimaspi in three books, and some of his 
I verses are quoted by Longinus. Herod. 4, 13. — 

Strab. 14. —Max. Tyr. 22. A physician of 

|l Rhodes. A geometrician, intimate with 

I Euclid, A poet, son of Demochares, in the 

ij age of Croesus An officer under Ptolemy 

j Phila.'elphus. He is said to have been a Jew by 
birth, and to have had a principal share in getting 
I the Hebrew scriptures translated into Greek, 
' which version is called the Septuagint. A his- 
tory of that version is ascribed to him, though 
its authority is questionable. It was printed at 
Oxford in 1692, in 8vo. 

ARlSTitRA, an island south-east of the penin- 
sula of Argoiis. It is now Hydra. Paus. 2, 34. 

Aristeus, a man of Argos, who excited king 
Pyrrhus to take up arms against his countrymen, 
the Argives. Polycen. 8, 6S. 

ARlSTHfiNES, a shepherd who found .^Escula- 
pius, when he had been exposed in the woods by 
his mother Coronis. 
I Aristhus, an historian of Arcadia. Dionys. 
Hal. 1. 

; Aristibus, a river of Posonia. Polycen. 4, 
12. 

Aristides, a celebrated Athenian, son of 
Lysiniachus, whose great temperance and virtue 
procured him the surname of Just. He was rival to 
Themistocles, by whose influence he was banished 
for ten years, B.C. 484; but before six years of 
his exile had elapsed, he was recalled by the 
Athenians. He was at the battle of Salamis, 
and was appointed chief commander with Paus- 
anias against Mardonius, who was defeated at 
Plataea. He died so poor, that the expenses of 
his funeral were defrayed at the public charge, 
and his two daughters, on account of their 
father's virtues, received a dowry from the pub- 
lic treasury when they were come to marriage- 
able years. Poverty, however, seemed heredi- 
tary in the family of Aristides, for the grandson 
was seen in the public streets, getting his liveli- 
hood by explaining dreams. The Athenians 
became more virtuous in imitating their great 
leader; and from the sense of his good qualities, 
at the representation of one of the tragedies of 
jEschylus, on the mentioning of a sentence con- 
cerning moral goodness, the eyes of the audi- 
ence were all at once turned from the actor to 
Aristides. When he sat as judge, it is said that 
the plaintiff, in his accusation, mentioned the 
injuries his opponent had clone to Aristides, 
•* Mention the wrongs you have received," 
replied the equitable Athenian, " I sit here as 
judge, and the lawsuit is yours, and not mine." 



C. Nep. et Plut. in Vit i. An historian of Mi- 
letus, fonder of stories, and of anecdote*, than of 
truth. He wrote a history of Italy, of which 
the 40th volume has been quoted by Plut. in 

Farall. An athlete, who obtained a prize at 

the Olympian, Nemean, and Pythian games. 

Pans. 6, 16. A painter of Thebes in Boeotia, 

contemporary with Apelles, whose skill was dis- 
played in delineating the affections and emotions 
of the soul. Pliny speaks of some of his paint- 
ings which were still extant in his age, and men- 
tions that Attains offered for one 60OO sesterces. 

Plin. 7, 31 35, 10 et 11. ^lius, a sophist of 

the second century, born at Adrianum in Bithy- 
nia. When Smyrna was destroyed by an earth- 
quake, he wrote so pathetic a letter to M. 
Aurelius, that the emperor ordered the city im- 
mediately to be rebuilt. The inhabitants showed 
their gratitude for this service, by erecting a 
statue to his memory. He died about the 61)th 
year of his age. His works consist of hymns in 
prose in honour of the gods, funeral orations, 
apologies, panegyrics, and harangues, the best 
edition of which is that of Jebb, 2 vols. 4to. 
Oxon. 1722, and that of Dindorf, 3 vols- bvo. 

Leip. 1829. A man of Locris, who died by the 

bite of a weasel. JElian. V. H. 14. A philo- 

sopher of Mysia, intimate with M. Antoninus. 
An Athenian, who wrote treatises on ani- 
mals, trees, and agriculture. 

Aristillus, a philosopher of the Alexan- 
drian school, who about 30O years B. C attempted 
with Timocharis to determine the place of the 
different stars in the heavens, and to trace the 
course of the planets. 

Aristio, a sophist of Athens, who by the sup- 
port of Archelaus, the general of Mithridates, 
seized the government of his country, and made 
himself absolute. When driven from his usurpa- 
tion by the success of Sylla, he destroyed him- 
self by poison. Liv. 81 et 82. 

Aristippus, the elder, a philosopher of 
Gyrene, disciple to Socrates, and founder of the 
Cyrenaic sect, who flourished about 400 B.C. 
He had, when he first attended Socrates, an 
inclination for self-indulgence, which that philo- 
sopher eventually succeeded in rendering more 
elevated, without being able to eradicate. He 
was the first disciple of the Socratic school who 
took money for his instructions. Being obliged 
to leave Athens in consequence of the irregu- 
larity of his conduct, he visited the island of 
jEgina, where he met with the celebrated Lais, 
whom he accompanied to Corinth. During his 
passage from Corinth to Asia, he was shipwrecked 
on the island of Rhodes. He afterwards repaired 
to Syracuse, to the court of Dionysius, where he 
insinuated himself into the royal favour, by the 
politeness and flexibility of his manners. He 
left Syracuse before the expulsion of the tyrant; 
but whether he went back into his own country, 
and when or from what cause he died, are cir- 
cumstances concerning which nothing certain is 
known. Aristippus made the chief good of man 
to consist in enjoyment, accompanied with good 
taste and freedom of mind. Many of his repar- 
tees and maxims are recorded by Diogenes Laer- 
tius. Hot Epist. 1, 17, 23 — C«c. Ep. Fam. 9, 
26. Fin 2, 71. 5, 128. Tusc. Qucest. 2, 6. 3. 13. 

Off 3, d'i.—Diog. Laert. His grandson of the 

same name, called the younger, was a warm 
defender of his opinions, and supported that the 
principles of all things were pain and pleasure. 
He flourished about 363 years B.C. Cic Fin, %, 



94 



ARI 



6. Oral. 3, M.—Horai. Ep. ], 17, 14. A 

ryr;mt ol' Argos, whose life was one continued 
series of apprehension. He was killed by a 
Cretan in a battle against Aratus, B.C. 242. 

Diov. A man who wrote a history of Arcadia. 

Diog. 2. 

M. ARI3TIU3, a tribune of the soldiers in 

Caesar's army. C^s. Bell GaU.7,i2. Another. 

(^Vid. Fuscu;.) A satirist, who wrote a poem 

called Cyclops. 

Aristo. Vid, Ariston. 

ARisroBULA, a name given to Diana by The- 
mistocles. 

ARlSTOBtJLUS, a name common to some of 
the high priests and kings of Judea, &c. One of 
them was led in triumph by Pompey. Pint, in 

Pomp. — Flor 2, b. — Eutrop. 6, \Q —Joseph. 

A brother of Epicurus. A king of Armenia 

Minor. Tacit. Ann. 13, 17. One of Alexan- 
der's attendants, who wrote the king's life, 
replete with adulation and untrutli. Arrian 
followed his authority in several instances. 

Plut. in Den, &c. A Jew of Alexandria, who 

lived in the reign of Ptolemy Philo netor. He 
was an admirer of the Greek philosophy, and 
united the study of the Aristotelian system with 
that of the laws of Moses. 

Aristoclea, a beautiful woman, seen naked 
by Strato, as she was offering a sacrifice. She 
was passionately loved by Callisthenes, and was 
equally admired by Strato. The two rivals so 
furiously contended for her hand, that she died 
during their quarrel, upon which Strato killed 
himself, and Callisthenes was never seen alter. 
Plut in Am it. 

ARlsroCLES, a peripatetic philosopher of 
M^ssenia, who reviewed, in a treatise on philo- 
sophy, the opinions of his predecessors. The 
14ih book of this treatise is quoted, &c. He also 
wrote on rhetoric, and likewise nine books on 

morals. A grammarian of Rhodes. A 

stoic of Lampsacus. .\ historian. Strab 4. 

A musician, Athen. SfC. A prince of 

Te^aei, &c. Pohj^nn. This name is common 

ti> many Greeks, of whom few or no particulars 
are recorded. 

ARISTOCLIDES, a tyrant of Orchomenus, who, 
bet-ause he could not win the affection of Stym- 
phalis, killed her and her father, upon which 
all Arcadia took up arms and destroyed the mur- 
derer. 

ARiSTOCRATSS, a king of Arcadia, put to 
death by his subjects for offering violence to the 
priestess of Diana. Pans. 8, 5. His grandson, 
of the same name, was stoned to death for taking 
bribes, during the second Messenian war, and 
b-ing the cause of the defeat of his Messenian 

allies, B.C. 632. Id. Ibid. A Rbodian A 

Man who endeavoured to destroy the democra- 

t cal power at Athens An Athenian general, 

.-•enc to the assistance of Corcyra with 25 galleys. 

Diod. 15. An Athenian, who was punished 

\y\th death for flying from the field of battle. 

A Greek historian, son of Hipparchus. Plut. in 
Lyc. 

A.RISTOCREON, the writer of a book on geo- 
graphy. 

Aristocritus, wrote a treatise concerning 
Miletus. 

Aristodeme, a daughter of Priam. 

Aristodemus, son of Aristomachus, was one 
of th- Heraclidas. He, with his brothers Te- 
menu-; mu:1 Cresphootes, invaded Peloponnesus, 
c<"ii'ia: i-e.i it, and divided the country among 



themselves. 1104 years before the Christian era. 
He married Arsia, daughter of Au'.esion, by 
whom he had the twins Procles and Eui^s- 
thenes, who married two twins. He was killed 
by a thunderbolt at Naupactum; though some 
say that he died at Delphi in Phocis, and others 
that he was murdered by the sons of Pvlades 
and Electra. Apollod. 2, 37.—Paus. 2. IS. 3, 1 et 

16 —Herod. 7, 204. 8, 131. A king of Messenia, 

who maintained a famous war against Sparta. 
After some losses, he recovered his strength, and 
so effectually defeated the enemy's forces, that they 
were obliged to prostitute their women to re- 
people their country. The offspring of this pro- 
stitution were called Partheniae, and 30 years 
after their birth they left Sparta, and seized 
upon Tarentum. Aristodemus put his daughter 
CO death for the good of his country ; but being 
afterwards persecuted in a dream by her manes, 
he killed himself, after a reign of six years and 
some months, in which he had obtained much 
military glory, B C. 724. His death was lament- 
ed by his countrymen, who did not appoint him 
a successor, but only invested Damis, one of his 
friends, with absolute power to continue the war, 
which was at last terminated after much blood- 
shed and many losses on both sides. Paus. in 

Messen. A tyrant of Cumae. A philosopher 

of .Eiina. An Alexandrian, who wrote some 

treatises, &c A Spartan, who taught One 

children of Pausanias. A man who was pre- 
ceptor to the children of Pompey A tyrant 

of Arcadia. A Carian, who wrote a history of 

painting-. A philosopher of Nysa, B.C. 6S. 

Amstogenes, a physician of Cnidos. who 
obtained great reputation by the cure of Deme- 
trius Gonatas, king of Macedonia. A Thasian, 

who wrote 24 books on medicine. 

AristogitOxV, a citizen of Athens, whose 
name was rendered memorable by a conspiracy 
formed, in conjunction with his friend Harmo- 
dius, against the tyrants Hippias and Hippar- 
chus, the sons of Pisistratus. They succeeded 
in killing Hipparchus; but, not being seconded 
by the people, Harmodius was despatched by the 
guards, and Aristogiton taken prisoner. Hippias 
instituted a severe inquisition into the plot, and 
put Aristogiton to the torture, in order to make 
him confess his confederates; upon which he is 
reported to have named the most intimate 
friends of the tyrant in succession, who were 
instantly put to death. On being asked by Hip- 
pias if there were any more, " there now re- 
mains," said Aristogiton, with a smile, " only 
yourself worthy of death." Hippias being 
expelled three years after, the Athenians paid 
the greatest honours to the two friends, Harmo- 
dius and Aristositon, placing in the forum their 
statues by Praxiteles, singing hymns to their 
praise at the Panathenasa, and decreeing that no 
slave should ever bear their names. Paus. i, 

'Z'^.— Herod. 5, bo.— Plut. de, 10, Orat. An 

Athenian orator, surnamed Cariis, from his im- 
pudence. He wrote orations against Timar- 
chus, Timotheus, Kyperides, and Thrasyllu.s. 

A statuary. Paus. 

Aristolaus, a painter. Plin. 35, 11. 
AristoMACHE, the wife of Dionysius of 

Syracuse. Cic. Tusc. 5, 20 1 he wife of 

riion. A poetess. Plut. Symp. .A daugh- 
ter of Priam, who married Critolaus. Puus. 10, 
26. 

ARISTOMACHCS, an Athenian, v^ho wrote 
concerning the preparation of wine. Ptin. 14; i). 



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- — One of Hippodamia's suitors. Pans. 6, 21. 
A son of Talaus and Lysimache, the daugh- 
ter of Abas. ApoUod. 1, 25. The father of 

Hippomedon, one of the seven chiefs against 

Thebes. Id.'S, 11. A chief of Crotona, who 

prevailed upon his party to deliver their city to 
Hannibal, Lio. 24, 2 et 3. A man so exces- 
sively fond of bees, that he devoted 58 years of 
his life in raising swarms of them. Plin. 11, 9- 

The son of Cleodasus, and grandson of Hyl- 

lus, whose three sons, Cresphontes, Timenus, 
and Aristodemus. called HeraclidcB, conquered 
Peloponnesus Pans. 2, 7. 3, 15. — Herod. 6, 7 

et 8. A man who laid aside his sovereign 

p )wer at Argos, at the persuasion of Aratus. 
Pans. 2, 8. 

ARISTOMEDKS, a Thess.ilian general in the 
interest of Darius III. Curt. 3, 9, 

Aristomenes, a commander of the fleet of 
Darius on the Hellespont, conquered by the 

Macedonians. Curt. 4, 1. A celebrated 

Greek, tlie son of Nicomedes, and descended 
from the royal family of Messene. Indignant at 
the grievous servitude under which his country- 
men were held by the Spartans, he excited them 
to take up arms; and thus commenced the second 
Messenian war, B.C. 6i5 which terminated, B.C. 
668. In the first engagement, which was not 
attended with any decisive result, Aristomenes 
gained so much reputation, that his countrymen 
unanimously saluted him king. He refused, 
however, to assume the tifle, and was satisfied 
with that of general. He once defended the vir- 
tue of some Spartan women, whom his soldiers 
had attempted; and when he was taken prisoner 
and carried to Sparta, the women whom he had 
protected, interested themselves so warmly in 
his cause, that they procured his liberty. He 
acquired the surname of Just, from his equity, 
to which he joined the true valour, sagacity, and 
perseverance of a general. He often entered 
Sparta without being kno«n, and was so dexter- 
ous in eluding the vigilance of the Lacedaemon- 
ians, who had taken him captive, that he twice 
escaped from them. Af:er the conclusion of the 
second Messenian war, which brought his coun- 
try under the domination of Sparta, he sent the 
Messenians to Sicily, where they built the city of 
Messene, while he remained in Greece himself, 
watching an opportunity to retaliate on the Spar- 
tans. Such was his reputation, that when Da- 
magetus, the king of llyssus, in the island of 
Rhodes, was ordered by an oracle to marry the 
daughter of the most illustrious Greek, he unhe- 
sitatingly chose the daughter of Aristomenes. 
On a visit to his son-in-law, Aristomenes was 
seized with a distemper which put an end to his 

life. Diod. 15.— Paus. in Messen. A Spartan, 

sent to the assistance of Dionysius. Polycen. 2. 

Ariston, the son of Agasicles, king of Sparta. 
Beina unable to raise children by two wives, he 
married another famous for her beauty, by whom 
he had, after seven months, a son Demaratus, 
whom he had the imprudence to call not his 

own, Herod. 6. 61, &c A general of ^tolia. 

-A sculptor. A Corinthian, who assisted 

the Syracusans against the Athenians. 

An ofilcer in Alexander's armv. A tvrant 

of Methymna, who, being ignorant that Chios 
had surrendered to the Macedonians, en- 
tered the harbour, and was taken and put to 

death. Curt 4, 9, A stoic philosopher of 

Chios, who lived about 260 B.C. He attempted 
to ioim a sect oi his own, and treated lo-ic and 



physics as useless. He taught that all actions 
are indifferent in themselves, though ha main- 
tained that virtue is the chief good. He died in 
consequence of the scorching rays of the sun 
striking upon his bald head- Cic. de Fin. 4, 27. 

A lawyer in Trajan's reign, whose eulogium 

has been written by Pliny, 22 epist. lib. 1.- 

A peripatetic philosopher of Alexandria, who 
wrote concerning the course of the Nile. Strub. 
A wrestler of Argos, under whom Plato per- 
formed some exercises. A musician of Athens, 

A tragic poet, A peripatetic philosopher 

of Ceos, who flourished about 230 B.C. He was 
the author of Amatory Epistles, quoted by Athen- 

seus. Cic de Fin. 5, 5.—Athen. 10. A native 

of Pella, in the age of Adrian, who wrote on the 
rebellion of the Jews. 

Aristonaut^, a small town of Achaia, on 
the shore of the Sinus Corinthiacus, or Gulf of 
Corinth. Pans 2. 

AristonICUS, son of Eumenes, by a concu- 
bine of Ephesus, 126 B.C., invaded Asia and the 
kingdom of Pergamus, which Attalus had le t 
by his will to the Roman people. He was con- 
quered by the consul Perperna, and strangled in 
prison. Justin. 36, i.—Plor. 2, 20. A musi- 
cian of Olynthus. A grammarian of Alex- 
andria, who w rote a commentary on Hesiodand 
Homer, besides a treatise on the museum estab- 
lished in Alexandria by the Ptolemies. 

Aristokides, a noble statuary. Plin. 34, 14. 

Aristonus, a captain of Alexander's cavalry. 
Curt. 5. ^ 

Aristonymus, a comic poet under Philadel- 
phus, keeper of the library at Alexandria. He 
died of a retention of urine, in his 77th year. 

Athen. One of Alexander's musicians. Plut. 

in A.'ex. 

ARISTOPHANES, a celebrated comic poet, the 
son of Philippus, a native of Rhodes, according 
to some writers, was born about B C. 460. Others 
state that he was a native of ^gina; and all 
agree that he was not born at Athens, though 
domiciliated there in early life. He obtained by 
his talents the privileges of an Athenian citizen. 
He wrote fifty- four comedies, of which eleven 
have been preserved. The first of these in order 
of time is the Acharnians, which was represented 
in the sixth year of the Peloponnesian war, B.C. 
425. It is altogether a political piece, abounding 
in allusions to the state of parties, and seems to 
have been written for the express purpose of 
recommending to the Athenians the cause of 
peace. The Equites, performed B. C. 424, was 
written against the demagogue Cleon, an Athen- 
ian general, who, by his oratory, had made him- 
self a great favourite with the populace of Athens. 
It is said that no one could be found daring 
enough to act the part of Cleon, or to make a 
mask which resembled him, and that Aristo- 
phanes was himself compelled to appear on the 
stage in that character, with his face merely 
painted. The Nubes, exhibited for the first time, 
B. C. 423, contains an attack on the schools of 
the sophists. The notion that the exhibition of 
Socrates in this play was the cause of his death, 
and that Aristophanes was the leagued accom- 
plice of Melitus, has ot late been frequently and 
satisfactorily refuted. The simple consideration 
that Socrates survived the attack for upwa.-'ds of 
twenty years, affords a siifficient answer to any 
such charge. In the Peace and Lysislrate, Aris- 
tophanes ajiain reverts to the evils of the Pelo- 
ponnesian war and the ad vanta^^escf peace, Ja 



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thp U'ax] s, the Birds, and Ihe Ecclesiasousce, he 
takes cognizance of the internal concerns of the 
state; in the ThesmophoriasoiLscB , and the Ranee, 
he attacks the poet Euripides; and in the PLutus 
he institutes a comparison between the relative 
advantages of poverty and riches. Aristophanes 
is distinguished by the keenness of his wit, his 
strong humour, and the purity and elegance of 
his diction. He employs, when it suits his pur- 
pose, every variety of dialect, coins new words 
for the occasion, makes puns without ceasing, 
and displays, at the same time, all the riches and 
beauties of the Greek language. It must be 
confessed, however, that his writings have never 
been a favourite study in this country, partly 
because his allusions tj manners and customs 
are necessarily obscure, and partly also because 
his expressions are often grossly indelicate. The 
exact place which he ought to hold among ancient 
comic poets it is difficult to assign, as none ol 
their entire works have been preserved; but if 
we are inclined to believe Plutarch, he was in 
every respect inferior to Menander. Plato, 
however, is said to have had a high admiration 
of Aristophanes, and recommended the perusal 
of his plays to Dionysius the younger, as the best 
mode of acquiring the purity of the Attic dialect. 
So fond, indeed, was Plato of his works, that 
they are said to have been found under his pillow 
after his death. The best editions of the works 
of Aristophanes, are Kuster's, fol. Amst. 171U ; 
that of Brunck, 4 vols. bvo. Argent. 1781—3; that 
of Invernizius. 3 vols. bvo. Lips. 11 H', and that of 
Bekker, 3 vols. Svo. Lond. 1S29. The Knights, 
Acharnians, and trie IVasps, have been translated 
into English verse by T. Mitchell (Lnnd. 1S22); 
and the Clouds, by R. Cumberland (1797). There 
are several prose translations of single plays ; 
Plutus, by H. Fielding and Dr Young; the Frogs, 
by Mr Dunster; the Birds, by a member of one 
of the Universities (Lond. Ibi2) ; Acharnians ^ 
Knights, Wasps, and Birds, by a graduate of Ox- 
tord (Oxf. It3U). Quinlil. 10, i.-Paterc. 1, 16. 
— Horat. Sat. 1, 4, 1. A grammarian of By- 
zantium, keeper of the library of Alexandria 
under Ptolemy Euergetes. He is said to have 
invented the Greek accents, and to have intro- 
duced a system of punctuation. He was born 
about B.C. 240. Diog. in Plat, et Epic.—Athen. 

9. A Greek historian of Bceotia, quoted by 

Plut. de Herod. Malig. A writer on agricul- 
ture. 

ARISTOPHILIDES, a king of Tarentum, in the 
reign of Darius son of Hystaspes. Herod. 3. 

ARIST JPHON, a painter in the age of Socrates. 
He drew the picture of Alcibiades softly reclin- 
i;,g on the bosom of the courtezan Nemea, and 
ail the people of Athens ran in crowds to be 
spectators of the masterly piece. He also made 
a painting of Mars leaning on the arm of Venus. 

Plut. in Alc.—Athen. \6.—Plin. 35, 11 A 

comic poet in the age of Alexander, many of 
whose fragments are collected in Athenasus. 

Aeistor, the father of Argus the hundred- 

ed keeper of lo. 

ARISTORIDES, the patronymic of Argus. Ovid. 
Met. 1, 624. 

Akistoteleia, a yearly festival in honour 
of Aristotle, instituted by the inhabitants of Sta- 
gir.a, in gratitude for his having procured from 
Alexanier the rebuilding of that town, which 
had been demolished by king Philip 

ARlSTOTi^LES, a ffimous philosopher, born at 
Sta^ira, in Macedonia, B. C. 384. Fiom the 



place of his nativity he obtained the name of the 
Stagyrite. His father Nicomachus was a physi- 
cian, and the friend of Amyntas, king of Mace- 
don. Nicomachus left a coasiderable fortune lo 
hi.^ son, VI ho, at the age of seventeen or eighteen, 
went to Athens, and devoted himself to the 
study of philosophy under Plato. His penetrat- 
ing understanding, and diligent application to 
study, endeared him to his master, who called 
him the "soul of his school," and distinguished 
him above his other disciples. The industry of 
Aristotle in perusing and copying manuscripts 
was unexampled, and almost incredible, and he 
was named, by way of excellence, the student or 
reader. Alike regardless of the honours of a 
court, to which the rank and connexions of his 
family might have entitled him in Macedonia, 
and indifferent to the glory of a name, which his 
great abilities might have attained, he continued 
to reside with Plato for twenty years, till thu 
death of that philosopher, to whose memory he 
erected a monument Little regard is due to 
the story of a quarrel between him and Plato, 
and also to that of his setting up a school in 
opposition to his master during his life. On the 
death of Plato, Aristotle, disgusted that Speu- 
sippus should succeed his uncle, left Athens, and 
went to reside with his friend and fellow-disciple 
Hermias, whom the king of Persia had appoint- 
ed governor of Assus and Atarna in Mysia. 
After passing three years with Hermias, he with- 
drew to Mitylene, the capital of Lesbos, where 
he resided till Philip made choice of him as pre- 
ceptor of his son Alexander, which trust he dis- 
charged with so much ability, that he obtained 
the warm affection of his pupil, and the high 
esteem and confidence of Philip. The letter 
which Philip wrote to Aristotle, vihen he re- 
quested his acceptance of the tuition of his son, 
was couched in the following terms: "Be inform- 
ed that I have a son. I am very thankful to the 
gods, not so much for his birth, as that he was 
born in the same age with you ; for if you will 
take the charge of his education he will become 
worthy both of us, and of the kingdom which he 
will inherit." Upon the accession of Alexander 
to the throne, when he formed the design of 
conquering Asia, Aristotle declined to accom- 
pany him in his expedition, and returned to 
Athens. The separation did not dissolve the 
bond of affection between the royal pupil and 
his preceptor. A friendly correspondence was 
carried on between them; and Alexander, to 
furnish Aristotle materials for his natural his- 
tory, sent him, at a vast expense, from dififerent 
countries, a large collection of animals. At 
Athens, Aristotle obtained permission to open a 
school in the Lyceum, a building which had been 
appropriated to military exercises. As he usu- 
ally walked, whilst discoursing with those who 
came to receive his instructions, his followers 
were called Peripatetics. The doctrine which 
he taught was of two kinds ; the exoteric, em- 
bracing rhetoric, logic, and politics, delivered to 
all young men without distinction ; and the 
acroamatic, or esoteric, intended for the private 
ear of his select disciples. The former lectures 
were given in the evening, the latter in the 
morning; whence Aristotle was said to have his 
morning and his evening walk. The auditors of 
both were numerous. The talents and virtues of 
Aristotle exposed him to envy and calumny. 
After having taught tMi teen years in the Lyceum 
with the greatest reputation, he was charged 



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ARM 



with irreligion before the Areopagus. Though 
the accusation was extremely frivolous, yet he 
was condemned, but escaped punishment by 
leaving the country. He withdrew from Athens, 
assigning as a reason, that he was unwilling to 
give tlie Athenians an occasion of being guilty of 
injustice a second time against philosophy. 
Accompanied by a few friends, he retired to 
Chalcis in Euboea, where he died soon after of 
chagrin and disappointment, in the sixty-third 
year of his age, B. C. 322 His body was con- 
veyed to Stagyra, and a tomb and altar were 
erected to his memory by his fellow-citizens. 
Aristotle was twice married; first to Pythias the 
Fister of Hermias, and afterwards to Herpilis, a 
native of Stagyra. By his second wife he had a 
son named Nicomachus, to whom he addressed 
one of his treatises on morals. In his person he 
was slender, and of middle stature: he had a 
shrill voice, small eyes, and a high nose. 
Through a natural weakness of stomach he was 
subject to frequent indisposition, but he correct- 
ed the infirmities of his constitution by temper- 
ance. Aristotle had many rivals and enemies, 
who loaded his character with reproach-, but the 
high reputation which he enjoyed in every situ- 
ation during his life, and the honours which 
were paid to his memory, afford a strong pre- 
sumption that the charges brought against him 
were mere calumnies. His love of truth is em- 
phatically expressed in the adage commonly 
ascribed to him, Amicus Plato, amicus Socrates, 
magis lamen arnica Veritas. Of above four hun- 
dred treatises which he composed, forty-eight 
only have been transmitted to the present age ; 
but many of these consist of several books. His 
writings embrace moral and natural philosophy, 
mathematics, mechanics, grammar, criticism, 
and politics. His style is frequently rendered 
harsh and obscure by the nature of his subjects, 
and the conciseness of his dicti'on. It has been 
observed that his philosophy is rather the philo- 
sophy of words than of things, and that the study 
of his writings tends more to perplex the under- 
standing with subtile distinctions, than to en- 
lighten it with real knowledge. However, his 
ethics, his politics, and his observations on poetry, 
may be read with great advantage, as they con- 
tain much useful information, and many just 
observations on men and manners. The works 
of Aristotle were bequeathed by him, together 
with his library, to his-friend Theophrastus, who 
preserved them with the utmost care. Theo- 
I)hrastus, at his death, left them to Neleus of 
epsis. Some of them were sold to Ptolemy, 
kinsjof Egypt, and shared the fate of the Alex- 
«n(irian library. The heirs of Neleus, in order 
to secure the rest from the king of Pergamus, 
who was collecting a library, buried them in a 
vault, where they lay a hundred and thirty 
years, and sustained great injury. They were 
afterwards sold to Apellicon of Teos, who con- 
jecturally supplied their deficiencies. It is im- 
possible to know how far Apellicon has corrupted 
and obscured the text. After the death of Apel- 
licon, Sylla, the Roman dictator, brought them 
from Athens to Rome, where they subsequently 
came into the possession of Tyrannic and An- 
dronicus of Rhodes, who caused copies to be 
transcribed, and by whom they were introduced 
to the attention of the Roman philosophers. 
The best editions of Aristotle's entire works are, 
that of Syl berg. 5 vols. 4to, Frankfort, 1584—7 ; 
that of Duval, 2 vols. fol. Paris, 1619— 29 ; and 



that of Buhle, not yet completed. The best 
sepai'ate edition of the Poetics is that of Tyr- 
whitt, 4to, Oxon. 1794 ; of the Ethics that of 
Wilkinson, 8vn, Oxon. 1715 ; and of the Politics, 
that of Schneider, 2 vols. 8vo, Francof. 1809. 
Mr Pye and Mr Twining have given translations 
of the Poetics. The Ethics, Politics, and Rhe- 
toric have been translated by Dr Gillies. Diog. 
in tita.—Plut in Alex, et de Alex. fort. <^c. — 
Cic. Acad. QucBst. 4, 38. De Orat. 3, 35. De 
Finib. 5, i. — Quintil. 1, 2, 5, \(i.—^lia?i. V. H. 

4. — Justin. 12. — Justin. Martyr. — August, de Civ. 
Dei, 8 — Plin. 2, 4, 5, &.c.—Athen.— Val. Max. 

5, 6, &c. There were besides eight of the 

same name. A magistrate of Athens. A 

commentator on Homer's Iliad. An orator of 

Sicily, who answered the panegyric of Isocrates. 

— « — A friend of .^Eschines. A man of Cyrene, 

who wrote on poetry. A schoolmaster, men- 
tioned in Plato's liie, written by Ar stoxenus. 

An obscure grammarian. Diog. de Atistot. 

A governor of Antiochus, stationed at Chal- 
cis. Liv. 36, 21. 

Aristotimus, a tyrant of Elis, 271 years 
B C. Paus. 6, 3. 

Aristoxenus, a Grecian philosopher and 
musician, was a native of Tarentum, and the 
disciple of Aristotle. He flourished about 324 
B.C. Of all his works, a treatise on Harmonic 
Elements only remains, which may be found in 
the Antiques Musicce Scripfores. Cic. de Orat. 

3, 33. Ad Att. 8, 4. A ph ilosopher of Cyrene. 

Athen. A physician, whose writings are quot- 
ed by Galen A poet of Selinus -A Pytha- 
gorean philosopher. 

Aristus, a Greek historian of Salamis, who 
wrote an account of Alexander's expedition. 
Strab. 14. — Arrian. 7. 

ARlSTYLLUS, an obscure poet. Aristoph. 

An astronomer of Alexandria, 292 B.C. 

Arius, a river of Aria, on the banks of which 
was situate Artacaona, the capital of the coun- 
try. It is now Hm. The founder of the 

Arian sect, was a native of Libya, and flourished 
about A. D. 315. He denied the proper divinity 
of Christ, but allowed hirh to be the first and 
noblest of all created beings, and next to God. 
This doctrine was condemned in the council of 
Alexandria, in 320, and in that of Nice in 325, 
by the orthodox church, which attiibuted to the 
Son of God perfect equality of essence with the 
Father. Though Arius was banished, he found 
means to procure powerful adherents; and Con- 
stantine the Great, from a desire of peace, wish- 
ed to bring about his restoration to the Catholic 
communion, when he died suddenly in 336. It 
is generally supposed that he fell a victim to the 
resentment of his enemies. 

ARMENES, a son of Nabis, led in triumph at 
Rome. Liv. 34, 1. 

Armenia, a large country of Asia, divided 
into Armenia Major and Minor. The first, which 
is the modern Turcomania, and is still some- 
times called Armenia, was bounded on the north 
by Iberia and Albania ; on the east by Media ; 
on the south by Assyria and Mesopotamia ; and 
on the west by Armenia Minor and Pontus. 
Armenia Minor, now called Aladulia or Pegian, 
is bounded by Cappadocia, Armenia Major, Sy- 
ria, Cilicia, and the Euphrates. Armenia ap- 
pears to have been subjected, in turn, by the 
Assyrians, Medes, Persians, and Macedonian.s. 
After the death of Alexander, it became part of 
the kingdom of S^ria, and so remained till the 



ARM y 

defeat of Antiochns ihe Great, when it fell into 
1 18 hands uf diiierent rulers, and was dividod 
into Major and Minor. Armenia Major was ex- 
posed to many attacks. The Romans ar.d Par- 
thians fought a long time for the right of giving 
a successor to the throne, and it was governed 
at one period by Parthian prmces, at another, by 
those whom the Romans (avou ed, until Ti-ajan 
made it a Roman province. It afterwards re- 
covered its ii. dependence, and was under the rule 
of its own kings. Sapor, king of Persia, at- 
tempted its subjugation in vain, and it remained 
free until A. D. 630, when it was conquered by 
the Arabians. After this, it several times changed 
its masters, among whom were Gengis-Khan 
and Tamerlane. In lj)22, Selim II. conquered 
it from the Persians, and the greater part has 
since remained under the Turkish dominion. 
Armenia Minor has also had several rulers, 
among whom Mithridates was first distinguished. 
From nim Pompey took the kingdom, and gave 
it to Dejotarus, &c. On the decline of the Ro- 
man empire in the East, it was conquered by tiie 
Persians, and. A D. lijU, fell into the hands of 
the Arabians, since which time it has shared the 
same fate as Armenia Major, and was made, 
A. D. 1514. a Turkish province, bv Selim I. He- 
rod. 1, 194. 5, id — Curt. 4. \2. 5,'\.— Sirab. 1 et 
11 — Mela, 3, 5 et S.~Plm. 6. 4, &:c.—Lucan. 2. 

Arme.ntarius, a Caesar in Dioclesian's 
reiun. 

Armillatus, one of Doraitian's favourites. 
Juv. 4, 5'3. 

ARMILUSTRIUM, a festival at Rome on the 
19th of October, during which they .sr-crificed 
fully armed, and to the sound of trumpets. It 

w as intended for the expiation of the armies, and 
the prosperity oi the arms of the Roman people. 
It was first observed among the Athenians. 
Varro de L. L. 5, d. — Liv. 27. 37. 

ARMlMLS, called Vie Deliverer of Germany, 
was the son of Segimer, a chieftain of the Catti. 
He served in the Roman armies, and was fav- 
oured by Augustus; but his attachment to his 
native country prevailed over a l other consider- 
ations, and at his instigation the Germans re- 
volted against the Romans. By his contrivance 
Varus fell into an ambuscade, where he perish- 
ed with nearly all his forces, A. D. 16. Ger- 
manicus then marched to revenjie the death of 
Varus, and after a variety of fortune. Arminius 
was treacherouslv as-assinated in the 37th vear of 
his age, A. D. 21 Din. b6.~Tacit. Ann. 1, &c. 

Armor:ca, a nan>e originally given by the 
Romans to the w hole of the northern and w estern 
coasts of Gaul, from the Pyrenees to the Rhine; 
it was afterwards confined to that part of the 
coast which lay between the rivers Ligeris and 
Sequana, now the Loire and the Seine ; but, at 
last, Britany alone was called Armorica. The 
word is derived from the Celtic ar mor, which 
means near the sea. Ccfs. Bell. G. 

ARNE, a city of Lycia, called afterwards Xan- 
thus. A town of Umbria in Italy.— A daugh- 
ter of .£olus, who gave her name to tw o towns, 
one in Thessaly, the other in Boeotia. Nep- 
tune changed himself into a bull to enjoy her 
company. Strab. 1 et 2. — Pr.us. 9, 40.— Oi/d. 
Mel. a^ /ab. 4.— Homer. II. 2, 507. 

Ar.ni, a people of Italy, destroyed by Her- 
cules. 

ArnIEXSIS. a tribe in Rome. Lir. fi. 
ARNOBIL'S, a teacher of rhetoric at Sicca, in 
Nuuiiuia, about A. D. 300. It is said that ihe 



> ARR I 

famous Lactantius wa.^ one of his disciples. He 
was at first an eneniy to Christianity, but after- 
ward.s became a convert, and wrote a treatise, 
entitled Adversus Genles, against the Gentiles, 
in which he defends the Christian religion, and ! 
shows the tolly and absurdity of the heathen i 
w orship. Vt ren, or how Le died, is not know n. : 
The best er.ition of his work is that of Orellius, j 
2 vols. Svo. Lips. 1S16. 

Arnus, a river of Etruria, rising in the Ap- ' 
ennines, not very far from Florentia, or Florence, I 
and flowing into the Tuscan sea, four miles be- 
low Pisag, or Pisa. Is is now the Ar7io. Lir. \ 
22, 2. j 

Aroa, a town of Achaia. Pans. 7. 

Aroma a town of Carta of Cappadocia. I 

Aromata, or aromatum Promontorium, I 
the most eastern point of the continent of Africa, j 
now Cape Guarda/ui. \ 

Arpi, a city of Apulia, built l)y Diomedes 
after the Trojan w ar. It is said to have been 
called Argyrip.ia by the inhabitants, and that 
this was a modification of Argos Hippion, a name 
given to it by its founder in remt mbrance of his 
native city. Now Arpa. JusUfi. 20, 1. — Firg. 
JEn. 10, 2^. 

ARPINU3I, now Arpino, a town of the Volsci 
in La'ium, south east of Anagnia. It is remark- 
able for having given birth to C. Marius and M. 
Tullius Cicero. The words Ari^incE charter are 
sometimes applied to Cicero's work-s. Mart. 

Ep. 10, 19.- Jwr. S, 237.— CVc. Rull. 3. A 

town of Magna Gra^cia. 

ArR-EI, a people of Thrace. Plin. 

ARRHABjEUS, the king of a nation in ther.eigh- 
bourhood i f Macedonia, who greatly distressed 
Archelaus. Aristot. Poiit. 5, 10. 

ARRIA. Vid. Aria. 

Arria Galla, a beautiful but immodest 
woman in the reign of the emperors. Tacit, lo, 
59. 

Arria NUS, a Greek historian of Nicomedia, 
in Bithynia, who flourished in the second cen- 
tury, ui.der Adrian and the Antonines. He was 
first a priest of Ceres and Proserpine; but, at 
Rome, he became a disciple of Epictetus. He 
was honoured with the citizenship of Rome, and 
appointed prefect of Cappadocia by the emperor 
Adrian, who patronized him on account of his 
learning. In tliis capacity, he distinguished 
himself in the w ;ir against the Alani and Massa- 
ge ae, and was afterwards advanced to the sena 
torial, and even consular dignities. Like Xeno- 
phon, he united the character of a man of letters 
w ith that of a warriur. No less than seven of the 
epistles of Piiny the younger are addressed to 
Arrian. His historical writings were numerous; 
but of these, with the exception of some frag- 
ments in Photius, only two remain. The first is 
his history of the expedition of Alexander the 
Great, w hich, though composed in an age when 
genius and taste w ere on the decline, is not un- 
worthy the purest times of Attic literature. To this 
work is added an account of the affairs of India, 
which pursues the history of Alexander, but is not 
deemed of equal authority w ith the former. A 
letter from Arrian to Adrian is also extant, entitled 
Peripliis Po7iti Euxini. probably written while he 
w as prefect of Cappadocia. There are, besides, 
under the name of Arrian, a treatise on hunting; 
a work on tactics; a Periplus of the Erythrean 
sea; and his Enchii idion, a beautiful piece of 
morality, containing the discourse.s of EpIHetiu 
Tne best editior.s cf Airitiu's E.ri cditio Aiexaiidr- 



ARR 



93 



ARS 



are that of Gronovius, Greek and Latin, 1701, 
folio; and that of Schmieder, Hal. 17J8, 8vo. 
Of the Historta Indita, that of Schmieder, 
Lips. 1798, 6vo. Of his Enchiridion, the most 
valuable edition is that of Schweighaeuser, Greek 
and Latin, Lipsie, 1799,6 vols. bvo. The expe- 
dition of Alexander has been translated into 
English by Mr John Rooke (Lond. 172'i); the 
Periplus of the Euxine sea, by Dr William Fal- 
coner (Lond. 1805); and the treatife on coursing, 

•by a graduate of medicine (Lond. 1831). A 

Greek historian, mentioned by Julius Capitoli- 

r,us in his life of the emperor Gordian. An 

Athenian, who wrote a treatise on hunting, and 

the manner of keeping dogs. A poet, who 

wrote an epic poem in twenty-four books on 
Alexander; also another poem on Attalus, king 
of Perg.imus. He likewise translated Virgil's 
Georgics into Greek verse. 
Arrius, a friend of Cicero, whose sumptuous 

feast Horace describes, Sat, 2, 3, 86. Aper, a 

Roman general, wno murdered the empei-or, 
&c. 

Arrius and Arius, a philosopher of Alexan- 
dria, who so ingratiated himself with Augustus, 
after the battle of Actium, that the conqueror 
declared the people of Alexandria owed the pre- 
servation of their city to three causes ; because 
Alexander was their founder, because of the 
beauty of the situation, and because Arrius was 
a native of the place. Plut. in Anton. 

ARRUNTIUS, a Roman consul. A famous 

geographer, w ho, upon being accused of aciultpry 
and treason, under Tiberius, opened his veins, 
an 1 bled to death. Tacit. Ann. 6. 

Arsabes, a satrap of Armenia, of Persia. 

Polycen. 

A.RSACES, a man of obscure origin, who excit- 
ed the Parthians to revolt from Antioehus Theos, 
and was elevated to the throne on account of his 
successes. He defeated and maade captive Seleu- 
cus Callinicus, and laid the foundation of the 
Parthian empire, about 250 B. C. He added the 
kingdom ot the Hyrcani to his newly acquired 
possessions, and spent his time in establishing 
his power, and regulating the laws. After death 
he was made a god of his nation, and all his suc- 
cessors were called in honour of his name.. Ar^a- 

cidcB. Justin. 41, j et Q.—Strah. 11 et 12. His 

son and successor bore the same name. He ca»-- 
ried war against Antioehus the son of Seleucus. 
who entered the field with 100,000 foot and 
•^0.000 horse. He aiterwards msde peace with 

Antioehus, and died B. C. 217. Id. 41, 5. 

The third king of Parthia, of the family of the 
Arsacidae, bore the same name, and was also 
called Priapatius. He reigned twelve years, and 
left two sons, Mithridates ar.d Phraates. Phraa- 
tes succeeded as being the elder, and at his death 
he left his kirgdom to his brother though he 
had many children: observing that a monarch 
ought to have in view, not the dignity of his fa- 
mily, but the prosperity of his subjects. Justin. 
31, 5.- — A king of Pontus and Armenia, in al- 
liance with the Romans. He fought long wi h 
success against the Persians, till he was deceived 
by the snares of king Sapor, his enemy, who put 
out his eyes, and soon after deprived him of life. 
Marcellin. The eldest son of Artabanus. ap- 
pointed over Armenia by his father 
death of king Artaxias. Tacit Hist. 6. 
vant of Themistocles. 

ARSACiDiE, a name given to S'^me of the mo- 
ni^rchs of' Parthia, in honour of Arsaces, t\,<. 



founder of the empire. Their poT^er subsisted 
till the 223th year of the Christian era, w hen ti.ey 
were conquered by Artaxerxes king of Persia. 
Justin. 41. 

ARSAMENES, a satrap of Persia, at the battle 
of the Gianicus. 

Arsametes, a river of Asia, near Parthia. 
Tacit. Ann. 15. 

ARSAMosata, a town of Armenia Major, in 
the south-western eorner of the province So- 
phene, 70 miles from the Euphrates. It is now 
Simsat. Tacit. Ann. 15. 

Arsanes, the son of Ochus, and father of Co- 
domanus. 

Arsanias, a river of Armenia Major, which 
descended from Mons Capotes, and, after run- 
ning through Sophene, entered the Euphrates. 
It is now the Ajrsen Plin. 5, 24. 

Arsena, a marsh of Armenia Major, whose 
fishes are all of the same sort. Strab. 

Arses, the youngest son of Ochus, whom the 
eunuch Bagoas raised to the throne of Persia, 
and destroyed with his children, after a reign 
of three years. Diod. 17. 

ARSIA, a wood of Etruria, famous for a battle 
between the Romans and the Veientes. Plut. in 
Popl. — Liv. 2, 7. A small river, v^hich separ- 
ated Histria from Illyricum. It was the eastern 

limit of Italy. Now, the Arsa. A river of 

Italy, flowing through Campania. 
Arsid^US. a son of Datam;es, &c. 
Arsinoe, daughter of Leucippus and Philo- 
dice, was mother of .^sculapius by Apollo, ac- 
cording to some authors. She received divine 
honours after death at Sparta. Apollod. 3. — 

Pans. 2, 26. 3, 12. A daughter of Phlegeus, 

promised in marriage to Alcmaeon. Apollod. 3, 

7. A fountain of Peloponnesus. Paus. Mes- 

sen The sister and wife of Ptolemy Philadel- 

phus, worshipped after death under the name of 
Venus Zephyritis. Dinouhares began to build 
her a temple with loadstones, in wfiich there 
stood a statue of Arsinoe suspended in the air by 
the power of the ma<^net; but the death both of 
the king and of the architect prevented the com- 
pletion of the edifice. Plin. 34, 14. A daugh- 
ter of Ptolemy Lagus, who married Lysimachus 
king of Macedonia. After her husband's death. 
Ceraunus, her own brother, married her, iCnd 
ascended the throne of Macedonia He previ- 
ously murdered Lysimachus and Philip, the sons 
of Arsinoe by Lysimachus, in their mother's 
arms. Arsinoe was some time after banished to 

Samothrace. Justin, 17, 1, &c. A younger 

daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, sister to Cleopatra. 
Antony dispatched her to gain the good graces of 

her sister. Hiit. Alex. 4.— Appian. The wife 

of Magas king of Cyrene, w ho committed adul- 
tery w ith her son-in-law. Justin. 26, 3. A 

daughter of Lysimachus. Paus. A town of 

Egypt, south-east of the lake Moeris. It was 
formerly called Crocodilopolis, because the inha- 
bitants worshipped crocodiles, and reared some 
of the species in the neighbouring lakes. It 
corresponds to the modern Faioum. ( Fid. Cro- 
codilopolis.) Another in Egypt, on the west 

side of the Sinus Arabicus, near its extremity, 

and not far from the modern Sues. Strab. -A 

town of Cilicia, of ^tolia, near Canopa, 

after tiie i of Syria, ot Cyprus, between old and new 

— A ser- I Paphos, afterwards called Ammochostos,— — of 
I Africa, in Cyrenaica, between Leptis and Ptole- 
a's. Szc. 

Aksissa Palus, a larje lake in the south- 
I 5S 



ARS 



100 



ART 



eastern part of Armenia Major, at the foot of 
mount Niphates. It is now known as the Lake 
of Van, 

Arsites, a satrap of Paphlagonia. 

ARTABANUS, son of Hystaspes, was brother to 
Darius I. He dissuaded his nephew Xerxes 
from making war against the Greeks, and, atliis 
return, he assassinated him with the hopes of 
ascending the throne. Darius the son of Xerxes 
was murdered in a similar manner ; and Arta- 
xerxes, his brother, would have shared the same 
fate, had not he discovered the snares of the 
assassin, and punished him with death. Diod. 11. 

—Justin. 3, ], 8cc.— Herod. 4, 38. 7, 10, &c. 

A king of Parthia, after the death of his nephew 
Phraates II. He undertook a war against a 
nation of Scythia, in which lie perished. His 
son Mithridates succeeded him, and merited the 

appellation of Great. Justin. 42, 2. A king 

of Media, and afterwards of Parthia, after the 
expulsion of Vonones, whom Tiberius had nnade 
king there. He invaded Armenia, from whence 
he was driven away by one of the generals of 
Tiberius. He was expelled from his throne, 
which Tiridates usurped; and some time after he 
was restored again to his ancient power, and died 
A. D. 48. Tacit. Ann. 5, &c. A king of Par- 
thia, very inimical to the interest of Vespasian. 

Another king of Parthia, who made war 

against the emperor Caracalla. who had attempt- 
ed his life on pretence of courting his daughter. 
He was murdered, and the power of Parthia abo- 
lished, and the crown translated to the Persian 
monarchs. Dio Herodian. 

ArtabazaxVES, or Artamenes, the eldest 
son of Darius, wlien a private person. He at- 
tempted to succeed to the Persian throne, after 
l>is father s death, but it was determined that 
Xerxes was the proper heir of the monarchy, 
because, though younger, he was eldest of the 
children born to Darius when king. Justin. 

Artabazus, a son of Pharnaces, general in 
the army of Xerxes. He fled from Greece upon 
the ill success of Mardonius. Herod 7, 8 et 9. 

A general, who made war against Arta- 

xerxes. and was defeated. He was afterwards 
reconciled to his prince, and became the fami- 
liar friend of Darius III After the murder of 
this prince, he surrendered himself up with his 
sons to Alexander, who treated him with much 
humanity and confidence. Curt. 5, 9 et 12. 6, 

5. 7, Set 5. 8,1. An ofRcer of Artaxerxes. 

against Datames. Diod. 15. 

Artabri and ARTABRiTiE, a people of Lu- 
sitania, who received their name from Arta- 
brum, a promontory on the coast of Spain, now 
Cape Fitiiderre. Sil. 3. 362. 

Artacjeas. an officer in the army of Xerxes, 
the tallest of all the troops, the king excepted. 

Artac.eNA, a city of Asia, near Aria. 

ArtAce, a town and sea-port near Cyzicus, 
It did not exist in the age of I?liny. There w as 
in its neighbourhood a fountain called Artacia. 
Herod. 4, li —Procop. de Bell. Pers. 1, 25.— 

Strab. ]3.-Plin. 5, 32. A city of Phrygia. 

A fortified place of Bithynia. 

Artacene, a country of Assyria near Ar- 
bela, where Alexander conquered Darius, Strab. 
16. 

Artacia, a fountain in the country of the 
Lfflstrygones. TibuU. 4, 1, 60. 

Artacoana, the metropolis of Aria, situate 
on the river Arius. It is now Herat. 

ART.r.l, a name by which the Persians were 



called among their neighbours. Herod. 7» 
61. 

ArtagSra, or Artagicerta, now Ardis, a 
town of Armenia Major, norih-east of Amida, 
where Caius Ceesar, a grandson of Augustus, 
received a mortal wound. Fell. Paterc. 2, 103. 
- Strab. 

ArtaGERSES, a general in the army of Ar- 
taxerxes, killed by Cyrus the younger. Plut. i?i 
Artax, 

ArtAnes. a king of the southern parts of Ar- 
menia. Strab. 1 1. A river of Thrace, flowing 

into the Ister or Danube. It is now tlie Vid. 
Herod. 4, 49, A river of Bithjnia, 

Artaphernes, a general whom Darius sent 
into Greece with Datis. He was conquered at 
the battle of Marathon, by Miltiades. Vid. Datis. 
C. Nep. in Milt Herod. 

Aetatus, ariverof lilyria. Liv. 43, 19. 

Artavasdes, a son of Tigranes king of Up- 
per Armenia, who wrote tragedies, and distin- 
guished himself as an elegant orator and fa.thful 
historian. He lived in alliance with the Ro- 
mans, but Crassus was defeated partly on account 
of his delay. He betrayed M. Antony- in his 
expedition against Parthia, (or which Antony 
reduced his kingdom, and carried him to Egypt, 
where he adorned the triumph of the conqueror 
led in golden chains. He was some time after 

murdered. Strab. 11. The crown of Armenia 

was given by Tibeiius to a person of the same 

name, who was expelled. Augustus had also 

raised to the throne of Armenia, a person of the 
same name. Tacit. Ann. 2. 

Artaxa and ArtaxTas, a general of Anti- 
ochus the Great, who erected the province of 
Armenia into a kingdom, by his reliance on the 
friendship of the Romans. King Tigranes was 
one of his successors. Si7-ab. 11. 

ArtaxAta, a strongly fortified city of Ar- 
menia Major, situate on an elbow O:'' the river 
Araxes. It was said to have been built by Han- 
nibal for Artaxias, the king of the country, after 
whom it received its name. It was taken and 
burnt by the Romans under Corbulo,and re- 
built by Tiridates, who gave it the name of 
Neronia, in compliment to Nero. It is now 
called Ardashat. Strab. 11. 

Artaxerxes I., succeeded to the kingdom of 
Persia, after his fatherXerxes. Herodotus informs 
us that the name Artaxerxes signifies in the Per- 
sian language, "a great warrior." Ammianus 
Marcellinus interprets it as " conqueror of 
wars." He cut off Artabanus, who had murder- 
ed Xerxes, and attempted to destroy the royal 
family to raise himself to the throne. He made 
war against the Bactrians, and re-conquered 
Egypt, that had revolted, w ith the assistance of 
the Athenians. In his private character Ar:a- 
xerxes was humane and benevolent, and during 
the 39 years of his r^ign, he was greatly beloved 
by his subjects, and respected by his allies. 
Some think that the surname of Ma*pJjeio. or 
the long-handed, was given him by reason ot the 
extent of his dominions, as it is commonly .«aid 
that princes have long hands; but others main- 
tain that he had really longer hands or arms 
than usual, and that when he stood upright, he 
could touch his knees. He is said to have been 
the handsomest man of his time. He was favour- 
able to the Jews, and is supposed to be the Per- 
sian king called Ahasuerus in the book of Esther. 
He died B. C. 425. C. Aep. in Beg. -Plut. in 
Artax, The 2d uf that name, king of Persia 



ART 



101 



ART 



was sixrnamc l Mneinon, on account nf his slrnnj^ 
memory. He «as son oi Darius II., by P?.ry- 
satis the daughter of Artaxerxes Longimanus, 
and had three brothers, Cyrus, Ostanes, and 
Oxathres. His original name was Arsaces, 
which he changed into Artaxerxes when he as- 
cended the throne. His brother Cyrus was of 
such an ambitious disposition, that He resolved 
to make himself king, in opposition to Arta- 
xerxes. Parysatis always favoured Cyrus; and 
when he had attempted the life of Artaxerxes, 
she obtained his pardon by her entreaties and 
influence. Cyrus, who had been appointed over 
L}dia and the sea coasts, assembled a large 
army under various pretences, and at last march- 
ed against his brother at the head of 100,000 bar- 
barians and 13,000 Greeks. He was opposed by 
Artaxerxes with 900,000 men, and a bloody battle 
was fought at Cunaxa, in which Cyrus was killed, 
aad his forces routed. It has been reported, 
that Cyrus was killed by Artaxerxes, who was 
so desirous of the honour, that he put to death 
two men for saying that they had killed him. 
The Greeks, who had assisted Cyrus against his 
brother, though at the distance of above 600 
leagues from their country, made their way 
through the territories of the enemy; and nothing 
is more famous in the Grecian history, than the 
retreat of the ten thousand. {Vid. Xenophon.) 
After he was delivered from the attacks of his 
brother, Artaxerxes, remembering the powerful 
assistance that had been brought against him 
by Grecian auxiliaries, excited dissensions among 
those restless Europeans, and prevailed upon 
them to declare war against Sparta, hopin? that 
from their mutual quarrels their influence would 
be diminished, and his own dominions enjoy the 
greater security. He married two of his own 
dauglilers, called Atossa and Amestris, and 
named his eldest son Darius to be his successor. 
Darius however conspired against his father, 
and was put to death; and Ochus, one of the 
younger sons, called also Artaxerxes, made his 
way to the throne, by causing his elder brothers 
Ariaspesand Arsames to be assassinated. It is 
said that Artaxerxes died of a broken heart, in 
consequence of his son's unnatural behaviour, 
in the 94th year of his age, after a reijjn of 46 
years, B.C 358. Artaxerxes had 150 children by 
his 350 c mcubines, and only four legitimate 
sons. Plul. in vita. — C. Ntp in Reg. — Juxtin. 

10, \,Scc.—Diod. 13, &c. The 3d, surnamed 

Ochus, succeeded his father Artaxerxes II., and 
established himself on his throne by murdering 
above SO of his nearest relations. He punished 
with death one of his ofiRcers who conspired 
against him, and recovered Egypt, which had 
revolted, destroyed Sidon, and ravaged all Syria, 
ilemade war against the Cadusii, and greatly re- 
warded a private man called Codomanus for his 
uncommon valour. But his behaviour in Eiiypt, 
and his cruelty towards the inhabitants, ofTcncied 
his subjects, and Bagoas at last obliged his phy- 
sician to poison him, B C. 337, and afterwards 
gave his flesh to be devoured i y cats, and made 
handles for swords with his bones Codomanus, 
on account of his virtues, was soon after made 
king by the people; and that he might seem to 
possess as much dignity as the house of Arta- 
xt^rxes, he reigned under the name of Dari'us III. 
Justin. 1(1, 'S.-Diod. ]T.—JElvm V.H. 6, 8. 

Artaxerxes, or Artaxares I., a common 
soldier of Persia, who killed ArtHbanus, the la^t 
of the Arsacidas, and founded tlie d) nasty of tlie 



Sassanidse, A. D. 220. As soon as his anthorify 
was established, he asseritd his righi tu al'l 
the countries once contained in the Persian em- 
pire, and assembled a great army to enforce it. 
Alexander Severus attacked and defeated him, 
and wrested from him several of his provinces. 
Artaxerxes, however, recovered these provinces, 
and, after swaying the sceptre with great repu- 
tation for the space of fourteen years, died in 

peace. Herodian. b. One of his successors, 

son of Sapor II., bore his name, and reigned 11 
years, during which he distinguished himself by 
his cruelties. 

Artaxias, son of Artavasdes, king of Arme- 
nia, was proclaimed king by his father's troops. 
He opposed Antony, by whom he was defeated, 
and became so odious, that the Romans, at the 
request of the Armenians, raised Tigranes to the 
throne. Another, son of Polemon, whose ori- 
ginal name was Zeno. After the expulsion of 
Vonones from Armenia, he was made king by 

Germanicus. Tacit. Ann. 6, 31. A general 

of Antinchus. Vid. Artaxa. 
" ARTAYCTES. a Persian appointed governor 
of Sestos by Xerxes. He was hung on a cross by 
the Athenians for his cruelties, after his son had 
been stoned to death before his face. Herod. 7 
et 9. 

Artaynta, a Persian lady, whom Xeixes 
gave in marriage to his son Darius. She was 
one of the mistresses of her father-in-law. He- 
rod. 9, 103, &c. 

Arta YNTES, a Persian appointed over a fleet 
in Greece, by Xerxes. Herod. 8, 13. 9, 107. 

Artembares, a celebrated Mede in the reign 
of Cyrus the Great. Herod. 1 et 9. 

Artemidorus, a geographer of Ephesus, 
who flourished about 104 B.C. He wrote a de- 
scription o( the earth, which is often cited by 
Strabo, Pliny, and other writers. Some frag- 
ments of this geographer are collected in the 
first volume of Hudson's Minor Greek Geograpli- 

ers A physician in the age of Adrian.- A 

native of Ephesus, in the reign o! Antoninus 
Pius. He was naturally of a superstitious turn 
of mind, and in indulging his fondness for the 
interpretation of dreams, and the i)rognostica- 
tion of future events, he travelled over several 
countries in endeavours to enlarge and confirm 
this singular science. The fruit of his labours 
was at last delivered to the world; but tliou^h 
this work displays great erudition, aud curious 
research, yet it is ridiculous from its inutility 
and its fanciful and childish conclusions. It is 
still extant, divided into five books; the best edi- 
tion of which is that of J. G. Reiff, Lipsic, 2 
vols. Bvo, 1>'05. Plut. in Cces. A famous pu- 
gilist. Pans. El. 2.—Marti'il. ti, 77, 3. A man 

of Cnidus, son to the historian Theopompus. 
He had a school at Rome, and he wrote a book 
on illustrious men, not extant. As he was the 
friend of J. Caesar, he wrote down an account of 
the conspiracy which was fOrn)ed against him. 
He gave it to the dictator from among the crowd 
as he was going to the senate, but J. Cresar put 
it with other papers which he held in his hand, 
thinking it to be of no material consequence. 
Plut. in Ccps. 

Artemis, the Greek name of Diana. 

Artemisia, daughter of Lygdamis of Hali- 
carnassus, reignvd over Halicarnas.sus and the 
neighbouring country. She attended Xerxes in 
i'.is expedition against Greece, B.C. 480, and 
furnished five ships, ^^hicll were second only to 



ART 



102 



those of the Si Jonlans. In the council of war 

before t-he battle of Salamis, she stronglj- repre- 
seuied to Xerxes the folly of risking a naval 
engagement, and the event justified her opinion. 
In the combat she displayed such valour, that 
Xf^rxes exclaimed, " that his men behaved like 
women, and his women like men." The Athen- 
ians were so ashamed of fighting against a wo- 
man, that they oflfered a reward of 10,000 
drachms for her head. It is said that she was 
fond of a youth of Abydos, called Dardanus, and 
that to punish his disdain, she put out his eyes 
wiiile he was asleep, and afterwards leaped 
down the promontory of Leucas. Herod. 7, 99. 

8, 68, &c.— Justin. 2, 12 There was also 

another queen of Caria of that name, often con- 
founded with the daughter of Lygdamis. She 
was daughter of Hecatomnus king of Caria or 
Halicamassus, and was married to her own bro- 
ther Mausolus, famous for his personal beauty. 
She was so fond of her husband, that at his death 
she drank in her liquor his ashes after his body 
hnd been burned, and erected to his memory a 
monument, which, for its grandeur and magni- 
ficence, was considered one of the seven wonders 
of the world. It was called mausoleum from the 
name of her husband, and hence the name mau- 
soleum is often applied to funeral monuments. 
She proposed two prizes, one in tragedy, and 
another in oratory, to those who should pro- 
nounce the best panegyric on her husband ; and 
among the competitors, were Theopompus, 
Theodectes, and Naucrates. The prizes were 
adjudged to Theopompus and Tiieodectes. Sne 
was so inconsolable f jr the death of her husband, 
that she died through grief two years after. 
T't'truv — Strab. U.—Plin. 25, 7. 36, b.—Aul. Cell. 
10, 18. 

ARTEMISIA, a festival in honour of Apre^xtc, 
Diana. It was celebrated in several cities of 
Greece, particularly at Delphi, where they of- 
fered to the goddess a mullet, which w as thought 
to bear some relation to her, because it is said 
to hunt and kill the sea-hare. The bread offered 
to the goddess was termed \oxta ; and the wo- 
men who performed the sacred rites were called 
'XouiSai.. Another solemnity of the same name 
was observed at Sy racuse, and celebrated during 
three days with sports and banquets. Athen. 7. 
—Hesych. -Lir. 23. 

Artemisium, a promontory of Euboea, on 
the north-w es:em side of the island. It derived 
its name from a temple dedicated to Diana, 
which stood on the headland. It is famous for 
the naval victory gained in its neighbourhood by 
the Greeks over the Persians, on the same day 
that the Spartans won the battle of Thermopylce. 
It is now called Cape Syrochori. Herod. 7, 176 

et 192. 8. 6.—Plut. in Themist — Plin. 4, 12. 

A lake near the grove Aricia, with a templ3 sa- 
cred to Artemis, whence the name. 

Artemita, a city of Assyria, a few miles to 

the southward of ApoUonia, now Beladroud. 

Another in Armenia Major, near its southern 
boundary, built by Semiramis. It is now Van. 

An island opposite the mouth of the Ache- 

lous. strab. 

Artemon, an historian of Pergamus. A 

native of Clazomenge, who was with Pericles at 
the siege of Samos, where it is said he invented 
the battering ram, the testudo, and other equally 

valuable military engines. A man who wrote a 

treatise on collecting books. A native of Mag- 
nesia, w ho wrote the history of illustrious women. 



A physician of Clazomena?. A painter. 

A Syrian, whose features resembled in the 

strongest manner those of Antiochus Theos. The 
queen, after the king's murder, made use of Ar- 
temon to represent her husband in a lingering 
state, that, by his seeming to die a natural death, 
she might conceal her guilt, and effect her w icked 
purpose. Fid. Antiochus. 

Artimpasa, a name of Venus among the 
Scythians. Herod. 4, 59. 

ART03ARZANES, or ARTABAZANES, a son of 
Darius, w ho endeavoured to ascend the throne 
in preference to his brother Xerxes, but to no 
purpose. {Fid. Artabazanes.) Herod. 7, 2 et 3. 

ArtocHMES, a general of Xerxes, who mar- 
ried one of the daughters of Darius. Herod. 7, 
73. 

Artoxa, a town of the Latins, taken by the 
jEqui. Liv. 2, 43. 

Artonics, a physician of Augustus, who, on 
the night previous to the battle of Philippi, saw 
Minerva in a dream, w ho told him to assure Au- 
gustus of victory. Fai. Max. 1, 7. 

Artontes, a son of Mardonius. Pans, in 
BoBotic. 

Artoxabes, an eunuch of Paphlagonia. in 
the reign of Artaxerxes I., cruelly put to death 
by Parysatis. 

'Arturius, an obscure fellow, raised to ho- 
nours and wealth by his flatteries, &c. Juv. 3, 29. 

ARTYNES, a king of Media. 

Artynia, a lake of Asia Minor. 

ARTYSTONA, a daughter of Darius. Herod. 
3, 8S. 

ARU^. a people of Hyrcania, where Alexan- 
der kindly received the chiel ofificers of Darius. 
Curt. 6, 4. 

ARUERis, a god of the Egyptians, son of Isis 
and Osiris. According to some accounts, Osiris 
and Isis were mariied together in their mother's 
womb, and Is.s was pregnant of Arueris before 
she was bom. Diod. l.—Plut. de Is. et Osir. 

L. Arunculeius Costa, an ofiBcer sent by 
J. Caesar against the Gauls, by whom he wai 
killed. Cces. BeU. Gall. 

ARUNS, an Etrurian soothsayer in the age of 

Marius. Lucan. 1, 5S6. A soldier, who slew 

Camilla, and was killed by a dart of Diana. 

Firg. ^n. 11, 759. A brother of Tarquin the 

Proud. He married Tullia, who murdered him 
to espouse Tarquin, who had assassinated his 

wife. A son of Tarquin the Proud, who in tlie 

battle that was fought between the partisans of 
his father, and the Romans, attacked Brutus the 
Roman consul, who w ounded him and threw him 

down from his horse. Liv. 2, 6. A son o! 

Porsenna kina- of Etruria, sent by his father to 

take Aricia. Liv. 2, 14. A native of Clusium, 

w ho, to resent the violence offered to his wife by 
Lucumo, one of his countrymen, invited the 
Gauls to invade Italy, by giving them the wine 
of the countrj-, and describing to them the rich- 
ness and fertility of its soil. It is said, that he 
conducted the invaders over the Alps, and 
directed their attack against Clusium. Liv. 5, 
33. 

ARUNTIUS, a Roman who ridiculed the rites 
of Bacchus, for which the god inebriated him to 
such a degree that he offered violence to his 
daughter MeduUina, who murdered him when 
she foimd that he acted so dishonourably to her 

virtue. Plut. in Parall. A man who w rote an 

account of the Punic wars in the style of Sallust, 
in the reign of Augustus. Tacit. Ann. \.—Senec. 



ARU 



103 



ASC 



f>p, 14. .Another Latin writer. Senec. de Be- [ 

j 7te/. 6. Pdterculus, a man who gave iEmylius 

I Censoiinus, tyrant of ^gesta, a brazen horse to 

torment criminals. The tyrant made the first 
' experiment upon the body of the donor. Plut. in 

Parall. Stella, a poet descended of a consular 

i family, in the age of Domitian. 

Arui'Inus, a maritime town of Istria. Tihull. 
! 4, 1, 110. 

ARUSPEX. Vid. Haruspex. 
. AR7ALES, or Ambarval,es, a name given to 
} twelve priests who celebrated the festivals called 
I Ambarvalia. This order of priests is said to 
I have been instituted by Romulus, in honour of 
j his nurse Acca Laurentia, who had twelve sons, 

and when one of them died, Romulus, to console 
I her, offered to supply his place, and called him- 
j self and the rest of her sons, Fratres Arvales. 
I Their office was for life, and continued even in 
! captivity and exile. They wore a crown made 
I of the ears of corn, and a white woollen wreath 

around their temples. Varro de L L. 4. — Aul. 

Gell. 6, T.—Plin. 17, 2. Vid Ambarvalia. 
! Arverni, a powerful people of Gaul, whose 
ij territories lay between the sources of the Elaver, 
I or Allier, and Duranius, or Dordogne, branches 

of the Liger and Garumna. The district is now 
j Auvergne. Their chief city was Augustoneme- 

turn, now Clermont, a little north of Gergovia, 

which so long resisted the attacks of C^sar. They 

pretended to be descended from the Trojans, 
, Lucan. 1, 427— Cces. Bell. Gall. l.-Strab. 14— 

Pdn. 4, 19. 7, 50. 
j ARViRAGUS.. a king of Britain, in the age of 

Domitian. He was buried at Gloucester, in a 

temple built by him in honour of Claudius. Juv. 

4, 127. 

Arvisium and Arvisus, a promontory of 
Chios, famous for its wine. Virg. Ed. 3- 
; ArxAta, a town of Armenia Major, situate 
j on the Araxes, east of Artaxata, on the confines 

of Media. Strab. \\. 
: Aryandes, a Persian, appointed governor of 
Egypt by Cambyses. He was put to death by 
Darius for having refined and coined silver. 
Herod. 4, 165. 

ARYBAS, a native of Sidon, whose daughter 
was carried away by pirates. Homer. Od. U, 

4 '5. A king of the Molossi, who reigned ten 

years. 

Arypt^US, a prince of the Molossi, v/ho pri- 
vately encouraged the Greeks against Macedo- 
nia, and afterwards embraced the party of the 
M jcedonians. 

Asander, a man who separated, by a wall, 
Chersonesus Taurica from the continent. Strab, 
7. 

Asbkst.^: and Asbystae, a people of Lybia, 
.sout'i of Cyrene, where the ternple of Ammon is 
built. Jupiter is sometimes called, on that ac- 
count, Asbystius. Herod. 4, nO. — Ptol. 4,3. 

I AsBlLUS, (black hair) t one of Actjeon's dogs. 
Ovid. Met. i, 218. 

Ascalaphus, a son of Mars and Astyoche, 
who was among the Argonauts, and went to the 
Trojan war at the head of the Orchomenians, 
with his brother lalmenus. He was killed bv 
Deiphobus. Homer. 11. 2, 13. 9, 82. 13, 318. 

\ A son of Acheron by Gorgyra or Orphne, sta- 

j tioned by Pluto to watch over Proserpine in the 
Hysian fields. Wh -n Ceres had obtained from 
Jupiter her daughter's freedom and return upon 

I ( arth, provided she had eaten nothing in the 
Kingdom of Pluto, Ascalaphus discovered that 



she had eaten some pomegranates from a tree ; 
upon which Proserpine was ordered by Jupiter 
to remain six months with Pluto, and the res-t of 
the year with her mother. Proserpine was so 
.displeased with Ascalaphus, that she sprinkled 
water on his head, and immediately turned him 
into an owl. Apollod. 1, 5. 2, 5. — Ovid, Met. 5, 
8. 

AscAlon, a maritime town of Palestine, four- 
teen miles north of Gaza, and thirty south-west 
of Jerusalem. It was of great note for a temple 
dedicated to Deiceto, the mother of Semiramis, 
who was worshipped here under the form of a 
mermaid; and for another of Apollo, in which 
Herod the father of Antipater, and grandfather 
of Herod the Great, served as priest. In the pri- 
mitive ages of Christianity, it was an episcopal 
see; and during the holy wars, it was beautified 
with a new, wall, and many fair buildings, by our 
king Richard I. It is now a very inconsider- 
able village, called Scalona. Joseph, de Bell. 
Jud. 3, 2.— Theophrast. H. PI. 7, 4. 

Ascania, an island of ihe .^gean sea. A 

city of Troas, built by Ascanius. 

AscAnius, called also lulus, son of ^neasby 
Creusa, was saved from the flames of Troy by 
his father, whom he accompanied in his voyaae 
to Italy. He behaved with great valour in the 
war which his father carried on against the La- 
tins, and succeeded ^Eneas in the kingdom of 
Latinus, and built Alba, to which he transferred 
the seat of his empire from Lavinium. The de- 
scendants of Ascanius reigned in Alba for above 
420 years, under 14 kings, till the age of Numi- 
tor. Ascanius reigned 38 years; 30 at Lavinium, 
and 8 at Alba; and was succeeded by Sylvius 
Posthumus, son of ^neas by Lavinia. lulus, 
the son of Ascanius, disputed the crown with 
him; but the Latins gave it in favour of Sylvius, 
as he was descended from the family of Latinus, 
and lulus was invested with the office of high 
priest, which remained along while in his family. 

Liv. 1, 3. — Firg. AUn. 1, &c. According to 

Dionys. Hal. 1, 15, &c., the son of .lEneas by La- 
vinia was also called Ascanius. A river of 

Bithynia, by which the lake Ascanius discharg- 
ed its waters into the sea. At the eastern ex- 
tremity of the lake stood Nicjea, now Isnik. 
Virg. G. 3, 270. 

ASCII, from a pri' ative, and o-«ia, a shadotv. Is 
the name given to those inhabitants of our earth, 
who, at particular seasons of the year have nd 
shadow. All the inhabitants of the torrid zone 
are Ascii, as the sun is vertical to them twice 
every year. 

AsclepIa, festivals in honour of Asclepius, 
or ^sculapius, celebrated all over Greece, 
when prizes for poetical and musical composi- 
tions were honourably distributed. At Epi- 
daurus they were called by a different name. 
Meurs. Gr. — Pollux, 1, 1. 

AsclefiAdes, a rhetorician in the age of 
Eumenes, who wrote an historical account of 

Alexander. Arrian, A disciple of Plato 

A Greek philosopher, was born at Phliain Pelo- 
ponnesus, and flourished about B.C. 350. He 
and his friend Menedemus. studied under Stilpo 
at Megara, and Phaedo of Elis. While at the 
latter place, their poverty was so great, that they 
were obliged to work at the mill in the night to 
enable them to attend the academy in the day. 
This being mentioned to the magistrates, they 
presented the youn^ discijiles with two hundred 
drachmas. Asclepiades died at a very advanced 



ASC 



1C4 



A-D 



age, after havin.!: lost his sitrht, F!,it.~Cic. Tusc. 

5.3:). A native of Piusa in Bict.ynia, B.C. 

90, who, after teaching rhetoric for some j ears, 
applied himself to the more lucrative practice of 
medicine. He was so celebrated in his profes- 
sion at Rome, that he became the head of a 
£ch( ol of medicine, and ranked inferior only to 
the great Hippocrates. Without the affectation 
of empiricism, he recommended to his patients 
abstinence and exercise, those two great pre- 
servers of health, and in certain disorders per- 
mitted the free use of wine. He relied so much 
upon his skill, that he laid a wager he should 
never be sick; and he won it, as he died of a fall 
from a stair, in a very advanced age. Nothing 
of his medical treatises is now extant Pli?i. 26, 

3 7, 37.— Apuleius Flor. Id —Cic. Orat. 1, 14. 

An Egyptian, who wrote hymns to the gods of 
his country, an l also a treatise on the c;)inci- 
dence of all religions. A native of Alexan- 
dria, who gave a history of the Athenian archons. 

The writer of a treatise on Demetrius Pha- 

lereus. A disciple of Isocrates, who wrote six 

books on those events which had been the sub- 
ject of tragedies. It is probable that he also 
wrote tragedies, and that he first made use of 
that sort of verse which from him has been called 
Asclepiadaeum, of which the first ode of Horace 
is a beautiful specimen. Plut. in Isocr. D.iomed. 

3, pag. 408. A physician, and friend of Caesar 

Octavianus, by whose advice the latter left his 
camp the evening beiore the battle of Philippi. 
and thereby probably srtved his life, as that part 
of the arriiy was cut to pieces by Brutus. Ascle- 
piades perished by shipwreck, and a magnificent 
monument " as erected to his memory at Smyrna 

by the emperor. Another physician of Bithy- 

nia, under Trajan. He lived 70 years, and was 
a great favourite at the emperor's court. 

ASCLEPIODORUS, a painter in the age of A- 
pelles, twelve of whose pictures of the gods were 
sold for 300 minte each, to an African prince. 

Plin. 35, 10.- A soldier, who conspired against 

Alexander with Hermolaus. Curt. 8, 6. 

ASCLEPIOD-3TUS. a general of Mithridates. 

ASCLEPIUS. Fid. ^sculapius. 

AscjLRTARiON, a mathematician in the age 
of Domitian, who said that he should be torn by 
dogs. The emperor ordered him to be put to 
death, and his body carefully secured; but as 
soon as he was set on the burning pile, a sudden 
storm arose which put out the flames, and the 
dogs came and tore to pieces the mathematiciau's 
body. Sueton. in Domit. 15. 

ASCLUS, a town of Italy. Ital. 8. 

ASCOLIA, a festival in honour of Bacchus, 
celebrated about December, by the Athenian 
husbandmen, who generally sacrificed a goat to 
the god, because that animal is a great enemy to 
the vine. Tney made a bottle with the skin of 
the victim, which they filled with oil and wine, 
and afterwards leaped upon it. He who couid 
stand upon it first was victorious, and received the 
bottle as a rewards This was called a.otw'Xi.iZei.i; 

■rrapa. ro bttI rov aOKOV aX\iaQci.i„ leaping upOH the 

bottle, whence the name of the festival is derived. 
It was also introduced in Italy, where the peo- 
ple besmeared their iaces with the dregs of wine, 
and sang hymns to the god. They always hung 
some small images of the god on the tallest trees 
in their vineyards, and these images they called 
Oscilla. Some think that the Oscilla were small 
images of bark hung up from a belief on tlie part 
pf the rustics, that in whatever direction they 



turned, under the impulse cf the wind, they 
brought fertility. Firg. G. 2, 3S4. — PcVi/.r. 9, 7. 

ASCONICS Labeo, a preceptor of Nero. 

Pedianus, a Roman grammarian, was born at 
Padua, and lived in the time of Augustus. He 
w as the friend of Virgil, and tiie acquaintance of 
Quintilian and Livy. His notes on Cicero's ora- 
tions are full of valuable information, and still 
eXiSt. though in a mutilated state. Some addi- 
tional frairments have been lately discovered by 
Angrlo Mai, in the Ambrosian library at Milan. 

ASCRA, a town of Boeotia, founded', according 
to some, by the giants Otus and Ephialtes. at 
the loot of mount Helicon. At this place Hesiod 
resided, having removed thither from Cumas in 
Asia Minor. Hence he is called AscrcFus senex, 
and poetry after his style and subject, Ascrcsum 
Curmen. The town received its name from 
Ascra, a nvmph, mother o*" (Koclus bv Neptune. 
Strah. 9.—Paus. 9, 29.— Poterc. l.—Flor. 1, 19. 3, 
18.~Plin.3, 13. 7,4S.— Firg. G. 2, 116.— Ovid. 
Fast. 6, 14, 

ASCULUM, now Ascoli, a town of Picenum, 
situate upon a rock on the river Truentus, now 
Tronto. It sustained a long siege against Pom- 
pey, but was at last compelled to surrender. It 
was abandoned by Lentulus upon the approach 
of Ca;sar, without the slightest resistance. Liv. 
Epit.76.— Fell.P,iterc.2,2].— C(esar. Bell. Cir. 

1, 13. — LuC'ii. 2, 469. Another in Apulia, 

north-west of Venusia, where an obstinate battle 
was fought between Pvrrhus and the Romans. 
Flar. 1, 18. — Plut. Pyrrh.—Plin. 3, 11. 

ASDRUBAL, a Carthaginian, son in law of 
Hamilcar. He distinguished himself in the 
Numidian war, and was appointed chief general 
on the death of his father-in-law, and for eight 
years presided with much prudence and valour 
over Spain, which submitted to his arms with 
cheerfulness. Here he laid the foundation of 
new Carthage on the snores of the Mediterranean, 
and saw it rise to consequence, and increase in 
population, under the fostering hand of the mo- 
ther country. To stop his progress towards the 
east, the Romans, in a treaty with Carthatie, 
forbade him to pass the Iberus, which was faith- 
fully observed by the general. He was killed in 
the midst of his soldiers, B. C. 220, by a slave 
whose master he had murdered. The slave w .-^s 
caught aisd put to death in the greatest torments, 
which he bore with patfence, and even ridiculed. 
Some say that he was killed in hunting. Ital. 
1, \65.—Appian. Ibeyic.— Pohjb. 2.— Liv. 21, V, 

&c. A son of Hamilcar, who came from Spain 

with a large reinforcement for his brother Anni- 
bal. He crossed the Alps and entered Italy;, 
but some of his letters to Annibal having fallen 
into the hands of the Romans, the consuls M ' 
Livius Salinator and Claudius Nero, attackid 
him suddenly near the Metaurus, in Umbria, 
and defeated him, B C 207. He was killed in 
the battle, and 56,000 of his men shared his fate, 
and 5,400 were taken prisoners; about 8(i00 Ro- 
mans were killed. The head of Asdrubal was 
cut olf, and some days after thrown into the 
camp of Annibal, who, in the moment that he 
was in the greatest expectation of a promised 
supply, exclaimed at the sif.ht, in the deepest 
agony, " In losing Asdrubal, I lose all my hap- 
piness, and Cajthage all her hopes." Asdnihal 
had before made an attempt to penetrate into 
Italy bv sea, but had been defeated by the gover- 
nor of" Sardinia. Liv. 21, 23. 27, &:c. — Poh,b -- 
Herat. Od. 4. 4. A Carthaginian general :>iir- 



ASS 



105 



ASI 



i named Calms, appointed governor of Sardinia, 

I and raken prisoner by tiie Romans. Liv. 

' Another, son of Gisgon, appointed general of the 
i Carthaginian forces in Spain, in the time of the 
! great Annibal. He made head against the Ro- 
i mans in Africa, with the assistance of Scyphax, 
j but he was soon after defeated by Scipio. He 
died B.C. 206. He was the father of Sophonisba, 

' Lit}. Another, who advised his countrymen 

to make peace with Rome, and upbraided Anni- 
bal for laughing in the Carthaginian senate. Liv. 

A grandson of Masinissa, murdered in the 

; senate house by, the Carthaginians. Another, 

' vvho defended Carthage in its last sie°e by Scipio 
the younger, and, foreseeing its fate, surrendered 
himself to the Romans. When his wife, who 
was left behind with her two children in the 
temple of ^Esculapius, perceived that the temple 
was set on fire, she appeared on the walls, mag- 
nificently adorned, with her two children; and 
having reproached and execrated her husband 
tor basely deserting her, she first stabbed her 
children, and then threw herself into the flames. 

I Liv. 51. A Carthaginian general, conquered 

by L. Csecilius Metellus in Sicily, in a battle in 
which he lost 130 elephants. These animals were 
I led in triumph all over Italy by the conquerors. 
1 ASELLIO, (Sempronius), an historian and 
military tribune, who wrote an account of the 
actions in which he was present. Dionys. Hal. 

Asia, one of the three parts of the ancient 
world, separated from Europe by the .^ligean, the 
Euxine, the Palus Mteotis, the Tanais, or Don, 
and the Dwina, from Africa by the Red Sea and 
Isthmus of Suen. It received its name from 
Asia, one of the Oceanides, who married lapetus, 
and became the mother of Atlas, Prometheus, 
&c. The origin of the name is derived by some 
from the Hebrew word Khasr, signifying the 
central lajid, but there seems little reason to jus- 
t fy this appellation. The name of Asia seems 
I to have been originally used to denote the pro- 
: vince of Lydia, fur here, at the mcuth of the 
Caystrus, we find the Asia Palus mentioned at a 
; very early period, besides a tribe called Asiones, 
who latterly joined the Masonians. It is thought 
likewise to have been first applied to the whole 
continent, after the Ionian colonists wandered 
from Greece to the shores of Asia or Lydia ; 
when, from their being said by their country- 
men to have settled in Asia, this name came fin- 
ally to be applied to the continent itself. This 
part of the globe has given birth to many of the 
greatest monarchies of the universe; and to the 
.iticient inhabitants of Asia we are indebted for 
most of the arts and sciences. The soil is fruit- 
ful, and abounds with all the necessaries as well 
as luxuries of life. Asia was divided into many 
diflferent empires, provinces, and states, of 
which the most conspicuous were the Assyrian 
and Persian monarchies. The Assyrian mon- 
archy, according to Eusebius, lasted 1240 years, 
and, according to Justin, 1300 years, down to the 
year of the world 4;J80. The' empire of Persia 
existed 228 years, till the death of Darius III., 
whom Alexander the Great conquered. The 
empire of the Medes lasted 259 years, according 
to Eusebius, or less, according to others, till the 
reign of Astyages, who was conquered by Cvrus 
the Great, who transferred the power from' the 
Medes, and founded the Persian monarchy. It 
was in Asia that the military valour of the Ma- 
cedonians, and the bold retre;it of the lO.OflO 
Greeks, were so conspicuously displayed. It is ' 



! in that part of the world that we are to look for 
: the more visible progress of luxury, despotism, 
I sedition, effeminacy, and dissipation. Asia was 
generally divided into Major and Minor. Asia 
Major was the more extensive, and comprehend- 
ed all the eastern parts; and Asia Minor was a 
large country in the form of a peninsula, whose 
boundaries may be known by drawing a lint; 
from the bay of Issus, in a northern direction, 
to the eastern part of the Euxine Sea. Asia 
Minor has been subject to many revolutions. 
It was tributary to the Scythians for up- 
wards of 15C0 years, and was a iong time under 
the power of the Lydians, Medes, &c. The 
western parts of Asia Minor were the receptacle 
of all the ancient eftiigrations from Greece, and 
it was totally peopled by Grecian colonies. The 
appellation Asia Minor was not in use among 
the ancients. The general name for Upper and 
Lower Asia was simply Asia. Lower Asia is 
now termed Anatolia, or Anadoli, as the Turks 
call it, from the Greek word avaroXh, oriens, 

Strab.—Mela, — Justin. — Piin. — Tacit, ^-c. 

Oiie of the Oceanides, who married lapetus, by 
whom she had Atlas, Prometheus, Epimetheus, 
and Menoetius, and gave her name to one of the 
three divisions of the ancient globe. Apollod. 1, 
2. One of the Ner«-ides. Hygin. A moun- 
tain of Laconia. I'aus. 3, 24. 

Asia Palus, a marsh in Lydia, which receiv- 
ed the overflowings of the Cayster. Virg. yEn. 
7, 701. 

AsiATlccs, a Gaul, in the age of Vitellius. 

Tacit. Hist. 2. The surname of one of the 

Scipios, and others, from their conquests or cam- 
paigns in Asia. 

AslLAS, an augur, who assisted ^neas against 

Turnus. A Trojan officer. Virg. Mn. 9, JO, 

&c. 

AsiNA, the surname of some of the Cornelian 
family. It is derived, as it is suppostd by some 
authors, from one of the family, who, when re- 
quired to produce sureties, brought into the 
forum an Ass loaded with money. Macrob. Sat. 
1, 6. Vinnius, a man to whom Horace in- 
scribes the 13th epistle of his first book. 

ASINARIA, a festival in Sicily, in commemo- 
ration of the victory obtained over Demosthenes 
and Nicias, at the river Asinarius. 

AsiNARlUS, a river of Sicily, near which 
the Athenian generals, Demosthenes and Nicia-, 
were taken prisoners. Now the Falunera. 

AsiNE, a town of Argolis, north-west of Him-- 
mione, on the Sinus Argolicus. It was founded 
by a colony of Dryopes, who once occupied ilu- 
vales of Parnassus. Its ruins are to be seen near 

the little port of Vivares. Horn. II. 2, bird. 

Another in Messenia, south-west of Messt-ne, 
founded by the inhabitants of Arsine in Argo'li ., 
when expelled from their city by the Argives. 
It is now Grisso. Pausan. Messen. Z^.— Thucyd. 

4. 13. Another in Cyprus ^Another in Ci- 

licia, 

AsiNES, a river of Sicily. Strab. 8. 

ASINIUS Gallus, son of Asinius Pollio the 
orator, married Vipsania, after she had been 
divorced by Tiberius. This marriage gave rise 
to a secret enmity between the emperor and Asi- 
nius, w ho starved himself to death, either volun- 
tarily, or by order of his imperial enemy. He 
had six sons by his wife. He wrote a compari- 
son betwef n his father and Cicero, in which he 
gave a decided superiority to the former. He 
also wrote some epigrams, the wit and delicate 



I 



ASI Iv 

h;iniour of which have been admired by the an- 
cients. A p.:em upon Hippo! ytu>!, a youth who 
was one of his favourites, is quoted; but if it 
retlect credit upon the genius of the w'l-iter, it 
must be considered as disgracetul to his moralicv. 
Tacit. Ann, 1 et o.—Dio. b3.—PU?i. Ep. 7, 4.— 1- 
Marcellus, gran^ison of Asinius Pollio, was ac- 
cused of some misdenneanors, but acquitted, Sec. 

Tacit. Ann. 11. Pollio, an excellent orator, 

PMet, and historian, intimate with Augustus. He 
ttiumphed over the Dalmatians, and wrote an 
account of the wars of Caspar and Pomney, in 
17 books, besides poems. He refused to answer 
some verses written against him by Augustus, 

because," said he, "you have the power to 
proscribe me, should my answer prove offensive." 
He died in the bOth year of his age, A. D. 4. 
He was consul with Ca. Domitius Calvinus, 
A U.C. 714. It is to him that the fourth of Vir- 
gil's Bucolics is inscribed. He is particularly 
celebrated as being the first who collected a lib- 
rary at Rome, which he adorned with the por- 
traits of illustrious authors. Quintil. — Sueton. 
in Cces. 30 et 5'>. — Dio. 37, 49, bo. — Senec. de 
Trmiq. Ani. et Ep. \00. — Plin. 7, ZQ.— Tacit. 6. 

— latere. -L—Plut. in C(Ps. A commander of 

Mauritania, under the first emperors, &c. Tacit. 

Hist. 2. An historian in the age of Pompey. 

Another in the third century. Quadratus, 

a- man who published the history of Parthia, 
Greece, and Rome. 

AS! US, a son of Dymas, brother of Hecuba. 
He assisted Priam in the Trojan war, and was 
killed by Idomeneus. Homer. 11. 2, 342. 12, 95. 

l.i. 3^4.^^ A poet of Samos, who wrote about 

trie genealogy of ancient heroes and heroines. 
PlIUS. 7, 4. A son of Imbracus, who ac- 
companied iEneas into Italy, yirg. JEn. 10, 
123. 

ASIUS Cam PCS, a place near the Cayster. 

ASiSAUS, a mountain of Macedonia, near 
whicii the river Aous fljws, before it falls into 
the Adi iatic. Liv. 32, 5, 

AsoFKiS, a small country of Peloponnesus, 
near tlie Asopus. 

AsopiA, the ancient name of Sicyon. Paus. 
2, 1. 

A.SOPIA.DES. a patronymic of ,Eacus, son of 
iE^ina, liie daughter of Asopus. Ovid. Met. 7, 
484. 

ASOPlS, the daughter of the Asopus. A 

daughter of Tiiespius, mother of Mentor. Apol- 
kd. 2. 7. 

ASOPUS. a river of Thessaly, rising in mount 

CE-a, and falling into the Sinus Maliacus. A 

river of Bceotia, lising in mount Cithceron, and 
running eastward into the Euripus. It was on 
the banks of this river that the battle of Plat£Ea 
w?^ fought, B.C. 479 It still retains the name 

of Asopo. How. II. 4, 3S3. — Herod. 9, 43. A 

river of Asia Minor, tlowing into the Lycusnear 

Laodieea. A river of Peloponnesus, rising in 

the mountains of Argolis, and discharging itself 
into the Sinus Corinthiacus or GuV of Lepanto, 
e.-ist of Sicyon The games instituted by 
Adrastus. in honour o! Apollo, were held on its 
banks. It is now the Bas;7/co. Paus. 8.— Pind. 

Nem. 9. 21. Another of Macedonia, flowing 

near Heraelea. Strab. SfC. A river of Phoe- 
nicia. A son of Neptune, who gave his name 

to a river of Peloponnesus. Three of his daugh- 
ters are particularly celebrated, iEgina, S.ila- 
n^i<:. and Ismene. ApoUod. 1, 9. 3. ]2.—P'ai.^ 



O ASP 

ASPA, a t .wn of P;irlhia, now hp han, the 
capaal of the Persian empire. 

ASFAMITHRES, a favourite eunuch of Xerxes, 
who conspiied with Artabanus to destroy the 
king, and the royal family, &c. Ctesias. 

AsPARAGiUM, a town near Dyrrhachiutn. 
Cces. Bell. Civ. 3, 30. 

ASPASIA, a daughter of Hermotimus of Pho- 
casa, famous for her personal charms and ele- 
gance. She was mistress to Cyrus, and after- 
wards to his brother Artaxeixes. Plutarch and 
Justin relate that Darius, the son of Artaxerxes, 
on being declared his successor, and, according 
to custom, allowed to demand a favour, asked 
Aspasia from his father; and that this female 
being permitted to make a choice between the 
fafher and son, preferred the latter. It is further 
added, that Artaxerxes made her a priestess of 
Diana, in order to keep her from his son, whu 
thereupon rebelled. This story, however, is 
attended with some circumstances which weaken 
its credibility. Aspasia was called Milto, Ver- 
ynillion, on account of the beauty of her com- 
plexion, ^lian. F. H. 12, 1.— Plut. in Artnx. 

Another woman, daughter of Axiochus, born 

at Miletus. She came to Athens, where she 
taught eloquence, and Socrates was proud to be 
among her scholars. She so captivated Pericles, 
by her mental and personal accomplishment.s 
that he became her pupil, and at last took her 
for his mistress and wife. He was so fond of her, 
that he made war against Samos at her instiga- 
tion. The behaviour of Pericles towards Aspasia 
greatly corrupted the morals of the Athenians, 
and introduced dissipation and lasciviousness 
into the state. She, however, possessed the 
merit of superior excellence in mind as w^ll as 
person, and Plato hesitates not to declare, tlutt 
her instructions formed the greatest and the most 
eloquent orators of her age. Some have con- 
founded the mistress of Pericles with Aspasia 
the daughter of Hermotimus. Plut. in Pericl. — 

Quintil. 11. The wife of Xenophon was also 

called Aspasia, it we follow the improper inter- 
pretation given by some to Cic- de Inv. 1, 31. 

ASPASIUS, a peripatetic philosopher in the 2d' 
century, whose commentaries on different sub- 
jects were highly valued. A sophist, who 

wrote a panegyric on Adrian. 

ASPASTES. a satrap of Carmania, suspected of 
infidelity to his trust while Alexander was in the 
east. Curt. 9, 20. 

ASFATHlNES, one of the seven noblemen of 
Persia, who conspired against the usurper Smer- 

dis. Herod. 3, 70, &c.- A son of Prex.aspes. 

Id. 7. 

ASPENDUS, a town of Pamphylia, at the 
mouih of the river Eurymedon. The inhabi- 
tants sacrificed swine to Venus. Liv. 37, 23. 38, 
\t,. — Cic. in Verr. 1, 20. 

ASFHALTITES, a lake of Judaea. Vid. Mare 
Mortuum. j 

Asr-is. a satrap of Chaonia, who revolted fror ' 
Aitaxerxes. He wp.s reduced by Datames. Cor 

Nep. in Dat. A town of Hispania Terraccu 

en^is. north-west of Ilicis, now Aspe. 

ASFLEDON, a son of Neptune by the nympl 
Midea. He gave his name to a city of Bceotia 
north-east of Orohomenus, who-e inhabitant 
went to the Trojan war. Horn. li. 2, iS.—Puus 
9. 3^. 

ASPORKNUS, a district of Asia Minor, nea' 
Pt-mamus, where the mofher of the gi;ds v^a^ 
v:i)rihipped, ani called Aspcrena. Stmb, 13. 



A3P 



107 



AST 



C. Nonius Asprenas, ayoung nobleman at 
i Rutrie, lamed in the public diversions called 

I Trojce. Suet. Aug. 43. Lucius, a pro- 

, consul of Africa, under the emperors. Tacit. 
; A7in. ], 53. The family of the Asprenates enjoyed 
\ tlie consulship,' though- fevv particulars are 
i recorded concerning their history. P.'m 30, 7. 

ASSA, a town in the island of Ccphalenia. 

AsSABlN US, the Jupiter of the Arabians. Plin. 
12, 19. 

AssAracus, a Trojan prince, son of Troas by 
Callirhoe, or Acalis. He was father to Capys, 
the father of Anchises. The Trojans, especially 
the followers of .^neas, were frequently called 
the descendants of Assaracus, gens Assaraci. 

Homer. 11. 20, 232. — FzVg-. Ain. 1, 284. Two 

friends of .^neas in tiie Rutulian war. Virg. 
mn. 10, 124. 

ASSERINI, a people of Sicily. 

ASSORUS, a town of Sicily, east of Enna, on 

the river Chrysas. A town of Macedonia, in 

Mygdonia. 

Assos, a town of Mysia, west of Adramyttium, 
founded by Meihymna. Now Asso. 

Assyria, a kingdom of Asia, formerly of great 
celebrity. It was bounded on the west by Meso- 
potamia, on the north by mount Niphates and 
Armenia the Greater, on the east by part of 
Media and the mountains Choatra and Zagros, 
and on the south by Susiana. Assyria derived 
its name from Assur, the second son of Shem. 
It is called by some of the ancients Aturia, and 
by others Adiabene. It is now called Kourdintan, 
from the Carduchi, a tribe who, at a remote 
period, inhabited the northern parts. The Assy- 
rian empire is the most ancient in the world. 
It was founded by Ninus or Belus, B. C. 2059, 
according to some authors, and lasted till the 
reign ol Sardanapalus, the 31st sovereign since 
Ninus, B. C. 820. According to Eusebius, it 
flourished for 1240 years; according to Justin, 
ISGO years; but Herodotus, who is followed by 
Volney, says that its duration was not above 
520 yearr. Among the different monarchs of the 
Assyrian empire, Semiramis greatly distinguish- 
ed herself, and extended the boundaries of her 
dominions as far as Ethiopia and Libya. In 
ancient authors the Assyrians are often called 
Syrians, and the Syrians Assyrians. The Assy- 
rians are said to have assisted Priam in the i'ro- 
jan war, and to have sent him a numerous army 
under the command of Memnon. The king of 
Assyria generally styled himself king of kings, as 
a demonstration ol his power and greatness. {Fid. 

Syria.) Sirab. \Q — Herod. \ et 2.— Justin. 1 

Plin. 6, 13 et 2l5.—Ptol. 1, 2. — Diod. 2. - Mela 1, 
2. 

Asta, a town of Spain, in Bastica, near the 

left arm of the Baetis. Liv. 39, 21. Pompeia, 

a town of Liguria, now Asti. 

ASTABORAS, a river of Ey^ypt, rising in the 
Lunse Montes, or the Gebel Komri, and forming, 
l.y its junction with the Astapus, the river Nile. 
It is now Bahr el Abi id, or the white ricer. 

ASTACCENi, a people of India, near the Indus. 
Slrnb. 16. 

AstAcus, a townof Biihynia, north of Nicsea, 
on the Sinus Astacenus, founded by a colony 
from Megara, at the command of an oracle, but 
subsequently increased by another colony from 
Athens, and then called Olbi'i, or the blessed. 
Lysimachus destroyed it, and carried ihe inha- 
bitants to the town of Nicomedia, which was 
thtu lately built, ll ;s no.v called nrugo,ucsljc-. 



Paus. 5. \2. — Arrian.—Sirab. 17. A city oi 

Acarnania. Plin. 5. 

ASTAPA, a town of Hispania Bcetica, east oi' 
Hespalis, celebrated for the brave defence nuid- 
by its inhabitants against the Romans un^er 
Marius, A.U.C. 546. It is now Estepa id Vieja. 
Liv. 38, 20. 

Astapus, a river of Ethiopia, rising in the 
Lunffi Montes, or mountains of the moon, and 
forming, by its junction with the Ast?.boras, t!-e 
Nile. It is now called Bahr el A^erque, or the 
blue river. 

AsTARTE, the name of one of the Syrian god- 
desses, corresponding with the Venus of the 
Greeks, the Mithra of the Persians, the Isis of 
the Egyptians, &c. She had a famous temple &i 
Hierapolis in Syria, which was served by 3G(J 
priests, who were constantly employed in offer- 
ing sacrifices She is represented on some medals 
with a long habit, covered with a mantle, which 
is tucked up on the left arm; one of her hands is 
.stretched forward, and in the other is placed a 
crooked staff in the form of a cross. Sometimes 
she is exhibited as a half naked female, some- 
times in a chariot, and at other tim.es seated on 
a lion, with a thunderbolt in her hand. Lucian. 
de Dea Syria.— Cic. de Nat. D. 3, 23.— Dion. 7:i. 

Aster, a dexterous archer of Methone, wh;* 
offered his services to Philip king of Macedonia. 
Upon being slighted, he retired into the ciry, 
and aimed an arrow at Philip, who pressed it 
with a siege. The arrow, on which was written 
"aimed at Philip's right eye," struck the king s 
eye, and put it out; and Philip, to return the 
pleasantry, threw back the same arrow, with 
these words, " if Philip takes the town, Aster 
shall be hansed." The conqueror kept his word. 
Lucia?!, de Hist. Sc7'ib. 

ASTERIA, a daughter of Ceus, one of the 
Titans, by Phoebe, daughter of Coelus and Terra. 
She married Perses son of Crius, by whom she 
had the celebrated Hecate. She enjoyed for a 
long time the favours of Jupiter, under the form 
of an eagle; but falling under his displeasure, 
she was changed into a quail, called Ortyx by 
tlie Greeks; whence the name of Qrtygia, given 
to that island in the Archipelago, where she 
retired. {Vid. Delos.) Ovid. Met. 6, fab. 4.— 

Hygin. /ab. 58, — ApcUod. 1, 2, &c. A town of 

Greece, whose inhabitants went to the Trojan 

war. Homer. II. 2, 782. One of the daughters 

of Danaus, who married Chaetus, son of ^gyp- 

tus. Apollod. 2. One of the daughters of 

Atlas, mother of CEnomaus, king of Pisa. She 

ib called Sterope by some. Hy gin. fab. 250. 

A mistress of Gyges, to whom Horace wroro 
three odes to comfort her during her lover 
absence. 

ASTERlON and Asterius, a river of Pelopon- 
nesus, which flowed through the country of Ar 
golis. This river had three daughters, Eubceii, 
Prosymna, and Acrasa, who nursed the goddess 
Juno, of w hom the first and the last gave their 
name to two hills on the borders of the river. 
At the foot of the first of these was a temple ot 
Juno, served only by w■om^n. Slat. Theb. 4. 122 

et 714.— Pai^s. 2, 17.' A son of Comet< f, who 

w as one of the Ar-gonauts. Apollon. I. A st.-i- 

tuarv, son of yKschvlus. Paus. A son of Minos 

II., king of Crete, by Pasiphae. Hv was killed 
by Theseus though he was thought the strongest 
man i)f his age. Apollodorus sirpposes liim to 
bo the sanre a.> the ijuiuius lUi'oiMur. Accordm^- 
to .o.uc, AstLiiun .tas oii ul liuuuuu.s uncofUio 



ICS 



rp>cerdant3 of xEolus; and they say that he was 
piirnamed Jupiter, because he had carried away 
Europa, by whom he had Minos I. Diod. 4. — 

Apollod. 3.—Paus. 2, 31. A son of Neleusand 

Chlorls. Apollod. 1, 12. 
ASTERODiA, the wife of Endvmion. Pans. 5, 

1. 

ASTEROPE and Asteropea, one of the Plei- 
ades, ho were beloved by the gods and most 
illustrious heroes, and made constellations after 

death. A daughter of Pelias, king of lolchos, 

w ho assisted her sisters to kill her father, whom 
Medea promised to restore to life. Her grave 
was seen in Arcadia, in the time of Pausariias, S, 
11. A daughter of Deion by Diomede. Apol- 
lod. 1. The wife of ^sacus. Id. 3. 

ASTEROP^US, a king of Paeonia, son of Pele- 
gon. He assisted Priam in the Trojan war, and 
vas killed, after a brave resistance, by Achilles. 
Homer. II. 17, 217. 21. 140. 

AsTERUSius, a mountain at the south of Crete. 
A town of Arabia Felix. 

ASTll, a people of Thrace. Liv. 38, 40. 

ASTINOME, the wife of Kipponous. 

ASTIOCHUS, a general of Lacedzemon, who 
conquered the Athenians near Cnidus, and took 
Phocsea and Cumas, B.C. 4il. 

ASTR^A, a daughter of Astrseus, king of Ar- 
cadia, or, according to others, of Titan, Saturn's 
brother, by Aurora. Some make her daughter 
of Jupiter and Themis, and others consider her 
to be the same as Khea, w ife of Saturn. She was 
called Justice, of which virtue she was the god- 
dess. She lived upon the earth, as the poets 
mention, during the golden age, which is often 
called the age of Astraea; but the wickedness and 
impiety of mankind drove her to heaven in the 
brazen and iron ages. She was, however, the 
last of the divinities who retired from the habi- 
tations of men; and alter her return to heaven, 
she was placed amons the constellations of the 
zodiac, under the name of Virgo or Erigone. 
She is represented as a virgin, with a stern, but 
majestic countenance, holding a pair of scales in 
one hand, and a sword in the other. Senec. in 
Octav.—Grid Met. 1, U9.— Aral. PhcEtiom. 1, 
!)S.— He«orf. Thcog.-Aul GelL 14, i.—Manii. 
4, .542. 

A.STR^us. one of the Titans who made war 
against Jupiter. He v\ as the son of Crios and 
Eurybia, an;! married Aurora, by whom he had 
■he winds kiuiwn by the namesof Zephyr, Boreas, 
^otus, and Aigestes. Hesiod. in Theog. 375 et 

?.oc[.— Apollod- i, 5 A river of Macedonia, 

ninning between Beroea and Thessalonica, and 
tulUng into the Ludias. It is now the Visb itsa. 
/Elian- V. H. 15, 2. 

Asrn, a Greek word which signifies city, gen- 
erally applied by way of distinction to Athens, 
which was the most capital city of Greece. The 
word wrbs is applied with the same meaning of 
.'superiority to Rome, and iroXty to Alexandria, 
the capital of Egvpt, as also to Troy. C. Xep. 
7, 6. 9, i.—Cic. Leg. 2, 2. 

ASTUR. an Etrurian who assisted ^-Eneas 
agamst Turnus. Virg. /En. 10, 180. 

ASTURA, a small river and village of Latium, 
rear the coast, below Antium. In the neigh- 
bourhood was a villa of Cicero, to which he 
withdrew from the proscription of .\ntony, and 
\vh<'nce he sought to escape from his enemies. 
Via. Cicero. 

ASTURES, a people of Hispania Terra^onen- 
-;is, l)nig rttst and south-west of the Cantabri. 



They orcupied the v«estern p.irt of modern A?- 
turias, and the northern part of Leon. Tln-y 
were famed for a breed of ambling horses, and , 
as miners in the mountains, by which their co'in. j/ 
try was intersected. Lucan. 4, 29S.— /Ai«. J, 231. !i 
ASTYAGE, a daughter of Hypseus, who mar- ' 
ried Periphas, by w hom she had some childrenj 
among whom was Antion, the father of Ixioa, 
Diod. 4. 

ASTYAGES, SOU of Cyaxares, was the last king 
of Media. He was father to Mandane, whom he 
gave in marriage to Cambyses, an ignoble per- 
son of Persia, because he was told by a dream, 
that his daughter's son would dispossess him of 
his crown. From such a marriage h? hoped that 
none but mean and ignorant children cuuld 
raised; but he was disappointed, and though iic 
had exposed his daughter's son in consequence 
of a second dream, he was deprived of his crown 
by his grandson, after a reign of 35 years. Asty- 
ages was very cruel and oppressive; and Harpa- 
gus, one of his officers, whose son he had wan- 
tonly murdered, encouraged Mandane's son, who 
was galled Cyrus, to take up arms against hi3 
grandfather, and he conquered him and took hira 
prisoner, 559 B.C. Xenophon, in his Cyropaedia, 
relates a different story, and asserts that Cyrus 
and Astyages lived in the most undisturbed 
friendship together. Justin. 1, 4, &c. — Herod. 

1, 74, 75, &c. A grammarian, who wrote a 

commentary on Callimachus. A man changed 

into a stone by Medusa's head. Ovid. Met. 5, 
fab. 6. 

ASTYALUS, a Trojan killed by Neoptolemus. 
Homer. II. 15. 

ASTYANAX, a son of Hector and Andromache. 
He was very young when the Greeks besieged 
Troy; and when the city was taken, his mother 
saved him in her arms from the flames. Ulysses, 
who was afraid lest the young prince should in- 
herit the virtues of his father, and one day 
avenge the ruin of his country upon the Greeks, 
seized him, and threw him down from the walls 
of Troy. According to Euripides, he was killed 
by Menelaus; and Seneca says, that Pyrrhus the 
son of Achilles put him to death. Hector had 
given him the name of Scaniandrius; but the 
Trojans, out of gratitude to the father, their chief 
defender, and as a compliment to his valour, 
called the son Astj-anax, or the prince of the 
city. Ho)ner. II. 6, -iOO. 22, DOQ. — Virg. Mn. 2, 

457. 3, 4t9.— Ovid. Met. 13, 415. An Arcadian, 

who had a statue in the temple of Jupiter, on 
mount Lyceus. Pans. 8, 3S. A son of Her- 
cules, Apollod. 2, 7. A writer in the age of 

Gallienus. 

ASTYCRATIA, a daughter of iEolus. Horner, 
n. A daughter of Amphion and Niobe. 

ASTYDAMAS, an Athenian, pupil to Isocra!p.«!. 
He wrote 240 tragedies, of which only 15 t b'ain- 
ed the poetical prize.— —A Milesian, three limes 
victorious at Olympia. He was famous for his 
strength, as well as for his voracious appetite. 
He was once invited to a feast by king Ariobar- 
zanes, and he eat what had been prepared for 
nine persons. He exhibiitd the power of his 
arms bv breaking a large bar of iron. Athen. 10, 

1. Two tragic writers bore the same name, 

one of whom was disciple to Socrates. A 

comic poet of Athens, who, on being honouied 
by his countrymen with a statue, grew proud of 
hiS popularity, and vainly celebrated his own 
praises, whence the prnverb of Lauda (oipsunij 
Asiydaniti in moduni, Erasmi Auiigia, 



I 



AST 



1(9 



ATA 



AsrVOlMfA, or ASTYAOAMTA, daughtev of 
1 Amyiuor, king of Orchomenos ia Boeatia, mar- 
I ried Acastus, son of Pelias, vvho was kin-j of lol- 
chos. She became enamoured of Peleus, son of 
/Eacu?, who had visited her husband's court; and 
because he refused to gratify her passion, sho 
accused him of attempting her virtue. Acastus 
teadily believed his wife's accusation; hut as he 
would not violate the laws of hospitality, by 
punishing his guest with instant death, he wait- 
ed for a favourable opportunity, and dissembled 
his resentment. At las: they went in a hunting 
party to mount Pelion, where Peleus was tied to 
a tree by order of Acastus, that he might be de- 
voured by wild beasts. Jupiter was moved at 
the innocence of Peleus, and sent Vulcan to 
d liver him. When Peleus was set at liberty, 
he marched with an army against Acastus, whom 
he dethroned, and punished with derth the cruel 
and false Astydaraia. She is called by some 
llippolyte, and by others Cretheis. ApoUod. 3, 

13. — Pindar. Nem. 4. A daughter of Ormenus, 

carried away by Hercules, by whom she had Tle- 
polemus. Odd. Hetoid. 9, 50. 

ASTYLUS, one of the Centaurs, who had the 
knowledge of futurit)'. He advised his brothers 
not to make war against the Lapithcc. Ovid. 
Met. 12, 33S. A man of Crotona, who was vic- 
torious three successive times at the Olympic 
games. Paits. 

ASTYMEDUSA, a woman whom ffidipus mar- 
ried after he had divorced Jocasta. 

ASTYNOME, the daughter of Chrysesthe priest 
of Apollo, sometimes called Chryseis. She fell 
to the sliare of Achilles, at the division of the 

spoils of Lyrnessus A daughter of Amphion, 

of Talaus. Hygin. 

ASTYNOUS. a Trojan prince, killed by Dio- 

medes during the war. Homer. II. 5, 144. 

Another Trojan, son of Protiaon. Id. 15, 455. 

ASTYnCHE and ASTYOCHlA, a daughter of 
Actor, who had by Mars, Ascalaphus and lal- 
nienus who were^t the Trojan war, and among 
the Argonauts, according to Apollod. 1, 47. — 

Homer. II. 2, 2Q.—Paus. 9, 37. A daughter of 

Phylas king of Ephyre, who had a son called 
Tlepolemus, by Hercules. Hygin. fab. 97, 162. 
A daughter of Laomedon, by Strymo. Apol- 
lod, 3. A daughter of Amphion and Niobe. 

Id. 3, 4. A daughter of the Simois, who mar- 
ried Erichthonius. Id. 3, 12 The wife of 

Strophiu?, sister to Agamemnon. Hygin. 

AstyfaLjEA, one of the Sporades, midway 
between T+»era and Cos, where divine honours 
were rendered to Achilles. It was called Pyrrha 
. when the Carians possessed it, and afterwards 
Pylaja Its name Astypalaea is said to have been 
derived from that of a sister of Europa. It was 
■A%o called e^Zv rpave^a., or the table of the gods, 
becau-^e its soil was fertile, and almost enamel- 
li>d with flowers. It now bears the name of 
Stampalia. Cic. de Nat. D. 3, 18.— Pans. 7.4.— 
Strab. 14. 

ASTYPHILUS a soothsayer, well skilled in the 
knowledge of futurity. Plut. in Cim. 

AsiYUA, a city of Mysia, north of Adramyt- 
tium, near which was a grove sacred to Diana. 
A town of JDolis. Another in Phoenicia. 

ASTifRON, a town built by the Argonauts, on 
the coast of Illyricum. Strab. 

ASYCHIS, a king of Egypt, who succeeded 
Mycerinus, and made a law, that whoever bor- 
rowed money, must deposit his father's body in 
ihe hand of his creditors, as a pledge of his 



promise of payment. He built a magnificent 
pyramid. Herod 2, 136. 

AsI'LAS, a friend of iEneas, skilled in auguries. 
Virg. Mn. 9. 571. 10, 175. 

ASYLLUS, a gladiator. Juv. 6, 2C6. 

Atabulus, a wind v^hich was frequent in 
Apulia, and very destructive to the productions 
of the earth, which it scorched or withered up. 
It is the same with the modern Sirocco. Horat. 
1, Sat. 5, 78. 

Atab?ris, a mountain in Rhodes, where Ju- 
piter had a temple, whence he was surnamed 
Atabyrius. Strab. 14. 

Atacini, a people of Gallia Narbonensis, 
south and south-east of the Volscae Tectosage.e. 
They inhabited the banks of the Atax, or Aude, 
whence their name. Their capital was Narbo, 
now Narbonne. 

Atacinus, p. Terentius Varro, a poet. 
Fid. Varro. 

Atalant.\, a daughter of Schocneus king of 
Scyros. According to some she was the daugh- 
ter of Jasus or Jasius, by Clymene; but others 
say that Menalion was her father. This uncer- 
tainty of not rightly knowing the name of her 
father has led the niythologists into error, and 
some have maintained that there were two per-- 
sons of that name, though their supposition is 
groundless. Atalanta was born in Arcadia, and 
according to Ovid she determined to live in per- 
petual celibacy. Her beauty, however, .gained 
her many admirers, and to free herself from their 
importunities, she, as being very swift-footed, 
proposed to run a race with them. They wer«; 
to run without arms, and she was to carry a dart 
in her hand. Her lovers were to start first, and 
whoever arrived at the goal before her, would be 
made her husband ; but all those whom she 
overtook, were to be killed by the dart with 
which she had armed herself. As she displayed 
all her powers in running, many of her suitors 
perished in the attempt, till Hippomenes the 
son of Marcareus proposed himself as her ad- 
mirer. Venus had presented him with three . 
golden apples from the garden of the Hesperides, 
or according to others, from an orchard in Cy- 
prus; and as soon as he had started in the course, 
he artfully threw down the apples at some dis- 
tance one from the other. While Atalanta, 
charmed at the sight, stopped to gather the 
apples, Hippomenes hastened on his course, 
arrived first at the goal, and obtained Atalanta 
in marriage. These two fond lovers, in the im- 
patience of consummating their nuptials, entered 
ihe temple of Cybele; and the goddess was so 
offended at their impiety, and at the profanation 
of her house, that she" changed them into two 
lions. ApoUodorus says, that Atalanta's father 
was desirous of raising male issue, and that 
therefore she was exposed to wild beasts as soon 
as born. She was, however, suckled by a she- 
beai, and preserved by .shepherds. She dedicated 
her time to hunting, and resolved to live in celi- 
bacy. She killed two centaurs, Hyleus and 
Rhecus, who attempted her virtue. She was 
present at the hunting of the Calydonian boar, 
which she first wounded, and she received the 
head as a present from Meleager, who was en- 
amoured of her. She was also at the game« 
instituted in honour of Pelias, where she con- 
quered Peleus; and when her father, to whom 
she had been restored, wished her to marry, she 
consented to give herself to him who could over- 
come her in running, an has been said abeviK, 
K 



ATA 



110 



ATH 



She had a son called Partheriopoeus, by Hippo- j 
II flies. Hyginus says, that that son was the 
f nit ot her love with Meleager; and Apollodorus 
says she had him by Milanion, or, according to , 
others bv the god Mars. ( Fid. Meleager.) Apol- I 
lod. 1, 8.' 3, 9, &c —Pans. 1, 36, 4.'), &.c.—Hijgfn. 
jab. 99, 174, 185, 210.— Julian. V. H. 13.— Diod. 
4.— Ovid. Met. 8, fab. 4. 10. Jab. li.—Euripid.in 

Phceniss. — Propert. 1, el. 1. An island near 

Euboea and Locris. Paus. — Liv. 33, 37. 

ATA R ANTES, a people of Africa, ten days' 
journey from the Garamantes, and the same dis- 
tance from the Atlantes. There was in their ! 
country a hill of salt, with a fountain of sweet 
water upon it. Herod. 4, 184. 

ATARBECHIS, a city or Egypt, sacred to Venus, 
in one of the small islands of the Delta, called 
Prosopitis 

ATARGA.TIS, or Atergatis, Called also Der- 
ceto, a goddess of the Syrians, represented like 
a mermaid, with the head and chest of a woman, 
but with the rest of the body like a fish. Accord- 
ing to some, she was the Babylonian and Assy- 
nan Venus, and, like the Astarte of the Pheni- 
cians, had her origin from Semiramis, the found- 
ress of Babylon Lucian. de Dea Syr. — Strab. 16. 

Atarneus, a town of Mysia, on the coast op- 
posite to Lesbos. It was a village in Pliny's 
time. 

Atas and Athas, a youth of wonderful velo- 
city, who is said to have run 75 miles between 
noon and the evening. Martial. Ep. 4, 19.— 
Plin. 7. 

Atax, now Aude, a river of Gallia Narbonen- 
sis, rising in the Pyrenean mountains and falling 
into the Mediterranean sea. Mela, 2. 

Ate, the goddess of all evil, and daughter of 
Jupiter. She raised such jealousy and sedition 
in heaven among the gods, that Jupiter dragged 
her away by the hair, and banished her for ever 
from heaven, and sent her to dwell on earth, 
where she incited mankind to wickedness, and 
sowed commotions among them. Homer. II 19. 
She is the same as the Discord of the Latins. 

C. Ateius Capito, a tribune of the people, 
who endeavoured, by representing omens as un- 
favourable, to dissuade Crassus from going on his 
Parthian ex; edition. He was degraded by Ap- 
pius for giving a false account of omens. Cic. D. 
1, 16.— Dio. 39. 

Atella, a town of Campania, south of Capua, 
famous for a splendid amphitheatre, where farces 
and interludes w ere first exhibited, and thence 
called AtellancB Fabidce. Liv. 7, 2..—Juv. 6. 

ATE>"0MARUS, a chieftain of Gaul, who made 
war against the Romans. Plut. in Parall. 

Aternum, now Pescara, a town of Picenum 
at the mouth of the river Aternus, the south 
boundary of Picenum. 

AthamANES, the name of an ancient people 
who inhabited Athamania, in Epirus. They seem 
to have existed a century before the Trojan war, 
and to have preserved their name and customs 
in the days of Alexatider. It is said that there 
was a fountain in tht?ir territories, the waters of 
which became so sulphureous during the last 
quarter of the moon, that they burned wood. 

Strab. l.—Piin. 2, 103 Mela, 2, 3. — Ovid. Met. 

15, 311. 

Athamania, a country of Epirus, placed by 
D'Anville, or. the declivity of mount Pindu?. 

.\THAMANTIADE$, a patronymic of Melicerta, 
Fhnxus, or Helle, children of Athamas. Ovid. 
Jilei. 13, 319. Fast. 4, 903. 



Athamas, king of Thebes, in Boeotia, was 
son of .^olus. He married Themisto, whuiu 
some call Nephele, and Pindar, Detnotice, and 
by her he had Phryxus and Helle. Some time 
after, on pretence that Nephele was subject to 
fits of madness, he married Ino, the daughter of 
Cadmus, by whom he had two sons, Learchus 
and Melicerta. Ino became jealous of the child- 
ren of Nephele ; because they were to ascend 
their father s throne in preference to her own, 
therefore she resolved to destroy them; but they 
escaped from her fury to Colchis, on a golden 
ram. Phryxus and Argonautae.) Accord- 

ing to the Greek scholiast of Lycophron, v. 22, 
Ino attempted to destroy the corn of the country; 
and as if it were the consequence, of divine ven- 
geance, the soothsayers, at her instigation, told 
Athamas, that before the earth would yield her 
usual increase, he must sacrifice one of the chil- 
dren of Nephele to the gods. The credulous 
father led Phryxus to the altar, where he was 
saved by Nephele. The prosperity of Ino was 
displeasing to Juno, and more particularly be 
cause she was descended from Venus. The god- 
dess therefore sent Tisiphone, one of the furies, 
to the house of Athamas, who became inflamed 
with such sudden fury, that he took ino to be a 
lioness, and her two sons to be whelps. In this 
fit of madness, he snatched Learchus from her, 
and killed him against a wall; upon which, Ino 
fled with Melicerta, and, with him in her arms, 
she threw herself into the sea from a high loc-k, 
and was changed into a sea deity. After this, 
Athamas recovered the use of his senses; and as 
he was without children, he adopted Coronus and 
Aliartus, the sons of Thersander his nephew. 
Hygin. fab. 1, 2, 5, 239.—Apollod. 1, 7 et 9 — 

Ovid. Met. 4, 467, &c. Fast. 6, 459 Paus. 9, 34. 

A servant of Atticus. Cic. ad Attic- Ep. 12, 

10. A staae dancer. Id. Pis. 36. A tragic 

poet. Id. Pis. 20. One of the Greeks, con- 
cealed in the wooden horse at the siege of Troy. 
Virg. JEn. 2, 263. 

Athanasius, a native of Alexandria, who, 
though born of heathen parents, w as educated in 
the christian faith, and at the age of twenty-eight 
became bishop of Alexandria, on the death of 
Alexander. He rendered himself celebrated for 
his sufferings, and the determined opposition he 
maintained against Arius and his doctrines. His 
writings, which were numerous, and some of 
which have perished, contain a defence of the 
mystery of the Trinity, the divinity of the Word 
and of the Holy Ghost, and an apology to Con- 
stantine. The creed which bears his name, is 
now generally allowed not to have been his. 
Athanasius died 2d May, 373 A. D., after filling 
the archiepiscopal chair 47 years, and leading 
alternately a life of exile and of triumph. The 
best edition of his works is that of Montfaucon, 
3 vols. fol. Paris, 1698. 

Athanis, a man who wrote an account of 
Sicily. Athen. 3. 

Atheas, a king of Scrthia, who implored the 
assistance of Philip of Macedonia against tlie 
Istrians, and laughed at him when he had fur- 
nished him with an army. Justin. 9, 2. 

Athena, the name of Minerva among the 
Greeks; and also among the Egyptians, before 
Cecrops king of Athens had introduced the wor- 
ship of the goddess into Greece. Paus. 1, 2. 

Athene, a celebrated city of Attica, foundeil 
I about 1556 years before the Christian era, by 
1 Ctciops and an Egyptian colony. At first it W!» 



ATII 



111 



ATU 



called Ccropia, from the name of its founder; 
and afrtrwards Athence, in honour of the goddess 
Minerva, whom the Greeks called Athena, be- 
cause iiic was the protectress of the city. It was 
first called Athens in the teign of Erichthonius. 
The city was first built on the summit of a high 
rock, probably to secure it from inundations. - 
Afterwards, when the inhabitants increased in 
number, the whole plain was filled with build- 
ings, which, on account of their situation, w ere 
called ij kLtu, TrAiy, or, the lower city; and Ce- 
cropia was then denominated r) &vo^ TroAiy, or 
'A«p(J7roX6f, the upper city. It was governed by 
seventeen kings in the following order :— After a 
reign of 50 years, Cecrops was succeeded by Cra- 
naus, who began to reign 1506 B.C ; Amphic- 
tyon. 1497; Erichthonius, 1487; Pandion, 1437; 
Erichtheus, 1397 ; Cecrops II., 1347 ; Pan- 
dion II., 1307; iEgeus, 12S3; Theseus, 1235; 
Menesthens, 1205; Demophoon, 1182; Oxyntes, 
1149; Aphidas, 1137; Thymoetes, 1136; Melan- 
thus, 112S; and Codrus, 1091. who was killed 
after a reign of 21 years. The history of the 
twelve first of these monarchs is mostly fabulous. 
After the death of Codrus, the monarchical 
power was abolished, and the state was governed 
by 13 perpetual, and 317 years after, by seven 
decennial, and lastly, B.C. 6S4, after an anarchy 
of three years, l)y annual magistrates, called 
Archons. (r/d. Archontes.) Under this demo- 
cracy, the Athenians signalized themselves by 
their valour in the field, their munificence, and 
the cultivation of the fine arts. They were 
deemed so powerful by the Persians, that Xer- 
xes, when he invaded Greece, chiefly directed his 
arms against Athens, which he took and burnt. 
Their military character was most conspicuously 
displayed in the battles of Marathon, of Salamis, 
of Plataea, and of Mycale. After these immortal 
victories, they rose in consequence and dignity, 
and they demanded the superiority in the affairs 
of Greece. The town was rebuilt and embel- 
lished by Themistocles, and a new and magnifi- 
cent harbour erected Their success made them 
arrogant, and they raised contentions among the 
neighbouring states, that they might aggrandize 
themselves by their fall. The luxury and in- 
temperance which had been long excluded from 
the city by the salutary laws of their country- 
men, Draco and Solon, crept by degrees among 
all ranks of people, and soon after all Greece 
united to destroy that city, which claimed a sove- 
reign power over all the rest. The Peloponne- 
Bian war, though at first a private quarrel, was 
oon fomented into a universal war; and the arms 
oi all the states of Peloponnesus ( Vid. Pelopon- 
nesiacum Bellum), were directed against Athens, 
which, after 28 years of misfortunes and blood- 
shed, was totally ruined, the 24th April, 404 
years before the Christian era, by Lysander. 
Alter this, the Athenians were oppressed by 30 
ij rants, and for a while laboured under the 
weight of their own calamities. They recovered 
something of their usual spirit in the age of 
Pnilip, and boldly opposed his ambitious views; 
but their short-lived efforts were not of great ser- 
vice to the interest of Greece, and they fell into 
the hands of the Romans, B. C. 66. The Athen- 
ians have been admired in all ages for their love 
of liberty, and for the great men that were born 
among them; but favour there, was aMei.detl 
w ith danger; and there are very few instance.s in 
lite history of Athens, that can prove that the 
.iloiisy and frenzy of the people did not pcise- 



cute and disturb the peace of the man w ho had 
fought their battles, and exposed his lile in the 
defence of his country. Perhaps not one single 
city in the world can boast, in such a short space 
of time, of such a number of truly illustrious 
citizens, equally celebrated for their humanity, 
their learning, and their military abilities. The 
Romans, in the more polished ages of their re- 
public, sent their youths to finish their education 
at Athens, and respected the learning, rthile 
they despised the military character of the inha- 
bitants. The reputation which the Athenian 
schools had acquired under Socrates and Plato, 
was maintained by their degenerate and less 
learned successors ; and they flourished with 
diminished lustre, till an edict of the ernperor 
Justinian suppressed, with the Roman consul- 
ship, the philosophical meetings of the academy. 
It has been said by Plutarch, that the good men 
whom Athens produced, were the most just and 
equitable in the world; but that its bad citizens 
could not be surpassed in any age or country, 
for their impiety, perfidiousness, or cruelties. 
Their criminals were always put to death by 
drinking the juice of hemlock. The reputation 
for learning, for military valour, and for polished 
elegance, which Athens enjoyed during the 
splendid administration of Pericles, was tarnish- 
ed by the corruption which this celebrated hero 
introduced. Prosperity was the forerunner of 
luxury and universal dissipation, every possible 
delicacy was drawn from distant nations, the 
wines of Cyprus, and the snows of Thrace, gar- 
lands of roses, perf umes, and a thousand eff'em- 
inate arts of buffoonery and wit, which disgraced 
a Persian court, were introduced, instead of the 
coarse meals, the herbs and plain bread, which 
the laws of Solon had recommended, and which 
had nourished the heroes of Marathon and Sala- 
mis. The ancients, to distinguish Athens in a 
more particular manner, called it Astu, one of 
the eyes of Greece, the learned city, the school 
of the world, the common patroness of Greece. 
The Athenians thought themselves the most 
ancient nation of Greece, and supposed them- 
selves the original inhabitants of Attica, for 
which lea (n they were called alrc,x^ovt%, pro- 
duced Irom tiie same earth which they inhabited, 
•y>7y«v6tj sonso/ the earth, and.TiTTt^ey, grasshoppers. 
They sometimes wore golden grasshoppers in 
their hair, as badges of honour, to distinguish 
them from other people of later origin, and less 
noble extraction, because those insects are sup- 
posed to be sprung from the ground. The num- 
ber of men able to bear arms at Athens, in the 
reign of Cecrops, was computed at 20,000, and 
there appeared no considerable augmentation in 
the more civilized age of Pericles; but in the 
time of Demetrius Phalereus, there were found 
21,000 citizens, 10,000 foreigners, and 40,000 
slaves. Among the numerous temples and pub- 
lic edifices none was more celebrated than that 
of Minerva, which after being burnt by the Per- 
sians, was re-built by Pericles, with the finest 
marble, and still exists a venerable monument 
of the hero's patriotism, and of the abilities of 
the architect. Cic. ad Attic, m Verr. '^c.~Thu- 
cyd. l,&c — Justin. 2, 8ic.—Diod. 13, Sic—AiU- 
an. V. H. 4, &.—Plin. 7, bQ.—Xenoph. Memoiab. 
—Phd.in vilis, Src—Strab. 9. See— Pans- I, &c. 
— Val. Max.— Liv. 31, &.C.— C. Nep. in Milt. &'C. 
—Polyb.—Patercid. 

AtheNjI:a. festivals celebrated at Athens in 
honour of Minerv.i. One of ihem was talUd" 
K 2 



ATH 



11 



Payiathen^CL, and the other Ckulceaj for an ac- 
count of which see those words. 

ATHKN^.um, a place at Athens, sacred to 
Minerva, where the poets, philosophers, and rlie- 
toricians generally declaimed and repealed their 
compositions. It was public to all the professors 
of the liberal arts. The same thing was adopted 
jit Rome by Adrian, who made a public building 
lor the same laudable purposes. The Athensea 

were built in the form of amphitheatres. 

A promontory of Italy. A foriifiod place be- 
tween .^'olia and Macedonia. Liv. iij, 1. o'J, 

Athen,5;us, a Greek cosmographer.— A 
peripatetic philosopher of Cilicia in the time of 

Augustus. Strab. A Spartan sent by his 

countrymen to Athens, to settle the peace during 

the Peloponnesian war. A grammarian of 

Naucratis, w ho composed an elegant and miscel- 
laneous work, called Deipnosophislce, replete w ith 
very curious and interesting remarks and anec- 
d;)tes of the manners of the ancients, and like- 
wise valuable fur the scattered pieces of ancient 
poetry which it preserves. The work consists of 
tifteen books, of which the two first and part of 
the third are come do«n to the present timei 
only in an epitome. Athenaeus wrote, besides 
this, a history of Syria, and other w orks now lost. 
He died A.D. li)4. The best editions of his 
works are, that of Casaubon, Lugd. 1612, in 2 
vols, fol.; that of Schweighaguser, Argent. 1801 
— 7, in 14 vols. 8vo; and that of Dindorf, Leip. 

18.27, in 3 vols. 8vo A historian, w ho w rote an 

account of Semi ramis. Diod. A brother of king 

Eumenes II., famous for his paternal affection. 

A mathematician, who flourished about 

B.C. 200. He wrote a treatise on engines of war, 
which he dedicated to Marcellus, the conqueror 
of Syracuse, and which still remains. A phy- 
sician of Cilicia, in the age of Pliny, who ascrib- 
ed the human pulse to the agency of a spirit, or 
principle of vitality, which he supposed to be a 
i\£ih element in nature. 

ATHENAGORAS, a Greek in the time of Darius, 
to whom Phamabazus gave the government of 
Chios, &c. Curt.S,^. A writer on agricul- 
ture, Varro. An Athenian philosopher, who 

was converted to Christianity in the age of Aure- 
lius, and wrote a treatise on the resurrection, 
and an apology for the Christians, still extanu 
These writings prove him to have been a man of 
great erudition, extensive application, and truly 
a master of the Attic style. He died A. D. 177. 
The best edition of his works is that of Dechair, 
8vo. Oxon. 1706. The romance of Theagenes 
and Charis is falsely ascribed to him. 

AthenAIS, a Sibyl of Erythrsea, in the age of 
Alexander. Strab.— ^\ daughter of the philo- 
sopher Leontius. 

Atheniox, a peripatetic philosopher, 103 
B.C. A general of the fugitive slaves in Si- 
cily; whence Clodius is called by that name, as 
being the leader of slaves and low people at 
Home. Cic. Verr. 2, 5U H<irus. U. AH. 2, It. 

A tyrant of Athens, surnamed Ari.>;ton. 

A Greek historical painter, who flourished 

B C. 30O. Plin. Hist. Nat. 35, 40. A comic 

poet. Alhen, 24, 60. 

Athenoclf.s. a general, &c. Poly<E7i. 6. 

A turner of Mitylene. Piin. 3-i. 

ATHENODORUS, a philosopher intimate with 
Augustus, born at Cana near Tarsus in Cilici.i. 
'1 he emperor often profited by his lessons, and 
was advised by him ahvays to repeat the twenty- 



four k fters of the Greek alphabet, before he gave 
way to the impulse of anger. Zosimus ascribes the 
wisdom and moderation of Augustus" reign to he 
influence of the counsels of Athenodorus Athen- 
oJorus died in his 82d year, much lamented by 
his countrymen, for whom he had obtained re- 
lief from some of the taxes by which they were 

oppressed. Suet. A pcet, who wrote comedy, 

tragedy, and elegy, in the age of Alexan ;er. 

Plut. in Alex. A stoic philosopher of Tarsus, 

who lived about B.C. 50. He w as keeper of the 
public library at Pergamus, and the intimate 
friend of Cato of Ltica, by whom he rtacpir- 
suaded to take an active part in the war which 
the latter had undertaken for i he restoration of 

Roman liberty. He died with Cato. Strab. 

.\ marble sculptor. A man assassinated at 

Bactra for making himself absolute. 

ATH EOS, a surname of D:agoras and Theo- 
doras, because they denied the existence of a 
deity. Cic de Nat. D. 1, 1. 

Atherius, or Ateuius, a lawyer in the time 
of Cicero. Cic. Fam. 9. 18. 

Athssis, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, rising in 
the Khcetian Alps, and failing into the Adriatic 
sea, a little north of the Po. It is now the 
Adige, Virg. Mn. 9, 680. 

Athos, a mountain in the Chalcidian district 
of Macedonia. It is situated between the Sinus 
Strymonicus, or Gtilf of Contessa, and the Sinus 
Singiticus, or Gulf of Monte Santo, on a moun- 
tainous promontory, w hich is connected with the 
mainland by an isthmus of twelve stadia. Plu- 
tarch and Pliny have both as-^erted that it is so 
high as to project its shadow , during the summer 
solstice, into the market place of Myrina in 
Lemnos, a distance ot 87 miles. On this account 
a brazen cow was erected at the termination of 
the shadow, with this inscription: 

In the first armament of the Persians against 
Greece, the flei t of Mardonius, in doubling the 
promontory of Athos, was dispersed by a storm, 
and lost no less than 300 vessels, and 20, TOO 
men. Xerxes, in his expedition, was resolved 
to secure himself against this danger, and he cut 
a canal through the mountain, sutlicient to ad- 
rait two galleys abreast, each of three banks of 
oars. Antiquity has not failed to extol in terms 
of wonder this great work; and though Juvenal 
ranks it with the o:her iables to which the expe- | 
dition of Xerxes gave rise, its existence is too 
well attested by Herodotus, and subsequent 
writers, as well as by the remains of it which are 
yet visible, to be considered as a subject of 
doubt. "We must not here omit the daring pro- 
posal of Dinocrates, an engineer in the service 
of Alexander, who offered to convert the whi le 
mountain into a statue of that prince. The 
enormous figure, which mu<t have been in a sit- 
ting posture, was to hold a city in his left hand, 
containing 10,000 inh.-ibitants,' and in the right, 
an immense basin, whence the collected torrents 
of the mountain should issue in a mighty river, f 
But the project was thought to be too exirava- * 
gant, even by Alexander. Athos is now called 
Monte Santo, from the number of religious 
housts built round it. Herod. 6. 44. 7, 2!, &c 
—Juv. Sat. 10, 174. — L?/ron. 2, 612 —Julian, de 
Anim. 13, 20, &c.— P/m. 4, 10.-/Esr/im. contra 
Ctesiph. 

Athrulla, a town of Arabia. Strab. 
Athymbra, a citv of Cari.i, af.erwards called 
Nvssa. Slrab. 14. " 



ATH 



113 



ATL 



ATHYR an Egyptian deity, tht^ snnu- as Ve- 
nus or ihe Urania of the Greeks. Flid. in Is. 
et Osirid. 

ATI , A, a city of Campania. A law enacted 

A n.C. 690, by T. Atius Labienus, the tribune 
of the people. It abolished the Cornelian law, 
;uid put in full force the Lex Domitia, by trans- 
f.-rring the right of electing priests from thecol- 

iege of priests to the people. The mother of 

Augustus, daughter of Atius Balbus, by Julia, 
Julia Caesar's sister. The family of the Atii, to 
uhich she belonged, is made, by the flattery of 
Virtfil, to descend from Atys 11.6 companion of 
A.^eanius. Vid. Accia. 

Atilia lex gave the praetor and a majority 
of the tribunes power of appointing guardians to 
those minors who were not previously provided 
for by their parents. It was enacted about 
A. U. C. 560. Another, A. U. C. 443, which 

I gave the people power of electing 20 tribunes of 
the soldiers in four legions. Liv. 9, 30. The 

j family of the Atilii was plebeian, but distin- 
guished by the military conduct of some of its 
members. One of them, Marcus, is mentioned by 

' Livy, 15, 17, and 19, and another by Cicero, Fin. 

I 2, 

I AtilIus, a freedman, who exhibited combats 
i of gladiators at Fidenaj The amphitheatre, 
which contained the spectators, fell during the 
exhibition, and about 50,000 persons were eitlier 
i killed or mutilated. Tacit. Ann. 4, 62. 

Axilla, the mother of the poet Lucan. She 
was accused of conspiracy by her son, who ex- 
;;iected to clear himself of the charge.- Tacit. 
Ann. 15, 56. 

Atina, an ancient town of the Volsci, one of 
the first which began hostilities against .^neas. 
Virg. JEn. 7. 630. 

Atinas, a friend of Turnus, &c. Virg. Mn. 

Atinia lex, was enacted by the tribune 
Atinius, A U.C. 623. It gave a tribune of the 
people the privileges of a senator, and the right 
of sitting in the senate. Another, which per- 
mitted the reclaiming of stolen goods, &e. Cic. 
Varr. 1, 4r2. — Gellius, 17, 7. 

Atlantks, a people of Africa, in the neigh- 
bourhood of mount Atlas, who lived chiefly on 
the fruits of the earth, and were said not to have 
their sleep at all disturbed by dreams. They 
daily cursed the sun at his rising and at his set- 
ting, because his excessive hjat scorched and tor- 
mented them, Herod. 

AtlantiAdes, a patronymic of Mercury as 
grandson of Atlas. Ovid. Met. 1. 639. 

Atlantides, a people of Africa, near mount 
Atlas. They boasted of being in possession of 
the country in which all the gods of antiquity re- 
ceived their birth. Uranus was their first king, 
whom on account of his knowledge of astron- 
omy, they enrolled in the number of their gods. 

Diod. 3 Ttie daughters of Atlas, seven 

in number, Maia, Electra, Taygeta, Asterope, 
Merope, Alcyone, and Celaeno. They married 
some of the gods, and most illustrious heroes, 
and their children were founders of many nations 
and cities. The Atlantides were called nymphs, 
an I even goddesses, on account of their great 
intelligence and knowledge. The name of Hes- 
perides was also givf/i them, on account of their 
mother Hesperis. They were made eonstell:i- 
tions after death. (Ti'dZ. Pleiades.) Some of the 
ancients have called the Fortunate Islands At- 
lantides, and have placed there the Elysian fields. 



They are the same as the Hesperides of Pliny, 
wtiiih he describes as situate in the Atlantic 
ocean. 

Atlantis, an island mentioned by the an- 
cients. Plato gives an account of it in his Ti- 
moeus and Critias. He describes it as a large 
island in the western ocean, 30,000 stadia in 
length, and 2000 in breadth; as lying opposite to 
the straits of Gades, or Gibraltar, as exceedingly 
fertile and productive, and abounding in meials 
and trees. He farther states that it was governed 
by a race of mighty conquerors, who subdued all 
Europe as far as the borders of Asia Minor, and 
all Libya to the frontiers of Egypt. At last, how- 
ever, it sunk under water, and for a long time 
afterwards the sea in that quarter was full of 
shoals. Its reality find local situation have given 
occasion to many different opinions. Amongst 
those who have maintained its actual existence, 
some have conjectured that it referred to Ame- 
rica, and others to certain lands which once 
united Ireland to the Azores, and the latter to 
the mainland of the New World. Others, how- 
ever, are of opinion that Atlantis is the same 
with the peninsula of Sweden and Norway, while 
some have not scrupled to place it even in more 
desolate regions, at Iceland, Greenland, Nova 
Zembla, or Spitzbergen. But it appears far more 
probable that it never had any existence except 
in the fanciful imaginations of the poets, or the 
conjectural speculations of calculating philoso- 
phers. Plat, in Timceo.—Ariitot. Meteor. 2, 1. 
De ccelo, 2, \3.—Mlian, V. Hist. 3, 17. ~ Strab. 2. 
—Pliti. 2, 90. 6, 31. 

Atlas, one of the Titans, son of Japetus and 
Clymene, one of the Oceanides. He was brother 
to Epimetheus, Prometheu.s, and Menoetius. 
His mother's name, according to ApoUodorus, 
was Asia. He married Pleione, daughter of Oce- 
anus, or Hesperis, according to others, by whom 
he had seven daughters, called Atlantides. QVid. 
Atlantides.) He was king of Mauritania, and 
master of a thousand flocks of every kind, as 
also of beautiful gardens, abounding in every 
species of fruit, which he had entrusted to the 
care of a dragon. Perseus, after the conquest of 
the Gorgons, passed by the palace of Atlas, and 
claimed his hospitality; but. the king, having 
been warned by an oracle that he should be i.e- 
throned by a descendant of Jupiter, not only 
refused to admit Perseus, but treated him with 
great violence. Perseus, being altogether unequal 
in strength to his adversary, showed him Medu- 
sa's head, and thus changed him instantly into a 
large mountain, which was imagined to have 
been so high that the heavens rested upon its 
top, and Atlas was therefore said to bear the 
world on his shonlders. Hyginus says, that Atlas 
assisted the giants in their wars against the gods, 
for which Jupiter compelled him to bear the, 
world on his shoulders. The fable t;oncerning 
Atlas is thought to have arisen from his cultiva- 
tion of astronomy, and his intimate knowledge of 
the motions of the heavenly bodies, which in- 
duced him to frequent elevated places, for the 
sake of making observatior^s. When the daugh- 
ters of Atlas were carried away by Busiris, king 
of Egypt, and recovered by Hercules, the latter 
hero received, as a reward from the father, the 
knowledge of astronomy, and having communi- 
cated this knowledge to the Greeks, he was said, 
' in mythological language, to liave eased for .some 
time the labours of Atlas by taking the whole 
^ weiglit of the heavens upon his shoulders. 
K 3 



ATO 



111 



A T.I 



Arconlinf; to some authors, there were two other 
])f r.sons of that name, a king of Italj', father of 
Electra, and a king of Arcadia, father of Maia, the 
mother of Mercury. Virg. jEn. 4,48, 8, 186.— 
Ovid. Met. 4, /aft 'H.—Diod. 3.—Lucan. 9, 667. 
— VaL Flacc. 5, 40<}.—Hyonn 83, lib. li)5, ]57, 
1 —Aratus in Asiron. — Apol od. 1 . — Hcsijd. 

'IhPOg. 5!Jd, &c. A river flowing from mount 

Hasmus into the Ister. Herod. 4, -!9. 
- ATOSSA, a daughter of Cyrus, who was one of 
the wives of Cambyses, of Smerdi-, and after- 
wards of Darius, by whom she had Xerxes. She 
was cured nl a dangerous cancer by Democedes. 
She is supposed bv some to be the Vashti of scrip- 
ture. Herod 3, 6S, &c. 

Atraces a people of ^Etolia, who received 
their name from Atrax, ron of ^^Itolus. Their 
country was called Atracia. 

AtraMYTTIUM. a town of Mysia. 

ATRAPES, an officf^r of Alexander,. who, at the 
^►neral di\'ision of the provinces, received Me- 
dia. Dioi. IS. 

ATRAX, sonof .Stolus, or according to others, 
of tne river Peneus. He was king of Thessaly, 
and built a town which he called Atrax or Atra- 
cia. This town became so famous that the word 
Alradus has been applied to any inhabitant of 
Tnessaly. He was father of Hippodamia, who 
married Pirithous, and whom we must not con- 
f »unJ wiih the wife of Pelops, who bore the 
same name. Propert El. 1, 8, 25. —Stat. Theb. 
I, 106.— Oiwd Met. \Z,-m. — Val. Flacc. 6, 447. 

A city of Th^•ssaly, whence the epithet of 

Atracius. A river of ..E.olia, which falls into 

the Ionian sea. 

ATKEBAT^, a people of Britain, south-west 
of the Trinobantes. They are placed by some 
antiquaries in what is now Berkshire, by others 
in Oxfordshire, and by others in part of both. 
Tiieir capital was Calliva, now Wallingford. 

Atrebates. a ppople of Gaul, who together 
with the Nervii, opposed J. Cae-ar with 15.000 
men. They were conquered, and Comius, a 
friend of the general, was set over them asking. 
They were reinstated in their former liberty and 
independence, on account of the services of Co- 
mius. Tneir chief city was Nemetacum, after- 
wards Atrebates, now Arras. Cess. Bell. Gall. 2, 
&c. 

ATRENI, a people of Armenia. 

Atreus. a son of Pelops by Hippodamia, 
daughter of CEnomaus, king of Pisa, was king of 
Mycenaj, and brother to Pittheus, Troezen, Tny- 
e.stes, and Chrysippus. A^ Chrysippus was an 
illegitimate son, and at the same time a favourite 
ol his father, Hippodamia resolved to destroy 
iiim. She persuaded her sons Thyestes and 
Atreus to murder him; and they accordingly 
threw him headlong into a well. Others, how- 
ever, say that they resisted their mother's in- 
junctions with horror ; and that Hippodamia, 
exasperated at their refusal, embrued her 
own hands in the blood of Chrysippus. This 
murder was grievous to Pelops; he suspected his 
two sons, who fled away from his presence. 
Atreus retired to the court of Eurys'heus, king 
of Argos, his nephew, and upon his death he suc- 
ceeded him on the throne. He married, as some 
report, Mrope, his predecessor's daughter, by 
whom he had Plisthenes, Menelaus, and A^'a- 
memnon. Others affirm that .42rope was the 
wile of Plisthenes, by whom she had Agamemnon 
and Menelaus, who are the reputed sons of 
Atreus because that prince took care of their 



education, and brought them up as his own. 5 
(Fid. Plisthenes.) Thyestes had followed his I 
brother to Argos, where he lived with him, and 
debauched his wife, by whom he had two, or, 
according to some, three children. This incest- 
uous commerce offended Atieus, and Thyestes 
was banished from his court. He was, however, , 
soon after recalled by his brother, who deter- j 
mined cruelly to revenge the violence offered to ^ 
his bed- To effect this purpose, he invited his ,[ 
brother to a sumptuous feast, where Thyestos ; 
was served up with the flesh of the children he ; 
had had by his sister-in-law the queen. Alter / 
the repast was finished, the arms and the heads 
of the murdeg'ed children wero produced, to con- j 
vince Thyestes of what he had feasted upon ' 
This action appeared so cruel and impious, that h 
the sun is said to have shrunk back in his course I-, 
at the bloody sight. Thyestes imme liately fled '„ 
to the court of Thesprotus, and thence to Sicyon, 
where he ravished his own daughter Pelopea, in , 
a giove sacred to Minerva, without knowing who jp 
she was. This incest he committed inteniionalh , v 
as some report, to revenge himself on his brother || 
Atreus, according to the words of the oracle, 
which promised him satisfaction for the cruelties 
he had suffered, only from the hand of a son who , 
should be born of himself and his own daughter. ^ 
Pelopea brought forth a son, whom she called 
.iEgisthus, and soon after she married Atreus, 
who had lost his vvife. Atreus adopted .iEgisthus. 
and sent him to murder Thjestes, who had been 
seized at Delphi, and imprisoned. Thyestes 
knew his son, and made himself known to him; 
he made him espouse his cause, and instead of 
becoming his father's murderer, he rather aveng- j- 
ed his wrongs, ?.nd returned to Atreus, whom he U 
assassinated. (^Fid. Thyestes, iEgisthus, Pelo- \, 
pea, Agamemnon, and iMenelaus.) Hygin./ab. |1 
S3, 86, 87, 83 et 258. — Euripid. in Orest. in Iphig. 
Tour. — Hut. in Parall — Pans. 9, iO.—Apollod. 
3, 10. — Senec. in Atr. — Pindar. Olynip. 

Atrid.e, a patronymic given by Homer to j,| 
Agamemnon and Menelaus, as being the sons of t 
Atreus, This is false, upon the authority of |; 
Hesiod, Lactantius, Dictys of Crete, &c,, who 1 1 
maintain that these princes were not the sons of 
Atreus, but of Plisthenes, and that they were 
brought up in the hou-e and under the eye of I 
their grandfather. Fid Plisthenes, 

ATEONlUS, a friend of Turnus, killed by the 
Trojans. Firg. Mn. 10. 

Atropatene, or Atrofatia, aname given i,i 
to the north-western part of Media, between |- 
mount Taurus and the Caspian sea. It is said « 
to have taken this name from Atropates. a gover- 
nor of this province, who, after the rieaih of | 
Alexander, rendered himself independent, and i. 
assumed the title of king, which his successors [.' 
enjoyed for a long period of time. It was a cold, 1 
barren, and inhospitable country, and on that L 
account allotted by Shalmanezer for the residence jj 
of many captive Israelites, after the conquest of I7 
their kingdom. Its inhabitants were good sol- l< 
diers, and its kings could bring into the field ,>! 
40,000 foot and 20 000 horse. It is now called rj 
Azerbijan. Its chief city vvas Gaza, now known l^j 
as Tab} is. Strab. II.— Pohjb. 5. 

Atrofos, one of the Parcte, daughters of Nox 1 
and ; rebus. According to the derivation of her 1,, 
name, (a no7i, Tpsww muto.') she is inexorable and I; 
inflexible, and her duty among the three sisters I; 
is to cut the thread of life without any regard to jv 
sex, age, or quality. She was represented by the ' 



ATT 



115 



ATT 



gni'ienis in a black veil, with a pair of seissars in 
her hand. {Vid. Parcaj.) Slat. Theb. 3,67. 4. 
Sylv. 8, \^.—Hesiod. Theog. 2\7. 

T. Q. Atta, a writer of merit in the Augustan 
age, who seems to have received this name from 
some deformity in his legs or feet. His compo- 
sitions, dramatical as well as satirical, were held 
in universal admiration, though Horace speaks 
of them with indifference. He was buried two 
miles from Rome, on the road that leads to 
PriEneste. Oniy one verse is preserved of all 
his compositions. Horat. 2, ep. 1, 73- 

AttALIA, a city of Pamphylla, soath-west of 
Perg I, built by king Attains. It was visited by 
St Paul during his labours in Asia Minor. It is 
now Adalin, or Satidii. Strab. 

Attalicus. Vid. Attains III. 

AttAlus I., king of Pergamus, succeeded 
Eumenes I. He defeated the Gauls who had 
invaded his dominions, and extended his con- 
quests to mount Taurus. He made an alliance 
with tlie Romans, wh .m he vigorously assisted 
in their two wars against Philip of Macedon. In 
conjunction with tlie Athenians, he invaded Ma- 
cedonia, and recalled Philip from his enterprise 
undertaken against Athens ; a service which 
gained him a profusion of honours from the 
Athenians, who even named one of their tribes 
after him. He died at Pergamus, after a reign 
of 44 years. B. C" 1l;7. Liv. 26, 27, 28, &c -Po- 

hjb, 5 — Strab. 13. The 2d of that name was 

sent on an embassy to Rome by his brother 
Eumenes II., and at his return was appointed 
guardian to his nephew Attalus III., who was 
then an infant. Prusias made successful war 
against him, and seized his capital; but the con- 
quest was stopp(^d by the interference of the Ro- 
mans, who restored Attains to his throne. Atta- 
ins, who has received ths name of Philndelphus, 
from his fraternal love, was a munificent patron 
of learning, and the founder of several cities. 
He was poisoned by his nephew in the 82d year 
of his age, B. C. 131 He had governed the 
nation with ereat prudence antl moderation for 
20 years. Stmb. 13 Pclyb. 5. The 3d suc- 
ceeded to the kingdom of Pergamus, by the mur- 
der of Attains II., and made himself odious by 
his cruelty to his relations, and his wanton exer- 
cise of power. He was son to Eumenes II., and 
surnamed Philometer, from his affection towards 
/lis mother. He left the cares of government to 
cultivate his garden, and to make experiments 
on the melting of metals. He lived in great 
amity with the Romans; and as he died without 
issue by his wife Berenice, he left in his will the 
words honor ummeorum Populus Romatius hccres 
esto, which the Romans imerpreted to mean the 
kingdom of Pergamus, and therefore took pos- 
session of it, B.C. 133, and made of it a Roman 
province, which they governed by a pioconsul. 
From this circumstance, whatever was valuable 
as an acquisition, or ample and magnificent as a 
fortune, was always called by the epithet of 
Attalicus. Atralus, as well as his predecessors, 
made themselves celebrated for the valuable 
I'braries which they collected at Pereamus, and 
f )r the patronage which merit and virtue always 
found at their court. Liv. 24. Scc—Plin. 7, 8, 
33. 8ic.— Propnl. 3, eh 18. \9.- Justin. 39.— 

IJorat. Od. 1, 1 ■ An officer in Alexander's 

araiy. Curt. 4, 13. Another, very iniinicai 

to Alt-xander. He was put to death by Par 
mpnio, and Alexander was accused of the mur- 
der. Cur'.. G. 9. 8, 1. A philosopher, pre- 



ceptor to Seneca. Senec. ep. 103. ■ An astro- 
nomer of Rhodes. 

ATTARiiAS, an oiiicer who seized those that 
had conspired with Dvmnus against Alexander. 
Curt. 6. 

ATTElL'S Capito> a consul in (he age of Au- 
gustus, who wrote treatises on sacerdotal Jaw--, 
public courts of justice, and the duty of a sena- 
tor. Vid. Ateius. 

Attes, a stm of Calaus of Phrygia, who w.ts 
born impotent. He introduced the worship of 
Cybcle among the Lydians, and became a gre;]t 
favourite of the goddess. Jupiter w as jealous of 
his success, and sent a wild boar to lay waste the 
country and destroy Aftes. Perns. 7, 17. 

ATTHIS, a daughter of Cranaus II., king of 
Aihens. who gave her name to Attica, according 

to Apollod. 3, \A.—Paus. 1, 2. A girl beloved 

by Sappho, Ovid. Ep. 15, 18. 

AttIca, a country of Greece, bounded on the 
west by Megaris; on the north by Bojotia and the 
Euripus; on the east by part of the ^gean sea; 
and on the south by the Sinus Saronicus. If 
extended in length about sixty miles, and in 
breadth about fifty-six. It is said to have derived 
its name from Atthis, a daughter of Cranaus, one 
of its earliest kings, or from 'a«t7', liUuSy owing 
to its maritime situation; but its earlier appella- 
tions were Mopsopia, from the hero Mopsopus, 
and Cecropia, from its king Cecrops. The mo.st 
famous of its cities is called Athens, whose inha- 
bitants sometimes bear the name of Atlici. The 
face of the country was partly level and partly 
mountainous, and the unfruitfulness of the soil 
so great as to require indefatigable industry to 
produce the common necessaries of life. Attica 
was anciently divided into four (fvXol, or tribes, 
which were afterwards increased to ten, and lat- 
terly to twelve, each being named after some 
Athenian hero, and having its separate chief ; 
these were again subdivided into iripLoi. or town- 
ships, to the number of one hundred and seventy- 
four. {Vid. Athenae.) Strab. 9.- Plin. 4,7. 7, 
uQ. — Paus. 1, '2.— Apollod. 3. 26, 8cc. - Lvcan. 3, 
3(16.- Ovid. Met. 6, 70.— iV/.r«. 11, e]). 43.—Horut. 
Od. 2, !, 12. 

ATTICUS, one of Galba's servants, who entered 
his palace with a bloody sword, and declared he 

had killed Otho. Tacit. Hist. 1. (T. Pompo- 

nius) a celebrated Roman knight to whom Cicero 
wrote a great nuihber of letters, which contained 
the general history of the age. They are now 
extant, and divided into 17 books. In the time 
of Marius and Sylla, Atticus retired to Athens, 
where he so endeared himself to the citizens by 
his kindness and liberality, that his departure 
was the signal for general mourning, and statues 
w ere erected to his honour, in commemoration of 
iiis great munificence. He was such a perfect 
master of the Greek writers, and spoke their 
language so fluently, that he was surnamed AUi- 
cus, andasa proi f of his learning, he favoured 
the world with some of his compositions. He 
behaved in such a disinterested manner, that he 
offended neither of the inimical parties at Rome, 
and both were equally anxious of courting his 
approbation. He lived in the greatest intimacy 
with the illustrious men of his asp, and was such 
a lover of truth, that he not only abstained from 
falsehood even in a joke, but treated with the 
ijreatest contempt and indignation a lying tongue. 
Neither the fear of tyrar.ts, nor the jealousy rif 
adversaries, made him forget the feelings of. 
, friendsliip ; he not only protected, but also 



ATT 



116 



ATY 



rvlieved Brutus in his distresses, when the v?hole 
empire had deserted his cause lor rtial ot his 
more successful rival; and he extended Iiis regard 
and his liberality with the same humane views 
t(i Cicero, as well as to Fulvia, the wife of his 
inveterate enemy. It is sidd lliat he refused to 
taiie aliments when un.-.ble to get the better of a 
l)ainful disorder of the intestines, and died in his 
77th year, B. C. 32, after bearing the amiable 
character of peace-maker among his friends. 
Atticus married in his 53d year, and had an only 
daughter, whom he married to Agrippa the Iriend 
of Auguitus. His grand-daughter by this mar- 
ria2e, as soon as born, « as betrothed by Augustus 
to Tiberius. Cornelius Nepos, one ol his intimate 
friends, has written a minute account of his life; 
and without doubt, in that circumstantial his- 
tory, the character of Atticus appears, next to 
S crates, the most, humane, amiable, and bene- 
volent amongst the records of the heathen ages. 

Cic.adAtlic. ^c. Herodes, an Athenian in the 

aae of the Antonine?, descended from Miltiades, 
and celebrated for his munificence. His great 
richness arose from a marriage with a woman of 
opulence, as well as from an immense treasure 
wnich he di^cov^red buried under an old house, 
and which the virtuous Nerva, rather than claim, 
permitted him to use as he pleased. His son of 
the same name was honoured with the consul- 
ship, and he generously erected an aqueduct at 
Troas, of which he had been made governor by 
the emperor Adrian, and raised in other parts of 
the empire several public buildings, as useful as 
they were magnificent. Philostrat. in vit. 2, p. 

548. - A. Gell. Xoct. Alt. A consul in the age 

of Nero. &c. Tacit Ann. 15. 

Attila, a celebrated king of the Huns, a na- 
tion in the southern parts oi Scythia, who invaded 
the Roman empire in the reign of Valentinian 
with an army of 500,000 men. and laid waste the 
provinces. He took the town of Aquileia, and 
marched against Rome; but his retreat and peace 
were purchased with a large sum of money by 
the feeble emperor. Attila, who boasted in the 
appellation of the scourge of God, died A. D. 453. 
of an uncommon effusion of blood the first night 
of his nuptials. He had expressed his wish to 
extend his conquests over the whole world; and 
he often fea.sted his barbarity by dragging captive 
kings in his train. Attila's body, deposited in a 
golden coffin, cased by another of silver, and a 
third of iron, was buried in the midst of a large 
plain; and like that of Alaric his grave was filled 
with the most magnificent spoils obtained by con- 
quest and war; and after the ceremony, the bar- 
bnrous Huns, desirous of concealing the tomb of 
their monarch, slaughtered all those who had 
attended the funeral. Journand. de Reb. Get. 

ATTiLius, a Roman consul in the first Punic 

war. Vid Regulus. Calatinus, a Roman 

consul who fought the Carthaginian fleet. 

Marcus, a poet who translated the hlectra of 
Sophocles into Latin verse, and wrote comedies 
whose unintelli;;ible language pro>:ured him the 

appellation of Ferreus. Regulus, a Roman 

censor who built a temple to the goddess of con- 
cord. Liv. 23, 23, &c The name of Attilius 

was common among the Romans, and many of 
the public magistrates are called Attilii; their 
life, however, is not famous for any illustrious 
event. 

Attinas. an officer set over Baclriana by 
Al--ar«ler. Curl. 
At riL's Pklignl'S, an officer of Ciesar. Gfs. 



Bell. Civ. 1. Tullius, the general of the Vol 

sci, to whom Coriolanus fled when banished 

fiom Rome. Iav. Varus, seized Auxinum in 

Pompey's name, whence he «as expelled. Alter 
this he' fled to Africa, which he alienated from , 

J. Caesar. Cces. Bell. Civ. 1. A poet. Vid, 

Accius. The family of the Attiiwas descend- j 

ed from Atys, one of the companions of ^neas, \ 
according to the opinion which Virgil has i 
adopted, ^n. 5, 56S. j 

AtCrls, a liver of Gaul, now the Adour, \ 
w hich runs at the foot of the Pyrenean moun- 
tains into the bay of Biscay. Lucun. ], 420. '. 

ATYAD^, the descendants of Atys the Ly- 
dian. 

Atys, an ancient king of Lydia, who sent i 
away h s son Tyrrhenus, with a colony of Ly- I 
dian's, who settled in Italy. Strab. b.— Herod. \ 

1, 7. A son of Croesus king of Lydia. i.e 

was forbidden the use of all weapons by his | 
father, who had dreamt tha*. he was killed by ' 
some military weapon. Some time after thi?, 
Atys prevailed on his fa'her to permit him to go i 
to hunt a wild boar which laid waste the country ! 
of Mysia, and he was killed in the attempt by 
Adrastus, whom Croesus had appointed guaraiaa 
fiver his son, and thus the apprehensions of the 
monarch were realized. Herod. 1, 34, &c. {Fid. 

Adrastus ) A Trojan, who came to Italy with 

Jineas, and is supposed to be the progenitor of 
ihe family of the Attii at Rome. Virg. jT^n. 5, 

5u5 A youth, to whom Ismene the daughter 

of OEdipus was promised in marriage. He was 
killed by Tydeus before his nuptials. Stut. 
Theb. 8, 59S. A son of Limniace, the daugh- 
ter of the river Ganges, who assisted Cepheus in 
preventing the marriage of Andromeda, and was 
killed by Perstuswiih a burning log of«(iod. 

Ovid. Met. 5, 47. A celebrated shepherd of 

Phrygia, of whom the mother of the gods, gene- 
rally called Cybele, became enamoured. She 
entrusted him with the care of her temple, and 
made him promise that he always would live in 
celibacy. He violated Lis vow by an amour with 
the nymph Sangaris,for which the goddess pun- 
ished him by making him so delirious, that he 
castrated himself with a sharp stone. This was 
af-.erwards intentionally done by his sacerdotal 
successors in the service of Cybele, ;o prevent 
their breaking their vows of perpetual chastity. 
This account is the most general and most ap- 
proved. Others say, that the goddess became 
fond of Atys, because he had introduced her les- 
tivals in the greatest part of Asia Minor, and that 
she herself mutilated him. Pausanias relates, in 
Achaic. 17, that Atys was the son of the daughter 
of the Sangar, who became pregnant by putting 
the bow of an almond tree in her bosom. Jupi- 
ter, as the passage mentions, once had an amor- 
ous dream, and some of the impurity of the god 
fell upon the earth, which soon after produced a 
monster of an human form, with the character- 
istics of the two sexes. Ihis monster w as called 
Agdistis, and was deprived by the gods of tho,-;e 
parts which distinguish the male sex. From the 
mutilated parts which were thrown upon the 
ground, rose an almond tree, one ot whose 
branches a nymph of the Sangar gathered, and 
placed in her bosom as mentioned above. Atys, 
as soon as born, was exposed in a wood, but pre- 
served by a she-goat. The genius Agdistis saw 
him in the wood, and was captivated w ith his 
beauty. As Atys was going to celebrate h s 
nuptials with (he daughter ot the king of Pessi- 



117 



AUG 



r.u-5. Aguiatis, who nas jealous of hii rival, 
inspired by his enchantments the king and his 
future son-in-law with such an uncommon /ury. 
that they both attacked and mutilated one ano- 
ther in the strujjgle. Oi id says, Met. 10, 2, 
&c.. that Cvbele changed Atys into a pine -tree, 
^ lie was going to lay violent hands upon him- 
self, and ever after that tree uas sacred to the 
mother of the gods. After his death, Atys re- 
ceived divine honours, and tempies wjre raised 
to his memory, particularlv at D}mae. CatuU. 
de Aly et Berec.— Ocid. Met. 10, Jab. J. Fast. 4. 

8cc. — Lucian, in Dea Syria. -Sylvius, son 

oi Albius Sjlvius, was king of Alba. Liv. 1, 3. 

AUFEIA AQUA, called afterwards Marcia, was 
the sweetest and most wholesome water in 
Rome, anJ it was first conveyed into the cityby 
Ancus Martius. 

AUFIDENA, a town of Samnium, and the ca- 
pital of the Caraceni, situate on the Sagrus, or 
Sungro. It was taken by the Romans, A. U. C. 
4.34. Liv. 10 12. 

AUFiDIA LEX, was enacted by the tribune 
Aufidius Lurco, A. U.C. C9i. It ordained, that 
if any candidate, in canvassing for an office, pro- 
mised money to a tribe, and did not pay it, he 
should be excused; but if he did pay it, he should 
be obliged to pay to every tribe a yearly fine of 
300O sesterces as long as he lived. 

Aufidius, an effeminate person of Chios. Juv. 

9, 25. Bassus, a famous historian in the age of 

Quintilian, who wrote an account of Germany, 
and of the civil wars. Cn., a senator of prae- 
torian rank, who, though blind, used to deliver 
his opinion in the senate, and wrote a Greek 
history. When very old, he adopted Orestes. 

Cic. Tusc. 5, 39. Fin. i9.~Dom. 113 M. 

Lurco, a man who made an annual income ol 
tiO.OOO sesterces, by fattening^peacocks. Varro. 
It. R. 3, 6.—Plin 10, 20. Luseus, a man ob- 
scurely born, and made a praetor of Fundi, in the 
age of Horace I Sut. 5, 34. 

AUFIDUS, a river of Apulia, falling into the 
Adriatic sea, and now called Ofanto. It «as on 
its banks that the Romans were defeated bj; 
Hannibal at Cannae. The spot on which the 
battle was fought, which is on the north side of 
the river, is still shown by the inhabitants to the 
curious traveller, and bears the name of the field 
of blood. Horat. Od. 3, 30. 4, 9.— Virg. jFn. 11, 
405. 

AUGA and Aug£ and Augea, daughter of 
Aleus king of Tegea, by Neaera, was ravished by 
Hercules, and brought forth a son. whom she 
exposed in the woods to conceal her amours from 
her father. The child was preserved and called 
Telephus. Aleus was informed of his daughter's 
shame, and gave her to N'auplius to be put to 
death. Nauplius refused to perform the cruel 
otfice, and gave Auga to Teuthras, king of Mysia, 
who, being without issue, adopted her as his 
daughter. Some time after tne dominions of 
Teuthras were invaded by an enemy, and the 
king promised his crown and daughter to him 
who could deliver him from the impending cala- 
mity. Telepiius, who had been directed by the 
oracle to go to the court of Tcuchras, i( he wished 
to find his parents, offered his services to the 
king., and they were accepted. As he was going 
to unite himself to Auge, in con->equence of the 
victory he had obtained, Auge rushed from him 
\yith secret horror, and the gods .sent a serpent 
U» separate them. Ause implored the aid of 
Hercules, who made ht r son known to her, and 



she returned with him to Tegea. Pausattius says, 
that Auge was confined in a coffer «iih h» r infant 
son, and thrown into the sea, where, alier being 
preserved and protected by Minerva, she was 
f<iund bv king Teuihras. ApoUod. 2 et 3 — Paus. 
8, 4: — Hygin./ab. 99 et 100. 

Aug ARCS, an Arabian, who for his good ofli- 
ces, obtained the favours of Pompey, whom he 

vilely deceived. Dio. A king o( Osroene, 

uhom Caracnlla imprisoned, after he had givri 
him solemn promises of friendship and support. 
Dio. 7S. 

AUGEiE, a town of Laconia. Pcxus. 3. 21. 

Another of Locri.*. 

AUGIAS and Augeas. son of Eleus, or Elius, 
was one of the Argonauts, and afterwards as- 
cended the throne of Elis. He had an immense 
number of oxen and goats, and the stables in 
v\hich they wei-e kept had never been cleaned 
for 39 years, so that the task seemed an impossi- 
bility to any man. Hercules undertook it, on 
promise of receiving as a reward the tenth part 
of the herds of Augia-, or something equivaUnt. 
The hero changed the course of the river Ai- 
pheus, or, according to others, of the Peneus, 
which immediately carried away the dung and 
filth from the stables. Augias refused the pro- 
mised recompense on pretence that Hercules 
made uae of artifice, and h;;d not experienced 
any labour or trouble, and he farther drove his 
own son Phyleus from his kingdom, because he 
supported the claims of the hero. The refusal 
was a declaration of war. Hercules conquered 
Elis, put to death Augias, and gave the crown to 
Phyleus. Pausanias says, 5, 2 et 3, that Hercu- 
les spared the lileof Augias for the sake of his 
son, and that Phyleus went to settle in Dulich- 
ium; and that at the death of Augias. his other 
son, Agasthenes, succeeded to the throne. Au- 
gias received, alter his death, the honours which 
were generally paid to a hero, Augias has been 
called the son of Sol, because Elius signifies the 
sun. The proverb of Augean stable is now ap- 
plied to an impossibilitv. Hygiji. fab. 14, 30, 
157 —Plin. 17, y — Sirab.' S.—Apollod. 2- 

AUGIL^, an oasis in the deserts of Marmarica, 
with a town called Augila. 

AUGINUS, a raountam of Liguria. Lio. 39, 2. 
Augur, Sent, a poet. Vid. Sentius 
AUGL RES, certain officers at Rome who fore- 
told future events, whence their name, ub avium 
garritu. They were first created by Romulus, to 
the number of three. Servius Tullius added a 
fourth, and the tribunes of the peop'.e, A. U. C. 
454, increased the number to nine; and Sylla 
added six more durins' his dictatorship. They 
had a particular college, and the chief amongst 
them was called Magister coUegii. Their office 
was honourable: and if any one of them was 
convicted of any crime, he could not be deprived 
of his privileges; an indulgence granted to no 
other sacerdotal body at Rome. The robe of an 
augur was a mixture of purple and scarlet, called 
the frabea. He wore a conical cap; and when 
exercising the duties of his office, he held in his 
hand the lituus, a staff neatly incurvated at the 
top. He made his observations on the heavens 
usually in the dead of night, or about twilight. 
He took his station on an eminence, where the 
view was open on all sides; and to make it so, 
buildings were sometimes pulled down. Having 
first offered up sacrifices, and uttered a solenin 
prayer, he sat down with his head covered, aud 
with his face directed to the east, or. according 



AUG 



118, 



AUG 



to V'arro, to the south. With his liluns he cir- 
cumscribed a space in the sky, beyond which he 
suffered not his eyes to wander. This imaginary 
space was named templum. There were gener- 
ally five things from which the augurs drew 
omens : the first consisted in observing the ap- 
pearances in the sky, such as thunder, lightnino;. 
comets, &c. The second kind of omen was 
drawn from the singins or flight of birds. The 
third was from the sacred chickens, whose eager- 
ness or indifference in eating the f.>od w hich was 
set before them, w as looked upon as lucky or un- 
lucky. The fourth was from the motions of 
particular quadrupeds, such as a wolf carrying 
something in his mouth, a hare crossing a road, 
a strange dog coming into a house, &c. The fifth 
was from uncommon accidents, which were 
called dircg, such as sneezing, spilling oil, salt, 
or honey, &c. Omens on the left were generally 
accounted propitious by the Romans; but the 
Greeks thought omens on the right more favour- 
able. The reason commonly assigned for this 
apparent discrepancy, is, that the former looked 
towards the south, and the latter to the north, 
when they made observations; so that the east, 
the quarter whence they looked for happy omens, 
was to the right of the one, and to the left of the 
other. Cic. de Div.~Liv. I, Sea. — Dionys. Hal. 
— Ovid. Fast. 

AUGUSTA AusciORUM, a town of Gaul, 

now Auch. Emerita, a town of Lusitania, 

built on the Anas, and colonized by veteran sol- 
diers. It is now Merida. Praetoria, a town of 

Gallia Cisalpina, built on the site of Varro's 
camp, and colonized by Prastorian soldiers. It 

is now Aosta. Rauracorum, a town of Gaul, 

on the Rhenus, or Rhhte, now Angst. Sues- 

sionum, a town of Gaul, on the Axona, or Aisne, 

now Soissons. Taurinorum, a town of Gallia 

Cisalpina, or the Padus, or Po, now Turiii. 

Trevirorum, a town of Belgica Prima, cn the 

Mosella, or Moselle, fcow Treves. Vagienno- 

rum, a tow n of Liguria, now Bene. Veroman- 

duorum, a town of Belgica Secunda, now St 

Quentin Vindelicorum, the metropolis of 

Vindelicia, at the junction of the Licus, or 
Lech, and the Vindo, or Weriach. It is now 

Augsburg. London; as capital of the country 

of the Tiinobantes, was called Augusta Trino- 
bantina. Messalina, famous for her debauch- 
eries, was called Augusta, as wife of the em- 
peror Claudius. Juf. 6, 118. 

AUGUSTALiA, a festival at Rome, in comme- 
moration of the day on which Augustus returned 
to Rome, after he had established peace over the 
different parts of the empire. It was celebrated 
on the 27th of September. 

AUGUSTINUS, a native of Tagestum, the wild- 
ness and debaucheries of whose early >ears 
thieatened the most fatal consequences to the 
honour and peace of his family. By the repeated 
ailmonitions of a pious mother, however, and his 
ow n reflections, he applied himself to study, and 
having passed into Italy, he became, from a 
heathen reprobate, a convert to Christianity, and 
a ino5t devout and zealous supporter of the 
do trines and morality of the religion which he 
embraced. He was at last admilttd priest, in 
39); and soon after became bishop of Hippo in 
Africa. In his character, Augustin w as mild and 
Ijnmane, he betrayed no intemperate vioUncc 
Sitainst heretics, but wisely considered that evi-ry 
lilicral allowance shnu'd he made for the failings 
aud prejudices uf niankimL lu his works, whx'h 



are numerous, he displayed the powers of a great 
senius, and an extensive acquaintance with the 
philosophy of Plato. He died in the 76th year of 
his age, A.D. 430. The best edition of his works 
is that of the Benedict, fol. Ant. 17ljO to 1703, 12 
vols. 

AUGUSTODCNUM, now Aulun, a town of Gaul, 
the capital of the .1 dui. 

ACGUSTORlTUM, a town of Aquitania, now 

Limoges. 

ACGUSTULUS, son of Orestes, a general of the 
Roman emperor Julius Nepos. Orestes deposed 
the emperor, and placed his son upon the throne, 
A. D. 475. In the following year, Odoacer, a 
commander of the German forces in the Roman 
service, revolted, put Orestes to death, obliged 
Augustulus to resign, and thus put an end to the 
Roman empire in the west. 

AUGUSTUS OCTAVlAMUS C^SAR, second tm- 
peror of Rome, was son of Octavius a senator, 
and Accia, daughter of Julius, and sister to 
Julius Caesar. He was adopted by his uncle 
Caesar, and inherited the greatest part of his for- 
tune. He lost his father at the age of four; and 
though only eighteen when his uncle was mur- 
dered, he hastened to Rome, where he ingrati- 
ated himself wKh the senate and people, and 
received the honours of the consulship tw o } ears 
after, as the reward of his hypocrisy. Though 
his youth and his inexperience were ridiculed by 
his enemies, who branded him with the appella- 
tion of boy, yet he rose in consequence by his 
prudence and valour, and made war against his 
opponents, on pretence of avenging the death of 
his murdered uncle. But when he perceived 
that by making him fight against Antony, the 
senate wished to debilitate both antagonists, he 
changed his views, and uniting himself with his 
enemy, soon formed the second triumvirate, in 
which his cruel proscriptions shed the innocent 
blood of son senators and 2f;0 knights, and did 
not even spare the life of his friend Cicero. By 
the divisions w hich were made among the trium- 
virs, Augustus retained for himself the more im- 
portant provinces of the west, and banished, as 
if it were, his colleagues, Lepidus and Antony, 
to more distant territories. But as long as the 
murderers of Cassar were alive, the reigning 
tyrants had reasons for apprehension, and there- 
fore the forces of the triumvirate were directed 
against the partisans of Brutus and the senate. 
The battle was decided at Philippi, w here it is 
said that the valour and conduct of Antony alone 
preserved the combined armies, and effected the 
defeat of the republican forces. The head of the 
unfortunate Brutus was carried to Rome, and in 
insolent revenge thrown at the foot of Cresar's 
statue. On his return to Italy, Augustus reward- 
ed his soldiers with the lands of those that had 
been proscribed; but among the sufferers were 
many who had never injured the conqueror of 
Philippi, especially Virgil, whose modest appli- 
cation procured the restitution of his property. 
The friendship vshich subsisted between Augustus 
and Antony was broken as soon as the fears of a 
third rival vanished away, and the aspiring heir 
of Caesar was easily induced to take up arms by 
the little jealousies and resentment of Fulvia. 
Her death, however, retarded hostilities; the two 
rivals were reconciled; their united forces were 
successfully directed against the younger Pom- 
pey; and to strengthen their friendship, Antimy 
agreed to marry Octavia, the sister of Augui'tu.s. 
But as this step wa:> political, and iiul dicta ed 



AUG 



119 



AUL 



by affection, Octavia was slighted, ur.i] An'ouy 
i"esi;^necl himself to the pleasures And conipaiiy 
or the beautiful Cleopatra. Augustus was in- 
censed, and immediately took up arms to avenge 
the wrongs of his sister, and perhaps more eag- 
erly to remove a man whose power and exist- 
ence kept him in continual alarms, and made 
him dependent. Both parties met at Actium, 
B.C. 31, to decide the fate of Rome. Antony 
was supported by all the power of the east, and 
Augustus by Italy. Cleopatra fled from the 
baitle with (jO sh'ips, and her flight ruined the 
interest of Antony, who followed her into Egypt. 
The conqueror soon after passed into Egypt, 
besieged Alexandria, and honoured, with a mag- 
nificent funeral, the unfortunate Roman andihe 
celebrated queen, whom the fear of being led in 
the victor's triumph at Rome had driven to com- 
mit suicide. After he had established peace all 
over the world, Augustus shut up the gates of 
the temple of Janus, about the time that our Sa- 
viour was born. It is said he twice resolved to 
lay down the supreme power, immediately after 
the victory obtamed over Antony, and afterwards 
on account of his ill health; but his friend Me- 
caenai dissuaded him, and observed, that he 
would leave it to be the prey of the most power- 
ful, and expose himself to ingratitude and to 
danger. He died at Nola, in the 76th year of his 
age, A.D. 14, after he had held the sovereign 
power during 44 years. Augustus was an active 
emperor, and consulted the good of the Romans 
with the most anxious care. He .visited all the 
provinces except Africa and Sardinia, and his 
consummate prudence and experience gave rise 
I to many salutary laws; but it may be said that 
he finished with a good grace, what he began with 
cruelty. While making himself absolute, he took 
cnre to leave his countrymen the shadow of liber- 

Ity ; and if, under the character and office of perpe- 
tual tribune, of priest and imperator, he was 
invested with all the power of sovereiznty, he 
f guarded against offending the jealous Romans, 
bj not assuming the regal title. His refusal to 
read the letters which he found after Pompey s 
defeat, arose more from fear than honour, and he 
dreaded the discovery of names which would 
have perhaps united to sac rifice his ambition. 
His good qualities, and many virtues, which he 
peihaps never possessed, have been transmitted 
to posterity by the pen of adulation or gratitude, 
in the poems of Virgil, Horace, and Ovid. To 
distinguish himself from the obscurity of the 
Octavii, and,. if possible, to suppress the remem- 
i brance of his uncle's violent fate, he aspired 
I after a new title ; and the submissive senate 
I yielded to his ambition, by giving him the hon- 
! Durable appellation of Augustus. He has been 
I accused of licentiousness and adultery, by his 
j biographer; but the goodness of his heart, and 
1 the fidelity of his friendship, which in some in- 
] stances he possessed, made some amends for his 
1 natural foibles. He was ambitious of being 
I thought handsome; and as he was publicly re- 
! ported to be the son of Apollo, according to his 
mother's (Jeclaration, he wished his flatterers to 
I represent him Willi the figure and attributes of 
j that god. Like Apollo, his eyes were clear, and 
he affected to have it thought that they possessed 
I some divine irradiation; and was well pleased if, 
I when he fixed liis looks upon any body, they held 
j down their e>es as if overcome by the glaring 
I brightness of the sun. He di>tinguished himself 
j by his learning; he was a perfect master of the 



Greek language, and wrote some tragedies, be - 
sides memoirs of his life, and other vorks. all 
now lost. He was married three times; to Clau- 
dia, to Scribonia, and to Livia; but he was un- 
happy in his matrimonial connexions, and his 
only daughter Julia, by Scribonia, disgraced 
herself and her father by the debauchery and 
licentiousness other manners. He recommencied, 
at his death, his adopted son Tiberius as his suc- 
cessor, and left in his papers, as a solemn advice 
to future emperors, either through fear or envy, 
that they should not attempt to extend the 
boundaries of the empire beyond its present 
state. He left his fortune partly to Tiberius, and 
to Drusus, and made donations to the arn.y and 
to the Roman people. Virgil wrote his heroic 
poem at the desire of Augustus, whom he repre- 
sented under the amiable and perfect character 
of ^neas. Sueton. m vito. — Horat. — Virgu, — 

PatLs. — Tacit. — P^t ercul. — Dio. Ca ss — Ovid. 

The name of Augustus was afterwards given to 
the successors of Octavianus in the Roman em- 
pire as a personal, and the name of Ccesar, as a 
family distinction. In a more distant period of 
the empire, the title of Augustus was given only 
to the emperor, while that of Caesar was bestowed 
on the second person in the state, who was con- 
sidered as presumptive heir. 

AULERCI. Under this name are reckoned 
four nations of Gaul. The Aulerci Brannovices, 
contiguous to the iEdui, and under their pro- 
tection.- The Aulerci Cenomanni, situate be- 
tween the Sana, or Sarle, ar.d the Ltedus, two of 
the northern branches of the Liger. Their thief 
city was Vindinum, now Lemans. The Aul- 
erci Diablintes, above the Arvii, in Maine, 

whose capital was Neodunum, now Jublains. 

The Aulerci Eburovices, above the Lexovii, on 
the left bank of the Sequana, or Seine, whose 
capital was Mediolanura, now Evreux. 

AULESTES, a king of the Etrurians vbcn 
.^neas came into Italy. Virg. ^n. 12, 2i,0. 

AULETES, a general who assisted ^Eneas in 

Italy, with ICO ships, Virg. j^n. JO, 20'/. 

The surname of one of the Ptolemean kings, 
father to Cleopatra. 

AULIS, a daughter of Ogyges. Paus. Eautic. 

A sea-port town of Bceotia, on the Eurip is, 

opposite to Chalcis in Eubcea. Here the Greeks 
were detained by contrary winds in the com- 
mencement of their expedition against Troy; 
nor could they sail till the anger of Diana, w hose 
favourite stag had been killed by Agamemnon, 
had been appeased by the sacrifice of his daugh- 
ter Iphigenia. Aulis is now reduced to a village, 
the name of w hich, Vathi, is derived from a deep 
bay (/3ae«j) close to it; in which probably U)e 
Grecian fleet anchored, for the harbour of Vathi 
itself will not contain more than fifty ships. 
Virg. Mn. 4, 426.-Orjd. Met. 12, 9. Sic—Uemd: 
11. 2, 303. 

AULON, a hill of Apulia, north-east of Taren • 
turn, whose wine equalled the Faleinian, Po- 

rat. 2, od. 6, 18. A town of Macedonia, nt ar 

the Strymon, now Vulona. Thucyd. 4, 103 

A district of Messenia, lying on the borders of 

Triphylia and Arcadia. Poms A valley of 

Syria, between the ridges rf Libanus and An- 

ti-Libanus. Now El Bekar.- Another in 

Svria, extending along the banks of the Jor- 
dan, called also Magnus Campus. Now El 
Ghcr. 

AULONIIJS, a sumnrr.e of iEsculapius. 
AULCS, a piaenomen con.mon among the llt^ 



A UN 



120 



AU.S 



mans, and ffenerallv marked by the letter A. 

Gellius. fid. Gellius. 

AUNUS, a Ligurian, the father of a warrior 
slain by Camilla. Virg.Ain. 11, 700. 

AURA, a celebrated m.ire at the Olympic 
games. Her master Phidolas having lost his 
seat at the beginning of the race, the animal 
continued the course, and after outstripping all 
the others, she stood belore the umpires, as if lo 
claim the victory. The prize was adjudged to 
Phidolas, whose statue and that of his faithful 
mare were erected at Olympia, by the permis- 
sion of the Eleans. Pans. 6, 13. 

AUHAS, an European river, fl awing into the 
liter from mount Hiemus. Herod. 4, 49. 

AUUASIUS, a mountain in the south of Numi- 
dia, now Jahel Auras, 

AURF.A Chersonesus, a peninsula of India 
beyond the Ganges, now Malacca, or Malaya. 

AURELIA Lex, was enacted by L. Aurelius 
Cotta, pr^tor, A. U. C. 6S3, and ordained that 
judices or jurymen should be chosen from the 
Senators, Equiies, and Tribuni iErarii. Ano- 
ther, by C. Aurelius Cotta, consul, A U. C. 67S. 
It abrogated a clause of the Lex Cornelia, and 
permitted the tribunes to hold other offices after 
the e-xpiration of the tribuneship. 

AURELIA, a town of Hispania Bsetica. The 

mother of J. Casar. Suet. i}i Cccs. 74. A fish 

w Oman. Juv. 4, 9S. 

AURELIANI. Vid. Genabum. 

AURELiANUS, emperor of Rome after Fla- 
vins Ciaudius, was austere, and even cruel in the 
execution of the laws, and punished his soldiers 
with unusual severity. He rendered himself 
f.^mous for his military character; and his expe- 
dition against Zenobia, the celebrated queen of 
Palmyra, gained him great honours. He beau- 
tified Rome, was charitable to the poor, and the 
author of m.any salutary laws. He was naturally 
brave, and in all the battles he fought, it is said, 
he killed no less than iOO men with his own hand. 
In his triumph he exhibited to the Romans, 
people of fifteen different nations, all of which 
he had conquered. He was the first emperor who 
wore a diadem. After a glorious reign of six 
years, as he marched against the northern bar- 
barians, he was assassinated near Byzantir.ni, 
A. D. 275, 29th January, by his soldiers, whom 
Mnestheus had incited to rebellion against their 
emperor. This Mnestheus had been threatened 
with death, for some ill behaviour to the em- 
peror, and therefore he meditated his death. 
The soldiers, however, soon repented of their 
ingratitude and cruelty to Aurelian, and threw 

Mnestheus to be devoured by wild beasts A 

physician of the fourth century. 

AURELIUS, emperor of Rome. Vid. Anton- 
inus Bassianus A painter in the age of Au- 
gustus. Flin.ob. Victor, an historian in the 

age of Julian, two of \\ho.«e compositions are 
exrant, an account of illustriou^ men, and a 
biography of all the Cassars to Julian. He was a 
native of Africa, and of obscure origin; but by 
his talents raisetl himself to the most important 
offices in the state. He was consul with Valen- 
tinian, A. D. 369. The best editions o( his works 
are the 4to of Artnzenius, Amst. 1/33, and the 
8vo of Grunerus, Coburg. 1757. Among the best 
editions of his account of illustrious men is tbat 
of Wachterus, Lemgov. 8vo, 1792. Anton- 
inus, an emperor. J'id. Antoninus. 

Au'RBOLUS. a general w ho assumed the purple 
in the age of Gallienus. 



AURINIA, ft prophetess held in great vcr.era- 
tion by the Germans. Tacit. Germ. 8. 

AUROR.-^, a Eoddess, daughter of Hyperion 
and Thia or Thea, or according to other.*, of 
Titan and Terra. Some say that Pallas, son «t 
Crius, and brother to Perses, was her father; 
hence her surname of Pullantius. She married 
Astrceus, by whom she had the winds, the stars, 
&c. Her amours w ith Tithnnus and Cephalua 
are also famous; by the former she had Memnon 
and -^Imathion, and Phaeton by the latter. (Hd. 
Cephalus and Tiihonus.) She had also an in-i 
trigue with Orion, whom sh.e carried to the 
island of Delos, where he was killed Ly Diana's 
arrows. Aurora is generally represented by the: 
poets drawn in a rose-coloured chariot, andopen-| 
ing with her rosy fingers the gates of the east,! 
pouring the dew upon the earth, and making the; 
flowers grow. Her chariot is generally drawnt 
by white horses, and she is covered with a veil.' 
J^ox and Somnus fly belore her, and the constel-^ 
lations of heaven disappear at her approach. y 
She always sets out be;ore the sun, and is the 
forerunner of his rising. The Greeks call her 
Eos. Homer. II. 8. Odyss. 10. Hymn in Vener. 
-Ovid. Met. 3, 1S4, £81, 6'iO. 9. 420. 15, 169, 
— Apol.od. 1, 3. — Virg. JEn. 6, 535.— Torro de 
L. L. o, G, etdl.—Hesiod. Theog. ZU—Hygin. 
pref. fah. 

AURUNCI, a people of Lafium, who, after 
some w ars with the Romans, were finally incor- 
porated w ith the republic, A.U.C. 4i9. Hence 
Suessa, now Sessn, in Campania, to wh'ch some 
of the Aurunci fled, took the name of Aurunc; . 
Lie. 2, 16 et 17. S. 16. 

^ AUSCHIS^, a people of Libya. Herod. 4, 

AUSCT, a people of Gallia Aquitania. Their t 
chief city w as Climberris or Augusta, afterwards ' 
Ausci, now Auch, on the Ger, one ot the south 
ern branches ot the Garumna, or Garo?me. 

A USER, AUSERIS, and Anser, a river of 
Etruria, which at one time fell into the Amus, 
near Pisa, but which now enters the Tuscan sea, |, 
about six miles north of the mouth of the Amus. 
It is now the Serckio. 

Auses a 1 eople of Afric.T, whdse virgins 
yearly fight with sticks in licnour of Minerva. 
She w ho behaves w ith the greatest valour receives 
unusual hmcur, &c. Heicd. 4, 160. 

AUSKTAM, a people at the north-east of His- 
pania Ttrraconensis, near the sea-coast, between 
the Sambroca, or Ter, and the Rubricatus, or 
Lhbregat. 

AVSON, a son of Ulysses and Calypso, from 
whom the Ausones, a people of Italy, are de- 
scended. 

AUSONA, the capital cf the Ausones, north of | 
Minturnaj. It was taken by the Romans, who 
massacred its inhabitants. Liv. 9, 25. 

Ausones, a people of Italy, who at one time 
occupied the w hole southern portion of the coun- 
try, but who were afterwards confined within 
very narrow bounds. Their name, according to 
some, is derived from Auson, son of Ulysses and 
Calypso; according to others, from Auson, son 
of Italus. They were a very ancient people, and 
possibly descended from the Sicani. Fim. 3, It). 
— f irg. A<:n. 8, 328. 11, 252. 

AusoNiA, one of the ancient names of Italy, 
which it received from the Ausones, one of its 
most ancient nations. Stat. .^t/r. 3, 2, 20.— T't'r'r. 
Ain. 4, 349. JO, 563,— S//, UnL 9, 187.- Oitti, 
Fuit. 2, {)4. 



121 



A VA 



AUSONIL'S, DECiAius Magkl s, a Latin r oet 
of the 4th century, was born at Burdigala, now 
Bourdeiux, about A.D. 309. He studied under 
several distinguished masters, and became, at 
last, professor of rhetoric in his native city, 
whence his reputation extended through the 
whole empire. The emperor Valeniinian en- 
trusted to him the education of his son Gratian, 
and rewarded him with many honours, even with 
the consulship. After the death of Gratian, 
Ausonius retired into rural life, and devoted his 
time to the composition of poems His works 
consist of epigrams, elegies to the memory of 
friends and literary acquaintances, idylls, and 
many minor poems. Critics are not unanimous 
on the subject of his poetical merits. He is, 
undeniably, learned and ingenious, but his style 
and versification have the blemishes of the age, 
and his Latin is impure. The most valuable 
edition of his works is that of ToUius, 8vo. 
Amst. 1671; or that of Jaubert, with a French 
translation, 4 vols. 12mo, Paris, 1769. 

Ausr-ICES, a sacerdotal order at Rome, nearly 
the same as the Augurs. Vid. Augures. 

AUsrER, one of the winds blowing from the 
sou;h, whose breath was pernicious to flowers as 
well as to health. He was parent of rain. Virg. 
Ed. 2, 58. Vid. Venti. 

AUSTESION, a Tlieban, son of Tisamcnu^. 
His son Theras led a col ny into an island 
which, from him, was called Thera. Herod. 4. 
— Pmis. 

AUTOBULUS, a painter. Plin. 35. 

Autochthones from avroj, ipse, and x^^*'., 
terra, a name assumed by several ancient na- 
tions, and in particular by the Athenians, signi- 
f) ing that they were produced from the earth 
which they inhabited. In reference to this de- 
signation, some of the Athenians wore golden 
grasshoppers in their hair, as badges of honour, 
to distinguish them from other people of later 
origin and less noble extraction, because these 
insects were supposed to be the product of the 
soil. Eurip. Ion. 5, b9.— Thucyd. 1, 6. 

AUTOCLES, an Athenian', sent by his country- 
men with a fleet to the assistance of Alexander 
of Pherae. 

AUTOCRATES. an historian mentioned by 
Athen. 9 et 11. 

AUTOCRATOR, from avro, itself, and xpatop, 
power, an appellation given to the Athenian 
general, when, in particular cases, unlimited 
authority over the troops was entrusted to him, 
and he was not bound to render an account of 
his proceedings. Thus Aristides was an auto- 
crator in the battle of Platsea. n,ataj3eii avToxpd- 
Topm were Athenian ambassadors with full 
powfrs, corresponding to our plenipotentiaries. 
Suid.— Plut. Aristid. 

AUTOl^ALvE. or AUTOLOLES, a people of 
Mauritania Tingitana, descended from the G<e- 
tuli. Lucan 4, 677 — Sil. Ital. 2, 63. 3, 306. 

AUTOLYCUS, a son of Mercury by Chione, a 
daughter of Daeda'lion. He was one of the Ar- 
gonauts. His craft as a thief has been greatly 
celebrated. He stole the flocks of his neigh 
hours, and mingled them with his own, after he 
had chany:ed their marks. He did the same to 
Sisyphus son of ^Eolus; but Sisyphus was as 
cralty as Autolycus, and he knew his own oxen 
by a mark which he had made under their feet. 
Autolycus was so pleased with the artifice of 
Sisyphus, that he immediately formed an inti- 
macy with him, and even permitted him freely 



to enjoy the company of his daughter Antielejs, 
who became pregnant of Ulysses, and was suou 
after married to Laertes. {Fid. Sisyphus, Laer- 
tes.) Hygin.jab. 200, &.c.~Ovid Met. \,./ab. S. 

—Apollod. 1. —Homer. Odyss. 14. A son of 

Phryxus and Chalciope. Hygin. Jab. 14 • A 

Greek mathematician, born at Pitane, in MoWa., 
about B.C. 320. He was the instructor of Arcc- 
silaus, the disciple of Theophrastus, and wrote 
several treatises on astronomy, of winch two are 
still extant, the one de sphera mobili, and the 
other de ortu et occasu siderum Diog. Laert. 

Automate, one of the Cyclades, called also 
Hera. Pliii.. 2, 37. A daughter of Danaus. 

Automatia, a goddess of lortune, worshipped • 
by Timoleon. Cic. in Timol. 4. 

Automedon, a son of Dioreus, who went to 
the Trojan war with ten ships He was the cha- 
rioteer of Achilles, after whose death he served 
Pyrrhus in the same capacity; and from his dex- 
terity in guiding a chariot, the word Automedon 
has been used as most expressive of superior 
agility in the chariot race. Ovid. Trist. 5, el. 6, 
10. De Art. A. 1. b.—Juv. 1, 61.- Homer. 11. 9, 
16, &LC.— Virg. ^n. 2, 477. 

AUTOMEDUSA, daughter of Alcathous, killed 
by Tydeus, married Iphiclus the father of Fro- 
tcsilaus. Apoilod 2. 

AUTOMENES, one of the Heraclidse, king of 
Corinth. At his death, B.C. 779, annual magis- 
trates, called Prytanes, were chosen at Corinth, 
and their power continued 9(1 jears, till Cyp?e- 
lus and his son Periander made themselves abso- 
lute. 

AUTOMOLI, a nation of .^Ethiopia. Herod. 2 

AutonOe, a daughter of Cadmus, who mar- 
ried Aristaeus, by whom she bad Actaion, often 
called Autoneim heros. The death of her son 
( Firf. Actseon) was so painful to her, that she 
retired from Boeotia to Megara, where she soon 
after died. Paus. \, 4.4r.~ Hygin. /ab. Hi).— Ovid. 
Met. 3, 720. One of the Danaides, who mar- 
ried Eurylochus. Apollod. 2. One of tl.'e 

Nereides. Hesiod. Theoi{. A female servant 

of Penelope. Homer, Odyss. IH, 181. The 

name of a play mentioned by Juv. 6, 72. 

Autofhradates, a satrap of Lydia, who 
revolted from Artaxerxes. Diod. 

AUTRICUM, a town of Gaul, the capital of the 
Carnutes, now Chartres. 

AutrigOnes, a people of Hispania Terra- 
conensis, among the Cantabri. Their chief town 
was Flaviobriga, now Santander. 
^P.AUTRONIUSP^TUS, aRoman, elected consul 
with P. Sylla, A.U.C. 687, but accused of brib- 
ery, and consequently condemned as incapable 
of holding any public office. He joined Catilii.e 
in his conspiracy, and ajter his death, fled into 
Greece, where Cicero dreaded the effect of-his 
enmity. Cicero speaks of him as an orator, but 
oulv as having a good voice. Cic. All 3, ep. 2et 

7. Brut. m.—SaUust. Cat. 17 et 18 Suet. Cess. 

9 Dio. 36. 

AUTURA, a river of Gaul, which falls into the 
Sequana, or Seine. Now, the Evre. 

AUXESIA and Damia, two virgins who came 
from Crete to Troezene, where the inhabitants 
stoned them to death in a sedition. The Epi- 
dauiians raised them statues by order of tlje 
oracle, when their country was become barren. 
They were held in great veneration at Troezene. 
Herod. 5, F.2.—Paus. 2, 30. 

AVANTICUM, a town of the Ilelvetii, no v 
Arenche. Tacit H. 1. 6S. 



AVA 



1-22 



AXU 



\ 



AVARICUM, a strong and fortified town of 
GjiuI, ihe capital of the Bituriges, now Bourges. 
ii received its name from tJie river Avara, or 
Eure, one of the southern branches of the Liger, 
It was taken by Caesar during ihe Gallic wars, 
and its inhabitants massacred. Ccbs. Bell. G. 7. 

AVKLLA, a town of Campania, abounding in 
nuts, whence nuts have been called avellince. 
Sil. It. 8, -35, Scc.^Virg. ^n. 7, 740. 

AVENTl.vcs, a son of Hercules, by Rhea, who 
assisted Turnus against .^neas, and distinguish- 
ed himself by his valour. Viig. JEn. 7, 637. 

A king of Alba, buried upon mount Aventine. 

0\id. Fast. 4, 51. One of the seven hills on 

which part of the city of Rome was built. It 
was IS stadia in circumference, and was given to 
the people to build houses upon, by king Ancus 
Martins. It was not reckoned within the pre- 
cincts of the city till the reign of the emperor 
Claudius, because the soothsayers looked upon 
It as a place of iil omen, as Remus had been bu- 
ried there, whose blood had been criminally shed. 
Its name is derived from a great number of dif- 
ferent sources : 1st, from Aventinus Sylvius, 
king of Alba, who was buried on it ; 2dly, from 
the word adventus, because great crowds 
thronged thither, to a temple of Diana; 3diy, 
from aves, because birds flew thither Irom 
the Tiber; 4thly, from advectus, because when 
the hill was separated from the rest by marshes, 
the only passage to it was by boats; othly, from 
Avens, the river which watered the district, 
whose inhabitants were transplanted thither. It 
was also called Murcius, from Murcia, the god- 
dess of sloth, who had a temple here ; and Col- 
lis Dianae, from the temple of Diana on it, as 
well as Remurcius, from Remus, who wished the 
;ity to be founded here. Juno, Lui-a- Diana, 
Bona Dea, Hercules, and the goddess of Vic- 
^ry and Liberty, had magnificent temples built 
upon it. It is now occupied by gardens, with 
nere and there a solitary church, built out of the 
fragments of ancient edifices. Varro de L L. 4. 
— Virg. Jfn. 8. zSj.-Liv. 1, 33. 

AVERNLS, or Av^ERNA, a lake of Campania, 
near Baii£, called by the modern Italians Lago 
di Tripergola, whose waters were so unwhole- 
some and putrid, that no birds were seen on its 
banks; hence its original name was aopvoj, from 
a privative, and Spuy, a bird. The ancients made 
it the entrance of hell, as also one of its rivers. 
It is said to be about a mile and a half in cir- 
cumference, and in many places nearly 190 feet 
deep. The waters of the Avernus were indis- 
pensably necessary in all enchantments and ma- 
gical processes. It may be observed that all 
lakes, whose stagnated waters were putrid and 
offensive to the smell, were indiscriminately 
called Averna. ?'irg. ^En. 4, 5, VZ, &c. 6.201', 
&c. Mela, 2, i. — Strab. b.—Diod. ^.—Aristot. 
de Adm. 

AVERRTXCUS, a god, who averted mis''or- 
tunes. Aul. Cell. 5, 12.— Varro de L. L. 6, 5. 

AVHSTA, a book composed by Zoroaster. 

AviDltNUS, a rich and sordid man, whom 
Horat. styles happy, 2 Serm. 2, 55. 

AVIDICS Cassius, a man saluted emperor, 
A.D. 175. He reigned oidy three months, and 
was as.sassinated by a centurion. He was called 
a second Catiline, from his excessive love of 
bloodshed. Diod. 

AVXENtrs, RUFUS FESTUS, a Latin poet of the 
fourth century, who translated the phenomena of 
Aratus, the Peiiegesis of l^ionysius, the histoiy 



of Livy, and ^sop's Fables into verse ; and 
wrote also a poetical De.Ncription of the Mari- 
time Coasts," and some other pieces. Some of 
those productions still remain, and show him to 
have been a tolerable versifler. His geographi- 
cal works, and a lew others, have been edited by 
Wernsdoff, in the Pcetce Lali7ii Minmes. Tlie 
best edition of the Fables is that of Cannegetier, 
Amst. 1731, in &vo. 
AviTUS. a governor of Britain under Nero, ; 

Tacit. Ann. 14. Alpheus, a Latin poet, ot 

whose poetry a lew fragments, to the number ol • 
eight verses, are preserved in the Corpus Poet- 
arum. Alcimus, bishop of Vienna in France, 

and nephew to Marcus Msecilius Avitus, emperor 
of the west, flourished at the beginning of the i 
sixth century. He was the friend of Clovis, the ' 
first christian king of France, and contributed to 
his conversion. He was a great enemy to the 
Arians. He wrote letters on various subjects, 
chiefly controversial; sermons; and poems on the 
Mosaic history, and in praise of virginity. His 
works were published by Sirmond, in &vo, 1643. 
His poems have been printed separately, at 
Frankfort in 1507, at Paris in 1509, and at Lyons 
in 1536. 

Avium, a citv between Tyre and Sidon. Strab, 
16. 

Ax£nus, the ancient name of the Euxine sea. 
It was denomira'ed A^sioj, inhospitable, on ac- 
count of the savage manners of the people who 
inhabited its coasts ; but when they became 
civilized by intercourse with foreign nations, and 
by tht numerous colonies which had been 
planted among them, it changed its name to 
Ev?f ifoy, hospitable. ( l id. Euxinus Pontus.) ' 
Ovid. Trist. 4, 4, 5-6. 

AXILLA, a surname of the Servilii, which, by ' 
dropping the X, was changed into Ala. The ' 
mother of M. Brutus, to whom Cicero inscribed 
his book called Orator, was of the geiis Servilia, 
and th'erefore he says Fester Axilla. Cic. Orct. 
45. I 

AXlOCHUS, a philosopher, to whom Plato de- I 
dicated a treatise concerning death. 

AXION, brother of Alphesibcea, murdered ' 
Alcnueon, his sister's husband, because he wish- 
ed to recover from her a golden necklace. Vid» 
Alcmaeon-and Alphesiboea. 

Akiotea, a woman who regularly went in a 
man s dress to hear the lectures of Plato. 

AXJOTHEA, the wife of Nicocles, king of Cy- 
prus. PolycB7i. 8. 

Axis, a town of Umbria. Prop 4. 

AXIL'S, the principal river of Macedonia, ris- 
ing in the chain of mount Scardus, and after a 
south-easterly course of 175 miles, falling into the 
Sinus Thermaicus. or Gulf oj Salonica. It is 
now tlie Vardar. Horn. 11. 2, bb^.—Herod. 7, 

123. Quintus, a senator, intimate with Cicero, 

who had a villa in the beautiful plains of Rosea. 
He seems likewise to have been an usurer. Sue- 
tonius mentions a letter of Cicero's to him, 
which is not now extant. GeU. 7, 3. — Cic. ad 
Alt. 1, 12. 4, 15.- f'arro R. R. 3.— Su€t. Ccrs. 9. 

AXON.\, a river of Gallia Belgica, which joins 
the I>aia, or Oi^e, and falls with it into the Se- 
quana, or Seine. It is now the Aisne. 

AXUR and Anxur. a surname of Jupiter, who 
had a temple at Trachis in Thessaly. He was 
reoresented as a beardless youth. Firg. /Eu. 7, 
6yy. 10, 545. 

AXIS, a town about the middle of Crete 
ApoUod. 



AZA 



123 



BAG 



AZAN, a mountain of Arcadia, sacred to Cy- 

b^lc. A son of Areas, king of Arcadia, by 

Erato, one of the Dryades. He divided his 
father's kingdom with his brothers Aphidas and 
Elams, and called his share Azania. There was 
in Azania a fountain called Clitorius, whose wa- 
ters gave a dislike for wine to those who drank 
them. Fitruv. 8, 3.— Ovid. Met. 15, 3i2.—Paus. 
8, 4. 

AziRis, a place of Libya, surrounded on both 
sides by delightful hills covered w ith trees, and 
watered by a river where Battus built a town. 
Herod. 4, 157. 

AzONAX, a man who taught Zoroaster the art 
of miijic. Flin. 30. 

AzORUS one of the Argonauts. 

Azores, a celebrated sea-port of Phoenicia, 
north-east of Ascalon. It withstood a siege of 
twenty-nine years against Psammitichus, king of 
Egypt, and was finally destroyed by Jonathan 
Asmonseus, who burnt it to the ground. It is 
now called Shdood. Herod. 2, 157. — Joseph. Ant. 
Jud. 15, 



BABILTUS, a Roman, who, by the help of a 
certain herb, is said to have passed in six days 
from the Sicilian sea o Alexandria. Plin. pnem. 19. 

Babilus, an astrologer in Nero's age, who 
told the emperor to avert the danger which 
seemed to hang upon his head, from the appear- 
ance of a hairy comet, by putting all the lead- 
ing men of Rome to death. His advice was faith- 
fully followed. Sueton. in Ner. 36. 

Babylon, a son of Belus, who, as some sup- 
pose, foun led a city which bears his name. A 

celebrated city, the capital of the Assyrian em- 
pire, on the banks of the Euphrates. It had a 
himdred brazen gates; and its walls were 480 
stadia or 60 miles in circuit, 87 feet in thickness, 
and 350 feet in height. They were built of bricks, 
and surrounded with a deep ditch. The form of 
the city was that of a regular square, with twenty- 
five gates on eaeh side; and the streets ran in 
straight lines from gate to gate. It was taken by 
Cyrus, B. C. 538, after he had diverted the waters 
of the Euphrates into a new channel, and march- 
ed his troops by night into the town, through the 
ancient bed of the river; and it is said that the 
fate of the extensive capital was unknown to the 
inhabitants of the distant suburbs till the next 
j evening. Babylon is memorable for the death 
of Alexander the Great, B.C. 323, and for the 

!new empire which was afterwards established 
there under the Seleucidae. {Vid. Syria.) Its 
greatness was so reduced in succeeding ages, ac- 
cording to Pliny's observations, that in his time 
it was but a desolate wilderness, and at present 
I the precise place where it stood is unknown to 
I travellers; so wonderfully fulfilled is the pro- 
I phecy of Esaias 13, 19, &e. 14, 22, &c. Major 
Rennell and Mr Rich are of opinion that its 
site is near a town called Hillah, about forty- 
eijtht miles south of Bagdad. Plin. 6, 26.— He 
rod. 1, 2, 3.— Justin. 1, &c — Diod. 2.—Xenoph. 
Cijrop, 7. 8ic.—Propert. El. 3, 11. 2\.—Ovid. Met. 

I, fab. 2.— Martial 9, ep, 77. There is also a 

town ol the same name near the Nile, in Egypt, 



north of Memphis, supposed to have been built 
by the Persians during the invasion of Cambyaes. 
Its site is occupied by Old Cairo. 

Babylonia, a large province of Assyria, of 
which Babylon was the capital. The inhabitants 
shook off the Assyrian yoke, and afterwards be- 
came very powerful. The surname of Seleu- 

cia, which arose from the ruins of Babylon, 
under the successors of Alexander. Plin. 6, 
26. 

BABYLONII, the inhabitants of Babylon, fam- 
ous for their knowledge of astrology, first divid- 
ed the year into twelve months, and the zodiac 
into twelve signs. 

Babyrsa, a fortified castle near Artaxata, 
where were kept the treasures of Tigranes and 
Artabanus. Slrab. 11. 

BabytAce, a city of Armenia, whose inhabi- 
tants despised gold. Plin. 6, 27. 

BACABASUS, betrayed the snares of Artabanus, 
brother of Darius, against Artaxerxes. Justin, 
3, 1. 

Bacch.^, the priestesses of Bacchus. Paus. 
2, 7. 

BACCH4NALIA, festivals in honour of Bacchus 
at Rome, the same as the Dionysia of the 
Greeks. Vid. Dionysia. 

Bacchantes, priestesses of Bacchus, who are 
represented, at the celebration of the orgies, 
covered with the skins of tigers or goats, and 
more often naked, with garlands of ivy, with a 
thyrsus or lighted torch in the hand, and with 
dishevelled hair. Their looks are wild ; they 
utter dreadful sounds, and clashing diflferent 
musical instruments together, they threaten or 
strike the affrighted spectators. They are also 
called Thyades, Menades, and Mimallonides. 
Plautusin Amph.— Oi<d, Met. 6, 592.— Horof. 3, 
od. 2b.—Propert. El. 3,21. — Lucan. 1, 674. 

Bacchi, a mountain of Thrace, near Philippi. 
Appian . 

BACCHlADiE or Bacchid^, a Corinthian 
family descended from Bacchia, daughter of 
Dionysius, or more probably from Bacchis, son 
of Prumnis. In their nocturnal orgies, they, as 
some report, tore to pieces Actaeon, son of Me- 
lissus; which so enraged the father, that before 
the altar he entreated the Corinthians to revenge 
the death of his son, and immediately threw 
himself into the sea. Upon this the Bacchiadae 
were banished, and weht to settle in Sicily, be- 
tween Pachynum and Pelorus, where some sup- 
pose that they built Syracuse. Thucyd. 6. — 
Ovid. Met. 5, 407.— S/rat. 8. 

Bacchides, a general who betrayed the town 
of Sinope to Lucullus. Strab. 1'2. 

Bacchis or Balus, king of Corinth, succeed- 
ed his father Prumnides. His successors were 
always called Bacchidce, in remembrance of the 
equity and moderation of his reign. The Bacrhi- 
dae increased so much, that they chose one of 
their number to preside among them with regal 
authority; and as they contracted marriages only 
with the members of their family, they preserved 
their dignity, and for nearly 200 years the sove- 
reign power continued in their hands. Cypselus 
overturned this institution by making himself 
absolute. Strab. 8 — Paus. 2, 'i.— Herod, 92. 
— Ovid. Met. 5, 407. 

Bacchium, a small island in the Msean sea. 
opposite Phocaja, at the entrance of the .Smyr- 
naeus Sinus. The temples and statues, with 
which it was richly adorned, were ransacked by 
the Romans. Plin. 5, 3. 

-4 



BAG 



BA'J 



BacckIVS and BlTHUS, two celebrated gla- 
diators of equal a^e and strength; whence the 
l;roverb to express equalitv, Bithus contra Bac- 
ch'Uni. Sucton. in Aug.—Horat. I, sat. 7, 20. 

15ACCHUS-, was son of Jupiter and Semele, the 
daughter of Cadmus. After she had enjoyed the 
company of Jupiter, Semele was deceived, and 
perished by the artifice of Juno. This goddess, 
al.^-ays jealous of her husbo-nd's amours, assum- 
ed the shape of Beroe, Semele's nurse, and per- 
suaded Semele that the lover whom she enter- 
tained was not Jupiter, but a false lover; and 
that to prove his divinity, she ought to beg of 
him, if he really were Jupiter, to come to her 
bed with the same majesty as when he courted 
the embraces of Juno. The r.rtifice succeeded; 
and when Jupiter promised his mistress what- 
ever she asked, Semele required him to visit 
her with all the divinity of a god. Jupiter was 
unable to violate his oath, and Semele unwilling 
to retract it; therefore, as she was a mortal, and 
unable to bear the majesty of Jupiter, she was 
consumed and reduced to ashes. The child, of 
which she had been pregnant for seven months, 
was with difficulty saved from the flames, and 
put in his father's thigh, where he remained the 
full time which he naturally was to have been 
in his mother's womb. From this circumstance 
Bacchus has been called Bimater. According to 
some, Dirce a nymph of the Achelous, saved 
him from the flame.?. There are different tradi- 
tions concerning the manner of his education. 
Ovid says, that after his birth, he was brought 
up by his aunt Ino, and afterw ards entrusted to 
the care of the nymphs of Nysa. Lucian sup- 
poses, that Mercury carried him, as soon as born, 
to the nymphs of Nysa; and Apollonius says, 
that he was carried by Mercury to a nymph in 
the island of Euboea, whence he was driven by 
the power of Juno, who was the chief deity of the 
place. Some support, that Naxus can boast oi 
the place of his education, under the nymphs 
Philia, Coronis, and Clyda. Pausanias relates 
a tradition which prevailed in the town of Brasiae 
in Peloponnesus ; and accordingly mentions, 
that Cadmus, as soon as he heard of his daugh- 
ter's amours, shut her up, with her child lately 
born, in a coffer, and exposed them on the sea. 
The coffer was carried safe by the waves to ihe 
coast of Brasiae; but Semele w as found dead, and 
the child alive. Semele was honoured with a 
magnificent funeral, and Bacchus properly edu- 
cated. This diversity of opinion fcho vs thtt 
there were many of the same name. Diodorus 
speaks of three, and Cicero of a greater number; 
but among them all, the son of Jupiter and Se- 
mele seems to have obtained the merit of the 
rest. Bacchus is the Osiris of the Egyptians, 
and his history is drawn from the Egyptian tra- 
ditions concerning that ancient king. Bacchus 
assi-jted the gods in their w ars agamst the giants, 
and was cut to pieces; but the son of Semele was 
not then born; this tradition therefore is taken 
from the history of Oiiris, who was killed by his 
brother Typhon, and the worship of Osiris has 
been introduced by Orpheus into Greece, under 
the name of Bacchus. In his youth he was taken 
asleep in the island of Naxos, and carried away 
by some maririers, whom he changed into dol- 
pains, except the pilot, who had expressed Sv)ine 
concern at his misfortune. One ol his first ex- 
ploits was to redeem his mother from the infer- 
nal region.s, and by the piety of her son, and the 
consjnt of Jupiter, she w;;3 rai.sed to immortal 



honours under the name of Thycno. The place, 
through which he returned from Pluto s king- 
dom, was said to be seen under one of the altars 
consecrated to the infernal deities in the temple of 
Diana at Troezene. But of all his achievemtnts, 
his expedition into the east is most celebrated. 
He marched, at the head of an army composed of 
men as well as ot women, all inspired w ith divine 
fury, and armed with thyrsuses, cymbals, and 
other musical instruments. Theleader was drawn 
in a chariot by a lion and a tiger, and was accom- 
panied by Pan and Silenus, and all the Satyrs. 
His conquests were easy, and without bloodshed; 
the people easily submitted, and gratefully ele- 

ated to the rank of a god the hero who taught | 
them the use of the vine, the cultivation of the I 
earth, and the manner of making honey. Amidst 
his benevolence to mankind, he was relentless I 
in punishing all want of respect to his divinity; ' 
and the punishment he inflicted on P^ntheue, 
Agave, Lycurgus, the daughter of Minvas, Cya- 
nippus, and others, is well known. He has re- 
ceived the name of Liber, Bromius, Lyseus, 
Evan, Thyonasus, Psilas, Dionysus, Biformis, 
Brisaius, lacchus, Dithyrambus, Messateus, 
Lampter, ^gobolus, Nycielius, Polites, Melan- 
egis, &c., which are mostly derived from the 
places where he received adoration, or from the 
ceremonies observed in his festivals. As he was 
the god of vintage, of wine, and of drinkers, he 
is generally represented crowned w ith vine and 
ivy leaves, with a thyrsus in his hand. His 
figure is that of an effeminate young man, to de- 
note the joys which commonly prevail at feasts; 
and sometimes that of an old man, to teach us 
that wine taken immoderately will enervate us, 
consume our health, render us loquacious and 
childish like old men, and unable to keep secrets. 
The panther is sacred to him, because he went 
in his expedition covered with the skin of that 
beast. The magpie is also his favourite bird, 
because in triumphs people were permitted to 
speak with boldness and liberty. Bacchus is | 
sometimes represented like an infant, holding a 
thyrsus and clusters of grapes with a horn. He 
often appears naked, and riding upon the 
shoulders of Pan, or in the arms of Silenus, who 
was his foster father. He also sits upon a celest- 
ial globe, bespangled w ith stars, and is then the 
same as the Sun or Osiris of Egypt. Tne festi- 
vals of Bacchus, generally called Orgies, Cane- 
phoria, FhaUiea, Bacchanalia, or Dionysia, were 
introduced into Greece from Egypt by Danaus 
and liis daughters. The infamous debaucheries 
which arose from the celebration of these festi- 
vals are well known. {Vid. Dionysia.) His 
priestesses were called by the several names of 
Menades, Thyades, Bacchintes, Mimallunidts, 
and Bassarides, according to the peculiarity of 
either their dress or their gestures. The amours 
of Bacchus are not numerous. He married 
Ariadne, after she had been forsaken by Theseus 
in the island of Naxos; and by her he had many 
children, among whom were Ceranus, Thoas, 
CEnopion, Tauiopolis, and Evanthe. He was 
also lather of Carmon by Alexirhea, of Philias 
bv Clothonophyte, and of Narccus by Phiscoa of 
Elis. According to some, he was the father of 
Hymenaeu.s, whom the Athenians m.ide the god 
of marriage. The Egyptians sacrificed piss to 
, him, before the doors of their houses. The fir 

1' tree, the yew-tree, the fig-tree, the ivy, and the 
vine, were sacred to him; .ind the goat was gen- 
erally sacrificed to bim, on a\.-count of the great 



BAG 



125 



RAG 



prnpr-iisi*y of that animal to destroy t.ie vine. 
Acoordiug to Pliny he was the first who ever 
wore a crown. His beauty is compared to that 
of Apollo, and, like him, he is represented with 
fine hair loosely flowing down his shoulders, and 
he is said to possess eternal youth. Sometimes he 
has horns, either because he taught the cultiva- 
tion of the earth with oxen, or because Jupiter his 
fa her, appeared to him in the deserts of Libya 
under the shape of a ram, and supplied his 
thirsty army with water. The three persons of 
the name of Bacchus, whom Diodorus mention?, 
are, the one who conquered the Indies, and is 
surnamed the bearded Bacchus; a son of Jupiter 
and Proserpine who was represented with horns; 
and the son of Jupiter and Scmele, called the 
Bacchus of Thebes. Those mentioned by Cicero, 
are, a son of Proserpine; a son of Nisus, who 
built Nysa; a son of Caprius, who reigned in the 
Indies; a son of Jupiter and the moon; and a son 
of Thyone and Nisus. Cic. de Nat. D. 2et3.— 
Pans. -2, 22, 37. 3, 24. 5, 19, 8lc.— Herod. 1, 150. 
2, 42, 48, i9.—Plut in Isid. ei Osir.—Diod. 1, 3, 
&c. — Orpheus in Dionys. — Apollod. 1, 9. 3, 4. &c. 
—Ovid. Met. 3, fab. 3, Sic—Amor. 3, d.—Fast, S, 
7\5.—Hy^in.fjb. 155, 167, 8ic.—Plin. 7, 56. 8, 5?. 

36, 5.— Homer. II. 6 Lact. de Pais. Rel. 1, 22.— 

Firg. G. 2, &.c. — Eu7ipid. in Bacch. — Litcian. de 
sacrif. deBaccho, in dial. deor. — Oppian in Cyneg. 
-r-Philostrat. 1, Icon. b'K—Senec. in Chor. CEdip. 
— Martial. 8. ep. 26. 14, ep. 107. 

Bacchylides, a Greek lyric poet, who was a 
native of Julis, a city in the island of Cos, and 
nephew to the elder Simonides. His composi- 
tions consisted of hymns, dithyrambic poems, 
odes in celebration of the Pythian victors, ama- 
tory poems, &c. all of which are now lost except 
a few small pieces, twenty in number. He flour- 
ished about 452 B.C. and was the last of the nine 
lyric poets of Greece. Horace is said to have 
imitated him in several of his poems, particu- 
larly in the fifteenth ode of the first book. The 
fragments of Bacchylides have been published 
separately by C. F. Neiie, Berlin, 1822, 8vo. 
They are translated in Merivale's edition of 
Bland's Greek Anthology. 

Bacenis, a wood m Germany. Cccs. Bel. 
Gall. 6, 10. 

Bacis, a famous soothsayer of Boeotia, faid to 
be inspired by the sea nymphs, because his pro- 
phecies were regularlv fulfilled. Pans. 10, 12 

Suidas. — Cic. de Di >. 1,34. A king of Co- 
rinth, called also Bacchis. (Fid- Bacchis.) 

An athlete of Troezene. Pau$. 6, 8. A famous 

bull consecrated to the sun, and worshipped w iih 
drvine honours in E^ypt, It was said that he 
had a symbolical resemblance to the sun, as his 
colour changed regularly each day, and his hair 
grew in a way contrary to that of other animals. 
Macrob. Sat. 1, 21. 

Bactra, th3 capital of Bactria or Bactrians, 
situate on the river Bactrus. It was anciently 
called Zariaspa. It is now called Balkh. Vir"^ 
G. 2, 138. Slrab. 2. 

Bactria and Bactriana. a kingdom of 
Asia, bounded on the south by the mountains of 
Paropamisus. on the east by the Emodi montes, 
on the north by Sogdiana, and on the west by 
Margiana. It derived its name from the river 
Bactrus. The Bactrians were reckoned good sol- 
diers, and were always at war, either among 
themselves, or with their neighbours. They 
exposed their aaed parents, when they could no 
longer support themselves, to be devoured by 



fierce mastiffs, which they trained for that pur- 
pose, and called sepulchral dogs. They allowed 
their daughter? to associate with any whom rhey 
liked, and incontinence was not disreputable 
even to the female character. They were con- 
quered by Alexander the Great. Curt. 4, 6, &c. 

— Plin. G, &3.—Plut.in Vitios. ad In/el. Suff.— 
Herod. 1 et 3. 

Bactrus, a river of Bactria, whence the 
country received its name. It is now the Dehash. 
Lucan. 3, 267. 

Bacuntius, a river of Pannonia, which runs 
into the Savus, or Sax e, near Sirmium. It is now 
the Bosna. 

Badaca, a town of Media. Dind. 19- 

Badia, a town of Hispania Bcetica. Vul Max. 
3, 7. 

Badius, a Campanian, who challenged T. Q. 
Crispinus, one of his friends, by whom he was 
killed. Lio. 35, 18. 

Baduhennjs, a place in the country of the 
Frisii, where 900 Romans were killed. Ta<nt. 
Ann. 4, 73. 

BiEBiA LEX was enacted for the election of 
four praetors every other year. Li' . 40.' An- 
other law by M. Basbius, a tribune of the people, 
which forbade the division of the lands, w hilst it 
substituted a yearly tax to be paid by the pos- 
sessors, and to be divided among the people. 
Appian. 1 

M. BiEBirs, a Roman, in whose consulship 
the tomb of Numa was discovered. Plui in Num. 

— Val. Max. 1, 1. Lucius, a Roman praetor, 

who, being surprised by the Ligurians, fled to 
Marseilles, where he died three days after. Liv. 
37, 57. 

B^CULA, a town of Hispania Te rraconensis, 
in the territory or at least in the vicinity of the 
Ausetani. Liv. 27, IS. 2S, 13. 

BiETiCA, one of the ancient divisions of His- 
pania, so called from its chief river, the Baetis. 
Vid. Hispania. 

B^Tis, a river of Hispania, which had its 
source in the chain of Mons Orospeda. It was 
anciently called Tartessus, and now bears the 
name of Guadalquiver, or the Great River. The 
natives of the country called it Cirtium andCer- 
tis, and the Arabians Ciritus, derived from the 
oriental term Kiriath, a town, and signifying the 
river of towns, on account of the great number of 
cities which it watered in its progress to the sea. 
Pans. 6, }9 —Plin. 3. ep. 9. —Lio. 28, SO.- Mela, 
3, \. — Strab. Z.—Ptol. 2, 4. 

BiETON, a Greek historian in the age of Alex- 
ander. 

Bagistana, a town of Media, south-west of 
Ecbatana, at the foot of the mountains in which 
are the sources of the river Gyndes. 

Bagistanes, a friend of Bessus, whom he 
abandoned when he murdered Darius. Curt 5. 
13. 

BagistAnus, a mountain of Asia, between 
Babylonia and Media, upon which Semiramis 
had her figure cut. 

Bagoas and Bagosas. an Egyptian eunuch 
in the court of Artaxerxes Oehus, so powerful 
that nothing could be done without his consent. 
He led some troops against the Jews, and pro- 
faned their temple. He poisoned Ochus, gave 
his flesh to cats, and made knife handles with his 
bones, because he had killed the god Apis. He 
placed on the throne Arses, the youngest of tl.'e 
slaughtered prince s children, and attrrwar.is 
put him to death. He was at last Killed, B.C. 



BAG 

S3o, by Darius CodoiTianus, whom, after raising 
to the crown, he had attempted to poison. Diod. 
16 et 17. Another, greatly esteemed by Alex- 
ander. He was the cause that one of the satraps 
was put to death by the most excruciating tor- 
ments. Curt. IQ,' l. — Plut. in Alex. The 

n.ime of Bigoas occurs very frequently in the 
Persian history; and it seems that most of the 
eunuchs of the monarchs of Persia were gener- 
ally known by that appellation. Fiin. 13, 4. — 
Quint a. 5. 12. 

Bagodares. a friend of Bessus, whom he 
abandoned when he attempted the life of Darius. 
Diod. 17. 

Bagophakes, a governor of Babylon, who, 
when Alexander approached the city, strewed 
all the streets, and buined incense on the altars, 
&c. Curt. 0, 1. 

Bagrad.4., now Mejerdnh, a river of Africa, 
rising in the centre of Numidia, ar>d falling into 
tne Mediterranean sea a litile below Utica. 
Here Regulus killed a huge serpent, which mea- 
sured 120 feet in length. ^Piin. S, \^. — Lucan. 4, 
58.^. 

Bai^, a city of Campania, situate on a small 
bay west of Neapolis, and opposite to Puteoli. 
It is said to have derived its name from Baius, 
one of the comjianions of Ulysses. It was a fa- 
vourite place of resort with the wealthy Romans. 
The great attractions of Baiae were tlie beauty <if 
its shores, the mild temperature of its chmate, 
and the variety of its warm springs. It is now, 
owing to the incursions of barbarians and earth- 
quakes, a mere desert compared to what it once 
was. Its modern name is Baia. Martial. 14, ep. 
8\.— Horal. 1, ep. I — Sirab. 5. 

Bala, a surname of Alexander king of Syria. 
Justin. 33, 1 . 

Balacrus, an officer in Alexander's army, 

who took Miletus. Curt. 4, 13. Another 

officer, who commanded some auxiliaries. Id, 
4, 5. 

Balanagr^, a town of Cyrene. Paus. 2, 
26. 

Balanea, a town between Syria and Phoeni- 
cia. Plin. 5, 20. 

Balanus, a prince of Gaul, who assisted the 
Romans in their Macedonian war, A.U.C. 581. 
Liv. 44. 14. 

Balari. a people of Sardinia. Liv. 41, 6. 

C. Balbillcs, a learned and benevolent 
man, governor of Egypt, of which be wrote the 
history, under Nero. Tacit. Ann. 13, 22. 

BaLBINCS, an admirer of Agna, mentioned 

Horat. Sat. 1, 3, 40. A Roman, who, after 

governing provinces with credit and honour, 
assassinated the Gordians, and seized the puiple. 
He was some time after murdered by his sol- 
diers, A.D. 23S. 

Balbus, a mountain of Africa, between the 
town of Clupea and the sea, famous for the re- 
treat of M;isinis.=a, after he fought a battle against 
Syphax. Lii: 29, 31. 

L. Balbl s, a lawyer, &c. one among the pu- 
pils of Scajvola. Two stoic philosophers at 

Rome, mentioned by Cic. de Orat. 3, 21. X D. 

1, 7, &c. A man killed by the assassins of the 

triumvirs. A native of Cadis, who, on being 

made a citizen of Rome, took the name of Bal 
bus, after L. Corn. Balbu.*, one of Julius Caesar s 
friends. The influence of his friends, aided by 
bis own merit, raised him to the consulship and 
to opulence, so that at his death he left each 
Koman citizen twenty-five denarii. Vc'd. 2,51. 



BAL 

~D/o. 48, 52.— Plin. 7, 43.~Cfc. ad Att. 7, 3: //» 

Balb. Cornelius, a nephew of the preceding 

by his sister, and called Minor, to distinguish 
him from his uncle, called Major. He was en- 
gaged in the war against the Garamantes as 
questor to Asinius Pollio; and he built a theatre 
which bore his name. Sueton. Aug. 29. — Plin, 
5, b.—Dio. 34, 25. 66, 24. 

Baleares, the ancient name of the island> 
of Majorca and Minorca, off the coast of Spain 
They derived their name from that of the inha- 
bitants, who were denominated Baleares, as is 
generally supposed from ^iW^iv, to throw, be- 
cause they were very expert in the use of the 
sling. The Greeks called them Gymnesiae, either 
because the inhabitants were y'v^ivol, naked, in 
summer, or because they went to battle armed 
only with a sling. They were reduced by the 
Roman consul, Q. Metellus, who took the" sur- 
name of Balearictis. The larger of these islands 
was called Balearis Major, now Mcr.orca, and the 
smaller, Balearis Minor, now Minorca. In the 
former were PoUentia and Palma, both Roman 
cob nies. In the latter were lamno and Mago. 

Strab. U.— C(cs. Bell. GaU. 2,7 Virg. G. 1, 

3!19 — Odd. Met. 2, 72.— Plin. 3, 3 Flor. 3, 8.— 

Diod. 5. 

BALtTUS, a son of Hippo, who first founded 
Corinth, Putercul. 1, 3. 

Balics, ahorse of Achiiles. Homer. II. 16, 
146. 

Balis ta, a mountain of Liguria. Liv. 40, 
41. 

Ballonoti, a people of European Sarmatia. 
Flacc. 6, 160. 

Balne.^ (^baths) vrere very numerous at Rome, 
private as well as public. In the ancient times 
simplicity was observed, but in the age of the 
emperors they became expensive; they were used 
after walking, exercise, or labour, and were 
deemed more necessary than luxurious. Under 
the emperors it became so fashionable to bathe, 
that without this the meanest of the people 
seemed to be deprived of one of the necessaries 
of life. There were certain hours of the day 
appointed for batliing; and a small piece of 
money admitted the poorest, as well as the most 
opulent. In the baths there «ere separate apart- 
ments for the people to dress and to undress; and 
after they had baliied, they commonly covered 
themselves, the hair was plucked out of the skin, 
and tlie body rubbed over with a pumice stone, 
and perfumed to render it smooth and lair. The 
Roman emperors generally built baths, and all 
endeavoured to eclipse each other in the magni- 
ficence of the buildmg. It is said that Diocletian 
employed -^0,000 christian soldiers in building 
his baths; and when they were finished, he de- 
stroyed all the workmen. Alexander Seven;* 
first permitted the people to use them in the 
right, and he himself often bathed with the com- 
mon people. For some time both sexes bathed 
promiscuously and without shame, and the edicts 
of-the emperors proved abortive tor a while in 
abolishing that indecent custom, which gradu;dly 
destroyed the morals of the people. They gen- 
erally read in bathing, and w e find many compo- 
sitions written in the midst of this luxurious en- 
joyment. 

Balventius, a centurion of great valour in 
Caesar's army, killed by Ambiorix. Ccps. Bell. 
Ga'l. b. 35. 

Balyras. a river of Peloponnesus. PaiLs 4, 
1^3. 



15 AM 



PAS 



Bambalio, a nickname applied to Fadius. 
Vi'd. Fad i us. 

liAMURC-E, a people of Libya. Ital. 3, 303. 

BaNTIA, a town of Apulia, south east of Ve- 
nusia, whence Bantinus. Herat. 3, od. 4, 1.). 

L. Bantius, a gallant youti) of Nola, whom 
Annibal found, after the battle of Cannae, almost 
dead amongst the heaps of slain. He was sent 
home with great humanity, upon which he re- 
solved to betray his country to so generous an 
enemy. Marcellus the Roman general heard of 
it, and rebuked Bantius, who continued firm and 
faithful to the interest of Rome. Liv. 3.) 1j. 

Baphyrus, a river of Macedonia, which runs 
by Olympus, and falls into the Thermaicus 
Sinus. Liv. 44, 6. 

Bapt.1;, the priests of Cotytto, the goddess of 
lasciviousness and debauchery at Athens. Her 
festivals were celebrated in the night; and so 
infamous and obscene was the behaviour of the 
priests, that they disgusted even Cotytto herself, 
though the goddess of obscenity. The name is 
derived from Sanreiv, to wash, because the priests 
bathed themselves in the most effeminate man- 
ner. Juv. 2, 91. A comedy of Eupolis, on 

which men are introduced dancing on the stage, 
with all the indecent ge.stures of common pro- 
stitutes. 

BAR.EI, a people of Colchis and Iberia, who 
burned the bodies of their friends w ho died by 
disease, but gave to the fowls of the air such as 
fell in war. Milan, de Anim. 10, 22. 

BarAthrum, a deep and obscure gulf at 
Athens, into which condemned persons were 
thrown. It had sharp spikes at the top to pre- 
vent any one from escaping, and others at the 
bottom to wound and pierce those who were cast 
into it. Its depth and extent occasioned it to be 
used as a proverbial expression to fignify a miser 
or a glutton, who is always craving and never 
satisfied. Aristoph. Pint. 476.~Lucret. S. — Ho- 
rat. Sat. 1, 2. — Suidas. 

BarbARI, a name originally applied to those 
who spoke inelegantly, or with harshness and 
difficulty. The Greeks and Romans generally 
called all nations, except their own, by the des- 
picable name of Barbprians. 

BarbarIa, a river of Macedonia. Liv. 44. 31. 

A name given to Phrvgia and Troy. Horat. 

1, ep. 2. 7. 

BarbAtcs, the surname of a Roman family. 
Suet. a. il. 

Barbosthenes, a mountain of Peloponnesus, 
ten miles from Sparta. Lio 33, 27. 

Barbythace, a city of Persia. Plin. 6, 27. 

Barca, a friend of Cato the elder. Plut. in 
Cat. Fid. Barcha. 

BARC.a;i, or Barcit^, a warlike nation of 
Africa, near the city of Carthage. Virg. Mn. 4, 
43. 

Barce, the nurse of Sichaeus. Virs:. /En. 4, 

632. A large country of Africa Also a city 

of Cyrenaica in Africa. According to Strabo 
and Pliny, it occupied the spot where Ptolemais 
was afterwards built; but Scylax and Ptolemy 
are of a different opinion. It is probable that it 
stood infand, and had a port on the coast. It 
was founded by the brothers of Arcesilaus III., 
k.ng of Cyrene. It is now Bajca. Strab. 17.— 

Plin. 5, b.—Ptol. 4, 4 A small village of Bac- 

triana, where the people who had been taken pri- 
s ners by Darius in Af rica, were confined. He- 
rod. 4, 204.^ A ciiy of Media. Justin, 1, 7. 

Barcha, or Barca, the surname of a noble ; 



family at Carthage, from whicl-. Ar.nib;;! fTid 
Hamilcar were descended. By means of iheir 
bribes and influence, they excited a great faction, 
which is celebrated in the annals of Carthage by 
the name of the Barchinian faction, and at last 
raised themselves to power, and to the inde- 
pendent disposal of all the offices of trus-t or 
emolument in the state. Liv. 21, 2 et 9. '28, 12. 
3U, 7 et 42.— Cor. Nep. 21, 1. 

Bard^i, a pi ople of lilyricum, concerned in 
the factions of Marios. Plut. in Mario. 

Bardi, a celebrated sacerdotal order among 
the ancient Gauls, w ho praised their heroe.*;, and 
published their fame in their verses, or on musi- 
cal instruments. They were so esteemed and 
respected by tlie people, that, at their sight, two 
armies which were engaged in battle laid down 
their arms, and submitted to thp r a ders. They 
censured, as well ms commended the bt-haviour 
of the people. — Liican. 1, 417- — Str .b, 4 Mar- 
cell. 15, 24, 

Bardus CASSIUS, a friend of Cassar's. Cic. 
Ph. 13, 2 . 

BardyLLIS an lllyrian prince, whose daugh- 
ter Bircenna married king Pyrrhus. Plut. in 
Pi/rrh. 

"bareas SORANtJS, a youth ki'led by histu'or 
Egnatius, a Stoic philosopher. Juv. 3, 116. 

Barks, a naval oflfieer of Persia, who w i>hed 
to destroy Cyrene, but was opposed by Amasis. 
Herod. 4, 203. 

Bargusii, a people of Spain, at the east of the 
Iberus. Liv. 21, 19 et 23. 

BARGYLI.E, a town of Caria, on the Sinus 
Bargyliacus. Liv. 32, 33. 37, 17. 

Barine, a prostitute whom Horace accu.«es of 
perjury, 2, od. 8. 

Barisses. one of the seven conspirators 
against the usurper Smerdis. Ctesias. 

Barium, a town of Apulia, on the Adriatic, 
now called Bari, and remarkable for its fine fish, 
Horat. Sal. 1, 5, ^7- 

Barnuus, a town of Macedonia, near Hera- 
clea. Strab. 1. 

Barrus, a man ridiculed by Horace as proud 
of his beauty. Horat. Sat. 1, 6, 30. 

BarsIne and Barssne, a daughter of Darius, 
who married Alexander, fay whom she had a son 
called Hercules. Cas.=ander ordered her and her 
child to be put to death. Justin. IZ, 2. 15, 2.— 
Arrian. 

Barzaentes, a satrap who revolted from 
Alexander, &c. Curt. ^, 13, 

Barzanes, a king of Arm.enia, tributary to 
Ninus. Diod. 2. 
Basilea, a daughter of Ca-lus and Term, 

who was mother of all the gods. Diod. 3.- An 

island in the northern ocean, famous for its am- 
ber. Diod. 5. An island in the Euxiue sea. 

Plin. 4, 13. A town on the Rhenus, in ihe 

territory of the R.iuraci, now Basle. 

BASILlDiE, European Sarmatians, descended 
from Hercules and Echidna. Mela, 2, 1. 

Basilides, the father of Herodotus who with 
others, attempted to destroy Strattes, tyrant of 

Chios. Herod. S, 132. A family who held 

an oligarchical power at Erythr^. Strab. 14. 

A priest of mount Carmel, who foretold mar.y 
momentous events to Vespasian, when he offered 
sacrifices. Tacit. Hist. 2, hi . — Sueton. in Vesp. 

7. -A divine born at Alexandria, in the second 

century, and founder of a sect w hich bore hi.s 
name. Like Pythagoras, he enjoined five years 
I of silence tohi:^ pupils, and seemed to recom- 



B.\S 



128 



menrl great humility, and inward devotion. His 
writings are all lost. He died at Alexandria, 
A.D. 130. 

BasilIpotAmos, the ancient name of the 
J.uiotas, signifying the royal river. It is still 
called Basilico Polamo. Strab. 6. 

BasIlis, an historian who wrote concerning 

India. Athen. A city of Arcadia, built by 

C'ypselus, near the river Alpheus. This town 
was in ruins in the age of Pausanias, and only a 
temple of Ceres remained to show its former 
consequence. Pans. 8, 29. 

Basilius, a river of Mesopotamia, falling into 

the Euphrates. Strab. A celebrated bishop 

of Africa, born at Caesarea in Cappadocia, very 
animated against the Arians, whose tenets and 
doctrines he refuted with warmth, hut great 
al»iiiiy. He was eloquent as well as ingenious, 
and possessed of all those qualities which consti- 
tute the persuasive orator, and the elegant writer, 
Erasmus has placed him in the number of the 
greatest orators of antiquity. He died in his 
J 1st year, A.D. 379. The latest edition of his 
works is that of the Benedictines, fol. Paris, 

1721—30. A man who, though patronised and 

esteemed by Caesar, yet conspired against him. 
Cic. Fam. (j, ep. 15. 

Basilus, a general who assisted Antony. 

Lucan. 4, 416. An insignificant lawyer. Juv. 

7, 141). A praetor who plundered the provinces, 

Id. 10, 222. 

Bass^, a place of Arcadia, where Apollo had 
a temple. Pans. 8, 30 et 41. 

Bassania. a town of Macedonia near Illyri- 
cum. Liv. 44, 30. 

Bassareus, a surname of Bacchus, from the 
dress or long robe, called Ba^sarist which his 
priests wore. Horai. Od. 1, 18, 11. 

BassarIdes, a name given to the votaries of 
Bacchus, and to Agave by Persius, which seems 
derived from Bassara, a town of Libya sacred to 
the god, or from a particular dress worn by his 
priestesses, and so called by the Thracians. Per- 
s/us 1. 101. 

BASSUS AUFIDIUS, an historian in the age of 
Augustus, who wrote on the Germanic war. 

Qiiintil, 10, 1. Caesius, a poet in Nero's age, 

to w hom Persius addressed his sixth satire. He 
distinguished himself by his lyric compositions, 
in the execution of w hich he proved so happy, 
that he has been ranked with Horace. Only two 
of his verses are extant. It is said that he was 
burnt in his villa by an eruption of mount Vesu- 
vius. Paus. 6. Saleius, an epic poet, who 

lived also in the age of Nero. Julius, an ora- 
tor in the reign of Augustus, some of whose ora- 
tions have been preserved by Seneca. A man 

spoken of by Horace 1, od. 36, 14, and described 
as fond of wine and women. 

Bastarnje and Bastern.i;, a people who first 
inhabited that part of European Sarmatia, which 
corresponds with a part ot Poland and Prussia, 
and who afterwards approached the more south- 
ern parts, and established themselves to the left 
and right of the Tyras. They are considered to 
have been the founders of the Russians and 
Sclavonians. Xiy. 40, 5S.~ Orid. Trist. 2.198. 
Strab. 7 

Bastia. the wife of Metellus. Lie. epit. 89. 

Bata. a sea-port of Asia, on the Euxine, op- 
po.saie Si nope. Strab. 6. 

Batavi, or B.\tAvi, a people of Germany, 
who inhabited that part of the continent known 
under the modern name of Holland, and called 



by the ancients, Batarorum insula. I.iv. 4, 15.— 
Lucan. I, 431. r 

Bathos, a town <>f Arcadia, near the river i- 
.Alpheus. Paus. 8, 29. r 

Bathycles, a celebrated artist of Magnesia. T 
Pain. 3, 19. ^ 

Bathyllus, a beautiful youth of Samos, 
greatly beloved by Polycrates the tyrant, and by p 

Anacreon. Moral, ep. 14, 9-- Mecoenas was n 

also fond of a youth of Alexandri.i, of the same I' 

name. Juv. 6, tiS. The poet who claimed as |^ 

his own Virgil s distich, Aocte pluit tota, ^c- | 

bore also the same name. A lounta n of Ar- j' 

cadia. Paus. 8, 31. I' 

Lent. Batiatcs, a man of Campania, who | 
kept a house full of gladiators who rebelled i 
against him. Plut. in Cras, I 

BatIa, a naiad who married CEbalus. ApoUod. ■ 

3, 10. A daughter of Teucer, who married M 

Dardanus. Id. ' 

Batina and Bantina. Vid. Bantia. [ 

Batis, a eunuch, governor of Gaza, who U 
upon being unwilling to yield, was dragged round ' 
the citv, tied by the heels to Alexander's chariot I 
Curt. 4, 6. i 

Bato, a Dardanian, who revolted to Romf 
from king Philip. Liv. 31, 28. 

Baton of Sinope, wrote commentaries on the 

Persian affairs. Strab. 12. A charioteer uf • 

Amphiaraus. Paus. 5, 17. 

BatrachomyomachIa, a mock-heroic poem, i 
describing the ^/i<beiween/?og-s and jn/ce. This ti 
poem is commonly ascribed to Homer, and f' 
printed with the editions of the Iliad aud Od>s- 
sey; but others have attributed it to Pigres, of 
Halicarnassus, in Asia Minor. The best edition 
of it is that of Matthiae, 8vo. Lips. 1605. 

Battiades, a patronymic of Callimachus, 

from his father Battus. Ovid, in Ibin. 53. A 

name given to the people of Cyrene from king f 
Battus. Ital. 3, 253. ' 

Battis, a girl of Cos, celebrated by Philetus | 
the elegiac poet. Oxid. Trist. 1, el. 5, 2. 

Battus 1st. a Lacedaemonian, who built the 
town of Cyrene, B.C. 630, with a colony from the 
island of Thera. He was son of Polymnestus 
and Phronime, and reigned in the town he had 
founded, and after death received divine honours. 
The difficulty with which he spoke first jirocured 
him the name of Battus. Herod. 4, 165, &c. — 

Paus. 3, 14. 10, 15. The 2d of that name was 

grandson to Battus 1st by Arcesilaus. He suc- 
ceeded his father on the throne of Cyrene, and 
was surnamed Felix, and died 554 B.C. Herod. 

4, 159, &c. A shepherd oi Pylos, who promised 

Mercury that he would not discover his having 
stolen the flocks of Admetus, which Apidlo 
tended. He violated his promise, and w as turned 

into a pumice stone. Ovid. Met. 2, 702 A 

general of Corinth against Athens. Thucyd. 4, 
43. A buffoon of Ciesai's. Pint. Symp. 6. 

BatClum, a town of Campania, w hose inha- 
bitants assisted Turnus against uEneas. Vir^f, 
JEn. 7. 739. 

Batllus, a surname of Demosthenes, from 
his effeminacy when young. Plut. in Demosth. 

Batyllus, a celebrated dancer in Domitian's 
reign. Juv. 6, 63. 

Baubo, a woman who received Ceres whtn 
she sought her daughter all over the world, xnd 
gave her some water to quench her thirst. Oi ,d. 
Met. 5, tab. 7. 

BAt'ClS, an aged and infirm woman of Phry- 
gia, who with her husband Philemon, hvid in a 



BAU 



129 



KEL 



snull cottage, in a penurious manner, when Ju- 
piter and Mercury travelled in disguise over 
Asia. The gods came to the cottage, where they 
received the best things it afforded; and Jupiter 
Vvas so pleased with their hospitality, that he 
metamorphosed their dwelling into a magnificent 
temple, of which Baucis and her husband were 
made priests. After they had lived happy to an 
extreme old age, they died both at the same hour, 
according to their request to Jupiter, that one 
might not have the sorrow of following the other 
to the grave. Their bodies were changed into 
trees before the doors of the temple. Ovid. Met. 
8, 63 K &c. 

Bauli, a small town of Latium, near Baia;. 
Ital. 12, J 55. 

Bavius and M^vius, two stupid and male- 
volent poets in the age of Augustus. They at- 
tacked the superior talents of the contemporary 
writers, and have therefore become immortal- 
ised by the satire and ridicule which they drew 
upon themselves. Virg. Eel. 3. 

BAZAENTES, a friend of Bessus, &c. 

Bazaria, a country of Asia. Curt. S, I. 

Bebius, a famous informer in Vespasian's 
reign. Juv. 1, 35. Vid. Biebius. 

Bebryce, a daughter of Danaus, who is said 
to have spared her husband. Most authors, how- 
ever, attribute that character of humanity to 
Hypermnestra. Vid. Danaides. 

Bebryces and BiCBiiYCII, a nation of Asia 
near Pontus, of Thracian origin, and according 
to Arrian, descended Irum Bebryce. They were 
expert in the battle of the cestus. The Argo- 
tiauts touched on their coasts in their expedition 
to Colchis, and at that time Amycus, son of 
Neptune, was king of the country. Virg. ^n. 
5, 373 — Apollod. l.-Strab. 7 et 12. 

Bebrycia, an ancient name of.Bithynia, from 
Bebryce the daughter of Danaus. Strab. 13.— 
Virg. Mn. 5, 373. 

Bebryx, a king of part of Spain. His daugh- 
ter Pyrene is supposed to have given her name 
to the Pyrenean mountains, which formed part 
of her father's dominions, ^il. It 3, 420, &c. 

BedriXcum, a small town of Italy, between 
Cremona and Mantua. It was famous for two 
successive defeats, that of Galba by Otho, and of 
Otho by Vitellius. It is now Cividcde. Juv. 2, 
\VS.— Tacit. Hist. 3, 1, 1.5. 

Belemina, a town of Laconia. Pans. 3, 21. 

Belenus, a divinity of the Gauls, the same as 
the Apollo of the Greeks, and the Orus of the 
Egyptians. 

Belephantes. a Chaldean, who, from his 
knowledge of astronomy, told Alexander that his 
entering Babylon would be attended with fatal 
consequences to him. Diod. 17. 

Belerium, a promontory of Britain, now 
Land s End. 

Belesis, a priest of Babylon, who told Arbace? 
governor of Media, that he should reign one day 
in the place of Sardanapalus. His prophecy was 
verified, and he was rewarded by the new king 
with the government of Babvlon, B.C. 826. 
Diod. 2. 

Belg^, a people of ancient Gaul, who inha- 
bited the country extending from the Rhenus or 
Bhine, to the Liger or Loire. They seem to have 
been originally Scythians or Goths, who, after 
defeating the Cimbri, took possession of the 
north-west part of Gaul. According to the tes- 
timony of Caesar, thev were the most warlike of 
the Gauls. Cces. dc Bell. Gail. 1, 1. 2, &e.— 



Mela, 3, \.- Strab. 4. Some of the Britons 

were also called Belgae, as no doubt descended 
from a Belgic colony. Cces. B. G» 5, 12. 

BelgTca, one of the four provinces of Gaul, 
near the Rhine, according to the division madt* 
by Augustus; but, according to Julius Caesar, 
Belgica formed a third part of Gaul. Vid. 
Gallia. 

Belgium, a part of Gallia Belgica, was ori- 
ginally the land of the Beilovaci, Atrebates, and 
Ambiani, These three tribes wtre the proper 
and genuine Belgas. Cecs B. G. 5, 24. 

BelgIus, a general of Gaul, who destroyed an 
army of Macedonians. Justin. 25, 2.— Po'lyb. 2. 

BelIdes, a surname given to the daughters 
of Belus. Ovid. Met. 4, 463. 

Belides, a name applied to Palamedes, as 
descended from Belus. Virg. 2, fc2. 

Belisama, the name of Minerva among the 
Gauls, signifying queen of heaven. The cere- 
monies of her worship are unknown. She how- 
ever was represented with a helmet on her head, 
but without either her aegis or a spear in her 
hand. Cces. Bell Gall. 6. 

BELISARIUS, a celebrated general in the ser- 
vice of the emperor Justinian. After serving 
his country against the Persians, the Vandals in 
Africa, the Goths and the Huns in Italy, and 
every where displaying marks of wisdom, forti- 
tude, bravery, and heroism, he was accused of 
rebellion, and dishonourably condemned by the 
weak emperor, who confiscated his estates. The 
story of his being blind, and begging for his 
bread, is of modern invention. He died A.D. 565. 

Belistida, a woman who obtained a prize at 
Olympia. Pans. 5, 8. 

Belit^, a nation of Asia. Curt. 4, 12, 

Bellerophon, a son of Glaucus king of 
Ephyre, by Eurymede, was at first called Hip- 
ponous. The murder of his brother, whom some 
call Alcimenus or Bel ler, procured him the name 
of Bellerophon, or murderer of Belter. After 
this murder, Bellerophon fled to the court of 
Prcetus king of Argos. As he was of a handsome 
appearance, the king's wife, called Anfaea or 
Stenobcea, fell in love with him ; and as he 
slighted her passion, she accused him before her 
husband of attempts upon her virtue. Prcetus 
unwilling to violate the laws of hospitality, by 
punishing Bellerophon, sent him away to his 
father-in-law Jobates king of Lycia, and gave 
him a letter, in which he begged the king to 
punish with death, a man who had so dishonour- 
ably treated his daughter. From that circum- 
stance, all letters which are of an unfavourable 
tendency to the bearer, have been called letters 
of Bellerophon. Jobates, to satisfy his son-in- 
law, sent Bellerophon to conquer a horrible 
monster called Chimagra, in which dangerous 
expedition, he hoped, and was even assured, he 
must perish. {Vid. Chimcera.) But the provi- 
dence of Minerva supported him, and, with the 
aid of the winged horse Pegasus, he conquered 
the monster, and returned victorious. After this 
Jobates sent him against the Solymi, in hopes 
of seeing him destroyed ; but he obtained an- 
other victory; and conquered afterwards the 
Amazons, by. the king's order. At his return 
from this third expedition, he was attacked by a 
party sent against him by Jobates; but he de- 
stroyed all his assassins, and convmced the king 
that innocence is always protected by the gods. 
Upon this, Jobates no longer sought to de.stroy 
hisii.'e; but he gave hin> his daughter in mavri.".ge. 



I! EL 



ISO 



BER 



and made him his successor on the throne of 
Lycia, as he was without male issue. Some 
authors have supported, that he attempted to fly 
to heaven upon the horse Pegasus; but that Ju- 
piter sent an insect, which stung the horse, and 
threw down the rider, who wandered upon the 
earth in the greatest melancholy and dejection 
till the day of his death, one generation before 
the Trojan war. Bellerophon had two sons, 
Isander^ who was killed in his war against the 
Solymi, and Hippolochus, who succeeded to the 
throne after his death, besides one daughter cal- 
led Hippodamia, who had Sarpedon by Jupiter, 
The wife of Bellerophon is called Philonoe by 
Apollodorus, and Achemone by Homer. Homer. 

n. 6, 156, &c Juv. \i).—Apollod. 2, 3. 3, I.— 

Hygin. fab. 157 et 243. P. A. 2. IS. -Hesiod. 
Theoi. Zij.-Horat. 4, od. 11. 2^. — Fans. 9, 31. 

BELLERUS and Beli.er, a brother of Hippo- 
nous. Vid. Bellerophon. 

Bellienus, a Roman, whose house was set 
on flumes at Caesar's funeral. Cic. Phil. 2, 36. 

Bellona, the goddess of war, daughter to 
Phorcva and Ceto. She was called by the Greeks 
Enyo, and is olten confounded with Minerva. 
She was anciently called Duelliona, and was the 
sister of Mars, or according to some, his daugh- 
ter, or his wife. She prepared his chariot when 
be was going to war, and drove his steeds through 
the tumult of the battle with a bloody scourge, 
her hair dishevelled, and a torch in her hand. 
The Romans paid great adoration to her; but she 
was held in the greatest veneration by the Cap- 
padocians, chiefly at Comana, where she had 
above 3000 priests. Her temple at Rome was 
near the Porta Carmentalis. In it the senators 
gave audience to foreign ambassadors, and to 
generals returned from war. At the gate was a 
small column, called the column of war, against 
which they threw a spear whenever war was de- 
clared. The priests of this goddess consecrated 
themselves by making great incisions in their 
bodies, and particularly in the thigh, from w hich 
they received the blood in their hands to offer as 
a sacrifice to the goddess. In their wild enthu- 
siasm, they often predicted bloodshed and wars, 
the defeat of enemies, or the besieging of towns. 
Jun. 4, 124.— Farro de L. L. b— Hesiod. Theog. 
210.—Paiu. 4, ZO.— Virg. jEn. 8, im.-Stat. Theb. 
2, 7 IS. 7, 13.—Ital.5, 

Bellon.\rii, the priests of Bellona. 

Bellovaci, a people of Gaul, conquered by 
J. Caesar. Ccfs. Bell. 2, 4. 

Bkllovesls, a king of the Celtae, who, in the 
reign of Tarquin Priscus, was sent at the head of 
a colony to Italy by his uncle Ambigatus. Liv. 
b, 34. 

BKLON, a general of Alexander's. Curt 6. 11. 
A city and river of Hispania Ba:tica. Utrab. 3. 

Bklus, one of the most ancient kings of Baby- 
lon, about 1800 years before the age of Semira- 
mis, was made a god after death, and worshipped 
with much ceremony by the Assyrians and Baby- 
lonians. ' He was supposed to be the son of the 
Osiris of the Egyptians. The temple of Belus 
was the most ancient and most magnificent in the 
world. It was originally the tower of Babel, 
nhich was converted into a temple. It had lofty 
towers, and it was enriched by all the succeed- 
ing monarchs till the age of Xerxes, who, after 
his unfortimate expedition against Greece, plun- 
dered and demolished it. Among the riches it 
c "itained, were many statues of massy gold, one 
of v»hici» was forty feet high. In the highen of 



the towers was a magniticcnt bed, where Ih^ 
priests daily conducttd a woman, who, as tht*" 
said, was honoured with the company of the g jo. 
Joseph. Ant. Jud. \0.- Herod. 1, 1S\, &.c.—Strab. 

16.—Arrian. l.-Diod. 1, &c. A kingof Eg\pr, 

son of Epaphus and Libya, and lather of Agenor. 

The father of Danaus and ^5£gyptus was al.so 

called Belus, and from him the daughters of 
Danaus were called Belides. Oxid. Met. 4, -103. 

Another, son of Phoenix the son of Agenor, 

who reigned in Phoenicia. One of his descend- 
ants bore the same name, and was father t<> Dido,; 

who founded Carthage. Virg. 1, Q'-ll A 

small river of Syria, falling into the Mediter-i 
ranean near Ptolemais. It abounds in sand pro-; 
per for the manufacture of giass; and it was 
there that the art of making glass was first dis- 
covered. Plin. 5, 19. 36, 26. | 
Benacus, a Jake of Italy, now Lago di Garda, \ 
from which the Mincius flows into the Po. Virg 

G. 2, 160. JEn. 10, 205, 1 
BENDlDltJM, a temple of Diana Bendis. Ldc. \ 

3S, 41. 

Bendis, a name of Diana among the Thra-i 
cians and their northern neighbours. Stiab. 9. 
Her festivals, called Bendidia, were intro- 
duced from Thrace into Athens, and celebrated 
the 20th of the month called Thargelion. Lie, 
38, 41. 

Beneventum, now Benevento, a town of the 
Hirpini, situated near the junction of the rivers i 
Sabatus and Calor, and founded, as it is said, by ' 
Diomedes. It was anciently called Maleventum, i 
on account of its unhealthy atmosphere, which ' 
name w as changed by the Romans into Bene- ; 
ventum. In the neighbourhood of this place ') 
Pyrrhus was defeated by Carius Dentatus, B.C. ' 
480. Beneventum is still celebrated for its re- 5 
mains of ancient sculpture and architecture. 
The most interesting relic of antiquity is Tra- p 
jan's triumphal arch, which forms one of the en- 
trances to the city, and is called ihe porla aurea. 
Plin. 3, U. 

Benthesicyme, a daughter of Neptune, the 
nurse of Eumolpus. ApoUod. 3, 15. r 

Bepolitanus, a youth whose life was Favcd I 
by the delay of the executioner, w ho wi.<bed not ^ 
to stain the vouth's fine clothes with blooil. I 
Plut. de Virt. Mid. 

Berbic^, a nation who destroyed their tela- p; 
tions when arrived at a certain age. JL'liu-n. V. '''' 

H. 4, 1. 

BerecynthIa, a surname of Cjbele, fron» 
mount Berecynthus in Phrygia, where she was | 
particularly wor.-hipped. She has been celebrated 
bv Catullus, in a poem, entitled De Beren/nihia 
et Aty. Ovid. Fast. 4, 355. Met. 11, 16-- CatuU. 
U.—PUn 5, 29. 16, \b.-Diod. j.-Slat. Theb. 4, 
782, f'irg. JEn. 9, 62. ^ 

Berenice and Beronice a woman famous [ 
for her beauty mother of Ptolemv Philadelphus \ 
by Lagus. A'.liaji. V. H. 14, r^.— Theocrit.— \ 

Pans. 1, 7. A daughter of Philadelphus, who 

married Antiochus king of Syria, after he had 
divorced Laodice, his former wife. After the fy 
death of Philadelphus, Laodice was recalled, and 
mindful of the treatment w hich she had received, ; 
she poisoned her husband, placed her son on the 
vacant throne, and murdered Berenice and her = 
child at Antioch, whither she had fled, B.C. 243. 

A daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, who usurped 

her lather's throne for some time, strangled her 
husband Seleucus, and married Archelaus, a 
prie:>t of Uelloua. Her father regained his . 



EER 



ISl 



BIA 



power, and put her to death, B.C. 55. The 

wife of Mithridates, who, when conquered by 
Lucullus, ordered all his wives to destroy them- 
selves, for fear the conqueror should offer vio- 
lence to them. She accordingly drank poison, 
but this not operating soon enough, she was 

strangled by an eunuch. The mother of 

Agrippa, who shines in the history of the Jews, 

as daughter-in-law of Herod the Great. A 

daughter of Agrippa, who married her uncle 
Herod, and afterwards Polemon, king of Cilicia. 
She was accused of committing incest with her 
brother Agrippa. It is said that she was pas- 
sionately loved by Titus, who would have made 
her empress but for fear of the people. Juv. 6, 
157.— Sue^. Tit. 1.— Joseph. Ant. 2n, b.— Tacit. 

Hist. 2, 2. A wife of king Attalus Another 

daughter of Philadelphus and Arsinoe, who mar 
ried her own brother Evergetes, whom she loved 
with much tenderness. When he went on a dan- 
gerous expedition, she made a vow to devote her 
beautiful hair to the goddess Venus, if he re- 
turned safe. Some time after his victorious 
return, the locks which were in the temple of 
Venus disappeared; and Conon, an astronomer, 
t" make his court to the queen, publicly report- 
ed that Jupiter had carried them away, and had 
made them a constellation. She was put to 
death by her son, B.C. 221. Catidl. 67 — Hygiri. 
P. A. 2, 2^. — Justin. 26, 3. This name is com- 
mon to many of the queens and princesses in the 

Piolemean family in Egypt. A woman who 

was daughter, sister, and mother of persons who 
bad been crowned at the Olympic games. In con- 
sequence of this she was the only woman admit- 
ted as a spectatress. Val. Max. 8, 15. — ^lian. 

V. H. 10, I. A city ol Libya. Strab.—Mela.. 

3, 8. Two towns of Arabia. Strab. 16. 

One in Egypt, on the shores of the Red Sea, 
I where merchandise from India was debarked, 
and carried over land on camels to Coptos. Plin. 

6, 23, Another in Cyrenaica, likewise called 

Hesperis, near which were the famous gardens 
of the He?perides. It is now Bengasi. Plin. 5, 
b— Sir ah. 17. 

Berenicis, a part of Africa, near the town of 
Berenice. Lucan. 9, 523. 

Bergion and Albion, two giants, sons of 
Neptune, who opposed Hercules as he attempted 
to cross the Rhone, and were killed with stones 
from heaven. Mel i, 2, 5. 

BergistAni, a people of Spaing at the east of 
the Iberus. Liv. 34, 16. 

BBRIS and Baris. a liver of Cappadocia. 

A mountain of Armenia. 

Bermius, a mountain of Macedonia. Herod. 
8, 13S. 

Beroe, an old woman of Epidaurus, nurse to 
Semele. Juno assumed her shape when she per- 
j suaJed Semele not to grant her favours to Ju\)i- 
ter, if he did not appear in the majesty of a god. 

Orid. Met. 3, 278. The wife of Doryclus, 

I whose form was assumed by Iris at the instiga- 
I tion of Juno, when she advised the Trojan wo- 
j men to bum the fleet of .^neas in Sicily. Virg. 
! ^n. f), 620. — r-One of the Oceanides, attendant 
j upon Cyrene. Firg. G. 4. 341. 
I Bercea., or Berrhcea, a large and populous 
! city of Macedonia, south of Edessa, and south-' 
j west of Fella, at the foot of mount Bermius. Ii5 
inhabitants were commended by St Paul for 
their reception of tlie gospel on a fair and im- 

i partial hearing of it. Acts 17, 10, &c. Ato« n 

of S>ria, east of Antiochia. Its Syriac name was 



Chalybon, which was changed to Bercea, when i 
fell into the hands of the Macedonians It pre 
serves its old name in Haleb, or, as the Frank 
call it, Aleppo. 

Beronice. Fid. Berenice. 

Berosus, a native of Babylon, priest to Belus. 
He passed into Greece, and remained a long j 
time at Athens. He composed a history of Chal- 
daea, and signalized himself by his astronomic;il '! 
pre(liciions, and was rewarded for his learning « 
with a statue in the gymnasium at Athens. Tlie 
age in which he lived is not precisely know n, 
though some fix it in the reign of Alexander, or 
268 years B.C, Some fragments of his Chal- 
daean history are preserved by Josephus, contra h 
Appion. et in Antiq. Jud. 105. The book that is <; 
now extant under his name, and speaks of kings .j.* 
that never existed, is a supposititious fabriea |;|| 
tion, imposed upon the world by Annius. Plin, li 
7, 37. ^ '1 

Berytus, an ancient town of Phoenicia, si- '',} 
tuated about 24 miles south of Byblus. It was \ 
destrojed by Tryphon, and restored by the Ro- 
mans, who raised it to the rank of a colony w th 
the title of Felix Julia. It is now Beii'out. Piin. 
5, 20. 

Besa, a fountain in Thessaly. Slrab. 8. l\ 
Besidi^, a town of the Brut'ii. Liv. 30, 19. .1 
Besippo, a town of Hispania Baetica, east of jj 
Junonis Promontorium, where Mela was born. j| 
It is now Bejer. Mela, 2, 6. 

Bessi, a people of Thrace, inhabiting a dis- i 
trict called Bessica, betw een Mons Rhodcpeand 
the northern part of the Hebrus. They w ere the i 
most hardy and unprincipled of all the Thra- ' 
cians. Strab. 'l.—Ptol. 3, W.—Liv. 39, 53.- Cic. A 
Pis. U.-Plin. 4, l\.—Ovid. Prist. 4, el. 1, 67.— iJ 
Herod 7, \U. '\ 
Bessus, a governor of Bactriana, who, after 'i 
the batt.e of Arbela, seized Darius, his sove- i 
reign, and put him to death. After this murder, 
he assumed the title of king, and was some time 
after brought before Alexander, who gave him to 
Oxatres, the brother of Darius. The prince 
ordered his hands and ears to be cut off, and his 
body to be exposed on a cross, and shot at by 

the soldiers. Justin. 12, 5.— Curt. 6 et 7 A 

parricide who discovered the murder he had 
committed, upon destroying a nest of swallow Sj 
which, as he observed, reproached him with his 
crime. Ptut. 

L. Bestia, a seditious Roman, who conspired 
with Ci.tiline against his country. Cic. in Phil. 
2. 

Betis, a river in Spain. {Fid. Baetis ) A 

governor of Gaza, who bravely defended himself 
against Alexander, for which he was treated with 
cruelty by the conqueror. 

Beturia, a part of Baetica in S|iain, at the 
north of the river Baetis. Liv. 39, 30. 

BiA, a daughter of Pallas by Styx. Apollod. 
1, 2. 

BlANOR, a son of Tiberius and Manto the 
daughter of Tiresias, who received the surname 
of Ocnus, and reigned over Etruria. He built a 
town which he called Mantua, after his mother's 
name. His tomb was seen in the age of Virgil, 
on the road between Mantua and Andes. J'irg. 

Ed. 9, eO. ^n. 10, 198. A Trojan chief killed 

by Agamemnon. Homer. II. 11, 92. A centaur 

killed by Theseus. Ovid. Met. 12, 342. 

Bias, son of Amylhaon and Idomene, was 
king of Argos, and brother to the lanious sooth- 
sayer Mehunpus. He fell in love with Pciune, . 



EIU 



d vjghter of Neleiis king of Pyios; but the father 
refused to give his daughter in marriage before 
he received the oxen of Iphiclus. Melampus, at 
his brother's request, %\ent to seize the oxen, and 
was caught in the iact. He, however, in one 
year after received his liberty from Iphiclus, 
who presented him with his oxen as a reward for 
his great serv ces. Bias received the oxen from 
his brother, and obliged Neleus to give him his 
daughter in marriage. Homer. Odyss. U. — Pans. 

•2, 6 et IS. 4, M —AfoUod. 1. 9. A Grecian 

prince, who went to the Troj.in war. Homer. II. 

1, 13 et £0. A river of Peloponnesus. Pcus. 

4, 34. One of the seven wise men of Greece, 

son of Teutamus, born at Priene, in Ionia, about 
570 B.C. He diitinpuished himself by the gener- 
osity of h:s disposition. Several young female 
captives from Messene having been brought for 
sale to Priene, Bias redeemed them, educated 
tbem at his own expense, and restored them with 
a dowry to their parents. He set a slight value 
on the goods of fortune, in comparison with those 
of the mind. During an invasion, when all per- 
sons but himself were collecting their valuables 
for flight, he replied to those who expressed their 
wonder at his indifference, " I carry every thing 
of mine about me." Bias is said to have written 
more than two thousand verses on the subject, 
" How Ionia mijiht prosper." He died in the 
arms of his grandson, a; he was pleading a cause 
in behaif of a friend. Diog. ]. — Piit. in Symp. 
— Val. Max 7 2 —Pans. U, 24. — Cic. Amic. 16 
Paradox. 1. 

BiBACCXLS, M. F'JKICS, a Latin poet of Cre- 
mona, in the age of Cicero, inti.i:ate ^^ith the 
poet Gallus and Cato He composed annals in 
Iambic verses, and wrote epigrams full of wit 
and humour, and other poems admired by the 
ancients for their ease, neatness, and elegancj. 
It is said that Virgil imitated his poetry, and 
even copied some of his lines. Horace, ho\\ever, 
has ni t failed to rid cule his verses. Only six- 
teen verses remain of hi< poetrv. Horal. Sat. 

2, 5, 4L—Quinti\ IQ. — Suet. in Ccfs. A prae- 
tor, &c Val. Max 1, 1. 

BiBESlA or POTIXA, a goddess among the 
Rom.ms, who presided over the liquors which 
were taken during meals. ' Another divinity, 
called Edesia, presided over the taking of the 
solid food. Aug. de CiimP. 4, 2. 

BiBLIA and BlLLI.\, a Roman lady famous 
for her chastity. Sbe married Duillius. 

BIBLIS, a woman who became enamoured of 
her brother Caunus. and was changed into a 
fountain near Miietus. Ovid. Me!. 9, CGJ. 

BiBLT.VA, a country of Thrace. 

BIBLCS, a city of Phtunicia. Ciat.4. 

BiBRACTE, a large and populous town of the 
.iEdui in Gaul, upon the Arroux, one of the 
branches of the Ligeris, or Loire. Ic assumed 
the name of .Augustodunum under Augustus, 
and is now ca'.led Autun. Ccbs. Bell. G. 7. 55. 
&c. 

BlBR.i.x, a town of the Remi, north-west of 
Diirocortorum. It is now Bievre. Cces. B. G. 
2, 6. 

BIBROCI. an ancient people of Britain, who 
are supp sed to have occupied the £OUth-eA.<t 
Y>a.xt Berkshire . Ca-s. B G. 5, 21. 

BibCll'S, a son of M. Caipurnius Bibulus bv 
Portia, Cato s daughter. He >^as C*"sar s c A- 
league in the consulship, but of no consequence 
in the state, acf^ording to this distich mentioned 
t>y Stiefon m .Jul 20; 



,Von Bibulo quicquam nupcr, sed CcPtare fuc. 
turn est : 

Nasn Bibulo fieri consule nil inemini. 

One of the friends of Horace bore that name. 

Sat. 1 10, SO. 

Bjces, a marsh near the Palus Moeotis. Flacc. 

6, fc^. 

Bicox, a Greek who assassinated Athenodorus, 
bet-ause he made himself master of a coU.ny 
which Alexaiider had left at Bactra. Curt. 
9, 7. 

BICORNIGER, an appellation of Bacchus, who 
is sometimes represented with horns, as symbols 
of the rays of the sua, or of the virtue which he 
imparts to wine. 

BicOR.sis. the name of -Alexander the Great ; 
among the -Arabians, either expressive of his < 
having added the eastern to the w estern empire, j 
or in allusion to medals on which he is repre- 
sented with horns, under the pretence that he 
WPS the son of Ammon. 

BIFORMIS, {two forins.) a surname of Bacchus. , 
He received it because he changed himself into L 
an old woman, to fly from the persecution of L 
Juno, or perhaps because he was represented jj 
sometimes as a young, and sometimes as an old 
man; or because wine, over which he presided, -j 
rendered men sorrowful and frantic, or gay and 

pleasant. The same name is applied, but not ^ 

frequently, to Janus. Ovid. Fast. 1, 98. 

BlFRONS a surname of Janus, because he waa 
represented w ith ^M-o./aces among the Romans as 
acquainted with the past and future. Virg. | 

7, 1_0. 

BlLBlLIS, a town of Hispania Terraconensi", 
belonging to the Celtiberi. south-east of Numi- ■, 
dia. It was the birth-place of tne poet Martial, u 

It is now Calatayud. Mart. 1, ep. 50. -A river ^ 

of Spain, whose vvaters were famed for the tem- u 
pering of steel. It ii now the Solo or Xalon. Jtu- [; 
tin 44, 3. 

BIMATER, a surname of Bacchus, which sig- 
nifies that he had two mothers, because w hen he 
was taken from his mother's w omb, he w as placed 
in the thigh of his father Jupiter. Otid. Met. 4, 
12- 

Bl.NGIUM, a town of Gaul, in Germania 
Prima, about 18 miles west of Moguntiacum, or 
Maym. \t is nov. Bingen. Tacit. Hi»t. lii. 

BloN, a philosopher of Borysthenes in Scythia, 
who flourished in tne reign of Ant gonus Gona- 
tus, B.C. -/G. He is said when young to have ij 
been slave to a rhetorician, who gave him his 
freedom, and left him a legacy which enabled C 
him to study philosophy at Athens. He wasfirst [ 
an auditor of Crates, then of Theodoras the ^ 
atheist, and finally of Theopht^istus; but he i. 
chiefly followed the opinions of Theouorus He j' 
was skilled in music and poetry, and also distin- 
guished himself by his repartees. He died at 
Chalcis in Euboea. Horat. 2. ep. 2, {jQ. — Diog. in i 

vita. A Greek bucolic poet, born in Smyrna, r 

and contemporary with Theocritus. Mo?chu.>, '., 
his friend and disciple, mentions in a most beau- 
tiful and highly finished elejiiac poem still ex- ' 
tant, that he was taken off by poison Of his ^ 
poems, besides some few fragments, and ludi- 
crous and puerile imitations of a hatchet, an egg, ^ 
wings, &c. in words, there are now extant only „ 
six idyllia, comprehended in about 170 lines, 1„ 
written with elegance, simplicity, and purity, t 
and abounding with correct and pleasing ima- |, 
gery. The poems of Bion are general Iv annexed i, 
to those of Theocritus and .Mosihus. fliev have J,' 



i£3 



been published separately by Fr. Jacobs, Goiha, 
1796; G. Wakefield, London, 1795; and J. C. F. 

Maas, Leipsic, 1607. A soldier in Alexander's 

army, &c. Curt. 4, 13. A native of Propon- 

tis, in the age of Pherecydes. A native of Ab- 

dera, disciple to Democritus. He first found out 
that there were certain parts of the earth where 
there were six months of perpetual light and 

darkness alternately. -A man of Soli, who 

composed a hist )ry of JEchiopia. 
! BlERHUS. Vid. Coelius. 

BiSALT-B, a people of Macedonia, above Am- 
phipolis and the coast of the Sinus Strymonicus. 

i Their country was called Bisaitia. Liv. 44, 45. 

I 45, ■2j.—Plin. 4, 10.— DtocJ. 4 

1 BiSALTES, a man of Abydos, &c. Herod. 6. 

i 26. 

BISALTIS, a patronymic of Theophane, by 
■ whom Neptune, under the form of a ram, had 
the golden ram. Her father's name was Bisaltes. 
Ovid. Met. 6, \77.—Hygin. fab. 13. 

BISANTHE, a town on the confines of the Pro- 
pontis, north-west of Perinthus. It was built by 
F the Samians. It was called also RhEedestus. and 
' is now Rodoslo. Herod. 7, lii7. 
I BiSTON, son of Mars and Callirhoe, built 
j Bistonia in Tnrace, whence the Thiacians are 
, ciiten caWed Bislones. Herod. 7, \lj. — Pim. 4, 
\\.—Lucan. 7, 569. 
BiST Jnis, a lake of Thrace near Abdera. He- 
I rod. 7, lii.J. 

} BITHUS. Vid. Bacchius. 
U BlTHY^, a certain race of women of Scythia, 
whose eyes, as Pliny reports, 7, 2, killed those 
, who gazed upon them for some time. 

IBiTHiNiA, a country of Asia Minor, formerly 
calleJ Bebrycia. It was bounded by the Pontus 
Euxinus on the north, on the south by Phrygia 
I and Galatia, on the west by Mysia and the Pro- 
' pontis, and on the east by Paphlagonia. It was 
successively inhabited by the Phrygians, Mysi- 
ans, and Bithynians. The latter people, who 
are said to have come from Thrace, gave it the 
name of Bithynia. It was a beautilul and ro- 
mantic country, intersected by lofty mountains 
I and fertile plains; rich in fruits and wine, and 
I abounding in forests. Strab. 12. — Herod. 7, 75. 
I — Mela, 1 et 2. According to Paus. 8, 9, the 
inhaljitants were descended from Mantinea, in 
Peloponnesus. 

BiTiAS, a Trojan, son of Alcanor and Hiera, 
brought up in a wood sacred to Jupiter. He fol- 
lowed the fortune of .lilneas, and, with his bro- 
ther, was killed by the Rutuli in Italy. Viig. 

■/En. 9, 672, &c. One of Dido s lovers, present 

when .iEneas and the Trojans were introduced 
I to the queen. Virg. JEn. 1, 742. 

BlTON, a Greek mathematician, who lived 
I about 2-3 J B.C. He composed a treatise on the 
Ij construction of Catai)ullae, which is inserted in 
the Mathematici Veteres. Fid. Cleobis. 

BlTUITUS, a king of the Allobro-jes, conquer- 
ed by a small number of Romans, &c. Vol. 
Max. 9, Q.—Flor. 3, 2. 

BITUNTUM, a town of Spain. Mart. 4, ep. 
bo. 

BiTURiGES CUBI, the name of a people who 
! occupied a considerable part of Aquirania Prima 
and who had been much more powerful before 
the conquest of Gaul by Caisar, than they were 
afterwards. Their chief city was Avaricum. 
Cces. Ball. G. 7, 21 Bituriges Vivisci, a peo- 
ple who inhabited the southern part of Aquitania 
Secunda. Their capital was Burdigala. 



BiTURlcUM, a town of Gaul, formerly the ca- 
pital of the BelgcC. Strab. i. 

BIZYA, a town on the Euxine, a little above 
Salmydessus, the residence of Tereus, the hus- 
band of Procne. Now Vi^a. Fid. Tereus. 

Bl^NA, a fruitful country o! Pontus, where 
the general of Mithridates Eupator destroyed the 
force? of Nicomedesthe Bithynian. Strab. 12. 

Bl^SII, two Romans who killed themselves 
because Tiberius deprived them of the priest- 
hood. Tacit. Ann. 6, 40. 

JUN. BLiESUS, a governor of Gaul. Tacit 

A surname given to Arist^eus or Battus, the 
founder of Cyrene, from his stammering. Ovid. 
Ibin. 5^\. — Justin. 13, 7. 

Blandenona, a place near Placentia. Cii'. 
2, ep. 15, ad Quin. 

Blandlsia, a famous fountain of Sicily, cele- 
brated by Horace in the thirteenth ode of his 
third book, placed by some at his Sabine farm; 
but proved by the abbe Chaupy, to be near V'en- 
usia in Apulia. . 

Blastofhcenices, a people of Lusitania. 
Appian. 

Bl EMM YES, the name of a people who appear 
to have inhabited part of Ethiopia; and who, 
probably from the circumstance of depressing 
their heads, and raising their shoulders, were 
represented by the ancients as without heads, 
and as having their eyes and mouths in their 
breasts. Mela, 1, 4. 

Blenina. a toi^n of Arcadia. Paus. 8, 27. 

Blitius CaTCLINUS, was banished into the 
JEgean sea, after Piso's conspiracy, &c. Tacit, 
Ann. 15, 71. 

hLUClUM, a castle where king Dejotarus kept 
his treasures in Bithynia. Strab. 12. 

BOADICEA. r/a'.'Boudicea. 

Bo^ and BCEA, a town of Laconia, at the ex- 
tremity of the Bceaticus Sinus. Paus. 3, 21. 

BOAGRIUS, a river, or rather torrent, of the 
Locri Epicnemidii. It watered the town of 
Thronium. Strab. 9. 

BOCALIAS, a river in the island of Salamis. 

BOCCAR, a king ot Mauritania. Juv. 4, 90, 
applies the word in a general sense to any native 
uf Africa, 

BoccHORis, a wise king and legislator of 
E^ypt. Diod. 1. 

BOCCHUS, a king of Gaetulia, in alliance with 
Rome, who perfidiou.sly delivered Jugurtha to 
Svlla, the lieutenanta)f Marius. Sallust. Jug. — 
Patf'rc. 2, 12. 

BoDERlA, or BODOTRIA, the Ftithof Forth in 
Scotiaad. 

BODUAGNATUS, a leader of the Nervii, when 
Ccesar made war against them. Cces. Bell. G. 'Z, 
23. 

BODUNi, a people of Britain who surrendered 
to Claudius. Dio. Cass. 60. 
BOEA. Vid. Boas. 

BCEBE, a town of Thessaly. Ovid. Met. 7, fab. 
5 . A lake of Crete. Str ib. 9. 

BcEBEis. a lake of Thessaly, near mount Ossa. 
Lucan. 7, 176. 

BCEBIA LEX was enacted to elect four praetors 

every \ear. Another to insure proprietors iu 

the possession oi their lands Another, A. U. C. 

571, ajjainst using bribes at elections. 

BOEDROMIA, an Atnenian teslival, which re- 
ceived its name utto tov Sojjf^pou.t'lv. fromcoming to 
helps because it was instituted in memory of Ion 
the son of Xuthus, who assisted the Athenians 
when invaded by Eumoljius, the son of Neptune. 
M 



BOiO 



RON 



Others say that it was observed in memory of a 
/ict:>ry obtained by Theseus over the Amazons, 
in the month Boedromion. Suid. — Plutarch, in 
Thes. 

BcEOTARCH^, the chief magistrates in Bceo- 
tia. Lit'. 4-i, 43. 

BceotIa, a country of Greece, bounded on the 
north by Phocis and tbe country ot the Locn 
Opuntii; on the south by Attica and Megaris; on 
theeastbytheEuripus, or strait of i-.uboeH; and on 
the west by the Halcyonian sea and PiitKiis. It 
has been successively called Aonia, Mesapia, 
Hyanthis, Ogygia, and Cadmeis, and now forms 
a part of Livadia. It was called Boeotia, accord- 
ing to some, fromBcEOtus, sou of Itonus; or, ac- 
cording to others, irom ^ovf, bos, owing to Cad- 
mus Having been led by an ox to the spot where 
he built Thebes. Boeuiia was perhaps the rich 
est and most fertile country in Greece. Its in- 
habitants were noted for their natural dullness 
and stupidity, even to a proveib (Botaina Z^); yet 
it will be found that no singly p.-ovince in Greece, 
save Attica, could furnish a list of poets and 
other writers in which are included such names 
as Hesiod, Corinna, Pindar, and Plutarch. He- 
rod. 2,49. 5, 51.— Ovid. Met 3, 10.— Pans. 9, 1, 

6ic. — C. Sep. 7, U.— Strab. 9 Justin. 3,6. 8, 4. 

—Herat. 2, ep. 1, 244.— Dtod. 19.— i<V. ;i7, 30, 
&c. 

BCEOTCS, a son of Itonus by Menalippa. 
Pans. ]. 

BCEOROBISTAS, a man who made himself ab- 
solute among the Getae, by tiie strictness of his 
discipline. Strab. 7. 

BOETHIUS, AMC. MANL. TORQUATUS SE- 
VKRlNLS, a celebrated Roman, banished and 
afterwards punished with death, on suspicion ut 
conspiracy, bvTheodoric king of the Ostrogoihs, 
A.D. dIj. In his exile he was accompanied by 
his wife Elpis, who soothed his misfortunes, and 
who deserved his affection not less by her fond- 
ness for literature and poetry, than her gieat 
mental fortitude. He left two sons, Patricius 
and Hypatius, who preserved their rank and 
consequence in the Roman state. It was during 
his imprisonment that he wrote his celebrated 
poetical treatise De co7isolatione philosophice, in 
five books. It may be said that with this re- 
spectable writer the Latin tongue, and the last 
remains of Roman dignity, sunk in the western 
world. The best edition of his works is that o' 
Basle, in 2 vols. fol. 1570. Vossius de P. Latin. 

BCETCS, a foolish poet of Tarsus, «ho wrote a 

poem on the battle of Philippi. Strab. 14. A 

river of Spain, mure properly called Baetis. Fid. 
Baeis. 

BOEUS, one of the Heraclidaj. 

BOGES and BoES, a Persian who d- stroyed 
bimsel: and famdy when besieged by the Athen- 
ians. Herod. 7, 107 — Paus. S, 8. 

BOGUD, a king of M luritania in the interest oi 
Caesar. CcEsar. Alex. 59. 

Bogus, a king of the Maurusii, present at the 
battle of Actium. Strah. S. 

Hon, a people of Celtic Gaul, who migrate ! 
into Cisalpine Gaul, and the mirth of Italv (in 
th- banks of the Po. Cess. Bell. G. 1, 23 7, 1/. 
— Sil. 4, 15S. 

BOJOCALUS, a general of the Germans in tlie 
age of Tiberius, &c. Tacit Ann. 13, bb. 

HOLA, a town of the ..Equi in Italv. Virg. 
jEn G, 775. 

BoLANCS. a man whom Horace represents, 1 
^Jii. 9, U, as i f the must irascible temper, and 



the mo<i Inimical to loquacity^ Some, hov^ever, 
imagine that Le was of a very patient and phles- \ 
matic temper, that would endure withnut di-.sa- 

tis.action any impertinence. Marcus, a friend 

of Cicero's. Cic. ad Fam. 13 ep. 77. 

BoLBE, a marsh near Mygdonia. Thucijd. 1, 
5S. 

BOLBITINUM, one of the mouths of the Nile, 
with a town ol tiie same name. Naucratis was 
builtnearit. Htrod. 1, 17. 

BOLGlUS, a general of Gaul, in an expeditionj 
against Ptolemv king of Macedcuia. Paus. 10 
19. 

BOLINA, a virgin of Achaia, who rejected the 
addresses of Apollo, and threw herself into the 
sea to avoid his importunities. The god m.ide 
her immortal. There is a city wh ch bears hetj 
name in Achaia. Paus. 7, 23. 

BOLlN^ECS, a river near Bolina. Paus. 7, 
23. i 

BoLissus, a towTi and island near Chios, i 
Tiimyd. i^, 24. 

Bolus, a king of the Cimbri, who killed a. 
Roman ambassador. Lie. ep. 67. 

BOMIENSES, a people near .dEtolia. Thucyd. 
3, 96. 

BoMlLCAR, a Carthaginian general, son of 
Amilcar. He w as suspected of a conspiracy w i h 
Agathocles, and hung in the forum, where he 
had received all his dignity Died. 26. — Justin. 
22, 7. An African, for some time the instru- 
ment of all Jugurthas cruelties. He consi ired 
against Jugurtha, who put him to death. Sallitst. 
Jug. 

BoMONiCi, youths that were whipt at the 
altar of Diana Orthia during the festivals of Ihj 
goddess. He who bore the lash of the whip with, 
the greatest patience, and without uttering a, 
groan, was declared victorious, and received an^ 
honourable prize. (T/d. Diamastigosis.) Paus.\ 
3, le.—Plut, in Lxjc. 

Bona Dea, a name given to Ops, Vesta, 
Cybele, and Rhea, by the Greeks; and by the 
Latins, to Fauna, or farua. This goddess was^ 
so chaste that no man but her husband saw her 
after her marriage; from which reason her festi-, 
vals were celebrated only in the night by the 
Roman matrons in the houses of the highest offi- 
cers of the state, and all the statues of the men' 
were carefully covered with a veil where the' 
ceremonies were observed In the latter ages 
of the republic, however, the sanctity of these! 
mysteries was profaned by the intrusion of men. 
and by the introduction of lasciviousness and 
debaucherv. The ceh bration was on the first of 
May. Juh.6, 313 — Propert. 4, 10, 2b —Ocid.^ 
de Art. Am. 3, 637. , J 

BONONIA, anciently called Felsina, a town ofj 
Gallia Cisalpina, north of the Apennines. It is 
now called Bologna. Hin. 3, 15 — Sil. Hal 8,| 

599 —Liv. 33, 37 A town of Pannonia, < n 

the Danube, north of Sirmium. Its site corrc-' 

spends with the position of Illok. A town of the' 

Morinj, in Gaul. It was anciently named Gt s- 
soiiacum, and is now Boulogne. 

BoxosTus, an officer of Probus, who assumt <* 
the imperial purple in Gaul. 

BONOSUS a bishop of Dacia, know n in ecc e 
iastical history as the author of a hf-resy, whuli 
prevailed for upw ards of 200 \ears. He died A D 
410. ■ ' 

Bonus Eventus, a Roman deity, whose wor I 
ship was first introduced by the }>easants. Ha 
w as represented holding a cup In his right hand 



BOO 



Vcb 



BOU 



j and in his left, ears of corn. His power was sup- 
posed to extend only over particular events, and 
not like that of Fortune over the whole of 
human life. His statue, as well as that of good 
Fortune, made by the hand of Praxiteles, was 

j placed ia the capitol. Vai to de R. R. 1. — Plin. 

i 34. 8 

BoosOa.A^ (bovts Cauda), a town of Cy- 
prus, where Venus had an ancient temple. 
Strab. 

Bootes, a northern constellation near the 
Ursa Major, also called Bubuicus and Arcto- 
phylax. Some suppose it to be Icarus, the father 
r i Eri^one, who was killed by shepherds for in- 
ebriating them. Others maintain that it is Ar- 
eas whom Jupiter placed in heaven, or else 
Erichthonius king of Athens. Orid. Fast. 3, 405. 
— CVc. de Nat D 2, 42. 

' BOOTUS and BcEOTUS, a son of Neptune and 

I Menalippe, exposed by his mother, but preserv- 

] ed by shepherds. Hy^in. fab. \ 

I Bora, a mountam of Macedonia, between 

i Illyria and Epirus. Liv. 45, 29. 

j BORBETOMAGUS, a town of Germany, on the 
•west side of the Rhine. It was the capitol of 

j the Vangiones. Now Worms. Ptol. 

I BoRCOViUM, a town of Britain, now Berwick, 
at the mouth oi the T\\eed in Scotland. 

BOREA, a town taken by Sextus Pompey. Cic. 
16. ad Att. ep. 4 

I BoREADES, the descendants of Boreas, who 

j long possessed th • supreme power and the priest- 

I hood in the island of the Hyperboreans. Diod. 

I 1 et 2. 

Boreas, the name of the north wind blowing 
from the Hjperborean mountains Accord- 
i ing to the poets, he was son of Astrasus and 
' Aurora, but others make him son of the Str)-- 
I -non. He was passionately fond of Hyacinthus, 
' (^Vid. Hj'acinthus), and carried away Orithyia, 
who refused to receive his addresses, and by her 
he had Zetes and Calais, Cleopatra and Chione. 
He was worshipped a.s a deity, and represented 
with wings and white hair, and with distended 
mouth blowing snow, storms, cold, hail, and all 
the inclement blasts of a northern climate. The 
Athenians dedicated altars to him, and to the 
winds, when Xerxes invaded Europe, and re- 
warded his supposed services by erecting him a 
temple on the banks of the Ilissus. He was also 
particularly honoured by the people of Megalo- 
polis, and a large space of ground was set apart 
and consecrated to his divinity. Boreas changed 
himself into a horse, to unite himself with the 
mares of Dardanus, by which he had twelve 
mares so swift, that they ran or rather flew over 
the sea, without scarce wetting their feet. Ho- 
mer. 11. 20, 2^2.— Hestod. Theog. Ti\).—Apoll€d. 
3, ] 5— Herod. 7, }8±—0vid. Met. 6, 700. Tiist. 

3, el. 10, 14, 4."). Ex Pont. 4, el. 10, 41 Aul. 

Cell. 2, 22.— Virg. Ec. 7 G 1. 93, 370. 2, 
316. 3, 278. yEn. 10. 350. 12, ^Qo.—Calliinac. in 
Delum.—Paus. 1, 19. 8, 36. 

BOREASMI, a festival at Athens, in honour of 
Boreas, who, as the Athenians supposed, was 
related to them on account of his marriage with 
j Orithyia, tbe daughter of one of their kings. 
(F/d. Orithya.) They attributed the overthrow 
of the enemy's fleet to the respect which he paid 
to his wife's native country. There were also 
sacrifices at Megalopolis in Arcadia, in honour 
of Borea.s. Paus. Attic et Arcad. 

PORKUS, a P^rsirtii, &c. Po'yccn. 7, 40. 
BoHGES, a Pcr.->.an, who bun.t himself, rather 



than submit to the eneniv, &c. Pohja'n 7, 
24. 

BORNOS, a place of Thrace. C. Nep. in Alcib. 

7. 

BORSIPFA, or Barsita, a town of Babyl nia, 
sacred to Diana and Apullo. Its inhabitants 
were particularly fond of the flesh of bats. 
Strab. 16. 

BORCS, a son of Pi rieres, who married Poly- 

dora the daughter of Peleus. ApoUod. 3, Yd 

Homer. II. 16, J77. 

BORYSTHENKS, a large river of Scythia, fal- 
ling into the Euxine sea, now called the Dnieper. 
According to modern geography, it rises in tne 
Valdaih'iWs, near the sources of the Duna, and 
after a winding course of about fcOU miles, it 
flows into the Black Sea, a little to the east of 
the Dniester. Major Rennell suspects that He- 
rodotus was not apprised of the famous catarac » 
of this river, which occur at the height of two 
hundred miles above its mouth, and are said to 
be thirteen in number; for he seems to consider 
the navigation as being uninterrupted during 
forty days upwards from the sea. Plin. 4, IJ.. — 
Dionys. Per. 3\1.— Strab. 1 et l.—Propert, 2, el. 

7, 18. — Owd de Pont. 4, el. 10, 53. There was 

a city of the same name on the borders of the 
river, built by a colony of Milesians, 655 years 
be ore the Christian era. It was also called Olba 

Salt ia. Mela, 2. I • t 7 A horse with which 

the emperor Adrian used to hunt. At his dea'h 
he was honoured with a moniiment. Diod 

BosPHORUs. or Bosporus, from /Sofj, ait ox, 
and ?ropo5, a passage, is a name given to a strait 
by which two seas communicate with each other; 
particularly to the Thracian Bosphorus. or the 
Channel of Constantinople, which connects the 
Propontis with the Euxine sea; and also to the 
Cimmerian Bosphorus, or Straits of Caffa, which 
unites the Palus Maeotis with the Euxine sea. 
These straits are supposed to have obt.iined this 
name from their being so narrow that an ox 
could easily sw im across them. The Thracian 
Bosphorus extends from the Cyanean rocks to 
the harbour of Byzantium or Constimtinople. It 
is about fifteen miles in length, and its ordinary 
breadth may be computed at about 1| mile.s. 
The Cimmerian Bosphorus is about fourleaguf s 
broad. Plin. A, I J. 6, 1.— Or?<i Trist. d. el. 4, 
49.— Mela, 1, Strab, V2.- Farro R. R. 2. 1. 
—Herod. 4, 85 The people who lived near 
it were called Bo.-pftorani, and Mithridates is 
thence called Bosphorajins rex. Tacit. Ann. l:-", 
lb.- Ol id. Trist 2, 298. 

BOSTAR, a Carthaginian prophet, m.entioned 
by Sd. Ital. 3, 647. 

BOTER, a Ireedman of Claudius. Suet. 
Claud. 

BottTa, a colony of Macedonians in Thrace. 
The people were called Botticri. Plin. 4,1 — 
Herod. 7, 185, 8cc.— Thucyd. 2, 99. 

BOTTl.ails, a country at the north of Mace- 
donia, on the bay of Therma. Hetod. 7, iz'd, 
&c. 

BOUDICEA, a queen of the Brigantes in Bri- 
tain, who rebelled upon being insulted by ihe 
Romans. Her revolt proved very destru> tive to 
the Roman forces in Britain; but at la.st the 
valour and superior experience of Suetoniu.s pre- 
vailed over the undisciplined Britons, and Rou- 
dicea, after in vain re-asserting the liberty of 
her country, and seeing 80,000 of her cnuntry- 
mrn sl^iughtered in one battle, poisoned herself, 
A.D. 61. Tacit. Ann 14, ol. 

M 2 



BOU 



36 



BUI 



BouiANUM. an ancient colony of the Sam- 
lit«;s, at the. foot T)f the Appenines, not far "from 
Beneventuni. It is now called Boiano. Liv. 9, 
5:8. 

BOVILL^, a town of Latium, near Rome. 
Ovid. Fast. 3, 607. Another in Campania. 

BrachjiAiVES, Indian philosophers, who de- 
rive their name from Brahma, one of the three 
beings whom God, according to their theology, 
created, and with whose assistance he formed 
the world. They devoted themselves totally to 
the worship of the gods, and were accustomed 
from their youth to endure labours, and to live 
with frugality and abstinence. They never eat 
flesh, and abstained from the use of wine and all 
carnal enjoyments. After they had spent thirty- 
seven years in the greatest trials, they were per- 
mitted to marry, and indulge themselves in a 
more free and unbounded manner. The Brah- 
mins were a tribe or numerous family, descend- 
ed from one common ancestor, who existed at 
some remote period, and was different from the 
progenitors of the people among whom they lived. 
Some have supposed that this progenitor was the 
patriarch Abraham, whom in their language they 
call Brachma, or Brama. (_Vtd, Gymnosophistae..) 
Strab. \b.—Dir.d. 17. 

BR^SIA, a daughter of Cinyras and Methar- 
rae. Apollod. 3, 14. 

BranchiAdes, a surname of Apollo. 

Branchid^, a people of Asia, near the river 
Oxus, put to the sword by Alexander. They 
were originally of Miletus, near the temple of 
Branchus, but had been removed from thence 

by Xerxes. Strab. }l.—Curt.1,b. The priests 

of Apollo Didymaeus, who gave oracles in Caria, 
Plin. 5, 29. 

BranchyllTdes, a chief of the Boeotians. 
Pates. 9, 13. 

Branch US, a youth of Mile^ais, son of Smi- 
crus, beloved by Apollo, who gave him the 
power of prophecy. He gave oracles at Didyme, 
V. hich became inferior to none of the Grecian 
oracles, except Delphi, and which exchanged the 
name of Didymean for that of Branchidae. The 
emple, according to Strabo, was set on fire by 
Xerxes, who took possession of the riches it 
contained, and transported the people into Sog- 
diana, where they built a city which was after- 
wards destroved by Alexander. Slrab. 15. — 
Stat. Theb. 3,' 479.— Lucian. de Domo. 

Brasi^E, a town of Laconia. Pans. 3, 24, 

Brasidas, a famous general of Lacedsemon, 
son of Tellus, who, after many great victories 
over Athens and other Grecian states, died of a 
wound at Amphipolis, which Cleon, the Athen- 
ian, had besieged, B.C. ■^22. A superb monu- 
ment was raised to his memorv. Pans. 3, 24. — 
Thucyd. 4 et b.—Diod. 3. — man of Cos. 
Theocrit. Id. 7. 

Brasideia, annual festivals held at Sparta, 
in honour of Brasidas. They were celebrated 
with sacrifices and games, in which only free- 
born Spartans were allowed to contend; and he 
who neglected to be present at the solemnities 
was fined. 

Brasilas. a mrm of Cos. Theocr. 7. 

Bratuspantium, a town of the Bellavaci in 
Gaul, now Beanvais. 

Braure, a woman who a!=sisted in the mur- 
der of Pittacus, king of the Edoni. Thucyd. 4, 
107. 

Rraurox. a town of Attica where Diana had 
ft temple. The goddess had three festivals cal- 



led Brauronia, celebrated once every fiftli yeai 
by ten men, who were called iepo>roi»i. They 
sacrificed a goat to the goddess, and it was usual 
to sing one or the books of Homer's Iliad. The 
most remarkable that attended were young vir- 
gins in yellow gowns, consecrated to Diana. 
They were about ten years of age, and not under 
five, and therefore their consecration was called 

ievareveiy, from iexa, ten/ and Sometimes apKTtvetv, 

as the virgins themselves, bore the name of 
ap*TOi, bears, from this circumstance. Tbere 
was a bear in one of the villages of Attica, so 
tame, that he ate with the inhabitants, and play- 
ed harmlessly with them. This familiarity lasted 
long, till a young virgin treated the animal too 
roughly, and was killed by it. The virgin's bro- 
ther killed the bear, and the country was soon 
after visited by a pestilence. The oracle was 
consulted, and the plague removed by consecrat- 
ing virt;ins to the service of Diana. This was 
so faithfully observed, that no woman in Athens 
. was ever married before a previous consecra- 
i (ion to the goddess. The statue of Diana off 
■ Tauris, which had been brought into Greece by t 
Iphigenia, was preserved in the town of Brau- f 
ron. Xerxes carried it av/ay when he invaded > 
Greece. Paus. 8, AG.— Strab. 9. i 

Brenni and Breum, a people of Italy, < 
dwelling north of the Lacus Larius, about the • 
Rhaetian Alps, near the source of the Ticinus. ! 
Horat, 4, od. 14. I 

Brennus, a general of the Galli Senones, ! 
who invaded Italy, defeated the Romans at the j 
river Allia, and entered their city without oppo- e 
sition. The Romans fled into the capitol, andf 
left the whole city in the possession of the ene- 
mies. The Gauls climbed the Tarpeian rock in p 
the night, and the capitol would have been taken 
had not the Romans been awakened by the noise I 
of geese which were before the doors, and imme- (i 
diately repelled the enemy. {Fid. Manlins.) 
Camillus, who was in banishment, marched to ii 
the relief of his country, and so totally defeated i) 
the Gauls, that not one lemained to carry the f 
news of their destruction. Liv. 5, 36, &c. — i 

Plut. in Camtll. Another Gaul, who made anr 

irruption into Greece with 150,CCO men, and P 
1.5,0(10 horse, and endeavoured to plunder the f 
temple of Apollo at Delphi. He was destroyed, ' 
with all his troops, by the god, or more properly, ( 
he killed himself in a fit of intoxication, B.C. ; 
278, after being defeated bv the Delphians. I 
Paus. 10, 22 et 23.— Justin. 24, 6, &c. ii 

Brenthe, a ruined city of Arcadia. Paus. t 
8, 28. I: 

Brescta. a city of Italy, which had gods pe-l 
culiar to it>elf. Ij 

Brettii, a people of Italy. Strab. 6. | 

BriAreus, a famous giant, son of Coelus andi 
Terra, who had 100 hands and 50 heads, andwasj: 
called by mm ^Egeon, and only by the godsii 
Briareus. When Juno, Neptune, and Minerva 
conspired to dethrone Jupiter, Briareus ascend- f 
ed the heavens, and seated himself next to him,, 
and so terrified the conspirators by his fierce and' 
threatening looks that they desisted. He assisted , 
the giants in their war against the gods, and was; 
thrown under mount .<'Etna, according to some' 
accounts. Hesiod. Theaj. 14S. — Apollwl. 1, 1. — r 

Ho7ner. II. 1, 403 J irg. JEn. 6. 2b7. 10, 565. 

A Cyclop, made judge between Apollo and) 

Neptune, in their dispute about the isthmus andl 
promontory of Corinth. He save the former to' 
Neptune, and the latter to Apollo. Pavs. 2, 1. i 



BRI 



1S7 



BRU 



I Brias, a town of Pisidia. , 
BaicA, or Briga, the Celtic term for a town. 
Brigantes, a people of Britain. They were 
the greatest, most powerful, and most ancient of 
the British tribes. They possessed the country 
from sea to sea. comprising the counties of York, 
Lancaster, Westmoreland, Durham, with parts of 
Cumberland and Northumberland. Their chief 
city was Eboracum, or York. Juv, 14, \b6, — 
I'uus. 8, 43. 

Brigantinus, a lake of Rhsetia between the 
Alps, now the Lake o/ Constance., or Boden Sea, 
The town on its eastern side i'* now Bregejis, 
anciently called Briganlium. Pin. 9, 17. 

Brilessus, a mountain of Attica. Thucyd, 
2, 23. 

Brimo, (terror), a name given to Proserpine 
and Hecate, because they were supposed to 
cause the terrors which alarm the weak and su- 
perstitious during the night. Stat. Sylv. 2, 3, 
iO.-Propert. 2, 2, 11. 

Briseis, a woman of Lyrnessus, called also 
Hippodamia. When her country was taken by 
the Greeks, and her husband Mines, and her 
brother killed in the fight, she fell to the share 
of Achilles, in the division of the spoils. Aga- 
memnon took her away some time after from 
Achilhs, who made a vow to absent himself 
from the field of battle. Briseis was f ery faith- 
ful to Achilles; and when Agamemnon restored 
her to him, he swore he had never offended her 
chastity. She is described by Dares as well pro- 
portioned in her figure, amiable in her manners, 
and fascinating in her looks. Homer. II 1, 2, 
&c - Ovid. Heroid. de Art. Am, 3, 2 et 3 — Pro- 
pert. 2, el.B, 20 et22.-Pam, 5,2i,—Horat. 2, 
od. U 

Brises, a man of Lyrnessus. brother to the 
priest Chryses. His daughter Hippodamia vi as 
called Briseis, from him. 

Briseus, a surname of Bacchus, from his 
nurse Brisa, or his temple at Brisa, a promon- 
tory at Lesbos. The poet Persius bestows the 
appellation of Briseus on Accius, either on ac- 
count of the tragedy of Bacchus which he had 
written, or because the god was supposed in a 
more particular manner to patronise the efforts 
of tragical writers Persius. 1, 76. 

Britanni, the inhabitants of Britain. {Vid. 

Britannia.) A man in Gallia Belgica. Plin. 

4. 17. 

BritannIa, an island in the northern ocean, 
the greatest in Europe, conquered by J. CiEsar, 
during his Gallic wars, B.C. 55, and first known 
to be an island by Agricola, who sailed round it. 
It was a Roman province from the time of its 
conquest till the 448th year of the Christi.in era. 
The mhabitants, in the age of Caesar, used to 
paint their bodies, to render themselves more 
terrible in the eyes of their enemies. The name 
of Britain was unknown to the Romans before 
Cajsar conquered it. Ca's. Bell. G. i. — Diod. 5 
- Rius. 1. 3d.— Tacit, in Agric. \^,—Plin. 34, 17. 

BritannIcus, a son of Claudius Caesar by 
Messalina, so called because under that emperor 
part of Britain had been conquered by the Ro- 
mans. Nero was raised to the throne in prefer- 
1 ence to him, by means of Agrippina, and caused 
him to be poisoned. His corpse was buried in 
the night; but it is said that a shower of rain 
washed away the white paini which the murderer 
had put over his face, so that it appeared quite 
wl:ick, and discovered the effects of poison. Ta- 
cit. Ann. H, l i, et 13. - Sueton. in Ner 33. 



BRITOMARTIS, a beautiful nymph of Crete, 
daughter of Jupiter and Charme, who devoted 
herself to hunting, and became a great favourite 
of Diana. She was loved by Minos, who pursued 
her so closely, that to avoid his importunitu-, 
she threw herself into the sea. Puus. 2, 30 3, 

14. - A surname of Diana, 

BRITOMARUS, a ci.ief of the Galli Insubres 

conquered by .Emilius. Flor. 2, 4. 

Brit(5nes, the inhabitants of Britain. Juv. 

15, 124. 

BRIVATES, a famous harbour in the north- 
west extremity of Gaul, now Brest. 

Brixellum, a town of Gallia Cisalpina, 
north-east of Parma, where Otho slew himself 
when defeated. It is now Brcsillo. Tacit. Hid. 
2, 32. 

Brixia, now Brescia, a town of Italy, north- 
west of Mantua, It was the capital of the Cer.o- 
mani. Justin. 20, 6. 

Brizo, the goddess of dreams, worshipped by 
the women of Delos. She was invoked to pro- 
tect the ships of the island, and to inspire her 
votaries with pleasant and propitious dreams; 
and in her festivals she was gratefully presented 
with offeiings of fruits, and all other things ex- 
cept fish. Athen. 8, 3. 

Brocubelus. a governor of Syria, who fled 
to Alexander, when Darius was murdered by 
Bees us. Cicrt. 5, 13. 

BromIos, a surname of Bacchus, from (iptnnv, 
frendere, alluding to the groans which Semele 
uttered when consumed by Jupiter's fire, or, 
with equal probability, to the noise and shouts 
of the Bacchantes in the celebration of the or- 
gies. Diod. A.~ Ovid. Met. 4, 11 A son of 

.(Egyptus. Apollod. 2, I. 

B ROM US, one of the Centaurs. Ovid. Met. 
12. 459. 

Erongus, a river falling into the Ister. He- 
rod. 4, 49. 

Brontes, (thunder) one of the Cvclops. Virg. 
JEn. 8, ^2b.—Hesiod. Theog. 142. 

Brontinus, a Pythagorean philosopher. 

The father of Theano, the wile of Pythagoras. 
Diog. 

Broteas and Ammon, two men famous for 

their skill in the cestus. Ovid. Met. 5, 107. 

One of the Lapithae. Id. 12, 262. 

Brotheus, a son of Vulcan and Minerva, 
who burned himself to avoid the ridicule to 
which his deformity subj( cted him. Ovid, in 
lb. 617. 

BructEri, a people of Germany, between 'he 
Amisia, or Ems, and the Lacus Flavus. or Zuy- 
der Zee. They were powerful and warlike 7a- 
cit. Ann. 1,51. Hist. 4, 21. G. 33. 

Brumalia, festivals celebrated at Rome in 
honour of Bacchus, about the month of Dec( n»- 
ber. They were first instituted by Romulus, 
and derived their name either from Biomius, 
one of the surnames of the god, or from-an allu- 
sion to the cold time {Iruma) of their celebra- 
tion. 

BrundCsTum, now Brundisi, a city of Cala- 
bria, on the Adriatic sea, where the Appian road 
■was terminated. It was founded by Diomedis 
after the Trojan war, or, according to Stiabo, 
by Theseus, with a Cretan colony. The Romans 
generally embarked at Brundusium for Greece. 
It is famous for the birth of the poet Pacuvius, 
and the death of Virgil, and likew ise for its har- 
bour, which is capacious, and sheltered by the 
land, and by a small island at the eniianoe, 
M 3 



BRL' 



13^ 



BUU 



against the fury of the winds and waves. Little 
rnniains of the ancient city, and even its harbour 
has now been choked up by the negligence of 
the inhabitants. Justin, 3, 4. \i, 2.—Strab. 5.— 
C-rs. EeU. Civ. 1, 24. — G"c. ad Attic. 4, ep. I.— 
Mela, 2, 4 et l.— Lucan. 2, 60S. 5, 405. 

Brutxdius, a man dragged to prison in Ju- 
venal's age, on suspicion of his favouring Seja- 
nus. Juv. 10, 62. 

BrutIi, a people in the farthest parts of Italy, 
who were originally shepherds of the Lucanians, 
but revolted, and went in quest of a settlement. 
They received the name of Brudi, from their 
stupidity, and cowardice in submitting, without 
opposition, to Annibal in the second Puaic war. 
They were ever after held in the greatest dis- 
grace, and employed in every servile work. 
Justin. 23, 9.—Strab. 6.—Diod. 16. 

BRlFTLLCS, a Samnite, who killed himself, 
upon being delivered to the Romans for violat- 
ing a treaty. Lie. 8, 39. 

Brutus. L. Ju.ntus, a son of M. Junius and 
Tarquinia, second daughter of Tarquin Priscus. 
The father, with his eldest son, were murdered 
by Tarquin the proud, and Lucius, unable to re- 
venge their death, precended to be insane. The 
artifice saved his life; he «as called Brutm for 
his stupidity, wl.ich he however soon alter show - 
ed to be feigned. When Lucretia killed herself, 
B.C. 309, in consequence of the brutality of Tar- 
quin, Brutus snatched the dagger from the wound, 
and swore, upon the reeking blade, immortal 
hatred to the royal family. His example ani- 
mated the Romans, the Tarquins were proscribed 
by a decree of the senate, and the royal autho- 
rity vested in the hands of consuls chosen from 
patrician families. Brutus, in his consular of- 
fice, made the people swear they never won id 
again submit to kingly authority, but the first 
who violated their oath were in his own family. 
His sons, Titus and Titjerius, conspired with the 
Tuscan ambassador to restore the Tarquins, and 
when discovf^red, they were tried and condemn- 
ed before their father, who himself attended at 
their execution. Some time after, in a combat 
that was fought between the Rom.^ns and Tar- 
quins, Brutus engaged with Aruns, and so fierce 
was the attack, that they pierced one another at 
the same time. The dead body was brought to 
Rome, and received as in triumph; a funeral 
oration was spoken over it, and the Roman ma- 
trons showed their griet by mourning a year for 
the father of the republic. Flor. \,9.—Liv. 1,56. 
2, ], Scc.—Diontjs. Hal. 4 et 5.— G Xep. in Attic, 
8. — Eutrop. de Tarq —Virg. ^n. 6, 818 — Plut. 

in Brut, et Ccbs. Marcus Junius, father of Cas 

sai's murderer, wrote three books on civil law. 
He followed the party of Marius, and was con- 
quered by Pompey. After the death of Sylla. he 
was besieged in Mutina by Pompey. to whom he 
surrendered, and by whose orders he was put to 
(loath. He had married Servilia, Cato's sistpr, 
by whom he had a son and two daughters. Cic 

de Oral, bo. — Plut. in Brut. His son of the 

same name by Servilia, sometimes called Q. 
Csepio, because .adopted by his maternal uncle 
Q. Servilius Sapio, was lineally descended from 
J. Brutus, who expelled the Tarquins fro r. 
Rome. He seemed to inherit the republican 
principles of his great progenitor, and in the 
civil wars joined himself to the side of Pompey. 
though he was his father's murderer, only be- 
cause he looked upon him as more just and pa- 
triotic in his claims. At the battle of Pharsalia, 



Caisar not only spared the life of Brutus, but he 
made him one of his most faithful friends. He 
however forgot the favour, because Caesar aspir- 
ed to tyranny. He conspired with many of the 
most illustrious citizens of Rome against the 
tyrant, and stabbed hinff in Pompey's Basilica. 
T.ie tumult which this murder occasioned was 
great; the conspirators fled to the capitol, and by 
proclaiming freedom and liberty to the populace, 
they re-established tranquillity in the city. An- 
tony, whom Brutus, contrary to the opinion of 
his associates, refused to seize, gained ground iu 
I behalf of his Iriend Cassar, and, the murderers, 
I too inactive in their measures, were soon oblig- 
' ed to leave Rome. Brutus retired into Greece, 
where he gained himself many friends by his 
arms, as well as by persuasion, and he was soon 
after pursued thither by Antony, whom young 
Octavius accompanied. A battle was fought at 
Philippi. Brutus, who commanded the right 
wing of the republican army, defeated the enemy, 
and even took the camp of Octavius; but Ca^- 
sius, who had the care of the left, was overpower- 
ed by the persevering valour of Antony, and as 
he knew not the situation of his friend, and grew 
desperate, he ordered one of his freedmen to run 
him through. Brutus deeply deplored his fall, 
and in the fulne-s of his grief called him the last 
ofthe Romans. In another battle, the wing which 
I Brutus commanded obtained a victory; but the 
other was defeated, and he found himself sur- 
rounded by the soldiers of Antony. He how ever 
I made hi^ escape, but hearing that many of his 
I personal friends had deserted to the conquerors, 
; and that their attempts to seduce his soldiers 
; were incessant and too successful, he at last fell 
i upon his sword, B.C. 42, exclaiming, " O virtue, 
thou art but an empty name; I have worshipped 
thee as a goddess, but thou art the slave of for- 
tune." Antony honoured his remains with a 
j magnificent funeral, and sent his ashes to his 
I mother Servilia-. but Suetonius says that Octa- 
I vius sent his head to Rome, to be hung below 
I the statue of Caisar; which mark of triumph, 
i however, was never exhibited, as the head, ac- 
j cording to Dio, was thrown into the sea in a 
j storm before the vessel reached Italy from Dyr- 
: rachium. Brutus is not less celebrated for his 
I literary talents, than his valour in the field, 
I When he was in the camp, the greatest part of 
i his time was employed in reading and writing; 
1 and the day which preceded one of his mosc 
\ bloody battles, while the rest of his army was 
: under continual apprehensions, Brutus calmly 
I spent his hours till the evening, in writing an 
I epitome of Polybius. He was fond of imitating 
: the austere virtues of Cato, and in reading the 
^ histories of nations, he imbibed those principles 
' ot freedom which were so eminently displayed 
; in his political career. He was iniimate with 
' Cicero, to whom he would have coir.monicafed 
his conspiracy, had he not been apprehensive of 
his great timidity. Ke severely reprimanded 
him in his letters for joining the side o! Octavius, 
who meditated the ruin of the republic Plu- 
tarch mentions, that Caesar's ghost made its ap- 
pearance to Brutus in his tent, and told him that 
he would meet him at Philippi. Bru.as mar- 
ried Claudia, whom he afterwards divorced with- 
out assigning any reason, for which his conduct 
j was deservedly reprehended, and he immediaie- 
I ly took for his second wife Porcia, the daughter 
' of Cato, who killed herself, by swallowing burn- 
' ing coals, when she heard the fate of her hus- 



iJRY 1S9 BUP 



band. It is said that both Brutus and Ca sius ' 
fell upon those very swords which they had rais- 
ed against the life of J. C«sar. C. .\ep. in Attic. 
—Paterc. 2, 48.— Pint, in Brul. ^c. Ccbs. 1 — 

Flor. 4. D. Jun, Albinus, also one of Cajsar s 

murderers, was distantly related to Marcus. It 
was he who prevailed upon the dictator to go to 
ithe senate-house, when he seemed doubtful in 
consequence of the unfavourable appearance of 
the omens. After the murder, he went to Cisal-- 
pine Gaul, which he bravely defended against 
Antony; and when besieged at Mutina, he boldly 
defied the attempts of the triumvirs, and he 
might have triumphed in his opposition, had not 
the consuls Hirtius and Pansa, who came to his 
a-sistance, been unfortunately slain. Decimus, 
on this fatal occasion, endeavoured to fly to Bru- 
tus in Greece, but he was deserted by his sol- 
diers, and being betrayed into the hands of An- 
tony, he was, though consul elect, put to death 
by the conqueror's directions. Appian. 2 et 3. — 
Vol. Max. 9. 13.— Fel. Pat. 2, 6i.-Dio. 46, 53.— 

Plut. in Cces. et Brut. Jun. one of the first 

tribunes of the people. PLut. One of Carbo's 

generals. 

Bryas, a general of the Argives against Sparta, 
put to death by a woman, to whom he had offered 

violence. Paus. 2, 20. A general in the army 

of Xerxes. Herod. 7, 72. 

Bryaxis, a marble sculptor, who assisted in 
making the mausoleum. Paus. 1, 40. 

Bryce, a daughter of Danaus by Polyxo. 
Apollod. 2, 1. 

Bryges, a people of Thrace, afterwards called 
Phryges. Strab. 7. 

Brygi, a people of Macedonia, conquered by 
Mardonius. Herod. 6, 45. 

Brysea, a town of Laconia. Paus. 3, 20. 

EUBACENE, a country of Asia. Curt. 5. 

Bubaces, an eunuch of Darius, &c. Curt. 5, 
1!. 

BUBARIS, a Persian who married the daugh- 
ter of Amyntas, against whom he had been seat 
with an army. Justin. 7, 13. 

BUBASTI ACCS, one of the mouths of the Nile. 

BUBASTIS, an Egyptian goddess, correspond- 
ing with the Grecian Diana. She is said to have 
been the daughter of Osiris and Isis, and to have 
been preserved by Latona from the search of 
lyphon, in a floating island called Chemmis. 

Jlerod. 2, 137 et 156 A city of Egypt, situated 

on ihe most eastern branch of the Nile, which 
was called, from this city, the Bubastic river or 
canal. This city is called in the Bible Pibesefh, 
nd is now known as Tel Basta. It was noted 
for the worship of Diana Bubastis, who was said 
to have transformed herself into a cat, when the 
gilds fled into Egypt; hence these animals were 
here held in the greatest veneration, and a regu- 
lar burying-place set apart for them, wherein 
after they had been embalmed they were interred 
with great solemnity. Herod. 2, 60.— Ovj'd. Met. 
9,6.iO.-S;m&. 17. 

BUBASUS, a country of Caria, whence Buba- 
s'des applied to the natives. Ovid. Met. 9, 613. 

BUBON, an inland city of Lycia. Plin. 5, 27, 

BUCENTAURUS, a species of Centaurs, half 
of whose body was that of the ox. 

BuckphaLa, a town of India, on the west side 
of the river Hydaspes, built by Alexander on the 
site of his camp before his engagement with 
Porus, and so called in memory of his favourite 
horse Bucephalus, which was killed, as some say, 
in that action, or who died, according to Arrian, 



of old age, being about 30 years old, and was 
buried on this Sijot. Bucephala was situated on 
the road between Atlock and Lahore. Cu? t, 9, 3. 
— Arrian. 5, 19. — Justin. 12, S—Diod. 11.— Plin. 
6, 20. 

Bucephalus, a horse of Alexander's, so 
named either because his head resembled that of 
an ox 03ooy «e^aAr)), or because he had a mark 
branded on his flank resembling the head of an 
ox. Alexander was the only one who could 
mount on his back, and he always knelt down to 
take up his master. He was present in an en- 
gagement in Asia, where he received a heavy 
wound, and hastened immediately out of the 
battle, and dropped down dead as soon as he had 
set down the king in a safe place. He was thirty 
years old when he died, and Alexander built a 
city which he called after his name. Plut. m 
Alex. — Curt — Arrian. 5, 3. — Plin. 8, ^2.— Justin. 
iZ, 8. 

Bucilanus, one of Cassar's murderers. Cic. 
ad Attic. 14. 

BucolTca, a sort of poem which treats of the 
care of the flocks, and of the pleasures and occu- 
pations of the rural life, with simplicity and ele- 
gance. The most famous pastoral writers of an- 
tiquity are Muschus, Bion, Theocritus, and \ ir- 
gil. The invention of Bucolics, or pastora' 
poetry, is attributed'to a shepherd of Sicily. 

BUCOLICUM, one of the mouths of the Nile, 
situate between the Sebennylic and Mendesiar 
mouths. It appears to be the same as that 
which Strabo calls the Phatnetic, Herod. 2, 17. 

BUCOLION, a king of Arcadia after Laias. 

Paus. 8, .5. A son of Laomedon and the 

nymph Calybe. A son of Hercules and Praxi- 

tliea. He was also called Bucolus. A son of 

Lycaon, king of Arcadia. Apollod. 2 et 3. 

Bucolus, a son of Hercules and Marse. 

A son of Hippocoon. Apollod. 2 et 3. 

BUDII, a people of Media, supposed to be 
north of the Magi, and west of the source of the 
Choaspes. Herod, i, 101. 

BUDlNl, a people of Sarmatia Europtea. They 
were very numerous, and remarkable for their 
red hair and blue eyes. Herod. 

BUDORUM, a promontory of Salamis. Thucyd. 
2, 94. 

BULBUS, a Roman senator, remarkable for 
his meanness. Cic. in Ver. 

BULIS, a town of Phocis, built by a colony 
from Doris, on the shore of the Sinus Corinthia- 

cus, south-east of Anticyra. Paus. 10, 37. A 

Spartan given up to Xi/rxes, along with his coun- 
tryman Sperthies, to atone for the offence which 
his countrymen had done in putting the king's 
messengers to death. Herod. 7, 134, &c. 

BULLATIUS, a friend of Horace, to whom the 
poet addressed, 1. ep. 11, in consequence of his 
liaving travelled over part of Asia. 

BULLIS, a town of lllyricum, near the sea, 
south of Apollonia. The people are called Bul- 
lini. Liv. 36. 7. 44. 30. 

BUMELLUS, a river of Assyria. Curt. 4, 9. 

BUNEA, a surname of Juno. 

BUNUS, a son of Mercury and Alcidamea, 
who obtained the governnrient of Corinth when 
.lEetes went to Colchis. He built a teniple to 
Juno at Corinth, from which circumstance the 
goddess is often called Bunea. Paus. 2, 3 et 
4. 

BUPALUS, a staruary of Clazomenae, brother 
to Anthermus. (Firf. Anthermus.) He obtaint d 
great celebrity; and some golden statues of the 



EVP 



1 



10 



BUT 



(traces in the temple of Nemesis at Smyrna, and 
l.ke-vise those in the I'ossession of Attalus. re- 
liecred honour ui>on his taste and his merit. 
i*LiUA. f), 3j. — Plin. 66. 5. 

BUPHAGUS, a son of Japetus and Thornax, 
killed by Diana whose virtue he had attempted. 
A river of Arcadia bears his name. I'aiLS. 6, 24. 

A surnime of Hercules, given him on account 

ot his gluttony, of which he was accused by the 
Argonauts., and for which he was banished from 
tlif ir company. 

BL'PHONIA, a festival celebrated in honour of 
Jcipiter, in the month of June. According to 
Piusanias, some grains of barley and .vheat were 
placed on the altar of ihe god, of whieli the in- 
tf-nded victim was permitted to eat, soon after 
which one of the priests brouaht him to the 
ground with the blow of the hatchet, and ran out 
o( sight. The assistants, as if they had not seen 
w!io gave the blow, immediately made a formal 
trial of the bloody instrument ; a ceremony 
M hich originated in "the high veneration in which 
t.'ie people of Attica held the ox, the shedding ol 
whose blood was regarded a capital crime. Paus. 
i, 2<.—^mian. F. H. 6, 3. 

BUPRASlUM, a town of Elis, north ofihe river 
Peneus, which gave name to a fiuitful country 
in which it was situated. It h-xd ceased to exist 
in the time of Strabo. Homer, IL 2, 613. — Theocr. 
Idyll. 25, U.~Strah 8. 

BURA, a daughter of Jupiter, or according to 
others of Ion and Helice, from whom Bura or 
Buris, once a flourishing city of Achaia in Pelo- 
ponnesus, received its name. Ceres, Isis, Lu- 
cina, and Bacchus, had each temples there, and 
Hercules was worshipped in a grotto in the neigh- 
bourhood, where he delivered oracles. Thisciry 
was destroyed by a prodigious influx of the sea, 
caused bv a violent earthquake. Ovid. Met. \h, 
'Ji^S.—Paits. 7, 2j.—Strab. 1 et 8.—Diod. 15.— 
Plin. 2, 92. 

BuraTcus, an epithet applied to Hercules, 

from his temple near Bura. A river of Achaia. 

Paiw . 7 , 25. 

BURDIG.^LA, the metropolis of Aquitania Se- 
cunda. situated on the mouth of the Garumna, 
and famed for its commerce. It was the birth- 
place ol tlie poet Ausonius. It is now Bordeaux. 
Alison, in Urb. li.. 40 

BURGUNDIONES. a nation of Germany, part of 
the Vandali or Vandals. The place where they 
settled has been called Burgundy. 

BCRRHUS, Afranius, a chief of the praetor- 
im guards, put to death by Nero. Tacit. Ann. 
Ji, 42. J^et 14. A brother-in-law of the em- 
peror Commodus, 

Bursa, the capital city of Bithynia. supposed to 
have been called I'rusa, from its founder Pru.sias. 
Strab 12. 

BURSIA, a town of Babylonia. Justin. 12, 13. 

BL'SA. a woman of Apulia who entertained 
10(X) Romans after the battle of Cannae. Fal. 
Max. 4, 8. 

Bus.E, a people of Media, situite towards the 
south coast of the Caspian sea. Herod. 1, 181. 

BUSIRIS, a king of Es:ypt, son of Neptune and 
Libya, or Lysianassa, who sacrificed all foreign- 
ers to Jupiter with the greatest cruelty. When 
Hercules visited Egypt, Busiris carried him to 
the altar bound hand and foot. The hero soon 
diseniansled himself, and off"eied the tyrant his 
S'»n Amphidanias, and the ministers of his cruelty, 
on the alr.ir. .\ianv E^vpiian princes have borne 
the sauK- name. Ftr^'.' G. 6, b.— Stat Tlieb. \1, 



V3\.—Ap.jUod. 2, j.—Ot-id. Art. Ain. 1. 647. A 

city of Egypt, situate in the middle of the Delta, 
on that branch of the Nile which was called Bu- 
siriticut Jiuvius, and is said to have been buili by 
the tyrant Busiris. Isis bad a splendid temple'' 
erected to her in this city, some mins of which' 
are .-till remaining. Its modem name is Busir, 
Herod. 2, 59 et 61. 

BUTA, a town of Achaia. Diod. 20. 

BUTEO, a surname of the FabiT, derived from 
a hawk {puteo) perching on the ship of one of 
them when commanding a fleet, which w'as reck- 
oned a lucky omen. Pan. 10, Q.—Liv. 30, 126.^ 
A Roman orator. Seneca, 

BUTKS, a son of Teleon and Zeuxippe, said W 
Virgil to be descended from Amycus king of ttie[ 
Bebiyces, because, like them, he was very ex- 
pert in the combat of the cestus. He is men-! 
tioned by the poet as having appeared among 
the combatants at the funeral games given in| 
honour of Hector, in which he was conquered, 
and slain by Dares; but others assert that he, 
came to Sicily, where he was received by Ly-[ 
caste, a beautiful harlot, by whom he had a son[ 
called Erj x. Lycaste, on account of her beautj-,. 
w as called Venus; hence Eryx is often called thcv 
s;in of Venus. Apollodorus and Hyginus, how-.^ 
ever, place him in the number of the Argonaut: 
and add, that when he w ished to swim to the!, 
island of the Sirens, whose songs had captivated^ 
him, Venus, who was enamoured of him, car-, 
ried him away from the enchanted spot to Lily^' 
b^um, where she bore him Eryx. Aiol'od. 1, y.f 

— Hygin. jab. 14 et 260. Virg. jEn. 5, 372.^ 

A Trojan slain by Camilla. Virg. JEn. li, 

690 A son of Boreas who built Naxos. Diod.\f. 

j. A son of Pandion and Zeuxippe, priest o^ 

Minerva and Neptune. He married Chthonia,, 

daughter of Erechtheus. Apolod. 3, 14, &c. j 

An armour bearer to Anchises, and afterw ards to 
Ascanius. Apollo assumed his shape when he 
descended from heaven to encourage Ascaniu^ 
to fight. Butes was killed by Turnus. FirgJ^ 

^n. 9, 647. 12, 632. A governor of Darius, 

besieged by Conon the Athenian. 

BUTHROTUM, a town of Epirus, situate onlha 
river Xanthus, opposite to the island of Corcyra^ 
It is said to have been founded by Helenus, th^, 
son of Priam, alter the death of Pyrrhus. W 
was occupied by Ca5«ar during the civil wars, and, 
was afterwards colonized by the Rornans. It iC 
now Butrinto. Virg. Mn. 3, 293.— Ottd. Met. 13,. 
721.— P/m.4, l.-CVc. Att. 16, ep. 16. l 

BUTHROTUS, now \ovilo, a river of Italy, 
the country of the Brutlii, near the Locri'KpR 
zephyrii. Lii\ 29, 6. [ 

BUTHYRECS, a noble statuary, disciple t<r 
Myron. Plin. 34, 8. ' 

Bl toa, an island in the Mediterranean, neai 
Crete. Plin. 4, 12. 

BUTORlDES, an historian, who wrote con| 
ceming the pyramids. Plin. 36, 12. , 

BL'TOS, a town of Egypt, at the Sebennyti< 
mouth of tlve Nile. It was famous for an oraclf 
of Latona. which was consulted by persons fha 
resorted to it from all parts of Egypt. Tht 
shrine of the goddess was a cubic stone 160 cu 
bits, or 240 feet in diameter; and had been con 
veyed from a quarry in the isle of Phil:K neai 
the cataracts, on raits, through a distance of 20( 
leagues, to its pl.ice of destination. It occupiec 
many thousand men for three years in its trans-: 
porfiition, and sefms to have been the ly-.-ivies;; 
weight ever moved by hum;ui pov\t r. Buios wa; 



! 

n 



■4 



BUT 



141 



CAR 



a'.>o di'corated with two temples in honour of 
At'oUo and Diana. Herod, 2, 59 et 63. 

BUTUNTUM, an inland town of Apulia. Pliti. 

LI- U. 

BUTU3, a son of Pandion. 

BUXENTUM, now Poiicastro, a town of Luca- 
nia at the mouth of the river Pyxus. It was 
buiit by Micythu3, prince of lihegium and 
Zancle. and atteiwards deserted. It was colon- 
ized by the Romans. Liv. 32, 39 34, 45. 39, 23. 

BuziGES, an Athenian who first ploughed with 
harnessed oxen; a practice said by others to have 
been first introduced by Triptolemus. Demophoon 
gave him tha Palladium with which Diomedes 
had intrusted him, to be carried to Athens. Po- 
lycen. 1, 5. 

Byblesia and Bybassi,'\, a country of Caria 
Hetod. 1, 174. 
Byblia, a name of Venus. 
Byblii, a people of Syria. Apollod. 2, 1. 
Byblis, a daughter of Miletus and Cyanea, 
or, according to some, of Eidocea, or Area. She 
fell in love with her brother Caunus, according 
to Ovid, and when he refused to gratify her pas- 
, sion, she destroyed herself. Some say that 
j Caunus became enamoured of her, and fled from 
his country to avoid incest ; and others report, 
that he fled from his sister's importunities, who 
sought him all over Lycia and Caria, and at last 
, sat down all bathed in tears, and was changed 
; into a fountain of the same name. Ovid.de Art. 
; Am. 1,264. Met. 9, 451.— Hi/^m. Jab. 24^.— 

j Pans. 7, 5. A small island in the Mediter- 

j ranean. 

I Byblos, or Byblus, a maritime town of 
I Phoenicia, situate betv^een Berytus and Botrys. 
t It was celebrated for the worship of Adonis, and 
, in its vicinity was the small river Adonis, now 
! Xahr Ibrahim. The waters of this stream, at 
the anniversary of the death of Adonis, who was 
killed by a wild boar on Libanus, were said to be 
tinged with red, owing, as it was fancied, to his 
wounds bleeding afresh, but actually to the och- 
rous earth, which, during the rainy season, rolled 
down from the mountains. Strab. 16. 
Bylhones, a people of Illyricum. 
Byrrhus, a robber, famous for his dissipation. 
Horat. Sat. 1, 4, 6J. 

Byrsa, a citadel in the middle of Carthage, 
on which was the temple of ^sculapius. As- 
drubal's wife burned it when the city was taken. 
When Dido came to Africa, she bought of the 
inhabitants as much land as could be encompas- 
sed by a buirs hide. After the agreement, she 
artfully cut the hide into small thongs, and with 
them enclosed a large piece of territory, on 
which she built a citadel which she called Byrsa 
(Bipaa, a hide). Virg. ^n. 1, 371.— Strafe. 17.— 

Justin. 18, 5 Flor. 2, 15.— Lju. 34, 62. 

Byzacium, a country of Africa Propria, cal- 
led also Emporiss, situate to the north of the 
, Syriis Minor, It was a very fruitful district, and 
; was regarded, from the vast quantities of corn 
;: which it exported to Rome, as the piincipal 
' granary of that citv. Hor. Od. 1, 1, 10. .'Sai. 2, 
I o, 87. 

■; BYZA.vrlUM, a town situate on the Thrncian 

^1 Bosphorus, founded by a colony of Megara, un- 
'ier the conduct of Byzas, 65i years before the 

. christian era. Paterculus says it was founded 
by the Milesians, and by the Lacedaemonians 

, according to Justin, and according to Ammianus 
by the Athenians. The pleasantness and conve- 
nience of its situation w ore observed by Cor't.an- 



tine the Great, who made it the capital of the 
eastern Roman empiie, A. D. 3^3, and called it 
Constantinopolis, or the city of Constantir.e. Its 
Turkish name Stamboul, or Estaviboul, is cor- 
rupted from the phrase toc iroAtv, used by the 
inliabitants to denote their going into the ciiy. 
That part of the city which was the ancient 
Byzantium is now covered by the Sultan's sera- 
glio. Constantinople was taken, A.D. 1453, by 
Mahomet II., since which time it has been the 
seat of the Turkish empire. A number of Greek 
writers, who have deserved or usurped the name 
ol Bysuntine historians^ flourished at Byzantium, 
after the seat of the empire had been translated 
thither from Rome. Their v*orks, which more 
particularly relate to the time in which they 
flourished, and are seldom read but by those w ho 
wish to form an acquaintance with the revolu- 
tions of the lower empire, were published in<jne 
large collection, in 36 vols, folio, 1648, &c. at 
Paris, and recommended themselves by the notes 
and supplement of Du Fresne and Du Cange. 
They were likewise printed at Venice, 1729, in 
28 vols., though perhaps this edition is not so 
valuable as that of the French. Strab. i.—Plin. 
4, \\..—Paterc. 2, 15.- C. Nep. in Pans. Alcib. et 
rimol.—Jmtin. 9, I,— Tacit. Ann. 12, 62 et 63. 
—3Ma, 2, 2.- Marcel. 22, 8. 

Byzas, a son of Neptune and Cercessa daugh- 
ter of lo king of Thrace. It is said that his fatiier 
and Apollo assisted him in the building of his 
capi tal, to which he gave the name of Bj zantium. 
Diod. 4. 

Byzkres, a people of Pontus, between Cap-- 
padocia and Colchis. Dionys- Perieg. — Flacc. 5, 
153. 

Byzes, a celebrated artist in the age of Asty- 
ages. Paus. 5, 10. 

BYzTa, a town on the Euxine, above Halmy- 
dessus, the cita^iel of Tereus, king of Thrace. It 
was shunned by swallows, on account of the 
crimes of Tereus. (^Vid. Tercus.) Plin. 4, 11. 



c 

CAANTHUS, a son of Oceanus and Tethys. 
He was ordered by his father to seek his sister 
Malia, whom Apollo had carried away, and he 
burned in revenge the ravisher's temple, near the 
Isthmus. He was killed for this impiety by the 
god, and a monument was raised to his memory. 
Pans. 9, 10. 

Cabades, a king of Persia, &c. 

Cabala, a place of Sicily, where the Cartha. 
ginians were conquered by Dionysius. Diod. 15. 

Cabal ACA, a town of Albania. Plin. 

Cabales, a people of Africa. Herod. 

Cabalii, a people of Asia Minor. Id. 

Cabalinus, a clear fountain on mount He- 
licon, sacred to the muses, and called also Hip- 
pocrene, as raised from the ground by the foot of 
Pegasus. Pers. Prol. 1. 

Caballa. Fid. Solymi. 

C.BALLiNUM, a town of the ^dui, now 
lens. Cccs. Ball. G. 7, 42. 

Caballio, a town of the Cavareson the Dru- 
entia, or Durance. Now Cavaiilon. 

Caballcs, the surname of a family at Uonie. 
M rt. 1, ep. 42, 17- 



CAB 



142 



CAD 



CabARNOS, a deity worshipped at Paros. His 
pr-ests were called CaSiarni. Hesy hius applies 
the name also to the priests of Ceres; and Ste- 
I'hanus of Byzantium <ays that the person who 
ir.lormed Ceres of the rape of Proserpine was 
called Cabarnos. 

Cab.^sSUs, a town of Cappadocia. A village 

near Tarsus. 

Cabira, a wife of Vulcan, by w hom sh? had 

three sons. A town o! Ponuis south-east of 

Aniasia, upon the river Iris. It was here that 
Mithridates was defeated by LucuUus. St/ab. 
11. -Hut. Li culU 

Cabiri, certain deities held in the greatest 
veneration at Thebes, Lemnos, Macedonia, and 
Phrygia, but more particularly in the islands of 
Samothrace and Imbros. The number of these 
deities is uncertain. Some say there were only 
two, Jupiter and Bacchus; others mention three, 
and some four, Aschieros, Achiochersa, Achioch- 
ersus, and Camillus. It is unknown where their 
worship w as first established; yet Phoenicia seems 
to be the place according to Jhe authority of 
Sanchoniatiion, and from thence it was intro- 
duced into Greece by the Pelasgi. The festivals 
or mysteries of the Cabiri. were celebrated with 
the greatest solemnity at Samothrace. None 
l;ut the consecrated priests were permitted to 
enter the temple; but so extensive was the influ- 
ence of the deities that all the ancient heroes 
and princes were generally initiated, that by 
this solemn act they might reconcile themselves 
to heaven, and have their persons and property 
protected against the accidents of shipwreck and 
storms. The obscenities which prevailed in the 
celebration have obliged the authors of every 
country to pass over them in silence, and say 
that it was unlawful to reveal them. These 
deities are often confounded with the Coryban- 
tes, Anaces Dioscuri, &c. and according to He- 
rodotus, Vulcan was their father. This author 
mentions the sacrilege which Cambyses cum- 
mitted in entering thSir temple, and turning to 
ridicule their sacred mysteries. Tl^.ey were sup- 
posed to preside over metals. Herod. 2. 51. — 
Strab. 10, 8iC.—Paus. 9, 22, &c.— C<c. de Nat. D. 
]. 

CabIrIa, a surname of Ceres. The festi- 
vals of the Cabiri. Vid. Cabiri. 

Cabura, a fountain of Mesopotamia, where 
Juno bathed. Plin. 31, 3. 

CABtJRUS, a chief of the HeWii. Ccet. 

Caca, a goddess among the Romans, sister to 
Cacus, who is said to have discovered to Hercu- 
les where her brother had concealed his oxen. 
She presided over the excrements of the body. 
The vestals offered sacrifices in her temple. 
L'j'dant. 1, 20. 

CachAles, a river of Phocis, which flowed 
near Tithorea. I; is now called Kako-Reuma, or 
the eril torrent. Pans. 10, 32. 

Cacus, a famous robber, son of Vulcan and 
Medusa, represented as a three-headed monster, 
and as vomiting flames. He resided in Italy, 
and the avenues ot" his cave were covered wi.h 
human bones. He plundered the neighbouring 
country; and when Hercules returned from the 
conquest of Geryon, Cacus stole some of his 
cows, and dragged them backwards into his cave 
to prevent discovery. Hercules departed with- 
out perceiving the theft; but his oxen having 
lowed, were answered by the cows in the cave of 
Cacus, and the hero became acquainted with the 
loss he had sustained. He ran to the place, 



attacked Cacus, squeezed and strangled him m 
his arms, though vomiting fiie and smoke. Her- 
cules erected an altar to Jupiter Servator, in 
commemoration of his victory; and an annual 
festival was instituted by the inhabitants in hon- 
our of the hero, who had delivered them from 
such a public calamity. Ovid. Fast. ],5jl — 
Firg. Mn. 8, hj\.—Propert. 4, el. li).—Juv. 5, 
125 — Liv. 1, l.—Diotiys. Hal. 1, 9. 

Cacuthis, a river of India, flowing into the 
Ganges. Now, the Goomly. Arrian. Indie. 

CacypaRIS, a river of Sicily. 

Cadi, a town of Phrvgia. Now Kedous. S.rnb- 
12. Of Lydia. Propert. 4, el. 6, 7. 

Cadmea, a citadel of Thebes, built by Cad- 
mus. It is generally taken for Thebes itseli, 
and the Thebans are often called Cadmeans. 
Stat. Theb. 8, 601.— Paws. 2, 5. — C. Nepos, 15. 

Cadmeis, an ancient name of Boeotia. 

Cadmus, son of Agenor king of PhcEnicia. by 
Telephassa or Agriope, was order( d by his fa- 
ther to go in quest of his sister Europa, wiu ui 
Jupiter had carried away, and he was never to 
return to Phoenicia, if he did not bring her b^ ck. 
As his search proved fruitless, he consulted the 
oracle of Apollo, and was ordered to build a city 
where he should see a young heifer stop in the 
grass, and to call the country Boeotia. He found 
the heifer according to the directions of the 
oracle; and as he w ished to thank the god by a 
sacrifice, he sent his companions to fetch water 
from a neighbouring grove. The waters were 
sacred to Mars, and guarded by a dragon, which 
devoured all the Phoenician's attendants. Cad- 
mus tired of their seeming delay, went to the 
place, and saw the monster still feeding on their j 
flesh. He attacked the dragon and overcame it 
by the assistance of Minerva, and sowed the 
teeth in a plain, upon which armed men sudden- ' 
ly rose up from the ground. He threw a stone \ 
in the midst of them, and they instantly turned ' 
their arms, one against another, till all perished ' 
except five, who assisted him in building his , 
city. Soon after he married Hermione the , 
daughter of Venus, with w hr m he lived in the , 
greatest cordiality, and by whom he had a son, i 
Polydorus, and four daughters, Ino, Agave, Au- 
tonoe, and Semele. Juno persecuted these ch.l- I 
dren; and their well-known misfortunes so ois- 1, 
tracted Cadmus and Hermione, that they retired | 
to Illyricum, loaded with grief, and infirm with \ 
age. They entreated the gods to remove them jj 
from the misfortunes of lite, and they were im- \ 
mediately changed into serpent.'^. Some explain j 
the dragon s fable, by supposing that it was a L 
king of the country whom Cadmus conquered by F 
war; and the armed men risins; from the field', [ 
is no more than men armed with brass, accord- b 
ing to the ambi^ruous signification of a Phoeni- [ 
cian word. Cadmus was the first who introduc- ip 
ed the use of letters into Greece; but some I 
maintain, that the alphabet which he brought 1} 
from Phoenicia, was only different from that I, 
which was used by the ancient inhabitants of !; 
Greece. This alphabet consisted of sixteen let- la 

ters, a. /3. 7, f, r, t, K, A, fM, y, o ir p. a, t, v, tO which , 
Simonides of Ceos added four, e, and 
Epicharmus the Sicilian, the same number, 
f, 77 v!'. The worship of many of the Egyp- 
tian and Phoenician deities was also introduced 
by Cadmus, who is suppo-ed to have come into 
Greece 1493 years before the Christian era, snrt 
to have died til years after. According to those 
who believe that Thebes was biult at the sound 



CAD 



CMC 



»f Amphion's lyre, Cadn;us built only a small 
citadel which he called Cadmea, and laid tlje 
tuundations of a city Mhich vi as finished by ur.e 
of his successors. Ovid. Met. 3, fab. 1,2, &c. — 
Herod. 2, 49. 4, lil—Hygin.Jub. 6, 76. 15j, 1/9, 

<W,2.75,&.c Diod. 1, &.c.-Faus. 9, 5, &c.— 

Hcsfod. Theog. 937, &c. A son of Pandion of. 

Miletus, celebrated as an historian in the age of 
Croesus, and as the writer of an account of some 
cities of Ionia, in four books. He is called the 
ancient, in contradistinction from another of ilie 
same name and place, son of Archelaus, who 
wrote a history of Attica in sixteen books, and 
a treatise on love in fourteen books. Diod. 1. — 
Dionys. Hal. 2,.— Clement. Alexand. 'S. — Stiab. 1. 
— FUn. 5, k.9. A Roman executioner, men- 
tioned Horat. 1 , Sat. 5, 39. 

Cadra, a hill of Asia Minor. Tacit. 

Caduceus, a rod entwined at one end by two 
seipents, in the form of two equal semi-circles, 
it was the attribute of Mercury and the emblem 
of power, and it had been given him by Apollo 
in return for the lyre. Various interpretations 
have been put upon the two serpents round it. 
Some suppose them to be a symbol of Jupiter's 
amours with Rhea, when these two deities trans- 
formed themselves into snakes. Others say, that 
it originates from Mercury's having appeased the 
fury of two serpents that were fighting, by touch- 
ing them with his rod. Prudence is generally 
supposed to be represented by these two serpents, 
and the wings are the symbol of diligence; both 
necessary in the pursuit of business and com- 
merce, which Mercury patronised. With it 
Mercury conducted to the infernal regions the 
souls o*: the dead, and could lull to sleep, and 
even raise to life a dead person. Virg. JE/i. 4, 
'iA2.~Horat. 1, od. lO.~Plin. 29, 3. 

CADURCI, a people of Gaul, at the east of the 
Garumna. Their country is now called Quercy. 
It was famous for its fine linen, whence the word 
Cadureum not only was used to express superior 
materials, but the covering of a bed itself, or 
whHtsver was made of linen. Jw. 6, 536. 7, 221. 
^Vlin. 19, 1. 

Cadusci, a people near the Caspian sea. 
Plut. 

Cadytjs, a town of Syria, probably the same 
as Jerusalem. Herod. 2, 159. 

C^A, an island of the ^gean sea among the 
Cyulades, called also Ceos and Cea, from Ceus 
tiie son of Titan. Odd. Heroid. 20. — Virg. G. 1, 
14. 

CjECIAS, a wind blowing from the east-north- 
east. 

Cecilia, the wife of Sylla. Plut. in Syl. 

Thtf mother of Lucullus. Id. in Luc. A 

daughter of Atticus. tic. ad Alt. 6, ep. 2 et 4. 

CaeciLIA CaiA, or Tauaquil. Fid. Tana- 
quil. 

Cecilia lex, was proposed A. U.C. 693, by 
Cseeil. Metellus l^epos, to exempt the city and 

Italy from taxes. Another, called also Didia, 

A.UlC. 655, by the consul Q. Cajcilius Metellus, 
and T. Didius. It required that laws should be 
promulgated for three market-dajs, and that 
several distinct things should not be included in 

the same law. Another, enacted by Ciecilius 

Metellus, the censor, concerning fullers. Plin. 

35, 17. Another, A. U.C. 7U1, to restore to the 

ctnsors their original rights and privileges, 
which had been lessened by P. Clodius the tri- 
bune. Another, called also Gabinia, A. U. C. 

t.5, against usury. 



C^CILIANIJS, a Latin writer before the ago of 
Cicf-ru. 

C^ClLll, a plebeian family at Rome, descend- 
ed irom Caicas, one of tine companions of ^Eneas, 
or from Cajoulus, the son of Vulcan, who built 
Praeneste. The Cascilii branched into other fa- 
milies, the best known of v\hich are the Metelii. 
This family gave birth to many illustrious gene- 
rals and patriots. 

C^CILICS CLAUDirs IsiDORUS a man who 
left in his will to his lieirs. 41JG slaves, SOOU 
yokes of oxen, 257,i.0U small cattle, 600,000 10.-. 

of silver. Plin. 33, 10. Epirus, a freedman 

of Atticus, who opened a school at Rx)me, and is 
said to have first taught reading to Virgil jLnd 

some other growing piets. Q., a Sifiliati, 

surnamed Niger, queestor to Verres. Quintil. 7. i:. 

The father-in-law of Pompey. Cic.Fam. 8, ep. 

8. Quintus, a name assumed by Atticus, rvhrn 

adopted into the family of theCaeciliiby his mater- 
nal uncle. Cor. Nep. in Alt. — Cic. Att. 3, ep. 2(1. 

Lucius, a tribune of the people who wished 

to mitigate the penalties inflicted on such as w ere 

guilty of bribery. A Sicilian orator in the 

age of Augustus, who wrote on the Servile w ars, 
a comparison between Demosthenes and Cicero, 
and an account of the orations of Demosthenes 

Metellus. ^Vid Metellus.) Statins, ? 

comic poet, originally a slave, but desei vedij 
commended by Cicero and Quintilian lor his w ii 
and humour, though the orator, ad Atticum, calls 
him Malum Latinitatis auctorem. He was inti- 
mate with the learned of the a;je, and his abili- 
ties so highly esteemed, that Terence referred 
his compositions to his criticism as to a man ol 
superior judgment. Above thirty of his come- 
dies are mentioned by ancient historians, among 
which are his Nauclerus, Phocius, Epiclerus, 
Syracuse, Fcenerator, Fallacia, Pausimachus, 
Hypobulimaeus, Cratinus, Hephaestion, Asoius, 
Andria, Subditivus, Annales Venatorium, Uni- 
briE, Obolus, Synaristusae, &c. He was a native 
of Gaul, and died at Rome 168 B. C , and wai 
buried in the Janiculum. About 178 lines re- 
main of his fragment in the collection of ancient 
Latin poets. Horat. 2, ep. 1. — Quintil. 
C^CINA, Tusccs, a son cf Nero's nurse, 

made governor of Egypt. Suet, in Ker. A 

Roman who wrote some physical treatises, A 

citizen of Volaterr* defended Ly Cicero. 

C^CiJBUS Acer, a district in the neighbour 
hood of Formiae and Caieta in Latium, cele- 
brated for its wines. The Ciecuban wine, which 
Game from the poplar marshes of Amyclae, was 
most esteemed, but it lost its repute through the 
negligence of the growers, and partly from the 
limited extent of the vineyards, which were 
nearly destroyed by the navigable canal be;;un 
by Nero from Avernus to Ostia. Stnib. 5. — 
Horat. 1, od. ^0. 2, od 14. kc. — Plin. 14, 0. 

C^CULUS, a son of Vulcan, conceived, as 
some say, by his mother, when a spark of lire 
' fell into her bosom. He was called Cseeiilusbe- 
! cause his eyes were small. After a life spent in 
! plundering and rapine, he built Prainestei but 
being unable to find inhabitants, he implort d 

Vulcan to show whether he re;dly was his lather. 
Upon this a flame suddenly shone among a mul> 
tilude who were assembled to see some spectacle, 
and they were immediately persuaded to become 
the subjects of Cteculus. Virgil yi.n. 7, 6-0, sa> s 
that he w as found in fire by shepherds, and on 
I th.af account called son of Vulcan, who is thegod 
i 01 lire. 



C.JEC 



141 



C^3 



C/ECUS, a surname given to Appius Claudius, 
in consequence of his blindness, 

Q. C^DICIUS, a consul^ A.U.C. 4i)3.' An- 
other, A.U.C. 465. A military tribune in Si- 
cily, who bravely devoted himself to rescue the 
Koman army from the Carthaginians, B.C. 2:4. 

He escaped with his life. A rich person, Szc. 

Virg. ^n. 9, 362 A friend of Turnus. Virg. 

Mn. 10, 747. A Roman centurion, appointed 

general by such of his countrymen as had fled to 
Veii upon the invasion of Rome by the Gauls. 

Liv. 5 . 45 et 46. A severe judge in the reign 

of Vitellius. Juv. 13, 197. 

C-SLlA LEX, was enacted, A.U.C. 635, by Caj- 
lius, a tribune. It ordained, that in judicial pro- 
ceedings before the people, in cases of treason, 
the votes should be given upon tablets contrary 
to the exception of the Cassian law. 

CiELlus, M. RUFUS, an orator, disciple to 
Cicero. He died very young. He accused An- 
tony, Cicero's colleague in the consulship, of 
improper conduct in Macedonia, and obtained 
his condemnation; and afterwards he brought 
charges of bribery against L. Atratinus, in con- 
sequence of w hich the son of Atratinus criminat- 
ed him with actions of public violence. Cicero 
defended him when he was accused by Clodius of 
being accessary to Catiline's conspiracy, and of 
having murdered some ambassadors from Alex- 
andiia, and carried on an illicit amour with C!o- 
dia the wife of Metellus. Oral, f ro M. CcpL — 

Quintil. 10, 1. A man of Tiirracina, found 

murdered in his bed. His sons were suspected 
of the murder, but acquitted. Fal. Max. b, 1. 

Aurelianus, an ancient physician, who was 

a native of Sicca, in Numidia, and belonged to 
the sect of medical philosophers called method- 
ists. He wrote in Latin; and among his works 
none are extant except a treatise on chronic, and 
another on acute diseases, which have been pub- 
lished at Amsterdam, with the notes of Almelo- 
veen, and by Haller in the Artis Medicce Princi- 
pes, Lausane, 1744. He is supposed to have 

flourished about A. D. 150. L. Antipater, 

wrote a history of Rome, which M. Brutus epi- 
tomised, and which Adrian preferred to the his- 
tories of Sallust. Cselius flourished 120 years 
B. C. Val. Max. 1, l.-Cic. 13, ad Attic ep. 8 

Tubero, a man who came to life after he had 

been carried to the burning pile. Plin. 7, 52. 

Vibienus, a king of Eiruria, who assisted 

Romulus against the Caeninenses, &c. Sabi- 

nus, a writer in the age of Vespasian, who com- 
posed a treatise on the edicts of the curule sediles. 
—One of the seven hills on which Rome was 
built. Romulus surrounded it with a ditch and 
rampart, and it was inclosed by walls by the suc- 
ceeding kings. It received its name from C^lius 
Vibenna, an Etruscan chief in alliance with 
Tarquinius Priscus, who, with his followers, 
settled in that quarter, 

CSMARO, a Geeek, who wrote an account of 
India, 

C^NE, a small island in the Mediterranean 
sea, between Sicily and Africa. 

CjENE, or CjENOPOLIS, a town of Laconia, 
about 40 stadia from the promontory of Tzenarus, 
and anciently called 'lasnarum. It had two 
temples, one dedicated to Ceres, and another to 

Venus. A town of Egypt, in the Panopolitan 

nome, supposed to be the present Ghenne or 
Kenne. 

CiENEUS, one of the Argonauts. AyoUod. 1, 
9. A Trojan killed by Turnus. Virg. 



CmsIgv.s, a patronymic of Eetion, as de- 
scended from Caeneus. Herod. 5, 92. 

C.3ENINA, now Monticelli, a town of Latium 
near Rome, on the banks of the Anio, The in- 
habitants, called Cccnineyises, made war against 
the Romans when their virgins had been stolen 
away, Dionys. Hal. 2, 9. — Pint, in Rom. — Oiid. 
Fast. 2, \db.-Propert 4, el. 11, 9- — Liv. 1, 9. 

C^NIS, a promontory of Italy, opposite to Pe- 
lorus in Sicily, a distance of about one mile and 
a half, 

C^MS, a Thessalian woman, daughter or 
Elatus, whose beauty commanded the admira 
tion of the neighbouring princes. She had re- 
jected every suitor, when Neptune, who h,id 
solicited her in vain, offered her violence, and 
afterwards made atonement for the insult, bj 
permitting her to change her sex, and to become 
invulnerable. She also changed her name, and 
was called Cceneus; and from that period devoted 
her time to manly exercises, and every purauit 
which required dexterity and the exertion of 
strength. In the wars of the Lapitha: against 
the Centaurs, she csflfended Jupiier; and whin a 
thousand dans were directed in vain against the 
invulneiable Caeneus, his enemies overw helmet! 
him with a huge pile of wood, from w hich, how- 
ever, he escaped, by being suddenly changed 
into a beautiful bird of vellow plumage, Paus. 

5. 10.— Owd. Met. 12, 172 et 479, 8, 305,— Virgil, 
^n. 6, 44S, says that she returned again to her 
pristine form, 

Ci3ENOMANI, a people of Cisalpine Gaul, at 
the north of Placentia on the Padus. 

C^PARIUS, one of Catiline's friends in bis 
conspiracy, Cic. Cat. 3, 6. 

C.^r-io, Q. SERViLius, a Roman consul, 
A.U.C. 048, in the Cimbrian war. He plunder- 
ed a temple at Tolossa, for which he was pun- 
ished by divine vengeance, &c, Justin. 32 3, — 

Pater c. 2, 12, A qu£EStor who oppposed Sa- 

turninus. Cic. ad Her. The surname of Caepio 

properly belonged to the family of Servilii. 

C.SRATUS, a tow n of Crete. ' Strab. A river 

of Crete, now Cartero. 

C^RE, C.£:RES, anciently Agylla. now Cer- 
veteri a city of Etruria, once the capital of the 
whole countrj'. It was in being in the age of 
Strabo. When ^^^neas came to Italy, Mezentius 
was king over the inhabitants called Caretes or 
Cceriles; but they banished their prince, and as- 
sisted the Trojans. The people of Casre received 
with all possible hospitality the Romans who fit d 
w ith the tire of Vesta, when the city was besieged 
by the Gauls, and lor this humanity they were 
made citizens of Rome, but w iihout the privilege 
of voting; whence the expressions, in tatulas Cee- 
ritutn referre, to deprive one of his right of vot- 
ing, and Ccvrite cera digni, to denote worthless 
persons. Virg. ^n. 8. 5S7. 10, \bZ.—Liv. 1, 2. 

6, 5,- Strab. b. — Gellius, 16, 13.— Hora/. 1, ep. 6, 
&2.-Plin. 3, 5. 

C^i:resi, a people of Germany. C^s. 

C^SAR, a surname given to the Julian family 
at Rome, either because the first of the name 
slew an elephant, which is called carsa in Punic, 
or quod cceso mortuce matris utero 7iatus fuerit. 
This name, after it had been dignified in the per- 
son of Julius Cjesar, and of his successors, was 
given to the apparent heir of the empire, in the j 
age of the Roman emperors. The twelve first | 
Roman emperors were distinguished by the sur- i 
name of Ccesur. They reigned in the following I 
order; Julius Caesar, Augustu*;, Tibtrius, Cali- 



145 



CiES 



gula, Claudius, Nero, Galba, Otho, Vitellius, 
I V^'spasian, Tius, and Domitian, In Domitian, 
or rather in Nero, the family of Julius Caesar was 
extinguished. But after such a lapse of time, the 
appellation of Casar seemed inseparable from 
I the imperial dignity, and therefore it was assum- 
[ ed by the successors of the Julian family, Sue- 
I tonius has written an account of these twelve 
characters, in an extensive and impartial man- 
ner. C. Julius C£Esar, the first emperor of 

i Rome, was son of L. Caesar and Aurelia the 
j daughter of Cotta. He was descended, accord- 
! ing 10 some accounts, from lulus the son of 
! JEneas. When he reached his 15th year he lost 
I his father, and the year after he was made priest 
of Jupiter. Sylla was aware of his ambition, and 
I endeavoured to remove him; but Cassar under- 
j stood his intentions, and to avoid discovery 
; changed every day his lodgings. He was re- 
' ceived into Sylla's friendship some time after; 
I and the dictator told those who solicited the ad- 
I vaneement of young Caesar, that they were warm 
i in the interest of a man who would prove some 
; day or other the ruin of their country and of 
' their liberty. When Csesar went to finish his 
studies at Rhodes, under Apollonius Molo, he 
! was seized by pirates, who offered him his liberty 
I for thirty talents. He gave them forty, and 
threatened to revenge their insults ; and he no 
sooner was out of their pov/er, than he armed a 
ship, pursued them, and crucified them all. His 
I eloquence procured him friends at Rome; and 
I the generous manner in which he lived equally 
served to promote his interest. He obtained the 
office of high priest at the death of Metellus;and 
after he had passed through the inferior employ- 
ments of the state, he was appointed over Spain, 
where he signalized himself by his valour and 
intrigues. At his return to Rome, he was made 
I consul, and soon after he effected a reconciliation 
between Crassus and Pompey. He was appointed 
for the space of five years over the Gauls, by the 
interest of Pompey, to whom he had given his 
daughter Julia in marriage. Here he enlarged 
the boundaries of the Roman empire by con- 
quest, and invaded Britain, which was then un- 
known to the Roman people. He checked the 
Germans, and soon alter had his government 
over Gaul prolonged to five other years, by means 
of his friends at Rome, The death of Julia, and 
of Crassus, the corrupted state of the Roman 
senate, and the ambition of Caesar and Pompey, 
soon became the causes of a civil war. Neither 
of these celebrated Romans would suffer a supe- 
rior, and the smallest matters were sufficient 
ground for unsheathing the sword. Ctesar's pe- 
titions were received with coldness or indiffer- 
ence by the Roman senate; and, by the influence 
of Pompey, a decree was passed to strip him of 
his power, Antony, who opposed it as tribune, 
fled to Czesar's camp with the news; and the am- 
bitious general no sooner heard this, than he 
made it a plea of resistance. On pretence of 
avenging the violence which had been offered to 
the sacred office of tribune in the person of An- 
tony, he crossed the Rubicon, which was the 
boundary of his province. The passage of the 
] Rubicon was a declaration of war, and Caesar 
entered Italy sword in hand. Upon this, Pom- 
pey, with all the friends of liberty, left Rome, 
and retired to Dyrrachium; and Caesar, after he 
had subdued all Italy, in sixty days', entered 
Rome, and provided birasdf with money from 
toe public treasury. He vent to Spain, where 



he conquered the partisans of Pompey, under 
Petreius, Afranius, and Varro; and, at his re- 
turn to Rome, was declared dictator, and soon 
after consul. When he left Rome, he went in 
quest of Pompey, observing that he was march- 
ing against a general without troops, after hav- 
ing defeated troops without a general in Spain. 
In the plains of Pharsalia, in Thessaly, B.C. 4.6, 
the two hostile generals engaged; Pompey was 
conquered, and fled into Egypt, where he was 
basely murdered. Caesar, after he had made a 
noble use of victory, pursued his adversary into 
Egypt, where he for some time forgot his fame 
and character in the arms of Cleopatra, by whom 
he had a son. His danger was great while at 
Alexandria> but he extricated himself with won- 
derful success, and made Egypt tributary to his 
power. After several conquests in Africa,, the- 
defeat of Cato, Scipio, and Juba, at Thapsus, and 
that of Pompey's sons in Spain, at Munda, he en- 
tered Rome, and triumphed over five different 
nations, Gaul, Alexandria, Pontus, Africa, and 
Spain, and was created perpetual dictator. But 
now his glory was at an end, his uncommon suc- 
cess created him enemies, and the chief of the 
senators, among whom was Brutus his most in- 
timate friend, conspired against him, and stab- 
bed him in the senate-house on the ides of March. 
He died, pierced with twenty-three wounds, the 
15th of March, B.C. 44, in the 56th year of his 
age. Casca gave him the first blow, and imme- 
diately he attempted to make some resistance; 
but when he saw Brutus among the conspirators, 
he submitted to his fate, and fell down at their 
feet, muffling up his mantle, and exclaiming, Tu 
quoque Brute ! Caesar might have escaped the 
sword of the conspirators, if he had listened to 
the advice of his wife, whose dreams on the night 
previous to the day of his murder were alarming. 
He also received, as he went to the senate-house, 
a paper from Artemidorus, which discovered the 
whole conspiracy to him; but he neglected the 
reading of what might have saved his life. When 
he was in his first campaign in Spain, he was 
observed to gaze at a statue of Alexander, and 
even shed tears at the recollection that that hero 
had conquered the world at an age in which he 
himself had done nothing. The learning of Ca;- 
sar deserves commendation, as well as his mili- 
tary character. He reformed the calendar. He 
wrote his commentaries on the Gallic wars on 
the spot where he fought his battles; and the 
composition has been admired for the elegance 
as well as the correctness of its style. Tnis va- 
luable book was nearly lost; and when Caesar 
saved his life in the bay of Alexandria, he was 
obliged to swim from his ship, with his arms in 
one hand, and his commentaries in the other. 
Besides the Gallic and civil wars, he wrote other 
pieces, which are now lost. The history of the 
war in Alexandria and Spain is attributed to him 
by some, and by others to Hirtius. Caesar has 
been blamed for his debaucheries and expenses; 
and the first year he had a public office, his 
debts were rated at 830 talents, which his friends 
discharged: yet, in his public character, he must 
be reckoned one of the few heroes that rarely 
make their appearance among mankind. His 
qualities were such that in every battle he could 
not but be conqueror, and in every republic, 
master; and to his sense of his superiority over 
the rest of the world, or to his ambition, we are 
to attribute his saying, that he wished rather to 
be first in a little village, than second at Rome- 
N 



146 



CAI 



It was after his conquest over Phamaces, the son 
of Mithtidates, at Zele ia Pontus, in one day, 
that he made use of these remarkable words, to 
express the celerity of his operations; Veni, vidi, 
vici. Conscious of the services of a man who, 
in the intervals of peace, beautified and enriched 
Ihe capital of his country with public buildings, 
libraries, and porticos, the senate permitted the 
dictator to wear a laurel crown on his bald head; 
and it is said, that to reward his benevolence, 
they were going to give him the title or autho- 
rity of king all over the Roman empire, except 
Italy, when he was murdered. In his private 
character, Cajsar has been accused of seducing 
one of the vestal virgins, and suspected of being 
privy to Catiline's conspiracy; and it was his 
fondness for dissipated pleasures which made his 
countrymen say, that he was the husband of all 
the women at Rome, and the woman of all men. 
It is said that he conquered 300 nations, took 600 
cities, and defeated three millions of men, one of 
w hich fell in the field of battle. Plin. 7, 25, says 
that he could employ at the same time, his ears 
to listen, his eyes to read, his hand to write, and 
his mind to dictate. His death was preceded, as 
many authors mention, by uncommon prodigies; 
and immediately after his death, a large comet 
made its appearance. Caesar, when young, was 
betrothed to Cossutia, a rich heiress, whom he 
dismissed to marry Cornelia, the daughter of 
Cinna, by whom he had Julia. His attachment 
to Cornelia was so great, that he never could be 
prevailed upon by the arts or threats of Sylla to 
divorce her; but her attachment he boldly pre- 
ferred to his own personal safety. After her 
early death, which he lamented with great bit- 
terness of grief, he married Pompeia, the grand- 
daughter of Sylla; and for his fourth wife he 
took Calpumia, the daughter of the consul Piso, 
a connexion formed from political motives. The 
best editions of Cassar's commentaries are, the 
magnificent one by Dr Clarke, fol. Lond. 1712; 
that of Cambridge, w ith a Greek translation, 4to, 
1727; that of Oudendorpius, 2 vols. 4to, L Bat. 
173/; that of Elzevir, 8vo, L. Bat. 1635; and that 
of Oberlinus. 8vo. Lips. 1819. Sueton. et Plut. 
in vita.—Dio. — Appian. — Orosius.—Diod. 16 et 
eel 31 er37.— FjVo-, G. 1, m.—Ovid. Met. 15, 
782. — MarceU.—Flar.d et Lucius, was fa- 
ther to the dictator. He died suddenly, when 
putting on his shoes, Octavianus. Au- 
gustus.) Cains, a tragic pnet and orator, com- 
mended by Cic. in Brut. His brother C. Lucius 
was consul, and followed, as well as himself, the 
party of Sylla. They were both put to death by 
order of Marius. Lucius, an uncle of M. An- 
tony, who followed the interest of Pompey, and 
was proscribed by Augustus, for which Antony 
proscribed Cicero, the friend of Augustus. His 
son Lucius was put to death by J. Caesar in his 

youth. Two sons of Agrippa bore also the 

name of Csesar, Caius and Lucius. {Vid. Agrip- 
pa.) Augusta, a town of Spain, built by Au- 
gustus, on the Iberus, and now called Sara- 
gassa. 

C.SSAREA, the name of several cities, of which 
the most celebrated are— Cae-area, a town of 
Mauritania, which had a magnificent port on the 
Mediterranean. It gave the appellation Ceesar- 
iensis to one of the districts into which Claudius 
divided Mauritania, and it was originally called 
lol. It was the n^sidence of king Juba, who en- 
larged and beautified it, and changed its name 
ij Ccesarea, in honour of Augustus. It is sup- 



posed to have occupied the site of the modern 

Skershell. Caesarea ad Arggeum, anciently 

called Mazaca, and afterwards Eusebia, and de- 
nominated Caesarea ad Argaeum, by Tiberius, in 
honour of Augustus, was the capital of Cappa- 
docia, and the residence of its kings. It wa? 
situate at the foot of mount Argaeus, near the 
source of the river Melas. It is now called Xa- 

saria. Caesarea Philippi, anciently named 

Paneas, on the northern confines of Palestina, 
in the district of Trachonitis. It was built by 
Philip the tetrarch, son of Herod the Great, and 

made the place of his residence Cassarea 

Stratonis, on the shores of the Mediterranean, 
about seventy-five miles north-west from Jeru- 
salem. Herod the Great enlarged it, and it be- 
came the metropolis of Palestine, and the seat 
of the Roman proconsul. It is remarkable as 
the place where Herod Agrippa was smitten by 
the angel of God, where Cornelius the centurion 
resided, and where St Paul was imprisoned two 
years. It is now in utter desolation, though the 
vestiges of its former splendour are most exten- 
sive. 

C-^SAREA Insula, now the isle of Jersey. 

C^SARION, the son of J. Caesar, by queen 
Cleopatra, was, at the age of thirteen, proclaim- 
ed by Antony and his mother, king of Cyprus, 
Ei ypS and Coelosyria. He was put to death five 
years after by Augustus. Suet, in Aug. 17, et 
Cces. 52. 

C^SARODUNUM, now TouTs, the capital of the 
Turones. 

C-ESAROMAGUS, now Beauvois, the capital of „ 

the Bellovaei. A town of Britain, now Brent- f 

wood. I 

C^SENNius P^TUS, a general sent by Nero i 
to Armenia, &e. Tacit. Ann. 15, 6 et 25. 

C^SETlcs, a Roman who protected his child- ' 
ren against Caesar. Fal. Max. 5, 7. j 

C^SIA, a sumJime of Minerva. A wood in 

Germany. Tacit. Ann. 1, 50. j 

CjESIUS, a Latin poet, whose talents were not 

of uncommon brilliancy. Catull. 14:. Bassus, I 

a poet. Ftd. Bassus. I 

CiESO, a son of Q. Cincinnatus, who revolted I 
to the Volsci. 

C^SONIA, a lascivious woman who married I 
Caligula, and was murdered at the same time 1 
wifh her daughter Julia. Suet, in Calig. ^9- j 

C.ESONIUS Maximus, was banished from > 
Italy, by Nero, on account of his friendship witii | 
Seneca, Sec. Tacit. Ann. 15, 71. I 

C.3ErCLU>r, a to^.n of Spain. Strab. 2. , 

Cagaco, a fountain of Laconia. Patis. 3, 24. i 

Caicinus, a river of Ital«^, in the country of | 
the Bruttii, near the Locri Epizephyrii. It was i 
in the neighbourhood of this river that the 
Athenians invaded the territory of the Locrians. ! 
It is supposed to be the present Amendolea. \ 
Thucyd. 3, 103. 

Caicus. a companion of ^Eneas. Pirg. Ma. \ 

1, 187. 9, 35. A river of Mysia, flowing north i 

of the Hermus, and falling into the iEgean sea | 
near the town of Elasa, opposite the island of j 
Lesbos. It is supposed to be the present Gir-' 
masli. Mela, 1, \Q.—Ptol. 5, 2.— Strab. 13.— '■ 
Virg. G. 4, 370.— Otu«. Met. 2, 2-13. , 

Caieta, a town and harbour of Latium, L 
which received its name from Caieta, the nurse I 
of ^Eneas, whose ashes were deposited there in a 
marble tomb, by the piety of her illustrious pro- 
tector. According to Strabo, it received its 
name from the Laconian word Kotara, a care. 



CAI 



J47 



CAL 



owing to a reced.ng of the shore. Ovid. Met. 
14, 4r3.~Firg. yEn. 7, 1. 

Caius and Caia, a pi-aenomen very common 
at Rome to both sexes. C, in its natural position, 
denoted the man's name, and when reversed q, 
it implied Caia. Every new married woman, 
when entering her husband's house, was asked 
by him what her name was, and the general 
answer was, Ubi tu Caius, et ego Caia, Where you 
are master in the house, I am mistress. This Ibr- 
mality was said to be after the example of Tana- 
quil the wife of Tarquin, whose name was Caia 
Caeciiia. Plin. 8, ^d. — Quintil. 1, 7- 

Caius, a son of Agrippa by Julia. Fid. 
Agrippa. 

Q. CalAber, called also Smyrnseus, wrote a 
Greek poem in fourteen books, containing 8748 
verses, about the beginning of the third century. 
It is a continuation of Homer's Iliad, and after 
mentioning the several disasters which befel the 
Trojans after the death of their favourite Hector, 
the untimely fate of Achilles, and the ruin of 
Priam's kingdom, the poet concludes by the re- 
turn of the victorious Greeks to their native 
land, and their escape from the dangers of the 
sea, where Ajax and other chiefs were over- 
whelmed. The best editions of this elegant and 
well written book, are, that of Rhodoman, 12mo. 
Hanover, 1604, with the notes of Dausqueius, 
and that of Pauw, 8vo. L Bat. 1734. 

Calabria, a country of Italy in Magna Grae- 
cia. It is supposed to have derived its name 
from the oriental word Kalab, or pitch, on ac- 
count of the resin obtained from the pines of this 
country. It was also called Messapia, Japygia, 
Salentinia, and Feusetia. The poet Enniuswas 
born there. The country was fertile, and pro- 
duced a varietv of fruits, much cattle, and excel- 
lent honey. Virg. G. 3, i25.~Horat. 1, od. 31. 
Epod. 1, 27. 1, ep. 7, U.-Strab. 6.— Mela, 2, 4. 
—Plin. 8, 48. 

CalAbrus, a river of Calabria. Pans. 6, 

Calagurris, now CaXahorra, a town of the 
Vascones in Spain, on the south side of the 
iberus. In the year of Rome 682, it was be- 
sieged by Afranius, one of Pompey's generals, 
and the inhabitants were reduced to such extre- 
mity, that they fed on their wives and children; 
whence the Romans were wont to call any griev- 
ous famine yames Calagurritana. Quintilian was 
born here. Liv. 39, 2.1.— Plin. 3, d.—Val. Max. 
7. 6. 

Calagutis, a river of Spain. Flor. 3, 22. 

Calais and Zethes. Vid. Zethes. 

Galamis, an excellent carver, whose works, 
especially a statue of Apollo, and some vases, 
are mentioned with high commendation, though 
he is considered far inferior to Praxiteles by Ci- 
cero de Clar. 70.—Paus. 1, 3.— Ovid, ex Pont. 4, 
ep. 1, 33.— Quinlil. 12, 10.— Pirn, 34, 7 et 8.— 
Propert. 3, el. 9, 10. 

CalAmisa, a place of Samos. Herod. 9. 

Calamos, a town of Asia, near mount Liba- 

nus. Plin. 5, 20. A town of Phcsnicia. — — 

Another of Babylonia. 

Calamus, a son of the river M^a.ider, who 
was tenderly attached to Carpo, the daughter of 
Zephyrus, and one of the Horse. Tlieir happi- 
ness was of short duration. Carpo was drowned 
in the Mneander, and Calamus, unable to bear 
her loss, entreated Jupiter to remove him from 
life, and he was consequently changed into a 
reed {calamus), wliitrh grows generally on the 
border oi rivers. Puus. 9, 35. 



Calanus, a celebrated Indian philosopher, 
one of the gymnosophists. He followed Alex- 
ander in his Indian expedition, and being sick, 
in his 83d year, he ordered a pile to be raised, 
upon which he mounted, decked with flowers and 
garlands, to the astonishment of the king and of 
the army. When the pile was fired, Alexander 
asked him whether he had any thing to say: 
"No," said he, " I shall meet you again in a very 
short time." Alexander died three months after 
in Babylon, and the recollection on this event of 
what Calanus had said increased his reputation 
as a pretended prophet. The real name of this 
philosopher, according to Plutarch, was Sphines, 
and he received that of Calanus from his salut- 
ing the Greeks in his own language with the 
word Cale, which signifies hail, Strab. 15. — 
Cic. de Dio, 1, 23.—Arnan. et Plat, in Alex. - 
.^lian. 2, 41. 5,6 — Val. Max. 1, 8. 

CalAon, a river of Asia, near Colophon. 
Pans. 7, 3. 

CalAris, a city of Sardinia. Flor. 2, 6. 

Calathana, a town of Macedonia. Liv. 32, 
13. 

Calathes, a town of Thrace, near Tomus, on 
the Euxine sea. Strab. 7.— Mela, 2, 2. 

Calathion, a mountain of Laconia. Paus. 
3, 26. 

Calathus, a son of Jupiter and Antiope. 

Calatia, a town of Campania, on the Appian 
wav. It was made a Roman colony in the age 
of Julius Caesar. Sil. 8, bid.— Liv. 9, 2, 28, et4.3. 

22, 13 et 61. 26, 16. 27, 31. 

Calatia, a people of India, who eat the flesh 
of their parents. Herod. 3, 38. 

Calaurea and Calauria, an island in the 
Sinus Saronicus, opposite Trcezene. Apollo, 
and afterwards Neptune, was the chief deity of 
the place, and his temple was served by a wo- 
man, whom nothing but marriage could remove 
from her sacred office. In the age of the Anton- 
ines there was still to be seen there the tomb of 
Demosthenes, who poisoned himself to fly from 
the persecutions of Antipater. Ancient tradition 
reports that Neptune leceived this island from 
Apollo in exchange for that of Delos. whence the 
proverb, "pro Delo Calauria." Oiid. Met. 7, 
384,- PZm. 4, i2.— Paus. 1, 8. 2, S'^.— Strab. 8.— 
Mela, 2, 7. 

Calavii, a people of Campania. Liv. 26, 
27. 

Calavius, a magistrate of Capua, who res- 
cued some Roman senators from death, &c. Liv, 

23, 2 et 3. 

Calbis, a river of Caria. 3Iela, 1, 16. 

Calce, a city of Campania. Sirab. 5. 

Calchas, a celebrated soothsayer, son of 
Thestor. He accompanied the Greeks to Troy, 
in the office of high priest; and he informed 
them that the city could not be taken withouS 
the aid of Achilles, that their fleet could not sail 
from Aulis before Iphigenia was sacrificed to 
Diana, and that the plague could not be stoppctl 
in the Grecian army, before the restoration of 
Chryseis to her father. He told them also that 
Troy could not be taken before ten years' siege. 
He had received the power of divination from 
Apollo; and the book of futurity was open before 
his eyes, and the flight or the language of birds 
equally revealed the will of fate to his compre- 
hensive mind. Calchas was informed, that as 
soon as he found a man more skilled than him- 
self in divination, he must perish; and thishap- 
I pened near Colophon, nfter the Trojan war. H« 
N 2 



I 



CAL i 

was unab'e to tell how msny figs were in 
branches of a certain fig-tree; and when Mopsus 
uieationed the exact nnmber, Calchas died 
through grief. {Vid. Mopsus.) Homer. II. 1, 
59. — Michyl. in Agam. — Eurip. in Iphig. — Paus. 
I, 43. 

Calchedonia. Vid. Chalcedon. 

Calchinia, a daughter of Leucippus. She 
bad a son by Neptune, who inherited his grand- 
ather's kingdom of Sicyon. Pans. 2, 5. 

Caldius, a surname satirically applied toTi- 
■f erius by his army, because he was very partial 
to warm {calidus') drink. Suet. Tib. 42. 

Caldus CiELlus. a Roman who killed him- 
self when de'ained by the Germans. Paterc. 2, 
liO. The appellation of Caldus is applied tj 
men of a rash and violent disposition of mind. 
Cic. Inv. 2, 9. 

Gale ( es), Gales (-ium), and Calexum, 
now Calvi, a town of Campania, whose wines 
were excellent, as the ancient poets have men- 
tioned. Horat. 4, od. 12, li.—Juv. I, 6:1.— SiL 8, 
4l3.—Virg. Mn. 7, 72S. 

Caledonia, the ancient name of that part of 
Great Britain now called Scotland. Various 
etymologies have been assigned to it. Camden 
derives it from the Celtic caled, hard, as allusive 
to the uncivilised state of the country; Buchanan 
obtains it from the Scottish ccdden, a hazle tree; 
and others compound it of the two British words 
Cail dun, Gauls of the mountains, or Gael dock, 
Gaul district. Caledonia comprehended all those 
countries which lay to the north of the Forth and 
Clyde. The large limbs, red hair, and blue eyes 
of its inhabitants, seemed to assert a Germanic 
extraction, according to Tacit, iri vita Agric. It 
was never reduced to subjection by the Romans, 
although Agricola penetrated to the river Tarj, 
and Severus into the very heart of the country. 
Martial. 10, ep. U.~SiL 3. b^S.—Ptolem. 2, 8.— 
Flacc. 1, 8. 

Galextum, a town of Spain, where it is 
said bricks were made of an earth resembling 
pumice stone, so light that they would not sink 
in water. Plin. 35, 14, 

CalEnus, a famous soothsayer of Etruria in 

the age of Tarquin. Plin. 23, 2.^' A lieutenant 

of Caesar's army. After C£esar*s murder, he con- 
cealed some that had been proscribed by the 
triumvirs, and behaved with great honour to 

them. Flut. in Cces. Q. Fusius, a tribune of 

the people at Rome, who by a law procured the 
acquittal of Clodius, who had insulted the reli- 
gion of his countrv, in the violation of the rites 
of Bona Dea. Cic. Att. 1, ep. 14 et 16. Phil. 8, 

Gales. (Firf. Cale.) A city of Bithynia on 

the Eaxine. Arriayi. 

Calesius, a charioteer of Axylus, killed by 
Diomedes in the Trojan war. Homer. II. 16, 16. 

Caletje, or Caletes, a people of Belgic 
Gaul. Their chief cities were Juliobona, now 
Lillebonne, and Carocotinum, now Harjleur, 
Cce-i. Bell. G. 2, 4. 

Galetor, a Trojan prince, slain by Ajax as 
he was going to set fire to the ship of Protesilaus. 
Homer. E. 15, 419. -Paus. 10, 14. 

Galex, a river of Asia Minor, falling into the 
Euxine sea. ThucijA. 4, 75. 

Caliadne, the wife of ^gvptus. Apollod, 2, 

1. 

Calicexi, a people of Macedonia. 
M. C.^LiDius, an orator and praetorian who 
died in the civil wars, &e. Cces. Bell. Civ. I, 2. 



i3 CAT- { 

L. Julius, a man remarkable for his riches, 

the excellency of his character, his learning and i 
poetical abilities. He was proscribed by Volum- i 
ntus, but delivered by Atticus. C. Nep. in Ailic. \ 
12. _ I 

C. CalTgila, the emperor, received thissur- i 
name from his wearing in the camp the Caliga, a 
kind of shoe in use among the common soldiers. ! 
He was son of Germanicus by Agrippins^ and ' 
grandson to Tiberius, born A. D. 12. During the | 
first eight monthf of his reign, Rome expecteO 
universal prosperity, the exiles were recalled, 
taxes were remitted, and profligates dismissed; ■ 
but Caligula soon displayed his true character; I 
he became proud, wanton, and cruel. He built I 
a temple to himself, and ordered his head to be 
placed on tbe images of the gods, while he wish- I 
ed to imitate the thunders and powers of Jupiter. I 
The statues of all great men were removed, as if ' 
Rome would sooner forget their virtues in their 
absence; and the emperor appeared in public | 
places in the most indecent manner, encouraged 
roguery, committed incest with his three sisters, : 
and established public places of prostitution. He | 
often amused himseif with putting innocent peo- | 
pie to death; he attempted to famish Rome, by 
a monopoly of com; and as he was pleased with ' 
the greatest disasters which befel his subjects, he 
often wished the Romans had but one head, that 
he might have the gratification to strike it oflf. 
Wild beasts were constantly fed in his palace 
with human victims; and, as if to insult the feel- 
ings and the dignity of fallen Rome, a favourite 
horse was made high pr:est and consul, and kept 
in marble apartments, and a iomed with the ; 
most valuable trappings and pearls which the ' 
Roman empire could furnish. Caligula built a i 
bridge upwards of three miles in the sea; and j 
would perhaps have shown himself more tyran- ' 
nical, had not Chaereas and Cornelius Sabinus, j 
both tribunes of the praetorian cohorts, formed a 
conspiracy against his life, with others equally | 
tired with the cruelties and the insults that were ■ 
offered with impunity to the persons and charac- 
ter of the Romans. In consequence of this, the i 
tyrant was murdered January 24th, in his 29th | 
year, after a reign of three years and ten months, | 
A. D. 41. It has been said that Caligula wrote a ; 
treatise on rhetoric; but his love of learning is ! 
better understood from his attempts to destroy 1 
the writings of Homer and of Virgil. Dio.— ! 
Sueton. in vita. — Tacit. Aim. \ 

Calippus, a mathematician of Cyzicus, who i 
flourished 330 B.C. He is famous for having j 
corrected the cycle or period of nineteen years, | 
invented by Meton, for the purpose of showing 
the correspondence in point of time between the 
revolutions of the sun and moon, hence some- 
times called the Calippic period. 

Calts, a man in Alexander's army, tortured I 
for conspiring against the king. Cio-t. 6, 11. 

CALL.i;sCHERUS, the father of Critias. Plvt. 
in Alcib. 

Gallaict, or Call^CI, a people of Hispania I 
Terracnnensis, in the north-western part of the I 
country. They occupied Gallicia and the Portu- ' 
guese provinces of Tras-os- Monies and Enire- 
Douro-e-Minho. Ovid. Fast. 6, i6L i 

Callas, a general of Alexander, Diod. 17 

Of Cas!=ander against Polyperchon. Id. 19. 

A river of Euboea. 

Gallatebus, a town of Garia. Herod. 7, 32. 

CALLE.a sea port town of Hispania Terra j 
conensis, at the mouth of the Durius. It is now ; 



CAL 



14^ 



CAL 



Coiilcu] Oporto. From Partus Calles the modern 
namf of Portugal is said to be derived. 
CALLETERIA, a town of Campania. 
CALiLKNI, a people of Campania. 
Gallia, a town of Arcadia. Paus. 8, 27. 
CalliADES, a magistrate of Athens when 
Xerxes invaded Greece. Herod. 8, 51. 

CallIas, an Athenian appointed to make 
peace between Artaxerxes and his country. 

Diod. 12 A son of Teraenus, who murdered 

his lather with the assistance of his brothers. 

A ollod. 2, 6. A Greek poet, son of Lysima- 

chus. His compositions are lost, though the 
titles of some of his plays, Ata'anta, the Cyclops, 
the Frogs, the Grammarian?, &c. aro preserved. 
He was surnamed Schoenion, either because him- 
self or his father were employed in twisting ropes 
(or iolvoj); through poverty. Athen. 10. A par- 
tial historian of Syracuse. He wrote an account 
of the Sicilian wars, and was well rewarded by I 
Agathocles, because he had shown him in a fa- 
vourable view. Alheii. 12. — Dionys. An 

Athenian greatly revered for his patriotism. 
Herod. 6, 121. A soothsayer. An Athen- 
ian, commander of a fleet against Philip, whose 
ships he took, &c. A rich Athenian, who lib- 
erated Cimon from prison, on condition of mar- 
rving his si ter and wife Elpinice. C. Nep. et 

Plut. in Cim. A historian, who wrote an ex- 

olai ation of the poems of Alcaeus and Sappho. 

Calubius, a general in the war between 
M ^ntinea and Sparta. Xenoph. Hist. G. 

CALLlCiiRUS, a Greek poet, some of whoso 
epigrams are preserved in the Anthologia. 

Callichorus, a place of Phocis, where the 
orgies of Bacchus were yearly celebrated. 

CallIcLiES, an Athenian, whose house v.-as 
not searched on account of his recent marriage, 
when an inquiry was made after the money given 

by Harpalus, &c. Plut. in Demosth. A sta- 

I tuary of Megara. 

Callicolone, a hill of Asia Minor, in the 
vicinity of the Simois, Strab. 13. 

Callicrates, an Athenian, who seized upon 
the sovereignty of Syracuse, by imposing upon 
Dion when he had lost his popularity. He was 
expelled by the sons of Dionysius, after reigning 
thirteen months. He is called Calippus by some 
authors. C. Nep. in Dion. An officer entrust- 
ed with the care of the treasures of Susa by 

Alexander. Curt. 5, 2. An artist of Lacedae- 

cn n, who made, with ivory, ants and other in- 
sects, so small that they could scarcely be seen. 
It is said that he engraved some of Homer's ver- 
4es upon a grain of millet. Ptin, 7, 21. 36, 5. — 

/Elian. V. H. 1, 17. An Achaean, who, by his 

perfidy, constrained the Atl.enians to submit to 

Rome. Paus. 7, 10. A Syrian, who wrote an 

iccount of Aurelian's life. A brave Athenian, 

killed at the battle of Plat«a. Herod. 9, 72. 

CallicratIdas, a Spartan, who succeeded 
Lysander in the command of the fleet. He took 
Methymi)", and routed the Athenian fleet under 
Conon. He was defeated and killed near the 
Arginusse, in a naval battle, B.C 406. Diod. 13. 
— Xenoph. Hist. G, One of the four ambassa- 
dors sent by the Lacedaemonians to Darius, upon 
the rupture of their alliance with Alexander. 

1 Curl. 3, 13. A Pythagorean writer. 

CALLlDiUS, a celebrated Roman contempor- 
ary with Cicero, who speaks of his abilities both 
Si an orator and as a statesman with the highest 
i" 'mmendation. Quintil. 10, 1. 12, 6.—Cic. in 
Brut. 2,1 Pat ere. 2, 36. 



Callidr5mus, a place near Thermopylae. 
Thucyd. 8. 6. 

CALLlGfiTUS, a man of Megara, received in 
his banishment by Pharnabazus. Thucyd. 6, fi. 

CaLLImAchus, an historian and poet of Cy- 
rene, son of Battus and Mesatma, and pupil to 
Hermocrates the gramnarian. He had, in the 
age of Ptolemy Philadelphus, kept a school at 
Alexandria, and had ApoUonius of Rhodes among 
his pupils, whose ingratitude obliged Callima- 
chus to lash him severely in a satirical poem, 
under the name of {Vid. ApoUonius.) The 
Ibis of Ovid is an imitation of this piece. He 
wrote a work in 120 books on famous men, be- 
sides treatises on birds; but of all his numerous 
compositions, only 31 epigrams, an elegy, and 
some hymns on the gods, are extant; the best 
editions of which are,, that of Ernestus, 2 vols. 
8vo. L. Bat. 1761, and that of Bloomfield, Svo. 
Lond. 1815. Propertius admired his writings so 
highly that he styled himself the Roman Galli- 
machus, and Catullus employed his pen in tran- 
slating his poem on the hair of Berenice. The 
precise time of his death, as well as of his birth, 
is unknown. Propert. 4, el 1,65. — Cic. Tusc 1, 

84 Horat. 2, ep. 2, 109.- Quintil. 10, 1. An 

Athenian general, killed in the battle of Mara- 
thon. His body was found in an erect posture, 

all covered with wounds. Plut. A Colopho- 

nian, who wrote the life of Homer. Plut. A 

statuary of Corinth, who spent the greater part 
of his life in beautifying the buildings of Athens. 
He is said to be the inventor of the Corinthian 
chapiter, which he used elegantly to adorn with 

tae leaves of the acanthus. Paus. I, 16. A 

Greek painter, whose ideas of beauty and per- 
fection were so extravagant, that scarce any of 
his pieces survived his criticism. Plin. 34, 8- 

CALIilMEDON, a partisan of Phocion, at 
Athens, condemned by the populace. 

Callimeles, a youth ordered to be killed and 
served up as meat by ApoUodorus of Cassandrea. 
Polycen. 6, 7. 

Callinus, a Grecian orator and poet, said to 
have been the inventor of elegiac verse. He is 
supposed to have flourished 776 B.C. Some frag- 
ments of his poetry have been preserved in the 
collections of Stobaeus. Athen. — Strab. 13. 

Calliope, one of the Muses, daughter of Ju- 
piter and Mnemosyne, who presided over elo- 
quence and heroic poetry. She is said to be the 
mother of Orpheus by Apollo, and also of Hy- 
menaeus and lalemus by the same god according 
to others. Some call her also mother of the 
Corybantes by Jupiter, and of the Syrens by 
Achelous. She was represented with a trumpet 
in her right hand, and with books in the other, 
which signified that her office was to take notice 
of the famous actions of heroes, as Clio was em- 
ployed in celebrating them; and she held the 
three most famous epic poems of antiquity, and 
appeared generally crowned with laurel. Slie 
settled the dispute betwe^^n Venus and Proser- 
pine, concerning Adonis, whose company the.se 
two goddesses wished both perpetually to enjoy. 
Hesiod. Thcog.—Apollod 1, Horat. 3, od. 4. 
—Ovid. Fast. 5, 80. 

Callipatira, daughter cf Diacroras, and 
wife of Callianax the athlete, went disguised in 
man's clothes with her son Pisidorus, to the 
Olympic games. When Pisidorus was declared 
victor, she discovered her sex througli excess of 
joy, and was arrested, as women were not per- 
j raitted to appear there on pain of death. I r.e 



CAL 



CAL 



victory of her son obtaiiied her release; and a 
law was instantly made, which forbade any wrest- 
lers to appear but naked Paus. 5, 6. 6, 7. 

Callifedes, a proverbial epithet applied to 
such as promise much, but perform nothing. 
Cic. Alt. 13, ep. 12.~Suet. Tib. 33. 

CallIphon, a painter of Samos, famous for 
his historical pieces. P/iyi. 10, 26. A philo- 
sopher, who made the svmmum bonum consist in 
pleasure joined to the love of honesty. This 
system was opposed by Cicero, QucBsi. Acad. 4, 
131 et 139. De OJic 3, 119. 

CALLfPHROX, a celebrated dancing master, 
who had Epaminondas among his pupils. C. 
Nep. in Epam. 

CALLiPiDiE, a people of Scvthia. Herod. 4, 
\7. 

Callipclis, a city of Thrace on the Helles- 
pont, nearly opposite Lampsacus. Now Galli- 

poli. Sil. 14, 250. A town of Sicily, between 

mount ^tna and Naxos. It was founded by the 
Naxians. It is now GalUpoU. A city of Cala- 
bria on the coast of Tarentum, on a rocky island, 
joined by a bridge to the continent. It is now 
called Gallipoli, and contains 6000 inhabitants 
who trade in oil and cotton. 

Callipus. or Calipfus, an Athenian dis- 
ciple to Plato. He destroyed Dion, &e. {Vid. 

Callicrates.) C .\ep. in Dion. A Corinthian, 

who wrote a history of Orehomenos. Paus. 6 
29. A philosopher. Diog. in Zen. A gen- 
eral of the Athenian , when the Gauls invaded 
Greece by ThermopyiK. Paus. 1, 3. 

Callipyges, a surname of Venus, 

Callirhoe, a daughter of the Scamander, 
who married Tros, by whom she had Ilus, Gany- 
mede, and Assaracus. Apollod. A fountain of 

Attica, where Callirhoe killed herself. (^Vid. 

Coresus.) Paus. 7, 21 — Stat. TJieb. 12, 629. 

A daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, mother of 
Echidna, Orthos, and Cerberus, by Chrysaor. 

Hesiod. Theog.— Apollod. 2. A daughter of 

Lycus tyrant of Libya, who kindly received Dio- 
medes at his return from Troy. He abandoned 
her, upon which she killed herself. A daugh- 
ter of the Achelous, who married Alcmaeon. 

{Vid. Alcmaeon.) Paus. 8, 24. A daughter of 

Phocus the Boeotian, whose beauty procurei her 
many admirers. Her father behaved with such 
coldness to her lovers that they murdered him. 
Callirhoe avenged his death with the assistance 
of the Boeotians. Plut. Aniat. Narr. A daugh- 
ter of Pira^ and Niobe. Hygin.fab. 145. A 

fountain of Judaea, w hose waters were possessed 
of medicinal properties. Joseph. A. 17, 8. — Plin. 
5, 16. 

Calliste. an island of the JEse&n sea. called 
afterwards Thera, and now Santorin. Plin. 4, 
12.— Paus. 3, 1. Its chief town was founded 
1150 years before the Christian era, by Theras. 

Callisteia, (the rewards of beauty), a festival 
at Lesbos, during which all the women present- 
ed themselves in the temple of Juno, and the 
fairest was rewarded in a public manner. There 
was also an institution of the same kind among the 
Parrhasians, first made by Cypselus, whose wile 
was honoured with the first prize. The Eleans 
had one also, in which the fairest man received 
as a prize a complete suit of armour, which he 
dedicated to Minerva. 

C.^LLISTHENES, a Greek, who wrote a history 
of his own country in ten bonks, beginning from 
the peace between Artaxerxes and Greece, down 
to the plundering of the ti'inple of Delphi by 



Philomelus. Diod. 14. A man who with 

others attempted to expel the garrison of Deme- 
trius from Athens. Polytzn. 5, 17. A philo- 
sopher of Olynthus, intimate with Alexander, 
'.^hom he accompanied in his oriental expedition 
in the capacity of a preceptor, and to whom he 
had been recommended by his friend and master 
Aristotle. Possessed of the foolish vanity of 
learning, and without the conciliaiing arts of the 
courtier, Callisthenes affected to look w ith con- 
tempt on the victories of Alexander, and assert- 
ed that his own fame would be more durable, 
erected on the basis of philosophy and historical 
composition. This blameable conduct, so unbe- 
coming in a subject, should have been disre- 
garded by a king; but Alexander, accustomed 
to dictate, could not bear to be treated with dis- 
respect. When Callisthenes, with the dignity of 
a man, refused to pay divine honours to his mas- 
ter, as the vile insignificant flatterers of the court 
had done, he was eagerly accused of a conspiracy 
by those who observed the coldness of Alexander 
towards his late preceptor. The accusation was 
as easily credited, and the philosopher, shame- 
fully mutilated, and exposed to wild beasts, was 
dragged about in chains, till Lysimachus gave 
him poison, which ended together his tortures 
and his life, B.C. 328. None of his compositions 
are extant. Curt. 8, 6. — Plut. in Alex. — Arrian. 

i.— Justin. 12, 6 et 7. 15,3 A writer of Sy- 

baris. A freedman of LucuUus. It is said 

that he gave poison to his master. Plut. in Lu' 
cull. 

Callisto and Calisto, called also Helice, 
was daughter of Lyeaon king of Arcadia, and 
one of Diana's attendants, Jupiter saw her, and 
seduced her after he had assumed the shape of 
Diana. Her pregnancy was discovered as she 
bathed with Diana; and the fruit of her amour 
with Jupiter, called Areas, was hid in the woods 
and preserved. Juno, who was jealous of Jupi- 
ter, changed Calisto into a bear; but the god, 
apprehensive of her being hurt by the hunts- 
men, made her a constellation of heaven, with 
her son Areas, under the name of the bear. 
Ovid. Met. 2,/ab. 4, 5. et 6. FaU. 2, 15b.— Apol- 
lod. 3, 8.—Hygin./ab. 176 et 177. P. A. 2.~Paus. 
"> 

CallistonIcus, a celebrated statuary at 
Thebes. Paus. 9, 16. 

CallistrAtus, an Athenian, appointed gen- 
eral with Timotheus and Chabrias against Lace 

daemon. Diod. 15. An orator of Aphidna, in 

the time of Epaminondas, the most eloquent o* 

his age. Nep. in Epam. An Athenian orator, 

with whom Demosthenes made an intimate ac 
quaintance after he had heard him plead. Xeno 

phon. A Greek historian praised by Dionys 

Hal. A comic poet, rival of Aristophanes 

A statuary. Plin. 34, 8. A secretary of 

Mithridates. Plut. i/i LucuU. A grammarian, 

who made the alphabet of the Sam.ians consist of 
twenty-four letters. Some suppose that he wrote 
a treatise on courtezans. 

Callix£na, a courtezan of Thessaly, whose 
company Alexander refused, though requested 
by his mother Olympias, This was attributed by 
the Athenians to other causes than chastity, and 
therefore the prince's ambition was ridiculed. 

C.^LLIXliNUS, a general who perished by fa- 
mine, An Athenian, imprisoned for passing 

sentence of death upon some prisoners, Diod. 13. 

CaloN, a statuary. Qui7itil. 12, 10.— T/m. 34, 



CAL 



151 



CAL 



Calor, a river of Italy which rose in the 
mountains of the Hirpini, passed Beneventum, 
and discharged itself into the Vulturnus. Now, 
the Galore. Liv. 24, 14. 

Calpas, a river and harbour of Bithynia, on 
the shores of the Euxine. St fab. 12. 

Calpe, a lofty mountain in the most southern 
parts of Spain, opposite to mount Abyla on the 
African coast. These two mountains were called 
the pillars of Hercules. Calpe is now called 
Gibraltar, from the Arabic Jebel al Tath^ the 
mountain of the entrance, because it was looked 
upon as the key of the Mediterranean, or from 
Jebel al Tarikt the mountain of Tarik, a Moorish 
general, who first led the Moors into Spain, A,D. 
710. 

Calphurnia, a daughter of L. Piso. who was 
Julius Caesar's fourth wife. The night previous 
to her husband's murder, she dreamed that the 
roof of her house had fallen, and that he had 
been stabbed in her arms; and on that account 
she attempted but in vain, to detain him at 
home. After Caesar's murder she placed herself 
under the patronage of M. Antony. Sueton. in 
Jul. 

Calphurnius Bestia, a noble Roman brib- 
ed by Jugurtha. It is said that he murdered his 

wives when asleep. Plin. 27, 2. Crassus, a 

patrician, who went with Regulus against the 
Massyli. He was seized by the enemy as he at- 
tempted to plunder one of their towns, and he 
was ordered to be sacrificed to Neptune. Bisal- 
tia, the king's daughter, fell in love with him, 
and gave him an opportunity of escaping and of 
conquering her father. Calphurnius returned 

victorious, and Bisaltia destroyed herself; A 

man who conspired against the emperor Nerva. 

Galerianus, son of Piso, put to death, &c. 

Tacit. Hist. 4, 11. -Piso, condemned fbr using 

seditious woids against Tiberius. Tacit. Hist. 4, 

21. Another, famous for his abstinence. Fal. 

Max. 4, 3. Titus, a Latin poet, born in Sicily 

in the age of Dioclesian ; seven of whose 
eclogues, consisting of 759 verses, and addressed 
to Nemesianus, are extant, and generally found 
with the works of the poets who have written on 
hunting. Though abounding in many beautiful 
lines, they are however greatly inferior to the 
elegance and simplicity of Virgil. The best edi- 
tion is that of Beck, 8vo. Lips. 1803 A man 

surnamed Frugi, who composed annals, B. C. 
130. 

Calpurnia, or Calphurnia, a noble family 
in Rome, descended from Calpus son of Numa. 
It branched out in the ages of the common- 
wealth, and assumed the different surnames of 
Pisones, Bibuli, Flammae, Caesennini, Aspre- 
nates, &c. The Pisos were again subdivided in- 
to the families of the Bestiae, Frugi, and Cesonii. 

Vel.. Pat. 2, bl.—Val. Max. 4, 3 Plut. in Num. 

et CcBs. 

Calfurnia and Calphurnia lex, was en- 
acted A. U. C. 604, severely to punish such as 
were guilty of using bribes, &c. Cic. de Off. 2- 

A daughter of Marius, sacrificed to the gods 

by her father, who was advised to do it, in a 
dream, if he wished to conquer the Cimbri. 
Plut. in Parall. A woman who killed her- 
self when she heard that her husband was mur- 
dered in the civil wars of Marius, Paterc. 2, 26. 

The wife of J. Caesar. (Fid. Calphurnia.) 

A favourite of the emperor Claudius, &c. 

Tacif. Ann. A woman ruined by Agrippina 

on account of her bt auty, &c. Tacit. 



Calvena, a friend of Caesar's. Ctc. Att. • 
ep. 5. 

Calvia a female minister of Nero's lusts. 
Tacit. Hist. 1.3. 

Calvina, a prostitute in Juvenal's age. 3, 
133. 

CALVISIUS, a friend of Augustus. Plut. in 
Anton. An officer whose wife prostituted her- 
self in his camp by night, &c. Tacit. Hist. 1, 48. 

Calumnia and IMPUDENTIA, two deities 
worshipped at Athens. Calumny was ingeni- 
ously represented in a painting by Apelles. 

Calus. Vid. Talus. 

Calusidiu.s, a soldier in the army of Ger- 
manicus. When this general wished to stab him- 
self wi(h his own sword, Calusidius off<^red him 
his own, observing that it was sharper. Tacit. 
Ann.. 1, 35. 

CalusIum. a town of Etruria. 

Calvus Corn. Licinius, a famous orator, 
equally known for writing iambics. As he was 
both factious and satirical, he did not fail to ex- 
cite attention by his animadversions upon Caesar 
and Pompey, and from his eloquence, to dispute 
the palm of eloquence with Cicero. His abilities 
were called into action by the death of his fa- 
vourite Quintilia, whose sudden and untimely 
fate he deplored, in verses admired for their ele- 
gance, sublimity, and pathos. Calvus was of a 
diminutive stature, and of a feeble frame of 
body; yet his exertions in the forum were great 
and astonishing. He died in his youth. Only 
nine verses of his poetry are preserved in the 
collection of Latin poets. Cic. Ep. — Horat. Sat. 

1, 10, 19.— Quint.— Senec —Sueton. A name 

given to M. Crassus. Cic. Att. 1, ep. 16. 

Calybe, a town of Thrace. Strab. 17 

The mother of Bucolion by Laomedon. Apollod. 

3, 12. An old woman, priestess in the temple 

which Juno had at Ardea. Virg. ^n. 7, 419. 

Calycadnus, a river of Cilicia Trachea, 
which flowed into the >ea a little to the east of 
the promontory of Sarpedon. It is now the 
Ghiuk. 

Calyce, a daughter of .(Eolus, sonofHelenus 
and Enaretta daughter of Deimachus. She had 
Endymion, king of Elis, by -^thlius the son of 
Jupiter. Apollod. 1, 7.—Paus. 5, 1. A Gre- 
cian girl, who fell in love with a youth called 
Evathlus. As she was unable to gain the object 
of her love, she threw herself from a precipice. 
This tragical story was made into a song by Ste- 
sichorus, and was still extant in the age of Athen- 

ccus, 14, 6. A daughter of Hecaton, mother of 

Cycnus. Hy gin. fab. 157. 

Calydium, a town on the Appian way. 

Calydna, a single island, according to Steph. 
Byzant., but a group of islands, according to 
Homer, who seems to place them near Rhodes. 
Some have thought that the poet means Calymna 
and the islands around it. D'Anville supposes 
that they are two rocks, which are still found, 
one before and the other to the right of the port 
of Tenedos. Homer. 11. 2, 677.— Strab. 10. 

Calydon, a city of ^Etolia, where GEneus, the 
father of Meleager, reigned. The Kvenus flowF 
through it, and it receives its name from Caly- 
don the son of iEtolus. During the reign jot 
QSneus, Diana sent a wild boar to ravage the 
country, on account of the neglect which had 
been shown to her divinity by the king. All the 
princes of the age assembled to hunt this boar, 
which is greatly celebrated by the poets undtT 
the name of the chase of Calydon, or the Caly, 



CAL 



152 



CAM 



doaian boar. Meleager killed the animal witli 
his own hand, and gave the head to Atalanta, of 
whom he was enamoured. The skin of the boar 
was preserved, and was still seen in the age of 
Pauaanias, in the temple of Minerva Alea. The 
tusks were also preserved by the Arcadians in 
Tegea. and Augustus carried them away to Rome, 
because the people of Tegea had followed the 
party of Antony. These tusks were shown for a 
long time at Rome. One of them was about half 
an ell long ; and the other was broken. The 
names of tiie princes who assembled on this fa- 
mous occasion are mentioned by Ovid, Hyginus, 
Apollonius Rhodius, and ApoUodorus; and ac- 
cording to the last, whose opinion is more uni- 
versally adopted, they were Meleager, Castor, 
and Pollux, Dryas son of Mars, Idas and Lyn- 
ceus sons of Aphareus, Admetus son of Pheres, 
Tneseus, Jason son of ^son, Ancaeus and Ce- 
pheus sons of Lycurgus of Arcadia, Pirithousson 
of Ixion, Iphiclesson of Amphitryon, Peleus and 
Telamon sons of ^acus, Atalanta, Eurytionson 
of Actor, Amphiaraus son of Oicleus, and all the 
sons of Thestius. [ Vid. Meleager and Atalanta.) 
Apollod. 1, Q.—Paus. 8, 4^5.—Strab. 8.— Homer. IL 
9, 577.- Hygin fab. I7i.— Ovid. Met. 8, fab. 4, 

&c. A son of iEtolus and Pronoe daughter of 

Phorbas. He gave his name to a town of 

Caltdonis, a name of Deianira, as living in 
Cilydon. _ Ovid. Met. 9, fab. 4- 

Calt DOKius, a surname ofiBacchus. 

Calymna. an island of the .Egean, noith- 
west of Cos, celebrated for its honey. It was one 
of the islands called Calydna. Ovid Met. 8, 
22-2. 

Calynda, a town of Caria. Ptol. 5, 3. 

Calypso, one of the Oceanides, or one of the 
daughters of Atlas, according to some, was god- 
dess of silence, and reigned in the island of Ogy- 
gia, whose situation and even existence is doubt- 
ed. When Ulysses was shipwrecked on her 
coasts, she received him with great hospitality, 
and offered him immortality if he would remain 
with her as a husband. The hero refused, and 
af;er seven years' delay, he was permitted to de- 
part from the island by order of Mercury, the 
messenger of Jupiter. During his stay, Ulysses 
had two sons by Calypso, Nausithous and Nau- 
sinous. Calypso was inconsolable at the depar- 
ture of Ulysses; and the grief that she felt, and 
her mournful situation, are beautifully and pa- 
thetically described by Propertius and by Homer. 
Homer. Odyss. 1. 52. 7, 235, Scc. — Hesiod. Theog. 
360 et m^.—Ovid. de Pont. 4, ep. IS. Amor. 2, 
el. 17. De A. A. 2.~Propert. 1, el. 15. 

Calypscs Insula, or Ogygia, has been 
placed by geographers in the Ionian sea, off the 
Lacinian promontory. 

CAMALODtrxuM, the first Roman colony es- 
tablished in Britain, supposed to be the modern 
M ildon. 

Camantium, a town of Asia Minor. 

Camaracum, a town of Belgic Gaul, thought 
by some to be the capital of the Nervii. It is 
now Cambray. 

Camarina, a town of Italy. A lake of Si- 
cily, with a town of the same name, built B.C. 
552. It was destroyed by the Syracusan.^, and 
rebuilt by a certain Hipponous. In a time of 
drought, the stench of the lake produced a pes- 
tilence; upon which the inhabitants consulted an 
oracle, whether they should not drain it. The 
oracle dissuaded them : they n:)tvviihstandii5g ■ 



drained it, and opened a way for their enemies 
to come and plunder their city: hence the pro- 
verb ne moveis Camarinam, that is, not to 
remove one evil to bring on a greater. Virg. 
Mn. 3, 7^1.- Strab. Q.— Herod. 7, 154.— /^oZ. 14, 

lys. 

Cambaule^. a general of some Gauls who 
invaded Greece. Pans 10, 19. 

Camberitum. atown of the Iceni in Britain, 
almost on the spot where Cambridge now stands. 

Cambes, a prince of Lydia, of such voracious 
appetite that he ate his own wife, and afterwards 
destroved himself through grief, in the presence 
of his' subjects, ^lian. V. H. 1, 27. 

Cambre, a place near Puteoli. Juv. 7, 154. 

Cambunii, mountains of Macedonia, separ- 
ating Elymiotis from Pelagonia. Liv. 42, 53. 

Cambyses, a king of Persia, was son of Cyrus 
thd Great. He conquered Egypt, and was so 
oflfended at the superstition of the Egyptians, 
that he killed their god Apis, and plundered 
their temples. When he wished to take Pelu- 
sium, he placed at the head of his army a num- 
ber of cats and dogs: and the Egyptians refusing, 
in the attempt to defend themselves, to kill ani- 
mals which they reverenced as divinities, became 
an easy prey to the enemy. Cambyses after- 
wards sent an army of 50,000 men from Thebes 
in upper Egypt to destroy the temple of Jupiter 
Ammon; but in their passage through the desert 
they were overwhelmed with a shower of sand 
and totally destroyed. He himself proceeded 
with the remainder of his army towards Ethiopia, 
but was compelled to return before he had gone 
a fifth part of the way, having already suffered 
so .much from the want of provisions, that every 
tenth man was slain to furnish food for the rest. 
He killed his brother Smerdis from mere sus- 
picion, and flayed alive a partial judge, whose 
skin he nailed on the judgment seat, and ap- 
pointed his son to succeed him, telling him to 
remember where he sat. He died of a small 
wound he had given himself with his sword as 
he mounted on horseback; and the Egyptians 
observed that it was the same place on which he 
had wounded their god Apis, and that therefore 
he was viiited by the hand of the gods. His 
death happened 521 years before Christ. He 
left no issue to succeed him, and his throne was 
usurped by the Magi, and ascended by Darius 
soon after. H« oc?. 2, 3, &c.— /ws/in. 1, 9.— Fai. f 

Mix. 6, 3. A person of obscure origin, to ' 

whom king Astyages gave his daughter Mandane 
in marriage, the king, who had been terrified 
by dreams which threatened the loss of his crown 
by the hand of his daughter's son, had taken 
this step in hopes that the children of so ignoble 1 
a bed would ever remain in obscurity. He was f 
disappointed. Cyrus, Mandane's son, dethroned \ 
him when grown to manhood. Herod. 1, 46, 107, i" 

&e. — Jiisliti. 1, 4. A river of Asia, whichllows f 

from mount Caucasus into the Cynvs, Mela, 3, b. t 

Camelani, a people of Italy. f 

CamelIt^, a people of Mesopotamia. y 

Camera, afield of Calabria. Ovid. Fast. 3, f 
582. I 

Camf.rInUM and Camertium. a town of ^ 
Umbria, very faithfiil to Rome. The inhabi- ] 
tants were called Camertes. Liv. 9, 36. '* 

Camerinus, a Latin poet, who wrote a poem {. 
on the taking of Troy bv Hercules. Ovid, ex 1 

Pont. 4, 16, 19. Some'of the family of the L 

Cimerini were di.-«tingui<hed for their zeal as i. 
citizens, as well as for their abilities as scholars, [. 



CAM 



153 



CAM 



among whom was Sulpicim, commissioned by 
ilie Koman senate to go to Athens, to collect 
the best of Solon's laws. Juv. 7, 90. 

Camerium, an ancient town of Italy near 
Rome, taken by Romulus. Piut. in Rom. 

Camertes, a friend of Turnus killed by 
yEnea-:. Virg. ^n. 10, 562. Vid. Camerinum. 

CamIcus a town of Sicily, on the banks of a 
river of the same name, north-v.'est of Agrigen- 
tum. Strab, Q.— Herod. 7, 169 et 170. 

Camilla, queen of the Volsci, was daughter 
of Metabus and Casmilla. She was educated in 
the woods, inured to the labours of hunting, 
and fed upon the milk of mares. Her father de- 
voted her, when young, to the service of Diana. 
When she w as declared queen, she marched at 
the head of an army, and accompanied by three 
youthful females of equal courage and dexterity 
with herself, to assist Turnus against ^neas, 
where she signalized herself by the numbers that 
perished by her hand. She was so swift that 
she could run, or rather fly, over a field of corn, 
without bending the blades, and make her way 
over the sea without wetting her feet. She was 
wounded by Aruns in the breast, as she was 
tearing the arms of Chloreus, the aged priest of 
Cybele, and she expired soon after. Virg. ^n. 
7, 803. 11, 435. 

Camilli and CamilIj^, boys and girls of in- 
genuous birth, who ministered in the sacrifices 
of the gods; and especially those who attended 
the Jlamen dialis, or priest of Jupiter. The word 
seems borrowed from the ancient Etrurian lan- 
guage, where it was written casmillus, and signi- 
fied minister. 

Camillus, L. Furius, a celebrated Roman, 
called a second Romulus, from his services to 
his Country. He was banished by the people for 
distributing, contrary to his vow, the spoils he 
had obtained at Veii, a city which, after ten 
years' siege, yielded to his valour and persever- 
ance. During his exile, v^hich he passed at Ar- 
dea, Rome was besieged by the Gauls under 
Brennus.;in the midst of their misfortunes, the 
besieged Romans remembered with regret the 
abilities of the ill-treated Camillus, and elected 
him dictator. Ever attached to his native land, 
Camillus forgot their past ingratitude in their 
present danger, and he rapidly marched to the 
relief of his country, which he delivered, after 
it had been for some time in the possession of the 
enemy. He died in the 80th year of his age, B.C. 
365, after he had been five times dictator, once 
censor, three times interrex, twice a military tri- 
oune, and obtained four triumphs. He conquer- 
ed the Hernici, Volsci, Latini, and Etrurians, 
and dissuaded his countrymen from their inten- ' 
tions of leaving Rome to reside at Veii. When 
he besieged Falisci, he rejected, with proper in- 
dignation, the offers of a schoolmaster, who had 
betrayed into his hands the sons of the most 
worthy citizens. Plut. in vila. — Liv. b.—Flor. 1, 

13.— DjW. U. — Virg. JEn. 6, 825. A name of 

Mercury. An intimate friend of Cicero. 

CAMiRO and Clytia, two daughters of Pan- 
danis of Crete. When their parents were dead, 
they were left to the care of Venus, who educat- 
ed them, and loaded them with deserved favours. 
Juno also bestowed on them wisdom and beauty, 
Diana granted grace and elegance of stature, and 
Minerva taught the domestic arts and employ- 
ments which become a female education. When 
t'ley were grown up, the goddess, who had pre- 
sided over their infancy, entreated Jupiter to ' 



grant them kind husbands; but he, to punish 
upon them the crime of their father, who was 
accessory to the impiety of Tantalus, ordered 
the harpies to carry them away and deliver them 
to the furies. Pans. 10, 'iO.— Homer. Od. 20, 66. 

Camirus and Cam Ira, a town of Rhodes, on 
the western coast, which received its name from 
Camirus, a son of Hercules and lole. The inha- 
bitants were led to the Trojan war by Tiepole- 

mus. Mela, 2, 7 Strah. li.—Ptol. 5, 2.— Homer. 

11. 2, 163. 

Camissares, a governor of part of Cilicia, 
father to Datames. C. Nep. in Dat, 

Camma, a woman of Galatia, who avenged the 
death of her husband Sinetus upon his murderer 
Sinorix, by making him drink in a cup, of which 
the liquor was poisoned, on pretence of marrying 
him, according to the custom of their country, 
which required that the bridegroom and his bride 
should drink out of the same vessel. She escaped 
by refusing to drink on pretence of illness. Po- 
lycen. b. 

Camcen^, a name given to the muses from 
the sweetness and melody of their songs a cantu 
amceno, or, according to Varro, from carmen. 
Varro de L. L. 5, 7. 

Campana lex, or Julian agrarian law, was 
enacted by J. Cajsar, A. U.C. 691, to divide some 
lands among the people. 

CampanIa, a country of Italy, south-east of 
Latium, celebrated for its genial climate and 
fertile soil. Its chief city was Capua. It con- 
tained the greater part of what is now named 
Terra di Lavoro. Strab. b.—Cic. de Leg. Ag. 35. 
—Justin. 20, 1. 22, \.—Plin. 3, b.—Mela, 2, 4. 
—Flor. 1, \Q.—Liv. 2, 52. 

Campaspe, or Pancaste, a beautiful con- 
cubine of Alexander, whom the king gave to 
Apelles, who had fallen in love with her, as he 
drew her picture in her naked charms. It is 
said it was from her great beauty that the painter 
copied the thousand charms with which he re- 
presented Venus rising from the sea. Plin. 35, 10. 

Campe, kept the 100 handed monsters con- 
fined in Tartarus. Jupiter killed her, because 
she refused to give them their liberty to come to 
his assistance against the Titans. Hesiod. Theog. 
bm.—Apollod. 1, 2. 

CAMPi Diomedis, a plain situate in Apulia. 
Mart. 13, ep. 93, 

Campsa, a town near Pallene. Herod. 7, 
123. 

Campus Martius, a large plain at Rome, 
without the walls of the city, where the Roman 
youths performed their exercises, and learned to 
wrestle and box, to throw the discus, hurl the 
javelin, ride a horse, drive a chariot, &c. The 
public assemblies were often held there, and the 
officers of state chosen, and audience given to 
foreign ambassadors. It was adorned with sta- 
tues, columns, arches, and porticoes; and its 
pleasant situation made it very frequented. It 
was called Martius, because dedicated to Mars ; 
andthere also were celebrated festivals, called 
Equiria, in honour of the god, annually on the 
27th of February and the 14th of March, when 
exhibitions of horse races and chariots w ere pre- 
sented before the people. It was sometimes cal- 
led Tiberinus, from its closeness to the Tiber. It 
was given to the Roman people by a vestal vir- 
gin; but they were deprived of it by Tarquin the 
Proud, who made it a private field, and sowed 
corn in it. When Tarquin was driven from 
Rome, the people recovered it, and threw away 



CAM 



154 



CAN 



in^o the Tiber the corn which had grown there, 
Jeeming it unlawful for any man to eat of the 
produce of that land. The sheaves which were 
thrown into the river stopped in a shallow ford, 
and by the accumulated collection of muJ be- 
came firm ground, and formed an island, which 
was called the Holy Island, or the island of Ms- 
culapius. Dead bodies were generally burnt in 
the Campus Martius. Strab. b.—Liv. 2, 5. 6, 20. 

— Ovid. Fast. 2. 857. 

CamdLtOGINUS, aGaul, raised to great honours 
bv Ccesar, for his military abilities. Cccs. Bell. 
G. 7, 57. ^ 

Camulus, a surname of Mars among rae Sa- 
bines and Etrurians, who represented him with 
a buckler in one hand and a spear in the other. 

Cana, a promontory of JEolia, with a small 
town of the same name adjoining to it. It was 
Oi)po3ite the Aiginusce Insulce. It is now Cape 
Coloni. Mela, 1,18. A town of Galilee, situ- 
ate between Sepphoris and Nazareth. Here 
Jesus Christ performed his first miracle. John 
21, 2. 

CANACE, a daughter of ^olus and Enaretta, 
who became enamoured of her brother Macareus, 
by whom she had a child, whom she exposed. 
The cries of the child discovered the mother's 
incest; aad Eolus sent his daughter a sword, and 
obliged her to kill herself. Macareus fled, and 
became a priest of Apollo at Delphi. Some say 
that Canace was ravished by Neptune, by whom 
she had many children; among whom were Epo- 
peus, Triops, and Alous. Apollod. 1. — Hvgin. 
Jab. 2-68 et2i2.— Ovid Heroid. 11. Trist. 2,334. 

Canache, one of Actaeon's dogs. The word 
expresses the noise of barking. Ovid. Met. 3, 217- 

— Hygin.fab. ISI. 

Canachus, a statuary of Sicyon, the pupil of 
Polycletus of Argos. Among the works of his 
chisel, an Apollo for Thebes in Bojotia, and an- 
other for Miletus in Ionia, are mentioned with 
commendation. Plin. 34, 8. — Pans 6, 9. 

CANiE a city of Locris of ^olia. 

Canaria, the most important of the group of 
islands called by the ancients FoHunatce Insulce, 
and now the Canary Isles. Some derive the 
name Canaria from Cam's, a dog, on account of 
the number of large dogs which were found in 
the island; while others deduce it from the Ca- 
naanites or Phcsnicians, who are said to have 
often sailed from the continent to Carne, suppos- 
ed to be a contraction of Canaria. (Ttd. Fortu- 
natce Insulse ) Plin. 5, I. 6, 32. 

Can Athus, a fountain of Nauplia, where Juno 
vearlv washed herself to recover her infant pur- 
ity. Pans. 2, 3S. 

CandAce, a queen of Ethiopia, in the age of 
Augustus, so prudent and meritorious that her 
successors alwavs bore her name. She was 
blind of one eye." Plin. 6. 29.— Strab. 17. 

Candavia, a district of Macedonia, mention- 
ed by Caesar and also by Seneca. It was bounded 
on the east by the Candavian mountains, sup- 
posed to be the Cambavii Mantes of Livy, and 
the Canaluvii Monies of Ptolemy. 

Candaules, or Myrsilus, son of Mjtsus, 
was the last of the Heraclida; who sat on the 
throne of Lydia. His great imprudence proved 
his ruin; not satisfied liimself to enjoy the com- 
pany of his wife, he boasted of her incomparable 
beauties to his favourite minister Gyges, and 
even introduced him secretly into his chamber, 
that he might view her naked charms. The 
queen discove ed tlie weakness of her husband, 



and she vras so incensed that she commanded . 
Gyges either to prepare for death, or to destroy 

his master, and succeed to his bed and throne, [ 

Candaules was accordingly murdered, 718 years ^ 

before the Christian era, and alter this murder, |j 

Gyges married the queen and ascended the jf 

throne. Justin. 1, 7.^ Herod. 1, 7, Sic.—Plut, ^ 

Symp. L 

Candei, a people of Arabia, ^^ho fed on ser- | 

pents. |) 

CandiSpe, a daughter of (Enopion, ravished h 

by her brother. | 

Canens, a nymph called also Venilia, daugh- \i 

ter of Janus, and wife to Picus king of the Lau- p 

rentes. When Circe had changed her husband b 

into a bird, she lamented him so much, that she p 

pined away, and was changed into a voice. She k 

was reckoned as a deity by the inhabitants t 

Ovid. Met. 14. fab. 9. fa 

Canephoria, festivals at Athens in honour a 

of Bacchus, or, according to others, of Diana, y 

in which all marriageable women offered small i 

baskets to the deity, and received the name of jj 

CanephorcB, whence statues representing women k 

in that attitude were called by the same appella- jl 

tion. Cic. in Verr. 4. j 

CANETHUM, a place of Euboea.— — A moun- I 
tain iu Bceotia. 

CaniculARES Dies, a certain number of ^ 

days in the summer, preceding and ensuing the } 

heliacal rising of Canicula, or the dogstar. The b 

Egyptians supposed that this star rising with the f 

sun and joining its influence to the fire of that p 

luminary, was the occasion of the extraordinary it 

heat which usually prevailed in that season; and 'i 

accordingly they gave the name of dog-days to ' 

about thirty or forty 'ays of the hottest part of ji 
summer. The Greeks held the same opinion. 

The Romans sacrificed a brown dog annually to fe 

Canicula, at its rising, to appease its rage. Ma- f 

nilius. J 

CanTdia, a certain woman of Neapolis, \- 

acainst whom Horace inveighed as a sorceress. ^ 

Horat. Epod. j 

Canidius, a tribune, who proposed a law to « 

empower Pompey to go only with two lictors, to I 

reconcile Ptolemy and the Alexandrians. Plut, \ 

iri Pomp. !<■ 

Caninefates, a people of Germania Prima, \\ 

of common origin with the Batavi, and inhabit- b 

ing the western part of the Insula Batavcrum. ii 

Tacit Hist. 4, 15. (» 

C. CaninJus Kebilus, a consul with J. Cao- fc 

sar, after the death of Trebonius. He was con- || 

sul only for seven hours, because his predecessor fi 

died the last day of the year, and he was chosen }t 

only for the remaining part of the day; whence i 
Cicero observed, that Rome was greatly indebted 

to him for his vigilance, as he had not .slept dur- \: 
ing the whole time of his consulship. Cic ad 

Fam. Ep 7. '83. — Plut. in C(ps.— Plin. 7, 53. ri 

Lucius, a lieutenant of C.-.;sar's army in Gaul. ) 

C(Ps. Bell. G. 7, S3. Rufus, a friend of Pliny 

the younger. Plin. 1. ep. 3. Gallus, an inti- Is 

mate friend of Cicero. |il 

Cantstius, a Lacedajmonian courier, who 
ran 1200 stadia in one day. Plin. 7, 20. 

CanIus, a poet of Gades, contemporary with 
Martial. He was so naturally merry that he 

always laughed. Mart. 1, cp. 62. A Roman ' 

knight who went to Sicily for his amusement, 

where he bought of Pytheas gardens well stock- | 
ed with t^sh, which disappeared on the morrow. 

Cic.de Ojp.c.d, \i. p 



CAN 



155 



CAP 



Cannae, a small village of Apulia near i.he 
Aufidus, where Hannibal conquered the Roman 
consuls, P. J^mylius and Terentius Varro, and 
slaughtered 40,000 Romans, on the 21st of May, 
B.C. 216. The spot where this famous battle 
was fought is still known by the name of II Cam- 
po di Sangue^ the field of blood. Liv. 23, 44, &c. 
—Flor. 2. 6. 3, 3 — Plut. in Annib. -Piin. 15, 18. 

Canopicum ostium, one of the mouths of 
the Nile, twelve miles from Alexandria. Paus. 
5,21. 

Canopus, a city of Egypt, twelve miles from 
Alexandria, celebrated for the temple of Serapis. 
It was founded by the Spartans, and therefore 
called Amyclaea, and it received its name front 
Canopus, the pilot of the vessel of Menelaus, 
who was buried in this place. The inhabitants 
were so dissolute in their manners, that Juvenal, 
used the word Canopus as most strongly expres- 
sive of effeminacy and debauchery, Virgil be- 
stows upon it the epithet of Peilceus, because 
Alexander, who was born at Pella, built Alexan- 
dria in the neighbourhood. The site of Canopus 
is occupied by the modern Aboukir, near which 
lord Nelson obtained his glorious victory over 
the French fleet, Aug. 1, 1799. Ital. 11, 433.— 
Mela, 1, 9. 2, 7.—Slrab. \7.—Juv. 6. 84. 15,46. 
~-Quintil. 1, 5.— Tacit. Ann. 2, 60.— Stat. Sylv. 

3, 2, 3.— Seneca, ep. b\.—Plin. 5, 31 — Virg. G. 

4, 287. The pilot of the ship of Menelaus, who 

died in his youth on the coast of Egypt, by the 
bite of a serpent, and was honoured there with a 
monument by his master, on the spot where af- 
terwards the town of the same name was built. 
Mela, 2, 7. 

CantAbra, a river falling into the Indus. 
Plin. 6, 20. 

CantAbri, a ferocious and warlike people of 
Spain, who held out against the Roman power 
for many years. They inhabited Biscay and part 
of Asturias, Ptol. 2, 6.—Horat. 2, od. 6 et 11. 
— Strab. 2 et 3.—Cces. B. G. 3. Civ. I.— Mela, 
3, 1 et 2.— Plin. 25, 8 — Ital. 3, 326. 

CantAbrije lacus, a lake in Spain, where 
a thunderbolt fell, and in which twelve axes 
were found. " Suet, in Galb. 8. 

Cantharus, a famous sculpfor of Sicyon, son 
of Alexis, and pupil to Eutycides. Some of his 
statues were preserved at Olympia, but Pliny 
speaks of them with great indifference. Plin, 

34, 8.— Paus. 6, 17. A comic poet of Athens, 

whose compositions are lost, though the names 
of some of his plays are preserved ; the Ants, 
Medea, Tereus, the Nightingale, the Symma- 

chia, &c. Suidas. Another Athenian, whose 

artifice and great dishonesty gave rise to the pro- 
verb, Cantharo aslutior. Erasm. Adag. 

Canthus, a son of Abas, one of the Argo- 
nauts. 

Cantium, a country in the south-eastern ex- 
tremity of Britain, now called Kent. Ccbs. Bell. 
G. 5, 13 et 14. 

Canuleia, one of the four first vestals cho- 
sen by Numa. Plut. A law. Vid. Canu- 

leius. 

C. Canuleius, a tribune of the people of 
Rome, A. U,C. 310, who made a law to rendtr it 
constitutional for the patricians and plebeians to 
intermarry. It ordained also, that one of the 
consuls should be yearly chosen from the pie- 
be i.m*. Liv. 4, 3, &c. — Flor. 1,17. 

Canulia, a Roman virgin, who became preg- 
nant by her brother, and killed herself by order 
of her father. Plut. in Pa? all. 



CanCsIum, now Canosa, a town of Apulia, 
whither the remains of the Roman army Add 
after their defeat at Cannae. It was built by 
Diomedes, and its inhabitants have been called 
Bilingues, because they retained the language of 
the r founder, and likewise adopted that of their 
neighbours. Horace complained of the gritti- 
ness of their bread. The wools of the place, as 
well as the dark red coloured cloths manufac- 
tured with them, were in high estimation, so that 
Camisina vestis became expressive of excellence. 

Strab. 6 — Liv. 9, 20. -21, 50 Cces. Civ. B. 1.— 

Ptol. 3, l.—Sueton. Ner. ^0.— Martial. 9, ep. 23. 
14, ep. m.—Horat. 1, Sat. 5, 92. Sat. 10, 30.— 
Mela, 2, 4 Plin 8, 11. 

CanCsius, a G eek historian under Ptolemy 
Auletes. Plut. 

Canutius Tiberinus, a tribune of the peo- 
ple, who, like Cicero, furiously attacked Antony, 
when declared an enemy to the state. His satire 

cost him his life. Patercul. 2, 64. A Roman 

actor. Plut. in Brut. An eloquent orator 

Cic. Brut. 66. 

Capaneus a noble Argive, son of Hipponous 
and Astinome, and husband to Evadne, daughter 
of Iphicles. Euripides agrees with the other 
poets in praising his military valour, but instead 
of painting him with .^schylus and Statius as aa 
odious tyrant, and an arrogant and impious blas- 
phemer, he represents him as mild in his man- 
ners, faithful in his friendship, true to his en- 
gagements, and the enemy only of pride anJ 
perfidy. The bad character, however, has been 
considered as real by all antiquity, and Capa- 
neus is described as painting on his shield the 
naked figure of a man, with the words, I will 
burn Thebes, in golden letters, and declaring, 
still more impiously, that he would take and 
destroy the besieged town even in spite of Jupi- 
ter. Such daring guilt offended the god, who 
entreated Jupiter to punish his arrogance, and 
the offender was immediately struck dead with a 
thunderbolt. His body was burnt separately 
from the others, when Theseus compelled the 
Thebans to grant funeral honours to the slaught- 
ered Argivcs, and his wife threw herself on the 
burning pile to mingle her ashes with his. It is 
said that ^sculapius restored him to life. Ovid. 
Met. 9, 404. Trist. 4, el. 3. 5, el. 6.— Homer. IL 
b.—Apollod. 3.—Propert. 1, el. 15.— Paus. 10, 10. 
—Stat. Theb. 3, &c. Hygin.fab. 68 etlO.—Eurip. 
Phcen. et Suppl. — Msch. Sept. ante Theb. 

Capella, an elegiac poet in the age of J. 

Caesar. Ovid, de Pont. 4, el. 16, 36. Martianus 

Minius Felix, a Carthaginian, A.D. 490, who 
wrote a poem on the marriage of Mercury and 
Philology, and in praise of the liberal arts. 
Grotius, when only fourteen, published an edi- 
tion of this poem, with great judgment and 
accuracy. The best edition is that of Goez, 

8vo. Norimb. 17ii4. A gladiator. Juv. 4, 

155. 

Capena, a gate of Rome, so called because 
the road through it led to a small town of the 
same name on the western bnnks of the Tiber, 
east of Veil. The Porta Capena was also called 
Appia, as the Appian road began there, and Ma- 
dida, because it passed under one of the aque- 
ducts which supplied Rome with water. Virg. 
Mn. 7,697— Martial, ep. i7.- Juv. 3, 11.— 
Ovid. Fast. 5, 192. 

CAPKNAS, a graall river of Italy. Stat. Theb. 

13. ;-5. 

CafSNI, a people of Etruria, in whose teni- 



CAP 



CAP 



torv Feroviia had a grove and a teniple. Virg. 
^En. 7, 697— Lu'. 5, 8. 22, 1. 27, 4. 

Cafer, a river of Asia Minor. 

Capernaum, a city of Galilee, situate on the 
banks of the sea of Tiberias, in the borders of 
Zebulun and Naphthali. Near it were a moun- 
tain and spring of the same name. It was 
chosen by our Saviour as his dwelling-place, and 
in its vicinity he delivered the sermon on the 
mount. Nothing of it now remains. 

Capetus, a king of Alba, who reigned twenty- 
six years. Dionys. A suitor of Hippodamia. 

Paus. 6, 21. 

Caphareum, a lofty mountain and promon- 
tory in the south-eastern part of Euboea, where 
Naupiius king of the country, to revenge the 
death of his son Palamedes, slain by Ulysses, set 
a burning torch in the darkness of night, which 
caused the Greeks to be shipwrecked on the 
coast. In the infancy of navigation, the doub- 
ling of this promontory was reckoned very dan- 
gerous, on account of the rocks and whirlpools 
on the coast. It is now called Capo d'Oro. 
Virg. JEn. 11, 260.— Ovid. Met. 14, 481.— P/o- 
pert. 4, el. 1, 115. 

Capho, a soldier mentioned by Cic. Ph. 10, 

10. 11, 5. A centurion in Anton5'"s army. Id. 

8, 3. 

CAPHYiE, a town of Arcadia. Pans. 8, 23. 

Capio, a Roman, famous for his friendship 
with Cato. Pint, de Pair. Am. 

Capito, the uncle of Paterculus, who joined 

Agrippa against Cassius. PatercuU 2, 69. 

Fonteius, a man of great abilities and elegant 
manners, sent by Antony to settle his disputes 

with Augustus. Horat. Sat. 1, 5, 32. A man 

accused of extortion in Cilicia, and severely pu- 
nished by the senate. Juv. 8, 93. An epic 

poet of Alexandria, who wrote on love. An 

historian of Lycia, who wrote an account of 

Isauriain eight books. A poet, who wrote on 

illustrious men. The family of the Ateii was 

called by this name. 

CafItolIni ludi. games yearly celebrated 
at Rome in honour of Jupiter, who preserved the 
capitol from the Gauls. 

Capitolinus, a surname of Jupiter, from his 
temple on mount Capitolinus, which was consi- 
dered by the Romans as the centre of the des- 
tinies of their empire. A surname of M, Man- 

lius, who, for his ambition, was thrown down 
from the Tarpeian rock which he had so nobly 

defended. A mountain at Rome, called also 

Mons Tarpeius, and Mons Saturni. The Capitol 

was built upon it. A man of lascivious morals, 

consul with Marcellus. Plut. in Marcell. 

Julius, an author in Dioclesian's reign, who 
wrote an account of the life of Verus, Antoninus 
Pius, the Gordians, &c., most of which are lostv 

Capitolium, a celebrated temple and citadel 
at Rome on the Tarpeian rock, the plan of which 
was made by Tarquinius Priscus. It was begun 
by Servius Tullius, finished by Tarquinius Su- 
perbus, and consecrated by the consul M. Hora- 
tius Pulvillus, after the expulsion of the kiny:s 
from Rome. It occupied a space of about eight 
plethra, or eight hundred feet, in circumference. 
Its length and breadth were nearly equal, being 
about 200 feet. It consisted of throe cells, which 
were sacred to Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva. The 
ascent to it from the ground was by a hundred 
steps. The magnificence and richness of this 
building are almost incredible. All the consuls 
successively made donations to the capitol, and 



Augustui bestowed upon it at one time 2,000 
pounds weight of gold, 1 he gilding of the roof, 
which was undertaken after the destruction <jf 
Carthage, cost 21,000 talents. The thresholds 
were oi brass, covered with plates of gold. The 
pillars seem only to have been of stuccoed brick, 
but they were crowded with military trophies, j 
among the most conspicuous of which may be 
numbered the silver shield of Asdrubal, weigh- 
ing 138 pounds, and a statue of the same general 
suspended over the doors. This edifice was con- 
sumed by fire in the time of Sylla, who after- 
wards rebuilt it, but died before the dedication, 
which was performed by Q. Catullus. It was 
again destroyed in the troubles under Vitellius; 
and A espasian, who endeavoured to repair it, 
saw it again in ruins at his death. Domitian 
raised it again, for the last time, and made it 
more grand and magnificent than any of his pre- 
decessors, and spent 12.000 talents in gilding it. 
When they first dug for the foundations, they 
found a man's head called Tolius, sound and 
entire in the ground, and from thence drew an 
omen of the future greatness of the Roman em- 
pire. The hill was from that circumstance called 
Capitolium, a capite Toli. The consuls and ma- 
gistrates oflfered sacrifices there, when they first 
entered upon their offices, and the procession in 
triumphs was alwavs conducted to the capitol. 

Virg. JEn. 6, 136. 8. 347.— Tacit. Hist. 3, 72 

P/ut. in Poplic.-Llr. 1, 10, &c.— Km. 33, &c.— 
Sueton. in Aug. 30. 

Cappadocia, a country of A.sia Minor, bound- 
ed on the west by Phrygia, on tlie north by Ga- 
latia and Pontus, on the east by Armenia, and 
on the south by Cilicia. Its eastern part being 
inhabited by Armenians, was called Armenia 
Minor. It receives its name from the river Cap- 
padox, which separates it from Galatia, or, ac- 
cording to Herodian, from Cappadocus, the 
founder of this kingdom. The inhabitants, from 
their pale complexions, were called Leuco-Syri- 
ans by the Greeks. They were of a dull and 
submissive disposition, and addicted to every 
vice, accoiding to the ancients, who wrote this 
virulent epigram against them: 

V^ipera Cappadocem nocitura momordit; at ilia 
Gustato feriit sanguine Cappadocis. 
Their powers in eloquence were also so contempt- 
ible that another epigram in Greek was pointed 
against them, and declared that a flying tortoise 
or a w hite crow were more common than an ora- 
tor of Cappadocia. Their ideas of native inde- 
pendence were equally gross; when oflered their 
freedom by the Romans, they refused it, and 
begged of them a king, and they received Ario- 
barzanes. It was some time after governed by a 
Roman proconsul. Though the ancients have 
ridiculed this country for the unfruitfulness of ; 
its soil, and the manners of its inhabitants, yet it I 
can boast of the birth of the geographer Strabo, I 
among other illustrious characters. The horses {; 
of this country were in general esteem, and with d 
these they paid their tributes to the king of Per- U 
sia, while under his power, for want of money. ^ 
Most of the slaves employed by the Romans 
were ot Cappadocian origin; and as the country 
was occasionally called Syria, the word Syrus 
is frequently applied to slaves. The king's of 
Cappadocia mostly bore the name of Ariarathes. 
Horat. 1, ep. 6, 39 et 72.-P/m. 6, 8. 8, 44.- 
Ctirt. Seti.—Strab. U et \6.— Herod. 1,73. 5, 
49. 7,72.-Nepos, ]4, l.-7i«7m. 2. 4. S. 3. 37 
•3.-Paterc. 2, 3d.— Mela, 1,2. 3, 8. 



CAR 



157 



CAB 



CappAdox, a river of Cappadoeia, bounding 
it oa the side of Galatia, and falling into the 
Halys. Now, the Konak. Plin. 6, 3. 

CaprarIa, a mountainous island in the Me- 
diterranean, on the coast of Spain, about twelve 
miles south of Balearis Major, or Majorca, fam- 
ous for its goats. It is now called Cabrera. Plin. 

3, 6. Also one of the Insulse Fortunatas, or 

Canary Isles, now Gomera. Plin. 6, 32. 

CApre^, now Capri, an island on the coast of 
Campania, abounding in quails, and famous for 
the residence and debaucheries of the emperor 
Tiberius, during the last seven years of his life. 
The island, in which now several medals are 
dug up expressive of the licentious morals of the 
emperor, is about forty miles in circumference, 
surrounded by steep rocks, and accessible only 
in one place. The watch-tower, or pharos, 
erected there, was destroyed by an earthquake a 
few days before the death of Tiberius. Ovid. 
Met. 15; 7Q9.~Suet. in Tib.— Stat. Sylv. 3, 5. 

Capre^ Palus, a place near Rome, where 
Romulus disappeared. Plut. in Rom, — Ov%d, 
Fast. 2, 491. 

Capricornus, a sign of the zodiac, in which 
appear 28 stars in the form of a goat, supposed 
by the ancients to be the goat Amalthaea, which 
fed Jupiter with her milk. Some maintain that 
it is Pan, who changed himself into a goat when 
frightened at the approach of Typhon. The 
ancients accounted Capricorn the tenth sign^and 
it made the winter solstice with regard to our 
hemisphere : but the stars having advanced a 
whole sign towards the east, Capricorn is now 
rather the eleventh sign; audit is at the sun's 
entry into Sagittarius, that the solstice happens, 
though the ancient manner of speaking is still 
retained. Manil. 2 et4. — Horat. 2, od. 17, 19.— 
Hygin. fab. 196. P. A. 2, 28. 

Caprificialis, a day sacred to Vulcan, on 
which the Athenians offered him money. Plin. 
JJ, 15. 

Caprima, a town of Caria. 

CaprIpedes, a surname of Pan, the Fauni 
and the Satyrs, from their having goats' feet. 

Caprius, a great informer in Horace's age. 
Horat. 1, Sat. 4, 66. 

Caprotina, a festival celebrated at Rome in 
July in honour of Juno, at which women only 
officiated. {Fid. Philotis.) Varro. de L. L. 5. 

Caprus, a harbour near mount Athos. 

Capsa, a town of "Libya, in the district Byza- 
cium, north of the Palus Tritonis, surrounded by 
vast deserts. Here Jugurtha deposited his trea- 
sures. It was taken and burnt by Marius, but, 
being afterwards rebuilt, it rose to the rank of a 
colony under the Roman power. It is now 
Gaffsa. Plor. 3, l.—Shll. Bell. Jug. 89. 

CapsAge, a town of Syria. Curt 10. 

Capua, the chief city of Campania in Italy, 
supposed to have been founded by Capys, the 
father, or rather the companion of Anchises. 
This city was very ancient, and at one time so 
opulent that it even rivalled Rome, and was 
called altera Roma. The soldiers of Annibal, 
after the battle of Cannae, were enervated by the 
pleasures and luxuries which powerfully prevail- 
1 ed in this voluptuous city and under a soft cli- 
mate, and thence Capua was truly said to have 
been a Cannas to Annibal. The revolt of Capua 
to the Carthaginians proved its ruin. When 
taken by the consuls Fulvius and Claudius, it 
v^as punished for its perfidy; and, after a gradual 
dt^cay, it exhibits now a rnouniful monument of 



devastation. There is now a village near its site, 
called Santa Maria. Virg. Mn. 10, 145.— I-it). 4, 
37. 7, 29. 8, 1. 22 et 23, 1. 24, 8.— C. Nepos in 
Ann. fc.—Patei-c. 1,7. 2, U.~Flor. 1, 16. — Cjc. 
in Philip. 12, 3.— Plut, in Ann. 

CAPys, a Trojan who came with uEneas into 
Italy, and founded Capua. He was one of those 
who, against the advice of Thymcetes, wished to 
destroy the wooden horse, which proved the de- 
struction of Troy. Firg. Mn. 10, 145. A son 

of Assaracus by a daughter of the Simois. He 
was father of Anchises by Themis. Ovid. Fast. 
4, 23.—Ho7ner. II. 20, 239. 

Capys Sylvius, a king of Alba, who reigned 
twenty-eight years. Dionys. Hal. 1,15. — Firg. 
Mn, 6, 768. 

Car, a son of Phoroneus, king of Megara, in 
whose reign first his subjects erected temples to 
Ceres. His tomb was seen in the age of the An- 
tonines, on the road which leads from Megara to 

Corinth. Paus. 1, 39 et 40. A son of Manes, 

who married Callirhoe, daughter of the Maean- 
der. Caria received its name from him. Herod. 
1, 171. 

CarACALLA. Fid, Antoninus. 

Caracates, a people of Germania Prima, in 
Belgic Gaul. Their capital was Moguntiacum, 
now Mayns. 

CaractaCUS, a king of the Britons, con- 
quered by Ostorius Scapula, A. D. 47, and sent 
in chains to Rome, where his manly and inde- 
pendent conduct gained the friendship and re- 
gard of the emperor Claudius. Tacit. Ann. 12, 
33 et 37. 

Car^, certain places between Susa and the 
Tigris, where Alexander pitched his camp. 

Carpus, a surname of Jupiter in Boeotia, 

in Caria. 

CarAlis (or es, turn), the chief city of Sardi- 
nia, now CagliaH. Paus. 10, 17. 

Carambis, now Kerempi, a promontory of 
Paphlagonia. Mela, 1, 19. 

Caranus, one of the Heraclidae, the first who 
laid the foundation of the Macedonian empire, 
B.C. 814. He took Edessa. ar>d reigned twenty- 
eight years, which he spent in establishing and 
strengthening the government of his newly- 
founded kingdom. He was succeeded by Per- 
diccas. Justin. 7, l.—Paterc. 1, 6. — Liv. 45, 9. 

A general of Alexander. Curt, 7, An 

harbour of Phoenicia. 

Carausius, a tyrant of Britain for seven 
years, A. D. 293. 

Carbo, a Roman orator, who killed himself 
because he could not curb the licentious man- 
ners of his countrymen. Cic. in Brut. Cneus, 

a son of the orator Carbo, who embraced the 
party of Marius, and after the death of Cinna 
succeeded to the government. He was killed in 
Spain in his third consulship, by order of Pom- 

pey. Fal. Max. 9, 13. An orator, son of 

Carbo the orator, killed by the army when de- 
sirous of re-establishing the ancient military 
tliscipline. Cic. in Brut. 

Carchedon, the Greek name of Carthage. 

CarcInus, a Greek tragic poet of Athens, son 
of Theodectes, or, according to others, of Xeno- 
cles, in the age of Philip of Macedon. None of 
his plays remain, though Atheuceus quotes ver. 
ses from his Achilles, and his Semele, He is 
said to have written 160 pieces, of which only 

one was rewarded with the prize. Another 

poet of Agrigentum, distinguished as a tragic, 
and, according to others, as a comic writer ia 
O 



CAR 



153 



GAR 



the age of ^Eschylus, with whom he frequented 
the court of Dionysius of Syracuse.— — Another 
of Naupactus, said to be the inventor of those 
poetical compositions called Naupaciian among 

the Greeks. A man of Khegium, who exposed 

his son Agathocles, on account of some uncom- 
mon dreams during his wife's pregnancy. Aga- 
thocles was preserved. Diod. 19. An Athe- 
nian general, who laid waste Peloponnesus in 
the time of Pericles. Id. 12. 

Carcinus, a constellation, the same as the 
Cai.'Cer. Lucan. 9, 536. 

Cardaces, a people of Asia Minor. Strah. 15. 

Cardia, a town in the Thracian Chersonesus, 
at the top of the Smus Melanis. It was destroy- 
ed by Lysimachus when be founded Lysimachia, 
a little south of it. It derived its nam'e from the 
word Kup&la cor, owing to the shape of the ground 
on which it stood resembling that of a heart. It 
was also called Hexamilium, corrupted now into 
Ecsemil, from the width of the isthmus near 
which it stood. Plin. 4, 11. 

Carduchi, a warlike people in the northern 
part of Assyria, now the Kourds. Diod. 14. 

CARES, a nation which inhabited Caria, and 
thought themselves the original possessors of 
that country. Tney became so powerful that 
their country was not suiBeiently extensive to 
contain them all, upon which they seized the 
neighbouring islands of the ^±:gean"sea. These 
islands were conquered by Minos king of Crete. 
Nileus son of Codrus invaded their country, and 
slaughtered many of the inhabitants. In this 
calamity, the Carians, surrounded on every side 
by enemies, fortified themselves in the moun- 
tainous parts of the country, and, soon after, 
made themselves terrible bv sea They were 
anciently called Leleges. Herod. 1, 146etl71. 

—Pans. 1, 40 — St>'ab. 13 —Curt. 6, 3 Justin. 

13, 4 — Firg. Mn. 8, 725. 

Caresa, an island of the .lEgean sea, opposite 
Attica. 

Caressus, a river of Troas. 
Carfinia, an immodest woman, mentioned 
Juv. 2, 69. 

Carta, now Aidenelli, a country of Asia Minor, 
bounded on the north by Ionia and Lydia, on 
the west by the iEgean sea, on the south by the 
Mediterranean sea, and on the east by Phrygia 
and Lycia. It was for some time called Phoeni- 
cia, because the Phcenicians had considerable 
establishments there; and afterwards it received 
the name of Caria from Car, one of its kings, 
who first practised augury. The chief towns 
were called Halicarnassus, where Jupiter was the 
chief deity, Heraclea, Antioch, Myndus. Laodi- 
cea, Alabanda, &c. As Caria probably abound- 
ed in figs, a particular sort has been called Ca- 
rica, and the words, in Care periculum, have 
been proverbially used to signify a thing of no 
great value when exposed to any danger. ( Vid. 
Cares.) Plin. 5, 29. 13. b.—Ptol 5, d.—Mela, 1, 
2etl6. 2,1.— Cic. Place. 27. Dn\ 1, 42. 2, 40. 
A poet of Thrace. Mela, 2, 2. 

Carias, a town of Peloponnesus. A gene- 
ral. Vid. Laches. 

Cariat^, a town of Bactriana, where the 
philosopher Callisthenes was imprisoned by 
Alexander, for refusing to pay him divine hon- 
ours, and afterwards shamefully put to death. 

Carilla, a town of the Piceni, destroyed by 
Annibal, for its great attachment to Rome. Sil. 
lt,il. 8. 

Carina, a vir,,Mn of Caria. .tc. Polyatii. 8. 



Carin.^, a street of Rome, where Cicero, 
Pompey, and others of the principal Romans 
dwelt. It was curved at the top in the form of a 
ship's keel, whence the name. According to 
others, the roofs resembled the keels of ships re- 
versed. Virg. Mn. 8, 361 Horat. 1, ep. 7. 

Carine, a town near the Caicus in Asia Minor, 
Herod. 7, 42. 

Carinus, M. AURELIUS. a Roman who at- 
tempted to succeed his father Cams as emperor. 
He was infamous for his voluptuousness and 
cruelty. Diocletian, elected emperor by the 
Roman army as-embled at Chalcedon, encount- 
ered him in the vicinity of the Danube. On the 
first onset Carinus obtained the advantage, but 
one of his tribunes, whose wife he had seduced, 
seized the moment of revenge, by dispatching 
him with a single blow. 

Carisiaclm, a town of ancient Gaul, now 
Cressy. 

Carissanum, a place of Italy, near whicb 
Mill) was killed. Plin. 2, 56. 

Carman a, the capital of Carmania, south-' 
east of Persepolis. Now Kerman, 

Carmania, a country of Asia, bounded by 
Persia on the west. Aria on the north, Gedrosia 
on the east, and the Erythrasan sea on the south. 
Its name was derived from the Syriac word 
Carma, a vine, the country being famous for its 
grape-. It is now called Kerman. Arrian. — 
Plin. 6, 23. 

Carmanor, a Cretan, who purified Apollo of 
slaughter. Pans. 2, 3li. 

Carme, a nymph, daughter of Eubulus and 
mother of Britomartis by Jupiter. She was one 
of Diana''s attendants. Paus. 2, 30. 

Carmelus, a deity of the Syrians, who dwelt 
near mount Carmel, situate between Syria and 
Judaea. Neither temples nor statues were raised 
to his honour, but merely an altar, on which 
prayers and sacrifices were regularly offered. 
Vespasian was one of those who paid homage to 
this divinity; and he was informed by the priest 
called Basilides, that he would one day rise to 
the sovereignty of a powerful state, a prophecy 
which his elevation to the imperial purple soon 
fulfilled. Tacit. Hist. -2, IS.— Suet. Vesp. 5. 

Carmenta and Carmentis, a prophetess of 
Arcadia, mother of Evander, with whom she 
came to Italy, and was received by king Faunus, 
about 60 years before the Trojan war. Her name 
was Kicostrata, and she received that of Carmen- 
tis from the wildness ol her looks when giving 
oracles, as if carens mentis. She was the oiacle 
of the people of Italy during her life, and after 
death she received divine honours. She had a 
temple at Rome, and the Greeks olfered her sa- 
crifices under the name of Themis. Ovid. Fast. 
1,467. 6. o6{).—Plut. in Romul.— Virg. /En. 8, 
339.— 5, 47. 

Carmentales, festivals at Rome in honour 
of Carraenta, celebrated the ilth of January, 
near the Porta Carmentalis, below the Capitol. 
Th is goddess was entreated to render the Roman 
matrons prolific, and their labours easy. Liv. 
1, 7 — Ovid. Fast, i, 4C4. 

Carmentalis porta, one of the gates of 
Rome in the neifrhbourhuod ol the Capitol. It 
was afterwards called Scclerata, because the Fa- 
bii pas.sed throueh it in s^oing to that fatal ex- 
pedition where they perished, firg. /En. b, S;Ks. 

Carmides, a Greek of an uncommon memt.rv, 
Plin 7, 24. 

C A K.N A and Cardinea, a goddess at Rome 



CAR 



159 



CAR 



who presided over hinges, as also over the en- 
trails and secret parts of the human body. She 
was originally a nymph called Grane, who em- 
ployed herself in hunting, and deserved by her 
chastity and the simplicity of her life the sur- 
name of Diana, which she obtained among the 
inhabitants of the country. Janus offered vio- 
lence to her person, and to make some atone- 
ment for the insult, he gave her the power of 
presiding over the exterior of houses, and of re- 
moving all noxious birds from the doors. Bru- 
tus erected a temple in her honour on mount 
Coelius; and at a feast which was celebrated an- 
nually in June, the Romans offered her beans, 
bacon, and vegetables, to represent the simpli- 
city of their ancestors. Ovid. Fast. 6, lOi, &c. 

CARNASius, a village of Messenia in Pelo- 
ponnesus. Faus. 4, 33. 

Carneades, an eminent Greek philosopher, 
founder of the third or new academy, was a na- 
tive of Cyrene in Africa, and is supposed to have 
been born, B. C. 214. He studied first under 
Diogenes the stoic, but subsequently attended 
the lectures of Egesinus, who explained the doc- 
trines of ArcesiUus; and succeeding his master 
in the chair of the academy, he restored its re- 
putation by softening the prevailing pyrrhonism, 
and admitting practical probabilities. The doc- 
trine of Carneades specifically was, that as the 
senses, the understanding, and the imagination, 
frequently deceive us, they cannot be infallible 
judges of truth, or probabilities, which, with re- 
spect to the conduct of life, are a sufficient guide. 
He was a strenuous opponent of Chrysippus, and 
attacked with vigour and acuteness the theology 
of the stoics. He was an advocate of free-will 
against their doctrine of fate, and urged just the 
same difficulties in reconciling divine prescience 
with the freedom of human actions, as have di- 
vided some contending sects of christians. Car- 
neades was as celebrated an orator as a philoso- 
pher. His voice was remarkably strong, and 
his delivery vehement and rapid. One of the 
most distinguished events of his life was his 
being joined in an embassy to Rome with Dio- 
genes the stoic, and Critolaus, the peripatetic, in 
order to gain the mitigation of a fine inflicted 
under the Roman authority upon the Athenians. 
This extraordinary embassy was successful, and 
Carneades so captivated the people by his elo- 
quence, that Cato the censor, fearful of its effect 
on the Roman youth, persuaded the senate to 
send the philosophers back to their schools with- 
out delay. He died in the ninetieth year of his 
age, continually complaining of the shortness of 
lile, and lamenting that the same nature which 
composed the human frame could dissolve it. 
Cic. ad Attic. 12, ep. 23. De Orat 1, 45. 2, 155. 
—Aul. Gell. 17, yj.—Plin. 7, 30.— Val. Max. 8, 8. 

Carneia, a festival observed in most of the 
Gieeian cities, but more particularly at Sparta, 
where it was first instituted, about 675 H. C. in 
honour of Apollo surnamed Carneus. It lasted 
nme days, and was an imitation of the matmer 
of living in camps among the ancients. P .us. 2, 
11.3, 2^.—Athen. 4, 4. 

Carnion, a town of Laconia. A river of 

Arcadia. Paus. 8, 34. 

Carnus, a prophet of Acarnania, from whom 
Apollo was called Carneus. Paus. 3, 13. 

Carnutes, a people of Gaul, south-west of 
the Parisii. Their chief city was Autricum 
afterwards called Carnutes, and now C'hurires. 
ikes. B. G. 0, J.. 



CarpItes, an extensive chain of mountains 
in the northern parts of Dacia, called also Alpes 
Bastarnicse, now Mount Krapack. 

Carpathus, an island in the Mediterranean 
between Rhodes and Crete, now called Scapunto. 
It has given its name to a part of the neighbour- 
ing sea, thence called the Carpathian sea, between 
Rhodes and Crete. Carpathus was at first inha- 
bited by some Cretan soldiers of Minos. It was 
twenty miles in circumference, and was some- 
times called Tetrapolis, from its four capital 
cities. Plin. 4, 12. — Herod. 3, 45. — Diod. 5. — 
Sir'-b. ^0.~Firg. G. 4, 3«7. 

C.-iRPlA, an ancient name of Tartessus Paus. 
6, 19. 

Carpis, a river of Mysia. Herod. 

Carpo, a daughter of Zephyrus, and one of 
the Seasons. She was loved by Calamus the son 
of Maeander, whom she equally admired. She 
was drowned in the Maeander, and was changed 
by Jupiter into all sorts of fruit. Paus. 9, 35. 

Carpoph jRA, a name of Ceres and Proser- 
pine in Tegea, from the influence they possessed 
over the fertility and productions of the earth. 
Paus. 8, 53. 

Carpophorus, an actor greatly esteemed by 
Domitian. Martial — Juv, 6, 198. 

Caer^ and CarRH^, a town of Mesopota- 
mia, south-east of Edessa. It was here that 
Crassus, the Roman triumvir, lost his life, in his 
expedition against the Parthians, who cut off his 
head, and poured melted gold down his throat, 
B.C. 53. Its inhabitants were greatly addicted 
r,o Sabaism, or the worship of the host of heaven, 
particularly the moon, under the masculine de- 
nomination of Lunus. It is supposed to be the 
Charran of the Old Testament, whence Abra- 
ham departed for the land of Canaan, and is still 
known as Harran. Lucan, 1, \05.— Plin. 5, 14. 

Carrinates Secundus, a poor but ingeni- 
ous rhetorician, who came from Athens to Rom.e, 
where the boldness of his expressions, especially 
against tyrannical power, exposed him to Cali- 
gula s resent'.nent, who banished him. Juv. 7, 
205. 

Carseoli, a town of the ^Equi, at the west 
of the lake Fucinus. Among the inhabitants, 
called Carseolani, there was a law to forbid the 
keeping of a fox alive, because a boy had acci- 
dentally burnt the standing corn of the country 
by setting fire to the tail of one of those animals. 
Orid, Fast. 4, 6S3 et seq. 

Carteia, formerly Carpessus, now Piocadillo., 
a town of Spain, in the vicinity of Calpe, where 
Cneius, the son of Pompey, took refuge after the 
battle of Munda. Sil. Pal. 3, 396. 

Cartena, a town of M?*uritania, on the shores 
of the Mediterranean, now Tenez. 

CARTHiEA, a town in the island of Cea, whence 
the epithet of Cartheius. Ovid. Met. 7, 3G8. 

CarthaginiExNSES, the inhabitants of Car- 
thage, a rich and commercial nation. Vid. Car- 
thago. 

Carthago a celebrated city of Africa, the 
rival of Rome, and long the capital of the coun- 
try, and mistress of Spain, Sicily, and Sardinia. 
The precise time of its foundation is unknown, 
yet most writers seem to agree that it was first 
built by Dido, about 86y years before the Chris- 
tian era, or, according to Paterculus 65, accord- 
ing to Justin 72, and according to Livy 93 years 
before the foundation of Rome. This city and 
republic flourished for 737 jears, and the time of 
ita greatest glory was under Annibal andAmilcar, 



whose valour and sagacity directed its forces 
to equal, and nearly to overturn its proud rival. 
During the first Punic v»ar, it contained no less 
than 700,000 inhabitants, and exercised its sove- 
reignty over 300 dependent cities of Africa. It 
maintained three famous wars against Rome, 
called the Punic wais, {V^d. Punicum Bellum), 
in the third of which Carthage, with more per- 
fidy than justice, was totally destroyed by Scipio 
the second Africanus, B. C. 147, and only 50G0 
persons were found within the walls. It was 23 
miles in circumference; and wh-^n it was set on 
fire by the Uomans, it burned incessantly dur- 
ing seventeen days. After the destruction of 
Carthage, Utica became powerful, and the Ro- 
mans thought themselves secure; and as they 
had no rival to dispute with them in the field, 
they fell into indolence and inactivity. Ceesar 
planted a small colony on the ruins of Carthage. 
Augustus sent there SOiiO men; and Adrian, after 
the example of his imperial predecessors, rebuilt 
part of it, which he called Adrianopolis. Car- 
thage was conquered from the Romans by the 
arms of Genseric, A.D. 439; aild it was for more 
than a century the seat of the Vandal empire in 
Africa, and fell into the hands of the Saracens in 
the 7th century. The Carthaginians were go- 
verned as a republic, and had two persons yearly 
chosen among them with regal authority. They 
were very superstitious, and generally offered 
human victims to their gods; an unnatural cus- 
tom, which their allies wished them to abolish, 
but in vain. They bore the character of a faith- 
less and treacherous people; and the proverb 
Punica fides is well known. Strab, 17- — Virg. 
^n. 1. &.c.—Mela, 1, Szc.—Ptol. 4, 3.~Jmtin. A, 
2.—Liv. 4, 29,6cc.—Paterc. 1 et 2.—Plui. inAnnih. 

&c. — Cic. in Agr. 2, 35. Ridl. 2, 94. Nova, a 

town built in Spain, on the coasts of the Medi- 
terranean, by Asdrubal the Carthaginian gene- 
ral. It was taken by Scipio, when Hanno sur- 
rendered himself after a heavy loss. It now 
bears the name of Carthagena Mela, ],7.—Ptol. 
2, 6,—Poiyb. IQ.—Liv. 26. 43, 8iC,—SiL 15,220, 
&c. A daughter of Hercules. 

Carthasis, a Scythian, &c. Curt 7. 7. 

Carthea, a town of Cos. On'd. Met. l./ab. P. 

Carus, a Roman emperor who succeeded 
Probus. He was a prudent and active general; 
he conquered the Sarmatians, and continued the 
Persian war which his predecessor had com- 
menced. He reigned two years, and died on the 
banks of the Tigris as he was going in an expe- 
dition against Persia, A.D. 283. He made hi? 
two sons, Carinus and Numerianus, Ctesars; and 
as his many virtues had promised the Romans 
happiness, he was made a god alter death. Eu- 

trop. One of those who attempted to scale the 

rock Aornus. by order of Alexander. Curt. 8, 11. 

Carvilius, a king of Britain, who attacked 
Cae=ar's naval station by order of Cassivelaunus, 

&c. Cces Bell. G. 5, 22. Spurius, a Roman, 

who made a large image of the breast-plates 
taken from the Samnites, and placed it in the 

capitol. Plui. 34, 7. The first Roman who 

divorced his wife, during the space of about 600 
years. This was for barrenness, B. C. 231. 
Dionys. Hal. 2.~Val Max. 2, ]. 

Carya, a town of Arcadia. Liv. 34, 16. 

A city of Laconia, Pans. 3, 10. Here a festival 
was observed in honour of Diana Caryatis. It 
was then usual for virgins to meet at the cele- 
bnit on, and join in a certain dance, said to have 
been first instituted by Castor and Pollux. When 



Greece was Invaded by Xerxes, the Laconians 
did not appear before the enemy for fear of dis- 
pleasing the goddess, by not celebrating her fes- 
tival. At that time the peasants assembled at 
the usual place, and sang pastorals called Bov«o- 
Xcofxoi, from BovKoXoi, a neatherd. From this cir- 
cumstance, some suppose that Bucolics originat- 
ed. Slat. Theh. 4, 225. 

Caryanda, a town and island on the coast of 
Caria, now Karacoion. 

Caryat.e, the inhabitants of Caiya in Arca- 
dia, who allied themselves with the Persians 
against the Grecian states. The Greeks, on the 
successful termination of the war, razed the 
treacherous city to the ground, put all the males 
to the sword, reduced the women to slavery, and, 
in order to perpetuate the memory of the trans- 
action, employed their images in the servile 
oflBce of supporting public buildings. Hence 
the Caryatides of ancient architecture. Vitruv. 
1, 1. 

Carystius Antigonus, ao historian, &c. 
B.C. 248. 

Cary'STUS, a maritime town on the south of 
Eubcea, famous for the quarries of marble found 
in mount Ocha, at the foot of which it was situ- 
ated. It is now Castel Rosso. Strab. iO.—Plin. J 

4, 12. 36 6.- Liv. 31, 45. 32, 16.— Tibiill. 3. el. 3, J 
15.— Ovid. Fast. 4, 282.— Lucan. 5, 232. - Stat. 2, I 
93.~Martial. 9, ep. 76. ' 

Caryum, a place of Laconia, where Aristo- [ 
menes preserved some virgins, &c. Paus. 4. 16. . 

Casca Servilius, one of Cssar's assassins, [ 
who gave him the first blow. Piut. in Cces. 

Cascellius Aulus, a lawyer of great merit ! 
in the Augustan age. Horat. Art. Poet, 371. L 

CasilInum, a town of Campania. When it l 
was besieged by Hannibal, a mouse sold for 200 L 
denarii, though Strabo says this price was given | 
for a medimnus of corn, and that the avaricious [ 
seller perished, and the purchaser survived. The ,\ 
place was defended by 640 or 570 natives of Prae- , 
neste, who, when half their number had perished 
either by war or famine, surrendered to the con- 
queror. Modern Capua is generally supposed to i 
occupy its site. Val. Max. 7, &. — Liv. 23, 19.— I 
Strab. D. — Cic. de Jut: 2, bl.—Plin. 3, 5. [ 

Casina and Casixum, a town of Campania. ? 
Sil. 4, 221.— Liv. 9, :-'8. 22, 13. 

Casius, a mountain near the Euphrates. \ 

Another between Pelusium and Rhinocorura, 
projecting into the sea, and resembling at a dis- [ 
tance large heaps of sand. Pompey was slain j 
near it, and there afterwards his tomb ^^as raised ) 
by Adrian, Jupiter, surnamed Casius, had a ) 
temple there. Strab. 16. — Ri't. 5, 12 — Lucan. ) 

5, b5S. Another in Syria, below Antiochia, 

from whose summit the sun mi^ht be seen ris- 
ing according to Pliny, at the fourth watch of ■ 
the night, when the surrounding country was i 
enveloped in darkness. Plin. 5, 22. 6," 12.— i 
Strab. 16 Mela, 1, 10. 2, S.— Lucan. 8, 857. i 

Casmen-E, a town built by the Syracusans in j 
Sicily. Thiicyd. 6, 5. i 

Casmilla, the mother of Camilla. Virg. I 
Mn. 11,543. 

Caspkria, wife of Rhoetus king of the Mar- 
rubii, committed adultery with her son-in-law. i 

Virg. JEn. iO,3SS. A town of the Sabines, , 

now Aspra. Virg. ^n. 7, 714. 

CAsrtRCLA, a town oi the Sabines. Sil. 8, 
416. I 

Caspi^ Port^, or Pyl^, the Caspian pass, 
a nasne given by ancient writers to dift'ercnt ; 



161 



{ CAS 

j jnasses m mount Caucasus. It was properly ap- 
I l.lied to a defile to the east of Rhagaj in Media. 
' Diod. l.—Plin. 5, 27. 6, 13. 
' Caspiana, a country of Armenia, at the south- 
i west of the Caspian sea. 

i Caspii. a Scythian nation near the Caspian 
sea. Such as had lived beyond their 70th year 
I were starved to death. Their dogs were remark- 
! able for their fierceness. Herod. 3,92, 8ic. 7,67, 
Scc.—C. Nep. 14, 8.— Curt. 4, 12.— Mela, 3, 5 — 
Virg. ^n. 6, 798. 

Caspium mare, or Hyrcanum, a large sea 
in the Corm of a lake, which has no communica- 
tion vvith other seas, and lies between the Cas- 
pian and Hyreanian mountains, at the north of 
Parrhia, receiving in its capacious bed the tri- 
bute of several large rivers. Ancient authors 
assure us, that it produced enormous serpents 
and fishes, different in colour and species from 
those of all other waters. The south-eastern part 
was termed Mare Hyrcanum, a name which ihe 
Greeks extended to the whole sea. The Tartars 
call it Akdingis, or the White Sea i the Georgi- 
ans call it the Kurtshensian Sea; and by the Per- 
sians it is styled Gursen, from the old Persian 
capital Gurgan, which stood in its vicinity. Its 
greatest length is 640 miles, and its average 
breadth 260; and though it receives the waters 
of several consirlerable rivers, among which is 
the Rha or Volga, it has no visible outlet This 
sea has been observed, notwithstanding, to re- 
main equally full, the true reason of which is 
perhaps to be sought in the porous nature of its 
bottom. There are no tides in it, and on account 
of its numerous shoals, it is navigable to vessels 
drawing only nine or ten feet water. It has 
strong currents, and, like inland seas, is liable 
to violent storms. Some navigators examined 
it in 1703, by order of the Czar Peter; and 
alter the labour of three years, a map of its ex- 
tent was published. Its waters are described as 
brackish, and near the shores not impregnated 
with salt so much as the wide ocean. Herod. 1, 
202. 8ic. — Curt. 3, 2. 6, 4. 7, S.— Strab. 11.— 
Mela, 1, 2. 3, 5 et d.—Plin. 6, 13.— Dionys. Pe- 
rieg. 50. 

Caspius Mons, a branch of mount Taurus, 
between Media and Armenia, at the east of the 
Euphrates. The Caspiae Portae passes through 
this mountain. 

CassandaNE, the mother of Cambyses by Cy- 
rus. Herod. 2, 1. 3, 2. 

CassANDER, son of Antipater, made himself 
master of Macedonia after his father's death, 
where he reigned for eighteen years. He mar- 
ried Thessalonica, the sister of Alexander, to 
strengthen himself on his throne. Olympias, 
the mother of Alexander, wished to keep the 
kingdom of Macedonia for Alexander's young 
children; and therefore she destroyed the rela- 
tions of Cassander, who besieged her in the town 
of Pydna, and put her to death. Roxane, with 
her son Alexander, and Barsena, the mother of 
Hercules, both wives of Alexander, shared the 
fate of Olympias with their children. Antigonus, 
who had been for some time upon friendly terms 
^•ith Cassander, declared war against him; and 
Cassander, to make himself equal with his ad- 
versary, made a league with Lysimachus and 
Seleucus, and obtained a memorable victory at 
Ipsus, B.C. 301. He died three years after this 
virtory, of a dropsy. His son Antipater killed 
his mother; and for this unnatural murder, he 
was put to death by his brother Alexander, wlio, 



to strengthen himself, invited Demetrius, the 
son of Antigonus, from Asia. Demetrius took 
advantage of the invitation, and put to death 
Alexander, and ascended the throne of Macedo- 
nia. Paua. 1, 25 Diod. m~ Justin. 12, 13, &c. 

Cassandra, daughter of Priam and Hecuba, 
was passionately loved by Apollo, who promised 
to grant her whatever she might require, if she 
would gratify his passion. She asked the power 
of knowing futurity; and as soon as she had re- 
ceived it, she refused to perform her promise, and 
slighted Apollo. The god, in his disappoint- 
ment, wetted her lips with his tongue, and by 
this action effected that no credit or reliance 
should ever be put upon her predictions, how- 
ever true or faithful they might be. Some main- 
tain that she received the gift of prophecy with 
her brother Helenus, by being placed when 
young one night in the temple of Apollo, where 
serpents were found wreathed round their bo- 
dies, and licking their ears, which circumstance 
gave them the knowledge of futurity. She was 
looked upon by the Trojans as insane, and she 
was even confined, and her predictions were dis- 
regarded. Her beauty, however, procured her 
many admirers; and among them Corcebus son 
of Mygdon, and Othryneus, are mentioned as 
urging their suit by the powerful assistance they 
gave to Priam during the Trojan war. When 
Troy was taken, she fled for shelter to the temple 
of Minerva, where Ajax found her, and offered 
her violence, with the greatest cruelty, at the 
foot of Minerva's statue. In the division of the 
spoils of Troy, Agamemnon, who was enamour- 
ed of her, took her as his wife, and returned with 
her to Greece. She repeatedly foretold to him 
the sudden calamities that awaited his return; 
but he gave no credit to her, and was assassin- 
ated by his wife Clytemnestra. Cassandra shared 
his fate, and saw all her prophecies but too truly 
fulfilled. {Vid Agamemnon.) AUschyl. in Agairu 

— Homer. II. 13, 363. Odyss. 4.~Hygin. fab. 
\17.-Virg. Mn. 2, 246, &c. — Q. Calab. 13, 421. 

— Eurip. in Troad —P^us. 1, 16. 3, 19. 
Cassandria, a town of the peninsula of Pal 

lene in Macedonia, called also Fotidcea. Pam. 
5,23. 

Cassia lex, was enacted by Cassius Lonei 
nus, A. U.C. 649. By it no man condemned by 
the people, or derived of military power, was 

permitted to enter the senate house. Another, 

enacted by C. Cassius, the praetor, to choose 
some of the plebeians to be admitted among the 

patricians Another, A. U.C. 616, to make the 

suffrages of the Roman people free and inde- 
pendent. It ordained that they should be re- 
ceived upon tablets. Cic. in Lcel. Another, 

A. U.C. 267, to make a division of the territories 
taken from the Hernici, half to the Roman peo- 
ple, and half to the Latins Another, enacted 

A. U.C. 596, to grant a consular power to P. 
Anicius and Octavius on the day they triumphed 
over Macedcmia. Liv. 

Cassiodorus, M. Aurelius, a great states- 
man and writer in the sixth century. He recom- 
mended himself by his prudence and abilities to 
Theodoric king of the Goths in Italy, by whom 
he was made governor of Sicilv, and afterwards 
entrusted with the highest offices cf the state. 
Athalaric, the son and successor of Theodoric, 
equally respected his talents; but he was dis- 
graced under Vitigez, and retired to Calabria in 
a monastery which he had founded, and th.-rg 
' devoted himself to literature and science. He 
O 3 



CAS 



162 



CAS 



was also fond of mechanics, and employed him- 
self occasionally in the construction of sun-dials, 
water-clocks, curious lamps, &c. He v/rote, be- 
sides letters, tv\o books De diviiik lectionibus, a 
treatise on orthography, and twelve books De 
rebus gestis Gothorum, preserved only in the mu- 
tiiated abridgment of Jornandes. He died A. D. 
662, at the age of 100. His works « ere edited by 
Chandler, 5vo. London, 1722. 

CassiOpe and Cassiopea, married Cepheus, 
king of iEthiopia, by « hom she had Andromeda. 
She boasted herself to be fairer than the Ner- 
eides; upon which Neptune, at the request of 
these despised nymphs, punished the insolence 
of Cassiope, and sent a huge sea monster to ra- 
vage Ethiopia. The wrath of Neptune could be 
appeased only by exposing Andromeda, whom 
Cassiope tenderly loved, to the fury of this sea 
monster; and just as she was going to be devour- 
ed, Perseus delivered her. {Fid. Andromeda.) 
Cassiope was made a southern constellation, con- 
sisting of 13 stars called Cassiope. Cic. de Nat. 
D.2,'id.—ApoUod. 2, i. — Ovid. Met. 4. 735.— 
Hygin.fab.Q\.—Propert.l,el. 17, Z.—Manil. 1, 
354. A city of Epirus near Thesprotia. P'ol. 

3, 14. Another in the island of CorcsTa. Plin. 

4, 12. The wife of Epaphus. Stat. Silv. 

Cassiterides, islands in the western ocean, 

where tin was found, supposed to be the Scilly 
islands of the modems. The name Cassiterides 
is derived from the Greek word Kaactrepoi, Sig- 
nifying tin. Plin, 4, 22 

C. Cassius Loxgixus, a celebrated Roman, 
who made himself known first by being quaestor 
to Crassus in his expedition against Parthia, 
from which he extricated himself with uncommon 
address. He followed the interest of Pompey; 
and when Caesar had obtained the victory in the 
plains of Pharsalia, Cassius was one of those 
who owed their life to the mercy of the con- 
queror. He married Junia the sister of Brutus, 
and with him he resolved to murder the man 
to whom he was indebted for his life, on account 
of his oppressive ambition; and before he stabbed 
Caesar, he addressed himself to the statue of 
Pompey, who had fallen by the avarice of him 
whom he was going to assassinate. When the 
provinces were divided among Caesar's murder- 
ers, Cassius received Africa; and when his party 
had lost ground at Rome, by the superior influ- 
ence of Augustus and M. Antony, he retired to 
Philippi, with his friend Brutus and their ad- 
iierents. In the battle that was fought there, the 
wing which Cassius commanded was defeated, 
and his camp was plundered. In this unsuccess- 
ful moment he suddenly gave up all hopes of 
recovering his losses, and concluded that Brutus 
was conquered and ruined as well as himself. 
Fearful to fall into the enemy's hands, he order- 
ed one of his freedmen to run him through, and 
he perished by that very sword which had given 
wounds to Caesar. His body was honoured with 
a magnificent funeral by his friend Brutus, who 
declared over him that he deserved to be called 
the last of the Romans. If he was brave, he 
was equally learned. S'-me of his letters are 
still extant among Cicero's epistles. He was a 
strict follower of the doctrines of Epicurus. He 
was often too rash and too violent, and many of 
the wrong steps which Brutus to . k are to be 
ascribed to the prevailing advice of Cassius. He 
is allowed by P.iterculus to have been a better 
commander than Brutus, though a less sincere 
friend. 1 he day after Caesar's murder he dined 



at the house of Antony, who asked him whether 
he had then a dagger concealed in his bosom; 
yes, replied he, if you aspire to tyranny. Cassius 
had been even from his youth remarkable for 
his republican and independent spirit. When 
at school, he gave Faustus, Sylla s son, a violent 

box on the ear, for boastmg of the greatness and , 

absolute power of his father; and when called . 

to account for this before Pompey, he with an i 

undaunted boldness declared that if Faustus still i. 

dared to repeat the same words, he would repeat [ 

his blows. Though ia his later years attached [ 

to the doctrines of Epicurus yet he always ad- r 
hered to the temperance of the stoics, and drank 

nothing but water; whence Caesar, when advised [ 

to beware of Antony s;id Dolabella, exclaimed, „ 

thai he feared not the fat and the sleek, but rather l 

the pale and the lean, alluding to Brutus and t 

Cassius. Sueton. in Cess, et Aus. — Plut. in I 

Brut, et Ca-s.—Paterc. 2, 46 — Z)?o. ~40. Lu- 

cius, brother to Caius, was made tribune, and \ 

presided in the games exhibited by his brother , 

and Brutus after Cagsar's murder. Cic. Fam. 12, , 

ep. 2. Att. 14, e}>. 2. — — Another of the same [ 
name, w ho joir.ed Catiline's conspiracy, and was 

engaged to set Rome on fire. He fled from the , 

City before the conspirators were discovered. ^ 

Sail, in Cat. A Roman citizen, w ho condemn- 

ed his son to death, on pretence of his raising j 

commotions in the state. Pal. Max. 5, S. A . 

tribune of the people, who made many laws 
tending to diminish the influence of the Roman 
nobility. He was competitor w ith Cicero for the 

consulship. One of Pompey 's officers, who, 

during the civil wars, revolted to Caesar w ith ten ^ 

ships, though he might have secured his person, ' 

when he crossed the Hellespont, after the battle |{ 

of Pharsalia. A poet of Parma, of great ge- [ 

nius. He espoused the cause of Brutus, and j,, 
after his death he joined with Cicero's son, Sta- ( 
tius Marcus. According to the scholiast on Ho- 
race, however, he retired to Athens, where he j. 
was put to death by Varus, by the order of Au- i' 
gustus. His tragedies and other poems were i 
much admired, and w ere edited by the poet Sta- [ 
tius some time after. Horat. Sat. 1, 10, 62. Ep. [ 

1, 4, 3. Spurius, Viscellinus, a Roman, put » 

to death on suspicion of his aspiring to tyranny, , 

after he had been three times consul, B.C. 485. § 

The cause of his condemnation probably was his t 
proposing an agrarian law so offensive to the pa- 

tricians, that they interpreted his popularity to f 

views against the independence of his country. | 

Cassius w as the first w ho was made master of | 

horse to a dictator. Diod. ii. — f'al. Ma.r. 6, 3. (. 

Brutus, a Roman who betrayed his country t 

to the Latins, and fled to the temple of Pallas, j 

where his father confined him, and he wasstarv- : 

ed to death. Q. Longinus, an oflScer of Caesar. 

He had first sided with Pompey in the civil wars, j 

but revolted to Caesar, by whom he was made i 

commander of the southern parts of Spain. His I 

severity w as so great, and his exactions so cruelly ) 

levied, that the Spaniards attempted to murder j 

him; and he at last left the province in disgrace, (, 

and was drowned on his return m the mouth of « 

the Iberus. Dio 41, 24. 42, 16.— C<ps. Alex. 48. " 

A consul, to whom Tiberius married Dru- 

silla, daughter of Germanicus. Sueton. in Cal, y 

57. A lawyer whom Nero put to death, be- L 

cause he bore the name of J. C;esar's murderer. F 

Suet, ill Ner. 37. L. Hemina, the mostancient I 

w riter of annals at Rome. He lived A. U.C. 60S. j| 
Lucius Longinus, a Roman lawyer, whose | 



163 



CAS 



'(.•verity in the execution of the law has rendered 
the words Cassiuni judices applicable to rigid 
judges. He made a law to cause the votes of the 
people at the Comitia to be given by ballot, and 
not f/va voce as before, in all public trials except 

for treason. Cic. pro Rose. 30. Longinus, a 

critic. QVid. Longinus )' Lucius, a consul 

with C. Marius, slain with his army by the Ti- 
gurini, a people of Helvetia. It is generally sup- 
posed that he is the person who brought Jugurtha 
to Rome, on a public promise of safety, and 
made him depend upon his integrity as on the 
most solemn pledges of the state. Cces. B. G, 1, 

12et n.—Liv. 65. — Sallust. Jug. 33, M. Scseva, 

a soldier of uncommon valour in Ceesar's army. 

VcU. Max. 3, 2. An officer under Aurelius, 

made emperor by his soldiers, and murdered 

three months after. Peduceus, a tribune who 

appealed from the decision of Metellus upon the 
acquittal of some Vestal virgins for incest, and 
who caused them on a second trial to be con- 
demned to death. Liv. 63. Caius Varus, a 

man who favoured the Manilian law, and was 
consul with Ter. Varro, when Verxes was praetor 

in Sicily. Cic Verr. 1, 23. 3, 41. Felix, a 

physician in the age of Tiberius, who wrote on 

animals. Severus, an orator who wrote a se- 

vei-e treatise on illustrious m.en and women. He 
died in exile, in his 25th year. (Fid. Severus.) 
The family of the Cassii branched into the sur- 
name of Longinus, Viscellinus, Brutus, &c. 

CASSIVELAUNUS, a Briton invested with sove- 
reign authority when J. Cajsar made a descent 
upon Britain. Cces. Bell G. 5, 19, &c. 

Cassotis, a nymph and fountain of Phocis. 
Pans. 10, 24. 

CastabAla, a city of Cilicia, east of Anazar- 
bus, whose inhabitants made war with their dogs. 

It is now Karabolat, Another in Cappadocia, 

north-east of Cybistra, famous for a temple of 
Diana Perasia. It is now Nigdeh. Strab. 12. 

Castalia, a town near Phocis. A daughter 

of the Achelous. 

Castalius, a son of Terra, father of Thyas 
who became mother of Delphus by Apollo. Paus. 
10, 6. 

Castalius fons, or Castalia, a fountain of 
Parnassus, sacred to the Muses. The waters of 
this fountain were cool and excellent, and they 
had the power of inspiring those who drank of 
them with the true spirit of poetry. The muses 
have received the surname of Castalides from 
this fountain. Eurip. Ion. 95. — Theocr. Idyl. 7, 

14S.— Hor. Carm. 3, 4, 61.— Virg. G. 3, 293. 

Another in Syria, near Daphne. The waters of 
this fountain were said to have the power of com- 
municating to those who drank of them a know- 
ledge of futurity. The oracle at the fountain 
promised Adrian the possession of sovereign 
power when he was yet in a y rivate station. 
Jealous of that distinguished favour, and fearing 
lest others should obtain the like, he ordered the 
fountain to be shut up with stones when he as- 
cended the throne. 

Castan^a, a town of Thessaly, at the foot of 
mount Pelion, whence the nuces CastanecB re- 
ceived their name. Plin. 4, 9. 

Castellum menapiorum, a town of Bel- 
gium on the Maese, now Kessel. Morinorum, 

now Mount Cassel, in Flanders. Cattorum, 

now Hesse Cassel. 

Casthenes, a bay of Thrace, near Byzantium. 

Castianira, a Thracian mistress of Priam, 
and mother of Gorgythion. Homer. II. 8. 



CASTOR and Pollux, were twin brothers, 
sons of Jupiter by Leda, the wife of Tyndarus 
king of Sparta. The manner of their birth ;& 
very uncommon. Jupiter, who was enamoured 
of Leda, changed himself into a beautiful swan, 
and desired Venus to metamorphose herself into 
an eagle. After this transformation the goddess 
pursued the god with apparent ferocity, and Ju- 
piter fled for refuge into the arms of Leda, who 
was bathing in the Eurotas. Jupiter took advan- 
tage of his situation, and nine months after, Leda, 
who was already pregnant, brought forth two 
eggs, from one of which came Pollux and He- 
lena; and from the other, Castor and Clytem- 
nestra. The two former were the offspring of 
Jupiter, and the latter were believed to be the 
children of Tyndarus. Some suppose that Leda 
brought forth only one egg, from which Castor 
and Pollux sprung. Mercury, immediately after 
their birth, carried the two brothers to Pallena, 
where they were educated: and as soon as they 
had arrived to years of maturity, they em- 
barked with Jason to go in quest of the golden 
fleece. In this expedition both behaved with 
superior courage : Pollux conquered and slew 
Amyous in the combat of the cestus, and was 
ever after reckoned the god and patron of boxing 
and wrestling. Castor distinguished himself in 
the management of horse.-. The brothers cleared 
the Hellespont and the neighbouring seas from 
pirates, after their return from Colchis, from 
which circumstance they have been always 
deemed the friends of navigation. During the 
Argonautic expedition, in a violent storm, two 
flames of fire were seen to play around the heads 
of the sons of Leda, and immediately the tem- 
pest ceased and the sea was calmed. From this 
occurrence their power to protect sailors was 
more firmly credited, and the two mentioned 
fires, which are very common in storms, have 
since been known by the name of Castor and 
Pollux; and when they both appeared, it was a 
sign of fair weather; but if only one was seen, it 
prognosticated storms, and the aid of Castor and 
Pollux was consequently solicited. Castor and 
Pollux made war against the Athenians to re- 
cover their sister Helen, whom Theseus had car- 
ried away; and from their clemency to the con- 
quered, they acquired the surname of Anaces, or 
benefactors. They were initiated in the sacred 
mysteries of the Cabiri, and in those of Ceres of 
Eleusis. They were invited to a feast when 
Lynceus and Idas were going to celebrate their 
marriage with Phoebe and Talaira, the daughters 
of Leucippus, who was brother to Tyndarus. 
Their behaviour after this invitation was cruel. 
They became enamoured of the two women 
whose nuptials they were to celebrate, and re- 
solved to carry them away and marry them. 
This violent step provoked Lynceus and Idas: a 
battle ensued, and Castor killed Lynceus, and 
was killed by Idas. Pollux revenged the death 
of his brother by killing Idas; and, as he was 
immortal, and tenderly attached to his brother, 
he entreated Jupiter to restore him to life, or to 
be deprived himself of immortality, Jupiter 
permitted Castor to share the immortality of his 
brother; and consequently as long as the one 
was upon earth, so long was the other detained 
in the infernal regions, and they alternately 
lived and died every day; or, according to others, 
every six months. This act of fraternal love 
Jupiter rewarded by making the two brothers 
constellations in heaven, under the name of 



CAS 



164 



CAT 



Gemmi, which never appear together, but when 
one rises the other sets, and so on alternately. 
Castor made Talaira mother of Anogon, and 
Phoebe had Mnesileus by P tHux. They receiv- 
ed divine h onours afcer death, and were generally 
called Dioscuri, sons of Jupiter. White lambs 
were more particularly otfrred on their altars, 
and the ancients ""vere fond of swearing by the 
divinity of the Dioscuri, by the expressions of 
Mdepnl and .i:castor. Among the ancients, and 
especially among the Romans, there prevailed 
maay public reports, at different times, that 
Castor anJ Pollux had nvade their appearance to 
their armies; and mounted on white steeds, had 
marched at the head of their troops, and furi- 
ously attacked the enemy. Their surnames were 
many, and they were generally represented 
mounted on two white hcries, armed with spears, 
and riding side by side, with their head covered 
with a bonnet, rn whose top glittered a star 
They were called Diosc uri as sons of Jupiter, 
Anaces or Anactes for their clemency and bene- 
Tolence to the Athenians, Ambulii from the ex- 
tended duration of their life, Apheterii because 
they presided over boundaries, and CEbalii, 
TherapnEei, and Amyclcei fratres, from the resi- 
dence they had made at those places in Greece. 
Theocr. Id. in Disc. — Find. Xem. od. 10. — Fal. 
Max. 1, S.— Ovid. Met 6. ]0?. Fast. 5, 701. Am. 
3, el. 2,54. — Hy gin. fab. "7 etTS. — Homer Hymn, 
in Jov. puer. 2. — Eurio. in Heleri. In Grest. — 
Hut. in T.e .— rirg.JEn. 6 121.~Mani!. Arg. 
t>.— Lir. i.—Dio-nvs. Hal. 6.— Justin 20, 3 — 
H'.raf. Sat. 2. I. z7.—Flor. 2 V2.— Cic de Xat. 
D. 2, 2 3, 21.— ApoUon. 1,—Apollod. 1, ?, 9. 2, 4. 

3, U.—Pau^. 3. 24. 4,3 et 27. An ancient 

physician. A swift runner A friend of 

.(Eneas, who accompanied him into Italy. Virg 

jEn. 10, 124. An orator of Rhodes, said to be 

grandson to king Deiotaru.=?, whom he accused 
before Csesar of having conspired against his 
life. He wrote two bo-^ks on Babylon, and one 
on the Nile. Cic in Dei. l.—FIut. A gladia- 
tor, Herat. 1, ep. 13, 19. 

Castra Alexan'dri, a place of E^ypt about 

Pelusium. Curt. 4, 7. Cornelia a maritime 

town of Africa, between Carthage and Utica, 
where Scipio Africanus Major first encamped 

when he landed in Africa. Mela, 1. 7. Anni- 

balis, a town of the Brutii, now Rocella. Plin. 3, 

10. Cyri, a country of Cilicia, where Cyrus 

f-ncamped when he marched against CrcEsus. 

Curt. 3, 4. Julia, a town of Spain. Posthu- 

miana, a place of Spain. Hirt. Kisp. 8. 

Castrattus. a governor of Placentia during 
the civil wars of Marius. Fal. Max. 6 2. 

Castrum Novum, a place on the coast of 

Ktruria. Liv. 36, 3. Truentinum, a town of 

Picenum, near the m;;uth of the Truentus. Cic. 

de Attic. S. ep. 12. Inui a town on the shores 

of the Tyrrh-^ne sea. Firg. ^En. 6, 775. 

CastClo, a town of Hispania Beetica. on the 
Bastis, west rf Corduba. It was thena'ive place 
oflmilce wifeof Annibal. Plut inSert. — Li:.24, 
41.- Pal. 3, 99 et 391. 

Catabathmus, from he Greek word Kara- 
/Sa^jiof a descent., a broad and deep valley, ori- 
ginally forming the limits between Cyrenaica 
and Egypt, and afterwards between Cyrenaica 
and Marmarica. It was surnamed Magnus, to 
distinguish it from a smaller Catabathmus in 
the Lvbian nome. It is now called Akaba Osso- 
lom. Sil'n.^l. Jug. 17 et 19 — Plin. 5, 5. 

CatadCi'A, the name of the large cataracts 



of the Nile, whose noise was eaid by the ancients 
to be so terrible as to stun the ears of all travel- 
lers for some time, and totally to deprive the 
people who dwelled near them of the sense of 
hearing. Cic. de Somn Scip. 5. 

Catamenteles, a king of the Sequani, in 
alliance with Rome. &c. Cces. Bell. G. 1, 3- 

Cat AX A, a town oi Sicily at the foot of mount 
-iltna. founded by a colony from Chalcis, 753 
years before the Christian era. Hiero, king of 
Syracuse, having become master of the place, 
transferred the former inhabitants to Leontium, 
and settled in their territory at the foot of -Etna 
oOOO Peloponnesians and 50O0 Syracusans. The 
name of the city he changed into .£tna. After 
his death, the city was taken by the Siculi, and 
wrested from these by the old inhabitants of 
Catana, who had been transplanted to Leontium. 
The city once more resumed the name of Catana. 
Ceres had here a temple, in which none but 
women were permitted to appear. It was large 
and opulent, and it is rendered remarkable for 
the dreadful overthrows to which it has been sub- 
jected from its vicinity to ^tna. It is now cal- 
led Cataiiia. Cic. in Ferr- 4. 53. o, ir\.—Diod. 
11 et U.-Strah. 6.— Thucyd 6. 3. 

Cataonia, a country above Cilicia, near Cap- 
padocia, C. Xep. in Dat. 4. 

Cataractes, a river of Pamphylia, dis- 
charging its waters into the sea near Attalia. It 
derived its name from its impetuosity. Now, the 
Duden. 

Catenes, a Persian by whose means Bessus 
was seized. Curt. 7, 43. 

Cathjea, a country of Asia, north-east of the 
Malli, in the vicinity of the Hydraotes. The 
chief city was Sangala. 

Cath.Iri, certain gods of the Arcadians. 

An Indian nation, where the wives accompany 
their husbands to the burning pile, and are burnt 
with them. Died. 17. 

Catia, an immodest woman, mentioned Ho- 
rat. Sat. 1, 2, 95. 

CATiiiNA, a courtezan in Juvenal's age. Jur. 
3. 133. 

Catiexcs, an actor at Rome in Horace's age, 
Sat. 2, 3, 61. P. Plotinus, a freedman, so at- 
tached to his patron, that he threw himself on 
his funeral pile, though appointed heir of all his 
fortune and independence. Pli7i 7. 36. 

CatTlIna, L. SERGifs, a noble Roman, of 
patrician rank, remarkable for the daring profli- 
gacy of his conduct. He is represented as hav- 
ing been guilty even in his youth of the most 
revolting enormities. During the sanguinary 
administration of Sylla, he was the chief instru- 
ment of his cruelties, and headed a band of as- 
sassins, who dragged out of the houses and 
temples persons, whose names were included in 
the list of proscription, and cruelly murdered 
them in the presence of his employer. He was 
also active in searching out and assassinating 
many knights and senators, before they knew 
they were proscribed. By these and similar acts 
he recommended himself to Sylla, who appoint- 
ed him pra»tor, B. C. 68, and the next year he 
obtained Africa for his province, where his rapa- 
city and cruelty knew no bounds. For this he 
was accused on his return to Rome, but was 
saved by bribery. Sunk at last in infamy, he 
secretly meditated the ruin of his country, and 
conspired with many of the most illustrious of 
the Romans, as"dissoluto as himself, to extirpate 
the senate, plunder the treasury, and set the i ity 



CAT 



165 



CAT 



on fire. This conspiracy was timely discovered 
by the consul Cicero, wliom he had resolved to 
murder; and Catiline, after he had declared his 
intentions in the full senate, and attempted to 
vindicate himself, on seeing five of his accom- 
plices arrested, letired to Gaul, where his par- 
tisans were assembling an army; while Cicero at 
Rome punished the condemned conspirators. 
Antonius, the other consul, who had formerly 
been of Catiline's faction, but who had been 
gained over to the side of the state by Cicero, 
pursued the insurgents with an army. Upon 
overtaking them, not daring to face Catiline 
himself, he pretended indisposition, and devolved 
the command on his lieutenant Petreius, who 
attacked Catiline's ill-disciplined troops, and 
routed them. The battle was fought at Pistoria, 
in Etruria. Catiline was killed in the engage- 
ment, fighting with bravery becoming a better 
cause, about the middle of December, B. C. 63. 
It has been reported that Catiline and the other 
conspirators drank human blood, to make their 
oaths more firm and inviolable. Sallust has 
written an account of the conspiracy. Cic, in 
Catil.— Virg. ^n. 8, 668. 

CA.TILIUS, a pirate of Dalmatia. Cic. Div. 
5, 10. 

Catilli, a people near the river Anio. Sil. 
i, 225. 

Catillus, or Catilus, a son of Amphia- 
raus, who came to Italy with his brothers Coras 
and Tiburtus, where he built the town of Tibur, 
frequently called Mceiiia Catili, and assisted 
Turnus^ against ^neas. Virg. ^n. 7, 672. — 
Horat. od. i, 18, 2. 

Catina, a town of Sicily, called also Catana. 
{Vid. Catana.) Another of Arcadia. 

M. Catius, an epicurean philosopher of In- 
subria, who wrote a treatise in four books, on the 
nature of things, and the summum bonum^ and an 
account of the doctrine and tenets of Epicurus. 
But as he was not a sound or faithful follower 
of the epicurean philosophy, he has been ridi- 
culed by Horat. Sat. 2, i.-Quintil. 10, 1, 

Vestinus, a military tribune in M. Antony's 
army. Cic. Div. 10, 23. 

Cativulcus, a king of the Eburones, who 
poisoned himself that he might not fall into Cae- 
sar's power. Cces. B. G. 6. 

CATIZI, a tribe among the Pygmaeans, sup- 
posed to have been driven from their country by 
cranes. Plin. 4, 11. 

Cato, a surname of the Porcian family, ren- 
dered illustrious by M. Porcius Cato, a celebrat- 
ed Roman born at Tusculum, afterwards called 
Ce7isorius, from his having exercised the office 
of censor, and Major to be distinguished from 
his great-grandson of the same name. He rose 
to all the honours of the state, and the first- 
battle he ever saw was against Annibal, in which, 
though only in his seventeenth year, he behaved 
with uncommon valour. In his quaestorship, 
under Africanus against Carthage, and in his 
expedition in Spain against the Celtiberians, and 
in Greece, he displayed equal proofs of his cour- 
age and prudence. He was remarkable for his 
love of temperance; he drank nothing but water, 
and was always satisfied with whatever meats 
were laid upon his table by his servants, whom 
he never reproved with an angry word. During 
his censorship, which he obtained, though he had 
made many declarations of his future severity if 
ever in office, he behaved with the greatest 
rigour and impartiality, showed himself an 



enemy to all luxury and dissipation, and even 
accused his colleague of embezzling the public 
money. He is famous for the great opposition 
which he made against the introduction of the 
finer arts of Greece into Italy, and his treatment 
of Carneades is well known. This prejudice 
arose from an apprehension that the learning and 
luxury of Athens would destroy the valour and 
simplicity of the Roman people^ and he often 
observed to his son that the Romans would be' 
certainly ruined whenever they began to be in- 
fected with Greek. It appearsj however, that he 
changed his opinion, for he made himself re- 
markable for the knowledge of Greek, which he 
acquired in his old age. He himself educated 
his son, and instructed him in writing and gram- 
mar. He taught him dexterously to throw the 
javelin, and inured him to the labours of the 
field, and to bear cold and heat with the same 
indifference, and to swim across the most rapid 
rivers with ease and boldness. He was univer- 
sally deemed so strict in his morals, that Virgil 
makes him one of the judges of hell. His en- 
mity towards Carthage, however, may be deserv- 
edly censured. When commissioned by the se- 
nate to settle the disputes between Masinissaand 
the capital of Africa, he viewed with a jealous 
eye the greatness and prosperity of the rival city; 
and instead of the impartial umpire, he acted 
the inveterate foe. In every speech he inveighed 
against Africa, and at every opportunity, in the 
senate and out of the senate, delenda est Carthago 
was his most emphatic expression. Rome at last 
yielded to prejudice, and, as Cato wished, Car- 
thage was reduced to ruin; but she left to her 
conqueror, with her empire, to Inherit her pride, 
her insolence, and her luxuries. It is said that 
Cato repented only of three things during his 
life; to have gone by sea when he could go by 
land, to have passed a day inactive, and to have 
told a secret to his wife. A statue was raised to 
his memory, and he distinguished himself as 
much for his knowledge of agriculture as for his 
political life. In Cicero's age there were 150 
orations of his, besides letters, and a celebrated 
work caWed Origines, of which the first book gave 
a history of the Roman monarchy; the second 
and third an account of the neighbouring cities 
of Italy; the fourth a detail of the first, and tha 
fifth of the second Punic war; and in the others 
the Roman history was brought down to the war 
of the Lusitanians, carried on by Ser. Galba. 
Some fragments of the Origines remain, supposed 
by some to be supposititious. Cato's treatise, 
De Re rustica, was edited by Auson. Pompna, 
8vo. Ant. Plant. 1590; but the best edition of 
Cato, &c. seems to be Gesner's, 2 vols. 4to. Lips. 
1735. Cato died in extreme old age, about 150 
B.C.; and Cicero, to show his respect for him, 
has introduced him in his treatise on old age, as 
the principal character. Plin. 7, 14. Plutarch 
and C. Nepos have written an account of his 

life. Cic. Acad, et de Senect. ^c. Marcus, the 

son of the Censor, married the daughter of P. 
.(Emylius. He lost his sword in a battle, and 
though wounded and tired, he went to his 
friends, and, with their assistance, renewed the 
battle, and recovered his sword. Plut. in Cat. 

A courageous Roman, grandfather to Cato 

the censor. He had five horses killed under 

him in battles. Plui. in Cat, Valerius, a 

grammarian of Gallia Narbonensis, in the time 
of Sylla, who instructed at Rome many noble 
pupils, and wrote some poems, one of which only 



CAT 



166 



CAT 



rcn^fl'ns called Diras, in 183 heroic lines, in 
i-hifh ttie author laments, in pathetic language, 
ho time when he bid adieu to his nati%'e coun- 
try and hii lavourite Lydia. Suet, de III. G. 11. 

— Ovid. Trist. 2, 1, 436. Marcus, surnameJ 

Vticensis, from his death at Utica, was great 
grandson to the censor of the same name. The 
early virtues, and the eager fondness for liberty, 
which appeared in his childhood, seemed to pro- 
mise a great man; and, at the age of fourteen, he 
earnestly asked his preceptor Sarpedo for a 
sword, to stab the tyrant Sylla. He was austere 
in his morals, and a strict follower of the tenets 
of the stoics; he was careless of his dress, often 
appeared barefooted in public, and never travel- 
led but on foot. He was such a lover of disci- 
pline, that in whatever office he was employed, 
he always reformed its abuses, and restored' the 
pure regulations of ancient times. When he was 
set over the troops in the capacity of a com- 
mander, his removal was universally lamented, 
and deemed almost a public loss by his affec- 
tionate soldiers. His fondness for candour was 
so great, that the veracity of Cato became pro- 
verbial. In his visits to his friends, he wished 
to give as little molestation as possible, and the 
importuning civilities of king Dejotarus so dis- 
pleased him when he was at his court, that he 
hastened away from his presence. He was very 
jealous of the safety and liberty of the republic, 
and watched carefully over the conduct of Pom- 
pey, whose power and influence were great, and 
therefore suspected. He often expressed his dis- 
like to serve the office of tribune; but when he 
saw Metellus Nepos, a man of corrupted princi- 
ples, apply for it, he offered himself a candidate 
to oppose him, and obtained the tribuneship. In 
the conspiracy of Catiline, he supported the mea- 
sures of Cicero, and was the chief cause that the 
conspirators were capitally pimished. When the 
provinces of Gaul were decreed for five years to 
CjBsar, Cato observed to the senators, that they 
had introduced a tyrant into the Capitol. He 
was sent to Cyprus against Ptolemy, who had 
rebelled, by his enemies, at the head of whom 
was Clodius the tribune, who hoped that the 
diflaeulty of the expedition would injure his re- 
putation. But his prudence extricated him from 
every danger. Ptolemy submitted, and after a 
successful campaign, Cato was received at Rome 
with the most distinguishing honours, which he, 
however, modestly declined. When the first 
triumvirate was formed between Csesar, Pompey. 
and Crassus, Cato opposed them with all his 
miirht, and with an independent spirit, foretold 
to the Roman people all the misfortunes which 
soon after follo'.ved. After repeated applications, 
Le was made prtetor, but he seemed rather to 
disgrace than support the dignity of that oflSce, 
by the meanness of his dress. He applied for the 
consulship, but could never obtain it. When 
Cassar had passed the Rubicon, Cato advised the 
Roman senate to deliver the care of the republic 
into the hands of Pompey; though he was lar 
from approving his general conduct yet his mo- 
tives he considered as less dangerous and more 
pa'riotic than those of Cajsar. Eager to show his 
attachment to his country, he with his son fol- 
lowed Pompey, as soon as he was invested with 
the chief command, to Dyrrachium, where, after 
a. small victory, he was entru>ted with the care 
of tr.e ammunition, and of fifteen cohorts. Alter 
the battle o( Pharsalia, Cato took tho command 
or the (iorcyrean fleet; and when he heard of 



Pompey's death on the coast of Africa, he tra» 
versed the deserts of Libya, to join himself to 
Scipio. He refused to take the command of the 
J army in Africa, a circumstance of which he af- 
terwards repented, when he saw the weakness 
and the imprudence of young Scipio. The fatal 
battle of Thapsus, in which Juba and Scipio were 
defeated, added to his misfortunes, and he fled 
to Utica, where he hoped to collect the remaius 
of the conquered army, and to withstand, by a 
bold and active defence, the rapidity of the vic- 
tor. The people of the town, however, were 
unwilling to expose themselves to Caesar's ven- 
geance; and Cato, when his enemy approached 
near the city, disdained to fly, and rather than 
fall alive into the conqueror's hands, he stabbed 
himself, after he had read Plato's treatise on the 
immortality of the soul, B, C. 46, in the 49th 
year of his age. His first wife was Attilia the 
daughter of Soranus, a woman whose licentious 
conduct obliged him to divorce her. Afterwards 
he united himself to Martia. daughter of Philip. 
Hortensius, his friend, wished to raise children 
by Martia, and therefore obtained her from Cato. 
After the death of Hortensius, Cato took her 
again. This conduct was ridiculed by the Ro- 
mans, who observed that Martia had entered the 
house of Hortensius very poor, but returned to 
the bed of Cato loaded with treasures. It was 
observed that Cato appeared in mourning, and 
never laid himself down at his meals since the 
defeat of Pompey, but always sat down, con- 
trary to the custom of the Romans, as if depres- 
sed with the recollection that the supporters of 
republican liberty were decaying. Plutarch has 
written an account of his life. Lucan. I, 12S, &c. 
— Val. Max. 2, \{}.~Horat. Od. 3, 21.— Virg.JEn. 

6, 841. 8, 670. A son of Cato of Utica, who 

was pardoned by Caesar, and fell in the battle of 
Philippi, after he had acquired much honour. 

Phd. in Cat. Min. Caius, the grandson of the 

censor and of Paulus .^mylius, was consul, and 
distinguished himself as an orator. He was ac- 
cused of extortion, and condemned by the Mami- 
lian law, and he retired in exile to Tarraco in 
Spain. Oc. Fer. 4, 10. .Br. 28 et 34. J5o/6. II. 

Another of the same family, made tribune, 

A.U.C. 697. He opposed the restoration of 
Ptolemy to the kingdom of Egypt, and at the 
instigation of Pompey and Crassus, he attempt- 
ed to resist the election of magistrates, because 
the consuls withstood his innovations with re- 
spect to the la«s. Cic. Q. Fr. 2, ep. 6. — Liv, 
105. 

Catreus, a king of Crete, killed by his son 
at Rhodes, uiiknow insly. I>iod. 5- 

Catta, a woman who had the gift of pro- 
phecy. Suet, in Vitell. 14. 

Catti, a powerlul nation of Germany, south 
of the Cherusci. They inhabited what is now 
Hesse, and part of Francouiu and Westphalia. 
They were a warlike people, and their infantry 
was leckoned the best in Germany. Castellum 
Catlorum, now Cassel, and Bicurdium, now Er- 
furih. were settlements of the Calti. Tacit. Ann. j 
13, 57. 

Catdliana, a surname of Minerva, from L. 
Catulus, who dedicated a stand<ird to her. Hiiu 
34, 8. 

Catullcs, C. or Q. Valerius, a poet of 
Verona, whose compositions, elegant and simple. I 
are the ofl"sprii:g of a luxuriant imagination. H<» ' 
was descended of an illustrious family, and came 
to R.>nie with Manilas in his youth, to impro e 



CAT 



167 



CAU 



his understanding, and more studiously to de- . 
vote himself to the muses. His abilities recom- 
mended him to Cicero, whose friendship and 
hospitality he celebrated, and he gradually be- 
came acquainted with the most distinguished 
tiharacters of his age. But whilst he sang the 
praises of his favourite Ipsithilla, or Clodia, to 
whom he paid his adoration under the feigned 
appellation of Lesbia, he also ridiculed the follies 
of the age; and, as it is reported, did not scruple 
Lo direct his satire against the profligacy of Cae- 
sar, under the name of Romulus, whose only 
revenge was to invite the poet, and hospitably to 
entertain hirn at his table. Catullus was the 
first Roman who imitated with success the Greek 
writers, and introduced their numbers among 
the Latins, in iambic verses of eleven syllables. 
Though the pages of the poet are occasionally 
disfigured with licentious expressions, and all the 
bitterness of satire; yet the whole is written with 
great purity of style. Catullus died in the 46th 
year of his age, B. C. 40. His compositions were 
numerous, and those which have survived the 
ravages of the times have been divided by some 
commentators into three books; the first of lyrics, 
the second of elegiacs, and the third of epigrams, 
though more generally comprehended under the 
general appellation of epigrams, 113 in number, 
but of very unequal length. The most applaud- 
ed of his poems among the ancients was that on 
the death of Lesbia's sparrow. The best editions 
are that of Vulpius, 4to, Patavii, 1737; that of 
Barbou, 12mo, Pans, 1754; and that of Doering, 
2 vols. 8vo, Lips. 1788—90. The poems of Ca- 
tullus have been translated into English verse by 
thehon, G. Lamb (London, 1821). Martial. 1, 

ep. 62.— Olid. Trist. 2, 427. A man sur- 

named Urbicarius, was a mimographer. Juv. 
13, in. 

Catulus, Q. Luctatius, went with three 
hundred ships during the first Punic war against 
the Carthaginians, and destroyed 6O0 of their 
ships under Hamilcar, near, the iEgates. This 

celebrated victory put an end to the war. An 

orator distinguished also as a writer of epigrams, 
and admired for the neatness, elegance, and po- 
lished style of his compositions. Some suppose 
that he is the person who was consul with Ma- 
rius, and who shared in his victory and his 
triumph over the Cimbri. He espoused the party 
of Sylla against Marius, and the boldness of his 
opposition incited his victorious enemy to destroy 
him, even against the powerful intercession of 
nis numerous friends. He put an end to his life 
Dy shutting himself in a room newly plastered, 
where he was suffocated with the smoke of burn- 
ing coals. He left behind him well written me- 
moirs of his consulship after the manner of Xeno- 
phon, besides several elaborate orations, but only 
ten verses are preserved of the fragments of the 
poet's compositions. Lucan. 2, 174. — Plut. in 

Mario. His son of the same name became 

known by his patriotic attachment to the glories 
and liberties of Rome. He was consul and cen- 
sor, and in every office he studied the happiness 
of the people, and the prosperity of the state. 
He dedicated the temple of Jupiter in the capi- 
tol, after it had been burnt, and after Catiline's 
conspiracy was suppressed, he boldly, with grati- 
tude and animation, hailed Cicero as the father 
of his country. He died in an advanced old age. 
Cic. Fam. 9, ep. 15, et passim. — Dio. 36, 13. — 

Siiet. Aug. 94 Liv. 98.— Plut. in Pomp. A 

Roman sent by his countrymen to carry a pre- 



sent to the god of Delphi, from the spoils taken 
from Asdrubal. Liv. 27. 

CatubIges, a people of Gaul, near the source 
of the Durance, at the loot of the Coltian Alps. 
Their chief cities were Caturiges, now Choiges, 
and Ebrodunum, now Embrun. Cces, B. G. 1, 
lO.—Plin. 3, 20. 

Caucasus, an extensive chain of mountains 
in Asia, which the ancients erroneously regarded 
as a continuation of the range of Taurus. Ac- 
cording to Strabo, it extended from the Euxine 
to the Caspian sea, including, as within a wall, 
the isthmus that separated those seas. It divided 
Albania and Iberia towards the south from the 
level country of the Sarmatae on the north. The 
inhabitants of these mountains were very numer- 
ous, consisting, according to some, of 70, accord- 
ing toothers of 300 different nations, who spoke 
different languages, and lived in a savage state. 
The breadth of this range is about 400 miles, 
reckoning from the mouth of the Don to that of 
the Kooma; about 756 between the straits of Ca^a 
and the peninsula of Absheron ; and about 350 
from the mouths of the Phasis to the city of Der- 
bend. The etymology of the name of Caucasus 
is not agreed upon; the most probable opinion is, 
that it is a compound of a Persian word Cau, 
signifying a mountain, and a Scythian word CuS- 
pi, that is, a white mountain. The ancients com- 
pared Caucasus with the Alps in point of eleva- 
tion. They have indeed some just resemblance, 
for the middle of the chain is covered with gla- 
ciers, or white with eternal snows. The most 
elevated summit is about 16,700 feet above the 
level of the sea, which is considerably higher 
than Mont Blanc. The two principal passes over 
Mount Caucasus are mentioned by the ancients 
under the name of the Caucasian and the Alban- 
ian gates. The first is the route which leads from 
Mosdok to Tijlis. It is the narrow valley of four 
days' journey, where, according to Strabo, trre 
river Aragon, now called Arakui, flows. It is, as 
Pliny calls it, an enormous work of nature, 
which has cut out a long opening among the 
rocks, which an iron gate would be almost suffi- 
cient to close. It was by this passage that the bar- 
barians of the north threatened both the Roman 
and the Persian empire. It is now called Dariel. 
The Albanian passage has been generally sup- 
posed to be the pass of Derbend, along the coast 
of the Caspian sea. Malte Brun, however, con- 
tends that the Albanian or Sarmatian pass must 
have been the defile passing along the frontier of 
Daghestan, near the sources of the Koisu. Be- 
sides these passes leading from south to north, 
there is a defile leading from Imeritia into Kar- 
talinia, distinguished as the Iberian pass, and 
now called Shaooparo, which was rendered prac- 
ticable for an army by the Persians in the fourth 
century. Plin. 6, ]l.~Strab. 11 — Herod. 4,203, 
Scc.— Virg. Ed. 6. G. 2, 440. Mn.^, 'dm.— Place. 
5, \5b.—Mela, 1, 15 et 19.— P<oZ. 5, 9. 6, 12. 

Caucon, a son of Clinus, who first introduced 
the Orgies into Messenia from Eleusis. Pans. 
4, 1. 

Caucones, a people of Paphlagonia, origin- 
ally inhabitants of Arcadia, or of Scythia, 
according to some accounts. Some of them made 
a settlement near Dymae in Elis. Herod. 1, 
—Strab. 8, &c. 

Caudi and Caudtum, a town of the Samnites. 
near which, in a place called Caudinee Furcu'^s. 
or Fauces, the Roman army under T. Veturius 
Calvinus and Sp, Posthumius was obliged to 



16S 



CEC 



surrender to the Samnites, and pass under the 
yoke with the greatest disgrace. Liv. 2, 1, &c. 
—Lucan. 2, 138. 

Cauloxia, or Caulon, a town of Italy near 
the country of the Brutii, founded by a colony 
of Achseans, and destroyed in the wars between 
Pyrrhus and the Romans. Paus. 6, S.~Virg. 
^n. 3, 553. 

Caunius, a man raised to aflBuence from po- 
verty by Artaxerxes. Plut. in Artax. 

Caunus, a son of Miletus and Cyane. He was 
passionately fond of, or, according to others, he 
was tenderly beloved by, his sister Byblis, and 
to avoid an incestuous commerce, he retired to 
Caria, where he built a citv called by his own 

name. ( Hf/. Byblis.) Ovid. Met. 9, fab. U. 

A very ancient city of Carla, at the foot of mount 
Tarbelus, west of the Sinus Glaucus. The air 
was particularly insalubrious in summer and 
autumn, by re;ison of the extreme heat, and the 
evil was increased by the abundance of its fruits. 
The musician Stratonicus observing the pale and 
sallow complexion of its inhabitants, humor- 
ously applied to them this quotation from Ho- 
mer: 

O'lrj rrep (pvWeav yever}, miqSs Kal ivigaiv. 

On their complaining ol this piece of ridicule, 
he replied still more sarcastically, " How could 
I presume to stigmatise as unhealthy a town 
where even the dead walk ?" The site of Caunus 
is now occupied by a village called Kaiguez, or 
Khengez. Herod. 1, 172 et V,Q,—Strab. ii.-Liv. 
45, 25. 

Cauros, another name for Andros, Fid. 
Andros. 

Caurus, or CORUS, in Greek Argestes, the 
west-north-west wind. Fi}-g. G. 3, 356. 

Cavares, a people of Gaul, who inhabited the 
present province of Comtat in Provence. 

Cavarillus, a commander of some troops of 
the .Edui in Caesar's army. Cces. Bell. G. 7,' 67. 

Cavarinus, a Gaul, made king of the Sen- 
ones by Caesar, and banished by his subjects. 
OS'S. Bell. G. 5, 54. 

Cavii, a people of lUyricum. Liv. 44, 30. 

Cayci, or Chauci, a nation of Germany, now 
the people of Friesla7id and Groningen. Lucan. 

1, 463. 

Caycus, a river of Mysia. Fid. Caicus. 

CXyster, or Caystrus, a river of Asia 
Minor, which rises in a branch of mount Tmolus, 
passes through Lydia, and falls into the JEgean 
sea near Ephesus. According to the poets, the 
banks and neighbourhood of this river were much 
frequented by swans and other water-fowl. The 
Cayster is now called Kutchuck Mendere, or lesser 
Meander, from its wandering course. Ovid. Met. 

2. 253. 5, dSQ.—M rt. 1, ep. bi.— Homer. II. 2, 
461.— F«V°-. G. 1, 384. 

Cea, or Ceos, an island near Euboea, called 
also Cos. Fid. Cos. 

Ceades, a Thracian, whose son Euphemus 
was concerned in the Trojan war. Homer. II. 2. 

Ceba, a town of Liguria, celebrated for its 
cheese. It is now called Ceva. Plin. 11, 42. 

Ceballinus, a man who gave information of 
the snares laid against Alexander. Diod. \7- — 
Curt. 6. 7. 

Cebarenses, a people of Gaul. Paus. 1, 36. 

Cebenna, mountains of Gaul, now the Ce- 
vennes, separating the Arvemi from the Helvii, 
and extending almost from the Garonne to the 
Bhone. Cces. B. G. 7, 8.~Mela, 2, 5. 

Cebes, a Theban philosopher, one of the dis- ; 



ciples of Socrates, B.C. 405. He attended his 
learned preceptor in his last moments, and dis- 
tinguished himself by three dialogues that he 
wrote; but more particularly by his tables, which 
contain a beautiful and affecting picture of hu- 
man life, delineated with accuracy of judgment, < 
and great splendour of sentiment. Little is i 
known of the character of Cebes from history. | 
Plato says that he was a diligent inquirer after 
truth, and Xenophon speaks highly of his morals. 
The best edition of Cebes is that of Schweighau- 
ser, Lips. 1798, 8vo. 

Cebren, the father of Asterope. ApoUod. 3, 
12. 

Cebrenia, a country of Troas with a town of 
the same name, called after the river Cebrenus, \ 
which is in the neighbourhood. CEnone, the i 
daughter of the Cebrenus, receives the patrony- 
mic of Cebrenis. Ovid. Met. n, l&d.— Stat. I, 
Sylv.b.2\. t 

Cebriones, one of the giants conquered by f 

Venus. An illegitimate son of Priam, killed I 

with a stone by Patroclus. Homer. II. 16, 727. 

Cehrus, or ClABRUS, now Zibritza, a river ► 
running from south to north into the Danube, 
and dividing Lower from Upper Moesia. t 

Cecidas, an ancient dithyrambic poet. J 

Cecilius. (^Fid. Caecilius.) 

Cecina, a river near Volaterra, in Etruria. ' 
Mela, 2, 4. i 

A. Cecinna, a Roman knight in the interest 
of Pompey, who used to breed up young swal- { 
lows, and'send them to carry news to his friends > 
as messengers. He was a particular friend of i 
Cicero, with whom he corresponded. Some of 
his letters are still extant in Cicero. Plin. 10, f 

24.— Cic. 15, ep. 66. Orat. 29. A scribe of' 

Octavius Caesar. Cic. 16 ad Attic, ep. 8. A I 

consular man suspected of conspiracy, and mur- 
dered by Titus after an invitation to supper 
Suet, in Tit. 6. \ 

CecropIa, the original name of Athens, in 
honour of Cecrops, its first founder. The an- ^ 
cients often use this word for Attica, and the * 
Athenians are consequently called Cecropidce. 
Firg. /En. 6,'21. —Oi-zd. Met. 7, 671. Fast. 2,8L— f 
Lucan. 3, 306.— P^m. 7, b6.—CatuU. 62, 79. — [ 
Juv. 6, 186. I 

CECROF1D.E, an ancient name of the Athe- 
nians, more particularly applied to those who'' 
were descended from Cecrops the founder ofP b 
Athens. The honourable name of Cecropidae- H 
was often conferred as a reward for some virtu-l' kf. 
ous action in the field of battle. Firg. ^n. % 
2\.—0vid. Met. r, 671. i- fc« 

Cecrops, a native of Sais in Egypt, who led? li 
a colony to Attica, about 1556 years before the' 
christian era, and reigned over part of the coun-|i ibi 
try which was called from him Cecropia. He^ 
softened and polished the rude and uncultivated Ci 
manners of the inhabitants, and drew them from]' Tsfc 
the country to inhabit twelve small villagesi- ife 
which he had founded. He gave them laws and E»; 
regulations, and introduced among them the' ;rr; 
worship of those deities which were held in 
adoration in Egypt. He married the daughter o^' 
Yctasus a Grecian prince, and was deemed the J:^, 
first founder of Athens. He taught his subjects- ja. 
to cultivate the olive, and instructed them t(«- \i 
look upon Minerva as the watchful patroness of fj 
their city. It is said that he was the first whd ^ 
raised an altar to Jupiter in Greece, and cffererl'^ (| 
him sacrifices. Altera reign of 50 years, sptntl f, 
in regulating his newly formed kingdom, and in ^, 



CEO 



169 



CEL 



enlightening the minds of his subjects, Cecrops 
died, leaving three daughters, Aglauros, Herse, 
and Pandrosos. He was succeeded by Cranaus, 
a native of the country. Some time after, The- 
seus, one of his successors on the throne, formed 
the twelve villages which he had established, 
into one city, to which the name of Athens was 
given. (^Vid. Athenae.) Some authors have 
described Cecrops as a monster, half a man and 
half a serpent; and this fable is explained by the 
recollection that he was master of two languages, 
the Greek and Egyptian; or that he had the 
command over two countries, Egypt and Greece. 
Others explain it by an allusion to the regula- 
tions which Cecrops made amongst the inhabi- 
tants concerning marriage and the union of the 
two sexes. Pans. 1, b.—Strab. 9. — Justin. 2, 6. 
— Herod. S,M:—Apollod. 3, U.—Ovid. Met. 11, 

^ei.—Hygin. fab. 166. The second of that 

name was the seventh king of Athens, and the 
son and successor of Erichtheus. He married 
Metiadusa the sister of Daedalus, by whom he 
hatl Pandion. He reigned 40 years, and died 
1307 B.C. Apollod. 3, 15.— Pans. 1, 5. 

Cecryphalea, a promontory of Pelopon- 
nesus, near which the iEginetae were defeated by 
the Athenians with the loss of seventy galleys. 
Thucyd. 1, 105. 

Cedon, an Athenian general, killed in an en- 
gagement against the Spartans. Diod. 15. 

Cedreatis, the name of Diana among the 
Orchomenians, because her images were hung 
on lofty cedars. 

Cedrusii, an Indian nation. Curt. 9, 11. 
CeglCsa, the mother of Asopus by Neptune. 
Fans. 2, 12. 
Cei, the inhabitants of the island Cea. 
Celadon, a man killed by Perseus, at the 

marriage of Andromeda, Ovid. Met. 5, 144. 

A river of Greece, flowing into the Alpheus. 
Strab. 8.— Homer. II. 7, 133. 

Celadus, a river of Arcadia, falling into the 
Alpheus. Pans. 8, 38. An island of the Adri- 
atic sea. Mela, 3, 1. 

CELjEN^, or Celene, a city of Phrygia, of 
which it was once the capital. Cyrus the younger 
had a palace vnere, with a park filled with wild 
beasts, where he exercised himself in hunting. 
The river Meander traversed this city, and also 
the Marsyas. Xerxes withdrew to this place after 
his defeat in Greece, and built a palace and cita- 
del. The inhabitants of Celsenaa were in after 
days carried off by Antioehus Soter to people the 
city of Apamea, founded by him a mile or two 
to the south-east, at the junction of the Marsyas 

and Meander. Strab. 12 Liv. 38, l3.—Xenoph. 

Anab. 1. Marsyas is said to have contended in 
its neighbourhood against Apollo. Herod. 7, 26. 
^Lucan. 3, 206. 

CELiENO, one of the daughters of Atlas, ra- 
vished by Neptune, and placed among the stars 

after death. Ovid. Fast. 4, 173. One of the 

Harpies, daughter of Neptune and Terra, who 
prophesied evils to the Trojans because they had 
destroyed the oxen of the islands called Stroph- 

ades. Virg. JEn. 3, 245. One of the Danaides. 

Apollod. 2, 1. A daughter of Neptune and Er- 

gea. Hygin. A daughter of Hyamus, mother 

of Delphus by Apollo. Pans. 10, 6. 

Cele^, a town of Peloponnesus. PauS: 2, 14. 
CELEiA and Cela, a town of Noricum, now 
am. Plin. 3, 24. 

Celeltes, a people of Liguria, who sub- 
mitted to the Romans A.U.C. 555, under the 



consulate of C, Cornelius and Q. Minutius. Liv 
32, 29. 

Celendr^, Celendris, and Celenderis, 
a colony of the Samians in Cilicia Trachea, 
south-west of Seleucia. It is now Chelindreh. 
Lucan. 8, 259. 

Celeneus, a Cimmerian who first taught with 
what ceremonies persons guilty of murder might 
be expiated. Place. 3, 406. 

Celenna, or CELiENA, a town of Campania, 
where Juno was worshipped. Firg. Mn. 7, 739. 

CELER, a man who with Severus undertook to 
rebuild Nerc's palace after the burning of Rome. 

Tacit, Ann. 15,42, A man called Fabius, 

who killed Remus when he leaped over the 
walls of Rome, by order of Romulus. It is said 
that Romulus pursued him for so hastily shedding 
his brothers blood, but that he escaped his ven- 
geance, and in consequence of this his name was 
afterwards adopted to express quickness and 

haste. Ovid. Fast. 4, B3T.—Plut. in Romul 

Melius, a noble youth to whom Statins dedicat- 
ed a poem. 

Celeres. Vid. Equites. 
Celetrum, a town of Macedonia, situated in 
a peninsula, with its walls encompassed by a 
lake. Lw. 31,40. 

Celeus, a king of Eleusis, father to Triptole- 
mus by Metanira. He gave a kind reception to 
Ceres, who taught his son the cultivation of the 
earth. {Vid. Triptolemus.) His rustic dress 
became a proverb. The invention of several 
agricultural instruments made of osiers is attri- 
buted to him. Ovid. Fast. 4, 508. 5, 269.— Virg. 

G. 1, 16b.~ApoUod. 1, b.—Paus. 1, 14. A 

king of Cephallenia. 

Crlmus, a man who nursed Jupiter, by whom 
he was greatly esteemed. He was changed into 
a magnet stone for saying that Jupiter was mor- 
tal. Olid. Met. 4, 2S1. 

Celon^, a place of Mesopotamia. Diod. 17. 
Celsus, an Epicurean philosopher in the se- 
cond century, to whom Lucian dedicated one of 
his compositions. He wrote a treatise against 
the Christian religion, which was answered by 

Origen. Corn, a celebrated physician, who 

lived in the reigns of Augustus and Tiberius. 
Nothing is known with certainty of his personal 
history; but he is supposed from his name to 
have belonged to the patrician family of the 
Cornelii, and to have resided in the metropolis 
of the empire. He wrote on rhetoric, medicine, 
military tactics, and agriculture, and seems to 
have understood all these sciences perfectly. Of 
the eight books of Celsus which have come dowti 
to our times, the first four treat of internal ma- 
ladies; the fifth and sixth of external; and the 
seventh and eighth of such diseases as come un- 
der the cognizance of the surgeon, Celsus was 
styled the Hippocrates of the Latins; and is uni- 
versally admired for his extensive erudition, and 
the purity of his language. The best editions of 
his work De Medicina are those of Almeloveen, 
Padua, 1722, 8vo; Krause, Lips. 1766, 8vo; and 
Targa, Lugd. Bat. 1785, 2 vols. 4to. A good 
English translation of Celsus was published by 

Dr Grieve in 1756. Albinovanus, a friend of 

Horace, warned against plagiarism, 1, ep. 3, 15, 
and pleasantly ridiculed, in the 8th epistle, for 
his foibles. Some of his elegies have been pre- 
served. Juventius, a lawyer who conspired 

against Domitian. Titus, a man proclaimed 

emperor, A.D. 265, against his will, and mur- 
dered seven days after. 



CEL 



170 



CEN 



Cei.t.E, an ancient people, who appear at a 
ver J remote period to have extended themselves 
from Asia over several countries of Europe. He- 
rodotus speaks of them as living beyond the pil- 
lars of Hercules, and as the farthest'western Eu- 
ropeans. Strabo places them in Iberia near the 
Bastis and the Anas. Plutarch extends their do- 
minion from the ocean to the Palus Maeotis. The 
name gradually became peculiar to fewer tribes, 
and in the time of Cjesar the Celtas formed but 
a third part of the Gauls, who themselves for- 
merly were but a part of the Celtae. The terri- 
tory inhabited by the Celtse, according to the 
Roman dictator, reached from the ocean to the 
Rhenus, and from the rivers RIatrona and Se- 
quana to the Rhodanu?, the Garumna, and the 
mountains of Cebenna. The Romans called this 
district Cellica, or Galatia. Herod. 4, 49. — S<ra6. 
3 — Pint, in Mario.— Ccbs. BeU. G. 1, 1, &c. 

CeltIberi, the inhabitants of Celtiberia, a 
country along the Iberus, in the north-east part 
of Spain. They formed the most numerous tribe 
in Spain, and originated from the Celtas mixed 
with the Iberi. They were very brave, and their 
cuneus was formidable even to the Romans. Af- 
ter a long resistance to the Carthaginians and 
Romans, they were finally subdued by the latter 
people, at the end of the Sertorian war. Diod. 
6.—Flor, 2, n.—Strab. i.—Liccan. 4, 10.— Sil. 
It. 3, 339. 

Celtica, a well populated part of Gaul, in- 
habited by the Celt£E. 

Celtici, a people who inhabited the south of 
Lusitania. Their principal city was Emerita 
Augus a, now Merida, 

Celticum, a promontory on the \vestern 
coast of Spain, called also Artabrum and Nerium, 
now Cape Finisterre. 

Celtillus, the father of Vercingetorix among 
the Arverni. Cces. BeU. G 7, 4. 

Celtorii, a people of Gaul, near the Sen- 
ones. Plut. 

Celtoscyth^, a northern nation of Scy- 
thians. Strab. 10. 

Cema, a mountain of Gaul, forming a part of 
the chain of the Alps. It is now Caillolc. 

Cemmenus, a lofty mountain of Gaul. Strab. 

Cempsi, a people of Spain at the bottom of 
the Pyrenean mountains, Dionys. Perieg. 35S. 

Cenabum or Genabum. Vid. Genabum. 

Centum, a promontory of Euboea, where Ju- 
piter Cceneus had an altar raised by Hercules. 
Odd. Met. 9, 136 Tliucyd. 3, 93. 

Cenchre^, now Kenchres, a port of Corinth 
on the Sinus Saronicus, or Gulf of Engia. In 
its vicinity was a spring of hot water, said to be 

salt, and called the bath of Helen. A fortress 

of Argolis, on the frontiers of Arcadia, south- 
west of Argos. It defended the way from Argos 
to Tegea. Near this place lay the tombs of some 
Argives who fell in a battle against the Spar- 
tans. Strab. 8. 

CENCHRiiis, the wife of Cinyras king of Cy- 
prus, or, as others say, of Assvria. Hygin. Jab. 
58. 

Cenchreus, a son of Neptune and Salamis, 
or as some sav of Pvrene. He killed a large ser- 
pent at Salamis. 'Pavs. 2, 2.— Diod. 4. 

CenchrIus, a river of Ionia near Ephesus, 
where some suppose that Latona was washed 
aftrr ihe had brought forth. Tactt Ann 3, CI. 

Cenespolis, a'town of Spain, tl.e same as 
C:irthasr<i Nova. Polyb. 

Ceneus. fid. Ca;nis. 



Cenimagni, a people of Britain, north of the 
Trinobantes. Vid Icenj. 

Cenina. Vid. Cienina. ' 

Cenomani, a people of Gaul, belonging to the |' 
Aulerci, whose country corresponded to the dio- 
cese of Mam There was another people of ' 

the same name, who originally came f rom ' 
Transalpine Gaul, and settled in Italy a littler^ 
after B.C. 600. 1 

Cenon, a town of Italy. Liv. 2, 63. " 

Censores, two magistrates of great aulhorityp 
at Rome, first created A. U.C. 312. Their office ^ 
was to number the people, estimate the posses- ] 
sions of every citizen, reform and watch over^ 
the manners of the people, and regulate the^ 
taxes. Their power was also extended over pri-l'^ 
vate families; they punished irregularity, and^ 
inspected the management and education of the " 
Roman youth. They could inquire into the 
expenses of every citizen, and even degrade 
senator from all his privileges and honours, ifi' 
guilty of any extravagance. This punishmentr 
was generally executed in passing over the of-, 
fender's name in calling the list of the senators.^" 
The office of public censor was originally exer- * 
cised by the kings. Servius Tullius, the sixth|^ 
king of Rome, first established Acensus, by which,* 
every man was obliged to come to be registered, 
and give in writing the place of his residence, f 
his name, his quality, the number of his chil-" 
dren, of his tenants, estates, and domestics, &c.[ 
The ends of the census were very salutary totheP 
Roman republic, and while it gratified the pridei! 
of i;he great in proclaiming the number of theirl" 
clients and dependants, it infused a spirit of pub-*^ 
lie liberty, and of national independence intotheP 
whole. By means of these regular musters, the^ 
Romans became acquainted with their ownj' 
strength, their ability to support a war, or toP 
make a levy of troops, or raise a tribute. It was? 
required that every knight should be possessedr 
of 400,000 sesterces to enjoy the rights and pri-' 
vileges of his order; and a .senator was entitled'' 
to sit in the senate, if he was really worth 800, OOOJ 
sesterces. This laborious task of numbering andf 
reviewing the people, was, after the expulsion? 
of the Tarquins, one of the duties and privileges! 
of the consuls. But when the republic was be-[ 
come more powerful, and when the number ofj 
the citizens was increased, the consuls wereji 
found unable to make the census, on account ofj 
the multiplicity of business. After it had been^ 
neglected for sixteen years, two new magistrates! 
called censors were elected. They renmined inf 
office for five years, and every fifth year they| 
made a census of all the citizens in the Campus' 
Martins, and offered a solemn sacrifice, and made 
a lustration in the name of all the Roman peo- 
ple. This space of time was called a lustrtim,\ 
and ten or twenty years were commonly expres-| 
sed by two or four lustra. After the office of thef 
censors had remained for some time unalterpd.f 
the people, jealous of their power, abridged the 
duration of their office, and a law was madei 
A. U.C. 420, by Mamercus .Ercilius, ordainingj 
that they should still be elected every five years, 
but that their power should continue only a yearf 
and a half. After the second Punic war, they' 
were always chosen from such per.sons as hadl' 
been consuls; their office was more honourable,? 
though less powerful, than that of the consuls;! 
the badges of their office were fiie same, butf 
the censors were not allowed to have lictors t(^ 
walk before them as the consuls. When one or 



CEN 



171 



CRN 



the cpiisors iJifd, no one was elected in his room 
•.ill the tive years were expired, and his colleague 
immediately resigned. This circumstance ori- 
ginated from the death of a censor in the lustrum 
in which Rome was taken by the Gauls, and was 
ever after deemed an unfortunate event to the 
republic. The emperors abolished the censors, 
and took, upon themselves to execute their office. 

Censorinus, Ap. CI. was compelled after 
many services to the state, to assume the impe- 
rial purple by the soldiers, by whom he was mur- 
dered some days after, A. D. 270 Martius, a 

consul, to whom, as a particular friend, Horace 
addressed his 4 od. 8. A very learned and in- 
genious grammarian of the third century, whose 
book De die natali, is extant, being edited in 8vo, 
by Havercamp, L. Bat. 1767. It treats of the 
birth of man, of years, months, and days. 

Census, the numbering of the people at Rome, 
performed by the censors, a censeo, to value. 

(F/d. Censores.) A god worshipped at Rome, 

the same as Consus. 

Centaretus, a Galatian, who, when Anti- 
ochus was killed, mounted his horse in the great- 
est exultation. The horse, as if conscious of 
disgrace, immediately leaped down a precipice, 
and killed himself and his rider. Plin. 8; 42. 

Centauri, a people of Thessaly, represented 
by mythologists as half men and half horses. 
They were the offspring of Centaurus, son of 
Apollo, by Stilbia, daughter of the Peneus. Ac- 
cording to some, the Centaurs were the fruit of 
Ixion's adventure with the cloud in the shape of 
Juno, or, as others assert, of the union of Cen- 
taurus with the mares of Magnesia. This fable 
of the existence of the Centaurs, monsters sup- 
ported upon the four legs of a horse, arises from 
the ancient people of Thessaly having tamed 
horses, and having appeared to their neighbours 
mounted on horseback, a sight very uncommon 
at that time, and which, when at a distance, 
seems only one body, and consequently one crea- 
ture. Some derive the name a-irh tov k^vtsiv 
ravpovSf goading bulls, because they went on 
horseback after their bulls which had strayed, 
or because they hunted wild bulls with horses. 
Some of the ancients have maintained, that 
monsters like the Centaurs can have existed in 
the natural course of things. Plutarch in Sym- 
pos. mentions one seen by Periander tyrant of 
Corinth; and Pliny, 7, 3, says, that he saw one 
embalmed in honey, which had been brought to 
Rome from Egypt in the reign of Claudius. The 
battle of the Centaurs with the Lapithoe is fa- 
mous in history. Ovid has elegantly described 
it, and it has also employed the pen of Hesiod, 
Valerius Flaccus, &c. ; and Pausanias in Eliac. 
says, it was represented in the temple of Jupiter 
at Olympia, and also at Athens by Phidias and 
Parrhasius, according to Pliny, 36, 5. The 
origin of the battle was a quarrel at the mar- 
riage of Hippodamia with Pirithous. where the 
Centaurs, intoxicated with wine, behaved with 
rudeness, and even offered violence to the wo- 
men that were present. Such an insult irritated 
Hercules, Theseus, and the rest of the Lapithae, 
who defended the women, wounded and defeated 
the Centaurs, and obliged them to leave their 
country, and retire to Arcadia. Here their in- 
solence was a second time punished by Hercules, 
who, when he was going to hunt the boar of Ery- 
manthus, was kindly entertained by the Centaur 
Pbolus, who gave him wine which belonged to 
the rest of the Centaurs, but had been given 



them on condition of their treating Hercules with 
it, whenever he passed through their territory. 
They resented the liberty which Hercules took 
with their wine, and attacked him with uncom- 
mon fury. The hero def ended himself with his 
arrows, and defeated his adversaries, who fled 
for safety to the Centaur Chiron. Chiron had been 
the preceptor of Hercules, and therefore they 
hoped that he would desist in his presence. Her- 
cules, though awed at the sight of Chiron, did 
not desist, but, in the midst of the engagement, 
he w ounded his preceptor in the knee, who, in 
the excessive pain he suffered, exchanged im- 
mortality for death. The death of Chiron irri- 
tated Hercules the more, and the Centaurs that 
were present were all extirpated by his hand, and 
indeed few escaped the common destruction. 
The most celebrated of the Centaurs were Chi- 
ron, Eurytus, Araycus, Gryneus, Caumas, Lyci- 
das, Arneus, Medon, Rhogtus, Pisenor, Merm 
ros, Pholus, &c. Diod. 4. — Hesiod. in Scut. 
Hercul— Homer. II. et Odyss.—Ovid. Met. 
Strab. 9.— Pans, b, 10, Sic-JEliaji. F. ff. 1), 2. 

— Apollod. 2,3, 6 Virg. ^n. 6, 2SQ.—Hygin. 

fab. 33 et 62.— Pindar. Pyth. 2. 

Centaurus, a ship in the fleet of ^Eneas, 
which had the figure of a Centaur. Firg. Mn. 
5, 122. 

Centobrica, a town of Celtiberia. Val. 
Max. 5, 1. 

Cen TORES, a people of Scythia. Flacc. 
Centoripa, or Centuripa. Vid. Centu- 
ripa. 

Centrites, a river of Armenia Major, flow- 
ing under the ramparts ol Tigranocerta, and dis- 
charging itself into the Euphrates. Diodorus 
Siculus says that it flowed between Armenia and 
Media; and in Xenophon's Anabasis it is said to 
have separated Armenia from the country of the 
people called Carduchi. Its modern name is 
Khabour. 

Centrones, a people of Gaul, among the 
Alpes Graise, who, along with the Graioccli and 
Caturiges, were defeated by Caesar in several 
engagements. Tiieir chief city was Forum 

Claudii Centronum, now Centron. Thei-e was 

a people of Gaul of the same name subject to 
the Nervii, now supposed to be in the territory 
of Courtray. Cces. B. G. 1, 10. 3, 33.— Plin. 3, 
20. 

Centronius, a man who squandered his im- 
mense riches on useless and whimsical buildings. 
Juv. 14, 86. 

CENTUMCELLiE, now Civita Vecckia, a sea- 
port town of Etruria, north-w est of Csere. Tra- 
jan made this the place of his residence, where 
he entertained his friends and the great men of 
his court, with music, plays, and banquets, not 
sumptuous but moderate. In progress of time, 
he gave it importance by erecting a harbour, 
which he called after his own name. The har- 
bour was formed by running out two piers into 
the sea, and constructing in the interval an 
; island, which served to break the violence of the 
waves, and to secure the ships in the inner basin 
from storms and bad weather. Plin. 6, ep. 31. — 
Ruiil. 1, 237. 

Centumviri, the members of a court of jus- 
tice at Rome. They were originally chosen, 
three out ol each of the thirty-five tribes of the 
people, avid though 103, they were always called 
Centumviri. They were afterwards increased 
to 160, and still retained their original name. 
The praetor sent to their tribunal causes of the 
P2 



CEN 



172 



CEP 



greatest importance, as their knowledge of the 
law was extensive. They were called together 
by setting up a spear; at first by those who had 
discharged the office of qutestor, afterwards by 
the decemviri who presided among them during 
the absence of the prsetor. Trials before them 
were usually held in the Basilicae, spacious hails 
built around the forum for the administration of 
justice. They continued to act as judges for a 
whole year. Cic. de Orat. l.,35,— Quijdil.i,5, 
et n.—Plin. 6, ep. 33. 

Centuria, a division of the people among 
the Romans, consisting of a hundred. At first a 
century contained a hundred, as the word im- 
plies, but not so afterwards. The Roman peo- 
ple were originally divided into three tribes, 
and each tribe into ten curias. Servius Tullius 
made a census; and when he had enrolled the 
place of habitation, name, and profession ol 
every citizen, which amounted to 80,000 men, 
all able to bear arms, he divided them into six 
classes, and each class into several centuries or 
companies of a hundred men. The first class 
consisted of eighty centuries, forty of which were 
composed of men from the age of forty-five and 
upwards, appointed to guard the city. The forty 
others were young men, from seventeen to forty- 
five years of age, appointed to go to war, and 
fight the enemies of Rome. Their arms were 
all the same, that is, a buckler, a cuirass, a hel- 
met, cuishes of brass, with a sword, a lance, and 
a javelin; and as they were of the most illustri- 
ous citizens, they were called by way of eminence 
Classici, and their inferiors infra dassem. They 
were to be worth 100,000 asses, or pounds of 
brass ; or 10,000 draehmce, according to the 
Greek way of computing; which sum is com- 
monly reckoned equal to L.322 ISs. 4d. sterling; 
but if we suppose each pound of brass to contain 
twenty-four asses, as was the case afterwards, it 
will amount to L.7,750. The second, third, and 
fourth classes, consisted each of twenty centuries, 
ten of which were composed of the more aged, 
and the others of the younger sort of people. 
Their arms were a large shield, a spear, and a 
javelin; they were to be worth in the second 
class, 75,000 asses, or about L.r21. In the third 
50,000, or about L.60; and in the fourth 25,000, 
or about L.40. The fifth class consisted of thirty 
centuries, three of which were carpenters by 
trade, and the others of different professions, 
such as were necessary in the camp. They w ere 
all armed with slings and stones. They were to 
be worth 11,000 asses, or about L.IS. The sixth 
class contained only one centuria, comprising the 
whole body of the poorest citizens, who were 
called Proletarii, as their only service to the state 
was procreating children. They were also cal- 
led capite censi, as the cpnsor took notice of their 
person, not of their estate. In the public assem- 
blies in the Campus Martins, at the election of 
public magistrates, or at the trial of capital 
crimes, the people gave their vote by cen'uries, 
whence the assembly was called comitia centuri- 
ata. In these public assemblies, which were 
never convened, but only by the consuls at the 
perm ssion of the senate, or by the dictator, in 
the absence of the consuls, some of the people 
appeared under arms, for fear of an attack from 
some foreign enemy. When a law was proposed 
in the public assemblies, its necessity was ex- 
plained, and the advantages it would produce to 
the state were enlarged upon in a harangue; 
after which it v, as exposed in the most conspi- 



cuous parts of the city three market days, that 
the people might see and consider. Exp'osing it 
to public view, was called proponet e legem, and 
explaining it, pi-omidgare legem. He who merely 
proposed it, was called lator legis ; and he who 
dwelt upon its importance and utility, and wish- 
etl it to be enforced, was called auctor legis. 
■\Vhen the assembly was to be held, the auguries • 
were consulted by the consul, w ho, after haran- 
guing the people; and reminding them to have 
in view the good of the republic^ dismissed them 
to their respective centuries, that their votes 
might be gathered. They gave their votes viva 
voce, till the year of Rome A. U.C. 615, when 
they changed the custom, and gave their appro- I 
bation or disapprobation by ballots thrown into ' 
an urn. If the first class was unanimous, the ' 
others were not consulted, as the first was supe- 
rior to all the others in number; but if they were 
not unanimous, they proceeded to consult the 
rest, and the majority decided the question. 
This advantage of the first class gave oflFence to I 
the rest; and it was afterwards settled, that one ' 
class of the six should be drawn by lot, to give I 
its votes first, without regard to rank or priority. 
After all the votes had been gathered, the consul 
declared aloud, that the law which had been ' 
proposed was duly and constitutionally approved, i 
The same ceremonies were observed in the elec- | 
tion of consuls, praetors, &c. The word Centuria \ 
is also applied to a subdivision of one of the Ro- ; 
man legions. Vid. Legio. 

CentCripa, {es, or ce, arum), now Centorhi, I 
a town of Sicily on the eastern coast, at a small I 
distance from Catana. Cic. in Ferr. 4, 23.— Hal. 
14, -lOj—Plin. 3. 8. !' 

Ceos and Cea, an island of the ^gean sea, 
one of the Cycladec, opposite the promontory of 
Sunium. It was peopled by an Ionian colony 
from Attica, and is said to have introduced a 
great degree of elegance in female dress. It I 
once possessed four cities, named lulis, Carthaea, ' 
Coressia, and Poeessa; but in the time of Strabo [ 
only the two former existed, the other two hav- ' 
ing been swallow ed up bv an earthquake. It is 
now Zea. Herod. 8, 1 eti6.—Plin. 4, 12. 

CephAL^, a promontory of Africa, situate at| 
the commencement of the Syrtis Major. It is 
thought to be the present Cape Mesurata. 

Cephalema and Cephallenia, an island 
in the Ionian sea, below Corcyra, whose inhabi- 
tants went with ITlysses to the Trojan war. It 
was known in the time of Homer by the names 
of Samos and Black Epirus ("Hn-f.pof /le'Xaica); 
and had anciently four cities, named Same, 
Prone, Cranii, and Tals. It is said to have de-' 
rived its name from Cephalus, husband of Pro-' 
cris. It is now called Cephallonia. and is the 
largest of the lojiian Islands, as thev are termed. 
Strah. lO.—Plin. 4, 12.— Homer. II. 2, 631.— 
Thucyd. 2, 30.— Paws. 6, 15. 

Cephallen, a noble musician, son of Lam- 
pus. Pans. 10, 7. 

Cephalo an officer of Eumenes. Diod. 19. 

Cephalcedis and CephalcedIum, now C*- 
phalu, a town on the northern coast of Sicily, 
Sil. 14, 253. — Cic. in Ferr. 2. 51. 

CephAlon, a native of Ionia, who flourished 
in the reign of Adrian. He was the author of a 
history of Troy ; and he lik w ise wrote an epi- 
tome of general history from the time of Ninus 
to that of Alexander the Great; which he divided 
into nine books, distinguished by the names of 
the nine Muses, probably in imitation of Hero- 



CEP 



173 



CER 



dotus. He is said to have affected not to know 
tiie place of his nativity; being induced by ridi- 
culous vanity, to imragine that different cities 
would contend for the honour of having given 
birth to him, as in the case of Homer. Dionyi. 
Hal. 1, 11. — Suidas. 

Cefhalus, son of Deioneus, king of Thes- 
saly. by Diomede, daughter of Xiitbus, married 
Procris, daughter of Erechtheus, king of Athens. 
Aurora fell in love with him, and carried him 
away; but he refused to listen to her addresses, 
and was impatient to return to Procris. The god- 
dess sent him back; and to try the fidelity of his 
wife, she made him put on a different form, and 
he arrived at the house of Procris in the habit of 
a merchant, Procris was deaf to every offer; 
but she suffered herself to be seduced by the goid 
of this stranger, who discovered himself the very 
moment that Procris had yielded up her virtue. 
This circumstance so ashamed Procris, that she 
fled from her husband, and devoted herself to 
hunting in the island of Euboea, where she was 
admitted among the attendants of Diana, who 
presented her with a dog always sure of his prey, 
find a dart which never missed its aim, and al- 
ways returned to the hands of its mistress of its 
own accord. Some say that the dog was a pre- 
sent from Minos, because Prociis had cured his 
wounds. After this Procris returned in disguise 
to Cephalus, who was willing to disgrace him- 
self by some unnatural concessions to obtain the 
dog and the dart of Procris. Procris discovered 
herself at the moment that Cephalus showed 
himself faithless, and a reconciliation was easily 
made between them. They loved one another 
with more tenderness than before, and Cephalus 
received from his wife the presents of Diana. 
As he was particularly fond of hunting, he every 
morning repaired early to the woods, and when 
tired with excessive toil and fatigue, he laid 
himself down in the cool shade, earnestly calling 
for Aura, or the refreshing breeze. This ambi- 
guous word was mistaken for the name of a mis- 
tress, and some cruel informer reported to the 
jealous Procris, that Cephalus daily paid a visit 
to a mistress, whose name was Aura. Procris 
too readily believed the information, and secret- 
ly followed her husband into the woods. Accord- 
ing to his daily custom, Cephalus retired to enjoy 
the cooling shade, and called after Aura. At the 
name ol Aura, Procris eagerly lifted up her head 
to see her expected rival. Her motion occasion- 
ed a rustling among the leaves of the bush that 
concealed her ; and as Cephalus listened, he 
thought it to be a wild beast, and he let fly his 
unerring dart. Procris was struck to the heart, 
and instantly expired in the arms of her hus- 
band, confessing that ill-grounded jealousy was 
the cause of her death. After this Cephalus fled 
to Amphitryon, who, pitying his case, not only 
received hirri kindly, but made him governor of 
the island, which from him was call nl Cephalo- 
nia or Cephalenia. According to Apollodorus, 
there were two persons of the name of Cephalus; 
one, son of Mercury and Herse, carried away by 
Aurora, with whom he dwelt in Syria, and by 
whom he had a son called Tithonus. The other 
married Procris, and was the cause of the tragi- 
cal event, mentioned above. Cephalus was fa- 
ther of Arcesius by Procris, and of Phaeton, ac- 
cording to Hesiod, by Aurora, Ovid. Met, 7, 

fah. 26.—Hygin.fab. 189.— Apollod 3, 15 A 

Corinthian lawyer, who assisted Timoleon in 
regulating the republic of Syracuse. Dtod, 16. 



— Piut. i7i Tim. A king of Epirus. Lir. 43, 

]8. An orator frequently mentioned by De- 
mosthenes. 

Cepheis, a name given to Andromeda as 
daughter of Cephus. Ovid. A. A. 1, 193. 

Cephenes, an ancient name of the Persians. 

Herod. 7, 61. A name of the ^Ethiopians, 

from Cepheus one of their kings. Ovid. Met. 
5, 1. 

Cepheus, a king of Ethiopia, father of An- 
dromeda, by Cassiope. He was one of the Ar- 
gonauts, and was changed into a constellation 
after his death. Ovid, Met. 4, 669. 5, \2.-Paus. 
4, 35. 8, i.—Apollod. 1, 9, 2, 1, 4et 7. 3, 9, men- 
tions one, son of Aleus, and another, son of Belus. 
The former he makes king of Tegea, and father 
of Sterope; and says, that he, with his tw elve 
sons, assisted Hercules in a war against Hippo- 
coon, where they were killed. The latter he 
calls king of ^Ethiopia, and father of Andromeda. 

A son of Lycurgus present at the chace of 

the Calydonian boar, Apollod. 1, 8, 

CephIsia, a part of Attica, through w hich the 
Cephisus flows. Plin. 4, 7. 

CephIsiAdes, a patronymic of Eteocles, son 
of Andreus and Evipp from the supposition of 
his being the son of the Cephisus. Paus. 9, 34. 

CEPHisiDORUS, a tragic poet of Athens, in the 

age of ^schylus An historian, who wrote an 

account of the Phocian war. 

Cephision, the commander of some troops 
sent by the Thebans to assist Megalopolis, &c. 
Dtod. le. 

Cephisodotus, a disciple of Isocrates, a great 
reviler of Aristotle, who wrote a book of pro- 
verbs. Athen, 2. 

Cephisus and Cephissus, a celebrated river 
of Greece, that rises at the foot of Parnassus, 
close to Lilasa, and after traversing the whole of 
Phocis, enters Boeotia, where it empties itself 
into the lake Copais. The Graces were said to 
be particularly attached to this river, and are 
hence called the goddesses of the Cephisus. 
There were two other rivers of the same name 
in Attica, one of which commenced north of 
Decelea, and after flowing through the Attic 
plains, and passing under the long walls, dis- 
charged itself into the sea near Phalerum; and 
the other took its source north of Phyle, and 
joined the Sinus Saronicus near Scirus. Strab. 
9.— Plin. 4, 7.— Paus. 9, 24. - Homer. II. 2, 29.— 

Lucan. 3, 175.-~Ovid. Met. J, 369. 3, 19. A 

man changed into a sea monster, by Apollo, 
w hen lamenting the death of his grandson, Ovid. 
Met. 7, 388, 

Cefhren, a king of Egypt, who built one of 
the pyramids. Died. I. 

Cepio, or C^Pio, a man who, by a quarrel 
with Drusus, caused a civil war at Rome, &e. 

Servilius, a Roman consul, who put an end 

to the war in Spain. He took gold from a tem- 
ple, and for that sacrilege the rest of his life was 
always unfortunate. He was conquered by the 
Cimbrians, his goods were publicly confiscated, 
and he died at last in prison. 

Cerambus, a man changed into a beetle, or, 
according to others, into a bird, on mount Par- 
nassus, by the nymphs, before the deluge, Ovid. 
Met. 7, fab. 9. 

Ceramicus, now Keramo, a bay of Caria, 
north of the peninsula of Doris, receiving its 
name from Ctrramus. Plin. 5, 29. — Mela, 1, 16. 

A principal division of the city of Athens. 

It derived its naaie from Ceranuis, the son of 
P3 



CER 



174 



CER 



Bacchus and Ariadne, or naore probably from the 
v.ord Kspafj,os, owing to the number of potteries 
which were formerly situated in it It was di- 
vided into two parts, one of which was within the 
city, and contained a great number of temples, 
theatres, porticoes, &c.; the other was in the 
suburbs, was a public burying place, and con- 
tained the academy and several oiher buildings. 
Plin. 35, 12.— ac. de Finih. 1, 11. Ad Att. 1, ep. 
10 — Pans. 1, 3. 

CerA>iiuji, a place of Rome, where Cicero's 
house was built. Cic. ad Attic 

CerAmus, a small to«T3 and fortress of Caria, 
east of Halicamassus. It is now called Keramo. 

Cerast^, a people of Cyprus, said to have 
been metamorphosed into bulls. 

Cerasus (iintis), now Keresoun, a citv of Pon- 
tus. on the sea-coast, south-west of Trapezus. 
It was built by the inhabitants of Sinope in 
Paphlagonia, to whom it paid a yearly tribiate. 
It was much improved by Pharnaces, grandfa- 
ther of Mithridates Eupator, who gave it the 
name of Phamacia, though some distinguish Ce- 
rasus from the city of Phamacia. According to 
Ammianus Marcellinus, the cherry {cerasum) 
derives its name from Cerasus, having been 
brought from thence by Lucullus. Marcell. 22, 
13.— Plin. 15, 25. 16, IS. 17, U.—Mela, 1,19. 

Ceraton, a celebrated altar in the temple of 
Apollo at Delos. It was totally erected with the 
horns of stags, without the assistance of cement; 
and as it was the work of the god who presided 
over the temple, it not only commanded the at- 
tention of worshippers, but passed for one of the 
wonders of the world. It was said to exist still 
in the time of Plutarch. Theseus, on his victo- 
rious return from Crete, visited Delos, and of- 
fered sacrifices on the Ceraton, round which he 
led in solemn dance the band of Athenians who 
had accompanied his expedition. Ouid. Heroid. 
20, 99.~Plut. de Ind. Anin. et in Thes.—Calli- 
mac. in Apoll. 

Ceraunia and Ceraunii, large mountains 
of Epirus, extending far into the sea, and form- 
ing a promontory which divides the Ionian and 
Adriatic seas. They were so called from being 
frequently struck with lightning. They are the 
same as the Acroceraunia. QFid. Acrocerau- 
nium.)- — -Mount Taurus is also called Cerau- 
nius. Pli}i. 5,27. 

Ceraunii, mountains of Asia, opposite the 
Caspian sea. Mela, 1, 19. 

Ceraunus, a surname of Ptolemy II., from 

his boldness. C, Nep. Reg. 3. A surname 

given by Clearchus, tyrant of Heraclea in Pon- 
tus, to his son, in contempt of Jupiter's thunder. 
Justin. 16, 5. 

Cerbalus, a river of Arulia, now Cervaro. 
Plin. 3, 11. 

Cerberus, a dog of Pluto, the fruit of Ech- 
idna's union with Typhon. He had fifty heads, 
according to Hesiod, and three according to other 
mythologists. He was stationed at the entrance 
into hell, as a watchful keeper, to prevent the 
living from entering the infernal regions, and the 
dead from escaping from their confinement. It 
was usual for those heroes, who in their lifetime 
visited Pluto's kingdom, to appease the barking 
mouths of Cerberus with a cake. Orpheus lulled 
him to sleep with his lyre; and Hercules dragged 
him from hell when he went to redeem Alceste. 
Homer speaks of this animal, but does not men- 
tion either his name, or the nature of his form; 
Hesiod, therefore, is the lirst who calls him 



Cerberus. Virg. Mn. 5, 134. 6, i\7.— Homer. 
Odyss. 11, 622.— Paw. 2, 31, 3, 2b.— Hesiod. 
Theog. 312.~TibuU. 1, el. 10, 35. 

Cercaphl's, a son of ^olus. A son of Sol, 

of great power at Rhodes. Died. 5. > 

Cercasorum, a town of Egypt, where the ^ 
Nile divides itself into the Pelusian and. Canopie I 
mouths. Now El AJisas. Herod. 2, 15. 

Cerceis, one of the Oceanides. Hesiod. Theog 
355. 

Cercestes, a son of .^g^-ptus and Pboenissa. ^ 
Apollod. 2, 1. 

Cercides, a native of Megalopolis, who wrote 
Iambics. Athen. lO.-JElian. V. H. 13. 

Cercina and Cercinna, now Karkenna, a , 
small island of the Mediterranean, near the 
smaller Syrtis, on the coast of Africa. Tacit. 1, 

An7i. 1,53.— Strab. n. — Liv. 33, 48 Plin, 5, 7. 

A mountain of Thrace, towards Macedonia. 

Thucyd. 2. 98. 

Cercinium, a town of Thessaly. Liv. 31, 41. 

Cercius and Rhetius, charioteers of Castor p 
and Pollux. 

Cercopes, a people of Ephesus, made prison- 
ers by Hercules. Apollod. 2, 6. The inhabi- 
tants of the island Pithecusa, changed into mon- / 
keys on account of their dishonesty. Ovid. Met. 
14, 91. ; 

Cercops, a Milesian, author of a fabulous ■ 
history, mentioned by Athenaeus. A Pytha- 
gorean philosopher. 

Cercyon and Cercyones, aking of Eleusis, 
son of Neptune, or, according to others, of Vul- 
can. He obliged all strangers to wrestle with 
him; and as he was a dexterous wrestler, they [ 
were easily conquered and put to death. After \ 
many cruelties, he challenged Theseus in wrest- 
ling, and he was conquered and put to death by I 
his antagonist. His daughter, Alope, was loved j 
by Neptune, by whom she had a child. Cercyon ' 
exposed the child, called Hippothoon; but he | 
was preserved by a mare, and afterwards placed 
upon his grandfather's throne by Theseus. Ovid, I 
Met. 7, ^Z^.—Hygin.fab. lS7.—Plut. in Thes.— 
Pans. 1, 5 et 39. 

Cercyra. Fid. Corcyra. I 

Cerdylium, a place near Amphipolis. Thu- f 
cyd. 5, 6^ I 

Cere alia, festivals in honour of Ceres; first F 
instituted at Rome by Memmius the aedile, and r 
celebrated on the 19th of April. Persons in ? 
mourning were not permitted to appear at the ^ 
celebration; therefore they were not observed P 
after the battle of Cannae. They are the same f 
as the Thesmophoria of the Greeks. Vid. Thes- f 
mophoria. P 

Ceres, the goddess of com and of harvests, r 
was daughter of Saturn and Vesta. She had a ' 
daughter by Jupiter, whom she called Phere- t 
•phaXa., fruit-bearing, and afterwards Proserpine. \ 
This daughter was carried away by Pluto, as she 
was gathering flowers in the plains near Enna. [ 
The rape of Proserpine was grievous to Ceres, !^ 
who sought her all over Sicily; and when night I 
came, she lighted two torches in the flames of 
mount ^-Etna, to continue her search by night all ' 
over the world. She at last found her veil near 
the fountain Cyane; but no intelligence could 
be received of the place of her concealment, till 
at last the nymph Arethusa informed her that 
her daughter had been carried away by Pluto. 
No sooner had Ceres heard this, than she flew to 
heaven with her chariot drawn by two dragons, 
and demanded of Jupiter the restoration of her 



j CER 1" 

i iaughter. The endeavours of Jupiter to soften 
l' er by representing Pluto as a powerful god, to 
! .ecome her son-in-law, proved fruitless, and the 
• dstoration was granted, provided Proserpine 
i lad not eaten any thing in the kingdom of Pluto, 
i 'eres upon this repaired to Pluto, but Proser- 
'ine had eaten the grains of a pomegranate which 
! tie had gathered as she walked over the Elysian 
i elds, and Ascalaphus, the only one who had 
een her, discovered it to make his court to 
Pluto. The return of Proserpine upon earth 
vas therefore impracticable; but Ascalaphus, for 
lis unsolicited information, was changed into an 
•wl. i^Vid. Ascalaphus.) The grief of Ceres 
or the loss of her daughter was so great, that 
Jupiter granted Proserpine to pass six months 
with her mother, and the rest of the year with 
Pluto, During the inquiries of Ceres for her 
laughter, the cultivation of the earth was ne- 
j fleeted, and the ground became barren; there- 
ore, to repair the loss which mankind had suf- 
ered by her absence, the goddess went to Attica, 
ivhich was become the most desolate country in 
^he world, and instructed Triptolemus of Eleusls 
»n every thing which concerned agriculture. She 
aught him how to plough the ground, to sow and 
eap the corn, to make bread, and to take parti - 
ular care of fruit trees. After these instructions, 
he gave him her chariot and commanded him 
o travel all over the world, and communicate 
lis knowledge of agriculture to the rude inhabi- 
ants, who hitherto lived upon acorns and the 
oots of the earth. {Vid. Triptolemus.) Her 
leneficence to mankind made Ceres respected. 
;icily was supposed to be the favourite retreat of 
ie goddess, and Diodorus says, that she and her 
aughter made their first appearance to mankind 
.1 Sicily, which Pluto received as a nuptial 
owry from Jupiter when he married Proserpine. 
Che Sicilians made a yearly sacrifice to Ceres, 
very man according to his abilities; and the 
mntain of Cyane, through which Pluto opened 
limself a passage with his trident, when carry- 
ag away Proserpine, was publicly honoured 
vith an offering of bulls, and the blood of the 
victims was shed in the waters of the fountain. 
Besides these, other ceremonies were observed 
in honour of the goddesses who had so peculiarly 
favoured the island. The commemoration of the 
rape was celebrated about the beginning of the 
harvest, and that of the search of Ceres at the time 
that corn is sown in the earth. The latte^ festi- 
val continued six successive days; and during the 
celebration, the votaries of Ceres made use of 
some free and wanton expressions, as that lan- 
guage had made the goddess smile while melan- 
choly for the loss of her daughter. Attica, 
which had been so eminently distinguished by 
the goddess, gratefully remembered her favours 
in the celebration of the Eleusinian mysteries 
{Vid. Eleusinia.) Ceres also performed the du- 
ties of a legislator, and the Sicilians found the 
advantages of her salutary laws; hence, her sur- 
name of Thesmophora. She is the same as the 
Isis of the Egyptians, and her worship, it is said, 
was first brought into Greece by Erechtheus. She 
met with different adventures when she travelled 
over the earth, and the impudence of Stellio was 
severely punished. To avoid the importunities 
of Neptune, she changed herself into a mare; 
but the god took advantage of the metamor- 
phosis, and from their union arose the horse 
Arion, {Vid. Arion.) The birth of this monster 
so offended Ceres, that she withdrew herself 



75 CER 

from the sight of mankind; and the earth would 
have perished for want of her assistance, had not 
Pan discovered her in Arcadia, and given infor- 
mation of it to Jupiter. The Parcse were sent 
by the god to comfort her, and at their persua- 
sion she returned to Sicily, where her statues 
represented her veiled in black, with the head of 
a horse, and holding a dove in one hand, and in 
the other a dolphin. In their sacrifices the an- 
cients offered Ceres a pregnant sow, as that ani- 
mal often injures and destroys the productions of 
the earth. While the com was yet in the grass, 
they offered her a ram, after the victim had been 
led three times round the field. Ceres was re- 
presented with a garland of ears of corn on her 
head, holding in one hand a lighted torch, and 
in the other a poppy, which was sacred to her. 
She appears as a country-woman mounted on the 
back of an ox, and carrying a basket on her left 
arm, and holding a hoe; and sometimes she rides 
in a chariot drawn by winged dragons. She was 
supposed to be the same as Rhea, Tellus, Cybele, 
Bona Dea, Berecynthia, of the Phrygians, the 
lais of the Egyptians, the Adargatis of the Sy- 
rians, the Hera of the Arcadians, &c. She was 
said to be the mother of Plutus the god of riches, 
whom she bore to Jasiusson of Jupiter and Elec- 
tra in Arcadia. The Romans paid her great 
adoration, and lier festivals were yearly cele- 
brated by the Roman matrons in the month of 
April, during eight days. These matrons ab- 
stained during several days from the use of wine 
and every carnal enjoyment. They always bore 
lighted torches in commemoration of the god- 
dess; and whoever came to these festivals with- 
out a previous initiation, was punished with 
death. Ceres is metaphorically called bread and 
corn, as the word Bacchus is frequently used to 
signify wine. Apollod. 1, 5. 2, 1. 3, 12 et 14. — 
Pans. 1, 31. 2, 34. 3, 23. 8. 25, &cc.—Diod. 1., &c. 
—Ovid. Fast, 4, 400, &c. 3Jet 5. fab. 7, 8, &c. 
— Claudian. de Rapt. Pros.- — Cic.in Verr. 7.— 
Callimach. in Cer. — Liv. 29 et 'd\. — Stat. Theb. 
Yl.~Dionys. Hal. 1, 33.— Hygin. P. A. 2.— He- 
siod. Theog. 454, 912, et 970.— Virg. G. ], 147 et 
343. 

Cerialis Anicius, a consul elect, who wish- 
ed a temple to be raised to Nero, as to a god, 
after the discovery of the Pisonian conspiracy, 
&c. Tacit. Ann 15, 74. 

Cerilla, or Ceril,!,^, now Cirella Vecchia, 
a town of the Brutii, south-west of Pandosia. 
Strab. 6.—Sil. Ital. 8, 580. 

Cerinthus, now Kumi, a town of Euboea, 
situated on the Euripus, north-east of Chalcis. 
Its inhabitants went to the Trojan war, headed 
by Elphenor, son of Chalcedon. Homer. 11. 

2, b^.— Strab. 10. A beautiful youth, long the 

favourite of the Roman ladies, and especially of 

Sulpitia, &c. Horat. Sat. 1, 2, 81. One of the 

early heretics from Christianity. 

Cermanus, a place where Romulus was ex- 
posed by one of the servants of Amulius. Plut. 
in Romul. 

Cerne, an island without the pillars of Her- 
cules, on the western coast of Africa. Hanno 
says, in his Periplus, that it was at the same dis- 
tance from the pillars of Hercules that these 
were from Carthage. Here he planted a colony, 
and it was always the depot of the Carthaginians 
on the Atlantic coast of Africa. It appears to 
have been the same with the modern island of 
Suana. Strab, 1. — Plin. 5 et 6. 
Ceron, a fountain of Histiajotis, ^hose waters 



CER 



176 



CH,E 



rpridereci black all tiie sheep Lh.it drank of them. 
Plin. 3, 2. 

Ceropasades, a son ofPhraates king of Persia, 
given ai a hostage to Augustus. 

Cerpheres, a king of Egypt, who is suppos- 
ed to have built the smallest pyramid. 

Cerretani, a people of Spain, inhabiting 
the district now called Cerdagne in Catalonia, 
nin. 3, 3. 

Cerrh^I, a people of Greece, who profaned 
the templp of Delphi. Plut. in Sol. 

Cersobleptes. a king of Thrace, conquered 
by Philip king of Macedonia. PolycEn. 7, 3i. 

Ceutima, a town of Celtiberia, which was 
taken ly Gracchus- Liv. -30, 47. 

Certonium, a town of Asia Minor, between 
Adramvttium and the Caicus. Xenoph, A7iab. 
7, 8. 4. ■ 

Cervartus, a Roman knight, who con- 
spired with Piso against Nero. Tacit. Ann. 15, 
50. 

P. Cervius, an officer under Verres. Cic. in 
Verr 5, 44. 

Ceryces, a sacerdotal family at Athens. 
Thucyd. 8, 53. 

Cerynea, a town of Achaia, north west of 
Hura, whither the inhabitants of Mycenas retired 
when their city was destroyed by the Argives. 
Pans. 7, 25. 

CeselLiIUS Balsus, a turbulent Carthagin- 
ian, who dreamt of money, and persuaded Nero 
that immense treasures had been deposited by 
Dido in a certain place, which he described. 
Inquiry was made, and when no money was 
found, Cesellius destroyed himself. Tacit. Ann. 
16, ], &e. 

Cesenma, an infamous prostitute, born of an 
illustrious family at Rome. Juv. 6, 135. 

Cestius, an Epicurean of Smyrna, whotaught 

rhet .rie at Rhodes, in the age of Cicero. A 

governor of S} ria. Tacit. H. 5. Severus, an 

informer under Nero. Tacit. H. 4. Proculus, 

a man acquitted of an accusation of embezzling 

the public money. Id. Ann. 30. A bridge at 

Rome. 

Cestrina, a small district of Epirus. Paus. 
2, 23. 

Cestrixus. a son of Helenus and Andro- 
mache. Alter his father's death, he settled in 
Epirus, above the river Thyamis, and called the 
country Cestrina. Paus. 1, 11. 

Cetes, a king of Egypt, the same as Proteus. 
Diod. 1. 

Cethegds, the surname of one of the branches 

of the Cornelii. Marcus, an eloquent orator. 

called from his persuasive powers Suado" Me- 
dulla. He was consul in the second Punic war. 

Cic. in Brut. 15.- A tribune at RcTie, of the 

most corrupted morals, who joined Catiline in 
hi' conspiracy against the state, and was com- 
missioned to murder Cicero. He was appre- 
hended, and, with Lontulus, put to death by the 

Roman senate. Plut. in Cic SfC A Trojan, 

killed by Turnus. Virg. ^7i. 12, 513. P. 

Corn, a powerful Roman, who embraced the 
party of Marius against Sylla. His mistress had 
obtained such an ascendancy over him, that she 
distributed his favours: and I-ucullus v as not 
ashamed to court her smiles, when he wished to 

oe appointed general against Mithridates. A 

senator put to death Ibr adultery, under \'alen- 
tinian. 

Cetii, a people of Mysia. who probably took 
tlieir name from the river Cetius, which traversed ] 



their countrj', and discharged itself into the Adri- 
atic. 

Cetius, a river of Mysia. Aridgeof moun-j 

tains in Noricum, forming iis eastern boundary.'^ 
According to Busching, it extended from near 
the source of the Save towards the Danube, abouf 
nine British miles on the w est of Vienna. It iS 
now called Kahlenberg. \ 

Ceto, a daughter of Pontus and Terra. whoi 
married Phorcys, by whom she had the three! 
Gorgons, &c Hesiod. TJieog. 237. — Lucan. 9, 
(i4f5. ! 

Cecs and C^US. a son of Ccelus and Terra, 
who married Phoebe, by w hom he had Laton 
and Asteria. Hesiod. Theog. 135.— Virs: ^n. 4, 

179 The father of Trcezen. Homer. 11. 2, 

354. 

C£yx, a king of Trachinia, son of I-ucifer. and 
husband of Alcyone. He was drowned as he went'' 
to consult the oracle of Claros. His w ife wasH 
apprised of his misfortune in a dream, and found: 
his dead body washed on the sea shore. Tbeyf 
were both changed into birds, called Alcyons.! 
iFid. Alcyone.) Ovid Met. 11, 5S7. Heroid. IS," 
81.— Paus. 1, 32. According to Apollod. 1, 7. 2, 
7, the husband of Alcyone and the king of Tra-ti 
chinia were two dififerent persons. 

Chaberis, a river of India, rising in the" 
Western Ghauts., and after traversing the country 
of the Bati, or Coimbitoor. running with a south 
easterly course past Tallara, or Tanjore, into the 
bay of 'Bengal, which it enters by various mouths 
opposite the island of Ceylon. It is now the 

Cauvery. A town of India, at the northern 

mouth of the river Chaberis, now Cauvery patam. 

Chabinus, a mountain of Arabia Felix. 
Diod. 3. 

Chaboras, or, as Straboand Ammianus Mar- 
cellinus call it, Aborras, a river of Mesopotamia, 
rising in the low er part of mount Masius, and 
flowing with a circuitous course into the Euph- [ 
rates near the tow n of Circesium. It is called 
the Araxes by Xenophon, in his account of the 
expedition of the younger Cyrus. It is now the 
Khabour. 

Chabria, a village of Egypt, near Pelusium. 

Chabrias, an Athenian general and philoso- P 
pher, who chiefly signalised himself when he as-[ 
sisted the Bceotians against Agesilaus. In thisf 
celebrated campaign, he ordered his soldiers to 
put one knee upon the ground, and firmly to rest', 
their spears on the other, and to cover themselves 
with their shields, by which means he daunted 
the enemy, and had a statue raised to his honour 
in that same posture. He assisted also Nectane- 
bu=, king of Egypt, and conquered the whole < 
island of Cyprus; but he at last fell a sacrifice to ' 
his excessive courage, and despised to fly from ' 
his ship, when he had it in his power to save his ' 
life like h s companions, B.C. 376. C. Nep. in\ 
vita. — Diod. \6.—Plut. in Phoc \ 

Chabryis. a king of Egypt. Diod. 1. 

Chorea, the name of one of Terence's cha- u 
racters in his Eimuch. ^ 

CH-EREAS an Athenian, who wrote on agri-> 

culture. An officer at Rome, who murdered ^ 

Caligula, A. D. 41, to prevent the infamous death ^" 
which was prepared against himself. In destroy- ,! 
ing the tyrant, Chiereas hoped to rouse his coun-N 
trymen to assert their ancient liberties; but hist 
efforts were vain, and the elevation of Claudius [j 
to the throne was followed by the death of the, 

murderer and of his associal» ?. An Athenian,, 

&c. Thucyd. 8, 74, &c. 



CH.E 



177 



CHA 



Ch^REMON, a comic poet, and disciple of So- 
crates. A stoic, who wrote on the Egyptian 

priests. 

Ch^rephon, a tragic poet of Athens, in the 
age of Philip of Macedonia. 

CH^RESTRATA, the mother of Epicurus, de- 
scended of a noble family. 

Ch^RINTHUS, a beautiful youth, &c. Herat. 
Serm. 1, 2, 81. 

Ch^RIPPUS, an extortioner, &c. Juv. 8, 96. 

CHiERO, the founder of Chaeronea. Plut. in 
SyU 

Ch^ronia, Ch^ronea, and Cherronea, 
a city of Boeotia, anciently called Arne, and si- 
tuate on the Cephissus. It was memorable for 
the defeat of the Athenians by the Boeotians, 
B.C. 447, and much more for their irretrievable 
defeat by Philip, B.C. 338, which put an end to 
the liberties of Greece. Here also Sylla defeat- 
ed Archelaus, the lieutenant of Mithridates, with 
an army greatly inferior in number. It was the 
birth-place of Plutarch. It is now Kapourna. 
Paus. 9, iO.—Plut. in Pelop. ^c. — Strah. 9. 

CHAL.EON, a port of the Locri Ozolae, south- 
west of Crissa. 

Chalc^A, a town of Caria. Of Phoenicia. 

Chalcea, an island with a town near Rhodes. 

Plin. 5, 3. A festival at Athens. Vid. Pana- 

thenasa. 

Chalcedon and Chal,ced6nia, now Kadi- 
keui, an ancient city of Bithynia, opposite By- 
zantium, built by a colony from Megara, seven- 
teen years before the founding of Byzantium. It 
was first called Procerastes, and afterwards Col- 
pusa. Its situation, however, was so improperly 
chosen, that it was called the city of blind men, 
intimating the inconsiderate plan of the founders, 
in overlooking the more advantageous position 
jf Byzantium. Strab. 7.— Plin. 5, 32.— Mela, 
1, 19. 

ChalcidENB, a part of Syria, very fruitful. 
Plin. 5, 23. 

Chalcidenses, the inhabitants of the isthmus 

between Teos and Erythrae. A people near 

the Phasis. 

Chalcideus, a commander of the Lacedae- 
monian fleet, killed by the Athenians, &c. Thu- 
cyd. 8, 8. 

Chalcidice, a district of Macedonia, lying 
between the Sinus Strymonicus and Thermaicus. 
It comprehended three peninsulas, Acte, Sitho- 

nia, and Phlegra or Pallene. Another in 

Syria. 

Chalcidtcus, (of C/ialcis), an epithet applied 
to Cumae in Italy, as built bv a colony from Chal- 
cis. Virg. ^n. 6, 17. 

Chalciceus, a surname of Minerva, because 
she had a temple at Chalcis in Euboea, or be- 
cause she had a brazen (^x°^'''°i) altar in one of 
her temples. She was also called Chalciotis and 
Chalcidica; and some of her festivals celebrated 
at Sparta also bore the same name. C. Nepos, 
i.—Mian. V. H. 9, 12.— Liv. 33, 36. 

Chalciope, a daughter of ^etes king of Col- 
chis, who married Phryxus son of Athamas, who 
had fled to her father's court for protection. She 
had some children by Phryxus, and she preserv- 
ed her life from the avarice and cruelty of her 
father, who had murdered her husband to obtain 
the golden fleece. (Fii. Phryxus.) Ovid. Heroid. 

17, 232.—Hygin. fab. 14, &c. The mother of 

Thessalus by Hercules. Apollod. 2, 7. The 

daughter of Rhexenor, who married iEgeus. Id. 

1. 



CHALCIS, now Egripo, the chief city of the 
island of Euboea, situate in that part which is 
nearest to Boeotia. It was founded, according to 
some authors, by an Ionian colony from Athens, 
after the siege of Troy; but Homer speaks of it 
as existing before this event. The inhabitants 
were renowned for their skill in navigation, but 
they were very generally reproached on account 
of the dissoluteness of their manners. Chalcis 
was one of the three cities which Philip, son of 
Demetrius, used to call "the fetters of Greece '" 
Strab. 10— Horn. 11. 2, 538.— Cic. N. D. 3, 10. 

Another of Macedonia. Another of ^to- 

lia, now Galata. Horn. II. 2, 640. Another of 

Syria, now Kinesrin. 

Chalcitis, a country of Ionia. Paus. 7, 5. 

Chalcodon, a son of Egyptus, by Arabia. 

Apollod. 2, 1. A man of Cos, who wounded 

Hercules. Id. 2, 7. The father of Elephenor, 

one of the Grecian chiefs in the Trojan war. 

Horn. B. 2, 17. A man who assisted Hercules 

in his war against Augias. Pam. 8, 15. 

Chalcus, a man made governor of Cyzicusby 
Alexander. Polycen. 

Chald^A, a country of Asia, towards Arabia 
and the Persian gulf, and west of the mouth of 
the Tigris and Euphrates. Some writers make 
it a part of Babylonia. The Chaldajans, who are 
called in Hebrew Chasdim, were a Shemitic tribe. 
They were famous for their skill in the sciences, 
especially in astronomy. They are said to have 
recorded observations of the heavenly bodies 
above 2000 years before the Christian era. They 
were also soothsayers, and pretended to judge of 
future events by the study of the stars. Cic. de 
Div. 1, l.—Diod. 2.— Strab. 2. — PUn. 6, 28. 

Chald^I, the inhabitants of Chaldaea. 

Chales, a herald of Busiris, put to death by 
Hercules. Apollod. 2, 5. 

Chalestra, a town of Macedonia, near the 
mouth of the Axius. Herod. 7, 123. 

Chalonitis, a country of Media. 

Chalybes and Calybes, a people of Asia 
Minor, in the south-east part of Pontus, once 
very powerful, and possessed of a great extent of 
country, abounding in iron mines, where the in- 
habitants worked naked. The Calybes attacked 
the ten thousand in their retreat, and behaved 
with much spirit and courage. They were partly 
conquered by Croesus, king of Lydia. They 
were sometimes called Chald»i. Virg. .^n. 8, 
\2\.— Strab. 12, Scc—Apollon. 2, 375.—Xenoph. 
Anab. 4, &c.— Herod. 1, 28.— Justin. 44, 3. 

Chalybon, now supposed to be Aleppo, a 
town of Syria, which gave the name of Chaly- 
bonitis to the neighbouring eoimtry. Fid. Be- 
rcea. 

Chalybonitis, a country of Syria, so famous 
for its wines that the kings of Persia drank no 
other. 

Chalybs, now Parga, a river of Spain, where 
Justin. 44, 3, places the people called Calybes. 

Chamavi, a people of Germany, south-east of 
the Frisii. Tacit, in Germ. 

CHANE, a river between Armenia and Alba- 
nia, falling into the Caspian sea. 

Chaon, a mountain of Peloponnesus.. A 

son of Priam. Vid. Channia. 

Chaones, a people of Epirus. 

Chaonia, a mountainous part of Epirus, 
which receives its name from Chaon a son of 
Priam, inadvertently killed by his brother He- 
lenus. There was a wood near, where doves 
(,Chabnice ares) were said to deliver oracles. The 



CHA 17S 



CHA 



words ChaoniiLS vicius are bj- ancient authors ap- 
piied to acorns, the I'ood of the first inhabitants. 
Lucan. 6, 426 —Claudian. de Pros. rapt. 3, 47.— 

Virg. Mn. 3, 333 Propert. 1, el. Q.— Ovid. A. 

A 1. 

Ckaonitis, a country of Assyria. 

Chaos, a rude and shapeless mass of matter, 
and confused assemblage of inactive elements, 
which, as the poets suppose, pre-existed the for- 
mation of the world, and from which the uni- 
verse was formed by the hand and power o/ a 
superior being-. This doctrine was first estab- 
lished by Hesiod, from whom the succeeding 
poets have copied it; and it is probable that it 
was obscurely drawn from the account of Mo£es, 
by being copied frcm 'he annals of Sanchonia- 
thon, whose age is fixed antecedent to the siege 
of Troy. Chaos was deemed, by some, as one of 
the oldest of the gods, and invoked as one of the 
infernal deities. Virg. yEii. 4, blO.—Ovid. Met. 
1, fab. l.—Lucref. 1 — Diod. L. 

CharAdra, a town of Phocis, situate on a 
high and rugged rock, about 20 stadia froaa Li- 
lisa. Herod. 8, 33. 

Charadros, a river of Phocis, which passed 
near the town of Charadra, and soon after dis- 
charged itself into the Cephissus. Stat. Theb. 
4, 46. 

CharAdrus, aplaceof Argos, where military 
causes were tried. Thucyd. 5, 60. 

CHARiE.\DAS, an Athenian general sent with 
twenty ships to Sicily during the Peloponnesian 
war. Hedied426 B.C &c. Thucyd. ^,^6. 

Char AX, a town of Armenia. A philoso 

pher of Pergamus, who wrote a history of Greece 
in 40 books. 

Charaxes and Charaxus, a Mitylenean, 
brother to Sappho, who became passionately 
fond of the courtezan Rhodope, upon whom he 
squandered all his possessions, and reduced him- 
self to poverty, and the necessity of piratical ex- 
cursions. Ovid. Heroid^ 15, Wl .—Herod. 2, 135, 
ice. 

Charaxus, one of the Centaurs who was pre- 
sent at tlie marriage of Pirithous. He was at- 
tacked by RhcetusL who struck his head with a 
burning brand, and set his h iir on fire, so that 
he died in the most excriiciating torments. Ovid. 
Met. 12, 272. 

Chares, an Athenian general. A statuary 

of Lindus, who was twelve years employed in 
making the famous Colossus at Rhodes. ' Plin. 
34, 7. A man who wounded Cyrus when fight- 
ing against his brother Artaxerxes. An histo- 
rian of Mitylene, who wrote a life of Alexander. 

An Athenian, who fought with Darius 

fiirainst Alexander. Curt. 4, 5. A river of 

Peloponnesus. Pint, in Ar-<t. 

Charicles, one of the thirty tyrants set over 
Athens by the Lacedagmonians." Xenoph. Mcmor. 

3. — Arist. Polit. 5, 6- A famous physician im- 

Uer Tiberius. Tacit. Ann. 6, 50. 

Chariclides, an officer of Dionysius the 
younger, whom Dion gained to dethrone the 
tyrant. Diod. 16. 

CharTclo, the mother of Tiresiis. greatly 
favoured by Minerva. ApoUod. 3, 6. A daugh- 
ter of Apollo, who married the centaur Chiron. 
Ovid. Met. 2, 635. 

Charidemus, a Roman exposed to wild 
beasts. Martial. 1, ep. 44. An Athenian ba- 
nished by Alexander, and killed by Darius, &c. 

ChauIla. a festival observed once in nine 
years by the Delphians. It owes its origin to 



this circumstance: In a great famine the people 
of Delphi assembled and applied to their king to 
relieve their wants. He accordingly distributed 
the little corn which he had among the noblest; 
but as a poor little girl, called Charila, begged 
the king with more than common earnestness, 
he beat her with his shoe, and the girl, unable 
to bear his treatment, hanged herself in her 
girdle. The famme increased; and the oracle 
told the king, that to relieve his people, he must 
atone for the murder of Charila. Upon this a 
festival was instituted, with expiatory rites. The 
king presided over this institution, and distribut- 
ed pulse and corn to such as attended. Charila's 
image was brought before the king, who struck 
it with his shoe; after which it was carried to a 
desolate place, where they put a halter round its 
neck, and buried it where Charila was buried. 
Plut. in Qucest, Grcec. 

Charilaus and Charillus, a son of Poly- 
dectes king of Sparta, educated and protected by 
his uncle Lycurgus. He made war against Ar- 
gos, and attacked Tegea. He w as taken prisoner, 
and released on promising that he would cease 
from war, an engagement which he soon broke. 
He died in the 64th year of his age. Paus. 2, 36. 
6, 4S. A Spartan who changed the monarchi- 
cal power into an aristocracy. A7ist. Polit. 5., 12. 
A man of Palaepolis who betrayed his na- 
tive city into the hands of Publ. Philo the Roman 
general. Liv. 8, 25. 

Charillus, one of the ancestors of Leuty- 
chides, Herod. 8, 131. 

Charis, a goddess among the Greeks, sur- 
rounded with pleasures, graces, and deliaht. 
She was the wife of Vulcan. Homer, II. 18, 382. 

Charisia, a town of Arcadia. Pam. 8, 3. • 

A festival in honour of the Graces, with dances 
which continued all night. He who continued 
awake the longest was rewarded with a cake. 

Charisius, an orator at Athens. Cic. in B. 
83. 

Charistia, festivals at Rome, celebrated on 
the 20ih of February, by the distribution of mu- 
tual presents, with the intention of reconciling 
friends and relations. VaL Max. 2, i.— Ovid. 
Fast. 2. 

CharTtes and Gratis the Graces, daugh- 
ters of Venus by Jupiter or Bacchus, are three 
in number, Aglaia, Thalia, and Euphrosyne. 
They were the constant attendants of Venus, 
and they were represented as three young, beau- 
tiful, and modest virgins, all holding one another 
by the hand. They presided over kindness, and 
all good offices, and their worship was the same 
as that of the nine muses, with w hom they had a 
temple in common. They were generally repre- 
sented naked, because kindnesses ought to he 
done with sincerity and candour. The moderns 
explain the allegory of their holding their hand*' 
joined, by observing, that there ought to be a 
perpetual and never-ceasing intercourse of kind- 
ness and benevolence among friends. Thrir 
youth denotes the constant remembrance that 
w e ought ever to have of kindnesses received* , 
and their virgin" purity and innocence teach us, ' 
that acts of benevolence ought to be done wi h 
out any expectation of restoration, and that wo 
ought never to suffer others or ourselves to be' 
guilty of base or impure favours. Homer speaks 
only of two Graces, one of whom he calls the 
wife of Vulcan, and the other Pasithae; and the 
Lacedtemonians also worshipped only two, Clif.a 
and Phsenna. Theocr. Id, in Ch.--Faus. 9, 35 .~ 



CHA 



179 



CHE 



Hesiod. Th. Giet907>— Orpheus, Hi/mn.— ApoUod. 
}.—Hygin. prsef. (nh.— Homer. 12. l^.—Eurip. in 
Here. Fur. 673. — Horat. 1, od. 30, 5.— Seneca de 
Bene/. 1, 4 — Aul. Gell. 13, 11. 

Chariton, a Greek author, was a native of 
Aphrodisium, and lived in the fourth century. 
He wrote a romance called " The Loves of Chae- 
reas and Callirhoe," which has been much ad- 
mired for its elegance and the originality of the 
characters it describes. There is a very learned 
edition of Chariton, by Reiske, with D'Orville's 
notes, 2 vols. 4to, Amst. 1750. 

Charm ADAS, a philosopher of uncommon 
memory. Plin. 7, 24. 

Charme and Carme, the mother of Brito- 
martis by Jupiter. 
CHARkiDES, a Lacedaemonian, sent by his 

; king to quell a sedition in Crete. Pam. 3, 2. 

j ~ — A boxer. Id. 6, 7. A philosopher of the 

third academy, B.C. 95. 

I Charminus, an Athenian general, who de- 
feated the Peloponnesians. Thucyd. 8, 42. 
Charmione, a servant maid of Cleopatra, 

I who stabbed herself after the example of her 

I mistress. Plut. in Anton. 

! Charm IS, a physician of Marseilles, in Nero's 
age, who used cold baths for his patients, and 

I prescribed medicines contrary to those of his 
contemporaries. Plin. 21, 1. 

Charmosyna, a festival in Egypt. Plut. de 
hid. 

Charm US, a poet of Syracuse. His composi- 
tions were collected by Clearchus the disciple of 
j Aristotle, but only a few scattered fragments are 
to be found in Athenaeus. 

Charon, a Theban, who received into his 
house Pelopidas and his friends, when they de- 
livered Thebes from tyranny, &c. Plut. in Pe- 

lop. An historian of Lampsacus, son of Py- 

I theus, who wrote two books on Persia, besides 

I other treatises, B. C. 479." An historian of 

Naucratis, who wrote an history of his coimtry, 

and of Egypt. A Carthaginian writer,<&c. 

A god of hell, son of Erebus and Nox, who con- 
ducted the souls of the dead in a boat over the 
rivers Siyx and Acheron to the infernal regions, 
for an obolus. Such as had not been honoured 
with a funeral were not permitted to enter his 
boat, without previously wandering on the shore 
for one hundred years. If any living person pre- 
sented himself to cross the Stygian lake, he could 
not be admitted before he showed Charon a gol- 
den bough, which he had received from the Sybil; 
and Charon was imprisoned for one year, because 
he had ferried over, against his own will, Hercu- 
les without this passport. Charon is represented 
as an old robust man, with a hideous counten- 
ance, long white beard, and piercing eyes. His 
garment is ragged and filthy, and his forehead is 
covered with wrinkles. As all the dead were 
obliged to pay a small piece of njoney for their 
admission, it was always usual, among the an- 
cients, to place under the tongue of the deceased 
a piece of money for Charon. This fable of 
Charon and his boat is borrowed from the Eeryp- 
tians, whose dead were carried acro?s a lake, 
where sentence was passed on them, and accord- 
ing to their good or bad actions, they were hon- 
oured with a splendid burial, or left unnoticed 
in the open air. J^Vid. Acherusia.) Died. 1. — 
Senec. in Here, Fur. act. 3, 765. — Virg. Ain. 6, 
2i)8, &c. 

CharondaS, a '-P^..brR^.''!l Ipsisl.Mf'r rf the 
Thurians, and a native of C;tlana m rSirily, flour- 



ished about 444 B.C. He foibade any citizen 
appear armed in the assembly of the people; but 
one day going thither in haste, without thinking 
of his sword, he was no sooner made to observe 
his mistake, than he plunged it into his breast. 
Val Max. 6, 5. 

Charonium, a cave near N:vsa, where the 
sick were supposed to be delivered from iheir 
disorders by certain superstitious solemnities. 

Charonius, an epithet for caves, some of 
which are found in Italy and in other parts of the 
world, where the air is so loaded with a poison- 
ous vapour, that animals cannot live in them 
even for a few moments. 

Charofs and Charopes, a Trojan killed by 

Ulysses. Homer. 11. A powerful Epirot, who 

assisted Flaminius when making war against 
Philip the king of Macedonia, and sent his son 
to Rome to receive and finish there his education. 

Liv. 32, 6et 11. 43, 5.— Plut. in Flam. The 

first decennial archon at Athens. Patet-c. 1, 8. 

Charybdis, a dangerous whirlpool on the 
coast of Sicily, opposite another whirlpool called 
Scyila, on the coast of Italy. It was very dan- 
gerous to sailors, and it proved fatal to part of 
the fleet of Ulysses. The exact situation of the 
Charybdis is not discovered by the moderns, as 
no whirlpool sufficiently tremendous is now 
found to correspond with the descriptions of the 
ar.cients. The words 

Incidit in Scyllam qui vtdl vitare Cliarybdim, 
became a proverb, to show that in our eagerness 
to avoid one evil, we often fall into a greater. 
The name of Charybdis was properly bestowed on 
mistresses who repay affection and tenderness 
with ingratitude. It is supposed that Charybdis 
was an avaricious woman, who stole the oxen of 
Hercules, for which theft she was struck with 
thunder by Jupiter, and changed into a whirl- 
pool. Lycnphr. in Cass. — Homer Odyss. 12. 

Propert. 3, el. U.~Itol. 14.— Orzrf. in Ibin. de 
Ponto, 4, eU 10. Amor. 2. el. W.— Firfr. /En. 3. 
420. 

Chauci, a people of Germany, north east of 
the Frisii, celebrated for their love of justice. 
They were divided into Majores and Minores. 
The latter dwelt between the Amisia, or Ems, 
and the Visurgis or Weser; the former between 
the Visurgis and the Albis, or Elbe. Tacit. Germ. 
35. 

CHAURUS. Vid. Cauras, 

CHELiE, a Greek word, {xv'>^v), signifying 
claws, which is applied to the Scorpion, one of 
the signs of the zodiac, and lies according to the 
ancients, contiguous to Virgo. Firg. G. I, 33. 

ChelIdon, a mistress of Veires. Cic. in 
Verr. 1, 40. 

ChelidonIa, a festival at Rhodes, in which 
the boys begged from door to door, and sang a 
song called Chelidonisma . because it was begun 
with an invocation to the ;i sX^r^ir/, or swallow. 

Athen. 8. The wind Favonius was called also 

Chelidonia, from the 6th of the ides of February 
to the 7th of the calends of March, the time 
when swallows first made their appearance. 
Plin. 2, 47. 

CHELlDONl^, now J^eZ/t/om. a group of islands, 
souih of the Sacrum Fromontorium, upon ?be 
coast of Lycia, very dangerous to mariners, 
i Dionys. Peiieg.. 5{)b.—Pli7i, 5,27 et Hi.— Liv. 33, 
41. 

ChelTdHnts. a daughter of king Leotychides, 
I who married Cleorymns, and committed ac'ul-' 
] tery with Actotatiis. Pint, in Pyrr. 



CHE 



ISO 



CHI 



ChelidOnium Promontorium, probably 
the same with the Sacrum Promontorium. 

CHEiiONE, a nymph changed into a tortoise 
by Mercury, for not being present at the nuptials 
of Jupiter and Juno, and condemned to perpetual 
silence for having ridiculed these deities. 

CHELONrs, a daughter of Leonidas king of 
Sparta, who married Cleombrotus. She accom- 
panied her father, whom her husband had ex- 
pelled, and soon after went into banishment 
with her husband, who had in his turn been ex- 
pelled by Leonidas. Plut. in Agid. et Cleom. 

Chelonophagi, a people of Caramania, who 
not only used the flesh of tortoises for food, but 
likewise covered their houses with the shells of 
these animals. There was also a people of the 
same name in Ethiopia. Plin. 6, 24. 

Chemmis, an island at the Sebennytic mouth 
of the Nile, situate on a deep lake adjoining the 
city of Butus. It was covered with palm trees, 
and distinguished by a temple of Apollo. Herod. 

2, 156. A town of Upper Egypt, on the east 

bank of the Nile. Its Greek name is Panopolis, 
and Chemmis its Egyptian name, is still dis- 
covered in that of Ekhmin. (^Vid. Panopolis.) 
Herod. 2, 91. 

Chenion, a mountain in Asia Minor, from 
which tlae 10,000 Greeks first saw the sea. Diodm 
14. 

CHEOPS and Cheospes, a king of Egypt, after 
Rhampsinitus, who built famous pyramids, upon 
which 1060 talents were expended oilly in supply- 
ing the workmen with leeks, parsley, garlic, and 
other vegetables. Herod. 2, 124. 

Chephren, a brother of Cheops, who also 
built a pyramid. The Egyptians had so strong 
an aversion to the memory of these two royal 
brothers, that they would never mention their 
names, but always attributed their pyramids to 
one Philotis, a shepherd who fed his cattle in 
those parts. Herod. 2, 127. 

CheremocrAtes, an artist who built Diana's 
temple at Ephesus, &c. Strab. 14. 

Cherisophus, a commander of 800 Spartans, 
in the expedition w hich Cyrus undertook against 
his brother Artaxerxes. Diod. 14. 

Cheron^a. Vid. Chaeronea. 

CHER5PHON, a tragic writer of Athens, in the 
age of Philip. Among his compositions there is 
a tragedy mentioned under the title of Hera- 
clides. The application with which he studied 
had such effect upon his constitution, that from 
his paleness he was surnamed Byxinos. PhUostr, 
in vitis. 

Cherronesus, Vid. Chersonesus. 

Chersias, an Orchomenian, reconciled to 
Periander by Chilo. Pausanias praises some of 
his poetry, 9, 38; the greater part of which was 
already lost, though partially preserved in the 
history of the Orchomenians, 

ChersidAmas, a Trojan, killed by Ulysses in 
the Trojan war. Odd. Met. 13, 259. 

Chersiphro, an architect, whose abilities 
were exercised in the construction of Diana's 
temple at Ephesus Plin. 36, 14. 

Chersonksus, a Greek word, from xh<">Sf 
land, and vijoof, an island, which signifies the 
same as Peninsida; or a tract of land encompas 
sed by water on all sides, except where it is join- 
ed to the mainland by a narrow neck or isthmus. 
There were many of these among the ancients, 
of which these five were the most celebrated: one 
called Peloponnems; one called Thracian, at the 
south of Thrace and west of the Hellespont, 



where Miltiades led a colony of Athenians, and \ 
built a wall across the isthmus. From its isth- i 
mus to its further shores, it measured 420 stadia, | 
extending between the bay of Melas and the | 
Hellespont. The third called Taurica, now , 
Crim Taria/ !/, was situate near the Palus Maeotis. 
The fourth, called Cimbrica, now Jutland., is in , 
the northern parts of Germany; and the fifth, I 
called Aurea. now Mcdava, lies in India, beyond j 
the Ganges. Herod. 6, 33. 7, 58.— Lu'. 31, 16.— 

Cic.ad Br.2. Also a peninsula near Alexandria 

in E^ypt. Hirt. Alex. 10. 

Cherusci, apeople of Germany, between the 
Visurgis, or TVeser., and the Albis, or Elbe, south- 
east of the Chauci. They were brave and power- 
ful, but degenerated so far, in consequence of 
the defeats which they suffered from the Romans 
and the Longobardi. as to become subject to the 
latter people. Tacit.— Ccbs. B. G. 6, 9. 

Chidorus, a river of Macedonia near Thes- ' 
salonica, not sufficiently large to supply the army I 
of Xerxes with water. Herod 7, 127. 

Chiliarchus, a great officer of state at the | 
court of Persia. C. Nep. in Conon. 

Chilius and Chileus, an Arcadian, who ad- 
vised the Lacedaemonians, when Xerxes was in ' 
Greece, not to desert the common cause of their 
country. Herod. 9, 9. 

ChiLo, a Spartan philosopher, son of Dama- , 
getus. He was called one of the seven wise men . 
of Greece, and he distinguished himself by not 
only the delivery of excellent moral precepts, 
but by a temperate and exemplary life. He was 
short in his manner of speaking, from whence 
the epithet of Chilonian is applied to concise la- 
conic expressions. The elegies he w rote did not !i 
amount to 200 verses; and nothing is extant be- j' 
sides his moral sentences, and a letter to Peri- j, 
ander, preserved by Diogenes Laertius. Three j 
of his maxims, as conveying the purest morality, |, 
were inscribed in gold letters in the temple at 
Delphi, and fully deserved immortality. They [ 
were. Know thyself - Desire nothing too much — j 
and Misery is the sure companion of debt and . 
strife. He died through excess of joy, in the ( 
arms of his son, who had obtained a victory at [! 
Olympia, B.C. 597; and the crowded assembly | 
who assisted at the celebration, honoured the \. 
memory of the philosopher by attending his [, 
funeral. Laert. 1, 72.—^. Gell. 1, 3.— Plin. 7, » 
33. One of the Ephori at Sparta, B.C. 556. 

Chilonis, the wife of Theopompus king of;. 
Sparta. Polycen. 8. , 

Chim.^rA, a celebrated monster, sprung from ^ 
Echidna and Typhon, which had three heads, |, 
that of a lion, of a goat, and of a dragon, and con- |j 
tinually vomited flames. The foreparls of its,, 
body were those of a lion, the middle was that of „ 
a goat, and the hinder parts were those of a dra- „ 
gon. It generally lived in Lycia, about the i, ^ 
reign of Jobates, by whose orders Bellerophon, ? 
mounted on the horse Pegasus, overcame it. \ ? 
This fabulous tradition is explained by the recol- \\ ' 
lection that there was a burning mountain in f 
Lycia, called Chimasra, whose top was the resort i 
of lions, on account of its desolate wilderness; 
the middle, which was fruitful, was covered with ^ f_ 
goats; and at the bottom the marshy ground " 
abounded with serpents. Bellerophon is said to '.\ '■ 
have conquered the Chimaera, because he first , 
made his habitation on that mountain. Plutarch i ' 
says, that it was the captain of some pirates, who ^ 
adorned their ship with the images of a lion, a 
goat, and a dragon. From the union of the 



CHI 



181 



GHO 



Chimsera with Orthos, sprung the Sphinx, 
and the lion of Nemaea. Hotiier. 11. 6, 181.— 
Hedod. Tkeog. 3-2,2.— ApoUod. 1, 9. 2,3.—Lucret. 

5, 903. -Ovid. Met. 9,6^6. — Firg. /En 6, 288 

One of the ships in the fleet of -.flSneas. Virg. 
Mn. b, 118. 
Chimarus, a i-iver of Argolis. Pam. 2, 36. 
CHlMiiRi UM, a mountain of Phthiotis, in 
Thessaly. Plin. 4, 8. 

Chiomara, a woman who cut off the head of 
a Roman tribune when she had been taken pri- 
soner, &c. Plat, de Firt- Mul. 
7- Chion, a Greek writer, whose epistles were 

.dited cam noiis, Cobergi, Svo, Lips. 1763. 
^ Chi UN K, a daughter of Daedalion^ of whom 
Apollo and Mercury became enamoured. To 
j enjoy her company, Mercury lulled her to sleep 
! with his cadueeus, and Apollo, in the night, un- 
der the form of an old woman, obtained the same 
favours as Mercury. From this embrace Chione 
I became mother of Philammon and Autolycus 
I the former of whom, as being son of Apollo, be- 
j came an excellent musician; and the latter was 
j equally notorious for his robberies, of which his 
latiier Mercury was the patron. Chione grew so 
I proud of her commerce with the gods, that she 
j even preferred her beauty to that of Diana, for 
which impiety she was killed by the goddess, 
i and changed into a hawk. Ovid. Met. 11, fab. 8. 
' — — A daughter of Boreas and Orythia, who had 
Eumolpus by Neptune. She threw her son into 
the sea, but he was preserved by his father. 

Apollod. 3, 15. — Paus. 1, 38. A famous pro- 

stitu-e. Martial. 3, ep. 34. 

Chionidks, an Athenian poet, supposed by 
some to be the inventor of comedy. 

Chios, now Scio, an island in the iEgean sea, 
between Lesbos and Samos, on the coast of Asia 
Minor. According to Strabo, it is 900 stadia in 
circuit. It anciently bore the names of ^ihalia, 
Macris, and Pityusa, but the most prevalent 
I name was Chios, derived from the Greek word 
Xicijv, snow, because its mountains were often 
covered with it, or from the Sjnac term signify- 
ing mastic, with which the island abounds. It 
was well inhabited, and could once equip 100 
ships; and its chief town called Chios had a beau- 
tiful harbour, which could contain eighty ships. 
The wine of this island, so much celebrated by 
the ancients, is still in general esteem. Chios 
was one of the places which laid claim to the 
honour of having given birth to Homer. Plut. 
de Virt. Mul. — Horat, Od. 3, 19, 5. Sat. 1, 10,24. 
—Paus. 7, 4:.— Mela, 2, 2.—Strab. 2. 

Chiron, a centaur, half a man and half a 
horse, son of Philyraand Saturn, who had chang- 
ed himself into a horse, to escape the inquiries of 
his wife Rhea. Chiron was famous for his know- 
ledge of music, medicine, and shooting. He 
taught mankind the use of plants and medicinal 
herbs; and he instructed, in all the polite arts, 
the greatest heroes of his age, such as Achilles, 
iEsculapius, Hercules, Jason, Peleus, ^Eneas, 
&c. He was wo\xnded in the knee by a poisuned 
firrow, by Hercules, in his pursuit of the centaury. 
Hercules flew to his assistance; but as the wound 
was incurable, and the cause of the most excru- 
ciating pains, Chiron begged Jupiter to deprive 
him of immortality. His prayers were heard, 
and he was placed by the god among the c^n- 
f^tellations, under the name of Sagittarius. He- 
nod, in Scuto. — Homer. IL M.—Paus. 3, 18. 5, 
19. 9, 31. -Ovid. Met. 2, 676 —ApoUod. 2, 5. 3, 
13.~^ Horat. apod. VS. 



Chlob, a surname of Ceres at Athen'. Her 
yearly festivals, cal ed Chloeia, were celebrated 
with much mirth and rejoicing, and a ram was 
always sacrificed to her. The name of Chloe is 
supposed to bear the same signification as Flava^ 
so often applied to the goddess of corn. The 
name, from its signification (x^^i' herba virens,) 
has generally been applied to women possessed 
of beauty, and of simplicity. Paus. \.,i2. 

CHLOREUS, a priest of Cjbele, who came with 
-^neas into Italy, and was killed by Turnus. 

Firg. j^n. 11, 768. Another, &c. 

Chloris, the goddess of flowers, who married 
Zephyrus. She is the same as Flora. Ovid. 

Fast. 5 A daughter of Amphion, son of Jasus 

and Persephone, who married Neleus king of 
Pylos, by whom she had one daughter and twelve 
sons, who all, except Nestor, were killed by Her- 
cules. Hom£r. Odyss. 11, 280.— Paws. 2, 21. 9, 

36. A prostitute, &c. Herat. 3, od. 15. 

ChlorUS, ariver of Cilicia. Plin. 5, 27 

Constantine, one of the Caesars, in Dioclesian's 
age, who reigned two years after the emperor's 
abdication, and died July 25, A. D. 306. 

Choarina, a country near India, reduced by 
Craterus, &c. 
Choaspes, a son of Phasis, &c. Flacc. 5, 585. 

A river of India, falling into the Indus near 

the modern city of .<4<^ocA. Curt. 5, 2- — Ariver 
of Susiana. Fid Eulaeus. 

Chobus, a river of Colchis. Arrian. 
Chcerades, islands in the Ionian sea, off the 

coast of lapygia. Thucyd. 7. 33. Islands of 

the Euxine sea, near the Hellespont, supposed 

to be the same with the Cyanean isles. 

Islands of the Sinus Persicus. Islands on the 

coast of Eubcea, near mount Caphareus, where 
the Oilcan Ajax is said to have suffered ship- 
wreck, after having violated Cassandra. 

Chcere^, a place in the island of Euboea* , j 

Herod. 6. 101. \m 
Chcerilus, a tragic poet of Athens, who ' ,|| 

wrote 150 dramas, of which thirteen obtained the \. 

prize An historian of Samos. Two other { 

poets, one of whom was very intimate with He- { 
rodotus. He wrote a poem on the victory which \ 
the Athenians had obtained over Xerxes, and on 
account of the excellence of the composition, he 
received a piece of gold for each verse from the 
Athenians, and was publicly ranked with Homer 
as a poet. The other was one of Alexander's 
flatterers and friends. It is said the prince pro- 
mised him as many pieces of gold as there should 
be good verses in his poetry, and as many slaps 
on his forehead as there were bad; and in conse- 
quence of this, scarce six of his verses in each 
poem were entitled to gold, while the rest were 
rewarded with the castigation. PLut. in Alex, — 
Horat. ep. 2, 1, 232. 

Chonntdas, a man made preceptor to The- 
seu.s by his grandfather Pittheus king of Trce- 
zene. The Athenians instituted sacrifices to him 
for the good precepts which he had inculcated 
' into his pupil. Plut. in Thes. 

Chonuphis an Egyptian prophet. Plut. d* 
Socrat. Gen. 
Chorasmii, a people of Asia, between Sog 
; diana and the north-eastern shore of the Caspian. 
' Their chief town was Chorasmia, or Gorgo, now 
! Old Urganls. Herod. 3, 93. 

CHORINEUS, a man killed in the Rululian 

war. Firg. Mn. 9, 571 AnotSier. Id. 12, 298 

A priest with ^Eneas. Id. 

I Chorcebus, a man of Elis, who obtaii.ed a 



CHO 



132 



CIIU 



pnze the first olympiad. (Fid. Coroebus.) A 

youth of Mygdonia, who was enamoured of Cas- 
- saiidra. Firg. Mn. 2, 34) A man who vo- 
luntarily devoted himself to death to free his 
native country Thebes from a pestilence. Stat. 
Theb. 2. 22 J. 6, 286. 

Chosroes, a king of Persia, who ascended 
the throne, A. D. 531. His memory is still ven- 
erated in the East, and his virtues obtained him 

the titles of the Magnanimous and the Just. 

The second of the same name was grandson to 
the preceding, and succeeded to the throne, A.D. 
590. The first years of his reign were highly 
prosperous; but in the last six, his kingdom was 
overrun by foreign enemies, and himself deposed 
and put to death by his own son. 

Chremes, a sordid old man, mentioned in 
Terence's Andria. Horal. in Art. 94. 

Chremetes, a river of Libya, falling into the 
Atlantic ocean, now the Zaire, 

Chresphontes, a son of Aristomachus. Vid. 
Aristodemus. 

Chrestus, an approved writer of Athens. &c. 
Colum. d€ R. R. 1, L 

Christus, the name of our blessed Saviour, 
derived from « Greek word signifying ajioinied. 
The heathen historians have repeatedly men- 
tioned him and the character of his religion. 
His followers were called Christians first at An- 
tioch, and the appellation then seemed to convey 
more reproach than respectability. Plin. \0^ep. 
91.— Ads 11, 216.— Sueton. — Tacit. Ann. 

Chromia., a daughter of Itonus. Pam. 5. 1. 

Chromios, a son of Neleus and Chloris, who, 
with ten brothers, was killed in a battle by Her- 
cules. A son of Priam, killed by Diomedes. 

Apollod. 3, 12. 

Chromis, a captain in the Trojan war. Ho- 
mer. II. 2, 36.1. A young shepherd. Virg. Ed. 

6 A Phrygian killed by Camilla. Id. Mn. 

11. 675. A son of Hercules. Stat. G. 34G. 

Chromius. a son of Pterilaus. Apollod. 2. 4. 

An Argive. who, alone with Alcenor, surviv- 

• pd a battle between 300 of his countrjinen and 
300 Spartans. Herod. 1, 82, 

Chronius, a man w ho built a temple of Diana 
at Orchomenos. Paus. 8, 48. 

CHRONOS, the Greek name of Saturn, or time, 
in whose honour festivals called C/ironm were 
yearly celebrated by the Rhodians, and some of 
the Greeks 

Chryasus, a king of Argos, descended from 
Inachus. 

Chrysa and Chrtse, a town of Troas, south 
of the island of Tenedos, famous for a temple of 
Apollo Smimheus, and equally known for being 
the birth-place of Chrvseis the wife of Eetion. 
Homer. II. 1, 37 et A2\.—Strab. 13 — Ovid. Met. 

13, 174 A daughter of Halmus, mother of 

Phlegias by Mars. Pans {), 36. 

ChrysaME, a Thessalian, priestess of Diana 
Trivia. She fed a bull with poison, which she 
sent to the enemies of her country, who eat the 
flesh , and became delirious, and were an easy 
conquest. Polijcen. 

Chrysantas, a man who refrained from kil- 
ling another by hearing a dog bark. Plut. 
Queest. Rom. 

CHRYSANTHIDS, a philosopher in the age of 
Julian, known for the great number of volumes 
which he wrote. 

Chrysa NTis. a nymph who told Ceres when 
she was at Argos with Pelasgus, that her daugh- 
ter had been carried away. Paus, 1, 14. 



ChrysAor, a son of Medusa by Neptune. 
Some report, that he sprang from the blood of 
Medusa, armed with a golden sword, whence his 
name ;ipi'<io5 aop. He married Callirhoe, one of 
the Oceanides, by whon-. he had Geryon, Echidna, 

and the ChimaBra. Hesiod. Theog. 295. Arii h 

king of Iberia. Diod. 4 A son of Glaucus. 

Pons. 5, 21. 

Chrysaoreus, a surname of Jupiter, from 
his temple at Stratonit-e, where all the Carians 
assembled upon any public emergency. Stmb. 4. 

Chrysaoris, a town ot Cilicia. Pau^. 5, 21. 

CHRYSAS, a river of Sicily, falling into the 
Simaethus, and worshipped as a deity. Cic. in 
Verr. 4, 44. 

Chryseis, the daughter of Chryses. Vid. 
Chryses, 

Chrysermus, a Corinthian, who wrote a his- 
tory of Peloponnesus, and of India, besides a 
treatise on rivers. Plut. in Parall. 

Chryses, the priest of Apollo, lather of Asty- 
nome, called from him Chryseis. When Lyr- 
nessus was taken, and the spoils divided among 
the conquerors, Chryseis, who was the wi!e of 
Eetion, the sovereign of the place, fell to the 
share of Agamemnon. Chryses, upon this. «ciit 
to the Grecian camp to solicit his daughter's 
restoration; and when his prayers were fruitless, 
be implored the aid of Apollo, who visited the 
Greeks with a plague, and obliged them to re- 
store Chryseis. It is with this pathetic story 
that the Iliad opens, and the manner in which 
Agamemnon resents the restitution, and provokes 
the indignation end the enmity of Achilles, 
gives interest to the poem, and produces the 
dreadful catastrophe which decides the fate of 

Tray. Homer. II. 1, 11, &c. A daughter of 

Minos. Apollod. 3, 1. 

Chkysippe, a daughter of Danaus. Apollod. 
2, 1. 

Chrysipfus, a natural son of Pelops, highly 
favoured by his father, for which Hippodami-a, 
his step-mother, ordered her own sons, Atreus 
and Thyestes, to kill him, and to throw his body 
into a well, on account of which they were ba- , 
nished. Some say that Hippodamia's sons re- 
fused to murder Chrysippus, and that she did it | 
herself. They further say, that Chrysippus had | 
been carried away by Laius, king of Thebes, to 
gratiry his unnatural lusts, and that he was in his ' 
arms when Hippodamia killed him. Hygiiu fab. 1 
Sb.—Plak) de Leg. 6.—ApoUod. 3, 5. - Pa^s. 6. 20. [ 

A Stoic philosopher, born at Soloe in Cilicia [ 

Campestris, Having spent his paternal fortune, i 
he devoted himself to philosophy at Athens, I 
where he became a disciple of Cleanthes, the ! 
successor of Zeno. He w as more remarkable for t 
the subtlety than the soundness of his logic, and L 
was led by his practice of taking opposite sides [ 
of a question by turns, to the maintenance of 
much paradox and absurdity. He has in this !■ 
way been charged with maintaining some doc- 
trines of the most licentious kind, whilst his j, 
own conduct was philosophically prudent and i. 
temperate. He engaged deeply in those dis- 1 
putes' concerning moral and physical evil, fate, I 
freewill, and power, which have at all times so 
murfi perplexed metaphysicians; and as might ^ 
be expected, with more rcllnrnient than clear- j 
ne.«;s. He wrote books on a great variety of sub- |^ 
jects, but chiefly on the dialectic art. He died 
at an advanced age, B.C. 208. Val. Max. 8. 7, [. 
-Diod.—Horat. Sat. 2, 3, 46. There were also i 
others of the same name, iae?^.— — A freedmao 



cic 



of Cicero, reduced again to servitude in conse- 
quence of his bad conduct. CAc, ud Alt, 7, ep. 2. . 
1 1 , ep. 2. 

Chrysis, a mistress of Demetrius. Plut. in 

Deiiiet. A. priestess of Juno at Mycenae. The 

temple of the g.oddess was burned by the negli- 
gence of Chrysis, who fled to Tegea, to the altar 
of Minerva. ' Paus. 2, 17. 

CHRYSOASpIdes, soldiers in.the armies of Per- 
sia, whose arms were all covered with gold to 
display the opulence of the prince whom they 
served, whence the name. Justin. 12, 7. 

Chrysoceras, or the Golden Horn, a long 
cove on Ihe north-east side of Byzantium, form- 
ing an excellent harbour, whence its name. 

Chrysogonus, a freedman of Sylla. Cic. pro 

Rose A celebrated singer in Domitian's reign. 

Juv. 6, 74. 

Chrysolaus, a tyrant of Methymna, &c. 
Curt. 4, 8. 

Chrysondium, a town of Macedonia. Pulyb 

5. 

Chrysopolis, now Scut >ri, a promontory and 
port of Asia Minor, opposite to Byzantium. The 
Athenians fortified this place, established a toll 
to be paid by the ships which came hither from 
the Euxine, and stationed a fleet here of thirty 
sail, Polyb. 4. 

CHRYSORRH.OAS, a river of Syria, near the 
city of Damascus, called also Sardines and Phar- 

par, and now Barrada. A river of Lydia. 

Vid. Paetolus. 

Chrysostom, John, a native of Antioch, 
who became bishop of Constantinople, and one 
of the most illustrious fathers of the church. In 
eloquence and benevolence he w as equally known; 
but the divisions of the age embittered in some 
degree his happiness, and he was banished from 
his see by his enemies, though afterwards restor- 
ed. He died at Pilyus, on the Euxine sea, A.D. 
407, aged 53. His works were edited by Mont- 
faucon, in 13 vols. fol. 

CHRYSOXHEiViIS, a name which is given by 
Homer to iphigeaia daughter of Agani«mnon 

and Ciytemnestra. 11. 9, 14;'). A Cretan, who 

tirst oblaiiud the poetical prize at the Pythian 
games. Paus. ](), 7. 

Chryxus, a leader of the Boii, grandson to 
Brennus, who took Rome. Sil. 4, 148. 

ChthonIa, a daughter of Erechtheus, who 

married Butes. Apollod. 3, 15. A surname 

of Ceres, either from x^<^*'y terra, because she was 
goddess of the eartk, or, from a temple built to 
her by Chthonia, at Hermione. She had a fes- 
tival there called by the same name, and cele- 
brated every summer. During the celebration, 
the priests of the goddess marched in procession, 
accompanied by the magistrates, and a crowd of 
women and boys in white apparel, with garlands 
of flowers on their heads. Behind was dragged 
an untamed heifer, just taken from the herd. 
When they came to the temple, the victim was 
let loose, and the door-keepers, who till then 
had kept the temple gates open, having made all 
secure, four old women, armed with scythes, 
were left within, who pursued the heifer, and 
killed it as soon as they were able, by cutting its 
throat. A second, a third, and a fourth victim, 
were in a like manner dispatched by the old wo- 
men; and it was observable, that they all fell 
on the same side. Paus. 2, 35. 

Chthonius, a centaur, killed by Nestor in a 
batile at the nuptials of Pirithous Ovid. Met. 
12, iM. — ~-One of the soldiers who sprang from 



the dragon's teeth, sown by Cadmus. Hygiru 

fab. 178 A son of .^Sgyptus and Calliadne. 

Apollod. 2, I. 

CibAi^ls, now Palanha, a town of Pannonia, 
north-west of Sirmium. It was famous foi the 
defeat of Licinius by Constantine. and was also 
the birth-place of Gratian. Eutrop, I'J, 4. — 
Marcell. 30, 24. 

CiBARiTis,a country of Asia.near the Maeander. 
Cibyra, a considerable trading city in the 
southern angle of Phrygia, between Caria and 
Lycia. It was called Major to distinguish it 
from another city of the same name in Pamphy- 
lia. It was originally colonized by the Lydians, 
and subsequently by the Pisidians, who removed 
it to a more advantageous situation. Its influ- 
ence and power extended far over the adjoining; 
country, and it could raise no less than 3(1, i 00 
foot and 2000 horse. It was nearly destroyed by 
an earthquake, but was afterwards restored by 
Tiberius. Four diff'erent dialects were in use at 
Cibyra, viz. the Lycian, the Greek, the Pisidian^ 
and the Lydian. Dr Cramer observes, that no 
traces of its site have as yet been discovered, but 
it is probable that they are to be found not far 

ixova Denixli. Strab. 13. — Tacit. Ann. 4, 13. . 

A town of Pamphylia, south-east of Aspendus. 
Strab. 14. 

C. CiCEREIUS, a secretary of Scipio Africanus, 
who obtained a triumph over the Coisicans. Liv, 
41 et 42. 

M. T. Cicero, bom at Arpinum, was son of a 
Roman knight, and lineally descended from the 
ancient kings of the Sabmes. His mother's name 
was Helvia. After displaying many promising 
abilities at school, he was taught philosophy by 
Philo, and law by Mutius Scaevola. He acquired 
and perfected a taste for militaiy knowledge 
under Sylla, in the Marsian war, and retired 
from Rome, which was divided into factions, to 
indulge his philosophic propensities. He was 
naturally of a weak and delicate constitution, 
and he visited Greece on account of his health; 
though- perhaps, the true cause of his absence 
from Rome might be attributed to his fear of 
Sylla. His friends, who were well acquainted 
with his superior abilities, were anxious for his 
return; and when at last he obeyed their solici- 
tations, he applied himself with uncommon dili- 
gence to oratory, and was soon distinguished 
above all the speakers of his^ age in the Roman 
forum. When he went to Sicily as quasstor, he 
behaved with great justice and moderation; and 
the Sicilians remembered w ith gratitude the elo- 
quence of Cicero, their common patron, who had 
delivered them from the tyranny and avarice of 
Verres. After he had passed through the offices 
of aedile and praetor, he stood a candidate for the 
consulship, A. U.C. 6Jl; and the patricians and 
plebeians were equally anxious to raise him to 
that dignity, against the efforts and bribery of 
Catiline. His new situation was critical, and 
required circumspection. Catiline, with many 
dissolute and desperate Romans, had conspired 
against their country, and combined to murder 
Cicero himself. In this dilemma, Cicero, in full 
senate, accused Catiline of treason against the 
state; but as his evidence was not clear, his ef- 
forts were unavailing. He, however, stood upon 
his guard and by the information of his friends, 
and the discovery of Fulvia, his life was saved 
from the dagger of Marcius and Cethegus, whom 
Catiline had sent to assassinaie him. After this, 
Cicero commanded Catiline, in ibe senate, to 



CIC 



184 



CIC 



leave the city-, and this desperate conspirator 
marched out in tr.umph to meet the 20,000 men 
who were assembled to support his cause. The 
lieutenant of C. Antony, the other consul de- 
feated them in Gaul ; and Cicero, at Rome, pu- 
nished the rest of the conspirators with death. 
This capital punishment, though inveighed 
against by J. Caesar as too severe, was supported 
oy the opinion of Lutatius Catulus and Cato, 
and confirmed by the whole senate. After this 
memorable deliverance, Cicero received the 
thanks of all the people, and was styled The fa- 
ther of his country and a second founder of Rome, 
The vehemence with which he had attacked Clo- 
dius, proved injurious to him ; and when his 
enemy was made tribune by the influence of Cag- 
sar and Pompey, he began to be apprehensive 
for his safety. Legal forms, however and not 
immediate violence, were the arms which Clo- 
dius wished to use against Cicero; and, accord- 
ingly, a law was passed by means of the tribune, 
which enacted that whosoever had put to death a 
Roman citizen uncondemned, should be inter- 
dicted the use of fire and water. Cicero, though 
not named, saw that his measures against Cati- 
line were called in question, and therefore, 
though the Roman knights, to the number of 
20,000, and the senate, put on mourning on his 
account, and espoused his cause as their own, he, 
alter much hesitation, determined to go into vol- 
untary exile. His departure from Rome to Ma- 
cedonia was followed by the plunder of his pro- 
perty, the destruction of his house, the ill-treat- 
ment of his wife and family, and the disgraceful 
promulgation of a law which forbade him, on pain 
of death, to approach within 46S miles ol the city. 
He was not, h'^wever, neglected or despised in 
his banishment. Wherever he went, he was re- 
ceived with the highest marks of approbation 
and reverence : a circumstance, which perhaps 
when he considered his unmerited treatment, 
might produce upon his spirits that dejection of 
mind, and those wailings of grief, so unworthy 
the greatness of his former character. The storm 
of adversity, however, which burst upon him was 
but momentary; and when the faction had subsid- 
ed at Rome, and Pompey had exerted himself in 
his favour, the whole senate and people were 
unanimous for his return. After sixteen months' 
absence, he entered Rome with universal satis- 
faction; and, in the fulness of his gratitude, 
thanked the senate and people in two orations 
still extant. Though now frequently engaged in 
the defence of his clients and friends as an ora- 
tor, he did not display that vigour of mind, and 
independence of conduct, which might have ren- 
dered him the terror of faction and conspiracy. 
He still knew that Clodius was his enemy, and 
while he attempted to flatter and conciliate the 
overgrown power of Caesar and Pompey, and 
timidly to accommodate his opinions and mea- 
sures to the necessities of the times, he contri- 
buted, by the respectability of his nam.e, to forge 
those fetters which soon' fatally shackled the 
liberties and independence of his country. When 
the vacant i)rovinces were divided by lot among 
the senators, according to a law enacted by Pom- 
pey, Cicero received to his share Cilicia, with 
some of the neighbouring districts, and he con- 
ducted himself w ith so much integrity in his ad- 
ministration, and displayed so much prudence 
against the enemy, that for his successful eam- 
p,»i!;n, at his return he was honoured with a 
triumph, which, however, the violence of party 



prevented him to enjoy. After much hesitation, 
during the civil commotions w hich arose between 
Cassar and Pompey, he joined himself to the 
latter, and followed him to Greece. When vie j 
tory had declared in favour of C«sar at the battle |^ 
of Pharsalia, Cicero went to Brundusium, and | 
was reconciled to the conqueror, who treated kr 
him with great kindness and humanity. From f 
this time Cicero retired into the country, and It 
seldom visited Rome, particularly devoting him- I 
self to study and the composition of his philoso-k' 
phical books. When Caesar had been stabbed in fa 
the senate, Cicero, who was present, recommend- 1 
ed a general amnesty, and was the most earnest 
to decree the provinces to Brutus and Cassius. [) 
But when he saw the interest of Caesar's murder- i 
ers decrease, through their indolence and want 
of resolution, and the crafty Antony, by his in-u 
trigues and dissimulation, rise into power, 
determined to retire to Athens, but went no far- 111 
ther than Syracuse. On his speedy return toii 
Rome, he discovered that the country was more (a 
than usually distracted by private and public i« 
dissensions; but whilst he boldly opposed the|» 
views of Antony, he was not sufficiently circum- 
spect against the schemes of young Octavius, | 
afterwards called Augustus. His age, his influ-i 
ence, and respectability, were powerful associ-!' 
ates in courting popularity, and therefore it isil 
not surprising to find Augustus eager to obtain d 
the approbation of Cicero, and expressing hisn 
wish to become his colleague in the consulship, t 
That w ish w as not sincere; all former professions fl 
of friendship were quickly forgotten at the secret fs 
call of ambition, and while Cicero hoped for theii 
firm re-establishment of the consular govern-l 
ment and the independence of the senate, Au-' 
gustus was silently making rapid strides tow ardsfi 
the sovereign power. The death of the twob 
consuls at Mutina, which Antony had besieged, H 
exhibited the views of parries. Without hesita- 1 
tion, without regard for the opinion of his friends,!! 
Augustus joined his interest to that of Antony, 
and the triumvirate was soon after formed. Thei| 
great enmity which Cicero bore to Antony wasB 
fatal to him; and Augustus, Antony, and Lepi-I) 
dus, the triumvirs, to destroy all cause of quar-t 
rel and each to dispatch his enemies, produceda 
their lists of proscription. About two hundredj* 
were doomed to death, and Cicero was amongb 
the number upon the list of Antony. Augustusjj 
yielded a man to whom he partly owed hisgreat-l» 
ness, and Cicero was pursued by the emissariesp 
of Antony, among whom was Popilius, whom hep 
had defended upon an accusation of parricide, j 
He had fled in a litter towards the sea of Caieta,p 
and when the assassins came up to him, he put hisn 
head out of the litter, and it was severed fromjj 
the body by Herennius. This memorable eventb 
happened the 7th of December, 43 B.C. after thej 
enjoyment of life for 63 years, 11 months, and 5b 
days. The head and right hand of the orator) 
w ere carried to Rome, and hung up in the Ro-l; 
man forum; and so inveterate was Antony's? 
hatred against the unfortunate man, that evenl; 
Fulvia the triumvir's wife, wreaked her ven-j: 
iieance upon his head, and drew the tongue out j 
of the mouth, and bored it through repeatedlyij 
with a gold bodkin, verifying in this act of i^ihu- 
m.'inity what Cicero had once observed, that tis 
animal is moie tevcngrful than a woman. Ci( ern 
has acquired more real fame by his literary com- 
positions th.-'n by his spirited exertions as r 
Roman senator. The learning and the abilitie 



CIC 



CIL 



M which he possessed, have been the admiration of 
a evety age and country, and liis style has always 
i tfeeii accounted as the true standard of pure la- 
tinity. The words nas«Vwrpoe^a have been veri- 
l fied in his attempts to write poetry; and the satire 
1 of M.irtial, Carmina quod scribif musts et Apolline 
i nullo, though severe, is true. He once formed a 
' design to write the history of his country, but he 
j did not pursue the plan. He translated many ol 
i tiie Greek, writers, poets as well as historians, 
. for his own improvement. When he travelled 
mto Asia, he was attended by most of the learn- 
I ed men of his age; and his stay at Rhodes in the 
i school of the famous Molo, conduced not a little 
to perfect his judgment. Like his countrymen, 
j he was not destitute of ambition, and the arro- 
gant expectations with which he returned from 
] nis quasstorship in Sicily are well known. He 
was of a timid disposition; and he who shone as 
j the father of Roman eloquence, never ascended 
I the pulpit to harangue, witliout feeling a secret 
i emotion of drea,d. His conduct during the civil 
! wars is far from that of a patriot; and when we 
! view him, dubious and irresolute, sorry not to 
j follow Pompey, and yet alraid to oppose GsesaF, 
i the judgment would a-lmost brand him with the 
name of coward. In his private character, how- 
j ever, Cicero was of an amiable disposition; and 
' though he was too elated with prosperity, and de- 
based by adversity, the affability of the friend 
conciliated the good graces of all. He married 
Terentia, whom he afterwards divorced, and by 
whom he had a son and a daughter. He after- 
wards married a young woman, to whom he was 
guardian; and because she seemed elated at the 
death of his daughter Tullia, he repudiated her. 
The works of Cicero, which are very numerous, 
have been commonly distributed into four classes, 
comprehending rhetorical treatises, orations, phi- 
losophical works, and epistles. Of the first class, 
I the most valuable are De Oraiore, a dialogue 
laying down the principles and rules of the rhe- 
i torical art; De Claris Oratoribus^ entitled Brutus, 
giving a short character of the most eminent 
speakers of Greece and Rome; and the Orator^ 
delineating the character of the perfect orator. 
The number of orations remaining under his 
name amount to fifty-six, and they comprise the 
whole period of his public life. They are a trea- 
sure not only of eloquence, but of historical and 
juridical matter. The matter of his p/i«'ZosopWcaZ 
works was taken from the Grecian scliools; of 
i these, the principal that treat i f the philosophy 
of nature are De natura Deorum, a dialogue in 
which the various theories of heathen antiquity 
on the nature of the gods are clearly and elo- 
quently displayed^ De Divinatione et de Fato, 
in which he shows himself superior to the super- 
stitions of his age and country; and Somnium 
Scipioyiis, a fancy piece, founded on the Platonic 
doctrines concerning the soul. One of the most 
elaborate of Cicero's w orks that relate to moral 
philosophy is entitled D& Finibus, and discusses 
the several opinions entertained by the Grecian 
philosophers on the end of good and evil His 
, TusculaneB Qutpstiones treat of the contempt of 
• ) pain and death, the remedies of grief and mental 
I perturbation, and the sufficiency of virtue to a 
happy life. His essay De officiis is an excellent 
summary of practical ethics, chiefly upon the 
principles of the stoics. His Academicce Quccs- 
tiones contain his own opinions more directly 
' ;han any other of his works. His dialogues De 
' Heneciute and De Amicitia are very elegant pieces 



of moral writing. In his treatise De Legilus ! e 
explains the grounds of jurisprudence, in the 
part of his work De Republica, recently discover- 
ed, he discusses the different kinds of constitu- 
tions and their respective advantages with a 
particular reference to that i>f Rome. The epistles 
of Cicero afiord excellent specmiens ot liie style 
adapted to suih compositions, and abound with 
various informa'ion, political and.domestic. The 
best editions ot Cicero's entire woiks are, that 
of Elzevirius, 10 vols. 12mo, L. Bat. 1642; tliat 
of Verburgius, 2 vols. fol. Amst. 17^4; that of 
Olivetus, y vols. 4to, Genev. 1758; that of Er- 
nesti, 8 vols. 8vo, Hal. 1774-7^ and that of 
Schivtzius, 20 vols. 8vo, Lips. 1814- li). Among 
the numerous editions of his separate works the 
most worthy of notice are those of the De Gra- 
tore, by Pearcius and Miillerus; of the Oraiicmes, 
by Grjevius, of the De natura Deorum^ hy Kin- 
dervaterus and Creuzerus; of the De Divinatione, 
De Legibus, Academicce Qucestiones, and De Fi- 
nibus, by Goerenzius; of the Tusculancs Quces- 
tiones^ by Woifius; of the De Officiis, by Heusin- 
gerus; and of the EpistoLce, by Schiltzius. Most 
oL his productions have been translated into va- 
rious languages. Melmoth's versions of the Fa- 
miliar Epistles, and of the treatises on Old Age 
and Friendship, are the happiest of these at- 
tempts in the English language. Plutarch, in 
vita. — Quintil. — Dio. Cass. — Appian. — Floius. — 

C. Nep. in Attic — Eutrop.—Cic. Sfc. Marcus, 

the son of Cicero, was taken by Augustus as his 
colleague in the consulship He revenged his 
father s death, by throwing public dishonour 
upon the memory of Antony. He disgraced his 
father's virtues, and was so fond of drinking, that 
Pliny observes, he wished to deprive Antony of 
the honour of beiug the greatest drunkard in the 

Roman empire. Plut. in Cic Quintus, the 

brother of the orator, was Caesar's lieutenant in 
Gaul, and proconsul of Asia for three years. He 
was proscribed with his son at the same time as 
his brother TuUy, but he might have escaped if 
he had fled with sufficient speed. When over- 
taken by Antony's emissaries, the son nobly of- 
fered himself to the sword of the assassins, refus- 
ing to discover his father; but the father rescued 
his affectignate son from torture by betraying his 
hiding-place, and they enjoyed the mutual satis- 
faction of perishing both at the same moment by 
the hand of their merciless executioners. Plut. 
in Cic. — Appian. 

CiCERONis viLXA, a place near Puteoli in 
Campania. Plin. 31, 2. 

CICONES, a people of Thrace near the Hebrns. 
Ulysses, at his return from Troy, conquered 
them, and plundered their chief city Ismarus, 
because they had assisted Priam against the 
Greeks. They tore to pieces Orpheus, for his 
obscene indulgences. Ovid. Met. 10,83. 15, 313. 
— Virg. G. 4, 520, &c.—Mela, 2, 2. 

CicuTA, an old avaricious usurer. Horat. 
Serm. 2, 3, 69. 

ClLiClA, a country of Asia Minor, bounded 
by Syria on the east, by Cappadocia and Phr> gia 
on the north, by Pamphylia on the west, and by 
the Mediterranean on the south. Three narrow 
passes led into it, the Pylae Ciliciae on the side 
of Cappadocia, and on the east the Pylae Amani- 
caeand Pylae Syriaj. It was divided into Cam- 
pestris and Trachea, or the level and rugged 
Cilieia. The former was one i f the most fertile 
tracts in Asia, but the l&tter was remarkably 
sterile. The inhabitants e iched themselves by 



CiL 



180 



CIM 



piratical excursions, till they were conquered by 
Pompey. The country was opulent, and was 
governed by kings, under some of the Romaa 
emperors; but reduced into a province by Ves- 
pasian. Cicero presided over it as proconsul. It 
receives its name from Cilix, the son of Agenor. 
ApoUod. 3, \.— Varro, R. R. 2, U. — Sueto7i. m 

Vesp. S.— Herod. 2, 17, M.— Justin. 11, li Curt. 

3, 4:.—Pii7i 5. 27. Partof the country between 

iEolia and Troas is also called Cilicia. Strab. 
13, calls it Trojan, to distinguish it from the 
other Cilicia. Plm. 5, 27. 

CiLIX, a son of Phoenix, or according to Hero- 
dotus, of Agenor, who after seeking in vain his 
sister Europa, settled in a country to which he 
gave the name of Cilicia. ApoUod. 3, 1. — Herod. 
7, 91. 

ClLLA. a town of Africa Propria. Died. 20, 

A town of ^olia. Herod. 1, 149. Of 

Troas, which received its name, according to 
Theopompus, from a certain Cillus, who was one 
of Hippodamia's suitors, and was killed by OEno- 
maus. Hoiner. 11. 1, 'ii.—Ovid. Met. 13, 174. 

CiLLES, a general of Ptolemy, conquered by 
Demetrius. Diod. 19. 

Cillus, a charioteer of Pelops, in whose hon- 
our a city was built. Strab. 13. 

CiLO, JuN., an oppressive governor of Bithy- 
nia and Pontus, The provinces carried their 
complaints against him to Rome; but such was 
the noise of the flatterers that attended the em- 
peror Claudius, that he was unable to hear them^ 
and when he asked what they had said, he was 
told by one of Cilo's friends, that they returned 
thanks for his good administration; upon which 
the emperor said, Let Cilo be continued two 
years longer in his province. Dio. 60. — Tacit. 
Ann. 12. 21. 

CiMBKR, TULL., one of Cassar's murderers. 
He laid hold of the dictator's robe, which was a 
signal for the rest to strike. Plut in Cces. 

CIMBERIUS, a chief of the Suevi. 

CiMBRi, a people of Germany, who invaded 
the Roman empire with a large army, and were 
conquered by Marius. They inhabited the Cher- 
sonesus Cim'brica. now Jutland. Flor. 3, 3. 

CIMBRICUM BELLUM, was begun by the 
Cimbri, Teutones, and Ambrones, by an inva- 
sion of the Roman territories, B.C. 109. These 
barbarians were so courageous, and even despe- 
rate, that they fastened their first ranks each to 
*he other with cords. In the first battle they 
defeated the consul Papirius Carbo; in another 
they vanquished the consul M Junius Silanus; 
in a third, L. Cassius; and in a fourth, the brave 
M. Aurelius Scaurus, whom they took prisoner 
and put to death. After several other successes, 
they were totally defeated by the valour and po- 
licy of Marius and Catulus. Marius, in his se- 
cond consulship, was chosen to carry oa the war: 
he met the Teutones and Ambrones at Aquae 
Sextiae, where, after a bloody engagement, he 
left dead on the field of battle 20,000, and took 
90,000 prisoners, B.C. 102. The Cimbri, who had 
formed another army, had already penetrated 
into Italy, where they were met at the river 
Athesis, by Marius and his colleag^ue Catulus, a 
year after. An engagement ensued, and 140.000 
of them were slain. This last battle put an ent! 
to this dreadfid war, and the two consuls entereci 
Rome in triumph. Flor. 3, S.—Piin. 7, 22. 17, 1. 
— Mala, 3, 3.— Palerc. 2, 12 —Piut. in Mario. 

CimInus. now Viterbe, a lake and moim tain of 
Etruria. Firg. /En. 7, 697,— Liv. D, 30. 



CiMMRRii, a people near the Palus Maaotis, 
who invaded Asia Minor, and seized upon the 
kingdom of Cyaxares. After they had been mas- 
ters of the country lor twenty-eight years, they 
were driven back by Aljattes king of Lydia, 
Herod. 1, 6, &c. 4, 1, &c.-^^ — Another nation on 
the western coast of Italy, generally imagined to 
have lived in caves near the sea-shore of Cam- 
pania, and there, in concealing themselves Irom 
the light of the sun, to have made their retreat 
the receptacle of their plunder. In consequence 
of this manner of living, the country which they 
inhabited was supposed to be so gloomy, that, to 
mention a great obscurity, the expression of 
Cimme7ian dark7iess ha,s proverbially been used. 
Homer, according to Plutarch, drew his images 
of hell and Pluto from this gloomy and dismal 
country, where also Virgil and Ovid have placed 
the Scjx, the Phlegethon, and all the dreadful 
abodes of the infernal region.^. Homer. Odyss. 
Vd. — Virg. ^n. 6, m. — Ovid. Mit. IJ, 59i, &c. 
—St7ab. 5. 

CI3IMERIS, a town of Troas, formerly called 
Edonis. Plin. 5, 30. 

Cimm£rium, a town in the interior of the 
Taurica Chersonesus, north of mount Cimmerius. 

It is now Eski-Crimm. A to«n of Italy, in 

Campania, near the Lucrine and Avernian 
lakes. 

CiMOLUS, one of the Cyclades, situate between 
Melos and Siphnus. It produced a kind of ful- 
ler's earth, of great use in whitening cloth. Its 
tigs also were much esteemed. It is now Kimoli, 
though more generally known by the name of 
Argentiera. Ovid. Met. 7, 463. — Plin. 35, lb. 

CiMON, an Athenian, son of Miltiades and 
Hegisipyle, famous for his debaucheries in his 
youth, and the reiormation of his morals when 
arrived to years of discretion. When his father 
died, he was imprisoned, because unable to pay 
the fine levied upon him by the Athenians; but 
he was released from confinement by bis sis- 
ter and wife Elpinice. (Fjc^. Elpinice.) He be- 
haved with great courage at the battle of Sala- 
misj.and rendered himself popular by his muni- 
ficence and valour. He defeated the Persian 
fleet, and took 200 ships, and totally routed their 
land army, the very same day. The money 
which he obtained by his victories was not ap- 
plied to his own private use; but with it he for- 
tified and embellished the city. The greatness 
and goodness of his character, however, could 
not shield him against the jealousy and the illi- 
beral suspicions of a fickle multitude; he was 
accused of treason, and though his life and ge- 
neral conduct were his best defence, he vi as, by 
the artifice and influence of his rival, Pericles, 
banished from his country, and war was declareil 
against Lacedccmon, that a foreign quarrel, and 
not the contemplation of civil dissensions, migl t 
engage the attention of the Athenians. After 
some time Cimon was recalled from his exile, 
and at his return he effected a reconciliation be- 
tween Lacedaemon and his cnuntr\ men. He was 
afterwards appointed to carry on the war against 
Persia in Egypt, and Cyprus, with a fleet of 200 
ships; and on the coast of Asia he gave battle to 
the enemy, and totallj' ruined their fleet. He 
died as he was besieging the town of Citium in 
Cyprus, B.C. 449, in the 5 1st year of his age. 
He may be called the last of the Greeks, whose 
spirit and boldness defeated the armies of the 
barbarians, lie was such an inveterate enemy 
to the Persian power, that he formed a plan of 



CIN 



1 



CIN 



totally destroying it; and in his wars, he had so 
reduced the Persians, that tliey promised in a 
treaty, not to pass tne Chelidonian islands with 
rheir fleet, or to approach within a day's journey 
of the Grecian seas. The munificence of Ciraon 
lias been highly extolled by his biographers, and 
he has been deservedly praised for leaving his 
gardens open to the public. Thucyd 1, lOO et 112. 
— Justin. %^\b.—Diod. U.—Plut et C. Nep. in 
vita. An Athenian, father of Miitiades. He- 
rod 6, 34. A Roman, supported in prison by 

tne milk of his daughter An Athenian, who 

wrote an account of the war of the Amazons 
against his country. 

CiNARADAS, one of the descendants of Ciny- 
ras, who presided over the ceremonies of Venus 
at Paphos. Tacit, Hist 2., 3. 

Cl NCIA LEX, was enacted by M. Cincius Ali- 
mentus, tribune of the people, A. U.C. 54y. By 
it no man was permitted to take any money as a 
gi!t or a fee in judging a cause. Liv. 34-, 4. 

L. Q. CiNCINNATUS, a celebrated Roman, 
who was informed, as he ploughed his field, that 
The senate had chosen him dictator. Upon this 
he left his ploughed land with regret, and repair- 
ed to the field oi battle, where his countrymen 
were closely besieged by the Volsci and ^qui. 
He conquered the enemy, and returned to Rome 
in triumph; and sixteen days after his appoint- 
ment, he laid down his office, and retired back 
to complete the cultivation of his fields. In his 
80th year, he was again summoned against Prsb- 
neste as dictator; and after a successful cam- 
paign, he resigned the absolute power which he 
had enjoyed only twenty-one days, nobly disre- 
garding the rewards that were offered him by the 
senate. He fluurished about 460 years before 
Christ. Liv. 3,26-—Flor 1, il.— C/c. de Finib. 
^.—Plin. 18,3. 

L. CINCIUS Alimentus, a praetor of Sicily in 
the second Punic war, who wrote annals in 

Greek. Dionys. Hal. 1, Marcus, a tribune of 

tne people, A. U.C. 549, author of the Cincia 
lex. 

CiNEAS, a Thessalian, minister and friend to 
Pyrrhus king oi Epirus. He was sent to Rome 
by Pyrrhus to sue for a cessation of hostilities, 
and for the permanent establishment of peace; 
but the Romans, though conquered, refused to 
listen to the proposal, whilst their enemy re- 
mained in possession of any part of the Italian 
territory. Cineas was a man of deep penetra- 
tion and of a fascinating address, and he inform- 
ed his master, who was inquisitive about the 
state of the hostile republic, that the Roman se- 
nate were a venerable assembly of kings; and he 
observed further, that to fight with them was to 
fiifht against another Hydra. He was of such a 
retentive memory, that the day after his arrival 
at Rome, he could salute every senator and 
knight by his name. Plin. 7, 24. — Cic. ad Fam. 

ii, ep. 25. A king of Thessaly, Herod. 5, 63. 

CiNESlAS, a Greek poet of Thebes in Bceo- 
tia, who composed some dithyrambic verses. 
Athe7. 12, 29. 

CINETHON, a Spartan, who wrote genealogi- 
cal poems, in one of which he asserted that Me- 
dea had a son by Jason, called Medus, and a 
daughter called Eriopis. Paus, 2, 18. 

ClNGA, now Cinea, a river of Spain, flowing 
from the Pyrenean mountains into the Iberus. 
Lucan. 4, 21— Crt?s. B C. 1, 48. 

CiNGETORix, a prince of Gaul, in alliance 
vith Rome. Cccs. Bell. G. b, 3. A prince of 



Britain, who attacked C<i.-sar's camp, by order 
of Cassivelaunus. Id. ib. 22. 

ClKGULUM, now CingGli a town of Picenum, 
whose inhabitants are called Cingulani. Plin, 
3,Vd.—Cces Bell. Civ, \, \b.—Sil. It. 10,34.— 
Cic. Alt. 7, ep. 11. 

CiNNA, L. Corn. 5 a Roman who distinguish- 
ed himself by his enmity against Sylla, when 
engaged in the Mithridatie wars. The violence 
of his conduct armed the Romans against him, 
and he was forcibly expelled from the city by 
Octavius and the patricians. This disgrace, 
however, did not subdue his hatred against his 
er:«;mies; he recalled Marius from banishment, 
and joining himself to Sertorius and Carbo, he 
raised a large force in Italy, and with his friends 
he approached Rome in four divisions. The 
entrance of these pretended friends to the city 
was the signal of slaughter. Rome exhibited the 
appearance of a town taken by storm, her citi- 
zens were butchered with indiscriminating fury, 
property was plundered, and the tyrannical 
Cinna and Marius appointed themselves consuls 
without the regular formalities of election. The 
death of Marius, though it weakened, yet it did 
not destroy the power of Cinna; his oppressions 
and cruelties were continued till Sylla, return- 
ing victorious from the conquest of Mithridates, 
and encouraged and inflamed by the complaints 
of the Romans, who fled from the persecution of 
his enemy, threatened the most formidable oppo- 
sition. Cinna and his friend Carbo prepared tl.e 
most vigorous defence; but private revenge pre- 
vented public punishment, and Cinna perished 
at Ancona by the secret dagger of an offended 
soldier. The name of Cinna became deservedly 
odious to the Romans, as conveying every thing 
that is cruel, arbitrary, and perfidious. Cinna's 
daughter, called Cornelia, married Julius Caesar, 
by whom she had Julia. Plut. in Mar. Pomp, et 
Sijll.— Lucan. 4, 822- — Appian. Bell. Civ. 1. — 

Flor. 3, 21 — Paterc. 2, 20, &c Plut. in Cccs 

One of Cnesar's murderers. Suet. Cces. 85. C. 

Helvius Cinna, a poet intimate with Csesar. He 
went to attend the obsequies of Caesar, and being 
mistaken by the populace for the other Cinna, 
he was torn to pieces. He has been praised for 
his abilities and for the elegance of his verses; 
and it is said that he employed nine years in 
composing a poem called Smyrna, in which he 
made mention of the incest of Cinyras. Plut. in 

Cces A grandson of Pompey. He conspired 

against Augustus, who pardoned him, and made 
him one of his most intimate friends. He was 
consul, and made Augustus his heir. Dio. — Se- 
neca de Clem, 9. A town of Italy taken by the 

Romans from the Samnites. 

CiNNADON, a Lacedaemonian youth, who re- 
solved to put to death the Ephori, and seize upon 
the sovereign power. His conspiracy was dis- 
covered, and he was put to death. Aristot. 

CiNNAMUS, a hair-dresser at Rome, ridiculed 
by Martial, 7, ep. 63. 

CiNNlANA, a town of Lusitania, famous for 
the valour of its citizens. Val. Max. 6, 4. 

CiNXiA, a surname of Juno, who presided 
over marriages, and was supposed to untie the 
girdles of new bride?. 

ClNYPS and CiNYFHUS, a small river of 
Africa, which rises in the Mons Charitum, and 
after crossing the country of the fvlacae, empties 
itself into the sea. It is now the KSahan. Virg. 
G. 3,312.— Herod. 4, 198.— P/m. 5, \.—Mariial, 
7, ep.9i.^0vid. Met. 7, 272. 15, 755. 



CIN 



CIR 



CINYRAS, a king of Cyprus, son of P.Hpliiis. 
who married Cer.c hreis, by whom he had a daugh- 
ter called Myrrha. Myrrha fell in love with her 
father; and, in the absence of her mother at the 
celebration of th° festivals of Ceres, she intro- 
duced heiself into his bed by means of her nurse, 
Cinyras had b\ her a son called Adonis; and 
when he knew the incest which he had commit- 
ted, he attempted to stab his daughter, who es- 
caped his pursuit and fled to Arabia, where, after 
she had brou?iht forth, she was changed into a 
tree which still bears her name. Cinyras, ac- 
cording to some, stabbed himself. He was so 
rich, that his opulence, like that of Croesus, be- 
came proverbial. Ovid. Met. \Q,/ab. 9.— Flat, in 

ParaU.—Hygin. fab. 242, 248. &c. A son of 

Laodice. Apo'lod. 3, 9. A man who brought a 

colony from Syria to Cyprus. Id 3, 14. A 

Ligurian, who assisted .^neas against Turnus. 
rirg. jUn. 10, 1S6. 

CIOS, a river of Thrace, rising in the north- 
western part of mount Rhodope, and dischari^ing 
itself into the Ister. It is now the Esker. Plin. 

5, 3-^ ,A river of Bithynia, which waters a 

town of the same name. 

CiPFUS, a noble Roman, who, as he returned 
home victorious is said to have found two horns 
suddenly growing on his head, a prodigy which a 
soothsayer explained, by informing him, that if 
ie entered the city he must reign there. Un- 
willing to enslave his country, he ?.ssembled the 
senate without the walls, and banished him- 
self for ever from the city, and retired to live 
upon a single acre of ground. Ovid. Met. 15, 
565. 

ClRC^UM. a promontory of Latium, near a 
small town called Circcsii, at the southern extre- 
mity of the Pontine marshes. It is celebrated 
in fable for having been the residence of Circe 
It is now called Monte Circello. Odd Met. 14, 
248 —Virg. ^n. 7, 7j9.— Liw. 6, U. — Cic. N. D. 
3, 19. 

Circe, a daughter of Sol and Perseis, cele- 
brated for her knowledge of magic and venom- 
ous herbs. She was sister to iEetes king of Col- 
chis, and Pasiphae the wife of Minos. She mar- 
ried a Sarmatian prince of Colchis, whom she 
murdered to obtain his kingdom. She was ex- 
pelled by her subjects, and carried by her father 
upon the coasts of Italy, in an island called Maza.. 
Ulysses, at his return irom the Trojan war, 
visited the place of her residence; and all his 
lompanions, who ran headlong into pleasure and 
voluptuousness, were changed by Circe s potions 
into filthy swine. Ulysses, who was fortified 
against a!l enchantments by an herb called moly, 
which he had received from Mercury, went to 
Circe, and demanded, sword in hand, the restor- 
ation of his companions to their former state. 
She coniplied, and loaded the hero with plea- 
sures and honours. In this voluptuous retreat, 
Ulysses had by Circe one son called Telegonus, 
or two according to Hesiod, called Agrius and 
Latinus. For one whole year Ulysses forgot his 
glory in Circe's arms, and at his departure the 
nymph advised him to descend into hell, and 
consult the manes of Tiresias, concerning the 
fates that attended him. Circe showed herself 
cruel to Scylla her rival, and to Picus. {Vid. 
Scylla and Picus.) Orid. Met. U,Jab. 1 et 5.— 
Horat. 1. ep. 2. 2, od. \7 - Virg. Ed 8. 70. ^n. 
3, 3b6. 7. i'A,^8ic.—Hygin fab. 12 j.— Apollon. i, 
Arg. — Homer. Odyss. 10, 136, SiC.—Apollod, 1, 9. 
^Hesiod. Th.%Q.~Slrab. 5. 



ClHCENSES LUDi, games performed in the 
circus at Rome. They were dedicated to the 
god Consus, and were first established by Romu- 
lus at the rape of the Sabines, They were in 
imitation of the Olympian games among the 
Greeks, and by way of eminence were t flen cal- 
led the great games. Their original nan.e was 
Consuaiia, and they were first callea Ciicensiani 
by Tarquin the elder after he had built the 
Circus. They were not appropriated to one par- 
ticular exhibition; but were equally celebrated 
for leaping, wrestling, throwing the quoit and 
javelin, races on loot as well as in charitas, und 
boxing. Like the Greeks, the Romans gave the 
name of Pentathlum or Quinquertium to these 
five exercises. The celebration continued five 
days, beginning on the Ijth of September. All 
games in general that w ere exhibited in the Cir- 
cus, were soon alter called Circensian games. 
Some sea-fights and skirmishes, called by the 
Romans Naumachise, were afterwards exhibited 
in the Circus. Virg. Mn. 8, 636. 

CiRCius, a part of mount Taurus. Plin. 5. £7. 

A rapid and tempestuous wind frequent m 

Gallia Narbonensis, and said to be unknown in 
any other country. LucuJi. 1, 40S. 

CiRCUM PADANI AGBI, the Country around 
the river Po. Lit. 21. 35. 

Circus, an edihce in use among the Romans 
for the exhibition of chariot races, and other 
games. It was of an oblong form, straight at 
one end, and curved at the other, the l'e;igth 
being about three times the breadth, or some- 
what more. At the straijjht end were thirteen 
openings, or ostia, of w hich that in the middle, 
where the chariots entered, was the widest. On 
each side of this wider one were six openings 
called carceres, where the chariots stood previou? 
to the start. On both sides of the circus, and on 
the curved end, were the sea:s of the spectators 
rising gradually one above another, like step?, 
and resting on strong arches. At the foot of the 
seats there was a broad ditch, termed EuripuSy 
to prevent the wild beasts from approach. ns{ the 
spectators. Within was an open si ace (^areiia), 
covered with sand, where the games were exhi- 
bited. This space was divided lengthways into 
tw o parts by a w all (^spina), four feet high and 
twelve thick, adorned with little temples, altars, 
statues, obelisks, pyramids, and conical towers. 
Of these last (jnetce) there were three at each 
end, which served as goals, round which the 
chariots turned. Near the first meta. opposite 
the curved end of the Circus, there were seven 
other pillars, with oval balls {ova) on their sum- 
mits. One of these balls was removed every 
time the chariots reached the end of the course. 
On the outside, the Circus was surrounded with 
colonnades, galleries, shops, and public places. 
The largest of these bui.uings in Rome, the Cir 
cus Maximus, wa.s situated in the valley which 
separates the Palatine and Aventintrhills. It w as 
built by Tarquinius Priscus. It was 21871 feetin 
length, and fjGO in width. According to Diony- 
sius, it contained room for 150,000 persons, Pliny 
says 260,000. and P. Victor even raises the num 
ber to 385,000. Cassar enlarged it, and his ex- 
ample was followed by Augustus and Claudius. 
Under Neio, it was burnt, and under Antoninus 
Pius pulled down. Trajan rebuilt it, and Con- 
st mtine made further additions to it. At present, 
biit few vestiges of it remain. Liv. 1, 35.— 
Lumys. Hal. 3, 68.— P/m. 36, 15.— Suet. Cces.39.. 
Claud 21.— TaaY. Ann 15, 38. 



CIR 



139 



CLA 



CiRls, the name of Scylla daughter of Nisus, 
whu was changed into a bird of the same name. 
Ovid. Met 6, J 51. 

ClRR^ATUM, a place near Arpinum, where 
C. Manus lived when young. Plui, in Mar. 

ClRRHA and Cyrrha, a maritime town of 
Phocis, at the head of the Sinus Cribsaeus, serv- 
ing as a harbour to Delphi, being sixty stadia 
distant from it. According to Sir W. Gell, its 
ruins are near the village of Xeno Pegadia. Lu- 
can. 3, 172. 

CiRTHA and CiRTA, the capital of Numidia, 
situated on a branch of the river Ampsagas, 
about 48 miles froai the sea. It is said to have 
obtained its name from the Punic word Cariha, 
a city, because it was originally the only great 
city in the country. It was the residence of 
Syphax, Masinissa, and their successors. When 
Ciesar was prosecuting the war in Africa, and 
stood in some danger of being overpowered by 
Scipio and Juba, he was suddenly assisted in his 
operations by an attack made upon Cirthaby 
one Sittius. This adventurer had wandered 
from Rome with a band of soldiers, and had con- 
trived with much good fortune to become pos- 
sessed of such great power by mixing in the con- 
tentions of the Moors, that he took the capital 
with but little difficulty, and thus compelled 
Juba to employ all his force in the defence oi his 
own kingdom. This diversion gave Caesar an 
immense advantage; and, therelbre, upon the 
termination of the war, he rewarded Sittius and 
his troops, by giving them Cirtha and the sur- 
rounding country. The city now took the name 
of Sittianorum Colonia. In the time of the em- 
peror Constantine, having been nearly destroyed 
on account of its fidelity to that pri: ce, he re- 
stored it, giving it the name of Constantina. 
'i his name is preserved to the present day in that 
of Cosantina. Sirab. 7. 

CiSALPINA G.^LLIA. Vid. Gallia. 

CisPAOANA Gallia. Vid. Galiia. 

CiSRHENANI, part of the Germans who lived 
nearest Rome, on the west of the Rhine. Cces. 
B. G. 6, 2. 

CisSKis, a patronymic given to Hecuba as 
daughter of Cisseus 

CISSEUS, a king of Thrace, father to Hecuba, 
according to some authors. Virg. JEn. 7, 320. 

A son of Melampus, killed by ^aeas. Id. 

/Sn. 10, 317. 

CxssiA, a country of Susiana, of which Susa 
was the capital. Herod. 5, 49. 

ClSSI^, some gates in Babylon. Id. 3, 155. 

CISSIDES, a general of Diouysius sent with 
nine gallies to assist the Spartans, &e. Diod. 15. 

CiSSUS, a town of Macedonia, near Thessal- 

onica, now Cisme. A mountain of Macedonia. 

A man who acquainted Alexander with the 

flight of Harpalus. Plut. m Alex. 

CiSSUSA, a fountain where Bacchus was wash- 
ed when young. FLut in Lys. 

CiSTENiE, a town of .Eolia. A town of Ly- 

cia. Mela, 1, 13. 

CitHjEROW, a kins who gave his name to a 
mountain of Bojotia, situate at the south of the 
river Asopus, and sacred to Jupiter and the 
Muses, and also irequeuted by the priestesses of 
Bacchus in the celebration of their famous or- 
gies. ActcBon vvas torn to pieces by his own 
dogs on this mountain, and H-rcules killed there 
an immense lion. Firg. Mn 4, Apollod. 
2. 4.— Mt'ia, 2,'6.— Sirab. 9.—Puus. 9, 1, &c.— 
Plin 4, 7. 



ClTHARiSTA, a harbour of Gailla Narbonen- 
sis. now the port of Ceireste. 

CllHARiSTES, a promontory of Gaul, now 
Cape Sicier. 

CitIum, now Chiti; a town on the southern 
coast of the i^land of Cyprus, north-east of 
Amathus. According to Josephus, it was built 
by Chittim the son ol Javan. It was the birth- 
place of the philosopher Zeno, and of the physi- 
cian ApoUonius, and in it Cimon died, during 
his campaign against the islanders. Piut. in 
Cim.— Thucyd. 1, 112. 

J. CIVILIS a powerful Batavian, who raised a 
sedition agamst the Roman power during the 
controversy lor empire between Vitellius and 
Vespasian. Tacit. Hist. 1, 59. 

ClZYCUM, a city of Asia in the Propontis, the 
same as Cyzicus. Vid. Cizjcus. 

Cladeus, now Stauro Kephali, a river of Elis, 
discharging itself into the Alpheus. Pans. 5, 7. 

Clanis, a centaur killed by Theseus. Ovid. 
Met. 12, 379. 

Clanis, now la Chiana. a river of Etruria, 
falling into the Tiber, Tacit. Ann. 1, 79. 

Clanius, a river of Campania, rising in the 
Apennines above Nola, and discharging its 
waters into the sea near Liternum. It is now the 
Lagno. Virg. G. 2, 2tb.—Sil. Ital. 8, 537. 

Clarus, or Claros. now ZiLleh. a town of 
Ionia, famous for an oracle of Apollo. It was 
built by Manto, daughter of Tiresias, who fled 
from Thebes, alter it had been destroyed by the 
Epigoni. She was so afflicted with her n.isfor- 
tunes, that a lake was formed witli her tears, 
where she first founded the oracle. Apolio was 
from thence surnamed Clayius. Sirab. 14. — 

Pau^. 1,3.— Mela, 1.7 — Orid. Met. 1. 5Jti ■ 

An island of the ^gean, between Tenedos and 

Scios. Thucyd. 3, 33 One of the compainous 

of .i:neas. Virg. JEn. 10, 126 

CLASTIDIUM, now Casleggio, a town of Ligu- 
ria, north-east of Dertona. It was celebiatedas 
the spot where Claudius Marcellus gained liie 
spolia opima, by vanquishing and slaying Viri- 
domarus king of the Ge.sat3. Sirab. 5. 

Claudia, Gms, a patrician family at Rome, de- 
scended from Atta Clausus a chief of the Sabines, 
who is said to have removed to Rome soon after 
the expulsion of the Tarquins, with a great num- 
ber of adherents to the amount of 5000, accord- 
ing to some writers. It gave birth to many 
illustrious patriots in the republic; and it is 
particularly recorded, that there were not less 
than twenty-eight of that family who were in- 
vested with the consulship, five with the office of 
dictator, and seven with that of censor, besides 
the honour of six triumphs and two ovations. 
Virg. jEn. 7, lOS.—Sueton. in Tib.—Liv. 6. 41. 

Claudia, a vestal virgin, grand-daughter of 
Appius Ccecus, accused of incontinence. To 
show her innocence, she off'ered to remove a ship 
which had brought the image of Vesta to Rome, 
and had siuck in one of the shallow places of the 
river. This had ahea'Jy baflled the efforts of a 
number of men; and Clauuia, after addressing 
her prayers to the goddess, untied her girdle, 
and with it easily dragged alter her the ship to 
shore, and by this action was honourably acquit- 
ted. Val. Max. 5, i.—Propert. 4, el. 12, 52.— 
Ital. 17. 34. - Ovid. Fast. 4, 315. Ex.Fonto, \.ep 

2, 144. A step-daughter of M Antony, whom 

Augustus married. He dismissed her undefiled, 
immediately after the contract of marriage, on 
account of sudden quarrel with her mother 



CLA 



190 



CLA 



Fulvia. Sueton. in Aug. 62. The wife of the 

pijet Statius. Stat Sylv. 3, 5. A daughter of 

Appius Claudius, beErothed to Tib. Gracchus. 

The wife of Metelhis Celer, sister to P. CSo- 

dius and to AppLus Claudius. An inconsider- 
able town of Noricum. Plin. 3, 14. A Roman 

read, which par'ed from the Via Flaminia not 
far from the Pons Milvius, to the north of Rome, 
and passing thri)Ugh the more inland part^ of 
Etruria, joined the Via Aurelia ai Luna. O'id. 

1. ex Pont el. 8, 44 A tribe which received 

its name from Appius Claudius, who came to 
settle at Rome with a large body of attendants. 

Liv 2, }G. —Halic. 5 Quinta, a daughter of 

Appius Coecus, whose statue in the vestibulum 
ot Cybele s temple was unhurt when that edifice 
was reduced to ashes. Fal. Max. 1, 8. — Tacit. 

Ann. 4, 134. Pulchra, a cousin of Agrippina, 

accused of adultery and criminal designs against 
Tiberius, jihe was condemned. Tacit. Ann, 4, 
51. Antonia, a daughter of the emperor Clau- 
dius, married Cn. Pompey, whom Messalina 
caused to be put to death. Her second husband, 
Sylla Faustus, by whom she had a son, was kil- 
led by Nero, and she shared his fate, when she 
refused to m ;rry his murderer. 

CLAUDIA LEX, de comitiis, was enacted by M. 
CI. Marcelius, A.U C 703. It ordained that no 
one should be all >wed to stand can lidate for an 
office while absent thus taking from Caesar the 
privileges granted him by the Pompeian law. 

Another, de usura, by the emperor Claudius, 

which forbade people to lend money to minors, 
on condit on of payment alter the death of their 

parents. Another, de 7iaribzts, by Q. Claudius 

the tri .une, A.U.C. 533. It forbade any sena- 
tor, or father of a sena'or, to keep a vessel above 
the burden of 300 amphorce, or eight tons, for 
fear of their engaging themselves in commercial 
schemes. The same la v also forbade the same 
thing to the scribes and the attendants of the 
quifistors, ; s it was naturally supposed that peo- 
ple vv ho had any commercial connexions, could 
not be faithful to their trus'^ nor promote the 

interest of the state. Another, A.. L'.C. srS, 

lo permit the allies to return to their respective 
cities, after their nam- s were enrolled. Liv. 41, 

9. Another, to take a'A'ay the freedom of the 

city of Rome from the colonists, which Ca;sar 
had carried to Nbvicomum. Sueton. in Jul. 28. 

Claddi^ AQUiE, the first water brought to 
Rome by means of an aqueduct of eleven miles, 
erected bv the censor Appius Claudius, A.U.C. 
441. Eut:Qp.%\.—Liv. y, 2J. 

Claudianus, a celebrated poet, born at 
Al'^xandria in Esypt, in the age of Honoriusand 
A c >di. s, "ho seems to possess all the majesty 
of Virgil, without being a ^-Live to the corrupted 
Btyle which prevailed in his age. Scaliger ob- 
serves that he has supplied the poverty of his 
matter by the pu i y ( f his languag ■, the happi- 
ness of his expressions, and the melody of his 
numbers. As he was the favourite of Stilicho, 
he removed from the court, w hen his patron w- s 
disg reed, and I'assed the rest of his life in retire- 
ment, and learnf'd ease. His poems, which are 
, numerous, consist o! panegyrics on the c onsul- 
ship of Honorius and other illustrious men of 
that ag», an account of the war against the Ge'ie, 
the Gildonic war, the praises of Sti icho, verses 
on Eutropius and Rufinus, on the rape of Pro- 
serpine, some idyllia and epigrams, &e. The 
poems on Rufinus and Eutropius have been con- 
sidered as the best and most finished of his com- 



positions. The best editions of his works are 

that of Gesner, 2 vols. 8vo. Lips. 17j9, and that , 
of Burman, 2 vols. 4to. Amst. 176ii. 

ClaudiopOlis, a town of Cappadocia. Plin. i 

5, 24. \ 

Claudius I. (Tiber. Drusus Nero), son of 

Drusus, Livia's second son, and Antonia. sue- , 

ceeded as empeior of Rome, alter the murder of ' 

Caligula, whose memory he endeavoured to an- 1 
nihilaie. He made himself popular for a w bile, 
by taking particular care of the city, and by 
adorning and beautifying it with buildings. He 
passed over into Britain., and obtained a trium.ph 
for victories which his generals had won, and 

suffered himself to be governed by favourites, | 

whose licentiousness and avarice plundered the ■ 

state and distracted the provinces. He married ! 
four wives, one of whom, called Messalina, he 

put to death on account of her lust and debauch- ' 
ery. He was at last poisoned by another called 

Agrippina who wished to raise her son Nero to [ 
the throne. The poison was conveyed in mush- 
rooms; but as it did not operate fast enough, his 

physician by order of the empress made him ( 

swallow a poisoned feather. He died in the CJd [ 
year of his age, 13th October, A, D 54, after a 

reign of thirteen years; distinguished neither by ^ 
humanity nor courage, but debased by w eakness 
and irresolution. He was succeeded bv Nero. 
Tacit. Ann. 11, &:c.—Dio. 60.—Juv. 6, 619.— 

Suet, in vita. The second emperor of that [ 

name, was a Dalmatian, who succeeded Gallic- ' 

nus. He conquered the Goths, Scythians, and £ 

Heruli, and killed no less than 300,000 in a j 

battle;, and after a reign of about two years, i 

died of the plague in Pannonia. The excellence f 

I f his character, marked with bravery, and ttm- r 

pered with justice and benevolence, is well r 

known by these words of the senate, addressed t 

to him: Claudi Auguste., tu fyater, tu pater, tu l 

amicus, tu bojius senator, tu rere piinceps. 

Nero, a consul with Liv. Salinator, who defeat- |, 

ed and killed Asdrubal, near the river Metaurum, ' 

as he was passing from Spain into Italy, to go to . 

the assistance of his brother Annibal Liv. 27, r 

&c Horat. Od. 4, 4, 37. — Suet, in Tib. The [ 

father ot the emperor Tiberius, quasstor to Caesar . 

in the wars of Alexandria,. PoUos, an hi-to- ' 

rian. P/m. 7, ep. 51. Pontius, a general of 1 

the Samnites, who conquered the Romans at P 

Furcae Caudinae, and made them pass under the P 

yoke. Liv. 9, 1, &c Petilius, a dictator, | 

A.U.C. 442. Appius, an orator. Cic. in Brut, , 

(Fid. Appius.) A consul, A.U.C. 239. He 

was a zealous supporter of the privileges of the I 

patricians against thj plebeians; and when the [ 

tribunes were elected, he advised the senators to ' 

control their great pijv.'er by bribery and secret in- f 

fluence. Liv. 2. 21, &c. His son of the same 

nnme inherited the prejudices of his father against j' 
the common people, and he became so unpopular, 
and behaved with such severity to his soldiers, I 
that in a war, which as consul he conducted I 
against the Volsci, the Roman army, A.U.C. * 
283, suffered themselves to be defeated, to show |, 
their contempt of their general. He was accus- 
ed by the tribunes, but defended himself with " 
energy and success; but before his appearance at / 

another trial, he was found dead. Ltv 2 56. » '■. 

Cains, the son of the preceding, was consul, f 

A.U.C. 294; and on the death of his colleague I 

Valerius, he had the famous Cincinnatus appoint- r. 

ed. He was a man of great moderation; though, .[ 

like his family, he boldly resisted the encroach- ' 



CLA 



131 



CLE 



inencs of the people, and ev n recommended the 
use of arms to oppose the claims of the plebeians 
to appoint a consul from their own body. This 
qu stion was laid aside by choosing military tri- 
bunes from both patricians and plebeians. Liv. 

3 et 4. App. Coeeus, a Roman censor, who 

I built an aqueduct A.U.C. 441, which brought 
water to Rome from Tusculum, at the distance 
! of seven or eight miles. The water was called 
Appia, and it w as the first that was brought to the 
city from the country. IJefore his age the Ro- 
mans were satisfied with the waters of the Tiber, 
or of the fountains and wells in the city. {Fid. 
Appius.) Liv. 9, 2±—0vid. Fast. 6, M3.— Cic. 

de Sen. 6. A praetor of Sicily. Publius, a 

great enemy to Cicero. (^Fid. Clodius.) 

Marcellus. ( Fid. Marcellus.) P. Pulcher, a 

consul, A.U.C. 503, who, when consulting the 
sacred chicken-, ordered them to be cast into the 
sea, because they would not eat. He was un- 
successful in his expedition against the Cartha- 
ginians in Sicily, and disgraced on his return to 

Rome. Liv. ep. 19. App. Pulcher, a consul, 

. A.U.C. 609, who conquered the Salassi, a nation 
j of Gaul, after having first suffered from them a 
1 severe defeat. He obtained a triumph, against 
I the authority of the senate and people, by means 
of h s daughter or sister, who as a vestal vi gin 
accompanied him in his chariot, and thus, by 
the sacredness of her character, prevented the 
interruption of his procession. Cic. Ccel. 14. — 
. Fal. Max. 5, 4. Tiberius Nero, was elder bro- 
ther of Drusus, and son of Livia Drusiila, who 
married Augustus after his divorce of Scribonia- 
I He married Livia, the emperor's daughter by 
Scribonia, and succeeded in the empire by the 
name of Tiberius. {Fia. Tiberius.) Horat. \, 

ep. 3, 2. The name of Claudius is common to 

I many Roman consuls, and other officers of state; 
but nothing remarkable is recorded of them, and 
their name is but barely mentioned. 

Clausus, or CLAUDIUS, a king of the Sa- 
bines, who assisted Turnus against .Eneas. He 
was the progenitor of that Ap. Claudius, who 
migrated to Rome, and became the founder of 
the Claudian family. Firg Mn. 7, 707. 10, 345 
Clavienus, an obscure poet in Juvenal's age, 
1,8. 

Cl/AVIGER, a surname of Janus, from his being 
repr.eseateu with a ketj {clave). Hercules re- 
ceived also that surname, as he was armed with 
a club Idava). 

Clazomen^ and Clazomena, a city of 
Ionia, on the coast of the iEgean sea, west of 
Smyrna. It was founded by the lonians and 
Dorians, who first settled on a site called Chy- 
trium, which they quitted from fear of the Per- 
sians. It was the birth-place of the philosopher 
Anaxagoras, and other great men. Its ruins are 
to be seen a little to the north-east of Fourla. 
Mela, I. \1. -Plin.b,2^ —Strab. 14 Liv. 38, 39,. 

Cleadas, a man of Plataea, who raised tombs 
over those who had been killed in the battle 
against Mardonius. Herod. 9, h5. 

Cl BANDER, one of Alexander's officers, who 
killed Parmenio by the king's command. He 
was punished with death, for offering violence to 
a noble virgin, and giving her as a prostitute to 

his servants. Curt. 7, 2. 10, 1 The first tyrant 

of Gela. Aristot. Polit. 5, 12. A soothsayer of 

Arcadia. Herod. 6, 83. A favourite of the 

emperor Commodus. who was put to death, A. D. 
190, after abusing public justice, and his master's 
confidence. 



Ci,E.ANDRIDAS, a Spartan general, &c.- A 

man punished with death for bribing two of the 
Ephori. 

CLtEANTHES, a Stoic philosopher of Assos in 
Lydia, born 330 B.C. His first appearance was 
in the character of a wrestler. In this capacity 
he visited Athens, where the love of philosophy 
was diffused through all ranks of people. He 
soon caught the general spirit, and though he 
was possessed of no more than four drachmce, he 
determined to put himself under the tuition ot 
some eminent philosopher His fiist master was 
Crates, the Academic. He afterwards became a 
disciple of Zeno, and a celebrated advocate of 
his doctrines. In order to devote the day to 
study, he used to draw water, and perform othtr 
laborious offices in the night, to gain a scanty 
subsistence. The Athenian citizens observing 
that, though he appeared strong and healthy, he 
had no visible means of subsistence, summoned 
him before the Areopagus, according to the cus- 
tom of the city, to give an account of his manner 
of living. Upon this he produced a gardener lor 
whom he drew water, and a w oman f or whom he 
ground meal, as witnesses to prove that he sub- 
sisted by the labour of his hands. His singular 
industry and perseverance drew upon him the 
admiration of his judges; but when they wished 
liberally to reward his merits with presents, he 
rejected them, observing that his labour was an 
inexhaustible treasure. From the manner in 
which this philo. opher supported himself, he was 
called (ppsdyrXoi, or, the well-drawer. For many 
years his poverty was so great, that he was 
obliged to write the heads of his master's lectures 
upon shells and bones, for want of money to buy 
paper. His natural faculties were slow; but re- 
solution and perseverance enabled him to over- 
come every difficulty; and, at length, he became 
so complete a master of the Stoic philosophy, 
that he was chosen to be the successor of Zeno 
in his school. He wrote much, but none of his 
writings remain, except a hymn to Jupiter, pre- 
served in the Anthology. Cicero calls him the 
father of the Stoics; and out of respect for his 
virtues, the Roman senate erected a statue to 
him at Assos, It is said that he starved himself 
in his 90th year, B.C. 240. Diog. Laert.— Fal. 
Max. 8, 7.— Sen. Ep. 44.— Cic de Fin. 2. 

CJLEARCHUS, a tyrant of Heraclea in Pontus, 
who was killed by Ch on and Leonidas, Plato s 
pupils, during the celebration of the festivals of 
Bacchus, after the enjoyment of the s-overeign 
power during twelve years, 353 B.C. Justin. 16, 

4. — Diod. 15. The second tyrant of Heraclea 

of that name, died B. C. 2fc8. A Lacedasmo- 

nian sent to -quiet the Byzantines. H*^ was re- 
called, but refused to obey^ and fled to Cjrus the 
younger, who made him captain of 13,01)0 Greek 
soldiers. He obtained a victory over Artaxerxes, 
who was so enraged at the defeat, that when 
Clearcbus fell into his hands by the treachery of 
Tissaphernes, he put him to immediate death. 

Diod. 14. A disciple of Aristotle, who wrote a 

treatise on tactics, &c. Xenoph. 

Clearides, a son of Cleonymus, governor of 
Am phi polls. Thucyd 4, 132. 5, 10. 

Clemens Romanus, one of the fathers of 
the church, said to be contemporary with St 
Paul. Several spurious compositions are ascrib- 
ed to him, but the only thing extant is his epistle 
to the Corinthians, written to quiet the disturb- 
ances that had arisen there. It has been much 
admired for the spirit of meekness, forbearance. 



CLE 



192 



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and reconciliation which it uniformly breathes. 
The best edition is that of Woitou, ivo, C;ii.tab. 

17 IS. Titus Flavius, another of Alexandria, 

called from thence Alexandriniis, who flourished 
206 A.D. During the persecution of Severus, 
he fled from Egypt to Jerusalem and Antioeh, 
where by his example, his eloquence, and his 
writings, he powerfully recommended and en- 
forced the genuine precepts of Christianity. His 
works are various, elegant, and full of erudition; 
the best edition of which is Potter s, 2 vols. fol. 

Oxon. 1715 A senator who favoured the party 

of Niger against Severus. 

Cleo, a Sicilian among Alexander's flatterers. 
Curt. 8. 5. 

Cleobis and BiTON, two youths, sons of Cy- 
dippe, the priestess of Juno at Argos. When 
oxen cou dnotbe procured to draw their mother's 
chariot to the temple of Juno, they put them- 
selves under the yoke, and drew it 43 stadia to 
the temple, amidst the acclamations of the mul- 
titude, who congratulated the mother on account 
of the filial affection of her sons. Cydippe en- 
treated the goddess to reward the piety of her 
Si 'US w ith the best sjift that could be granted to a 
mortal. They went to rest, and awoke no more; 
and by this the goddess showed that death is the 
only true happy event that can happen to man. 
The Argives raised them statues at Delphi. Cic. 
Tuic. 1,47—ral. 3Iax. b, i.— Herod. 1,31.— 
Hut. de Cons, ad Apoll. 

Cleobula, the wife of Amj-ntor, by whom she 

had Phoenix. A daughter of Boreas and 

Orithya, called also Cleopatra. She married 
Phineus son of Agenor, by whom she had Plex- 
ippus and Pandion. Phineus repudiated her to 
marry a daushter of Dardanus. Apcllod. 3, 15. 

CLEOBULlXA, a daughter of Cleobjlus, re- 
markable for her genius learning, judgment, and 
courage. She composed enigmas some of w hich 
have been preserved. One of them runs thus: 
"A father had 12 children, and these 12 children 
had each 30 white sons and 30 black daughters, 
who are immortal, though they die every day." 
In this there is no need of an CEdipus to discover 
that there are 12 months in the year, and that 
evt ry month consists <>f 30 days, and of the same 
number of nights. Diog. Laert. 

Cleobulus, one of the seven wise men of 
Greece, son oi Evagoras of Lindos, famous for 
the beautiful shape of his body. He wrote some 
few verses, anJ died in the 7'ith year of his age, 

B.C. 564. Diog. in vita. — Plut. in Symp. An 

histori m. P/m. 5, 31. One of the Ephori. 

Thucyd. 

Cleochares, a man sent by Alexander to 
demand Porus to surrender. Curt. 8. 13. 

Cleod^us, a son of Hyllus. Herod. 6, 52. 
7, 204. 8. J 31. He endeavoured to recover Pe- 
loponnesus after his father's death, but to no 
purpose. 

CLEODAMUS.aRoman general under Gallienus. 

Cleodora, a nymph mother of Parnassus. 
Paus. 2, 6.- One of the Danaides, who mar- 
ried L\ xus. Apollod. 2, 1. 

Cleodoxa. a daughter of Niobe and Am- 
phion, changed into a stone as a punishment for 
her mother's pride. Apollod. 3, 5. 

Cleolacs, a son of Hercules, by Argele, 
daughter of Thestius, who, upon the ill success 
of the Heraclidae in Peloponnesus, retired to 
Rhodes with his wife and children. Apollod. 2. 

Cleowantks, a Lacedaemonian soothsayer. 
Plut. in Alex. 



Cleo^JBUOTUS, son of Pau=anias, was kin* 
of Sparta, afct-r his brother Agesipuiis L He 
made war against the Boeotians, and lest he 
should be suspected of treacherous communica- 
tion with Epaminondas, he gave that general 
battle at Leuctra, in a very disadvantageous 
place. He was killed in the engagement, and 
his army destroyed, B.C. 371. Biod. 15 — Paus. 

9, 13. — Xenoph. A son-in-law of Leonidas 

king of Sparta, who, for a while, usurped the 
kingdom, after the expulsion of his father-in- 
law. When Leonidas was recalled, CUouibro- 
tus was banished; and his wife, Cheionis, who 
had accompanied her father, now accompanied 
her husband in his exile. Paus. 3, 0. — Plut. in 

Ag. et Cleom. A youth of Ambracia who 

threw himself into the sea, after reading Plato's 
treatise on the immortality of the soul. Cic. in 
Tusc. 1, 34.- Oi-Ki in lb. 493. 

Cleomedes, a famous athlete of Astypaleea, 
above Crete. In a combat at Olympia, he killed ' 
one of his antagonists by a blow with his fist, j 
On account of this accidental murder, he was ! 
deprived of the victory, and he became delirious, i 
In his return to Astypalaea, he entered a school, j 
and pulled down the pillars which supported the 
roof, and crushed to death sixty boys. He was 
pursued with stones, and he fled Ibr shelter into i 
a tomb, whose doors he so strongly secured, that 
his pursuers were obliged to break them for ac- 
cess. When the tomb was opened, Cleomedes 
could not be found either dead or alive. The ^ 
oracle of Delphi was consulted, and gave this ' 
answer, Ultimus heroum Cleomedes Astypalceus. ' 
Upon this thev offered sacrifices to him as a god. 
Paus. 6. Q.—Plut. in Rom. 

Cleomenes I., king of Sparta, conquered the ; 
Argives, and burnt 50i;0 of them by *etting fire 
to the grove where t'ney had fled, and freed 1 
Athens from the tyranny of the Pisistratidae. j 
By bribing the oracle, he pronounced Demara- j 
tus, his colleague on the throne, illegitimate, [ 
because he refused to puni^h the people of i 
JEsina, w ho had deserted the Greeks. He killed ' 
himself in a fit of madness, 491 B.C. Herod. 5, ' 

6 et 7.— Paus. 8, 3, &c. The 2d. succeeded his 

brother Agesipolis 1 1. He reigned 61 years in 
the greatest tranquillity, and was lather "to Acro- 
tatus and Cleonymus, and "as succeeded by 

Areus I. son of Acrotatus. Paus. 3. 6. The ] 

3d, succeeded his father Leonidas. He was of j 
an enterprising spirit, and resolved to restore the ; 
ancient discipline of Lycurgus in its full forte, . 
by banishing luxury and intemperance. He ' 
killed the Ephori, and removed by poison his ' 
royal colleague Eurydamidas. and made his own j 
brother, Euclidas, king, against the laws of the 
state, which forbade more than one of the same 
family to sit on the throne. He made war against [ 
the Achaeans, and attempted to destroy their I 
league. Aratus, the general of the Acha;ans, ; 
who supposed himself inferior to his enemy, cal- I 
led Antigonus to his assistance; and Cleomenes, I 
when he had fought the unfortunate battle of Sel- ' 
l-isia, B.C. i.22, retired into Egypt, to the court of i 
Ptolemy Evergetes, whfre his wife and children I 
had tied' before him. Ptolemy received him with 
great cordiality; but his sifccessor, weak and 
suspicious, soon expressed his jealousy of this 
noble stranger, and imprisoned him. Cleo- ' 
menes killed himself, and his body was flayed and j 
exposed on across, B.C. 219. Polyb.6. — Plut. in I 

vita. — Justin. 2S, 4. A man appointed by 

Alexander to receive the tributes of Egypt f nd I 



CLE 



193 



CLE 



Africa. Curt. 4, 8. A man placed as arbitra- 
tor between tiie Athenians and the people of 

Megara. An historian A dilhyrambic 

poet of Rhegium. A Sicilian, contemporary 

witti Verres, whose licentiousness and avarice he 

was fond of gratiiying. Cic. in Verr. 4, 12. 

A Lacedaemonian general. 

Cleon, an Athenian, who, though originally 
a tanner, became general of the armies of the 
state, by his intrigues and eloquence. He took 
Thoron in Thrace, and alter distinguishing him- 
self in several engagements, he was killed at 
Amphipolis, in a battle with Brasidas the Spar- 
tan general, 422 B.C. Thucyd. 3, 4, &ic. — Diod. 

12. A general ofMesstnia, who di>puted with 

Aristodemus for the sovereignty. A statuary 

of Sicyon. Pans. 2, 8. A poet who wrote a 

poem on the Argonauts An orator of Hali- 

carnassus, who composed an oration for Lysan- 
der, in which he intimated the propriety of mak- 
ing the kingdom of Sparta elective. C. Nep. et 

PLut in Lys. A Magnesian, who wrote some 

commentaries, in which he speaks of portentous 

events, &c. Paus. 10, 4. A Sicilian, one of 

Alexander's flatterers. Curt. 8, 5. A tyrant 

of Sicyon. A friend of Phocion. 

Cleone and Cleona, a village of Pelopon- 
nesus, between Corinth and Argos. Hercules 
killed the lion of Nemaea in its neighbourhood, 
and thence it is called Cleonaeus. It was made a 
constellation. Stat. SiLv. 4, 4, 28. — Oi-id. Met. 

6, m.—Sil. 3, 32.— Paws. 2, \5.—Plin. 36. 5. 

A town of Phocis. 

Cleone, a daughter of Asopus. Diod. 4, 72. 

Cleonica, a young virgin of Byzantium, 
whom Pausanias, king of Sparta, invited to his 
bed. She was introduced into his room when he 
was asleep, and unluckily overturned a burning 
lamp which was by the side of the bed. Paus- 
anias was awakened at the sudden noise, and 
thinking it to be some assassin, he seized his 
sword, and killed Cleonica before he knew who 
it was. Cleonica often appeared to him, and he 
was anxious to make a proper expiation to her 
manes. Paus. 7, 17. — Plut. in Cirn. <^c. 

Cleonicus, a freedman of Seneca, &c. Ta- 
cit. Ann. 15, 45. 

Clkonnis, a Messenian, who disputed with 
Aristodemus for the sovereign power of his coun- 
try. Paus. 4, 10. 

Cleonymus, a son of Cleomenes IL, who cal- 
led Pyrrhus to his assistance, because A reus his 
brother's son had been preferred to him in the 
succession; but the measure was unpopular, and 
even the women united to repel the foreign 
prince. His wife was unfaithful to his bed and 
committed adultery with Acrotatus. P^ut. in 

Pyrrh. — Paus. 1, 3 A general, who assisted 

the Tarentines, and was conquered by ^Emilius 

the Roman consul. Strab. 6. A perspn so 

cowardly that Cleonymo timidior became prover- 
bial. Suid. 

Cleopatra, the grand-daughter of Attains, 
betrothed to Philip of Macedonia, after he had 
divorced Olympias. When Philip was murder 
ed by Pausanias, Cleopatra was seized by order 
of Olympias, and put to death. Diod. \io.— Jus- 
tin, 9, 7.— Plut. in Pyrr. A sister of Alexan- 
der the Great, who married Perdiccas, and was 
killed by Antigonus as she attempted to fly to 
Ptolemy in Egypt. Diod. 16 et 20. — Justin. 9, 

6. 13, 6 A mistress of Claudius Caesar, A 

daughter of Boreas. {_Vid. Cleobula) A 

daughter of Idas and Marpessa, the daughter of 



Evenus, king of .^Etolia, She married Meleager, 
son of kii!g CEneus. Homer. IL 9, ?52,— Puus. 4, 

2. One ol tlie Danaides. ApoUod. 2, 1. A 

daughter of Amyntas of Ephesus, Paus. 1,44. 

A wife of Tigranes king of Armenia sister 

of Mithridates. Justin. 38, 3. A daughter of 

Tros and Callirhoe. Apollod. 3, 12. A daugh- 
ter of Ptolemy Philometor, who married Alex- 
ander Bala, and aiterwards Nicanor. She killecX 
Seleucus, Nicanor's son, because he ascended the > 
throne without her consent. She was suspected ' 
of preparing poison for Antiochus her son, and 

compelled to drink it herself, B.C. 12'!. A 

wife and sister of Ptolemy Evergetes, who raised 
her son Alexander, a minor, to the throne of 
Egypt, in preference to his elder brother, Ptol- 
emy Lathurus, whose interest the people favour- 
ed. As Alexander was odious, Cleopatra suf- 
lered Lathurus to ascend the throne, on condi- 
tion, however, that he should repudiate his sister 
and wife, called Cleopatra, and marry Seltuca, 
his younger sister. She afterwards raised her 
favourite, Alexander, to the throne; but her 
cruelties were so odious, that he fled to avoid 
her tyranny. Cleopatra laid snares for him; 
and when Alexander heard it, he put her to 

death. Justin. 39, 3 et 4. A queen of Egypt, 

daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, and sister and 
wife to Ptolemy Dionysius, celebrated for her 
beauty and her cunning. She admitted Caesar 
to her arms, to influence him to give her the 
kingdom in prefer.-nce to her brother, who had 
expelled her, and she had a son by him called 
Ciesarion. As she had supported Brutus, An- 
tony, in his expedition to Parthia, summoned 
her to appear before him at Tarsus in Cilicia, 
and to account for her conduct and her ingrati- 
tude to the memory of her murdered friend and 
patron, Caesar. Cleopatra obeyed; but mindful 
ol the charms which she possessed, and which 
had won the heart of Caesar, she arrayed herself 
in the most magnificent apparel, and appeared 
beldre her judge in the most captivating attire. 
Her artifice succeeded; Antony became enam- 
oured of her, and publicly married her, forget- 
ful of his connexions wit-h Octavia, the sister of 
Augustus. He gave her the greatest part of the 
eastern provinces of the Roman empire. This 
behaviour was the cause of a rupture between 
Augustus and Antony; and these two celebrated 
Romans met at Actium, where Cleopatra, by fly- 
ing with sixty sail, ruined the interest of Antony, 
and he was defeated. Cleopatra had retired to 
Egypt, where soon after Antony followed her. 
Antony stabbed himself upon the false informa- 
tion that Cleopatra was dead; and as he sur- 
vived his wound, he was carried to the queen, 
who drew him up by a cord from one of the win- 
dows of the monument, where she had retired 
and concealed herself. Antony soon after died 
of his wound; and Cleopatra, after she had re- 
ceived pressing invitations from Augustus, and 
even pretended declarations of love, destroyed 
herself by the bite of an asp, not to fall into the 
conqueror's hands. She had previously attempted 
to stab herself, and had once made a resolution 
to starve herself. In her character Cleopatra 
was voluptuous and extravagant. At one of the 
feasts she gave to Antony at Alexandria, she 
melted pearls into her drink to render her enter- 
tainment more sumptuous and expensive. She 
was fond of appearing dressed as the goddess 
Isis; and she advised Antony to make war 
against the richest nations to support her de- 
R 



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194 



CLI 



baucheries. Her beauty has been greatly com- 
mended, and her mental acquirements so highly 
celebrated, that she has been described as capa- 
ble of giving audience to the ambassadors of 
seven different nations, and of speaking their 
various languages as fluently as her own. In 
Antony's absence, she improved the public lib- 
rary of Alexandria, with the addition of that of 
Pergamus. Two treatises, De medicamine faciei 
epistolcB eroticce, and De morbis mvlierum, have 
been falsely attributed to her. She died B.C. 
30, after a reign of 24 years, in the 39th year 
of her age. Egypt became a Roman province 
at her death. Flor. 4, \\.— Appian. Bell. Civ. 5. 
—Plui. in Pomp, el Ant.— Horat. 1, ocL 37, 21, 

Scc—Strab. 17. A daughter of Ptolemy Epi- 

phanes, who married Philometor, and afterwards 
Physcon of Cyrene. 

Cleopatris, or ArsinSe, a fortified town of 
Egypt on the Arabian gulf. Fid. Arsinoe. 

Cleophanthus, a son of Themistocles, fa- 
mous (or his skill in riding. 

CleQphes, a queen of India, who submitted 
to Alexander, by whom, as some suppose, she 
had a son. Curt. 8, 10. 

Cleophon, a tragic poet of Athens. 

Cleophylus, a man whose posterity., it is said, 
saved the poems of Homer. Plui. 

Cleopompus, an Athenian, who took Thro- 
nium, and conquered the Locrians, &c. Thucyd. 

2, 26 et 58. A man who married thp nymph 

Cleodora, by whom he had Parnassus. As Cleo- 
dora was beloved by Neptune, some have sup- 
posed that she had two husbands. Paus. 10, 6. 

Cleoptolemus, a man of Chalcis, whose, 
daughter was given in marriage to Antiochus. 
Liv. 36, 11. 

Cleora, the wife of Agesilaus. Pita, in 
Ages. 

CleostrAtus, a youth devoted to be sacri- 
ficed to a serpent, among the Thespians, &c. 
Paus. 9, 26. An ancient philosopher and as- 
tronomer of Tenedos, about 536 years before 
Christ. He first found the constellations of the 
zodiac, and reformed the Greek calendar. 

Clepsydra, a fountain of Messenia, in 
mount Ithome. Paus. 4, 31. 

Cmmax, a pass of mount Taurus, formed by 
the projection of a brow into the Mediterranean 
sea. The army of Alexander, which passed it in 
the winter, were in the utmost danger, being 
obliged to march for nearly a whole day up to 
their middles in water. Strab. 14. 

Clinias, a Pythagorean philosopher.and mu- 
sician, 520 years before the Christian era. Plut. 

tn Symp.—^lian. V. H. 14, 23. A son of 

Alcibiades, the bravest man in the Grecian fleet 

that fouuht against Xerxes. Herod. 8, 17. 

The father of Alcibiades, killed at the battle of 

Coronea. Plut. in Ale. The father of Aratus, 

killed by Abantidas, B.C. 263. Plui. in Aral. 
A friend of Solon. Id. in Sol. 

CjLINUS of Cos, was general of 7000 Greeks in 
the pay of king Nectanebus. He was killed, 
with some of his troop«, by Nicostratus and the 
Argives, as he passt d the Nile. Diod. 16- 

Clio, the first of the muses, daughter of Ju- 
piter and Mnemosyne, She presided over his- 
tory. She is represented crowned with laurels, 
holding i'U one hand a trumpet, and^a book in 
the other. Sometimes she holds a plectrum or 
quill with a lute Her name si;;nifies honour 
and reputation, (kX^os. gloria ;) and it was her 
office faithfully to record (he actions of brave and 



illBStriotts heroes. She had Hyacintha by Pierus 
son of Magnes. She was also mother of H^Tnen- 
aeus, and lalemus, according to others. Hesiod, 

Theog. 75 — Apollod. 1, 3.— Strab. l-i.- One of 

Cyrene's nymphs. Vtrg. G. 4, 341. 

Clisithera, a daugnter of Idomeneus, pro- 
mised in marriage to Leucus, by whom she was 
murdered. 

Clisthenes, the last tyrant of Sicyon. Aristot, 

An Athenian of the Jamily of Alcmreon. It 

is said that he first established ostracism, and 
that he was the first who was banished by that 
institution. He banished Isagoras, and was him- 
self soon after restored. Plut. in Arist. — Herod, 
5, 66, &c. 

ChiTJE, a people of Cilicia Campestris, who 
retired to mount Taurus in order to avoid paying 
tribute to Archelaus, king of Cappadocia, and 
maintained themselves there under their leader 
Trosobor, against the troops sent to reduce them. 

Tacit. Ann. 6, 41. 12, 55. A place near mount 

Athos. Liv. 44, 11. 

Clitarchtjs, a man who made himself abso- 
lute at Eretria, by means of Philip of Macedonia. 

He was ejected by Phocion. An historian, 

who accompanied Alexander the Great, of whose 
life he wrote the history. Curt. 9, 5. 

Clite. the wife of Cyzicus, who hung herself 
whin she saw her husband dead. Apollon. 1.— • 
Orpheus. 

Cliternia, a town of Italy. Mela, 2, 4. 

Clitomachus, a native of Carthage, who, 
fond of learning in his early years, visi ed 
Greece for the purpose of attending the schools 
of the philosophers. At Athens he became the 
disciple of Carneades, and succeeded him in the 
Academic chair. By diligent study he made 
himself master of the systems of the other 
schools; but professed the doctrine of suspension 
of assent, as it had been taught by his predeces- 
sor. Cicero relates, that he wrote four hundred 
books upon philosophical subjects. At an advan- 
ced age he was seized with a lethargy; but when 
he in some measure recovered his faculties, he L 
said, ''the love of life shall deceive me no [ 
longer,^' and laid violent hands upon himself, i 
He entered upon the oflSce of preceptor in the j| 
Academy immediately after the death of Came- ^ 
ades, and held it thirty years. According to : 
Cicero, he taught that there is no certain crite- | 
rion by which to judge of the truth of those re- : 
ports which we receive from the senses, and that I 
therefore a wise man will either wholly suspend i 
his assent, or decline giving a peremptory opiu- i 
ion; but that, nevertheless, men are strongly 1 
impelled by nature to follow probability. His 
moral doctrine established a natural alliance be- 
tween pleasure and virtue. He was a professed i 
enemy to rhetoric, and thought that no place , 
should be allowed in society to so dangerous an | 
art. Laert.4, &1.— Cic. Ac. Qu. 4, 31 et 32. Tusc. I 
Qu. 5. ^\).—Sext. Emp. adv. Rhet. 20. { 

Clitor, a son of Lycaon. A son of Azan, i 

who founded a city in Arcadia, to the west of , 
Pheneus and south of Nonacris, called after his ' 
name. Paus. 8, A.— Apollod. 3, 8. Ceres, JEs- 
culapius, Lucina, and other deities, had temples 
in that city. There was also in the town afoun- 1 
tain called Clitorium, whose waters gave a dis- j 
like for wine. Ovid. Met. 15, 322.— P/jti. H. N. 
32, 2. ! 

Clitumnus. a river of Umbria, rising in the 
vicinity of Spoletum, and flowing into the Tinia, 
and bot h together into theTiber. It w as celebrated 



CLi l&b CLO 



for its waters communicating- a wfrite colour to 
the flocks of cattle ihat grazed upon its banks. 
It is now the CLitunno. Virg G. 2. \^Q.—Propert. 

2. et 2.5 Sit. Ital. 8, 452.— Juv. 12, 13. 

Clitl'S. a familiar friend and foster-brother of 
Alexander the Great, whom he aceompanied in 
his A-iatic expedition, and to whose esteem he 
econimended himself by his courage and mili- 
tary experience. In a severe battle which the 
Macedonians lought, the life of Alexander, who 
was generally foremost in danger, was saved by 
che timely and valorous interference of Clitus; 
but this friendly event was forgotten in the hour 
of drunkenness and debauchery. Clitus, though 
the friend of Alexander, would not demean him- 
self to become his flatterer, and when he pre- 
sumed at a feast with the boldness and freedom 
of a blunt soldier, to extol the ex^oiis of Philip 
above those of his son, the king's fury was kind- 
led, and with a javeiin he meanly stabbed to the 
heart the honest and unsuspecting veteran. 
When too late, Alexander became sensible and 
inconsolable for the loss of this valued friend, 
whose good opinion he ought to have merited by 
fresh aces of valour, and by new conquests over 
the enemies of Greece. Justin. 12, Q.— Put. in 

Alex.^ Curt. 4, 13. 8, 1,2, 18. A commander 

CI Polyperchon's ships, defeated by Antigonus. 

Diod 18. An officer sent by Antipater, with 

240 ships against the Athenians, whom he 

conquered near the Echinades. Dibd. IS. A 

Trojan prince, son of Pisenor, and charioteer to 
Polydanias. He was killed by Teucer. Homer. 
II. 15, 445. 

CLiOACINA, a goddess at Rome, who presided; 
over the Cioacae. Some suppose her to be Venus, 
who^e statue was found in the Cloacce, whence 
the name The Cloacce were large receptacles 
for the filth of the whole city, begun by Tar- 
quinius Priscus, and finished by Tarquinius Su- 
perbus. They were built under the city, and the 
arches were so high and broad that,- according to 
Procopius, a man on horseback might ride 
through them even in the ordinary course of the 
channel, and a wagon loaded with hay might 
pass, and vessels sail in them. There were in 
the streets, at proper distartces, openings for the 
admission of dirty water or any other filth, which 
persons were appointed always to remove, and 
also to keep the Cloacae clean. The principal 
sewer, now existing, with which the rest com- 
municated, was called Cloaca Maxima, and was 
I>rincipally the work of Tarquinius Superbus. 
It is formed of three concentric rows of enor- 
mous stones, laid over each other without any 
cement whatever. Its height is about fifteen 
feet, and its width is the same. The Cloacae 
were at first carried through the streets, but 
through the want of regularity in rebuilding the 
city, after it was burned by the Gauls, they in 
many places passed under private houses. Un- 
der the republic, the censors had the charge of 
them; but under the emperors, Curatores cloa- 
carum were appointed, and a tax was imposed 
for keeping them in repair, called Cloacarium. 
Liv. 1, 3S et 56.— Pirn. 36, 15.— Strab, 5. 

Cloanthus, one of the companions of .(Eneas, 
from whom the family of the Cluentii at Rome 
were descended. Viig. JEn. 5, 122. 

Clodia, the wife of Luc-uUus, repudiated for 
her lasciviousness. Plut. in LucuU. An opu- 
lent matron at Rome, mother of D. Brutus. 

Cic. ad Attic. A woman who married Q. Me- 

tellus, and afcerwards disgraced herself by her 



amours with Ccelius, and her incest with her 
brother Pubhus, lor which he is severely and^ 
eloquently arraigned by Cicero. Cic. pro Ccel. 

Clodia lex de Cypro, was enacted by the 
tribune Clodius, A.U.C 695, that the kingdom 
of Cyprus should be taken from Ptolemy, and 
made a Roman province. This was done in or- 
der to punish that king for having refu.sed Clo- 
dius money to pay his ransom when taken b> the 
pirates, and to remove Cato out of the way by 

appointing him to execute the law. Another, 

de Magistratibus, A U.C. 6.x)5, by Clodius the tri- 
bune. It forbade the censors to inflict any mark, 
of infamy on any man who had not been first 
openly accused and condemned by their joint 

sentence. Another, de Religione, by the same, 

A.U.C. 696, to deprive the prif st of Cy^ ele, a 
native of Pessinus, of his office, and confer the 

priesthood upon Brotigonus, a Gallogrecian. 

Another, de Provinciis, A.U.C. 6!i6, v\hich nomi- 
nated the provinces of Syria, Bab} Ion. and Persia, 
to the consul Gabinius; and Achaia, Thessaly, 
Macedon, and Greece, to his colleague Piso, with 
proconsular power. It empowered them to de- 
fray the expenses of their march from the public 
treasury. Another, A.U.C. 695, which requir- 
ed the same distribution of corn among the peo- 
ple gratis, as had been given them before at six 

asses and a fr^ens the bushel Another, A.U.C. 

695 by the same, de Judiciis. It called to an 
account such as had executed a Roman citizen 
without a judgment of the people, and all the 
formalities of a trial, Cicero, although not 
named, was plainly pointed at by this law, and 
soon after, by means of a hired mob, w as actually 

banished. Another, by the same, to pay no 

attention to the appearances of the heavens, 
while any aflair was before the people. An- 
other, to make the power of the tribunes free, in 
making and proposing laws. Another, to re- 
establish the companies of artificers, which had 
been instituted by Nunia, but since his time abo- 
lished.- 

CLODll FORUM, a town of Italj'. Plin. 3, 15. 

Pb. Clodius, a Roman, descended from an 
illustrious family, and remarkable for his licen- 
tiousness, avarice, and ambition. He committed 
incest with his three sisters, and introduced him- 
self in woman's clothing, into the house of J. 
Caesar, whilst Pompeia, Caesar s wife, of whom 
he was enamoured, was celebrating the mysteries 
of Ceres, where no man was permitted to appear. 
He was accused for this violation of human and 
divine laws; but he corrupted his judjies, and by 
that means screened himself from justice. He 
descended from a patrician into a plebeian family 
to become a tribune. He was such an enemy ti> 
Cato, that he made him go with praetorian power, 
in an expedition against Ptolemy, king of Cyprus, 
that, by the difficulty of the campaign, he might 
ruin his reputation, and destroy his interest at 
Rome during his absence. Cato, however, by 
his uncommon success, frustrated the views oF 
Clodms. He was also an inveterate enemy to 
Cicero, who had appeared against him at his 
trial, and endeavoured to draw down the execra- 
tion and vengeance of the people upon his enor- 
mities. By his influence and intrigues, the 
orator was banished from Rome, partly oa pre- 
tence that he had punished with death, and with- 
out trial, the adherents of Catiline. Not satis- 
fied with this seeming disgrace of his enemy, 
Clodius wreaked his vengeance upon Cicero s 
hnuse, which he burned, and set all his goods to 



CLCE 



196 



CLY 



sale; which, however, to his great mortification, 
no one offered to buy. In spite of Clodius, Ci- 
cero was recalled, and all his goods restcred to 
him by the decree of the people. Baffled and 
disappointed in one instance, Clodius soon found 
another to give vent to his enmity; and Milo, 
Cicero's friend, was attacked with all the viru- 
lence of party. From accusations Milo and 
Clodius had recourse to violence; and accident- 
ally meeting on the Appian road near Bovillae, 
a quarrel ensued between their respective atten- 
dants, in which the masters soon eagerly joined. 
Clodius was wounded in the affray, and carried 
to a neighbouring house, where Milo, with un- 
justifiable resentment, pursued his enemy, and 
ordered him to be dragged out and stabbed. The 
body of the murdered Clodius was left exposed 
in the public road, till Tedius a senator brought 
it to Rome, where the fatal catastrophe kindled 
and engaged the passions of the populace. Milo 
was summoned to a trial, and though defended 
by all the powers and eloquence of Cicero, he 
was condemned and banished. Clodius had by 
Fulvia a son, who bore his name, and was step- 
son of Antony, Plid. in Cic— Appian de Civ. 2. 
— Cic. pro Mil. et pi o Dom. Quirinalis, a rhe- 
torician in Nero's ase. Tacit. Hist. 1, 7. ■ 

Sextus, a rhetorician of Sicily, intimate with M. 
Antony, whose preceptor he was. Suet, de Clar. 

Oral. — Cic. in Philip. Sextus, a kinsman of 

Publius. He brought the body of his relation 
naked, and with all the wounds dreadfully 
opene,',, into the senate, where he inflamed the 
mob by his «pe ches; and tearing up the seats 
and talles of the edifice, he made with them a 
funeral pile. Tne senate-house was destroyed 
in the confl-)erari<'n of .the pile, and Clodius ac- 
cused for this st-ditious conduct, was banished, 
b';t recalled afterwards by Antony. Cic. Att. 
14, 13. 

Clcelia, a Roman virgin, given, with other 
maidens, as hostages to Porsenna, king of Etru- 
ria. She escaped from her confinement, and 
swam across the Tiber to Rome. Her unprece- 
dented virtue was rewarded by her countr} men, 
with an equestrian statue in the Via Sacra. Liv. 
2, IZ. — Firg. ^n. 8. Ghl. — Dionys. Hal. b. — Juv. 

8, 265, A patrician family descended from 

Clcelius, one of the companions of ^neas. 
JHonys. 

Clcelius GRACcnrs. a general of the Volsci 
and Sabines asainst Rome, conquered by Q. 

Cincinnatus the d;e ator. Tullus, a Roman 

ambas-ador. put to death by Tolumnius king of 

the Veientes. Liv. 4, \'. Titus Siculus, one 

of the first tribunes appointed with consular 
power. Liv. 4, 7. 

Clo.via, the mother of Nycteus. ApoV.od. 3, 
10. 

Clonius, a Boeotian, who went with 50 ships 

to the Trojan war. Homer. 11. 2. A Trojan 

killed bv Messapu^ in Italy. Firg. JEn. 'lO, 
749 .\nother, k lled bv Turnus. Id. 9. 574. 

Clotho, the younsest of the three Parcee, 
daughter of Jup ter nnd Themis, or according to 
Hesiod, of Niyht, was supposed to pre.-ide over 
the moment that we are born. Siie held the 
distaff in hrr hand, and spun the thread of life, 
whence her name (tXciSptv, to spin). She was 
represented wearing a crown with seven stars, 
and covered with a varie?a'ed robe. ( f id. Parcae.) 
He.<tiod. Theog. 218 - ApoUod. 1, 3. 

Clcacina, a name of Veniis, whose statue 
erected in that place where peace was made 



between the Romans and Sabines, after the rape 
of the virgins. Vid. Cloacina. 

Cluentics, a Roman citizen, accused by his 
mother of having murdered his father-in-law 
Oppianicus, 54 years before Christ. He was ably 
defended by Cicero, in an oration still extant. 
The family of the Cluentii was descended from 
Cloanthus, one of the companions of .(Eneas. 
Virg. Mn. 5, 122. — C/c. pro Cluent. 

Cluilia FOSSA, a place five miles distant 
from Rome. Liv. 1, 23. 2 39. 

ClCpea and Clypea, now Kalibia, a mari- 
time town of Africa Propria, about 22 miles east 
from Carthage, which received its name from 
the resemblance of the promontory on which it 
stood to a shield (^clypeus'). Lucan. 4, 6--6. — 
Slrab. 17. — Liv. 27, 29 Ccps. Civ. 2, 23. 

Clcsia, a daughter of an Etrurian king, o\ 
whom V, Torquatus the Roman general became 
enamoured. He asked her of her father, who 
slighted his addresses; upon \\hich he besieged 
and destroyed his town. Clusia threw herself 
down from a high tower, and came to the ground 
unhurt. Pint, in PnraU. i 

Clusini FONTES, baths in Etruria, near Clu- ' 
sium. They are now called Bagni de S. Caiiti- 
ano. Horai. I, ep. 15. 9. 

CLUSIU3I, now Chiusi, a town of Etruria, at a 
small distance to the west of Perusia, on the 
banks of the Clanis. Its ancient name was 
Camers. The Gauls under Brennus besieged it 
but marched to Rome without taking it. It was 
near Clusium that Porsenna erected for himself 
the splendid mausoleum of which Pliny has 
transmitted to us a desciiption on the authority 
of Varro. Ttie whole account seems to bear no 
small appearance of fiction; for had such a stu- 
pendous work really existed, some traces of it 
would surely have remained, not merely in 
Pliny's dav. but even in the present age. Liv. 

10, ib.—D'iod. Sic. U.—Ilin. H. N. 36, 13 

Virg. ^n. 10, 167. 

Clusius, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, now La 

Chiese. Polyb. 2. The surname of Janus, 

when his temple was shut. Ovid. Fast. I, 13n. 

Clu VIA. a noted debauchee, &c. Juv. 2. 49. 

Cluvius Rufus, a queestor, A.U.C. 693. Cic. 

ad Fam. 13, ep. 56. A man of Puteoli, ap- 

poijite 1 bv Ciesar to divide the lands of Gaul, 
&c. Cic. 'Dir. 1 3. /. 

ClymeKe, a daughter of Oceanusand Tethys, 
who married Japetus, by whom she had Atlas, 
Prometheus, Mencetius, and Epimetheus. He- 
siod. Theog. 508, &c. One of the Nereides, 

mother of Mnemosvne bv Jupiter. Homer. lU 
18, 47. — Firg. G. 4, 3"45. — '- The mother of The- 
simenus by Parthenopaaus. Hygin. fab. 71.— 
A daughter of Mynias, mother of Atalanta by 

J^isus. ApoUod. 3. A daughter of Crafeus, 

who married Nauplius. Id. 2- The mother 

of Phaeton by Apollo. Ond. Met. 1, 756. A 

female servant of Helen, ^^ho accompanied her 
mistress to Trov, when she eloped "ith Paris. 
Chid. Heroid. 17, 2C7. - Ho)h«-. II. 3. 144. 

Clymenkides, a patron\niic siven to Phae- 
ton's si-ters, who were dar.giiters ot Clymene. 

Clymencs, a king of Orchomenus, son of 
Presbon, and father of Er^inus, Stratius, Ar- 
rhon, and Axius. He received a w(>und from a 
stone thrown by a Theban, of which he died. 
His son Ersinus, who succeeded him, made war 
against the Thebars, to revenue hi? death. Puvt. 

9, 37. One of the descendants of Hfrculp'*, 

who built a temple to Mineiva of Cydonia- bl. 



CLY 



197 



coc 



6, 21 A son of Phoroneus. Id. 2, 35. A 

king of Elis. Id. A son of CEr.eus, king of 

GalyJon. A name of Pluto. Odd. Fast. 6, 

757. 

Glysonymus, a son of Amphidamas, killed 
by Patroclus. ApoUod. 3, 13. 

Clytemnestra, a daughter of Tyndarus 
king of Sparta, by Leda. She was born, to- 
gether with her brother Castor, from one of the 
eggs which her mothf r brought forth after her 
annour with Jupiter, under the form of a swan. 
Glytemnestra married Agamemnon king of Ar- 
gos. She had before married Tantalus, son of 
Thyestes, according to some authors. When 
Agamemnon went to the Trojan war, he left his 
cousin .^gysthus to take care of his wife, of his 
family, and all his domestic affairs. Besides 
this, a certain favourite musician was appointed 
by Agamemnon, to watch over the conduct of the 
guardian as well as that of Clytemnestra. In 
the absence of Agamemnon, jfigysthus made his 
court to Clytemnestra, and after he had crimin- 
ally alienated her heart from her husband, he 
publicly lived with her. Her infidelity reached 
the ears of Agamemnon before the walls of Troy, 
and he resolved to take full revenge upon the 
adulterers at his return. He was prevented, 
however, from putting his schemes into execu- 
tion. Clytemnestra, with her adulterer, mur- 
dered him at his arrival, as he came out of the 
bath; or, according to other accounts, as he sat 
down at a feast prepared to celebrate his happy 
return. Cassandra, whom Agamemnon had 
brought from Troy, shared his fate; and Orestes 
would also have been deprived of his life, like 
his father, had not his sister Electra removed 
him from the reach of Clytemnestra. Alter this 
murder, Clytemnestra publicly married JEgys- 
thus, and he ascended the throne of Argos. 
Orestes, after an absence of seven years, return- 
ed to Mycens, resolved to avenge his father's 
murder. He concealed himself in the house of 
his sister Electra, who had been married by the 
adulterers to a person of mean extraction and 
indigent circumstances. His death was publicly 
announced; and when ^gysthus and Clytem- 
nestra repaired to the temple of Apollo, to re- 
turn thanks to the god for the death of the sur- 
viving-son of Agamemnon, Orestes, who with his 
faithful friend Pylades had concealed himself in 
the temple, rushed upon the adulterers, and 
killed them with his own hand. They were 
buried without the walls of the city, as their re- 
mains were deemed unworthy to be laid in the 
sepulchre of Agamemnon, {Vid. ^gysthus, 
Agame t non, Orestes, Electra.) Diod. 4. — Ho- 
mer. Odyss W. — Apollod. 3. 10.— Paws. 2, 18 et 
Euripid. Iphig. in Aul.— Hygin. fab 117 el 
\i(\. — Propert 3, et. VJ.~Firg. AUn. 4, 471.- 
rtiilostr. Icon. 2, 9. 

Clytia, or Clytie a daughter of Oceanus 
and Tethys, beloved by Apollo. She was desert- 
ed l)y her lover, who paid his addresses to Leu- 
coihoe; and this so irritated her, that she disco- 
vered the whole intrigue to her rival s father, 
Apollo despised her the more for this, and she 
pined away, and was changed into a flower, com- 
monly called the Heliotrope, ('^Xtof and rpivw,) 
or suvflower, which still turns its head towards 
the sun in his course, as in pledsje of her love. 

Olid Met A,_fub. 3, &c. A daughter of Am- 

phidarr.us, mother of Pelops, by Tantalus.—— A 
concubine of Amyntor, son of Phrastor, whose 
calumny caused Amyntor to put out the eyes of 



his falsely accused son Phcenix. Eurip. in Crest. 
— Homer. II. 9. 

Clytius, a son of Laomedon by Strymo. 

Horn. 11. 10. A youth in the army of Turnus, 

beloved by Cydon. Virg. j^n. 10, Zib. A 

giant, killed by Vulcan, in the war waged against 

the gods. Apollod. 1, 6. The father of Pireus, 

who faithfully attended Telemachus. Homer. 

Odyss. 15, 251. A son of uEolus, who followed 

iEneas in Italy, where he was killed by Turnus. 

Virg .^n. 9, 774. A son of Alcraaeon, the son 

of Amphiaraus. Paus. 6, 17. 

Clytus, a Greek in the Trojan war, killed by 
Hector. Homer. II. 11, 302. 

Cnacadium, a mountain of Laconia, near 
which was situated the town of Las. Patis. 3, 
24. 

Cnacalis, a mountain of Arcadia, where fes- 
tivals were celebrated in honour of Diana. Id. 
8, 23. 

Cnemus, a Macedonian general, unsuccessful 
in an expedition against the Acarnanians. Diod. 
\2.— Thucyd. 2, 66, &c. 

Cneus, or CNjEUS, a praenomen common to 
many Romans. The C in this word is pro- 
nounced as a G. 

Cnidus and GNIDUS, a town and promontory 
of Doris in Caria, which has successively borne 
the names of Triopia, Pegusa, and Stadia. It 
was founded by Triopas the son of Abas. Venus, 
surnamed the Cnidian, was the chief deity of the 
place, and had here a temple rendered famous by 
a marble statue of the goddess. This beautiful 
image was the masterpiece of Praxiteles, and of 
such exquisite workmanship, that travellers 
from all parts of the world visited it with ad- 
miration, and Nicomedes, king of Bithynia, of- 
fered to liquidate the debt of the city, w hich was 
very considerable, if the Cnidians would cede it 
to him. Cnidus was the birth-place of the famous 
mathematician Eudoxus, the philosopher Aga- 
tharcides, the historian Theopompus, and the 
physician Ctesias. It is now a mass ol ruins, and 
the modern name of the promontoiy is Cape 
Krio. Diod. 5, Herod. 1, 174.- Paws. 1, I. 
—Plin. 36, b.— Strab. 14. 

Cnossia, a mistress of Menelaus. Apollod. 
3, 11. 

Cnossus, or Gnossus, a town of Crete, on the 
northern coast, at a small distance from the sea. 
According to Strabo, it was fifty stadia in circuit. 
Here Minos held his court. A little village, 
called Cnossou, occupie.s part of the ancient site 
of Cnossus. Paus. 1, 21. — Horn. Odyss. 19. 178. 

COASTR.ffi and CoactRjE, a people of Asia, 
near the Palus M*otis. Lucan. 3, 246. 

COBARES, a celebrated magician of Media, in 
the age of Alexander. Curt. 7, 4. 

COCALUS, a king of Sicily, who hospitably re- 
ceived Daedalus, when he fled before Minos. 
"When Minos arrived in Sicily, the daughters of 
Cocalus destroyed him. Ovid. Met. 8,261. — 
Diod. 4 

COCCEIUS Nerva. a friend of Horace and 
Mecaenas, and grandfather to the emperor Nerva. 
He was a distinguished jurist of the day, and one 
of those who settled the disputes between Au- 
gustus and Antony. He afterwards accompanied 
'I iberius in his retreat in Campania, and starved 
himself to death. Tacit. Ann. 4. 58. 6, 26.— 

Horat. Sat. 1, 5. 27. An architect of Rome, in 

the age of Augustus, one of whose buildings is 
still in being, the present cathedral of Naples. 

A nephew of Otho. Plut. A man to whom 

K 2 



coc 



19S 



COL 



Nero granted a triumph, after the discovery of 
the Pisonian conspiracy. Tacit, Ann. 15, 7i. 

COCCYGIUS, a mountain of Argolis, between 
Halice and Hermicne. It is said to have ob- 
tained its name from the Greek word k6xkv1^, cu- 
culuf, owing: to Jupiter's having there njetamor- 
phosed himse-lf into a cuckoo. Pans. 2. 36. 

CociNTUM, a promjntory of the Brurii, which 
marked the separation between the Ionian and 
Sicilian seas. It is now called Capo di Stilo. 
Polyb. 2, 14. 

COCLES, Pub. Horat., a celebrated Roman, 
who, alone, opposed the whole army of Porsenna 
at the head of a bridge, while his companions be- 
hind l)im were cuttmg off the communication 
with the other shore. When the bridge was de- 
stroyed. Codes, though severely wounded in the 
leg by the darts of the enemy, leaped into the 
Tiber, and s\\ am across with his arras. A brazen 
statue was raised to him in the temple of Vulcan, 
by the consul Publicola, for his eminent services. 
He had the use onlv otojie eye- as Coc/es signifies. 
Liv. 2, 10. — Fa/. Max. 3. 2 —Virg. jEn. «, 650. 

COC\TUS, a river of Epirus, \\hich blends its 
nauseous waters with those of the Acheron. The 
word is derived from KtuKveiv, to iceep and lo U- 
ment. Its etymology, the unwholesomeness of 
its water,- and above all, its vicinity to the Ache- 
ron, have made the poets call it one of the rivers 
of hell; hence Cocylia virgo, applied to Alecto, 
one of the Furies. Virg. G. 3, 3S. 4, 47;i. jEn. 

6. 297. 323. 7, Vr-X—Paus. ], 17. A river of 

Campania, flowing into the Lucrine lake. 

CODANUS SINUS, one of the ancient mmes of 
the Baltic sea. Mela represents it as diversified 
with laige and sm.all islands, the largest of which 
he calls Scandinavia. The modern name Baltic 
seems to be derived from the Celtic Bait, or Belt, 
denoting a collection of water. 3Iela, 3, 3. — 
Plin. 4, 13. 

CODOMANUS, a surname of Darius the third, 
king of Persia. 

CodrId.3E, th« descendants of Codrus, who 
went from Athens at the head of several colonies. 
Pans. 7, 2. 

Codrus, the 7ih and last king of Athens, son 
of Melanthus. When the Heraclidas made war 
against Athens, the oracle declared that the vic- 
tory would be granted to that nation whose king 
vas killed in battle. The Heraclidae upon this 
gave strict orders to spare the life of Codrus; but 
the patriotic king disguised himself, and attack- 
ed one of the enemy, by whom he was killed. 
The Athenians obtained the victory, and Codrus 
was deservedly called the father of his country. 
He reigned twenty-two years, and was killed 
1070 years before the Christian era. To pay 
greater honour to his memory, the Athenians 
made a resolution that no man after Codrus 
should reiffn in Athens under the name of king, 
and therefore the government was put into the 
hands of perpetual archons. Paterc. 1, 2. — Justin. 
2, 6et7 — Pans. 1,19. 7, 25.— TaL Max. 5,6. 

A man who, with his brothers, killed Hege- 

sias, tyrant of Ephesus, &c. Polycpn. 6, 49. 

A Latin poet in the reian of Domitian, whose 

povertv became a proverb. Juv. 3, 203. 

A shepherd in Virgil. Hrg. Eel. 7, 26- 

CcEClLIUS, a centurion. Cas. Civ Bell. 

CcELA, a place in the bay of Euboea. Liv. 31, 
47. A part of Attica. Strab. 10. 

CfELE, the northern division of Elis. A 

town situated on the Hellespont, south of Sestos. 
It is remarkable for the naval victory which the 



Athenians obtained in its vicinity over the La- 

cedajmonians. A place in the suburbs of , 

Athens, appropriated to sepulchres. Cimon and 
Thucvdides were both entombed here. Herod. 
6, 103 —Pans. 1, 23. 

CCELESYRLa and CCELOSVRIA, the HoUouf 
Syria, a country of Syiia, between the ranges of , 
Libanus and Antilibanus, where the Orontes 

takes its rise. Its capital was Damascus. ) 

Antiochus Cyzicenus gave this name to that 
part of Syria which he obtained as his share, 
when he divided his father's dominions with | 
Grvpu>. B.C. 112. Dioni/s. Perieg. I 

CCELIA, the wife o( Sylia. Plut. in Syll. The I 
Coelian family, which was plebeian, but honour- | 
ed with the consulship, was descended from Vi- 
benna Coeles, an Etrurian, who came to settle i 
at Rome in the age of Romulus. 

CcELiA LEX, a law enacted A.U.C 630, that ' 
in trials for treason the people shoiild vote by 
ballot. I 

CcELirs, a Roman, defended by Cicero. {Fid. 

Cffilius.) Two brothers of Tarracina accused j 

ol having murdered their father in his bed. They | 
were acquitted, v^ hen it was proved that they ( 
were both asleep at the time of the murder. Vol. 

Max. 8, 1. — Plut. in Cic A lieutenant of ' 

Antony s. A man who, after spending his all i 

in dissipation and luxur}-, became a public rob- 
ber with his friend Birrhus. Horat. Sat. 1, 4, 

6.9. A Roman his'orian, who flourished B.C. I 

121. A hill of Rome. Vid. Calius. ; 

CCELUS or Uranus, an ancient deity, sup- \ 
posed to be the father of Saturn, Oceanus, Hy- ,< 
perion, &c. He was son of Terra. wh(?m he af- i' 
terwards married. The number of his children, I 
according to some, amounted to forty-five. They i 
were called Titans, and were so closely confined 
by their father, that they conspired against him, I 
and were supported by their mother, who pro- j 
vided them with a scythe. Saturn armed him- 
self with this scythe, and deprived his father of | 
the organs of generation, as he was going to , 
unite himself to Terra. From the blood which i 
issued from the wound, sprang the giants, furies, I 
and nymphs. The mutilated parts were thrown I 
into the sea. and from them, and the foam which 
they occasioned, arose Venus the goddess of , 
beauty. Hesiod Tkeog. | 

CcENUS, an officer of Alexander, son-in-law to 
Parmenio. He died of a distemper, in his return I 
from India. Curt. 9, ^.-Diod. \1. \ 

CaER-\NUS, a stoic philosopher. Tacit. Ann. | 

14, 52. A person slain by Ulysses. Ovid. Met, | 

13, 15/. A Greek, charioteer to Merion. He i 

was killed by Hector. Homer. II. 17, 610. | 

COES, a man of Mitylene, made sovereign 1 
master of his country by Darius. His country- 
men stoned him to death. Herod. 5, 11 et 38. 

COEUS, a son of Coelus and Terra, ile was | 
father of Latona, Asteria, &c. bv Phoebe. He 

siod. Theog. 135 et m.— Virg. G. 1,279. A | 

river of Messenia, flowing by Electra. Paus. 4, i 
33. • \ 

COGIDUXUS, a king of Britain, faithful to | 
Rome. Tacit. Agric. 14. 

COHORS. Vid. Legio. 

Col-3;nus. a king of Attica, before the age of i 
Cecrops, according to some accounts. Paus. 1, - 
31. I 

Colaxais, one of the remote ancestors of the \ 
Scythians. Herod. 4, 5, &c. j 

COI.AXES, a son of Jupiter and Ora. Flacc. 6. , 
48. , 



COL 



199 



COL 



COLCHI, the inhabitants of Colchis. 

Colchis and Colchos, a country of Asia, at 
the south of Asiatic Sarmatia, east of the Euxine 
sea. north of Armenia, and west of Iberia, now 
called Mingrelia. It is famous for the expedition 
of the Argonauts, and as the birth-place of Me- 
dea. It was Iruitful in poisonous herbs, and 
produced excellent flax. The inhabitants were 
originally Egyptians, who settled here when Se- 
soslris king of Egypt extended his conquests into 
the North. From the country arise tlie epithets 
of Colchus, Colchicus, Colchiachus, and Medea re- 
ceives the name of Colchis. Juv. G, 640.— FZacc 
b,^lS.— Horat. 2. od. ]3,3.—Strab. ]l.~Ptol. 5, 
10.— Ovid. Met. 13, 24. A?nor. 2, et. 14, 28.— 
Mela. 1, 19. 2, 3. 

COLENJDA, a town of Spain, among the Areva- 
caj, now probably Cuellir. Appian. B. Hisp. 99. 

COLLAS, now .4^*0 Nocolo, a promontory of 
Attica, in the form ot a man's foot, where Venus 
had a temple. Herod. 8, 96 

COLLATIA, a town of Latium, to the north of 
Gabii, and colonised from Alba. It was rendered 
celebrated in Roman, history, by the death of 
the chaste Lucretia. In the time of Strabo it 
appears to have been litt'.e more than a village. 
According to Nibby, some slight remains of it 
are still to be traced on a hill, which from thence 
has obtained the name of Castellaccio. Lio. 1, 

5S — Slrab. 5. A town of Apulia, near mount 

Garsanus, now Collatina, Plin. 3, 11. 

CoLLATiNUS, L. Tarquinius, a nephew of 
Tarquin the Proud, who married Lucretia, to 
whom Sext. Tarquin offered violence. He, with 
Brutus, drove the Tarquins from Rome, and 
were made first consuls. As he was one of the 
Tarquins. so much abominated by all the Roman 
people, he laid down his office of consul, and re- 
tired to Alba in voluntary banishment. Liv. 1, 
57. 2. 2.-Flor. 1, 9. 

CoLLTNA, one of the gates of Rome, onmoimt 
Quirinalis, so called, a collibus Quirinali et Vi- 

minali. Ovid Fast. 4, 871. A goddess at Rome, 

who presided over hills The name of one of 

the four regions into which Rome was divided by 
Serviiis Tullius. Theother three were Suburana^ 
Esquilina, and Palatina. 

COLLUCIA, a lascivious woman, &c. Juv. 6, 
306. 

Colo, Jun., a governor of Pontus, who 
brought Mithridates to the emperor Claudius. 
Tacit. Ann. 12, 21. 

CoLONiE, a town of Mysia, in the territory of 

Lnmpsacu^. A town of Troas, north of La- 

rissa. Slrab. 13. 

COLONiA, Agrippina, acityof Germany, on 

the Rhine, now Cologne. Equestris, a town 

on the lake of Geneva, now JVion, Morinorum, 

a town of Gaul, now Terrouen in Artois 

Norbensis, a town of Spain, now Alcantara 

Trajana. or Ulpia, a town of Germany, now 

Keln, near Cleves, Valentia, atown of Spain, 

which now bears the same name. 

COLONOS, an eminence near Athens, where 
QE'lipus retired during his banishment, from 
which circumstance Sophocles has given the title 
of 0<;dipus Coloneus to one of his tragedies. 

Colophon, a city of loni i, near the sea, 
north-west of Ephesus. It was founded by Mop- 
sus, grandson of Tiresias, and in process of time^ 
Damasichthon and Promethus, son.? of Codrus, 
conducted a colony hither. It was deftroyed by 
Lysiraachus, and its inhabitants were sent to 
people Ephesus; but after his death it; was rebuilt 



in a more convenient situation. The Colophon- 
ians were such excellent horsemen, that they 
usually brought victory to the side on which they 
fought; and hence the proverb, KoWocpiva tni,- 
riOivcLi, Colophonem addere, i. e. to put a finish to 
any thing. Colophon was the native city of 
Mimnermus, Nicander, and Xenuphanes, and 
one of the places which laid claim to the honour 
of having given birth to Homer. Apolio had a 
temple there. Strab. 14. — Pans. 7, 3. — Tacit. 

Ann. 2, 54 Cic. pro Arch. Poet. 8.— Ovid. Met. 

6, 8. 

Colosse and COLOSSIS, a large town of Phry- 
gia, near Laodicea, of which the government was 
democratical, and the first ruler called archon. 
One ot the first Christian churches was estab- 
lished there, and one of St Paul's epistles was 
addressed to it. Colossas was destroyed by an 
earthquake, together with Laodicea and Hiera- 
polis, in the tenth year of the reign of Nero; but 
rose from its ruin.s and was known in the tenth 
century under the name of Chonae. Some re- 
mains of it are to be seen on the site now called 
Khonus. Herod. 7, ZO.—Strab. \l. 

Colossus, a celebrated brazen image at 
Rhodes, which ranked among the seven wonders 
of the world. It was the workmanship of Chares, 
a disciple of Lysippus, who spent tw elve years in 
making it. Its height was seventy cubits, or 105 
feet; there were few men who could encompass 
its thumb with their arms, and its fingers were 
thicker than ordinary statues. It was hollow, 
and in its cavities were immense stones, placed 
there to balance it on its pedestal. It stood at 
the entrance of the harbour, with its feet on two 
rocks, and it is said that vessels could pass under 
its legs. There was a winding staircase to go up 
to the top of it, from whence one might discover 
Syria, and the ships that went to Egypt. It was 
begun B.C. 3liO, and after having stood about 66 
years, was broken off at the knees, and thrown 
down by an earthquake. It remained in ruins 
fi:r the space of 894 years; and the Rhodians,who 
had received several large contributions to repair 
it, divided the money among themselves, and 
frustrated the expectations of the donors, by say- 
ing that the oracle of Delphi forbade them to 
raise it up again from its ruins. In the year 672 
of the Christian era, it was sold by the Saracens, 
who were masters of the island, to a Jewish 
merchant of Edessa, who loaded 900 camels with 
the brass. Allowing 800 pounds weight for each 
load, the brass, after the diminution which it had 
sustained by rust, and probably by theft, amount- 
ed to 720,000 pounds weight. Plin. 34, >8.— 
Strab. 14. 

CoLOTES, a Teian painter, disciple of Phidias. 

Plin. 35, 8. A follower of Epicurus, accused 

of ignorance by Plut. A sculptor, who made a 

statue of ^jsculapius. Strab. 8. 

Coli/brakIa, now Monte Colubre, a small 
island at the east of Spain, supposed to be the 
same as Ophiusa. Plin. 3, 5. 

COLUMBA, a dove, the symbol of Venus among 
the poets. This bird was sacred to Venus, and 
received divine honours in Syria. Doves disap- 
peared once evei-y year at Eryx, where Venus 
had a temple; and they were said to accompany 
the goddess to Libya, whither she went to pass 
nine days, after which they returned. Doves 
were sujjposed to give oracles in the oaks of the 
forest of Dodona. TibuU, 1, el. 7, 17.— ^/ta«. 
F. H. 1, 15. 

Columella fL. Junius Moderatus), art 



COL 



200 



COM 



ascient writer, born at Gades in the reign of Au- 
gustus or Tiberius. Among other works, he 
composed a treatise on agriculture, in twelve 
b joks, of which the tenth, relative to gardening, 
is written in verse. The style is elejjant, and 
the work displays the genius of a naturalist, and 
the labours of an accurate observer. The be.-t 
edition of Columella is that of Schneider, in the 
Saiptores Rei Rudicce, Lips. 1794—97, 4 vois. 
8vo. 

COLUMX^ HercClis, a name given to two 
mountains on the extremest parts of Spain and 
Arrica, at the entrance into the Mediterranean. 
They were called Calpe&nd Abyla, the former on 
the coast of Suain, and the latter on the side of 
Africa, at the distance of only 18 miles. They 
are reckoned the boundaries of the labours of 
Hercules, and they were supposed to have been 
joined, till the hero separated them, and opened 
a communication between the Mediterranean 

and Atlantic seas. Protei, the boundaries of 

E^ypt, or the extent of the kingdom of Proteus. 
Alexandria was supposed to be built near them, 
though Homer places them in the island Pharos. 
Odys. 4, ^n.— Virg. ^n. 11, 262. 

COLUTKUS, a native of Lycopolis in Egypt, 
supposed to have lived about the beginning of the 
sixth century. He wrote a poem in three hun- 
dred and eighty-five verses which bears the title 
of ''the Rape of Helen." This poem was dis- 
covered by Cardinal Bessarion along with that 
of Quintus Smyrnceus. The best editions are, 
that of \'an Lennep, Leovard. 1747, bvo, and 
that of Bekker, Bprnl 1S16, Svo. 

COMAGE.VA, or COMMAGENE, now Kamash, a 
country on the northern extremity of Syria, be- 
tween mount Amanus and the Euphrates. It 
was governed by its own kings till Vespasian 
united it to the Rom.an empire, some time after 
which, it was merged in the province called Eu- 
phratensis. Its chief town, and the residence of 
its kings, was Samosata. Strab. 11 et 17. 

COMANA (fP, et orurri), a town of Pontus, on 
the Iris, south-east of Amasea, now Abnons, re- 
markable for a magnificent temple, variously 
ascribed to Bellona. to Venus, and to Diana 
Taurica, the service of which was performed by 
6,000 ministers of both sexes. The chief priest 
among them was very powerful, and acknow- 
ledged no superior but the king of the country. 
This office was generally conferred upon one of 

ihe royal family. Strah. 12. Hirt. Alex. 34. 

Another in Cappadocia, on the Sarus. famous, 
like the Pontic Comana, for its temple of Bel- 
lona, or Diana Taurica, the service of which was 
perfomed by 6,000 m.inisters, governed by a chief 
priest who acknowledged no superior but the 
king of the countrv. It is now Al-Bostun. Strab. 
12. — Hirt. Alex. 66. 

COMARIA, ihe ancient name of Cape Comorin 
in India. 

Combe, a daughter of Ophius, who first in- 
vented a brazen suit of armour. She was chang- 
ed into a bird, and escaped from her children, 
who had conspired to murder her. It is said that 
she had 100 children; whence the proverb of as 
many children as Combe, to denote a prolific . 
mother. Odd. Met. 7, 382. I 

COMBREA, a town near Pallene. Herod. 7, \ 
123. 

COMBUTis, a general under Brennus. Pans. 
10, 22. I 

COMETES, the father of Asterion, and one of i 
tbe Argouauts. Flacc. 1, 356. One of the • 



Centaur.5, killed at the nuptials of Pirithous, 

Ovid Met. 12, 284. A son of Thestius, killed 

at the chase of the Calydonian boar. Faus. 8, 45. 

One of the Magi, intimate with Cambyses 

king of Persia. Justin. 1, 9. 

COMETHO, a daughter of Pterilaus, who de- 
prived her father of a golden hair in his head, 
upon which depended his fate. She was put tc 
death bv Amphitryon for her pertidv. Apollod. 
2, 4. 

Q. COMI.VIUS, a Roman knight, who wrote 
some illiberal verses against Tiberius. Tacit. 
Ann. 4, -31. 

Comit:a, [orum), an assembly of the Roman 
people. The word is derived from Comitium. the 
place where they were convened, qucu>i a cum 
eundo, Ihe Comitium was a farge hall, which 
was left uncovered at the t< p, in tlie first ages of 
the republic; so that the assembly was often dis- 
solved in rainy weather. The Comitia were 
called, some consularia, for the election of the 
consuls; others prcctoi-ia. for the election of prae- 
tors, &c. These assemblies were more generally 
known by the nan.e of Comitia, Curiata, Ceniu- 
riata. and Tributa. The Curiata was w hen the 
people gave their votes by curiae. The Centu- 
riat I were not convened in later times. ( Vid. 
Centuria.) Another assembly was called Comi- 
tia Tributa, where the votes were received from 
the whole tribes together. At first the Roman 
people were divided only into three tribes; but 
as their numbers increased, the tribes were at 
last swelled to thirty-five. The object of the.se 
assemblies was the electing of magistrates, and 
all the public officers of state. They could be 
dissolved by one of the tiibunes, if he differed in 
opinion from the rest of his colleagues. It one 
among the people was seized with the falling 
sickness, or epilepsy, the whole assembly was 
immediately dissolved, whence that disease is 
called jnorbus comitialis. After the custom of 
giving their votes viva voce had been abolished, 
every one of the assembly, in the enacting of a 
law, was presented wiih two ballots, on one of 
which were the letters U. R., that is uti rogas, be 
it as you request; on the other was an A., that is 
antiquo, which bears the same meaning as anti- 
quam volo, I like the old law; I vote against the 
new. If the number of ballots with U.R was 
superior to the A.'s, the law w as approved con- 
stitutionally; if not.it was rejected. Only the 
chief magistrates, and sometimes the pontifices, 
had the privilege of convening these assemblies. 
There were only these eight of the magistrates 
who had the power of proposing a law, the con- 
suls, the dictator, the praetor, the interrex, the 
decemvirs, the military tribunes, the kings, and 
the triumvirs. These were called majores ma- 
gistratus; to whom one of the minores magistra- 
tus was added, the tribune of the people. 

Comics, a man appointed king over the Aftre- 
bates, bv J. Caesar, for his services. Cces. Bell. 
G. 4, 21". 

COMMAGEXE. Fid. Comagena. 

COMMOnCS (L. AURELIUS Antoninijs), son 
of M. Antoninus, succeeded his father m the 
Roman empire; and as if to display the vast dif- 
ference between virtue and vice, between a re- 
spectable father and a dissipated son, he disgrac- 
ed himself and his family by the most flagitious 
crimes. Naturally cruel, he was fond of indulg- 
ing his licentious propensities; and regardless of 
the instructions of philosophers, and of the d»- 
cencies of nature, he corrupted his own sistori^ 



COM 



CON 



j kept three hundred women, and as many 

' laoys, for his illicit pleasures. Desirous to be 
' called Hercules, like that hero, he adorned his 
' shoulders with a lion's skin, and armed his hand 
with a knotted club. Reg-ardless of decency, he 
I exhibited hittiself naked in public, and fought 
with the gla liators, boasting of his grvat dexte- 
i rity in killing the wild beasts in the amphi- 
theatre. Not satisfied with the applause of his 
I flatterers, he required divine honours from the 
j senate, and they were granted. He was wont to 
I put such an immense quantity of gold dust in his 
! hair, that when he appeared bare-headed in the 
j sunshine, his head glittered as if surrounded i 

with sunbeams, Martia, one of his concubines, 
I whose death he had prepared, p 'isoned him; but 
1 as the poison did not quickly operate, he was 
j strangled by a wrestler. He died in the 31st 
! year of his age, and the 13th of his reign, A.D. 
I 192. It has been observed, that he never trusted 
I himself to a barber, but always burnt his beard 
j in imitation of the tyrant Dionysins. Herodian. 
I COMMORIS. a village of Cilicia. Cic. Farru 15, 
j ep. 4, 

I COMPITALIA, festivals celebrated by the Ro- 
mans on the 2d of May, in the cross- ways, in 
j honour of the household gods called Lares. 
Tarquin the Proud, or according to some, Ser- 
vius TuUius, instituted them on account of an 
oracle which ordered him to offer heads to the 
Lares. He sacrificed to them human victims; 
! but J. Brutus, afier the expulsion of the Tar- 
1 quins, thought it sufficient to offer them only 
I poppy heads, and men of straw. The slaves 
were generally the ministers, and during the ce- 
lebration they enjoved their freedom. Varro de 
L. L. 5, Z. — Ovid. Fast. 5, 140 — Dionys. Hal. 4. 
] Com PSA, now Coma, a town of Samnium, on 
the southern confines of the Hirpini. It revolted 
I to Hannibal alter the battle of Cannae, and it 
' was here that the general left his baggage and 
j part of his army when advancing into Campania. 
; Campsa was retaken by the Romans under Fa- 
bius two years afterwards. Liu. 23, 1. 24, 20. 

COMFSATUS, a river of Thrace, falling into 
the lake Bistonis. Herod. 7, 109. 

COMUM, a town of Gallia Cisalpina, situated 
at the south western extremity of the Lacus 
Larius. It was originally a Gallic settlement, 
and continued to be an inconsiderable place until 
a Greek colony was established here by Pom- 
peius Strabo and Cornelius Scipio, and subse- 
quently by Julius Caesar. It thenceforth took 
the name of Novum Comum. It is now Como. 
Strab. 5 — Suet. Cces. 28.— Plin. Ep. 3, 6. 4, 13. 
4, 24. 

COMUS, the god of revelry, feasting, and noe 
turnal entertainments. During his festivals, 
men and women exchanged each other's dress. 
He was represented as a young and drunken 
man, with a garland of flowers on his head, and a 
torch in his hand, which seemed tailing. He is 
more generally seen sleeping upon his legs, and 
turning himself when the heat of the falling 
torch has scorched his side, Phil. Icon. 2.—Plut. 
Quesst. Rom. 55. 

CONCANl, a people of Spain, among the Can- 
tabri. Their food was milk mixed with horses' 
blood. Their chief town, Conca?ja. is now called 
Sanlilana, or Cangas do 0ms. Virg. G. 3, 463, 
~Sil 3 361. - Horat. Od. 3, 4, 34. 

ConcordTa, the goddess of peace and concord 
at Rome, to whom Camillus first raised a temple 
in the Capitol, where the magistrates often as- 



sembled for the transaction of public business. 
She had besides this, other temples and statues, 
and she was addressed to promote the peace and 
union of families and citizens. The goddess of 
concord was generally represented as young, 
crowned with garlands, holding a cup in one 
hand, and in the other a cornucopia, or a sceptre, 
from which appeared to issue forth all sorts of 
fruits. Sometimes she appears holding a bundle 
of small sticks, to intimate that these, when se- 
parated, are weak and useless, but when united, 
powerful and ditTicult to be broken. The most 
ordinary symbol, however, of concord is two 
bands joined together, holding a caduceus or a 
pomeg'-anate. Flut. in Camill — Plin. 33, 1. — 
Cic. pro Domo.—Ovid Fast. 1, 639. 6, 637. 

Condate, a town of Gaul, now Rennes {Rhe- 
donum urbs), in Brittany. 

CONDIVICNUM, a town of Gaul, uoyv Nantes 
in Brittany. Vid. Namnetes. 

CONDOCHATES, a river of India, which dis- 
charged itself into the Ganges opposite Palibo- 
thra. Now, the Gunduck. 

CONDRtJSl, a people of Gallia Belgica, inha- 
biting the district Condros, in the bishopric of 
Liege. C<ss. Bell. G. 4, 6. 

CONETODUNUS and COTUATUS, two desperate 
Gauls, who raised their countrymen against 
Rome, &c. Cces. Bell G- 7, 3. 

CONFLUENTES, a town at the confluence of 
the Moselle and Rhine, now Coblents. 

Confucius, or Con-fu-tse, a celebrated 
Chinese philosopher, born of an illustrious fa- 
mily, in the reign of the emperor Lu, about 550 
B.C. At fifteen years of age he engaged in the 
study of the ancient learning of his country, and 
discovered such uncommon wisdom, that he was 
early advanced to the office of minister of state. 
Finding all his efforts to reform the corrupt 
manners of the court ineffectual, he retired from 
his public station, and instituted a school, in 
which he is said to have had several thousand 
disciples to whom he taught morals, the art of 
reasoning, and the principles of policy. His life 
is said to have been in every respect worthy of 
the character of a philosopher. He lived to the 
age of seventy-three. By his sage counsels, his 
moral doctrine, and his exemplary conduct, he 
obtained an immortal name as the reformer of 
his country. After his death, his name was held 
in the highest veneration; and his doctrine and 
writings are still regarded among the Chinese as 
the basis of all moral and political wisdom. His 
family enjoyed by inheritance the honourable 
title and office of Mandarins; and religious hon- 
ours were paid to his memory, 

CONIACI, a people of Spain, at the head of the 
Iberus. Strab. 3, 

CONIMBRICA. a town of Lusitania, near the 
sea- coast, on the river Monda, now Coimbra of 
PortUiral, 

Co.visALTUS, a god worshipped at Athens, 
with the same ceremonies as Priapus at Lamp- 
sacus, Strub. 3. 

CONNIDAS, the preceptor of The'seus, in whose 
honoyr the Athenians instituted a festival called 
Connideia It w as then usual to sacrifice to him 
a ram. Plut. in Thes. 

CONNCS, a musician, who is said to have in- 
structed Socrates. Cic. Fam. 9, 22. 

CONON, a famous general of Athens, sf^n of 
Timotheus. He was made governor of all tha 
islands of the Athenians, and was defeated in A 
naval battle by Lysander, near the -iEgospota- 



CON 



2C2 



CON 



mos. He retired in voluntary banishment to 
Evagoras king of Cyprus, and afterwards to Ar- 
taxerxes king of Persia, by whose assistance he 
freed his country from slavery. He defeated the 
Spartans near Cnidns in an engagement, where 
Pisander, the enemy's admiral, was killed. By 
his means the Athenians fortified their city witii 
a strong wall, and were bidding lair, under his 
guidance, fo recover their former power, when 
with their wonted fickleness they accused him of 
a misappropriation oi the money received by him 
from the king of Persia, and of other crinyes for 
which there appears to have been little or no 
foundation. He did not, however, survive the 
accusation; but the manner and particular time 
of his death are n.it known, though it is gen- 
erally supposed that he was murdered in prison. 
C Nep. in vita. — Pint, in Lys. et Artax. — Iso 

<:rate&^ A Gr-eek astronomer of Samos, who 

wrote an account of all the eclipses which had 
been observed by the Egyptians. To ingratiate 
himself with Ptolemy Evergetes, king ot Egypt, 
by whom he was protected and patroni.sed, he 
publicly declared, that the queen s locks, which 
had been dedicated in the temple of V«nus, and 
had since disappeared, were become a constella- 
tion. He was intimate with Archimedes, and 
flourished 247 B.C. Catull. &u — Virg. Ed. 3 40. 

■ A Grecian mythologist in the age of Julius 

Caesar, who wrote a book which contained forty 

fables, still extant, preserved by Photius. 

There was a treati^ written on Italy by a man 
of the same name. 

CON'SEXTES, the name which the Romansgave 
to the twelve superior gods, the Dii majorum 
gentium. The word signifies as much as consen- 
tienlef, that is, who consented to the delibera- 
tions of Jupiter's council. They were twelve in 
number, w hose names Eonius has briefly expres- 
sed in these line.-j 

Ju7io, Vesta, Minerva., Ceres, Diana, FenuSi 
Mars, 

Mercurius., Jovi, Neptunm, Vulcnnus^ Apollo. 
In ancient inscriptions thev are thus marked: 
J.O.M. (i. e. Jovi optimo 'maxima) CETER- 
ISQ. DIS CONSENTIBUS. Varro de R.R. 

Cgnsentia, now Cosenza, a town in the coun- 
try of the Brutii, near the source of the river 
Crathis. It was taken by Hannibal after the 
surrender of Petilia, but again fell into the hands 
of the Romans towards the end of the w ar. Strab. 
^—Liv. 23, 30. 29, 38. 

CoNSiDius iEQUUS, a Roman knight, &c. 

Tacit. Caius, one of Pompey's adherents, &c. 

Cces. Bell. Civ. 2. 23. 

CONSTANS, a son of Constantine. Vid. Con- 
stantinus. 

CoNSTANTiA, a grand-daughter of the great 
Constantine, who married the emperor Gratian. 

ConstantIna, a princess, wife of the empe- 
ror Gallus. 

ConstantinopClis, now Stamboul, formerly 
Byzantium, the capital of Thrace, a noble and 
magnificent city, built by Constantine the Great, 
and solemnly dedicated A. D. 330. It was the 
capital of the eastern Roman empire, and was 
cr.llpd after its foundation, Roma Nova, on ac- 
count of its greatness, which seemed to rival 
Korne. The beauty of its situation, with all its 
conveniences, have been the admiration of every 
age. Constantinople became long the asylum of 
science and of learned men, but upon its con- 
quest by Mahomet II., 28th of May, 1453, the 
professors retired from the barbarity of their 



victors, and found in Italy the protection which l 
their learning deserved. This migration w'as 
highly favourable to the cause of science, and 
whilst the Pope, the head ot the house of Medi- 
cis, and the emperor, munificently supported the h 
fugitives, other princes miitated their example, ta 
and equally contributed to the revival ot litera- b 
ture in Europe. |s 

CONSTANTINUS, surnamcdthe Great, from the 
greatness of his exploits, son of Constantius, by 
Helena, was born at Naissus in Dacia, though 
some historians consider Britain as the place of 
his nativity. On the death of his lather, he .suc- 
ceeded to the tit e of Cassar, the lower rank of 
the imperial dignity; and supported by his vie- ^ 
tories over the Germans and Barbarians, he soon h 
after assumed the nobler appellation of Augus- |3 
tus, though Ga.lienus. his colleague on the 
throne, viewed with jealousy his elevation and 
promising talents. The division of a great em- Jl 
pire among various masters, w as a temptation to p 
the ambitious and aspiring; and therefore Con- « 
stantine, naturally endowed'with strong resources p. 
of mind, and secure in the affections of his sol- p 
diery, prepared to claim the sovereignty of the 
world, without the fears of either a superior or n 
an equal. With 40,000 men he marched against jt 
his colleague Maxentius, whose cruelties in Italy J 
deserveJ the severest chastisement; and in the 6 
doubts which agitated his breast at this awful ;3 
period, a miracle appeared, to inflame his ambi- H 
tion and to animate his troops. A luminous body (e 
of light, say historians, presented itself in the si 
sky, in the form of a cross, to the astonished eyes k" 
of Constantine; and the inscription which it bore, i 
Tovrw vUa. in hoc vince, reminded the monarch I*. 
I of his superstitious adherence to the heathen re- 1 
ligion, and that moment made him a convert to jt 
I Christianity. The enemy were defeated, and the |t 
1 gratelul ernperor for ever after displayed at ihei' 
head of his army a labanan, or cross, the holy 
standard under whose auspices he had obtained ^ 
the victory. Yet though Constantine thus em-" 
braced the Christian faith, he rejected the purity » 
of its practice; and unable to endure a rival in^ 
his brother-in-law Licinius, he made war againstf 
him, and after various treaties, in which neither^ 
confidence nor sincerity prevailed, he compelled f 
him to abdicate the imperial power, and acknow-p 
ledge him sole sovereign of the Roman world. p 
Absolute power in the hands of a virtuous indi-p! 
vidual. may fortunately be directed to the happi-a 
ness of the people, and the prosperity of thei 
empire; and if Constantine wished to be without* 
a rival, that he might more fully devote hiinself*i 
to advance and establish the public and private " 
welfare his ambition is excusable, and his viewsh 
were noble and praiseworthy. The abuses inh 
the state were certainly checked; and if the em-P 
peror had done nothing besides affording pro-f 
tection and toleration to the thousand meek andP 
inoffensive individuals who had embraced thef 
religion of Christ, his memory w ould deserve theP 
noblest panegyrics of the historian. The views/' 
which he fornied of the greatness of his empirej' 
were extensive and magnificent; and either to 
secret jealousy of the antiquity and independent"; 
spirit of Rome, or to the contemplation of the^ 
superior advantages and more centrical situation 
of Byzantium as a capital, we are to ascribe thcj 
foundation of Constantinople. The plan w as in' 
the conception sublime; hut while Constantine' 
plundered the capital of Italy of her fairest hon-i^ 
or «, and transported her senate, her magistrate* 



CON 



203 



and her ensigns of dignity to her new rival, he 
laid the foundations of jealousy and mutual 
hatred Rome and Constantinople, ni w equal 
in population and magnificence, by turns or ac- 
cident occasionally honourod by the residence of 
the imperial family, be^an to look upon each 
other with an eye of envy; and soon after the 
age of Constantine, a separation was made of the 
two empires, and Rome was called the capital of 
the western, and Constantinopolis was called the 
capital of the eastern dominions of Rome. Con- 
stantine has been distinguished for personal 
courage, and liberally praised for the protection 
which he extended to the christians. Though at 
first he persecuted the Arians, he afterwards in- 
clined to their opinions. His murder of his son 
Crispus has been deservedly censured; for what- 
ever were the provocations either in temper or 
conduct which he might have received, the im- 
putation of cruelty and of enormous guilt must 
attach to him, who, while he pretended to pro- 
fess and practise the many virtues of Christianity, 
did not hesitate to imbrue his hands in the blood 
of his family. By removing the Roman legions 
from the garrisons on the rivers, Constantine 
opened an easy passage to the barbarians, and 
rendered his soldiers unwarlike. He defeated 
100,000 Goths, and received into his territories 
300,000 Sarmatians, who had been banished by 
their slaves, and allowed them land to cultivate. 
Constantine was learned, and preached as well 
as composed, many sermons, on© of which re- 
mains. He died A.D. 337, after a reign of 31 
years of the greatest glory and success. He left 
three sons, Constantinus, Constans, and Con- 
stantius, among whom he divided his vast empire. 
The first, who had Gaul, Spain, and Britain for 
his portion, was conquered by the armies of his 
brother Constans, and killed in the 25th year of 
h s age, A.D. 340. Magnentius, the governor of 
the provinces of Rhaetia, murdered Constans in 
his bed, after a reign of 13 years over Italy, 
Africa, and Illyricum; and Constantius, the only 
surviving brother, now liecome the sole emperor, 
A.D. 353, punished his brother's murderer, and 
gave way to cruelty and oppression. He visited 
Rome, where he displayed a triumph, and died 
A.D. 361, in his march against Julian, who had 
been proclaimed independent emperor by his 

- soldiers. The name of Constantine was very 

; common to the emperors of the east, in a later 
I period. 

Constantius Chlorus, son of Eutropius, 
and father of the great Constantine, merited the 
title of Caesar, which he obtained, by his victories 
in Britain and Germany. He became the col- 
league of Galerius, on the abdication of Diocle- 
tian; and after bearing the character of a humane 
and benevolent prince, he died at York, and 

made his son his successor, A.D. 306. The 

second son of Constantine the Great. {Vid. 

Constantinus.) The father oF Julian and Gal- 

lus, was son of Constantius by Theodora, and 

died A.D. 337. A Roman general of Nyssa, 

; who married .Placidia, the sister of- Honorius, 
, and was proclaimed emperor, an honour he en- 
joyed only seven months. He died universally 
regretted, 421 A. D. and was succeeded by his son 
Valentinian in the west. 

CONSUALES LuDi, or ConsuAlia, festivals 
at Rome in honour of Consus, the god of counsel, 
whose altar Romulus discovered under the 
ground. This altar was always covered, except 
at the festival; when a mule was sacrificed, and 



games and horse-races exhibited in honour of 
Neptune, it was dur.ng these festivals that Ro- 
mulus carried away the Sabine women who had 
assembled to be spectators of the games. They 
were first instituted by Romulus. Some say, 
however, that Romulus only regulated and re- 
instituted them after they had been before estab- 
lished by Evander. During the celebration, 
which happened about the middle of August, 
horses, mules, and asses, were exempted from 
all labour, and were led through the streets 
adornt-d with garlands and flowers. Auson. 69, 
9.~0vid. Fast. 3, 199.— Liv. 1, 9.—Dionys. 
Hal, 1. 

Consul, a magistrate at Rome, with regal au- 
thority for the space of one year. There were 
two consuls, a consulendo, annually chosen in 
the Campus Martins. The two first consuls were 
L. Jun. Brutus, and L. Tarquiniixs CoUatinus, 
chosen A.U.C. 244, after the expulsion of the 
Tarquins. In the first ages of the republic, the 
two consuls were always chosen from patrician 
families, or noblemen; but the people obtained 
the privilege, A.U.C, 388, of electing one of the 
consuls from their own body; and sometimes 
both were plebeians. The first consul among the 
plebeians was L. Sextius. It was required that 
every candidate for the consulship should be 43 
years of age, called legitimum tempus. He was 
always to appear at the election as a private 
man, without a retinue; and it was requisite be- 
fore he canvassed for the office, to have discharg- 
ed the jjnferior functions of quaestor, aedile, and 
praetor. Sometimes these qualifications were 
disregarded, M. Val. Corvus was made a con- 
sul in his 23d year; Scipio Africanus the Elder 
in his 2Sth, and the Younger in his 38th; T. 
Quinctius Flaminius, when not quite 30; and 
Pompey, before he was full 36. The consuls 
were at the head of the whole republic. All the 
other magistrates were subject to them, except 
the tribunes of the commons. They assembled 
the people and the senate, laid before them what 
they pleased, and executed their decrees. The 
laws which they proposed and got passed, were 
ci mmonly called by their name. They received 
all letters from the governors of provinces, and 
from foreign kings and states, and gave audience 
to ambassadors. The year was named after 
them, as it used to be at .Athens from one of the 
archons. Their insignia were the same with 
those of the kings, except the crown, namely, 
the toga prwtexta, sella curulis, the sceptre or 
ivory staff (scipio eburneus'), and twelve lictors 
with \he fasces and securis. He wkohad the greater 
number of suffrages was called consul prior, and 
his name was marked first in the calendar; he 
also had the fasces first, and usually presided at 
the election of magistrates for the next year. All 
persons went out of the way, uncovered their 
heads, dismounted from horseback, or rose up to 
the consuls as they passed by them. "When a 
praetor happened to meet a consul, his lictors al- 
ways lowered their fasces. Valerius Poplicola 
took away the securis from the fasces, i. e. he took 
from the consuls the power of life and death, and 
only left them the rightorscourging,atleastwithin 
the city; for without the city, when invested with 
military command, they still retained the secvris, 
i. e. the right of punishing capitally. Their 
provinces used anciently to be decreed by the 
senate after the consuls were elected or had en- 
tered on their office. But by the Sempronian 
1 law, passed A.U.C. 631, the senate always decreed 



CON 



204 



CON 



two provinces for the future consuls before their 
election, which they, after entering on their of- 
fice, divided by lot or agreement. Sometimes a 
certain provnice was assigned, to some one of the 
consuls, both by the dec ree of the senate, anrl 
by the order of the peo|)le, and sometimes again 
the people had reversed what the senate had de- 
creed concerning the provinces. They were not 
permitted to return to Rome without the special 
command of the senate, and they always remain- 
ed in their province till the arrival of their suc- 
ressor. At their return they harangued the peo- 
ple, and solemnly protested that they had done 
nothing against the laws or interest of their 
country, but had faithfully and diligently endea- 
voured to promote the greatness and welfare of 
tbe state. No man could be consul two follow- 
ing years; yet this institution was sometimes 
broken, and we find Marnis re-elected consul, 
after the expiration of his office, during the Cim- 
brian war. The office of consul, so dignified 
during the times of the commonwealth, became a 
mere title under the emperors, and retained no- 
thing of its authority but the useless ensigns of 
original dignity. In retaining the badges of the 
ancient consuls, they indulged in even greater 
pomp; for they wore the toga picta or palmata, 
and had their/asc(?5 wreathed with laurel, which 
used formerly to be d(<ne only by those who 
triumphed. They also added the securis to the 
fasces. Even the office of consul, which was ori- 
ginally annual, was reduced to the space of two 
or three months by J. Ctesar. They who, after 
being elected on the 24th of October, the usual 
day of election, were admitted on the 1st of Ja- 
nuary, denominated the year, and were called 
ordinarii. Before they assumed the reins of go- 
vernment between October and the 1st of Janu- 
ary, they were called consules designati, and 
their successors during the year, whether ap- 
pointed in consequence of death or abdica'ion, 
were distinguished by the appellation oi suffecti; 
but the year in the consular fasti was never cal- 
led after their name. Tiberius and Claudius 
abridged the time of the consulship, and the em- 
peror Commodus made no less than twenty five 
consuls in one year. Constantine the Great re- 
newed the original institution, and permitted 
them to be a whole year in office. Here is an- 
nexed a list of the consuls from the establish- 
ment of the consular power to the battle ot Ac- 
tium, in which it may be said that the authority 
of the consuls was totally extinguished. 

The two first consuls, chosen about the middle 
of June, A.U.C. 244, were L. Jun. Brutus, and L. 
Tarq. Collatinus. Collatinus retired from Rome 
as being of the family of the Tarquins, and Pub. 
Valerius was chosen in his room. When Brutus 
was killed in battle, Sp. Lucretius was elected 
to succeed him; and after the death of Lucretius, 
Marcus Horatius was chosen for the rest of the 
year with Valerius Publicola. The first consul- 
ship lasted about sixteen months, during which 
the Romans fought against the Tarquins, and 
the Capito! was dedicated. 

A.U.C. 24G. Pub. Valerius Publicola 2; Tit. 
Lucretius. Porsenna supported the claims of 
Tarquin. The noble actions of Codes, SCi-evola, 
and Clujlia. 

247. P. Lucretius, or M. Horatius; 

P. Valer. Publicola 3. The vain elTorts of Por- 
senna continued. 

248. Sp. Lartius; T. Herminius. Vic- 
tories obtained over the Sabines. 



A.UC. 249. M. Valerius; P. Postiimius. 
Wars with The Sabines continued- 

250. P. Valerius 4; T. Lucretius 2. 

2;3l. Agrippa Meneniits ; P. Po.-tu- 

mius 2. The death of Publicola. 

252. Opiter Virginius; Sp. Cassius. 

Sabine war. 

2.53. Postuniius Cominiu^; T. Lar- 
tius. A conspiracy of slaves at Rome. 

254. Serv. Sulpicius; Manius Tuilius. 

255. P. Veturius Geminus; T. .Ebu- 

tius Elva. 

256. T. Lartius 2; Q. Clcelius. War 

with the Latins. 

257. A. Serapronius Atratinus ; M. 

Minucius. 

25S. Aulus Postumius; Tit. Virgi. 

nius. The battle of Regilla:. 

259. Ap. Claudius; P. Servilius. 

War with the Volsci. 

260. A. Virginius; T. Veturius. The 

dissatisfied people retired to Mons Sacer. 

261. Postumius Cominius 2; Sp. Cas- 
sius 2. A reconciliation between the senate and 
people, and the election of the tribunes. 

262. T. Geganius; P. Minucius. A 

famine at Rome. 

263. M. Minucius 2; Aul. Sempro- 

nius 2. The haughty behaviour of Coriolanus to 
the populace. 

264. Q. Sulpicius Camerinus ; Sp. 

Lartius Flavus 2. Coriolanus retires to the 
Volsci. 

265. C. Julius ; P. Pinariu>-. The 

Volsci make declarations of war. 

266. Sp. Nautius; Sex. Furius. Co- 
riolanus forms the siege of Rome. He retires 
at the entreaties of his mother and wife, and 
dies. 

267. T. Sicinius; C. Aquilius. The 

Volsci defeated. 

26S. Sp. Cassius 3; Proculus Virgi- 

nius. Cassius aspires to tvrannv. 

269. Serv. Cornelius ; Q. Fabius. 

Cassius is condemned, and thrown down the Tar- 
peian rock. 

— 270. L. .iEmilius ; Caeso Fabius. 

The ^qui and Volsci defeated. 

271. M. Fabius; L. Valerius. 

272. Q. Fabius 2; C. Julius. War 

with the ^^^qui. 

2/3. Cajso Fabius 2; Sp. Furius. 

War continued with the /Equi and Veientes. 

274. M. Fabius 2; Cn. Manlius. Vic- 
tory over the Hemici. 

275. Caeso Fabius 3 ; A. Virginius, i 

The march of the Fabii to the river Cremera. ' 

276 L. ^milius 2 ; C Servilius. 

The wars continued against the neighbouhnjj 
states. 

277. C. Horatius; T. Menenius. The I 

defeat and death of the 3( Fabii. I 

278. Sp. Servilius ; Aul. Virginius. 

Menenius brought to his trial for tbe deleat of ' 
the armies under him , 

279. C. N.autius; P. Valerius. • ■ 

2e0. L. Furius; C. Manlius. A truce ' 

of -10 years granied to the Ve entes. 

281. L. iEmilius 3; Virginius or ^ 

Vopiscus Julius. The tribune Genutius mur- i' 
dered in his bed for his seditions. i 

282. L. Pinarius; P. Furius. ' 

2S3. Ap. Claudius; T. Quintius. The 

Roman army suffer themselves to be defeated by 



CON 



205 



CON 



the Vo^sc'i on account of their hatred to Appius, 
while his colleague is boldly and cheerfully 
obeyed against the Mqui, 

A. U.C. 284. L. Valerius 2; Tib. iEmilius. 
Appius is cited to take his trial before the peo- 
ple, and dies before the day of trial. 

^285. T. Numicius Priscus; A. Vir- 

ginius. 

2S6. T. Quintius 2; Q. Servilius. 

— 287. Tib. iEmilius 2; Q. Fabius. 

283. Q. Servilius 2; Sp. Postumius. 

289. Q. Fabius 2; T. Quintius 3. In 

the census made this year, which was the ninth, 
there were found 124,214 citizens in Rome. 

290. Aul. Postumius; Sp. Furius. 

291. L. ^butius; P. Servilius. A 

plague at Rome. 

292. T. Lucretius Tricipitinus ; T. 

Veturius Geminus. 

293. P. Volumnius; Serv. Sulpicius. 

Dreadful prodigies at Rome, and seditions. 

5^94. C. Claudius; P. Valerius 2. A 

Sabine seizes the Capitol, and is defeated and 
killed, Valerius is killed in an ens;agement, 
and Cincinnatus is taken from the plough, and 
made dictator; he quelled the dissensions at 
Rome, and returned to his farm. 

295. Q. Fabius 3; L. Cornelius. The 

census made the Romans amount to 132,049. 

296. L. Minucius ; C Nautius 2. 

Minutius is besieged in his camp by the .Equi; 
and Cincinnatus, being elected dictator, delivers 
him, obtains a victory, and lays down his power 
sixteen days after his election. 

— 297. Q. Minucius; C. Horatius. War 

with the ^qu! and Sabines. Ten tribunes elect- 
ed instead of five. 

298. M. Valerius; Sp. Virginius. 

299. T. Romilius; C. Veturius. 

300. Sp. Tarpems; A. Aterius. 

301. P. Curiatius; Sex. Quintilius. 

302. C- Menenius; P. Cestius Capi- 

tolinus. The Decemvirs reduce the laws into 
twelve tables. 

303. Ap. Claudius; T. Genutius; P. 

Cestius, &c. The Decemvirs assume the reins 
of government, and preside with consular power. 

304 and 305. Ap. Claudius; Q. Fa- 
bius Vibulanus; M. Cornelius, &c. The De 
cemvirs continued. They act with violence. 
Appius endeavours to take possession of Vir- 
ginia, who is killed by her father. The Decem- 
virs abolished; and Valerius Potitus, and M, Ho- 
ratius Barbatus, created consuls for the rest of 
the year. Appius is summoned to take his trial. 
He dies in prison, and the rest of the Decemvirs 
are banished 

306. Lart. Herminius; T. Virginias. 

307. M. Geganius Macerinus; C. Ju- 
lius. Domestic trouble<. 

308. T. Quintius Capitolinus 4 ; 

Agrippa Furius. The iEqui and Volsci come 
near to the gates of Rome, and are defeated. 

309. M. Genucius; C. Curtius. A 

law passi d to permit the patrician and plebeian 
families to intermarry. 

310. Military tribunes are chosen in- 
stead of consuls. The plebeians admitted among 
them. The first were A. Sempronius; L. Ati- 
luis; T. Cloelius. They abdicated three months 
art»»r their election, and consuls were again cho- 
sen,, L. Papirius Mugillanus; L. Sempronius 
Atratiuu*. 

311. M. Geganius Macerinus 2; T. 



Quintius Capitolinus 5. The censorship insti- 
tuted, 

A.U.C. 312. M, Fabius Vibulanus; Postu. 
mius iEbutius Cornicencis. 

313. C. Furius Pacilus; M. Papiriua 

Crassus. 

— — 314. P. Geganius Macerinus; L. Me- 
nenius Lanatus. A famine at Rome. Mielius 
attempts to make himself king. 

315. T. Quintius Capitolinus 6 ; 

Agrippa Menenius Lanatus. 

316. Mamercus iEmilius; T. Quin- 
tius; L. Julius. Military tribunes. 

— —317. M. Geganius Macerinus; Ser- 

gius Fidenas. Tolumnius, king of the Veiente.*, 
killed by Cossus, who takes the second royal 
spoils called Opima. 

318. M. Cornelius Maluginensis; L. 

Papirius Cras.sus. 

319. C. Julius; L. Virginius. 

320. C. Julius 2; L. Virginius 2. The 

duration of the censorship limited to eighteen 
months. 

321. M. Fabius Vibulanus; M. Fos- 

sius; L. Sergius Fidenas. Military tribunes. 

—322. L. Pinarius Mamercus; L. Fu- 
rius Medullinus; Sp. Postumius Albus. Mili- 
tary tribunes. 

— 323. T. Quintius Cincinnatus; C. Ju- 
lius Manto, consuls. A victory over the Vei- 
entes and Fidenates by the dictator Postumius. 

324. C. Papirius Crassus; L. Julius. 

3'2b. L. Sergius Fidenas 2; Host. Lu- 

cret. Tricipitinus. 

— 326. A. Cornelius Cossus; T. Quin- 
tius Pennus 2. 

327. Servilius Ahala ; L. Papirius 

Mugillanus 2. 

328. T. Quintius Pennus; C. Furius; 

M. Posthumius; A. Corn. Cossus. Military tri- 
bunes, all of patrician families. Victory over 
the Veientes. 

329. A. Sempronius Atratinus ; L. 

Quintius Cincinnatus; L. Furius Medullinus; L. 
Horat. Barbatus. 

330. A. Claudius Crassus, &c. Mili- 
tary tribunes. 

331. C. Sempronius Atratinus; Q. 

Fabius Vibulanus. Consuls who gave much dis- 
satisfaction to the people. 

— 332. L. Manlius Capitolinus, &c. 
Military tribunes. 

333. Numerius Fabius Vibulanus; T 
Q. Capitolinus. 

- 334. L. Q. Cincinnatus 3; L. Furius 
Medullinus 2 ; M. Manlius ; A. Sempronius 
Atratmus. Military triounes. 

— 335. A. Menenius Lanatus, &c. Mi- 
litary tribunes. 

._ -336, L. Sergius Fidenas; M. Papi- 
rius Mugillanus; C. Servilius. 

337. A. Menenius Lanatus 2, &c. 

338, A. Sempronius Atratinus 3, &c. 

339. P. Cornelius CobSus, &c. 

3-10. Cn. Corn. Cossus. &c Que of 

the military tribunes stoned to death bv the army, 

341, M. Corn. Cossus; L. Furius Me- 
dullinus, consuls Domestic seditions. 

342. Q. Fabius Ambusius; C. Furius 

Pacilus. 

343. M. Papirius Atratinus; C. Naiw 

tius Rutilus. 

— 344. Mamercus iEmilius; C. Vale- 
rius Potitus, 

S 



I 



CON 



2C6 



cox 



A.U.C. 345. Cn. Corn. Cossus; L. Furius 
MediiUinus 2. Plebeians for the first time quae > 
tors, 

346. C. Julius, &c. Militarj' trlbunps. 

347. L. Furius Medullinus, &c. Mi- 
litary tribunes. 

348. P. and Cn. Cornelii Cossi, &c. 

Military tribunes. This year the Roman sol- 
diers first reci ived pav. 

■ 349. T. Quintius Capitolinus, &c. 

Military tribunes. The siege of Veii begun. 

350. C. Valerius Potitus, &c. Mili- 
tary cribune.<. 

351. Manlius ^milius Mamercinus, 

fee. The Roman cavalry begin to receive pay. 

33-2. c. Servilius Ahala, &c. A de- 
feat at Veil, occasioned by a quarrel between 
two of the military tribunes. 

353. L Valerius Potitus 4; M. Fu- 

rius Camillus 2, &c. A military tribune chosen 
from among the plebeians. 

354. P. Licinius Calvus, &c. 

355. M. Veturius, &c. 

356. L. Valerius Potitus 5 ; M. Furius 

Camillus 3, &c. 

357. L. Julius lulus, &c. 

35S P. Licinius, &c. Carnillus de- 
clared dictator. The city of Veii taken by means 
of a mine. Camillus obtains a triumph. 

359. P. Corn. Cossus, &c. The peo- 
ple wished to remove to Veii. 

360. M. Furius Camillus, &c. Fa- 

lisci surrendered to the Romans. 

361. L. Lucret. Flaccus ; Servius 

Sulpicius CamTinus, consuls, after Rome had 
been governed by military tribunes for fifteen 
successive years. Camillus strongly opposes the 
removing to Veii, and it is rejected, 

362. L. Valerius Potitus; M. Man- 
lius. One of the censors dies. 

363. L. Lucretius. &c. Military tri- 
bunes. A strange voice heard, which foretold 
the approach of the Gauls. Camillus goes into 
banishment to Ardea. The Gauls besiege Clu- 
sium, and soon after march towards Rome. 

— 364. Three Fabii military tribunes. 

The Romans defeated at Allia, by the Gauls. 
The Gauls enter Rome, and set it on fire. Ca- 
millus declared dictator by the senate, who had 
retired inro the Capitol. The geese save the 
Capitol, and Camillus suddenly comes and de- 
feats the Gauls. 

— — — - 365. L. Valerius Poplicola 3; L. Vir- 
ginius, &c. Camillus declared dictator, defeats 
the Volsci, ^qui. and Tuscans. 

3C6 T. Q. Cincinnatus; Q. Servilius 

Fidenas; L. Julius lulus. 

367. L. Papirius; Cn. Sergius; L. 

/Emilius, &c. 

b6S. M. Furius Camillus, &c. 

369. A. Manlius; P. Cornelius. &c. 

The Volsci defeated. Manlius aims at royalty. 

370. Ser. Corn. Malusinensis ; P. 

Valerius Potitus; M. Furius Camillus. Man- 
lius is condemned and thrown down the Tarpeian 
rock. 

L. Valerius; A. Manlius; Ser. 



Sp. and L. Papirii, &c. 

". Furius Camillus; L. Furius, 

L. and P. Valerii. 
C. Manlius. &e. 
Sp. Furius, &c. 




A.U.C. 37". L. .^milius, &c. 

37 -'. ^ For five J ears anarchy at Rf>r»e. 

379. / No consuls or miliiar} tri- 

3hO. > bunes elected, but (iniy lor 

381 V ihit time, L. Sex-inus; C 

382. J Licinius Calvus Stoio. Tri- 
bunes of the peop'e. 

3.-3. L. Furius, &c. 

3b4. Q. Servilius; C. Veturius, &c. 

Ten magistrates are chosen to take care of th? 
Sibylline books. 

385. L. Q. Capitolinus; Sp. Servi- 
lius, &c. 

3S6. According to some writers, Ca- 
millus this year was sole dictator, without con- 
suls or tribunes. 

3b7. A, Cornelius Cossus; L. Vetur. 

Crassus, &c. The Gauls defeated by Camillus. 
One of the consuls lor the future to be elected 
from among the plebeians. 

388. L. .a:milius, patrician; L. Sex- 

tius, plebeian; consuls. The offices of praetot, 
and curule aedile, granted to the senate by the 
people. 

L. Genucius; Q. Servilius. Ca- 



iO. Sulpicius Peticus; C. Licinius 



millus died. 
Stolo. 



-391. Cn. Genutius; L. ^Emilius. 

392. Q. Serv. Ahala 2; L. Genucius 

2. Curtius devotes himself (o the Dii manes. 

393. C. Sulpicius 2; C. Licinius 2. 

Manlius conquers a Gaul in single battle. 

394. C. Petilius Balbus; M. Fabius 



Ambustus. 



defeated. 



- 395. 

- 396. 



M. Pop. Laenas: C. Manlius 2. 
C. Fabius; C. Plautius. Gauls 



- 397. 



C. Marcimis; Cn. Manlius 2. 

398. M. Fabius Ambustus 2; M. Po- 

pilius Lsenas 2. A dictator elected from the ple- 
beians for the first ^ime. 

399. C. SulpiciusPeticus 3; M. Vale- 
rius Poplicola 2; both of patrician families. 

400. M. FabiusAmbustus 3; T. Quin- 
tius. 

401. C. Sulpicius Peticus 4; M. Va- 
lerius Poplicola 3. 

402. M. Valerius Poplicola 4; C. 

Marcius Rutilus. 

— 403. C. Sulpicius Peticus 5; T. Q. 

Pcnnus. A censor elected lor tLe first time from 
the plebeians. 

'304. M. Popilius Lasnas 3; L. Com. 

Scipio. 

405. L. Furius Camillus; Ap. Clau- 
dius Crassus. Valerius surnamed Corvinus, 
after conquering a Gaul. 

4C6. M. Valer. Corvus; M. Popilius 

Laenas 4. Corvus was elected at 23 year.*; of age, 
against the standing law. A treaty of amity con- 
cluded with Carthage. 
407. - 

tins. 

408 

lius. 

409. 
Cameriniis. 

C. Marcius Rutilus, T. Manlius 



T. Manlius Torqnatus; C. Plau- 
M. Valerius Corvus 2; C. Patti- 
M. Fabius Dorso; Ser. Sulpicius 



- 410, 
Torquatus. 

- 411. M. Valerius C«rvus 3; A. Corn. 
Cossus. The Romans begin to make «ar against 
the Samniles. at the request of the Campanians. 
They obtain a victory. 



CON 



207 



CON 



C. Marcius Rirtilus 4; Q. Servi- 
C. Plautinus; L. i55milius Ma- 



A.U.C. 412. 
I'.us, 

413. 

mercinus, 

■ — 414. T. Manlius Torquatus 3; P. De- 

cius Mus. The victories of Alexander the Great 
in Asia. Manlius puts his son to death for fight- 
ing against his order. Decius devotes himself 
for the army, which obtains a great victory over 
the Latins, 

415. T ..^milius Mamercinus ; Q. 

Publilius Philo. 

416. L. Furius Camillus; C Maenius. 

The Latins conquered. 

417. C Sulpicius Longus; P. ^lius 

Pffitus. The prsetorship granted to a plebeian, 



-418. 
Duilius. 

419. 

Regulus. 
420. 

Libo. 

4^3! 

lerius Potitu^, 

Venno. 

425. 

Plautius. 

-426. 

Scapula. 

427. 

Philo 2. 

428. 

gillanus. 

429. 

Brutus Scasva. 



L. Papirius Crassus ; Caeso 

M. Valerius Corvus; M. Atilius 

T. Vpturius; Sp. Posthumius. 
L. Papirius Cursor; C. P<etilius 

A. Cornelius 2; Cn. Domitius. 
M. Claudius Marcellus; C. Va- 

L. Papirius Crassus ; C. Plautius 

L. .^Emilius Mamercinus 2; C. 

P. Plautius Proculus; P. Com. 

L. Corn. Lentulus; Q. Publilius 

C. Paetilius; L. Papirius Mu- 



L. Furius Camillus 2: D. Jun. 
The dictator Papirius Cursor is 
ior putting to death Fabius, his master of horse, 
because he fought in his absence, and obtained 
a famous victory. He pardons him. 

430. According to some authors, ther-e 

were no consuls elected this year, but only a 
dictator, L. Papirius Cursor. 

431. L. Sulpicius Longus; Q. Aulins 



Cerretanus. 

432. 

- 433, 



Q. Fabius; L. Fulvius. 
T. Veturius Calvinus 2; Sp. 
Posthumius Albinus 2. C. Pontius, the Sam- 
nite, takes the Roman consuls in an ambuscade 
at Caudium. 

L. Papirius Cursor 2; Q. Publi- 



- 434. 
lius Philo 3. 

435. 

Cerretanus 2. 

- 436. 



L. Papirius Cursor 3; Q Aulius 



M. Fossius Flaccinator ; L. 
Vlautius Venno. 

437. C. Jun. Bubulcus; L. .^milius 



Sp. Nautius; M. Popilius. 
L. Papirius 4; Q. Publilius 4. 
M. Ptetilius; C. Sulpicius. 
L. Papirius Cursor 5; C. Jun, 



M. Valerius; P. Decius. The 
■•ensor Appius makes the Appian way and aque- 
ducts. The family of the Potitii extinct 

443. C Jun. Bubulcus 3; Q. ^Emiliua 

Barbula2. 

444. Q. Fabius 2; C. Martius Ruti- 

lus. 

445. According to some authors, there 

were no consuls elected this year, but only a 
dictator, L, Papirius Cursor. 




- 450. 
nius Sophus. 

451. 
452. 
453. 



A.U.C. 416. Q. Fabius 3; P. Decius 2. 

447. Appms Claudius; L. Volumnhjs. 

448. P. Corn. Arvina; Q Marcius 

Tremulus. 

L. Posthumius^ T. Minucius. 
P. Sulpicius Saverrio; Sempro- 
The -^Equi conquered. 
L. Genucius; Ser. Cornelius. 
M Livius; M. JLnnlius. 
Q. Fabius Maximus RuUianus; 
M Val. Ciirvus; not consuls, but d.ctators, ac- 
;urding to some authors. 

454. M. Valerius Corvus; Q. Apu- 

leius. The priesthood made common to the ple- 
beians. 

455. M. Fulvius Paetinus; T. Man- 
lius Torquatus, 

4.56. L. Corn. Scipio; Cn. Fulvius. 

457. Q. Fabius Maximus 4; P. Decius 

Mus 3. Wars against the Samnites. 

458. L. Volumnius 2; Ap. Claudius 

2. Conquest over the Etrurians and Samnites. 

459. Q. Fabius 5; P. Decius 4. De- 

cins devotes himself in a battle against the Sam- 
nites and the Gauls, and the Romans obtain a 
victory. 

— 460 L. Posthumius Megellus ; M. 
Atilius Retrulus. 

461. L. Papirius Cursor-, Sp. Carvi- 

lius. Victories over the Samnites. 

— 462. Q. Fabius Giirges ; D. Jun. 

Brutus Scaeva, Victory over the Samnites. 

— 463. L. Posthumius 3; C Jun. Bru- 
tus. .iEsculapius broueht to Rume in the form 
of a serpent from Epiiiaurus. 

464. P. Corn. Rufinus; M. Curius 



Dentatus. 

465. 

dicius Noctua. 

466. 

Arvina. 

467. 

tius. 

Ptetus. 

469. 

lius Lepidua. 

470. 



M. Valerius Corvinus; Q. Cae- 
Q. Marcius Tremulus; P. Corn. 
M. Claudius Marcellus; C. Nau- 
M. Valerius Potitus; C. .^lius 
C. Claudius Caenina; M. Mml- 



C. Servilius Tucca ; Caecilius 
Metellus. War with the Senones. 

471. P. Corn. Dolabella; C. Domi- 
tius Calvinus. The Senones defeated. 

472. Q. jEmilius; C. Fabricius. War 

with Tarentum. 

473. L. .^milius Barbula; Q. Mar- 
cius. Pyrrhus comes to assist Tarentum 

474. P. Valerius Laevinus; Tib- Co- 

runcianus. Pyrrhus conquers the consul Lasyi- 
nus, and though victorious sues for peace, which 
is refused by the Roman senate. The census 
was made, and 272,222 citizens were found 

475. P. Sulpicius Saverrio; P. Decius 

Mus. A battle wiih Pyrrhus. 

476. C. Fabricius Luscinus 2; Q. 

iEmilius Papus 2. Pyrrhus goes to Sicily. The 
treaty between Rome and Carthage renewed. 

477. P. Corn. Rufinus; C. Jun. Bru- 
tus. Crotona and Locri taken. 

478. Q. Fabius Maximus Gurges 2; 

C. Genucius Clepsina. Pyrrhus returns from 
Sicily to Italy. 

—479. M. Curius Dentatus 2; L. Corn. 

Lentulus. Pyrrhus finally defeated by Curius. 

480. M. Curius Dentatus 3 ; Ser. 

Corn. Merenda. 



CON 



CON 



A.U.C481. C, Fabius Dorso; C Claudius 
Caenina 2. An embassy from Philadelphus to 
conclude an alliance witti the Romans. 

4Si. L. Papirius Cursor 2; Sp. Car- 

Vilius 2. Tarentum surrenders. 

483. L. Genucius; C. Quintius. 

484. C. Genucius; Cn. Cornelius. 

4S5. Q. Ogulinus Gallus; C. Fabius 

Pietor. Silver money coined at Rome for the 
first time. 

4S6. P. Sempronius Sophus ; Ap. 

Claudius Crassus. 

4S7. M. Attilius Regulus; L. Julius 

Libo. Italy enjoys peace universally. 

4^8. Numerius Fabius; D. Junius. 

489. Q. Fabius Gurges 3; L. Mami- 

lius Vitulus. The number of the quaestors 
doubled to eisht. 

490. Ap. Claudius Caudex; M. Ful- 

vius Flaccus. The Romans aid the Mamertines, 
vvh.ch occasions the first Punic war. Appius 
defeats the Carthaginians in Sicily. The com- 
bats of gladiators first instituted. 

4yl. M. Valerius Maximus; M. Ota- 

cilius Crassus. Alliance between Rome and 
Iliero king of Syracuse. A sun-dial first put up 
at Rome, brought from Catana. 

492. L, Posthumius Gemellus ; Q. 

Mamilius Vitulus. The siege and taicing oi 
Ajrrigentum. The total defeat of the Cartha- 
ginians. 

— 493. L. Valerius Flaccus; T. Otaci- 

lius Crassus. 

494. Cn. Corn. Scipio Asina ; C. 

D -illius. In two months the Romans build and 
equip a fleet of 120 galleys. The naval victory 
and triumph of Duilms. 

•495. L. Corn. Scipio; C. Aquilius 

Florus. Expedition against Sardinia and Cor- 
sica. 

496. A. Attilius Calatinus; C. Sulpi- 

cius Paterculus. The Carthaginians defeated in 
a naval battle. 

497. C. Attilius Regulus; Cn, Corn. 

Blasio. 

493. L. Manlius Vulso; Q. Caedicius. 

At the death of Caedicius, M. Attilius Regulus 2, 
was elected for the rest of the year. The lamou- 
battle of Ecnoma. The victorious consuls land 
in Africa. 

- 499. Serv. Fuivius Pstinus Nobilior ; 

M. JEmilius Paulus. Regulus, after many vic- 
tories in Africa, is defeated and taken prisoner 
by Xanthippus. Agrigentum retaken by the 
Carthaginians. 

500. Cn. Corn. Scipio Asina 2; A. 

Attilius Calatinus 2. Panormus taken by the 
Romans. 

501, Cn. Servilius Cagpio; C. Sem- 
pronius Blaisus. The Romans, discouraged by 
shipwrecks, renounce the sovereignty of the seas. 

— 502. C Aurelius Cotta; P. Servilius 

Geminus. Citizens capable to bear arms, 
amounted to 2,)7.7y7. 

5i!3. L. Cffcilius Metellus 2; C. Fu- 

rius Pacilus. The Romans begin to recover 
their power by sea. 

.504.' C. Attilius Regulus 2; L. Man- 
lius Volso 2. The Carthaginians defeated near 
Panormus in Sicily. One hundred and (orty- 
two elephants taken and sent to Rome. Regu- 
lus advises the Romans not to exchange pri- 
soners. He is put to death in the most excruci- 
ating torments. 



A.U.C. 505. P. Clodius Pulcher; L. Jan. 
Pull us. The Romans defeated in a naval battle. 
The Roman fleet lost in a storm. 

506. C. Aurelius Cotta 2; P. Servilius 

Geminus 2. 

L. Caecilius Metellus 3; Num. 
The number of the citizens 



Fabius Buteo. 
252,222. 

508. 

Licinus. 

509. 

Balbus. 

510, A. Manlius Torquatus 2; C. 

Sempronius Blassus, 

511. C. Fundanius Fundulus; C. Sul- 

picius Gallus. 
Rome. 



M. Otacilius Crassus; M. Fabius 
M. Fabius Buteo; C. Attilius 



A fleet built by individuals at 



- 512. C. Lutatius Catulus; A. Posthu- 
mius Albinus. The Carthaginian fleet defeated 
near the islands .^Egates. Peace made between 
Rome and Carthage. The Carthaginians evacu- 



513. Q. Lutatius Cerco; A. Manlius 
Sicily is made a Roman province. 

the citizens amount to 



Centho; M. Sem- 



ate Sicily. 

Atticus. 

The 59th census taken 
260,000, 

514. C. Claudiu! 

pronius Tuditanus. 

• 515. C. Mamilius Turinus; Q. Vale- 
rius Falto. 

516. T. Sempronius Gracchus; P, 

Valerius Falto. The Carthaginians give up Sar- 
dinia to Rome, 

517. L. Corn, Lentulus Caudinus; 

Q. Fuivius Flaccus. The Romans offer Ptolemy 
Evergetes assistance against Antiochus Theus. 

518. P. Com. Lentulus Caudinus; 

Licinius Varus. Revolt of Corsica and Sar- 
dinia, 

519. C, Attilius Balbus 2; T. Man- 
lius Torquatus. The temple of Janus shut for 
the first time since she reign of Numa, about 
440 years. An universal peace at Rome, 

~ 520. L. Postumius Albinus; Sp. Car- 

vilius Maximus. 

521. Q. Fabius Maximus Verrucosus; 

M. Pomponius Matho. DiS"erences and jealousy 
between Rome and Carthage. 

522. M. JSmilius Lepidus; M. Pub- 

licius Malleolus. 

523. M. Pomponius Matho 2; C. Pa- 
pirius Maso. The first divorce known at Rome. 

524. M. ^milius B;irbula; M. Junius 

Pera. War with the Illyrians, 

525. L. Posiumius Albinus 2; Cn. 

Fuivius Centumalus, The building of new 
Carthage. 

Sp, Carvilius Maximus 2; Q. 



P. Valerius Flaccus; M. Atti- 
Two new praetors added lo the 



- 526. 

Fabius Maximi 



lius Regulus. 
other praetors. 

— — 528. M. Valerius Messala; L. Apu- 
lius Fullo. Italy invaded by the Gauls. The 
Romans could now lead into the field of battle 
770.000 men. 

529. L. ^^^milius Papus: C Attilius 

Regulus. The Gauls defeat the Romans near 
Clusium. The Romans obtain a victory near 
Telamon. 

530. T. Manlius Torquatus 2 ; Q. 

Fuivius Flaccus 2. The Boii, part of the Ganls, 
surrender. 

531. C. Flaminius; P. Furius Philus, 



CON 



209 



CON 



A.U.C. 532. M. Claudius Marcellus : Cn. 
Corn. Scipio Calvus. A new war with the Gauls. 
Marcellus gains the spoils called opima. 

533. P. Cornelius; M. xMinucius Ru- 

fxxa. Annibal takes the command of the Cartha- 
ginian armies in Spain, 

334. L. Veturius; C. Lmatius. The 

Via Flaminia built. 

533. M. Livius Salinator; L. JEmU 

lius Paulus. War with lUyricurt!. 

> 536. P. Corn. Scipio; T. Sempronius 

, Longus. Siege of Saguntum, by Annibal, the 
t cause of the second Punic war. Annibal marches 
• towards Italy, and crosses the Alps. The Car- 
thaginian fleet defeated near Sicily. Sempronius 
deieated near Trebia, by Annibal. 

337, Cn. Servilius; C. Flaminius 2. 

A famous battle near the lake Thrasymenus. 
Fabius is appointed dictator. Success of Cn. 
Scipio in Spain, 

338. C. Terentius Varro; L. ^mi'ius 

Paulus 2. The famous battle of €anna3. Anni- 
bal marches to Capua. Marcellus beats Annibal 
near Nola. Asdrubal begins his march towards 
Italy, and his army is totally defeated by the 
Scipios. 

-—539. Ti. Sempronius Gracchus; Q. 

Fabius Maximus 2. Philip of Macedonia enters 
into alliance with Annibal. Sardinia revolts, 
and is reconquered by Manlius. The Cartha- 
ginians twice beaten in Spain by Scipio. 

340. Q. Fabius Maximus 3; M. Clau- 
dius Marcellus 3. Marcellus besieges Syracuse 
by sea and land. 

541. Q. Fabius Maximus 4; T. Sem- 
pronius Gracchus a. The siege of Syracuse con- 
tinued. 

542. Q. Fulvius Flaccus; Ap. Clau- 
dius Pulcher. Syracuse taken and plundered. 
Sicily made a Roman province. Tarentum 
tr-eacherously delivered to Annibal. The two 
Scipios conquered in Spain. 

513. Cn. Fulvitis Centumalus ; P. 

Sulpicius Galba. Capua besieged and taken by 
fee Romans. P. Scipio sent to Spain with pro- 
consular power. 

541. M. Claudius Marcellus 4; M. 

Valerius Laevinus 2. The Carthaginians driven 
from Sicily. Carthagena taken by young Scipio. 

545. Q. Fabius Maximus 5; Q. Ful- 
vius Flaccus 4. Annibal defeated by Marcellus. 
Fabius takes Tarentum. Asdrubal defeated by 
Scipio. 

546. M. Claudius Marcellus 5; T. 

Quintius Crispinus. Marcellus killed in an am- 
buscade by Annibal. The Carthaginian fleet 
defeated. 

547. M. Claudius Nero; M. Livius 2. 

Asdrubal passes the Alps. Nero obtains some 
advantage over Annibal. The two consuls defeat 
Asdrubal, who is killed, and his head thrown 
into Annibal's camp. The Romans make war 
against Philip. 

548. L. Veturius; Q. Cacilius. Sci 

pio obtains a victory over Asdrubal, the son of 
Gisgo, in Spain. Masinissa sides with the Ro- 
mans. 

— 549. P. Cornelius Scipio; P. Lici- 

nius Crassus. Scipio is empowered to invade 
Africa. 

550, M. Cornelius Cethegus; P. Sem 

pronius Tuditanus. Scipio lands in Africa. The 
census taken, and 215,000 heads of families 
found in Rome. 



A.U.C. 551. Cffl. Sei-vilius Csei io; C. Servi 
lius Geminus. Scipio spreads general conster- 
nation in Africa. Annibal is recalled from Italy 
by the Carthaginian senate. 

552. M. Servilius ; Ti. Claudius. 

Annibal and Scipio come to a parley; they pre- 
pare for battl«. Annibal is defeated at Zama. 
Scipio prepares to besiege Carthage. 

553. Cn. Corn. Lentulus; P. ^lius 

Psetus. Peace granted to the Carthaginians. 
Scipio triumphs. 

— 554. P. Sulpicius Galba 2; C. Aure- 

lius Cotta. War with the Macedonians. 

— 555. L, Corn. Lentulus ; P Villius 

Tapulus. The Macedonian war continued. 

556. Sex. ^lius Pwetus; T. Quintius 

Flaminius. Philip defeated by Quintius. 

557. C. Corn. Cethegus; Q. Minu- 

cius Rufus. Philip is defeated. Quintius grants 
him peace. 

558. L. Furius Purpureo; M. Clau- 
dius Marcellus. The independence of Greece 
proclaimed by Flaminius, at the Isthmian 
games. 

559. L. Valerius Flaccus; M. Poreius 

Cato. Quintius regulates the affairs of Greece* 
Cato's victories in Spain, and triumph. The 
Romans demand Annibal from the Carthagi- 
nians. 

560. P. Corn. Scipio Africanus 2; T. 

Sempronius Longus. Annibal flies to Antiochus. 

561. L. Cornelius Merula; Q. Minu- 

cius Thermus. Antiochus prepares to make war 
against Rome, and Annibal endeavours in vain 
to stir up the Carthaginians to take up arms. 

562. L. Quintus Flaminius; Cn, Do- 

mitius. The Greeks call Antiochus to deliver 
them. 

563, P. Corn. Scipio Nasica; Manlius 

Acilius Glabrio. The success of Acilius in 
Greece against Antiochus. 

564. L. Corn. Scipio ; C, Laelius. 

The fleet of Antiochus under Annibal defeated 
by the Romans. Antiochus defeated by Scipio, 

565. M. Fulvius Nobilior; Cn. Man- 
lius Vulso. War with the Gallofjrecians. 

566. M. Valerius Messala; C. Livius 

Salinator. Antiochus dies. 

1~ 567. M. ^milius Lepidus; C. Fla- 
minius. The Ligurians reduced. 

568. Sp. Postumius Albinus; Q. Mar- 

cius Philippus. The Bacchanalia abolished at 
Rome. 

569. Ap. Claudius Pulcher ; M. 

Sempronius Tuditanus. Victories in Spain and 
Liguria. 

570. P. Claudius Pulcher; L. Poreius 

Licinius. Philip of Macedon sends his son De- 
metrius to Rome. 

571. M. Claudius Marcellus; Q. Fa. 

bins Labeo. Death of Annibal, Scipio, and Phi- 
lopoemen. Gauls invade Italy, 

572. M Bcebius Tamphilus; L..iEmi. 

lius Paulus. Death of Philip. 

— - — 573. P. Cornelius Cethegus; M. Bae- 
bius Tamphilus. Expeditions against Liguria. 
The first gilt statue raised at Rome. 

— — 574. A. Postumius Albinus Luscus; 
C. Calpurnius Piso. Celtiberians defeated. 

573. Q. Fulvius Flaccus; L. Manlius 

Acidinus. Alliance renewed with Perseus the 
son of Philip. 

— 576. M. Junius Brutus; A. Manlius 

Vulso. 

S 2 



CON 210 

A.U.C. 577 C. Claudius Pulcher; T. Sem- 
pronius Gracchus. The Istrians defeated. 

578. Cn. Corn. Scipio Hispalus; Q. 

Petillius Spurinus. 

579. P. Mucius; M. .^milius Lepi- 

dus 2. 

5S0. Sp. Postumius Albinus; Q. Mu- 
cius Scaevola. 

- 581. L. Postumius Albinus; M. ^'opi- 

lius Laenas. 

- — - — 582. C. Popilius Lasnas; P. ^lius 
Ligur. War declared against Perseus. 

' ^—5:3. P. Licinius Crassus-, C Cassius 

Lonoinus. Perseus gains some advantage over 
the Ronaans. 

514. A. Hostilius Mancinus; A. Ati- 

lius Serranus, 

-— 585. Q. Mareius Philippus 2: Cn. 

Servilius Caepio. The campaign in Macedonia. 

- — 5S6. L. -Emiiius Paulus 2; C. Lici- 
nius Crassus. Perseus is defeated and taken 
prisoner bv Paulus. 

5S7. Q. .Elius P^tus; M. Junius Pen- 

nus. 

•— 5S8, M. Claudius Marcellus; C. Sul- 

picius Galba. 

589. Cn. Octavius Nepos; T. Man- 

lius Torquatus. 

5S0. Aulus Manlius Torquatus; Q. 

Cassius Longus. 

591. Ti. Sempronius Gracchus; M. 

Juvencius Phalna. 

592. P. Corn. Scipio Nasica; C. Mar- 

cius Figulus. Dt^metrius flies from Rome, and 
is made kin? of Svria. 

593. M. Valerius Messala; C. Fan- 

nius Strabo. 

594. L. Anicius Gallus; M. Corn. 

Cethegus. 

593. C. Cornelius Dolabella; M. Ful- 

vius Nobilior. 

5^6. M. .^Imillus Lepidus; C. Popi- 
lius L^nas. 

5r 7. Sex. Jul. Cffisar; L. Aureiius 

Orestes. War against the Dalmatians. 

59?. L- Corn. Lentuius Lupus; C, 

Mareius Fisulus 2. 

599. P. Corn. Scipio Nasica 2; M. 

Claudius Marcellus 2. 

600. Q. Opimius Nepos; L. Postu- 
mius Albinus. 

6<^1. Q. Fulvius Nobilior; T. Annius 

Luscus. The false Philip. Wars in Spain. 

602. M. Claudius Marcellus 3; L. 

Valerius Flaccus. 

603. L. Licinius LucuUus; A. Pos- 

thumius Albinus. 

604. T. Quintius Flamininus ; M. 

Aeilius Balbus, War between the Carthaginians 
and Masinissa. 

605. L Mareius Censorinus: M. Ma- 

nilius Nepos. The Romans declare war against 
Carthase. The Carth iginians wish to accept 
the hard conditions which are imposed upon 
them; but the Romans say that Carthage must 
be destroyed. 

'606. Sp. Postumius Albinus; L. Cal- 

purnius Piso. Carthage besieged. 

607. P. Corn. Scipio; C. Livius Dru- 

sus. The siege of Carthage continued with vi- 
gour by Scipio, 

— 603. Cn. Cornelius Lentuius ; L. 

Mummius. Carihage surrenders, and is de- 
stroyed. Mummius takes and burns Corinth. 



CON 



A.UC. 609. Q. Fabius .^milianus; L. Hos- 
tilius Mancinius. 

— — — eiO. Ser. Sulpicius Galba; L. Aiire- 
1ms Cotta. 

611. Ap. Claudius Pulcher; Q. Caeci- 

lius Metelius Macedonicus. War against the 
Cel:iberian5. 

612. L Metelius Calvus; Q. Fabius 
Maximus Servil anus. 

613. Q Pompeius: C Servilius Caepio. 

614. C LeeWu- Sapiens; Q. Servilius 

Caepio. The wars with Viriatus 

615. M. Popilius Laenas; C. Calpur- 

nius Piso. 

— 616. P. Corn. Scipio Najica; D. Ju- 
nius Brutus. The two consuls imprisoned by 
the tribunes. 

617. M. JEmiiiiis Lepidus: C. Hosti- 
lius Mancinus. Wars against Numantia. 

618. P. Furius Pbilus; Sex. Atilius 

Serranus. 

619. Ser. Fulvius Flaccus; Q. Cal- 

purnius Piso. 

620. P. Corn. Scipio 2; C. Fulvius 

Flaccus. 

621. P. Mucius Scasvola; L. Calpur- 

nius Piso Frugi. Numantia surrenders ti> Scipio, 
and is entirely demolished. The seditions of Ti. 
Gracchus at Rome. 

— 622. P. Popilius Lasnas; P. Rupillus. 

623. P. Licinius Crassus; L. Vale- 
rius Flaccus. 

624. C. Claudius Pulcher; M. Per- 

penna. In the census are found 313, S23 citizens. 

625. C. Sempronius Tuditanus; M. 

Aquilius Nepos 

626. Cn. Octavius Nepos; T. Annius 

Luscus. 

627. L. Cassius Longus; L. Corne- 
lius Cinna. A revolt of slave.? in Sicily. 

625. L. JEmilius Lepidus; L. Aure- 
iius Orestes. 

629. BL Plautius Hypsieus; M. Ful- 
vius Flaccus. 

— 630. C. Cassius Longinus; L. Sextius 

Calvinus. 

631. Q. Caecilius Metelius; T. Quin- 
tius Flamininus. 

632. C. Fannius Strabo; Cn. Domi- 

tius Ahenobarbus. The seditions of Caius 
Gracchus. 

633. Lucius Opimius ; Q. Fabius 

Maximus. The unfortunate end of Caius 
Gracchus. The Allobroges defeated. 

634. P. Manlius Nepos; C. Papirius 

Carbo. i 

635. L. Caecilius Metelius Calvus; L. I 

Aureiius Cotta. j 

636. M. Fortius Cato ; Q. Marciu!, 

Rex. I 

637. L. Caecilius Metelius; Q. Mutius ' 

Scaevola. I 

633. C. Licinius Geta ; Q. Fabius ' 

Maximus Ebumus. 

639. M. Caecilius Metelius; M. JEmi- ' 

lius Scaurus. 

640. M. Aeilius Balbus; C. Fortius 

Cato. 

641. C. Caecilius Metelius; Cn. Papi- 
rius Carbo. 

642. M. Livius Drusus; L. Calpur- ) 

nius Piso. The Romans declare war against • 
Jugurtha. 

643. P. Scipio Nasica; L. Calpurnius 



CON 



211 



CON 



L. Ciecilius Metellus Nepos; T. 
Co. Corn. Lentulus ; P. Lici- 



Bestia. Calpurniua bribed and defeated by Ju- 
gurtha. 

A.U.C. 644. M. Minucius Rufus; Sp. Postu- 
mius Albinus. 

645. Q. Cfficilius Metellus; M. Junius 

Silanus. Success of Metellus against Jugurtha. 

646. Servius Sulpicius Galba; M. Au- 

relius Scaurus. Metellus continues the war. 

647. C. Marius ; L Cassius. The 

war against Jugurtha continued with vigour by 
Marius. 

648. C. Atilius Serranus; Q. Servilius 

Caepio. Jugurtha betrayed by Bocchus into the 
hands of Sylla, the lieutenant of Marius. 

64y. P. Rutilius Rufus; Corn. Man- 

lius Maximus. Marius triumphs over Jugurtha. 
Two Roman armies defeated by the Cimbri and 
Teutones. 

650. C. Marius 2; C. Flavins Fimbria. 

The Cimbri march towards Spain. 

651. C. Marius 3; L. Aurelius Ores- 
tes. The Cimbri defeated in Spain. 

(j5i. C. Marius 4; Q. Lutatius Catu- 

lus. The Teutones totally defeated by Marius. 

653. C. Marius 5; M. Aquilius. The 

Cimbri enter Italy, and are defeated by Marius 
and Catulus. 

654. C. Marius 6 ; L. Valerius Flac- 

cus. Factions against Metellus. 

655. M. Antonius; A. Postumiiis Al- 
binus. Metellus is gloriously recalled. 

• 656. ■ ~ 

Didius. 

'657. 

nius Crassus. 

65S. Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus; C 

Cassius Longinus. The kingdom of Cyrene left 
by will to the Roman people. 

■ 659. L. Licinius Crassus; Q. Mucins 

Scaevola. Seditions of Norbanus. 

— — — ^66 '. C. Ccelius Caldus; L. Domitius 
Ahenobarbus. 

661. C. Valerius Flaccus; M. Heren- 

nius. Sylla exhibited a combat of 100 lions with 
men in the Circus. 

662. C. Claudius Pulcher; M. Per- 

penna. The allies wish to be admitted citizens 
of Rome. 

663. L. Marcius Philippus; Sex. Jul. 

Caesar. Tne allies prepare to revolt. 

664. M. Julius Cffisar; P. Rutilius 

Rufus. Wars with the Marsi. 

665. Cn. Pompeius Strabo; L. For- 
tius Cato. The great valour of Sylla surnamed 
the Fortunate. 

666. L. Cornelius Sylla; Q. Pompeius 

Rufus. Sylla appointed to conduct the Mithrida- 
tic war. Marius is empowered to supersede him; 
upon which Sylla returns to Rome with his army, 
and takes it, and has Marius and his adherents 
judged as enemies. 

667. Cn. Octavius ; L. Cornelius 

Cinna. Cinna endeavours to recall Marius, and 
is expelled. Marius returns, and with Cinna 
marches against Rome. Civil wars and slaugh- 
ter. 

66S. C. Marius 7 ; L. Cornel. Cinna 

2. Marius died, and L. Valerius Flaccus was 
chosen in his room. The Mithridatic war. 

669. L. Cornelius Cinna 3; Cn. Pa- 

pirius Carbo. The Mithridatic war continued by 
Sylla. 

670. L. Cornelius Cinna 4; Cn. Papi- 

rius Carbo 2. Peace with Mithridates. 



A.U.C. 671. L. Corn. Scipio Asiaticus ; C. 
Norbanus. The capitol burnt. Pompey joins 
Sjlla. 

672. C. Marius; Cn. Papirius Carbo 

3. Civil wars at Rome between Marius and 
Sylla. Murder of the citizens by order of Sylla, 
who makes himself dictator. 

673. M. Tul.ius Decula; Cn. Corn. 

Dolabella. Sylla weakens and circumscribes 
the power of the tribunes. Pompey triumphs 
over Africa. 

674. L. Corn. Sylla Felix 2 ; Q. Caa- 

cilius Metellus Pius. War against Mithridates. 

675. P. Servilius Vatia; Ap. Clau- 
dius Pulcher. Sylla abdicates the dictatorship. 

676. M. jEmilius Lepidus; Q. Luta- 
tius Catulus. Sylla dies. 

677. D. Junius Brutus ; Mamercus 

jEmilius Lepidus Livianus. A civil war be- 
tween Lepidus and Catulus. Pompey goes 
against Sertorius in Spain. 

678. Cn. Octavius ; M. Scribonius 

Curio. Sertorius defeated. 

679. Cn. Octavius; C. Aurelius Cotta. 

Mithridates and Sertorius make a treaty of alli- 
ance together. Sertorius murdered by Perpenna. 

680. L. Licinius Lucullus; M. Aure- 
lius Cotta. Lucullus conducts the Mithridatic 
war. 

6S1. M. Terentius Varro Lucullus; 

C. Cassius Varus Spartacus. The gladiators 
make head against the Romans with much suc- 
cess. 

682. L. Gellius Poplieola; Cn. Corn. 

Lentulus Clodianus. Victories of Spartacus over 
three Roman generals. 

6^3. Cn. Aufidius Orestes; P. Corn. 

Lentulus Sura. Crassus defeats and kills Spar- 
tacus near Apulia. 

— 6S4. M. Licinius Crassus; Cn. Pom- 
Successes of Lucullus against 
The census amounts to above 

Hortensius 2; Q. Caeeilius 
Metellus. Lucullus defeats Tigranes king of 
Armenia, and meditates the invasion of Parthia. 

686. Q. Marcius Rex; L. Caicillus 

Metellus. Lucullus defeats the united forces of 
Mithridates and Tigranes. 

687. M. Acilius Glabrio; C. Calpur- 

nius Piso. Lucullus falls under the displeasure 
of bis troops, who partly desert him. Pompey 
goes against the pirates. 

6S8. M. ^milius Lepidus; L. Vol- 

catus Tullus. Pompey succeeds Lucullus to 
Snish theMithridatic war, and defeats the enemy. 

689. L. Aurelius Cotta; L Manlius 

Torquatus Success of Pompey in Asia. 

690. L. Julius Caesar ; C. Martius 

Figulus. Pompey goes to Syria. His conquests 
there. 

69i. M. Tullius Cicero; C. Antonius. 

Mithridates poisons himself. Catiline conspires 
against the state. Cicero discovers the con- 
spiracy, and punishes the adherents. 

692. D. Junius Silanus; L. Licinius 

Muraena. Pompey triumphs over the Pirates, 
and over Mithridates, Tigranes, and Aristo- 
bulus. 

M. Puppius Piso; M. Valerius 



j Messala Niger. 

694. L. Afranius; Q. Metellus Celer. 

' A reconciliation between Crassus, Pompey, and 
Caesar. 



COP 



A.D.C. 6^5. C. Jul. Cjsfar; M. Calpurnius 
BibuiLis. C:esar breaks the fasces of his col- 
l^-ag^ue, and is sole consul. He obtains the go- 
vernment of Gaul fur five years. 

6j6. C. Calpurnius Piso; A. Gnbinius 

Paulus. Cicero banished by means of Ch-dius. 
Cato g-oes against Ptolemy king of Cyprus. Suc- 
cesses of Cfisar in Gaul. 

- 697. P. Corn. Lentulus Spinther; Q. 

C«cilius Metellus Nepos. Cicero recalled. Cae- 
sar's success and victories. 

• 693. Cn. Com. Lentulus Marcellinus; 

L. Marcius Philippus. The triumvirate of Cte- 
sar, Pompev, and Crassus. 

699. Cn. Pompeius Ma_?nus 2; M. Li- 

cinius Crassus 2. Crassus goes against Parthia. 
Csesar continued for five years more in t'ne ad- 
ministration of Gaul. H;s conquest of Britain. 

700. L. Domitius Ahenobarous; Ap. 

Claudius Pulcher. Great victories of Caesar. 

—701. Cn. Domitius Calvinus; M. Vn- 

lerius Messala. Crassus defeated and slain in 
Parthia. Milo kills Clodius. 

702. Cn. Pompeius Magnus 3; the 

only consul. He afterwards took for colleague, 
Q. Ccecilius Metellus Pius Scipio. Revolts of 
the Gauls crushed by Cajsar. 

703. Sen' Sulpicius Rufus; M- Clau- 
dius Marcellus. Rise of the jealousy between 
C«sar and Pompev. 

704. L.'.Emilius Paulus; P. Claudius 

Marcellus. Cicero pro-consul of Cilicia. In- 
crease of the differences between Caesar and 
Pompev. 

—70j. C. Claudius Marcellus; L. Cor- 
nelius Lentulus. Caesar begins the civil war. 
Pompev flies from Rome. Cassar m.ade dictator. 

^ 703. C.Julius Cassar 2; P. Servilius 

Lsauricus. Caesar defeats Pompev at Pharsalia. 
Pomuey murdered in Egypt. The wars of Caesar 
in Egypt. 

'- 707. Q. Fusius Calenu?; P. Vatinius. 

Power and influence of Caesar at Rome. He re- 
duces Puntus. 

703. C. Julius Caesar 3; M. JEmilius 

Lepidus. Cajsar defeats Pompey's partisans in 
Africa, and takes Utica. 

709. C. Julius Caisar 4: consul alone. 

He conquered the partisans of Pompev in Spain, 
and was declared perpetual Dictator and Impe- 
rator, &c. 

710. C. Julius Caesar 5; M. Antonius, 

Caesar meditates a war against Parthia. Above 
60 Romans conspire against Caesar, and murder 
him in the senate-house. Antony raises himself 
to power. The rise of Octavius. 

711. C. Vibius Pansa ; A. Hirtius. 

Antony judged a public enemy. He joins Au- 
gustus. Triumvirate of Antony, Augustus, f-.ud 
Lepidus. 

-712. L Minucius Plancu^; M. JEmi- 

liu5 Lepidus 2. Great honours paid to the me- 
mory of J. Cajsar. Brutus and Cassius join their 
forces against Augustus and Antony. 

713. L. Antonius; P. Servilius lsau- 
ricus 2. Battle of Philippi, and the defeat of 
Brutus and Cassius. 

714. Cn. Domitius Calvinus; C. Asi- 

nius PoUio. Antony joins the son of Pompev 
against Augustus. The alliance of short dura- 
tion. 

715. L. Marcius Censorinus; C. Cal. 

Sahinus. Antony marries Oclavia the sister of 
Augustus, to strengthen their mutual alliance. 



A. U.C. 716. Ap. Claudius P-.ilc-.er; C. Nor 
lianus Flaccus ; to whom were substituted C. 
Ociavianus, and Q. Pedius. Sext. Pompey. the 
son of Pompev the Great, makes himself power 
ful by sea to oppose Augustus. 

717. M. Agrippa; L. Caninius GaJ 

lus. Agrippa is appoi.Ued by Augustus to oppose 
Sext. Pompey with a fleet. He builds the famous 
harbour of Misenum. 

718. L. Gellius Poplicola; M. Coe- 

ceius Nerva. Agrippa obtains a naval victory 
over Pompey, who delivers himself to Antony, 
by whom he' is put to death. 

719. L. Comificus Nepos; Sex. Pom- 
peius Nepos. Lentulus removed from power by 
Augustus. 

720. L. Scribonius Libo; M. Anton- 
ius 2. Augustus and Antony, being sole masters 
of the Roman empire, make another division of 
the provinces. Caesar obtains the west, and An- 
tonv the east. 

' 721. C Caesar Octavianus 2; L. Vol- 

catius Tuilus. Octavia divorced by Antony, 
who marries Cleopatra. 

722. Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus; C. 

Sosius. Dissensions between Augustus and An- 



tony. 

723. C. Caesar Octavianus 3; M. Va- 

ler. Messala Corvinus. The battle of Actium, 
which, according to some authors, happened the j 

vear of Rome 721 The end of the common- < 

wealth. 

Coxsus, a deity at Rome, who presided over 
councils. His temple was covered ia the Maxi- 
mus Circus, to show that councils ought to be ! 
secret and inviolable. Some suppose that it is p 
the same as Neptunus Equestris. Romulus in- " 
stituted festivals to his honour, called Consualia, i 
during the celebration of which the Romans car- 
ried away the Sabine women. {Vid. Consuales • 
Ludi.) PliU. in Rom. — Dionys. Hal. 1. — Liv. : 
1, 9. 

CONSYGNA, the wife of Nicomedes king of 
Bithynra, torn to pieces by dogs for her lascivi- 
ous deportment. Flin. 8, 40. 

GoNrADESDUS, a river of Thrace. Herod. 4, 
90. I 

Coon, the eldest son of Antenor, killed by , 
Agamemnon. Homer. II. I 

COPJS, a small town of Boeotia, situated on the C 
northern shore of the lake Copais, to which itl 
gave name. It had temples of Bacchus, Ceres, 
and Serapis. Paus, 9, 24. 

COPAis Lacus, a lake of Boeotia, which re-f 
ceived various appellations from the different i 
towns situated along its shores. At Haliartus it 
was called Haliartius lacus; at Orchomenus, < 
Orchomenius. Pindar and Homer distinguish it: 
by the name of Cephissus. Stephanus Byzanti-' 
nus says it also bore that of Leuconis. That of 
Copais, however, finally prevailed, as Copae wasj 
situated near the deepest part of it. Itwas3S0; 
stadia, or 47 miles in circuit, and received thei 
rivers which issued from the mountains by which^ 
Boeotia was surrounded. According to Strabo '< 
there were several subterranean canals, connect-k 
ing this Iske w ith the Eubceansea; they had been 
caused by earthquakes, and prevented the lakel 
from gainin? upon the surrounding country.r 
Strub. 9. — PUn. 16, 36.— Paus. 9, 24. j' 

COPHAS, or COFHANTA, a port of Gedrosia,[ 
supposed to be the modern Gondel, ' 

COPUo.vTis, a burning mountain of BactrianaJ 
Plin. 2, 106. 



213 



COR 



COPiA, the goddess of plenty, among the Ro- 
mans, was represented as bearing in one hand a 
horn, out of which proceeded fruits, flowers, 
pearls, &c., and in the other she held a bundle 
of different ears of corn, Ker figure was that of 
a young blooming virgin, of a tall stature, and 
her head was crowned with flowers. The horn 
of plenty (cornu copia) was the horn of the goat 
Amalthasa, and it was presented to the nymphs 
who had nursed Jupiter, when the favourite ani-. 
mal was placed among the constellations of hea- 
ven by the gratitude of the god. The statues of 
some of the gods, as Bacchus, Hercules, Apollo, 
Ceres, &c., and of some of the greatest heroes of 
antiquity, are often represented with this celebrat- 
ed horn, in allusion to the services they may 
have rendered mankind, Hygin. P. A 2, 13. 

COPILLUS, a general of the Tectosagaj, taken 
by the Romans. Plut. in Syll. 

C. COPONius, a commander of the fleet of 
Rhodes, at Dyrracchium, in the interest of Pom- 
pey. Cic. de Div. 1, ^.—Paterc 2, S3. 

OOPKATES, a river of Asia, falling into the 
Tigris. Diod. 19. 

COPREUS, a son of Pelops, who fled to My- 
cenae at the death of Iphitus. Apollod. 2, 5. 

COPTUS and COPTOS, now Ghouft, a city of 
Upper Egypt, three miles distant from the Nile, 
and connected with it by a navigalile canal. It 
was the centre of communication between Egypt 
and the Red Sea, by a north-east route to Myos 
Hormus, and by a south-east course to Berenice; 
which last place was the staple of the trade with 
India. According to Plutarch, Lsis, upon re- 
ceiving the account of the death of Osiris, cut off 
here one of her locks in token of her grief, and 
hence the place was named Coptus, this term 
denoting, in the Egyptian tongue, want or pri- 
vation. Plin. 3, 9. 6, 23.~iitrab. 16.— Plut. de 
hid. et Os. 

Cora, a town of Latium, on the confines of 
the Volsci, built by a colony of Dardanians be- 
fore the foundation of Rome. Lucan. 7, 392. — 
Virg. ^n. 6, 775. 

CORACESIUM, a seaport town of Paraphylia, 
where Pompey vanquished the pirates. It is now 
Alaya. Liv. 33, 20. 

CoRACOiNAsus. a town of Arcadia, where the 
Ladon falls into the Alpheus. Paus, 8, 25. 

CoRALET^, a people of Scythia. Place. 6, 
61. 

CORALLI, a people of Sarmatia Europaaa, who 
inhabited the banks of the Euxine sea, near the 
Danube. Ovid, ex Pont. 4, el. 2, 37. 

Coras, a brother of Catillus and Tyburtus, 
who fought against ^neas. Virg. ^n. 7, 672. 

CORAX, an ancient rhetorician of Sicily, who 
first demanded a salary of his pupils. Cic. in 

Brut.— Quintil. 3, I. A king of Sicyon. A 

mountain of iEtolia. Liv. 36, 30, 

CORBIS and Orsua, two brothers, who fought 
for the dominion of a city, in the presence of 
Scipio in Spain. Liv. 28, 2i. — Val. Max. 9, 11. 

Corbulo, DOMiTtus, a Roman general, fa- 
mous for his rigid observance of military disci- 
pline, and for the success of his arms, especially 
against the Parthians. On account of his great 
reputation, he became an object of suspicion and 
jealousy to Nero, who recalled him, under pre- 
tence of rewarding his merit. When Corbulo 
reached Corinth, he met there an order to die. 
Reflecting on his own want of prudence and fore- 
sight, he fell upon his sword, exclaiming, I have 
well deserved this I A. D. 66. His ^ ame was 



given to a place {Monumentum') iw Germany, 
which some suppose to be modern Groningen. 
Tacit. Ann. 11, 18. 

CoRCiRA, now Corfu, an island in the Ionian 
sea, off the coast of Epirus, famous for the ship- 
wreck of Ulysses, and the gardens of Alcinous. 
Its more ancient names were Drepane and Sche- 
ria. Its greatest length is 36 miles, and its aver- 
age breadth about eight. Its earliest inhabitants 
were the Phaeace-;, a j)eople of Ijiburnian origin, 
possessing considerable skill in nautical affairs. 
It was colonized by the Colchians, and subse- 
quently, about 750 B.C., by the Corinthians, to 
whom it owed all the imi)ortance it ever obtain- 
ed. It became, however, sufficiently powerful 
to contend with the parent country; and u is as- 
serted, that the first naval engagement, which 
took place on the seas of Greece, was lought be- 
tween it and the Corinthians. It was otherwise 
remarkable for having j^iven occasion to the Pe- 
loponnesian war, by the conduct it pursued witn 
respect to its colony Epidamnus, and for a dread- 
ful sedition raised by the public against the no- 
bles. On its falling into the hands of the Ro- 
mans, it became a valuable station for their ships 
of war, in their attacks on Macedonia and Asia, 
Homer. 'Odyss.b, Sic.— Thucyd. 1, 13, &c. — S/ra6. 

6. An island in the Adriatic, on the coast of 

lUyricum, called Nigra {Black), in Greek Me- 
Xatva, to distinguish it from the more celebrated 
island of the same name. It is now Corsola. 

CORDUBA, now Cordova, the metropolis of 
Hispania Baetica, on the river Baetis. It wms the 
birth-place of the two Seneeas, and the poet Lu- 
can. Martial. 1, ep. 62.— Mela, 2, 6.—Cces. Bell. 
Alex. 57-— Plin. 3, 1. 

CORDYLA, a port of Pontus, a short distance 
to the south-west of Trapezus, supposed to giv* 
its name to a peculiar sort of fishes caught tiiiere 
(cordylce). By cordylce are meant "the fry of the 
tunnj fish." Plin. 9, 15. — Martial, Vi, ep. 1. 

Core, a daughter of Ceres, tlie same as Pro- 
serpine, from the Greek, Koph, puella. Festivals 
called Coreia, were instituted to her honour in 
Greece. 

Coressus, a hill near Ephesus. Herod. 5, 
100 

CORESUS, a priest of Bacchus at Calydon in 
Bceotia.,who was deeply enamoured of the nymph 
Caliirhoe, who treated him with disdain. He 
complained to Bacchus, who visited the c< untry 
\iith a pestilence. The Calydonians were direct- 
ed by the oracle, to appease the god by sacrificing 
Caliirhoe on his altar. The nymph was led to 
the .altar, and Coresus, who was to sacrifice her, 
forgot his resentment, and stabbed himself. Cal- 
iirhoe, conscious of her ingratitude to the love ('f 
Coresus, killed herself on the brink of a foun- 
tain, which afterwards bore her name. Paus. 7, 
21. 

CORFINIUM, the capital of the Peligni, in 
Italy, about three miles from the Aternus. In 
the time of the social war, it took the name of 
Italica, and had the honour of being styled the 
capital of Italy, Cces. B. C. 1, 16.— Lucan. 2, 
47S, 

CORIA, a surname of Minerva, among the Ar- 
cadians. Cic. de Nat. D 3, 23. 

CORINNA, a celebrated Grecian poetess, was 
born at Tanagra, in Boeotia, and flourishedin tb" 
fifth century B.C, She was contemporary with 
Pindar, over whom she five times obtained the 
poetical w reath, to w hich triumph her beauty .t^- 
sisted. She composed a number of works, Qf 



COR 



which only a few fra^rafnti remain. Hc-r coun- 
trymen erected a tomb to her honour, in the 
most conspicuous part of their citv. JElian. V. H. 
13. 2o.—Paus. 9, 22. 

CORIN'XUS, an ancient poet in the time of the 
Trojan war, on which he wrote a poem. Homer, 
as some suppose, took his subject from the poem 
of Corinnus. 

CoRI.VTHI Isthmus, or, Isthmus o/ Corinth, 
between the Corinthiacus Sinus and Saronicus- 
Sinus, and joining the Peluponnesus to the north- 
ern parts of Greece, or Grcecia Propria. It is six 
modem Greek (nearly five British) miles broad, 
OA-ing to which circumstance it has obtained its 
modern name of Hexamilion. A naviuable canal 
was attempted to be cut across it by Demetrius, 
Julius C;Esar, Caligula, Nero, and Herodes At- 
ticus, but always without success. Mela, 2, 3. — 
Plin. 4, 5 Strab. 1. 

Corinthiacus Sinus, or GulfofLepanto, an 
arm of the sea, running in between the coast of 
Achaia and Sicyonia to the south, and that of 
Phocis. Locris, and ^tolia to the north. It 
properly commenced from the mouth of the 
Achelous on the outside of the promontories of 
Rhium and Antirrhium, and extended inwr.rds. 
It was in this anterior part of the gulf that the 
Christian and Ottoman fleets contended in 1571. 
Strab. 8 Plin. 4, 2. 

CORINTHUS, an ancient city of Greece, now 
called Corito, or Corinth, and situate on the isth- 
mus of the same name. It was first founded bv 
Sisyphus son of .Solu,=, A.M. 2616, and received 
its name from Corinthus the son of Pelops. Its 
original name was Ephyre; and it obtained the 
epithet Bimaris, from being close to the Corinth- 
ian and Saronic gulfs, the great advantages of 
which situation occasioned it to be considered as 
the key of Peloponnesus. It was the seat of 
opulence and of the arts, when the rest of Greece 
was sunk in comparative barbarism; and it con- 
tinued to maintain its rank amongst the most 
illustrious of the Greek cities, until it was burnt 
to the ground by the Romans, under the consul 
L. Mummius, 146 B.C. During the conflagra- 
tion, all the metals which were in the city are 
reported to have melted, and, mixing together, 
to have formed that valuable composition since 
known as Corinthium jEs j this, however, may 
be more properly referred to the beautiful bronze, 
which the Corinthians carried to the highest per- 
fection. There was at Corinth a famous temple 
of Venus, where lascivious women resoried, and 
sold their favours so dear, that many of their 
lovers were reduced to povertv; whence the pro- 
verb of 

Xon cuiris homini contingit adire Corinthum, 
to siiow that all voluptuous indulgences are at- 
tended with much expense. J. Cassar planted a 
colony at Corinth, and endeavoured to raise it 
from i's ruins, and restore it to its former gran- 
deur. The government of Corinth was monarchi- 
cal, till 77sJ years B.C , when officers called Pry- 
tanes were instituted. The war which has re- 
ceived the name of Corinthian trar, because the 
battles were fought in the neighbourhood of Co- 
rinth, was begun B.C. 395, by the combination 
of the Athenians, Thebans, Corinthians, and 
Argives, against Lacedasmon. Pisander and 
Agesilaus distinguished themselves in that war; 
the former, in the first year of hostilities, was 
defeated with the Lacedcemonian fleet, by Conon 
near Cnidns; w^^ilH a ^^>w days after A^'esilaus 
slaughtered 10,000 of the triemy. The most 



famous battles were f:>ught at Coronea and Leuc 
tra; but Agesilaus refused to besiege Corinth, 
lamenting that the Greeks, instead of destroying 
one another, did not turn their arms against the 
Persian power. Martial, 9, ep. 5^. — Suelon. Aug. 
70.—Liv. 45. 23 — Hor. 2, Ib.-S-Ot id. Met. 2,240. 
— Sorat. 1. ep. J 7, dii —Plin. 34, 2.- Slat. Theb. 7, 
106. -Paws. 2, I, &ic.-Strab. S Sic— Homer. II. 
15.- Cic. Tusc. 4, 14. In Verr. 4, 44. De X. D.Z. 
\ An actor at Rome. Juv. b. 197. 

CORIOLANUS, the surname of C. Martius from 
his victory over Corioli, where, from a private 
soldier, he gained the amplest honours. When 
master of the place, he accepted as the only re- 
ward, the surname of Corioianus, a horse, and 
prisoners, and his ancient host, to whom he im- 
mediately gave his liberty. After a number of 
m litary exploits, and many services to his coun- 
try, he was refused the consulship by the people, 
when his scars had lor a while influenced them 
in bis favour. This raised his resentment; and 
when the Romans had received a present of com 
from Gelo king of Sicily, Corioianus insisted 
that it should be sold for money, and not be 
given gratis. Upon this the tribunes raised the 
people against him for his imprudent advice, and 
even wished him to be put to death. The popu- 
lar tumult, however, was for a while checked by 
the influence of the senators, and Corioianus 
was summoned to appear before a prejudiced 
tribunal. His refusal to appear on the appointed 
day still more irritated his persecutors; he was 
banishtd by a majority of three tribes, and he 
immediately retired arnong the \'olsci, to Attius 
TuUus his greatest enemy, from whom he mei a 
most friendly reception. He advised him to 
make war against Rome, and he marched at the 
head of the Volsci as general. The approach of 
Corioianus greatly alarmed the Romans, who, 
sensible of his superior abilities, and terrified by 
the defeats which their armies experienced 
against him, sent several embassies to reconcile 
him to his country, and to solicit his return. He 
was deaf to all proposals, and bade them prepare 
for unconditional submission. He pitched fis 
camp only at the distance of five miles Irom the 
city; and his enmity against his country would 
have been fatal, had not his wife Volumnia, and 
his mother Veturia, been prevailed upon by the 
Roman matrons, to go and appease his resent- 
ment. The meeting of Corioianus with his fa- 
mily was tender and affecting. He remained 
long inexorable; but at last the tears and en- 
treaties of a mother and wife prevailed over the i 
stem and obstinate resolutions of an enemy, and 
Corioianus marched the Volsci from the neigh- f 
bourhood of Rome. To show their sense of Vo- 
lumnia's merit and patrioti.«m, the Romans de-! 
dicated a temple to Female Fortune. The beha- 
viour of Corioianus, however, displeased thej; 
Volsci. He was summoned to answer for hisT 
conduct before the people of Antium; bui the'' 
clamours w hich his enemies raised, were so pre-!^ 
valent, that he was murdered at the place ap- 
pointed for his trial, B C. 48S. His body was" 
honoured with a magnificent funeral by the ; 
Volsci, and the Roman matrons put on mourn- ' 
ing for his loss. Some historians say that be ; 
died in exile, in an advanced old age. Plut. in 
vila.—Flw. 2. 22. ! 

CORIOLI, an ancient town of the Volsci, be-[ 
tween Velitne and Lanuvium, from the capture 
of which C. Marcius received the surname of 
Corioianus. A hill, now known by the nanio cf 



CQR 



215 



COR 



M&nte Giov'e, is thought to represent the site o'f 
CorioU. Liv. 2. 33. 3, 71— Hm. 3, 5. 

CORMASA, a town of Pisidia. Liv. 38, 15. 

Cornelia lex, de Civitate, was enacted 
A.n C. 670, by L. Corn. Sylla. It confirmed the 
Sulpician law, and required that the citizens of 
the eight newly elected tribes should be divided 

amonjf the 35 ancient tribes. Another, de Ju- 

iiciis, A.U. C. 673, by the same. It ordained that 
the praetor should always observe the same in- 
variable method in judicial proceedin;s^s, and 
that the process should not depend upon his will. 
Another, deSumptibus, by the same. It limit- 
ed the expenses w hich generally attended funerals. 

Another, de Religione, by the same, A. U.C. 

677. It resLored to the college of priests, the 
privilege of choosing the priests, which by the 
Domitian law, had been lodged in the hands of 

the people. Another, de Municipiis, by the 

same; that the free towns which had sided with 
Marius should 'be deprived of their lands and the 
right of citizens; the last of which Cicero says 

could not be done. Another, dc Magistratibus, 

by the same; which gave the power of bearing 
honours and being promoted before the legal age, 
to those who had followed the interest of Sylla, 
while the sons and partisans of his enemies, who 
had been proscribed, were deprived of the pri- 
vilege of standing for any office of the state. 

Another, de Magistratibus, by the same, A. U.C. 
673. It ordained that no person should exercise 
the same office within ten years' distance, or be 
invested with two different magistracies in one 
year; and that no one should be praetor before 
being quaestor, nor consul before being praetor. 

Another, de Magistratibus, by the same, 

A. U.C. 673, It divested the tribunes of the pri- 
vilege of making laws, interfering, holding as- 
semblies, and receiving appeals. All such as 
had been tribunes were incapable of holding any 

other office in the state by that law. Another, 

de Majestate, by the same, A. U.C. 670. It made 
it treason to send an army out of a province, or 
engage in a war without orders, to influence the 
soldiers to spare or ransom a captive ge neral of 
the enemy, to pardon the leaders of robbers or 
pirates, or for the absence of a Rom.an citizen, to 
a foreign court, without previous leave. The 

punishment was, aqucB et ignis inter dictio. 

Another, by the same, which gave the power to 
a man accused of murder, either by poison, 
weapons, or false accusations, and the setting 
fire to buildings, to choose whether the jury that 
tried him should give their verdict clam or palam, 

viva voce., or by ballot. Another, by the same, 

which made it aquceet ignis interdictio to such as 
were guilty of forgery, concealing and altering of 
wills, corruption, false accusations, and the de- 
basing or counterfeiting of the public coin; all 
such as were accessary to this offence, were 

deemed as guilty as the offender. Another, de 

pecuniis repetundis, by which a man convicted of 
peculation or extortion in the provinces was con- 
demned to suffer the aquce et ignis interdictio. 

Another, by the same, which gave the power 

to such as were sent into the provinces with any 
government, of retaining their command and 
appointment, without a renewal of it by the se- 
nate, as was before observed. Another, by 

the same, which ordained that the lands of pro- 
scribed person-; should be common, especially 
those about Volaterrse and Fesulae in Etruria, 
which Sylla divided among his soldiers. An- 
other, by C. Cornelius, tribune of the people, 



A. U.C. 6S6; which ordained that no person should 
be exempted from any law, according to the 
general custom, unless 200 senators were present 
in the senate; and no person thus exerripteci, 
could hinder the bill ol his exemption from being 

carried to the people for their concurrence. 

Another, by Nasica, A. U.C. 5&2, to make war 
against Perseus, son of Philip, king of Macedo. 
ma, if he did not give proper satisfaction to the 
Roman people. 

Cornelia, a daughter of Cinna, who was the 
first wife of J. Cassar. She became mother o. 
Julia, Pompey's wife, and was so affectionately 
loved by her husband, that at her death he pro- 
nounced a funeral oration over her body. Pint. 

in Cces. A daughter of Metellus Scipio, who 

married Pompey, after the death of her husband 
P. Crassus. She has been praised for her great 
virtues. When her husband left her in the bay 
of Alexandria, to go on shore in a small boat, she 
saw him stabbed by Achillas, and heard his dying 
groans without the possibility of aiding him. She 
attributed all his misfortunes to his connexion 

with her. Plid. in Pomp. A daughter of Scipio 

Africanus, who married Sempronms Gracchus, 
and was the mother of Tiberius and Caius Grac- 
chus. She was courted by a king; but she pre- 
ferred being the wife of a Roman citizen, to that 
of a monarch. Her virtues have been deservedly 
commended, as well as the wholesome principles 
which she inculcated in her two sons. When a 
Campanian lady made once a show of her jewels 
at Cornelia's house, and entreated her to favour 
her with a sight of her own, Cornelia produced 
her two sons, saying, These are the only jewels 
of which I can boast," She was continually urg- 
ing them to perform some action worthy of tht m; 
and in their youth reproached them that she w as 
still known only as the mother-in-law of Scipio, 
not as the mother of the Gracchi. She bore their 
death with magnanimity, and would speak of 
her loss without a sigh or a tear. Being once 
condoled with, she gravely answered, that " the 
woman who had given birth to the Gracchi could 
not be deemed unfortunate," After her decease, 
the Roman.s erected a statue to her memory, w ith 
this inscription. " To Cornelia, mother of the 
Gracchi." Plut. in Grucch.—Juv. 6, liiT.— Val. 

Max. 4, 4. — Cic. in Brut 58. A vestal virgin, 

buried alive in Domitian's age, as guilty of in- 
continence. Sueton. in Dam. 

CORNELII, an illustrious family at Rome, of 
whom the most distingui-hed were, Caius Cor 
nelius, a soothsayer of Padua, who foretold the 
beginnin^^ and issue of the battle of Pharsalia. 
Dolabella, a friend and admirer of Cleo- 
patra, lie told her that Augustus intended to 
remove her from the monument, where she had 
retired. An officer of Sjlla, whom J. Cae- 
sar bribed to escape the proscription which 

threatened his life. Cn., a man chosen by 

Marcellus to be his colleague in the consulship, 

Cossus, a military tribune during the time 

that there were no consuls in the republic. He 
offered to Jupiter the spoils called opima, alter 
having slain Lar Tolumnius, king of the V< ien- 

tes, A U.C. 318. Liv. 4. 19. Balbus, a man 

of Gades, intimate with Cicero, by whom he was 

ably defended when accused. Scipio, a man 

appointed master of the horse, by Camillus, 

when dictator. Gallus, an elegiac poet. {Vid. 

Gallus.) Merula, was made consul by Augus- 
tus, in the room of Cinna Marcellus, a man 

killed in Spain by Galba C. Nepos, an his- 



COR 



216 



loiian. (Vid Nepos.) Mcrula, a consiil sent 

a-aainst the Boii in Gaul. He killed 14(10 of tiiem. 
h's grandson followed the interest of Sylla; and 
when Marius entered the city he killed himself, 

by opening his veins. Severus, an epic poet 

in the age of Augu-tus, of great genius. He wrote 
a poem on mount iEtna, and on the death of Ci- 
cero. Quiuttl. 10, 1 Thuscus, a mischievous 

person. LentulusCethegus, a consul. Aur. 

Celsus, wrote eight books on medicine, still ex- 
tant, and highly valued, [Vid. Celsus.) Cn. 

and Publ. Seipio. {P'id. Scipio.) Lentulus, a 

high priest, &c, 

CORNici LUM, a town of Latium. Dioti. H:il. 

CORNlFlcIus, a poet and general in the age 
of Augustus, employed to accuse Brutus, &c. 
His compositions were highly valued for their 
ease and elegance, but nothing remains but a few 
letters inserted with those of his friend Cicero. 
His sister Cornificia. was also blessed with a 

poetical genius. Piut. in Brut. A lieutenant 

of J. CiBsar. Id. C(f-s. A friend of Cicero, 

and his colleague in the office of augur. Cic. 
Ait. 1. ep. 1. 

CORNIGER, a surname of Bacchus. 

CORN'UTUS, a native of Africa, who lived and 
taught philosophy at Rome at the beginning of 
Nero s reign. His tenets were those of the Stoic 
sect, and his nam.e was not without distinction in 
that school of philosophy. He excelled in criti- 
cism and poetiy; but his principal studies were 
of a philosophical character. His merit as a 
teacher of the Stoic doctrine sufficiently appears 
from his having been the preceptor ot that hon- 
est advocate for virtue, the satirist Persius. Un- 
Her Nero, he was driven into exile for his free- 
dom of speech. Pers. 5, 36. - Aul. Gell. 6, 2. 
——A prtetor of Rome, in the a?e of Cicern. Cic. 
Fam. 10, ep 12. A Roman, save 1 frL^mthe pro- 
scription of Marius, by his servants, who hunj^ 
up a dead man in his room, and said it was their 
master. Plut. in Mario. 

CORCEBUS, a Phrygian, son of Mygdon and 
Anaximena, He assisted Priam in the Trojan 
war, with the hopes of being rewarded with the 
hand of Cassandra for his services. Cassandra 
advised him in vain to retire from the war. He 
Mas killed by Peneleus. Pans. 10, ■-l.— Virg.JEn. 

2, 341, &c. A courser of Elis, killed by Neop- 

tolemus. He obtained a prize at Olympia, B.C. 
776; from which time the regular dates of the 
olympiads begin. ( Vid Olympia.) Paus. 5, 8. 
-A hero of Argolis, who killed a serpent cal- 
led Pcene, sent by Apollo to avenge Argos, and 
reckoned by some among the Furies. His country, 
when afflicted with the plague, consulted the oia- 
cle of Delphi, which C!)mmanded him to build a 
temple, where a tripod which was given him, 
should fall from hi< hand. Paus. 1, 43. 

CORONE, now Coiofi, a town of Messenia, on 
the western shore of tlie Sinus Messeniacus. Its 
original nam.e was ^Epea; but tiiis was changed 
to Corone. alter the restoration of the Messenians. 
The haven of thi.- town was called the Port of the 
Achffians. Liv. 39, 49.—Plin. 4, 5. 

CORONEA, a town of Boeotia. to the south-east 
of C'lajronea, on a branch of the Cpphis>us. Ir 
was famous as the spot near which the Thebans 
and their allies were defeated bv the Spartans 
under Asresilans. B.C. 334. C. Nep. in A:!;es.~ 

Paus. 9, 34.— Diod. 12. A town of Thessaly, 

r.ear Phar.^alus. 

Corot^Ides. a surname of the god ,'E>cula- 
piiis, as son of C- 'iunis. Odd. Fas:: 6, 746. 



CORONis, a daughter of Phlegias, loved by 
Apollo. She became pregnant by her lover, who i 
killed her on account of her criminal partiality 
to Ischys the Thessalian. Accoidmg to some, 
Diana killed her, for her infidelity to her brother; 
and Mercury saved the child from her womb, as 
she was on the burning pile. Others say, that , 
she brought forth her son and exposed him, near 
Epidaurus, to avoid her father's resentment; and 
they farther mention, that Apollo had set a crow 
to watch her behaviour. The child was preserv- 
ed, and called .Esculapius; and the m.other, after 
death, received divine honours, and had a statue 
at Sicyon, in her son's temple, which was never 

exposed to public view. Pans. 2, 26. The 

daughter of Coronaeus, king of Phocis, changed 
into a crow bv Minerva, when flying before Nep- 

tune. Ovid. 'Met. 2,543. One of the daugh- [ 

ters of Atlas and Pleione. 

CORONTA, a town of Acarnania. Thucyd. 2, 
102. ' 

CORONUS, a son of Apollo. Paus. 2, 5 A 

son of Phoroneus, king of the Lapithae. Diod. 4. 

CORSI, the inhabitants of Corsica. The in- \. 

habitants of northern Sardinia, who came origi- 
nally from Corsica. 

COFSiCA, an island of the Mediterranean, eal- . 
led by the Greeks K6pj/oy. The ancient writers 
represent it as mountainous, woody, and well 
cultivated, only along the eastern coast, where 
the Romans had settlements. Its principal pro- : 
ducts were resin, honey, and wax. The honey, ' 
however, had a bitter taste, in consequence of the 
quantity of yew trees which grew on the island. 
The inhabitants were a rude race of mountain- 
eers, indebted for their subsistence more to the 
produce of their flocks than to the cultivation of ; 
the soil. Seneca, who was bani.shed to this island i; 
in the reign of Claudius, draws a very unfavour- 
able picture of the island and its inhabitants; I' 
describing the former as rocky, tmproductive, " 
and unhealthy, and the latter as the worst of ' 
barbarians. He writes, however, under the in- 
fluence of prejudiced feelings, and many allow- 
ances must be made. The inhabitants derived r, 
their origin Irom Iberian and Ligurian tribes. F 
The Phocffians, on migrating from Asia, settled 
here for a time, but were driven out finally by j,' 
the Tyrrhenians and Carthaginians. The Ro- ^. 
mans became masters of the island B.C. 231, fi 
and used it as a place of exile. Diod. Sic. 5, 13 ! 
et ]i.—.Vi7g. Eel. 9, di\—Ovid. Am. 1, el. 12.— P 
Senec. de Consol. c.d Heiv. 6, S. ';: 

CortsoTE, a to^n of Mesopotamia, on the [' 
river Masca, according to Xenophon. D'Anville 
places it at the confluence of the Masca and Eu- P 
phrates. Xen. Anab. b. V 

CORSURA. an island in the bay of Carthage. I 

CORTONA, a town of Etruria, a short distance I 
. north-w est of the Lacus Thrasymenus, and about r 
fourteen miles south of Arretium. It is supposed I. 
to have been built on the ruins of an ancient [' 
town called Corythus, and is known by that ap- ]' 
peU.ition in Virgil. It retains at present its |' 
ancient name of Cortona. Virg. ^n. 3, 170. 
l.-m.— Sil. Ital. 5, U-3.—Dionys. H. 1, 20 et - 
2'J. ■ 

T. CORUNCAMUS. the first plebeian who was ; 

made hi^h priest at Rome. The family of the ( 

Coruncanii w as famous for the number of great |, 
men w hich it supplied, for the service and honour j 
of the Rom.an republic. Cic. pro Dome. 

CORCS, a river of Arabia, falling into the Red | 
sea. Herod. 3, 9. I, 



'! COR 

I COKVlNUS, a name given to M, Valerius from 
a crow, which assisted him when he was lighting 

I r>.t;ainst a Gaul An orator. Paterc. 2, 36. 

Wessala, an eloquent orator intlae Augustan age. 
fid. Messala. 
I CoilYBANTES, the priests of Cybele, called 
I also Galli. In the celebration of their festivals, 
! they beat their cymbals, and behaved as if deli- 
' riiius. They first dwelt on mount Ida, and from 
I thence passed into Crete, and secretly brought up 
Jupiter. Some suppose that they derive their 
I origin from Corybas, son of Jasus and Cybele, 
I who appointed them to perform religious service 
I to his mother in the island of Crete and in Phry- 
gia. Others deduce the name from their moving 
along in a kind of dance, and tossing the head to 

1 and fro, (a-n-i toC «opt7rrJvras ^alfSLV.) Diod. 5. 

1 —tilrab. Id. — Horat. 1, od. 16. 

CORYBANTiCA, a festival observed at Cnossus 
I in Crete, in memory of the Corybantes, who 
j educated Jupiter when concealed in that island 
j from his father Saturn. 

jj Corybas, a son of Jasus and Cybele. Diod. 

6. A paaiter, disciple to Nicomachus. Flin. 

33,11. 

I CORYCIDES, the. nymphs who inhabited the 
I foot of Parnassus. This name is often applied to 
: the Muses. Ovid. Met. 1, 320. 

CoRYCiUM Antrum, a cave or grotto on 
mount Parnassus, about 60 stadia from Delphi, 
and higher up the mountain. It was so large, 
that on the approach of the Persians, the greater 
part of the Delphians sought refuge in its recess, 
it v.as sacred to the Corycian nymphs, and to 
the god Pan. Puus. 10, 32.— Herod. 8, 36. 

CORYCius, an ohl man of Tarentum, whose 
time was liappily employed in taking care of his 
bees. He is represented by Virgil, G. 4, 127, &c., 
j as a contented old man, whose assiduity and di- 
! ligence are exemplary. Some suppose that the 
i word Corycius, implies not a person of that name, 
but a native of Corycus, who had settled in Italy, 
i Corycus, now Korghos, a town of Ciiicia 
Campestris, on the coast, south-east of Seleucia 
"trachea. In its vicinity was produced excellent 
saffron, A little above it were several large ca- 
verns, one of which was called the Corycium 
Antrum; and another, much farther inland, was 
labled to have been the residence of the giant 

Typhoeus. Strab. H. — Mela, 1, 13 A pro- 

montory of Ionia, south-east of the southern ex- 
tremity of Chios, now Cape Kourko. It was a 
famous place of retreat for pirates and robbers, 

CoRYDON, a fictitious name of a shepherd, 
often occurring in the pastorals of Theocritus 
and Virgil. 

CORYMBiFER, a surname of Bacchus, from 
his wearing a crown of corymbi, certain berries 
that grow on the ivy. Ovid. Fast. 1, 393. 

CORYNETA and CORYNETES, a famous rob- 
ber, son of Vulcan. He for a while plundered 
and terrified the neighbourhood of Epidaurus, 
till he was killed by Theseus, Plut. in Thes. 

CORYPHASIUM, a promontory on the western 
coast of Messenia, north of Meihone, now Cape 
Zonchio, There was a town of the same name 
on it, to which the inhabitants of Pylos retired 
after the destruction of their town. Paus. 4, 36. 

CORYFHE, a daughter of Oceanus. Cic. de 
Nat. D. 3, 23. 

CORYTUS, an ancient king of Etruria, father to 
Jasius, whom Dardanus is said to have put to 
death to obtain the kingdom. He gave his name 
to a town of Etruria, now Cortonu, near which 



Dardanus was born. (F«c?. Cortona.) Virg. cEn. 
3, 170. 7, 209.— 3, 1:^3. 4, 721. 

Cos, an island of the JSgean one of the Spor- 
ades, west of the promonroi y of Doris. Its ear- 
lier names were iVlerope, Cea, and Nymphaea. 
It is now called Stan-co. It gave birth to Hip- 
pocrates, Apelles, and Philetas, and was famous 
for its exceeding fertility, for the beautiful and 
sanative wine which it produced, and for the 
manufacture of silk of a very fine texture. The 
women of the island always dressed in white; 
they were said to have been changed into cows 
by Juno, because they reproached her for having 
allowed Hercules to lead Geryon's herds through 
their territories. The chief town was Cos, called 
anciently Astypala?a, in the suburbs of which 
stood a magnificent temple of ^Esculapius. Ho- 
mer. II. 2, 181. 14, 255.— Ovid. A. A. 3, 401.— 
Hor. Od. 4, 13, 13. Sut. 2. 4. 23.— Flin. 1!, 22,23. 

COSA, and COSSA, or COSS^, amaritime town 
of Etruria, on the promontory of mount Argent- 
arius, north-west of Centum Cellie. it was situate 
at a little distance from the modern Ansedonia, 
which is now itself in ruins. PHn. 3,5. — Virg. 

JE71. 10, m.—Vell. Paterc. 1, 14,. A city of 

Lucania, in Italy, near the source of the river 
Cylastarnus. Ccbs. B. C. 3, 22. 

COSCONIUS, a Latin writer. Varro de L. L. 
5.- — A wretched epigram writer. Martial. 2, 
ep. 77. 

Cosis, a brother to the king of Albania, killed 
by Pompey. Plut. in Pomp. 

COSMUS, an effeminate Koman. Juv. 8. 

Cossus, a surname given to the family of the 

Cornelii. A. Cornel,, a Roman, who killed 

Lar, Tolumnius, king of Veii, and was the second 
who obtained the Spolia Opima, A.U.C. 318. 
Firg JEn. 6, 841. 

Cossu rn, a family of Rome, of which Cossu- 
tia, Cagsar s wife, was descended. Suet, in Cess. 1. 

CosiRA, a barren island in the African sea, 
near iVlclita. Ovid. Fast. 3, 567. 

COTES, a promontory of Mauritania, now Cape 
Sparlel. It was called Cotes by the Carthagin- 
ians and Phoenicians, from the number of excel- 
lent vines w hich grew in the neighbourhood; and 
hence the Greeks translated this name into their 
own language, calling it Ampelusia, Mela, 1, 5. 

COTHON, a small island near the citadel of 
Carthage, with a convenient bay, which served 
for a dock-yard. Diod. 3. 

CoTiso, a king of the Daci, whose army in- 
vaded Pannonia, and was defeated by Corn. 
Lentulus, the lieutenant of Augustus. Itis said 
that Augustus solicited his daughter in marriage. 
Suet, in Aug. 63.- Horat. Od. 3, 8, 18. 

COTTA, M. AURELius, a Roman, who oppos- 
ed Marius. He was consul with LucuUus; and 
when in Asia, he was defeated by sea and land, 
by Mithridates. He was surnamed Ponticus, 
because he took Pleracleaof Pontus by treachery. 
Plut. in LuciiU. An orator, greatly commend- 
ed by Cicero de Orat. A governor of Paphla- 

gonia, very faithful to Sardanapalus. Diod. 2. 

A spendthrift, in the age of Nero, &c. Tacit. 

An officer of Caesar, in Gaul, A poet men- 
tioned by Ovid in Ep. de Pont. 

COTTI^ Alpes, novi Mont St. Genevre, gener- 
ally, though erroneously, supposed to be the 
place where Annibal passed on his invasion of 
Italy. They tock their name from Cottius, an 
Alpine chieftain, who held a kind of sovereignty 
over several valleys among the Alps, Amm. 
Marc. 15, \0.—Suet. Ncr. 18. 



218 



CRA 



COTTUS, a ffiant, sHjn of Ci^lus and Terra, who 
nal lUU hands and 50 heads. Heiiod Theog. 
147. 

COTY^UM, now Kutaya, a town of Phrygia, 
south of Dorjlffium. 

COTYL^CS, a surname of JEsculapius, wor- 
shipped on the borders of the Eurotas. His 
temple was raised by Hercules. Pans. '3, 19. 

CoTVOEA. a city of Asia Minor, fou-ided bv a 
cohjnv from Smope. Now, Buzuk Kali. Diod. 
U. 

COTYS, the father of Asia. Herod. 4, 45. 

A son of Manes by C.illirhoe, who .succeeded his 

father on the throne of Maeonia. A kin? of 

Tnrace. C. Xep. in Iphic. Another, who 

tivoured the interest nf Pompey. He was of an 

irascible temper. Lucan. b, 54. Another, 

kinsr of Thrace, who divided thp kingdom with 
his uncle, by whom he was killed. It is the 
same to whom Ovid writes from his banishment. 

Tacit. Ann 2 64 — Ovid, de Pont. 2, ep. 9. A 

king of th<- O lrysae. Liv. 42, 29. A king of 

Armenia Minf)r, who fought asainst Mithridates, 
in the age ot Claudius. Tacit. An7i. 11 et 13. 

COTYTTO. the goddess of all debauchery, 
whose festivals called Cotyitia, were celebrated 
by the Athenians. Corinthians, Thracians, &c. 
during the night. Her priests were called Baptas, 
and nothing but debauchery and w antonness pre- 
vailed at the celebration. A festival of the same 
name was observed in Sicily, where the votaries 
of the goddess carried about boughs hung with 
cakes and fruit, which it was lawful for any per- 
S(!n to pluck off. It was a capital punishment to 
reveal whatever was seen or done at these sacred 
festivals; and it cost Eupolis his life for an un- 
sea.«onable reflection upon them. The goddess 
Cotytto is supposed to be the same as Proserpine 
or Ceres. Herat. Epod. 17, b^.—Juv. 2. 91. 

Crag US, a ridge of woody mountains in Lyeia, 
sacred to Diana, running along the eastern shore 
of the Sinus Telmessieus. The fabulous monster 
Chimasra, said to have been subdued by Bellerc- 
phon, was a volcano in this ridge, which he cul- 
tivated. Ovid. Met. 9, QVD.—Horat. Od. 1, 21. 

Cranai. a surname of the Athenians, from 
their kin? Cranaus. Herod. S, "^4. 

Cranaus, the second king of Athens, w ho suc- 
ceeded Cecrops, and reigned nine years, B.C. 
1497. Paus. 1, 2. 

Craxii, a town of Cephallenia, situate in the 
same gulf with Palise. Strah. 10. 

Cranon and Cran^JON, a town of Thessaly, 
FOufh-<^ast of Pharsalus, where Antipater and 
Craterus defeated the Athenians after Alexander's 
death. Liv. 26, 10. 42 64. 

Grantor, the last philosopher of the old aca- 
demy, was a native of Soloe in Cilicia, and flour- 
ished about 3O0 B.C. He was the first who wrote 
commentaries on the works of Plato, and hia vir- 
tues have been celebrated both by Cicero and 
Horace. Cic. Ac. Qu. 4, -14. Tusc ' Qu. 3, 6.— 

Herat. Ep. 1, 2, 3. An armour-bearer ol Pc- 

leus, killed by Demoleon. Ovid. Met. 12, 361. 

CrassIpes, a surn.ime of the lamily ol the 
Furii, one of whom married Tullia, Cicero's 
dai.ghter, whom he soon after divorced. Cic. 
Att 4. ep. b.— Liv. 33, 42. 

L. CrassitIus, a man who opened a schoo^ 
at Rome. Siiet. de Gramin. IS. 

Crassus, the grandfather of Cra5su> the Ricl^ 
who never laughed. Plin. 7 lO.—— Publ. I.ici 
nius, a Roman hiih-pri^-st about 131 years 15. C 
who went into Asia with an arary against .Mi> 



tonipus, where he was killed and buried at 
Smyrna. Patera. 2, 4. M Licinius, a cele- 
brated Roman, surnamed Rich, on accoimt of his 
opulence. At first he was very circumscribed in 
his circumstances; but, by educating slaves, and 
selling them at a high price, he soon enriched 
himself. The cruelties of Cinna obliged him to 
leave Rome; and he retired to Spain, where h 
remained concealed for eight months. After 
Cirma's death he passed into Africa, and thence 
to Italy, where he served Sylla. and ingratiated 
himself in his favour. When the gladiators, w ith 
Spartacus at their head, had spread an universal 
alarm in Italy, and defeated some of the Roman 
generals, Crassus was sent against them. A 
battle was fought, in %vhich Crassus slaughtered 
12 0:'0 of the slaves; and by this decisive blow 
he soon put an end to the war, and was honoured 
with an ovatio at his return. He was soon aftt-r 
made consul with Pompey; and in this high of- 
rice he displayed his opulence, by entertaining 
the populace at 10.000 tables. He was afterwards 
censor, and formed the first triumvirate wuh 
Pompey and Ctesar. As his love of riches was 
moie predominant than that of glory, Crassus 
never imitated the ambitious conduct of his col- 
leagues, but was satisfied with the province ol 
Syria, which seemed to promise an inexhaustible 
source of wealth. With hopes of enlarging bis 
possessions, he, though the omens proved unfa- 
vourable, and though his frie.nos deprecated his 
departure, and his enemies openly threatened 
his ruin, set off from Rome, and embarked at 
Bnxndusrum. He crossed the Euphrates, and, 
•orgetful of the rich cities of Babylon and Seleu- 
c-ia, he hastened to make himself master of Par- 
thia. He was betrayed in his march by the delay 
of Artavasdes, king of Armenia, and the perfidy 
of Ariamnes. He was met in a large plain by 
Surena. the general of the forces of Orodes, the 
king of Parthia: and a battle was fought in w hich 
•20 000 Romans were killed, and 10,000 taken pri- 
soners. The darkness of the night favoured the 
escape of the rest, and Crassus, forced by the 
mutiny and turbulence of his soldiers, and the 
treachery of his guides, trusted himself to the 
general of the enemy, on pretence of proposing 
lerms of accommodation, and he was put to 
death, B.C. 53. His head was cut off, and sent 
to Orodes, who, to insult his misfortunes, and to 
deride his avarice, poured melted sold down his 
throat. The firmness with which Crassus re- 
ceived the news of his son's death, who perished 
in that expedition, has been deservedly com- 
mended; and the words that he uttered when he 
surrendered himself into the hands of Surena. 
equally claim our admiration. He was wont 
often to say, that no man ought to be accounted 
rich if he could not maintain an army. Though 
he has been called avaricious, yet he was liberal 
and generous in his intercourse w ith bis friends, 
and the hospitality with which he treated the 
Romans could not always be attributed to sordid 
or interested motives. 'At all times eaecr to re- 
lieve distress, he always showed himself willing 
to lend money unsolicited to his lriend.«;, and 
without interest. He was fond of philosophy, 
and his knowledge of history was great and ex- 
tensive. Plutarch has written his liie. F!or. 3, 
11. Publius, the son of the rich Crassus. pos- 
sessed sreat i>)v\ers of mind, with a highly culti- 
vated understanding, but military glory, the pus. 
?ion of the times, was his favourite pursuit. 
After displaying his valour in the armies of Cji;- 



CRA 



219 



CRE 



I sftr in Gaul, he accompanied his father into Par- 

■ thia at the head of a chosen troop of a thousand 
' horse. When he saw himself in the fatal battle 

■ surrounded by the enemy, and without any hope 

■ of escape, he ordered one of his men to run him 
I through. His head was cut off; and, fixed on a 
I spear, was shown with insulting triumph to his 
i father and his army by the Parthians. Plut, in 

I Crass. L. Licinius, a celebrated Roman ora- 
tor, deservedly commended by Cicero, and intro- 
duced in his book De oratore as the principal 
speaker. Besides his great abilities as an orator, 
'' and as a man of letters, Ciassus possessed the 
j v»isdom of a senator, the intrepidity of a soldier, 
1 and the integrity of a magistrate. He passed 
\ through all the public offices of the state, in 
i which he had his friend Sceevola for colleague, 
! except in the tribuneship and censorship; and as 
I the governor of Gaul, he gained popularity by 
his justice and vigilance, and merited the honours 
of a triumph, which, however, were through 
! intrigue refused to his services. During a ve- 
j hement debate in the seriate with Philippus, 
Crassuswas suddenly seized with a pain in his 
side, which in seven days terminated his life: 
happy, as Cicero observes, in not being a witness 
' of the many calamities which soon after afflicted 
Rome. Cic. de Or. 3, 12.— Jrf. in Ferr. 3,1.— 

Id. pro Font. 7 Id. Off. 1, 30, &c. A son of 

Crassus the Rich, killed in the civil wars, after 
! Cajsar's dea h. 

i Crastinus, a man in Cajsar's army, killed at 
the battle of Pharsalia. C(ss. Bell. G. 3, D9. 

Ceatais, the mother of Scylla, supposed to 
be the same as Hecate. Earn. Odyss. 12, 121. 

Crater, or Sinus Crater, a name ancient- 
ly e:iven, from its form, to the Gulf of Naples. 
CRAtIrus, one of Alexander's generals. He 
[ rendered himself conspicuous by his literary 
' fame, as well as by his valour in the field, and 
wrote the history of Alexander's life. He was 
greatly respected and loved by the Macedonian 
soldiers, and Alexander always trusted him with 
unusual confidence. After Alexander's death, 
he subdued Greece with Antipater, and passed 
with his colleague into Asia, where he was killed 
in a battle against Eumenes, B.C. 321. He had 
received for his .share of Alexander's kingdoms, 
Greece and Epirus. Nep. in Eumen. 2. — Justin, 

12 et 13.— Cwr^. 3. — Arrian.—Plut. in Alex. 

An eminent physician, intimate with Cicero and 
Atticus. Cic ad Attic. 12, ep. 13.— Hot at. Sat. 

2, 3, Idl.—Persius, 3, 63. A painter, whose 

pieces adorned the public buildings of Athens. 

Flin. 35, 11. An Athenian, who collected into 

one body all the decrees which had passed in the 
public assemblies at Athens. 

Crates, a philosopher of Bceotia, son of As- 
condus, and disciple of Diogenes the Cynic. B.C. 
'6H. He sold his estate, the produce of which he 
gave to the poor, that he might study philosophy 
without disturbance. Th^ ugh ugly, old, and 
filthy, a lady named Hipparchia, fell in love with 
him, and became his wife. Some of his apoph- 
thegms and letters are extant, Diog. in I'ita. 

A native of Pergamus, who wrote an account of 
the most striking events of every age, B.C. 165. 

/Rhnn de Anim. 17. 9. A philosr.pher of 

Athens, who succeeded in the school of his mas- 
ter Polemon. Crates and Polemon had long 
been attached to each other by a similarity of 
dispositions and pursuits. Their friendship was 
uninterrupted whilst they lived, and they were 
both buried in tne same grave. An Athenian, 



originally an actor, and n ho in that capacity 
performed the principal characters in the playa 
of Cratinus. Afterwards, about B.C. 450, he be- 
gan to write comedies himself. His style is said 
to have 1 een gay and fiicetious; yet the few frag- 
ments of his compositions which remain are of a 
serious cast. 

Cratesiclea, the mother of Cleomenes, who 
went to Effvpt in hopes of serving her countrv, 
&c. Plut. in Cleom. 

Cratesipolis, a queen of Sicyon, who se- 
verely punished some of her subjects, who had 
revolted at the death of Alexander, her husband, 
&c. Polycev. B. 58. 

CRATESIFPIDAS, a commander of the Lace- 
daemonian fleet, against the Athenians, &c. 
Diod. 13. 

Crathts, a river of Arcadia, which had its 
source in a mountain of the same name, and ran 
through Achaia into the Sinus Corintbiacus. it 
was from this stream that the Italian Crathis, 
which flowed between Crotona and Sybaris, de- 
rived its appellation. He7od. 1, lid. — Strab. h. 

A river of Lucania, rising in the Apennines, 

near Consentia, and fallins into the Sinus Tan n 
tinijs, between Crotona and Sybaris. Its wateis 
were said to possess the property of eiving a yel-. 
low colour to the hair of those who bathed in 
them. It is now the Crati. Strab. 6. 

Cratinus, a comic poet of Athens, who flour- 
ished about B.C. 441'. He is recorded to have 
composed thirty-eight comedies, and to have 
been nine times victor. He was one of tho.se 
who freely indulged in personal satire, and amoT'g 
other public characters is said to have attacked 
Pericles. He was also much addicted to convi- 
viality; and Horace quotes his authority against 
water-drinking poets. Quintilian enumerates 
him among the principal of the comic poets, 
who?e works he recommends as useful in form- 
ing an orator. Notwithstanding his intemper- 
ance, he lived to an extreme old age, dying B.C. 
4ol. in his ninety-seventh year. Nothing re- 
mains of his composition but a few verses, from 
which no judgment can be formed. Horat. Epist. 
1, 19. Sat. 1, i.—Persius, 1, 123.— Quinct. 10, 1. 

Cratippus, a philosopher of Mitylene, who, 
am.ong others, taught Cicero's son at Athens. 
After the battle of Pharsalia, Pompey visited the 
house of Cratippus, where their discourse was 
chiefly turned upon Providence, which the war- 
rior blamed, and the philosopher defended. Plut. 
in Pomp. — Cic. in Offic. !.- An historian, con- 
temporary with Thucydides. Dionys. Hal. 

Cratylus a philosopher, preceptor to Plato 
after Socrates. 

CRAUGTyE, two i.slands on the coast of Argolis, 
off Cape Spiraea. 

CRAUX3DAS, a man who obtained an Olymjiic 
crown at a horse race. Paxis. 5, 8. 

Cremera, now la Valca^ a small river of Tus- 
cany, running between Veii and Rome, and ifJ- 
ling into the Tiber. It is famous for the surprise 
and slaughter of the Fabii by the Veienfes. Ac- 
cording to Livy, 306 of the Fabii fell into an am- 
buscade, and were cut to pieces near this river; 
one alone of the whole family surviving, who, by 
reason of his tender years, had been left at 
Rome. He was the grandfather of Fabius Maxi- 
mus. Ovid. Fast.% 205.— Juv. 2, 155. 

Cremmyon and Crommyon, a town near 
Corinth, where Theseus killed a sow of uucom 
mon bigness. Ovid. Met. 7. 435. 

CREMNA, or Cremni, a fort m the interior of 
T2 



CRE 



CUE 



Pisidia, lying on the declivity of Taurus, nearly 
six miles north of Selga. King Amyntas took 
it from the Pisidians; and after his death it icil, 
in the reign of Augustus, into the hands of the 
Romans, who established a colony there. It is 
generally supposed to be represented by the mo- 
dern Kebrinas. Strab. 12. A commercial 

town on the Palus Masotis, probably near the 
modern Taganrock Herod. 4, 2. 

Cremona, a town of Cisalpine Gaul, north- 
east of Plact^ntia, and a little north of the Po. 
It was a Roman colony, and suffered much dur- 
ing the second Punic war, as well as in the civil 
contentions of Augustus, and was at last destroy- 
ed by the partisans of Vespasian, in the war with 
Vitellius. It was, however, soon afterwarls 
rebuilt with considerable magnificence. Liv. 
37, ^Q. — Tacit. Hist. 3, 33 et 34.— P/m. 3, 19. 

Cremonis Jugum, a part of the Alps, over 
which, as some suppose, Annibal passed to enter 
Italy. Liv. 21, 38. 

Cremutius Cordus, an historian, who wrote 
an account of Augustus, and of the civil wars, 
and starved himself for fear of the resentment of 
Tiberius, whom he had offended by calling Cas- 
sius the last of the Romans. Tacit. Ann. 55, 34, 
35.— Sue^ in Aug. 35. Iiu Tib. 60. In Calig. 
16. 

Crenis, a nvmpb mentioned by Ovid, Met. 12, 
313. 

Creon, king of Corinth, was son of Sisyphus. 
He promised his daughter Glauce to Jason, who 
repudiated Medea, after he had lived ten years 
with her in perfect felicity under the protection 
and in the house of the' Corinthian king. To 
revenge the success of her rival, Medea sent her 
for a present, a gown covered with po son. 
Glauce put it on, and was seized with sudden 
pains. Her body took fire, and she expired in 
the greatest torments. The house was also con- 
sumed by the fire, and Creon and his family 
shared Glance's fate. ApoUod. 1, 9. 3, l.—Eu- 

rip. in Med.~Hygin.fab. 25.— Diod. 4 A son 

of Menoetius, father to Jocasta, the wife and mo- 
ther of CEdipus. At the death of Laius, who had 
married Jacasta, Creon ascended the vacant 
throne of Thebes. As the ravages of the Sphinx 
{Fid. Sphinx) spread desolation and terror 
through the country, Creon offered his crown 
and daughter in marriage to him who could ex- 
plain the enigma* which the monster proposed. 
CEdipus was happy in his explanations, and he 
ascended the throne of Thebes, and married Jo- 
casta without knowing that she was his mother, 
and by h^r he had two sons, Eteodes and Pcly- 
nices. These two sons mutually agreed, alti r 
iheir father's death, to reign in the kinsdom each 
alternately. Eteocles first ascended the throne 
by right of seniority; but when he was once in 
power, he refused to resign at the appointed 
time, and his brother led against him an army of 
Argives to support his right. The war was de- 
cided by single combat between the two brothers. 
They both killed one another, Rnd Creon as- 
cended the throne, till Leodamas the son of 
Eteocles should be of sufficient aae to assume 
the reins of government. In his regal capacity, 
Creon commanded that the Argives, and more 
particularly Polynices, who was the cause of all 
the bloodshed, should remain unburicd. If this 
was in any manner disobeyed, the offenders were 
to be buried alive. Antigone, the sister of Poly - 
nice.s, transgressed, and was accordingly punish- 
efl. Hjemom the son of Creon, who passionately 



loved Antigone, killed himself on her grave, 
when his father refused to grant her pardon. 
Creon was afterwards killed by Theseus, wh'> 
had made war against him at the request ( f 
Adrastus, because he refused burial to the Ar- 
gives. {Fid. Eteocles, Polvnices, Adrastus, CE- 
dipus.) ApoUod. 3, 56. &.c.—Paus. 1, 39. 9, 5, 
x-c —Stat, in Theb.—Sophocl. in Aniig.—jEschyl. 
Sept. ante Theb.—Hygin. /ab. 67 et 76.— Diod. 1 

et 4. The first annual archon at Athens, 6;4 

B.C. Paterc.l,S. 

CREONTiAdes. a son of Hercules by Megara, 
diiughter of Creon, killed by his father because 
he had slain Lycus. 

Creophylus, a native of Samos, who com- 
posed, under the title of Ol;iaXi'ay a'Aao-iy "The 
conquest of CEclialia," an epic poem comme- 
morative of the exploits of Hercules. According 
to an ancient trndition. Homer himself was the 
author of this piece, and gave it to Creophylus as 
a return for the hospitable reception which he 
had received under his roof. In an epigram of 
Calliniachus, however, Creophylus is named as 
the real author. Strab. 12. 

CreperIls PollIo a Roman, who spent his 
all in the most extravagant debauchery. Juv. 
9, 6. 

Cres, an inhabitant of Crete. The first 

king of Crete. Pans. 8, 53. 

Cresfhontes, a son of Aristomachus, who, 
wi(h his brothers Temenus and Aristodemus, at- 
tempted to recover the Peloponnesus. Paics. 4, 
3, &c. 

Cressius, belonging to Crete. Firg. ^n. 4, 
70. 8, 294. 

CrestoK, a town of Thr-ace, the capital pro- 
bably of the district of Cresonia. 

Crestonia, a district of Thrace, to the north 
of Anthemus and Bolbe, chiefly inhabited by a 
remnant of Peiasgi. It is now called Caradagh. 
Herod. 1, 57. 

Cresus and Ephesus two men whobuiltthe 
temple of Diana at E he&u^ Pans. 7, 2. 

Creta, now Candia, oneuf the lar": est islands 
of the Mediterranean sea, at the south of all the 
Cyclades. It is said to have obtained its name 
from Cres, a son of Jupiter and the nymph Idcea, 
It is likewise designated among the poets and 
mythological writers by the several appellations 
of Aeria, Doliche, Idjea, and Telchini.i. It is 
about 140 miles in length, and from 15 to 3(i in 
breadth. Though the interior is very mountain- 
ous and woody, it is intersected with valleys, ihe 
rich fertility of which is increased by the happy 
temperature of its climate. It w as once famous 
for its hundred cities, and for the laws which the 
wisdom of Minos established there. The inha- 
bitants, in the earlier patt of their history, were 
a just and wise people, but they degenerated so 
far as to be charged w ith the grossest vices. Ju- 
piter, as some authors report, was edupnted in 
that island by the Corybantes, and the Cret.ms 
boasted that they could show his tomb. There 
were different colonies from Phrygia, Doris, 
Achaia, &c. that established themselves there. 
The island, after groaning under the tyranny of 
democratical usurpation, and feeling the sctuirge 
of frequent sedition, was made a Roman pro- 
vince, B C. G6. after a war of three years, in 
which the inhabitants were so distressed, that 
they were even compelled to "drink the water of 
their cattle. Chalk was produced in great abun- 
dance there, and was thence call ^d Creln letru, 
or simply Creta. Horat. Od. 1, 36, 10. EjkaI. 9. 



CRE 



221 



CRI 



—Orid. Fast. 3, 444. Epist. in, 106.— Foi. Max. 
7, &.~Strab. 10.— Lucafi. 3, 1S4. — FtVg-. ^n. 3, 
itil. - Mela. 2, 1.— Hin. 4, J 2. 

CliET/EUS, a poet aifiitioued by Propertius. 2, 
el. 34, v:-), 

CRETK, the wife of Minos. Apollod 3,!. 

A d;iii:;hier of Deucalion. Id. 3, 3. 
Crktes, inhabitants of Crete. Virg. ^n. 4, 

m. 

Crete us, a Trojan, distinguished as a poet 
and ni'^j cian. He followed ^neas, and was 
kilii-d bv Turnus. Virg. ^n. 9, 774. An- 
other, kiiled by Turnus. Id. 12, 538. 
, CRETHEIS. the wife of Acastus king of lol- 
chos, who fell in love with Peleus,son of ^acus, 
■ and accused him of attempts upon her virluf, 
because he' refused to comply with her wishes, 
&c. She is called by some Hippolyte or Astya- 
damia. Pindar. Nein. 4. 

Crbthhus, a son of iEolus, father of Mson, 
by Tyro his brother's daughter. Apollod. 1, 7, 
&c. 

Crkthon, a son of Diodes, engaged in the 
Trojan war on the side of Greece. He was slain, 
with his brother Orsilochus, by iEneas. Horn. 
II. ^, 540. 

CretICUS, a certain orator. Juv. 2, 67. A 

surname of M. Antony's father. 

Creusa, a daughter of Creon, king of Corinth. 
As she was going to marry Jason, who had di- 
vorced Medea, she put on a poisoned garment, 
which immediately set her body on fire, and she 
expired in the most excruciating torments. She 
had received this gown as a gift from Medea, 
who wished to take that revenffe upon the infide- 
lity of Jason. Some call her Glance. Ovid, de 

Art. Am. 1, 335 A daughter of Priam, king 

of Troy, by Hecuba. She married iEneas, by 
whom she had some children, among which was 
Ascanius. When Troy was taken, she fled in the 
night with her husband; but they were separated 
in the midst of the tumult, and JEnesiS could 
not recover her, nor hear where she was. Cy- 
bele saved her, and carried her to her temple, 
of which she became priestess; according to the 
relation of Virgil, who represents Creusa as ap- 
pearing to her husband in a vision, while he was 
seeking her in the noise and tumultuous confu- 
sion of the fight. She predicted to ^neas the 
calamities that attended him, the fame he should 
acquire when he came to Italy, and his conse- 
quent marriage with a princess of the country. 
Pans 10, 16. - Virg.^n. 2, 562, &c -A daugh- 
ter of Erechtheus, king of Athens. She was 
mother of Janus by Apollo. 

Creusis, or Creusa, a town of Boeotia, on 
the Sinus Corinthiacus. It was the harbour of 
Thesuiae. Pans. 9, 32.— Liv. 38, 21. 

Criasus, ason of Argos, king of Peloponnesus. 
Apollod. 2, 1. 

Crimisus. or Crimissus, a river on thewest- 
em parts of Sicily near Segesta, where Timoleon 
defeated the Carthaginian forces. It discharged 
itself into the Hypsa. It is now the Belcidestro. 

C. J^'fp. in Tim — Virg. ^n. 5, 38. The word 

in the various editions of Virsil, is spelt Cremis- 
sus. Criinissus, Crimisus, Crimesus, Crinisus, 

Crimnisus. The Crinisus was a Trojan prince, 

who exposed his daughter on the sea, rather than 
suffer her to be devoured by the sea monster 
wiiic'i Neptunp sent to punish the infidelifv of 
Laomedon. {Vid. Laomedon.) The daughter 
. ame saff to the shores of Sicily. Crinisus some 
tune after went in quest of his daughter, and was 



so disconsolate for her loss, that the gods chang- 
ed him into a river in Sicily, and granted him 
the power of metamorphosing himself into what- 
ever shape he pleased. He made use of this pri- 
vilege to seduce the neighbourinjf nymphs. A 

river of the Brutii in Magna Grajcia, tailing into 
the Sinus Terentinus, north of Crotona, near 
Petilia. It is now the Fiumenica. 

CRINIPFUS, a general of Dionysius the elder. 

CRINO, a daughter of Antenor. Paus. 10, 27. 
One of the Danaides. Apollod 

Crison, a man of Himera, who obtained a 
prize at Olympia, &c. Paus. 5, 23. 

Crispina, a Roman matron, &c. Tacit. Hist, 
1, 47. 

Crisfinus, a praetorian, who, though origin- 
ally a slave in Egypt, was, after the acquisition 
of liches, raised to the honours of Roman knight- 
hood by Domitian. Juv. 1,26. A stoic philo- 
sopher, as remarkable for his loquacity as for the 
foolish and tedious poem which he wrote, to ex- 
plain the tenets of his own sect, to which Horace 
alludes in the last verses of Sat. 1, 1. 

Crispus Sallustius. Vid. Sallustius. 

Virio, a (amous orator. Quinttl. 10, 1. The 

second husband of Agrippina. Flav. Jul., a 

son of the great Constantine, made Caesar by 
his father, and distinguished for valour and 
extensive knowledge. Fausta, his stepmother, 
wished to seduce him; and when he refused, she 
accused him before Constantine, who believed 
the crime, and caused his son to be poisoned, 
A.D. 3i6. 

CRisSiEUS Sinus, an arm of the Sinus Corin 
thiacus, on the northern shore. It extends into 
the country of Phocis, and had at its head the 
city of Crissa, whence it took its name. It is 
now called the Gulf of Salona. 

CRITAla, a town of Cappadocia. Herod. 7,26. 

Critheis, a daughter of Meianippus, who 
became pregnant by an unknown person, and 
afterwards married Phemieis of Smyrna, and 
brought forth the poet Homer, according to He- 
rod, in vita. 

Crithote, a town of the Thracian Cherson- 
esus. C. Nep. 

Critias, one of the thirty tyrants sf^i over 
Athens by it.e Spartans. He was eloquent and 
well-bred, but of dangerous principles, and he 
cruelly persecuted his enemies, and put them to 
death. He was kiiled in a battle against those 
citizens whom his oppression had banished. He 
had been among the disciples of Socrates, and 
had written elegies and other compositions, < f 
which some fragments remain. CYc. de Orut. i 

CRITO, one of the disciples of Socrates \*ho 
attended his learned preceptor in his last mo- 
ments, and composed some dialogues now lest. 

Diog A physician in the age of Art^xerxea 

Longimarius. An historian of Naxus, who 

wrote an account of all that had happened dur- 
ing eight particular years of his life. A Mace- 
donian histfirian, who wrote an account of Pal- 
lene, of Persia, of the foundation of Syracuse, of 
the Get*, &c. 

CRITOBULUS, a general of Phocis, at the battle 
of Thermopylae, between Antiochus and the Ro. 

mans. Paus 10, 20. A physician in the at'e 

of Philip king of Macedonia. Plin. 7, 37 A 

son of Crito, disciple to Socrates Diog. in 
Crit. 

CRfTQGNATUS, A celebrated warrior o*" Alesia^ 
'.^hen C s-sar was in Gaul. Ccrs. Bell. (rail. 
CiUTOLAUS, a citi/en of Tegea in AicadiA, 
T3 



C - R [ 



who, with two biotners, .'ou^ht against the three 
sons of Demostraiu-i of Pheat u*. to put an end 
to the long war between their respective nations 
The brothers of Critolaus were both killed, and 
he alone remained to withstand his three bold 
antagonists. He conquered them; and when, at 
his return, his sister deplored the death of one 
of his antagoniits to whom ihewas betiothed, he 
killed her in a fit of resentment. The olfence 
deserved capital punishment; but he was par- 
doned, oa account ot the services he bad rendered 
his couritry. He was afterwards general of the 
Achians, a:id it is said that he poisoned himself, 
because he hid been conquered at Thermopvite 
by the R.imans. Cc. de .\at. D. 3. A peri- 
patetic philosopher of A hens, sent an.bassad. r 
to Rome, &.c. 140 15. C. Cic. de Grat 2. 

CRIU-MsroFHO.v, or the Ram's Ftont, ap:o- 
montory of the Taurica Cher^onesus, and the 
most south? ra point of that peninsula. 

Crius, a sooih.-ayer, son of Theoeles. Pans 

3, 13 A river of Achaia, called after a gi^mt 

<.;f the same name. Faus 7, ^7. A son of 

Coelus and Terra, who married Eui ybia da-jgh- 
ter of Tellus, by whom he had three sons, As- 
treU3 the husband of Aurora, Pnllas the husband 
of Styx, and Perses thefatht-r of As:eria by He- 
cate. Hesiod. Th. 375, &c. 

Crobyzi, a people between mount Hasmus 
and the Danube, in Lower Moesia. 

CRjCALE, one of Diana's attendants. Ovid. 
Met. J, 169. 

CROCODiLOPiiLls, a tovin of Egypt, souih- 
e.ist of the lake Moeris, and afterwards called 
Arsinoe. It derived its name from the croco- 
diles which were fed and worshipped there. The 
Egyptians are said to have honoured the croco- 
dile because it w as consecrated to Tyj hon, an 
evil genius, wh )m they dreaded and sought to 
appease by worshipping an animal which was !iis 
symbolical image. This town has been succeeded 
by the modern Faiown. built at tlie distance of 
about a league north-east of its dilapidated walls. 

A town of Egypt, in the Thebais, supposed 

to be the modern Adrile. 

Crocus, a beautiful youth enamoured of the 
Hymph Smilax. He was changed into a flower of 
same name, on account of the impatience of 
~^s love, and Smilax was metamorphosed into a 
■~ew tree. Oxid. Met. 4. 253. 

CRCE5US, the fifth and last of the Mfrmnadge, 
who reigned in Lydia, was son of Alyattes, and 
passed for the richest of mankind. He w as the 
first who made the Greeks of Asia tributary to 
the Lydians. His court was the asylum of learn- 
ing; and .Esnp, the famous fable-writer, among 
oiijers, lived under his patronage. In a conver- 
sation with Solon, Croesus wished to be thought 
the happiest of mankind; but the philosopher 
apprized him of his mistake, and gave the pre- 
ference to poverty and domestic viriue. Croesus 
undertook a war against Cyrus the king of Per- 
sia, and marched to meet him with an army of 
420,000 men, andGO,GGO horse. After a veianof 
f;iurteen years, he was defeated. B C. 546; his 
capital was besieged, and he fell into the con- 
queror's hands, who (<rderjd him to be burned 
alive. The pile was already on fire, when Cyrus 
heard the conquered monarch three times ex- 
claim, Solon ! with lamentable energy. He 
asked him the reason of his exelam.ition, and 
Croesus repeated the conversation wi;ich he had 
once held with Solon on human happ aess. Cy- 
rus was moved at the recital, and at tlie recollec- 



tion of the inconstancy (^f human affairs, he or- 
dered Croesus to be taken from the burning pilf, 
and he became one of his most intimate friends. 
The kingdom of Lydia became extinct in his 
person, and the power was transferred to Persia. 
Croesus survived Cyrus. The manner of his 
death is unknown. He is celebrated for the im- 
mensely rich piesenis which he made to the 
temple of Delphi, from which he received au 
obscure and ambiguous oracle, which he inter- 
preted in his favour, and w hich was fulfilled in 
the destruction of his emriro. Herod. 1, 26, &c. 
— FlutUn Solon. 8, 2A^.— Justin. 1, 7. 

Cromi, or Cromni. a tow n of Arcadia, in the 
district Cromitis. Xe?}. Hel. 7, 4, 21. 

Crommyon and CRoroYON, a small place in 
Corinthia, situate on the shore of the Saronic 
gulf. It was crlebrated in mythology as the 
haunt of a w ild boar de^troved by Theseus. Pint. 
Fit Thes —Strab. 8. 

CRO-MUS, a son of Neptune. Pans. 2, 1. A 

son of Lycaon. Id. S, 3. 

Cronia, a festival at .\thens in honour of Sa- 
turn. The Rhodians observed the s;ime festival, 
and generally sacrificed to the god a condemned 
malefactor. 

Crophi, a mountain of Egypt, between Syene 
and Eliphantine. According to a statement made 
tt! Herodotus by an Egyptian priest at Sais, the 
sources of the Nile w ere betw een this mountain 
and smother called Mophi. Herod. 2, 28. 

CROSS-EA, a country situate partly in Thrace, 
and partly in Macedonia. Herod. 7, T^S. 

Crotalus, a navigable river of Italy. Pliu. 
3. 10. 

Crotox, a man killed by Hercules, by whom 
he was afterwards greatly honoured. Died. 4. 

Crotona, a town of Italy, still known by the 
same name, in the bay of Tarentum, founded 
153 years before the Augustan age, by a colony 
from Achaia. The inhabitants were excellent 
warriors, and great wrestlers; so that it was pro- 
verbially said, that 'he last of the Cn tonians « as 
the first of the other Greeks. Democedes, Alc- 
maeon, Milo, Sec. were natives of this place. It 
was surrounded with a wall twelve miles in cir- 
cumference, before the arrival of Pyrrhus init; !y. 
Crotona, whose citizens had acquired such last- 
ing fame in their battles against the Sybarites, 
struggled in vain against the attacks of Diony- 
sius of iiicily. w ho took it. It suffered likew ise 
in the wars of Pyrrhus and Annibal, but it re- 
ceived ample glory, in being the place w here 
Pythagoras established his school. Herod. 8, 

■il.- Strab. 6.— Plin. 2,96.-Liv. 1, 18. 24,3 

Justin. 2'K 2. 

CR0TOMAT.S, the inhabitants of Crotona. Cic. 
de Inv. 2,1. 

Crotomatis, a part of Italy, of which Cro- 
tona is the capital. Thucyd. 7, 35. 

Crotopias, the pr.tronvmic of Linus, grand- 
son of Crotopus. OviJ. in lb. 480. 

Crotopcs, a kii.g of Argos, son of Agenor, 
and father to Psan ;ithe the mother of Linus by 
Apollo. Ovid, in lb 180. 

CROTUS. a son of Eumene the nurse of the 
Muses. lie devoted his life to the labours of the 
chase, and after death Jupiter placed him among 
the constellations under the name of Sagittarius. 
Pans 9, 29. 

CRt'NOS, a town of Peloponnesus. Mela. 2, 2. 

CrcstumErIcm and Crusti meri A. a town 
of the Sabines. Liv. 4 U. 42, 64.— f ni^. /En. 7, 
031. 



CRU 



223 



CLP 



CRUSTUMInum, ato.vn of Etruria, near Veii, 
famous for pears; whence che adjective Crustu- 
mia. Virg. G. 2, bi 

Crustumium. Crustunus, and Crustur- 
NKNIus, a river ol' Umbria in Italy, rising in the 
Apennines, and falling into the sea below Ari- 
niinum. It is now the Conca. Lucan. 2, 405. 
CttYPTA, a passage through mount Pausilyj;us. 
J Fid. Pausilypus. 

CIEATUS, one of the Grecian chiefs before 

Troy. Paus. 5, 4. A son of Actor and Moli- 

one, called by some of the poets son of Neptune, 
'le assisted Auj^ias against i^ercules, and was 
ifterwards killed bv him at the Isthmian gaines. 
Apollod. 2.~Homer\ II. 13, 183. 

Ctenos, a harbour of Chersonesus Taurica, 
on the western coast. 

Ctesias. son of Ctesiochus, was a Greek his- 
torian and physician of Cnidos, taken prisoner by 
. Artaxerxes Mnemon at the battle of Cunaxa. He 
I cured the kin^^'s wounds, and was his physician 
I for seventeen years. He wrote a history of the 
! Assyrians and Persians, which Justin and Dio- 
j dorus have partially preferred to that of Herodo- 
I tus. It consisted of 23 books, and began w ith 
the reign of Ninus, and continued in a general 
j plan to the third year of the 9jth olympiad, or 
' about 393 years B.C. Some fragments of this 
composition l;ave been preserved by Photius, 
and are to be found in Wesseling s edition of 
Herodotus. Strab. l.—Athen. li. — Plut. in Artax. 

A sycophant of Athens. An historian of 

Ephesus. 

CtesibTus, a mathematician of Alexandria, 
who flourished 135 years B.C. He was the in- 
ventor of the pump and other hydraulic instru- 
ments. He also invented a c'epsydra, or water 
clock. This invention of measuring time by 
water was wonderful and ingenious. Water v. as 
made to fall upon a wheel, or a train of wheels, 
which were turned by it. The wheels commu- 
nicated their motion to a small wooden image, 
which, by being gradually raised, pointed with 
an index to the proper hours, that were engraved 
on a column near the machine. This artful in- 
vention gave rise to many improvements; and 
the modern manner of measuring time with an 
hour-glass is in im.itation of the clepsydra of 

Ctesibius. Vitruv. de Archit. 9, 9. a' Cynic 

philosopher. 

Ctesidemus, a painter, who had Antiphilus 
for pupil. Plin. 35, 10. 

CtesiL'Ichus, a noble painter, who repre- 
sented Jupiter as bringing forth Bacchus. Plin,. 
35. 1). 

Ctesiphon, an Athenian, son of Leosthenes, 
who advised his fellow-citizens publicly to pre- 
sent Demosthenes with a };olden crown for his 
probity and virtue. This was opposed by the 
orator ^tchines, the rival of Demosthenes, wh > 
accused Ctesiphon of seditious views, Demos- 
thenes undertook the defence of his friend, in a 
celebrated oration still extant, and ^Eschines was 

banished. Demost. et j^Enchin. de Corona. A 

Greek architect, w ho made the plan of Diana's 

temple at Ephesus. An elegiac poet, whom 

king Attains set over his possessions in MoWa. 

Athen. 13. A Greek historian, who wrote a 

history of Boeptia, besides a treatise on trees and 

plants. Plut. in Thes. A city of Assyria, built 

by the P=.rthians, on the eastern bank of the i i- 
gris, opposite to Seleucia. It f.ooa became a very 
important place, the kings of Parthia passing the 
winter here, as they did the summer at Ecba- 



tana. It had at first no walls, but was, notwith. 
standing this, so exceedingly populous, that 
when the emperor Severus attacked it, he carried 
off 100,000 captives. It was afterwards very 
strongly fortified, and became the residence vf 
the Per.iian kings, until they fell under the pow er 
of the Arab Califs in the seventh century. It is 
now, together with Seleucia in Babylonia, aheap 
of ruins which is only separated by the Tigris, 
and known by the commtm name nf Al Jlodain, 
or " the two cities." Strab. Vo.—PUa 6, ^6. 

Ctesippus, a son of Chabrias. After his fa- 
thei's death ho was received into the iiouse of 
Phoc-ion, the friend of Ciiabrias. Phucion at- 
tempted in vain to correct his natural foibles and 

extravagancies. Plul in Phoc A niasi who 

wrote a history of Scythia. One of the de- 
scendants of Hercules. 

Ctimsne, the youngest daughter of Laertes 
by Anticlea. Homer. Odyss. 15.' 33+. 

CULARO, a town of the Aliobrogos in Gai',1, 
callfd afterwards Gratianopolis, and now G're- 
noble. Cic. Ep. 

CUMA, or Cyme, a city of JEolici in Asia Mi- 
nor, north-east of Phocaea. It is said to have 
been built by Pelcrps on his return from Greece, 
and to have obtained its name from the Amazon 
C\me. It was the birth-place of Hesiod and 
Ephorus. The inhabitants were proverbially 
taxed '.^iLh stupidity and slowness of apprehen- 
sion. The ruins of the city are to be seen rear 
the Turkish village of Sandeili Strab. 13.— 
Putarc. 1, 4. 

CcM-^;, a city of Cam.pania in Italy, north- 
west of Neapolis. It was founded at a very eaily 
period by a colony from Chalcis in Erbcea, un- 
der the conduct of Megasthenes and Hippcicles. 
The inhabitants were called Cumrvi Ciimani, 
There w as one of the Sibyls that fixed her resi- 
dence in a cave in the neighbourhood, and was 
called the Curncean S\h\\.. (Vid. Sybillae ) It 
was here also that Daedalus, after he had escaped 
from the prisons of Crete, and the resentment of 
Minos, erected a magnificent temple to ApoUo. 
Cumse, on account of its delightful situation, 
became the favourite resort and residence of 
many of the Romans, who here passed their 
hours of relaxation from the severer duties of the 
state. Ovid. Met. ij, 712. Fmt. 4, 158. Pont. 
2, 8, 41. — Qc. Padl. 2, 26. — Paterc. 1, 4.— Virg. 
^n. 3, iU.—Liv. 4, 44.— P^o^. 3, I. — Strab. 5. 

CUMANUJl, a country house of Pompey, near 

CumzE. Cic. ad Attic. 4, ep. 10. Another of 

Varro. Id. Acad. 1, 1. 

CUNAXA, a place of Assyria, 500 stadia frora 
Baby Icn, famous for a battle fought there betw eert 
Artaxerxes and his brother Cyrus the younger, 
B.C. 401. The latter entered the field of batrle 
with 113,000 m.en, and the former's forces anxiunt- 
ed to 900,(M;(!. The valour and the retreat of ihe 
10,000 Greeks, who were among the troops r f 
Cyrus, are well known, and have been celebrated 
by the pen of Xenophon, who was present at the 
battle, and who had the principal care of the re- 
treat. Plut. in Artax.— Ctesias. 

CUNEUS. Vid. Lusitania, 

CUI'AVO, a son of Cycnus, who assisted JEnes.s 
against Turnus. Virg. Aln. 10. 186. 

CUPENTUS, a friend cf Turnus, killed by 
xEneas. J irg. jEn. 12. 539. 

CUPlDO, a celebrated deity among the ancients, 
god of love, and love it?elf. There are different 
traditions concerning his parents. Cicero nien- 
tions three Cupids; one, son of Mercury and 



CCP 



224 



CUR 



Diariri; another, son of Mercury and Venus; and 
th.' thi.d, ot Mars and Venus. Plato mentions 
I'.vo. Hesiod, the most ancient theogonist^ speaks 
only of one, who, as he says, was produced at 
the'same time as Chaos and the earth. There 
are, according to the more received opinions, two 
Cuiiids, one of w hom is a lively ingenious youth, 
5;)ii oi Jupiter and Venus; whilst the other, son 
□f N')x and Erebus, is distinguished by his de- 
bauchery and riotous disposition. Cupid is re- 
presented as a winged infant, naked, armed with 
a bow and a quiver full of arrows. On gems, and 
ail other pieces of antiquity, he is represented as 
amusing himself w ith some childish diversion. 
Sometimes he appears driving a hoop, throwing 
a quoit, playing with a nymph, catching a but- 
terfly, or tr>ing to burn w ith a torch; at other 
timea he plays upon a horn before his mother, or 
closely embraces a swan, or with one foot raised 
in the air, he, in a musing posture, seems to me- 
ditate some trick. Sometimes, like a conqueror, 
he marches triumphantly, with a helmet on his 
head, a spear on his shoulder, and a buckler on 
his arm, intimating that even Mars himself owns 
the superiority of love. His pow er w as generally 
known by his riding on the back of a lion, or on 
a dolpb.in, or breaking to pieces the thunderbolts 
of Jupiter. Among the ancients he was worship- 
ped with the same solemnity as his mother Ve- 
nus; and as his influence was extended over the 
heavens, the sea, and the earth, and even the 
empire of the dead, his divinity was universally 
acknow ledged, and vows, prayers, and sacrifices 
Were daily offered to him. According to some 
accounts, the union of Cupid with Chaos gave 
birth to men, and all the animals which inhabit 
the earth, and even the gods themselves were 
the oflfspring of love, before the foundation of the 
world. Cupid, like the rest of the gods, assum 
ed different shapes; and we find him in the 
/Eneid putting on, at the request of his mother, 
the form of Ascanius, and going to Dido's court, 
w here he inspired the queen w ith love. Virg. 
^71. 1, 633, Szc —Cic. de Nat. D. 3,— Ovid. Met. 
1. fih. [Q.— Hesiod. Theog. 121, 8cc.— 0ppiun. 
Hal 4. Cyneg. 2.—Bio7i IdyU. 3. 

CuPlENxVius, a friend of Augustus, who 
made himself ridiculous for the nicety and effe- 
minacy of his dress. Horat. Sat. 1, 2, 36. 

Cures, now Correse, a town of the Sabines, of 
which Tatius was king. The inhabitants, called 
Qidrites, were carried to Rome, of which thev 
became citizens. Virg. ^n. 1, 292 8, 63S.— 
Liii. 1, \3.—Macrob. 1, 'd.—Ovid. Fast. 2, 477 et 
430. 3, 94. 

CuRETES, a people of Crete, called also Cory 
bnntes, who, according to Ovid, were produced 
fnjm rain. Their knowledge of ;dl the arts was 
extensive, and they communicated it to many 
parts of ancient Greece. They were entrusted 
\\\ih the education of Jupiter, and to prevent his 
being discovered by his father, they invented a 
kind of dance, and drow ned his cries in the harsh 
sounds of their shields and cymbals. As a re- 
ward for their attention, thej' were made priests 
and favourite ministers of Rhea, called also Cy- 
bele, who had en;ru>ted them with the care ot 
Jupiter. Dionys. Hal. 2 —Virg. G 4, 151.- 
Strub. \0.—Puus. 4, 33 — Or?J. Slet. 4, 282. Fast 
4, i-O 

JLRKTIS, a name given to Crete, as being the 
residence of ihe Curetes. Orid. Met S. ]3t). 

CfMA. a division of the Ror.um tribes. Rn- 
mu-us oiigiiially divided the peoj'le into thiet 



tribes, and each tribe into ten Curiaj. Over each i; 
Curia was appointed a priest, who officiated at i 
the sacrifices of his respective assembly. The |. ^' 
sacrifices were called Cu7ionia and the priest * 
Curio. He was to be above the age of fifty. His i *^ 
morals were to be pure and unexceptionable, and .,. 
his body free from all defects. The Curiones 
w ere elected by their respective Curiae, and abovt r', 
them was a .superior priest called Curio maximus, ; i. 
chosen by all the Curia? in a pubiic as>embly. jl 

The word Cu7ia was al.^o applied to public j- 

edifices among the Romans. These were Wiener- i 
ally of two sorts, divine and civil. In the former l.'i 
were held the assemblies of the priests, and of i' 
every religious order, for the regulation ot reli- 
gious sacrifices and ceremonies. The other was !: 
appointed for the senate, where they a-sembied j' 
for the despatch of public business. The Curia 11 
was solemnly consecrated by the Augurs, belore ■ 
a lawful assembly could be convened there. |;. 
There were three at Rome, which more parricu- 
larly claim our attention; Cmia HostiUa, built j 
by king Tullus Hosldms; Curia Pompeii, where p 
Julius Caesar was murdered; and Curia Augusti, |J 
■'the palace and court of the emperor Augustus, v. 

A town of the Rhaeti, now Coire, the capital |.; 

of the Grisons. u 

CcniA LEX, de Comitiis, was enacted by M. J 
Curius Dentatus, the tribune. It forbade the i« 
convening of the Comitia, for the election of pie- ]•' 
beian magistrates, without aprevious permission ii 
from the senate. 

Curias. Vtd. Curium. 

CURIATII, a family of Alba, which was car- ; 
ried to Rome by Tullus Hostilius, and entered ii 
among the patricians. The three Curiatii, w ho i" 
engaged the Horatii, and lost the victory, were 
of this family. Flor. 1, Z.—Dio7iys. Hal. 3 — k 
Liv. 1, 24. f 

CURIO, the surname of the family of the Scri- 
bonii. There were three of this family in sue- |« 
cession who distinguished themselves as orators , 
at Rome. Caius, the grandfather, w ho is men- 
tioned with great commendation by Cicero. 

Brut. 32. His son, Caius Scribonius, who was 

consul 677, and gained great praise by his con- 
quest of the Dardani, when governor of the pro- 
vince of Macedi)nia. He shone as an orator, I'i 
though the awkward agitation into which he " 
threw his body from side to side when speaking, !ii 
procured the s: rname of Burbuleius, from an 
actor, who was ridiculed for such gestures. Val. 

Max. 9, 14 Flin. 7. 12. — C/c. Pis. 19, 24 Brut. 

16, 59, 60 His son Caius. though possessed of 

great natural abilities, showed himself more 
eager after profligate pleasures, than military 
fame or oratorical distinction. Cicero for a while 
interposed his friendship and authority, and » 
roused him to deeds and pursuits worthy of his 
family; but extravagance and prodigality were 
so deeply rooted in the character of Curio, that 
he was prepared for public plunder, or for civil 
war. Cassar, more wise and more intriguing, 
attached him to his party by discharging his 
debts, which, it is said, amounted to 5i 0,0f;{!/. 
English money, and Curio show ed his gratitude, 1 
by embracing all the plans of aggrandizement, ^ 
of rapacity, and ambition, which might pace 
his friend at the head of the state. During du 
eivil war between Pompey and C#sar, Curio, 
who had hitherto favoured the party of the sen- 
ate, artfully showed his enmit\ to Pomix'V. by 
pieadiu^ tlje cause of Ca;-ar, and by seiz:r:g >i- 
cily lor him. ¥i\ju\ Sicily Curio I'ass^d into f< 



CTA 



I Ail ica, in're 1)0 drfVatcd V.irus, and laid siege 
to Uiica; but, the efforts of Calo, and the speedy 
I arrival of Juba, whom Curio in his tribuneship 
had attempted to deprive of his kingdom, turned 
' the fortune of the war, and Curio, surrounded 
I on all sides, and unwilling to fly, rushed boldly 
I into the midst of the combatants, and fell on 
heaps of slain. Lucan. 4, 'lal, &:c. — Ccbs. B. C. 
Z.oi.-Val. Max. 9, I.- Cic. Fam. 2, cp. 1, &c. 
Brut, 81. PhiL. 2, 18.— PZm. 36. 1j — Plut.inCcss. 
— Flor. 4, 2. 

CCRIOSOlIt^, a people of Gallia Celtica, in 
Armorica, north-west of the Redones. Ccbs. B. 
G. 2, 34. 3, 11 

Curium, a town of Cyprus, on the southern 
coast, or rather, according to the ancients, at the 
commencement of the western coast, at a small 
distance from which, to the south-east, there is a 
' cape which bears the name of Curias. The town 
is now called Fiscopi j and the promontory Cape 
Gavata. Herod 5. 113. 
CuRius Dentatus, Marcus AnniuS; aRo- 
I man, celebrated fur his fortitude and frugality. 
He was three times consul, and was twice hon- 
oured with a triumph. He obtained decisive 
i victories over the Samnites, the Sabines, and the 
1 Lucanians, and defeated Pyrrhus near Taren- 
' turn. The ambassadors of the Samnites visited 
bis cottage, while he was boiling some vegetables 
in an earthen pot, and they attempted to bribe 
I him by the offer of large presents. He refused 
j their offers with contempt, and said, "• I prefer 
I my earthen pots to all your vessels of gold and 
silver, and it is my v>iih to command those who 
are in possession of money, while I a.m deprived 
of it, and live in poverty." Plut. m Cat. Cens. 
—Horat. Od 1, 12, 41 Flor. 1, 15. A lieu- 
tenant of Cajsar's cavalry, to whom six cohorts of 
I PoiTipey revolted, &c. Cces. Bell Civ. 1, 24. 

CURTIA, a patrician family, which migrated 
wiih Tatius to Rome. 

CURTlLiLUS, a celebrated epicure, &c. Herat. 
Sa. 2, 8,52. 

M. CURTIUS, a Roman youth, who devoted 
hinisell to the gods Manes for the safety of his 
country, about 360 years B.C. A wide gap, called 
afterwards Curtius lacus, had suddenly opened in 
the forum, and the oracle said that it never 
would close before Rome threw into it v.hatever 
it had most precious. Curtius immediately per- 
ceived that no less than a human sacrifice was 
required. He armed himself, mounted his horse, 
and solemnly threw himself into the gulf, which 
.nstantly closed over his head. Liv. 7, C— Ful 

Max. 5, 6. Q, Rufus {Fid. QuiniuO- 

Nicias, a grammarian, intimate with Punipey, 

&c. Suet de Gr. Montanus, an orator and 

, poet, under Vespasian. Tacit. Ann. 4. Atti- 

CU5, a Roman knight, who accompanied Tiberius 

in his retreat into Campania. Tacit. Ann. 4 

Lacu.s, the gulf into v^hich Curtius leaped. {Vid. 

M. Curtius.) Fons, a stream which conveyed 

nater to Rome from the distance of forty miles, 
by an aqueduct so elevated as to be distributed 
through all the hills of the city. Pliii- 36, 15. 

CURULES Magistratus,' Roman magis- 
trates who had the privilege of using the Stella 
curulis. or chair of state. This «as anciently 
made of ivory, or at least adorned with it. The 
magistrates who enjoyed this privilege, v. ere the 
dictator, consuls, praetors, censors, aud curuie 
aediles. They sat on this chair in their tribunals 
on all solemn occasions. Those commanders 
who triumphed, had it with them in their cha- 



riot. Persons vihose ancestors, or themselves, 
had borne any curuie otlice, were called nobiies, 
and had the jus imaginum. They who were the 
first of the family that had raised themselves to 
any curuie office, were called homines novi, new 
men, or upstarts. 

CUSS-EI, or Coss^l, a nation inhabiting the 
mountains of Media, The} were a warlike peo- 
ple, and the kings of Persia were frequently 
compelled to purchase a passage over these 
mountains from them. Alexander effected one 
by taking them by surpri.=-e. Antigonus lost a 
portion of his army in crossing over. 

Gusus, a river of Hungary, falling into the 
Danube, now the V/aag. 

CUTiLl^, a town of the Sabines, east of 
Rtate, and on the right bank of the Velinus, 
famed as an aboriginal city of great antiquity, 
and celebrated for its lake, and the floating 
island on its surface. This lake was farther dis- 
tinguished by the appellation of the UnibilicvSf 
or "Navel" (i.e. centre) of Italy. Cutilia; is 
also noticed by Strabo for its mineral wateis, 
which were accounted salutary for many disord- 
, ers : they failed, however, in their eflect upon 
Vespasian, who is stated to have died here. 
Dion, Hal. 1, 14. 2, 'i9.— Seneca Q. N. 3, 2b.~ 
Flin. 3, 12 Sirab. b.~Suet. Fesp. 24. 

CyAN.s;, a nymph ot Syracuse, to whom her 
father offered violence in a fit of drunkenness. 
She dragged her ravisher to the altar, where she 
sacrificed him, and killed herself to stop apciii- 
Icnce, which, as if sent as a punishment fiom 
heavt n, had already begun to afRict the country. 
Plui. in Farall. A nymph of Sicily, who en- 
deavoured to assist Proserpine when she was car- 
ried away by Pluto. The god changed her into 
a fountain, now called Pisme, a few miles irom 
Syracufe. Quid. Met. 5, 112. 

Cyane^, two small, rugged islands, at the 
entrance of the Euxine sea, aud forty stadia from 
the n.outb of the Thracian Bosphorus. Accord- 
ing to Stnibo, one was near the European, the 
other near the Asiatic, side, and the space be- 
tween them was about twenty stadia. The waves 
of the sea, which continually break against them 
with a violent noise, fill the air with a darkening 
foam, and render the passage extremely danger- 
(ius. The ancients supposed that these islands 
floated about, and even som.etimcs united to crush 
to pieces those vessels which chanced at the tim.e 
to be passing through the straits. This tradition 
arose from their appearing, like all other objects, 
more or less confined, according to the course of 
the vessel. They were sometimes called Sym- 
plegades, or, " the dashers," to which the term 
Cijanean, or "dark," is often joined. They wore 
also termed /"ianete, or "the wanderers." It 
was reported that they were to continue to fio^^t 
till some bold pilot had steered his ve.-sel through 
the dangerous strait, and \'ihen this was happiiy 
effected by Jason and the Argonauts, the islands 
became fixed and immoveable, and the situation 
and form was then fully explored and ascertain- 
ed. Strab. 7.~Mela, 2, 7 Pliii. 4, Vi. — Homer. 

Odyss. 12, 6J. - Apollon. 2, 317 et m.—Pind. 
Pyth. 4, 371, &c. 

Cyanee and Cyanea, a daughter of the Mai- 
ander, mother ol B\blis and Caunus, b\ Miletus, 
: Apollo's ^ou Grid. Mi-L y, 451. 
1 CYANIPpe. a daughter of Adra.stus. 
I CYANTPFt S, a Syiacusan, w!;o derided ihe 
orgies ot R;2Cfhus, lui <.\[.ich ii.);:ie!y the y< d .-o 
inebriated hin;, tt.ai he ollered viok r.te to his 



CYA 

claiishter Cvnnp, who sacrififed him on the altar. 
i'/W. Oi I',ir„IL 

CvARAXKS, or CVAXARES. a king of the 
M.'Jes, who succeeded liis lather Phraortes, B.C. 
tsiO. He was a prince of grvat courage and abi- 
lities, and soon aven-^ed on the Assyrians the 
death of his father. The Scythians, however, 
overran, and rava-.'ed Media;"and the king, in 
oriier to tree himsed from them inviied them to 
an entertainment, and caused them all to be 
niassacred. Cyaraxes entered into an alliance 
with Nebaehadnezzar, king ol liabylon; and in 
conjunction with the Babylonians, he resumed 
the siege of Nineveh, slew Sarac the king, and 
levelled that proud metropolis with the ground. 
Having erected his kin;,'dom into a potent empire, 
he died, and left the governmer.t to his sonAsty- 
ages. Herod. 1, 73, &c. Son of Astyages, suc- 
ceeded to the throne of Media, B.C. j(30. He 
joined his nephew, Cyrus, in the reduction of 
Babylon, and is said to have reigned in con- 
junction with him, and to have died B.C. jStj. 
Xoi Cijrop. 1. 

Cyuruk, a nama of Cybele, used by the poets 
w hen a lo7i^ penult is required. The form Cy- 
belle is sometimes, though with less propriety, 
employed for a similar purpose. 

Cyhkle, a goddess, daughter of Coelus and 
Terra, and wife of Saturn. She is supposed to be 
the same as Ceres, Rhea, Ops, Vesta, Bona Ma- 
ter, Magna Mater. Berecynthia, Dindymene, 
&c. According to Diodorus, she was the daugh- 
ter of a Lydian prince called Menos, by his wife 
Dindymene, and he adds, that as soon as she w as 
born she was exposed on a mountain. She was 
preserved and suckled by some of the wild beasts 
of the forest, and received the name of Cybele 
from the mountain where her life had been pre- 
served. When she returned to her father's court, 
she had an intrigue with Atys, a beautiful youth, 
whom her father mutilated, &c. Ail themytho- 
logists are unanimous in mentioning the amours 
of Atys and Cybele. The partiality of the god- 
dess for Atys seems to arise from his having first 
introduced her worship in Piirygia. She enjoin- 
ed him perpetual celibacy, and the violation of 
his promise was expiated by voluntary mutila- 
tion. In Phrygia the festivals of Cybele were 
observed with the greatest solemnity. Her 
priests, called Corybantes, Galli, &c., were not 
admitted in the service of the goddess without a 
previous mutilation. In the celebration of the 
festivals, they imitated the manners of madmen, 
and filled the air w ith dreadful shrieks and bowl- 
ings, mixed with the confused noise of drums, 
tabrets. bucklers, and spears. This w as in com- 
memoration of the sorrow of Cybele for the loss 
of her favourite Atys. Cybele was generally 
represented as a robust woman, far advanced in 
her pregnancy, to intimate the fecundity of the 
earth. She held keys in her hand, and her head 
was crowned w ith rising turrets, and sometimes 
with the leaves of an oak. She sometimes ap- 
pears riding in a chariot drawn by two tame 
linns; Atys follows by her side, carrying a ball 
in his hand, and supporting himself upon a fir- 
tree, which is sacred to the goddess. Sometimes 
Cybele is represented with a sceptre in her hand, 
w ith her head covered with a tower. She is also 
seen with many breasts, to show that the earth 
gives aliments to all living creatures; and she 
generally carries two lions under her arms. 
From Piirygia the worship of Cybele passed into 
Greece and was solemnly established at Eleusis, | 



under the name of the Eleusinian my.<:teries of • 
Ceres. Tiie Romans, by order of the Sibyline [ 
books, brought the statue of the goildess Irom 1; 
Pessinus into Italy; and when the ship which j, 
carried it had run on a shallow bank of the 'j 
Tiber, the virtue and innocence of Claudia were i| 
vindicated in removing it with her girdle. It is I 
supposed that the mysteries of Cybele were first \\ 
know n about lokO years B.C. The Romans were L 
particularly superstitious in washing every year, L 
on the Cth of the calends of April, the shiine of \\ 
this goddess in the waters of the river Almo. [i 
There prevailed many obscenities in the obser- i, 
vation of the festivals, and the priests themselves \ 
were the most eager to use indecent expressions, j 
and to show their unbounded licentiousness by , 
the impurity of their actions. (/'»/. Atys, Eleu- j 
sis, Rnea, Corybantes, Galli, &c.) The first .3 
germ of the Grecian religion came from India, L 
and many of the deities of the latter country will u 
be found, upon an attentive examination, to 
have been the prototypes of those mentioned in |) 
classical mythology. Thus there is a very strong |1 
resemblance between Cybele and Pracriti, the 
goddess of nature among the Hindoos. Both are !^ 
represented as drawn by lions; at the festival of ^ 
Pracriti a drum is beaten, as it always was at „ 
that of Cybele. This drum is called Dindyma; 3 
and in the history of the goddess Cybele, we find 
mention made of Mons Dhidymm^ wliere her Ij 
rites were celebrated, and ol the appellation \. 
Diiiih/inoii' given to the goddess herself. Angus- ^ 
fin. lie Chit. D. ^ c. — Lacluut.— Lucimi. in Dea j 

Si/r.—Dind. -d.— rirg. /h'.n iJ, 617. 10, 4152 Lit- (5 

van. 1, ibt).- Olid. Trid. A, 210 et '6\S\.—inul de j 
Lmiuac. — Cic. ad Atdc — Ccel. liltod. 8, 17, &c. j. 

CYutLK and CYUELA, a mounuin of Phry- 
gia, probably near Celcenae. 

CYJ31RA. lid. Cibyra. 

Cyeistka, a town of Cappadocia, in Cataonin, [i 
west of mount Argaeus. ISlrub. 12. — Cic. Kp. ad ,1 
fa»?. U), 2et4. l 

Cyclades, a name given by the ancient .. 
Greeks to that cluster (/rivAoj, circulus^) of . 
islands which encircled Delos. They were at s 
first considered to be only twelve in number, but \s 
were afterwards increased to fifieen. These 
were Ceos. Cythnos, Seriphos, Melos, Sii)hnos, V 
Cimolos, Prepesinthos, Olearos, Paros, Naxos, |t 
Syros, Myconos, Tenos, Andros, and Gyaros. \ 
The Cyclades were first inhabited by the Phoeni- jfj 
cians, Carians, and Leleges, w hose piracies drew 
down upon them the vengeance of Minos; they ] 
w ere subsequently occupied by the Persians, but 
became dependant on the Athenians after the 1 
battle of Mycale. Slrab. \Q.~-Plin. 4, \ >. — He- , 
rod. 1, 171. 5, 26.~nucyd. 1, 4, 94, &c. 

Cyclopes, a certain race of men of gigantic 
s'atuie, supposed to be the sons of Coelus and , 
Terra. They had but one eye, in the middle of ' 
tne lorehead; whence their name, (yvk.Xoj, circu- i 
tus, uj\^, ovulus). They were three in numbei*, i 
according to Hesiod, called Arges, Brontes, and ! • 
Steropes. Their nimiber was greater according t| 
to other my thologists. and in the age of Ulysses, 
Polyphemus was their king. (/ /(/. Polyphemus.) 1 
They inhabited the western parts of the island p 
of Sicily; and because they were uncivilized in L 
their manners, the poets speak of them as men- L 
eaters. The tradition of their having only one I 
t ye originates f rom their custom of w earing small \ 
bucklers of steel which covered their faces, and i ' 
had a small aperture in the middle, whi> h cor- i 
responded exactly to the eye. From their vicinity 



cvc 



227 



CYN 



tn mount .-Ktna, they h ive been supposed to be 
t'ue w;>rkaien of Vulcan, and to have fabricated 
toe tliimderbolts of Jupiter. The most solid 
walls and impregnable fortresses were said, 
aniong the ancients, to be the work of the Cy- 
clops, to render them more respectable; and we 
lind that Jupiter was armed with what they had 
fabricated, and that the shield of Pluto, and the 
triilent ol Neptune, were the pi'oduce of their 
labour. The Cyclops were reckoned among the 
f>ods, and we lind a temple dedicated to tiieir 
service at Corinth, w here sacrifices were solemn- 
ly otfered. Apollo destroyed them ail, because 
♦ liey had made the thunderbolts of Jupiter, with 
which his son ^sculapius had been killed. 
From the different accounts given of the Cyclops 
by the ancients, it may be concluded that they 
were all the same people, to whom various func- 
tions have been attributed, which cannot be re- 
conciled one to the other, without drawing the 
pencil ol fiction or myihology. ApoLlod. i, 1 et 
Z.— Homer. Odi/ss. 1, 71. 9, lOQ et iSS.—Hesiod. 
r/tfog. \M).— rheocrit. Id. I, 8LC. — Slnib. 8.— 
nrtr. G. 4, 170. G, (jtiO. 6, 418, &c. 11, 263. 

—Ovid. Met. 13, Ibi). 14, 24J. 

Cycnus, a son of Mars by Pelopea, killed by 
Hercules. TliC manner of his death provoked 
Mars to such a degree, that he resolved severely 
to punish his murderer, but he was prevented by 
the thunderbolts of Jupiter. Hijgin. jab. bl et 
•itJl. — Hexiod, 171 Sent. Here. A son of Nep- 
tune by Calyoe, invulnerable in every part ot his 
body. Achdles fought against him; but when he 
saw that his darts were of no elfect, he threvv' 
him on the ground, and smothered him. He 
strii)ped him of his armour, and saw him sud- 
denly changed into a bird of the same name. 

Ond. Met. 12, fab. 3 A Boeotian, son of H\ rie 

by Apollo, rie was beloved by Phyllius, who 
refused to give him a favourite bull, in conse- 
quence of which he, in a fit of resentment, threw 
hini.self down a precipice on the lop of mount 
Teumesus in Boeotia, and was changed into a 

swan. Ovid. Met. 7, '67], Sec. A son of Sthene- 

lus, king of Liguria. He was deeply afflicted at 
the death of his friend and relation Phaeton, and 
in the midst of his lamentations he was meta- 
morphosed into a swan, a bird which chose to 
dwfU in an element of an opposite nature to 
that which had caused the death of his dearly 

loved Iriend. Odd. Met. 2, SHI f 'irg. Ain. 10, 

\-^^).— l'aus. 1, 30.^ A horse's name. iStat. 

Thcb. b, bt^. 

Cyda.s, a profligate Cretan, made judge at 
Rome by Antony. Cic iii Phil. 5 et 6. 

CVDiAS, an Athenian of great valour, &c, 
Pans. 10, 21. A painter, who made a celebrat- 
ed painting of the Argonauts. It was bought by 
the orator Horiensius, ibr 164 talents. Hi>i. 34. 

Cydippe, the wife of Anaxilaus, &c. Herod. 

7, Ui.i. The mother of Cleobis and Bi'uon. 

{I'id. Cleobis.) A girl beloved by Aconiius. 

(I'id. Acontius.) One of Gyrene's attendants. 

f'trg. a. 4, 33y. 

CvuiMi s, a river of Cilicia Campestris, rising 
in the chain of mount Taurus, and falling into 
the sea a little below Tarsus, which stood on its 
b;ii)k>. Us waters were remarkably clear and 
cold, and nearly proved fatal to Alexander, who 
inipiudently b ithed in them when heated with 
niarching. The illness of Alexander, resultioj? 
from tiiis, is connected with the well-knowif 
stDry of the physician Philip. Arriuii. 2, 4.— 
Xen, .4nub. l,2.'~Cart. 3, 4. 



CYDON, a friend of Turnus against A'liwa.>> 
f'iiif. .-En. 10, 33b. 

CYDONIA.or CydONIS, the most ancient city 
in the island of Crete, said to have been Ibuiided 
by Minos, and enlarged by the Samians. It 
stood on the northern coast of the north-western 
part of Crete, and was the most powerful and 
wealthy city of the whole island, since, in ihe 
civil wars, it withstood the united forces of 
Gnossus and Gortjna, after they had reduced 
the greater part ot Crete. From Cydonia, the 
quince-tree was first brought into Italy, and 
thence the fruit was called malum Cydonium, or 
Cydonian apple. Its inhabitants were admirable 
archers. Its ruins are to be seen on the site of 

lerami. Ovid. Met. 8. 22.— fir g. Mn. 12, c58 

Sil. 2. 10.-).- Lit' 37. m. — Lueun. 7, 229. 

Cydrara, a town of Asia Minor, situate on 
the confines of Phrygia and Lydia. Herod. 7, 
30. 

CY'DROLAt s, a man who led a colony to Sa- 
mos. Diod. 5. 

CVLBIANI mountains of Phrygia, where the 
Cayster takes its rise. Plin. b, 29. 

CVLICES, a people of illjricum, between tht 
Naro and the Drilo. They are said to have had 
aniong them the tomb of Cadmus and Harmonia. 
Allien. 11. 

CVLlNDUS, a son of Phryxus and Calliope. 

Cyllarus, the most beautiful of all the Cen- 
t;iurs, passionately fond of Hylonome. He was 
killed at the marriage of Pirichous; and Hylo- 
nome, inconsolable for his loss, stabbed herself 
w ith the dart which had caused his death. Ovid. 

Met. 12, 41)8. A celebrated horse of Castor, 

according to Seneca, Valerius F'laccus, and ClaU' 
(iian; but according to Virgil, of Pollux. Virg. 
G. 3, 9(1. 

Cyllknk, the mother of Lyeaon, by Pelas- 

gus. ApoUod. 3, 6. The haven of Elis, the 

caiiital of the district of Elis in the Peloponnesus. 

A mountain of Arcadia, rising between 

Styniphalus and Pheneos, on the borders of 
Achaia It was exceedingly lofiy, and celebrat- 
ed as the birth-place of Mercury, who had a 
temple on its summit. It is now called Zyria. 
Pans. 8, \7.— Hom. II. 2, 603. Hi/mn. m Merc. 1. 
— Piiid. Ohjmp. 6,129 — /V;g-. /Kn. 8, 139. 

Cylleneius, asurname of Mercury, iromhis 
being born on the mountain of Cyllene. 

Cylon, an Athenian, who aspired to tyranny. 
Herod. 5, 71. 

Cyme, the largest and most beautiful town of 
yKolia, called also Pkrieonis, and Plirieonitis, and 
Cuma. (/Vy. Cuma.) Liv. 31., W.— Cic Flucc. 
20.— Herod. 1, 149. 

Cymodoce. Cyme, and Cymo, one of the 
Nereides. Hesiod. Tlieog. 255. — f'irg. G. 4, 
388. 

CYMOLUS. Vid. Cimolus. 
Cy.mOtH'Ie, one of the Nereides, represented 
by Virgil, /?iw 1, 148, as assisting the Tiojans 
with Triton after the storm wiih which ..'Eolus, 
at the request of Juno, had afflicted the fleet. 

CYNii;GIRUS, an Athenian, celebrated for his 
extraordinary courage. He was brother lo (he 
poet ^schylus. After the battle of Marathon, 
he pursued the flying Persians to their ships 

j and seized one of their vessels with his right. 

! haofl which was immediately severed by the 

1 eoemy. Upon this he seized the vessel with h.=s 
left hand, and when he had l ost that also, he still 

I kept his hold with his teeth. Herod. 6, 114.— 
Jiinlin. 2, 9. 



QYS 



CYP 



CYNiJiTH.E, a town of Arcadia, on the riv?r 
Crathis, near the northern borders, and tome 
(listfince to the north-^ve.-^t of Oyllene. The in- 
habitants were despised and shunned by their 
fellow couni!" men, for their depraved and bar- 
h.ir()u> matniers, said to b::* the result of theirne- 
j;lL^ctina- the study of nmsic. Polyb. 4, 

CVNANE, a daughter or Philip king- of Mace- 
<'.onia, who married Amyntas, son of Perdice:is, 
by whom she had Eurydice. pGlya-n. S. 

CVNAPES, a river fal!in;>; into the Euxine. 
Ovid A, Pont. el. 10, 49. : 

Cv.NARA, one of Horace's favourites. Od. 4, 
1, 4. 

CVNKSri .in'.l CYNilT.'S the mt St western peo- 
ple of I^.irnpe, living bevond liie Celtce. Herod. 
■I. 33, 4, 

CY-V^.THL'SSA, an island in the .^Ijean sea. 
Piin 4 1:;. 

CYNTa, a lake of Acarmnia. Strab. 16. 
Cyxici. asectof philosophers, so called either 
from Cynosarges, v.here Anti.-tlienes the feu- der 
of the sect lectured, or from the snarlhig^ liumour 
of their master. This sect is to be regarded 
more as an institution of manners than as a school 
of philosophy, as it was formed rather for the 
purpose of providing a remedy for the moral dis- 
orders of luxurj', ambition, au l avarice, than 
with a view to establish any n<'w theory of spe- 
culative opinions. The sole end of the Cynic 
philosophy was to subdue the passions, and pro- 
duce simplicity of manners. Hence the coarse- 
ness of their outward attire, their haughty con- 
tempt of external good, and hardy endurance o 
external ill. The rigor.ius discipline of the first 
Cynics, however, degenerated by degrees into the 
most absurd severity. The Cynics renounced 
every kind of scientific pursuit, in order to be at 
perfect liberty to apply themselves to the culti- 
vation of virtuous habUs. The sect sank gradu- 
ally into disesteem and contempt, and many dis- 
graceful tales were propagated concerning them. 
rid. Diogenes. 

Cynisca, a daughter of Archidamus, king of 
Sparta, who obtained the first prize in the chariot 
races at the Olympic games. Paus 3, 8. 

Cyno. a woman who pi-eserved the life of Cy- 
rus. Herod. 1, 110. 

Cynoscepix.\l^, a hill in Thessaly, south- 
east of Fharsalus, where the Roman consul T.Q. 
Flaminius gained a victory over Philip of Mace- 
don, and put an end to the first Macedonian war. 
It derived its name from the Greek words xwof 
Ke.'paXij. owing to some of its crags resembling a 
doy's head. Liv. 33, l.—Plut. Vit. Flamin. 

Cynocephali, a nation of India, who were 
said to have the heads of dogs, whence their 
name. It has been generally supp )sed that they 
w ere nothing more than a species of lartfe ape or 
baboon. Aul. Cell. 9, i.—^lian. Nut. An. 4, 46. 
— Diod Sic 3, 34. 

Cynofhontis, a festival at Araos, observed 
during the dog-days. It received its name, a-n-h 
rov xvifCLt; (poveTv, from killing dogs, because they 
used to kill all the dogs they met. 

Cynortas, one of the ancient kings of Sparta, 
son of Amyclas an 1 Diomede. Pans. 3, 1. 

Cynos, a town of Locris, in the territory of 
the Opuntii, and their principal maritime place. 
According to some ancient tradi'iions. it had 
Ion-; been the residpnc;'of Dt ucalion and Pyrrha; 
the latter was even s^iidto have been buried here. 
Strab. 9. 

Cy.nosargks, a surname of Hercules. A 



place in the suburbs of Athens appropriated foi 
the public exercises of the jouths. It v, as here 
also that the Cynic philosophers established their 
school. Herod. 5 et 6. 

Cynossema, [adog stombX a promontory of the 
Thracian Chersone.sus where Hecuba was chai g- 
ed into a dog, and buried. Ovid. Met. 13, 56!). 

Cynosura, a n>mph of Ida in Crete. She 
nursed Jupiter, who changed her into a st.ir 
■Ahich bears the same name. It is the same as 
the Ursa Minor. Ovid. Fast. 3, 107. 

Cynthia, a beautiful woman, who was mis- 
tress to Propertius, ],el. 1, &c A surname 

of Diai;a, from mount Cynthus, where she was 
b .rn. 

Cynthius, a surname of Apollo, from mount 
Cyntt.u-.^. 

Cynthus, a mountain of Delos, so high thaj 
it is said to overshadow the whole island. Apo lo 
was surnanieu Cyn'kius, and Difsna Cynthia, as 
they were born on the mountain, which was s.i- 
cred to ihem. The modern name is jlcnfe Ciniio. 
Firg. G 3, 36.~Ovid. Met. 6, bOl. Fast. 3, 

CYxNURENSES, a people of Arcadia. Puus. S, 
27. 

Cynus, a naval station of Opus. Id. 10, 1. 

Cyparissjs, or Cyparissia, a town of Mes- 
senia, near the mouth of the river Cypansseus, 
and in the centre of the Sinus Cyparissius. The 
river and gulf are now called Arcadia, and G'vj/ 
0/ Arcadia respectively, from the modern town 
which occupies the site of Cyparissia. Sirab. 8. 
— Polyb. 5, i)2 A town of Laconia in the vi- 
cinity of the Asopus. The fite is now occupied 
by the modern fortress ..of Rufino or lianipano, 
sometimes also called Cnsfel Ki'pa7issi. 

Cyparissl'S, a youth, son of Telephus of Cea, 
beloved by Apollo. He killed a favourite stag 
of Apollo's, for which he was so sorry that he 
pir.ed aw ay, and was changed by the god into a 

cvpress tree. firg. JEn. 3, 680. Ovid. Met. 

10, lil A town near Delphi. Mela, 2, 3. 

Cyphara, a fortified place of Thessaly. Liv, 
32, 13. 

Cyprianus, a native of Carthage, who, though 
born of heathen parents, became a convert to 
Christianity, and the bishop of his country. To 
be more devoted to purity and .study, he aban- 
doned his wife; and as a proof of his charity, he 
distributed his goods to the poor. He wrote 
eighty-one letters, besides seveial treatises, de 
Dei gratia, de virginum habitu, ^-c, and rendered 
his compositions valuable by the inforn;ati n 
which he conveys of the discipline of the ancient 
church, and by the soundness and purity of his 
theology. He died a martyr, A. D. 2jS. The 
"best editions of Cyprian are, that of Fell, fol. 
Oxon. 16S2, and that reprinted Am.^t. 1700. 

Cyprus, a daughter of Antony and Cleopatra, 

wh.o married Agrippa. A large island in the 

Mediterranean sea, south of Cilicia, and wes., of 
Syria. It is thought to have obtained its name 
from Cyprus, one of its early kings, though 
others say, it was derived from a certain fragrant 
tree or flow er. It was also called Sphecia from 
its ancient inhabitants the Spheces, Cerastia 
from its many capes, Macaria from the happiness 
ot its climate, and Paphos from its ancient city 
of that name. According to ancient measure- 
ments, its length lYi-m west to east was l.-lOO 
sf.-.ilia, and its circuir 3.42(1. It hris been cele- 
brated as the residence of Venus, surnamed Cy- 
pris. who was the chief deity of the island, and to 
whose service many places and templos were 



consecrated. It was anciently divided into nine ^ 
kin'^donis, and was for some time under the ( 
power of Eg:ypt, and afterwards of the Persians. ( 
The Greeks made themselves masters of it, and i 
it was taken from them by the Romans. There { 
were three celebrated temples there, two sacred ( 
to Venus, and the other to Jupiter. The inha- i 
bitants were exceedingly ingenious and industri- ( 
ous, though they were nmch given to pleasure 
and dissipation. Strab. 15. — Flor. 3, 9. — Juslin. 
18, 5 -Plin. 12, 24. 33, 5. 36, iH.—Mela, t, 7. ( 
Cyps ELIDES, the name of three princes asde- ( 
seenciants of Cypselus, who reigned at Coiinth 
during seventy-three years. Cypselus was suc- 
ceeded by his son Periander, who left his king- 
dom, after a reign of forty years, to Cypselus : 
11. Pans 2, 4. 5, 17. 

Cypselus, a king of Arcadia, who married > 
the daughter of Ctesiphon, to strengthen himself 

against tho Hr^raclidae. Paus. 4, 3. A man of 

Corinth, son of Ection, and father of Periander. 
! He destroyed the Bacchiadaj, and seized upon 
the sovereign power, about 659 years B.C. He 
I reigned thirty years, and was succeeded by his 
son. Periander had two sons, Lycophron, and 
I Cypselus, who was insane. Cypselus received 
' his name from the Greek word «ti^eAo{, a coffer, 
because when the Bacchiadas attempted to kill 
him, his mother saved his life by concealing him 
in a coffer. Paus. 5, 17.— C/c. Tusc. b, 'd?-— He- 
rod. 1, 114. 5, 92, Sic—Aristot- PoLit. The la- 

ther of Miltiades. Herod, ti, 35.. 
Cyraunis, an island of Libya. Id. 4, 195. 
Cyrenaica, a country of Africa, bounded on 
the north by the Mediterranean sea, on the east 
by Marmarica, on the south by the vast deserts 
of the interior, and on the west by Tripolitana. 
Its metropolis was Cyrene. It corresponds with 
the modern Barca. Vid. Cyrene. 

CyrenaIci, a sect of philosophers who fol- 
lowed the doctrine of Aristippus. They placed 
1 all happiness in pleasure, and said that virtue 
\ ought to be commended because it gave pleasure. 
Laert. in Arist -Cic. de N. D. 3. 

Cyrene, the daughter of the river Peneus, of 
whom Apollo became enamoured. He carried 
her to that part of Africa which is called Cyren- 
aica, where she brought forth Aristaeus. She is 
called by some daughter of Hypseus, king of the 
Lapithaj, and son of the Peneus. Virg. G. 4, 321. 
—Justin. 13, 1.— Pindar. Pyth.9. A celebrat- 
ed city of Libya, to which, according to some, 
Aristaeus, who was the chief of the colonists set- 
tled there, gave his mother's name. Cyrene was 
situate in a beautiful and fertile plain, about 
eleven miles from the Mediterranean sea, and it 
became the capital of the country, which was 
called Pentapolis, on account of the five cities 
which it contained. It gave birth to many emi- 
nent men, amongst others to Eratosthenes, Cal- 
limachus, Aristippus, Carneades, and Anniceris. 
The town of Cyrene was built by Battus, B.C. 
(j28, and the kingdom was bequeathed to the Ro- 
mans B. C. 97, by king Ptolemy Apion. Herod. 

Set 4.— Paws. \'), U— Strab. 17 Mela, I, 8 — 

Plin. 5, 5 — T.cit. Ann. 3, 70. 
CYRESChAta. Vid. Cyropolis. 
Cyriades, one of the thirty tyrants who har- 
assed the Roman empire, in the reign of Gallie- 
nus. He died A. D. 259. 

Cyrillus, a bishop of Jerusalem, who died 
A.D. 3b6. Of his writings, composed in Greek, 
there remain twenty- three Catecheses, nnd a letter 
to the emperor Constantine; the best edition of 



which is by Millcs, fol. Oxon. 1703. A bishop 

of Alexandria, who was the best part of ids !ue 
engaged in quarrels with his contemporaries 
about heretical opinions, in which he displayed 
great zeal, and often unchristian violence. He 
died A. D. 444. The best edition of his writings, 
which are mostly controversial, in Greek, is that 
of Paris, fol. 7 vols. 1638. 
Cyrnos. Fid. Corsica. 

Cyrnus, a driver in the games which S"ipin 

exhibited in Africa, &c, Ital. 16, 342 A man 

ol Aroos, who founded a city of Chersonesus. 
Died. 5. 

CYROPOLIS, a city of Asia, on the banks of the 
laxartes, built by Cjrus. It was also called Cy- 
rt'schata. Ic is now Chodjand. 

CyrrhestIca, a country of .Syria, north-east 
of the city Antiochia, and north of the district 
Chalybonitis. It was so called from its metropo- 
lis Cyrrhus. Plin. 5, 23.- Cic. Att. 5, IS. 

Cy'rrhus, a town of Macedonia, near Pella. 

A town of Syria, the capital of the district 

Cyrrhestica. It obtained its name from the M.a- 
cedonian Cyrrhus, although it is fabled by some 
to have been named after Cyrus, who founded it, 
and settled certain Jews there after their return 
from captivity. It is now called Corus. 

Cyrsilus, an Athenian, stoned to death by his 
countrymen because he advised them to receive 
the army of Xerxes, and to submit to the power 
of Persia. Demosth. de Cor on. — Cic, de Vffic. 3, 
11. 

Cyrus, a king of Persia, son of Cambysesand 
Mandane, daughter of Astyages, king of Media. 
His father was of an ignoble family, whose mar- 
riage with Mandane had been consummated on 
account of the apprehensions of Astyages. (^Vid. 
Astyages ) Cyrus was exposed as soon as born, 
but he was preserved by a shepherdess, who edu- 
cated him as her own son. As he was playing 
with his equals in years, he was elected king in 
a certain diversion, and he exercised his pow er 
with such an independent spirit, that he ordered 
one of his play companions to be severely whip- 
ped for disobedience. The father of the youth, 
who was a nobleman, complained to the king of 
the ill treatment which his son had received 
from a shepherd's son. Astyages ordered Cyrus 
before him, and. discovered that he was Man- 
dane's son, from whom he had so much to appre- 
hend. He treated him at first with coldness, and 
afterwards with marked severity; but Cyrus, un- 
able to bear his tyranny, escaped from his con- 
finement, and began to levy troops to dethrone 
, his grandfather. He was assisted and encour- 
aged by the ministers of Astyages, who were dis- 
pleased with the king's oppression. He march- 
ed against him, and Astyages was defeated in a 
battle, and taken prisoner, B.C. 559. From this 
victory the empire of Media became tributary to 
the Persians. Cyrus subdued the eastern parts 
of Asia, and made war against Croesus, king of 
Lydia, whom he conquered, B.C. 548. He in- 
vaded the kingdom of Assyrin, and took the city 
of Babylon, by drying the channels of the Eu- 
phrates, and marching his troops through the bed 
of the riv.er, while the people were celebrating a 
grand festival. He afterwards marched against 
Tomyris, the queen o( the Massagetse, a Scythian 
nation, and was defeated in a bloody battle, B.C. 
530. The victorious queen, who had lost her sen 
in a previous encounter, was so incensed aj-zainst 
Cyrus, that she cut off his head, and threw it in- 
' to a vessel filled with human blood, exclainjin^,', 
U 



CYR 



230 



CYZ 



" Takp then thy fill.*' Xenoph -n has written 
the Hie i>{ Cyrus; but his hi^tory is not to be 
considered as perfectly authentic. In the 
cnaracter of Cyrus he delineates a brave and vir- 
tuous prince, and often puts in his mouth many 
of the sayings of Socrates. The chronology is 
f '.Isf"; and Xenophon, in his narration, has given 
esHtence to persons whom no other historian 
ever mentioned. The Cyiopcedia therefore, is 
not to be lookf d upon as an authentic history of 
C\ rus the Great, but we must regard it as a I'hi- 
1 'sophical trearise, valuable for its morality, and 
the soundness of its precepts, and particularly as 
displaying-, in an elegatit and lascinating style, 
the character which every good a"d virtuous 
prince ought to bear. Diod. I. — He od. 1, 75, 

&.C.— Justin. 1, 5 et 7. The younger Cyrus, 

was the younger son of Darius Nothus, and the 
brother of Artaxerxes. He was sent b,. his father, 
at the age of sixteen, that he might either en- 
large his mind by observation and travelling, or 
acquiie the military discipline and celebrity of 
t' e Greeks, to assist the Lacediemonians against 
ithens. Artaxerxes succeeded to the throne at 
the de;ith of Nothus; and Cyrus «ho was of an 
aspiring soul, attempted to assassinate him. His 
design was discovered and frustr.- ti^d, and he 
would have been punished with death, had not 
his mother, Parysatis, saved him from the hands 
of the executioner by her tears and entreaties. 
This circ umstance did not in the least check the 
ambitious views of Cyrus; he was aj pointed over 
Lydia and the sea coasts, where he .secretly fo- 
mented rebellion, and levied troops under various . 
pretences. When fully prepared, he threw off- 
the ma-k of dissimulation, and took the field 
with an army of 100, UOO barbarians, and 13,000 
Greeks, under the command of Clearchus. Ar- 
t ixerxes met him with 900.000 men near Cunaxa. 
The battle was long and bloody, and Cyrus might 
have perhaps obtained the victory, had not his 
uncommon rashness proved his ruin. It is said 
that the two royal brothers met in person and 
engaged with the most inveterate fury, and their 
engagement unfortunately ended in the death of-^ 
Cyrus, 401 years B.C., and thus prevented the 
final success and elevation to the throne of a 
prince, who. for his bravery in the field, his pru- 
dence in the cabinet, and ' a thousand amiable 
qualiiies in his private character, seemed to pro- 
mise a new era of national glory and public pros- 
perity in the Persian monarchy. Artaxerxes was 
so anxious of its being universally reported that 
his brother had fall n by his hand, that he put to 
death two of his subjects for boasting that they 
had killed Cyrus. The Greek.s, who w ere en- 
gaged in the expedition, obtained immortal glory 
. in the battle; and after the death of Cyrus, they 
; remained victorious in the field without a com"- 
■ mander. They were not, however, discouraged, 
though at a great distance from their country, 
- and .-urrounded on every side by a powerful and 
. harassing enemy. They unanimously united in 
' the election of commanders, and traversed all 
I Asia, in spite of the continual attacks of the 
I Persians; and nothing is more truly celebrated 
: in sncient history than the bold retreat of the 
ten thousand. The journey that they made from 
the place of their first embarkation, till their re- 
turn, has been calculated at 1 155 leagues, per- 
lormed in the space of fifteen months, including 
all the time which was devoted to take rest and 
refreshment. This retreat has been celebrated 
by the pen of Xenophon, who was one of the 



leaders, and among the friends and supporters of | 
Cyrus. It is said, that in the letter wni. h ho i 
wrote to Lacedaemon, to solicit auxiliaries, Cyrus 
boasted his philosophy, his royal blood, and bis 
ability to drink more wine than his brother witii • 
out being intoxicated; a strange recommendation 
with a nation which considered valour as the 
noblest of distinctions, and esteemed temperance 
as the greatest of virtues Plut. in Artax. — 

Diod. — Justin. 5, II A rival of Horace, 

in the affections of one of his mistresses, 1, od. 

17, 24. A poet of Panopolis, in the age of 

Theodosius. An architect, whence Cyrei 

0[jera applied to the edifict s, cScc. which he raised. ) 

Cic. Alt. 2. ep. 3. 4, ep. 10. A large river of : 

Asia, rising in Iberia, and discharging itseU m- 
to the Caspian sea. It is now the Kur. 

Cyta, now Kutais, a town of Colchis, east of I 
Ma, famous for the poisonous herbs which it pro- ' 
duced, and for the birth of Medea. Flacc. b, 6j3. 
-Propert. 2, 1, 73. ' 

Cyt^ELS, a surname of Medea, from her being j 
an inhabitant of Cyta. Propert. 2, 4 7. I 

CYTHliR.^, now'Cerigo. an islaod on the coast j 
of Laconia in Peloponnesus. It was particularly 
sacred to the goddess Venus, who was from ' 
thence surnamed Cytliercpa, and who rose, as f 
some suppose, from the sea near its coasts. It \ 
was for some time under the power of the Argives, ■ 
but always considered as ot the highest import- [ 
ance to maritime powers, as from its proximity ; 
to the Peloponnesus it could constantly harass an j 
enemy; and from that circumstance Xerxes, on p'l 
his invasion of Greece, was advised by Demara- F 
tus to seize it, and convert it into a capacious 
harbour for the reception of his fleets. The ' 
Phoenicians had built there a famous temple to 
Venus. Virg. ^7i. 1, 262. 10, 5.~Paus. 3, 33. 

— Gvid. Met. 4, -288. 15, 3c:6. Fast 4, ib.— Herod, 
1, 29. 

Cyther.i:A- a surname of Venus, from her | 
rising out of the ocean near the island of Cy- 
thera. 

Cythebis, a certain courtezan ingreat favour 
with Antony. 

Cythhron. Vid. Cifhaeron. 

CY'THNOS, an island between Ceos and Seri- 
phos, in the Mare Myrtoum. It w.-.s the birth- !' 
place of Cyadias, an eminent painter. The j 
cheese of Cythnos was held in great estimation 
among the ancients. The island is now called | 
Therinia. 

CYTiNEUM, the most important of the four 
cities of Doris in Greece. According to Thucy- 
dides, it was situated to the west of Parnassus, 
and on the borders of the Locri Ozolse. Thucyd. 
3, 95. 

Cytorus, a town of Paphlagonia, on the coa.^t 
betw een the promontory Cerambis and Amastris. 
According to Ephorus, cited by Strabo, it took 
its name from C\tor, son of Phrixus, and belong- 
ed to the Sinopians. In its vicinity w as a moun- 
tain, also named Cytorus, which produced a 
beautifully-veined species of box-tree. The ves- I 
tiges of the ancient town are to be seen near a 
harbour called Kidros. Strab. \2.—Catidl. 4, 13. 

— Virg. G. 2, 437. — ApoU. Arg. 2, 944. 
CY'zIcus, a son of Q-2neus and Stilba. who 

reigned in Cyzicus. He hospitably receive<: the 
Argonauts, in their expeuition against Colchis. 
After their departure from the court of Cyziru.s, 
they w ere driven back in the night, by a stonn, l 
upon the coast; and the inhabitants seeing st:?h • [' 
an unexpected numbei of men, furiously aaacked 



231 



D/ED 



(hem, supposing themselves to be invaded hy 
the Pela:<gi, their ancient enemies. In this noc- 
tumal engagement, many were killed on both 
sides, and Cyzicus perished by the hands of Ja- 
son h mself, who honoured his remains wi h a 
splendid funeral, and raised a stately monument 

over his grave. Apollod. 1, 9. An island of 

the Propoiitis, about 500 stadia in circuit, with a 
city of the same name. It was connected with 
the mainland by two bridges, built by Alexander 
the Great. The city was situated partly in the 
plain which extended to the bridges, and partly 
on the slope of mount Arctos. It had two har- 
bours, Chytus and Panornius. It was a very flour- 
ishing city, and sryled Florus the Rome of Asia. 
Ttie coins of the place, called KvXifcrivol fTar^i)?y, 
were executed with such perfection, that they 
were looked upon as a miracle of art. The in- 
habitants of Cyzicus laid claim to a very high 
Antiquity for their citj', and pretended that it was 
given by Jupiter to Proserpine for her dowry on 
which account they worshi[)ped her as their chief 
deity. Cyzicus is celebrated for its siege by 
Mithridates, which that monarch was compelled 
by Lucullus to raise. It received from the Ro- 
mans the rights of a free city; but these were 
taken away from it by Tiberius, as a punish- 
ment for violence offered to some Roman citi- 
zens. Cyzicus continued to be a place of im- 
portance until a late period, and in the arrange- 
ment of provinces under the Christian emperors, 
it became the metropolis of the province of the 
Hellespont. It is now, however, only a heap of 
uninhabited ruins. Sirab. li. — Piin. f>, iJi. — 
Appiiin. Bfll, Mithr. 12, &c.~Cjc. pro Leg. Ma- 
nil. S.— i)uei. Tib. ^T. 



D 



DA^. DAHiE, or Dai, a people who dwelt 
on the south eastern boiders of the Caspipn sea, 
in the pr ovince of H.vrcania. Their country is 
supposed bv Slime to con espond with the modern 
Dalmian. Sil. 13, 7m.- Lucan. 7, 429,~Firg-. 
Asln. J, 

DacIa, a large country of Europe, bounded 
on the south by the Danube, on the east by the 
Euxme sea, on the north by Sarmatia, and on 
.'he west by the lazyges Metanastas. It comprised 
Transylvania. Moldavia, Walachin, Bessarabia, 
and the eastern part of the Banal, I'he in- 
habitants were called Daci, or Getce, the former 
'•name beins more familiar to the Romans, and 
the latter to the Greeks; the Getse were, how- 
ever, c-.nsidered by some as dwellinir in the east- 
ern part of the province, and tlie Daci as can- 
toned to the west of them, about the upper 
course of the Danube. This province must not 
he confounded with the Dacia of Aui elian, who, 
finding it difftcult to maintain his possessions on 
the northern side of the Danube, wi-.hdrew the 
Roman colunists into Mresia, where he estab- 
lished a new province, under the name of Dasia ' 
Aureliani. {Fid. Moesia.) Virg. G. 2, 4:;7.— ] 
Uor. Od J, 3.), 9. 3, O, 14. 4. I;), 22. I 
Dacici.'S, a surname of the emperor Tr.ijan, • 
from his conquest of Dacia. A .lurriaire as- 
sumed bv Domiti:in, on his ureieuded vicuiry 
OV. r riie iMciruis. Juv. b, iOi " j 



DACTf LI. a name given to the priests of Cy- 
bele, which some derive from SoktvXo^, fti.-ger 
because they were t^n, the same number as the 
fingers of the hands. Pans 1,6. 

Dadic^, a people of Asiatic Scvlhia. Herod. 
3, 91. 

D.ffi;DALA, a mountain and city of Lycia, where 
Dasdalus was buried, according to Pliny, 5, i.?. 
A name given to Circe, from her being cun- 
nings and ingejiiously-skiljul {iai&aXo^') like Dae- 
dalus Virg. Mn. 7, 2b2.- Tv\o festivals in 

Bceotia. One of these was observed at Alalco- 
menos by the Plataeans, in a large grove, where 
they exposed in the open air, pieces of boiled 
fiesh, 2nd carefully observed m hether the crows 
that came to prey upon them directed their flight. 
All the trees upon which any of these birds 
alighted, were immediately cut down, and with 
them statues were made called Dcpdala, in honour 

of Dffidalus. The other festival was of a more 

solemn kind. It was celebrated every sixty 
years by all the cities of Boeolia, as a compensa- 
tion lor the intermission of the smaller festivals, 
for that number of years, during the exile of the 
Platceans Fourteen ol the statues, called Dse- 
dala, were distributed by lot among the Platre- 
ans, Lebadaeans, Coroneans, Orchomenians, 
Thespians, Thebans, Tanagraeans, and Chajro- 
neans, because they had eflected a reconciliation 
among the Plataeans, and caused them to be re- 
called from exile, about the time that Thebes 
was restored by Cassander, the son of Antipater. 
During this festival, a woman in the habit of a 
bridemaid accompanied a statue, which wa.5 
dressed in female garments, on the b.mks of the 
Eurotas. This procession was attended to the 
top of mount Ciihaeron, by many of the Bceoti- 
an.s who had places assigned them by lot. Here 
an altar of square pieces of w ood, cemented to- 
gether like stones, was erected, and upon it 
were thrown large quantities of combustible ma- 
terials. Afterwards a bull was sacrificed to Ju- 
piter, and an ox or heifer to Juno, by every one 
of the cities of BcBotia, and by the most opulent 
that attended. The poorest citizens offered ."^mall 
cattle; and all these oblations, together with the 
Dtedala, w ere thrown in the common heap, and 
set on fire, and totally leduced to ashes. They 
originated in this: When Juno, after a quarrel 
with Jupiter, had retired to Euboea, and reAased 
eturn to his bed, the god, anxious for her re- 
turn, went to consult Cithteron king of Platsea, 
to find some effectual measure to break her ob- 
tinacy. Citheeron advised him to dress a statue 
in woman's apparel, and carry it in a chariot 
and publicly report that it was Plataea, the 
daughter of Asopus, whom he was going to marry. 
The advice was followed, and Juno, informed of 
her husband's future marriage, repaired in haste 
to meet the chariot, and was easily united to 
him, when she discovered the artful measures he 
ade use of to effect a reconciliation. Pausan. 
et Pluf. 

D^DALIOK, a son of Lucifer, brother to Ceyx, 
and father of Philonis. He was so afflicted at 
the death of Philonis, whom Diana had put to 
ih, that he threw himself down from the top 
of mount Parnassus, and was changed into a 
falcon t.y Apollo. Ovid. Met. 11, 295. 

D^dalus, an Athenian, son of Eupalamus, 
dc'scended from Erechtheus, king of Athens. 
He was the most insjenious artist of his age, and 
to him w e are indebted for the invenlii.n of the 
w edge, the axe. the auger, the plummet, and 
U ? 



D.EM 



232 



DAM 



vn.iny other mechanical instruments, and Ihe 
ails of ships. He made statues, which by mov- 
of themselves, seemed to be endowed with 
.ife. Talus, his sister's son, promised to be as 
freat as himself, by the ingenuity of his inven- 
tions; and, therefore, from envy, he threw him 
:lown from a window and killed him. After the 
murder of this youth, Dae.ialus, with his son 
Icarus, fied from Athens to Crete, where Minos, 
king of the country, well acquainted with his 
abilities and great genius, gave him a cordial 
reception. Daedalus made a famous labyrinth 
for Minos, and assisted Pasiphae, the queen, to 
gratify her unnatural passion for a bull. For 
this action, Dcedalus incurred the displeasure of 
Mino.s, who ordered him to be confined in the 
labyrinth which he had constructed. Here he 
made himself wings with feathers and wax, and 
carefully titied them to his body, and to that of 
his £on, who was the companion of his confine- 
ment. They took their flight in the air from 
Crete; but the heat of the s\m melted the wax on 
the wings of Icarus, whose flight was too high, 
and he fell into that part of the ocean, which 
from him has been called the Icarijin sea. The 
father, by a proper management of his wings, 
alighted at Cumas, uhere he built a temple to 
Apollo, and thence directed his course to Sicily, 
where he was kindly received by Cocalus, who 
reigned over part of the country. He left many 
monuments of his ingenuity in Sicily, which still 
existed in the age o! Diodorus Siculus. He was 
despatched by Cocalus, who was afraid of the 
power of Minos, who h.ad declared war against 
him, because he had given an asylum to Dceda- 
lu^ The flight cf Dx-dalus from Crete, with 
wings, is explained, by observing that he was the 
inventor of sails, which in his age might pass at 

a distanoe for wings. P uis. 1, 21. 7, 4. 9, 40 

I)ioJ.4.—Ovid Met. S,/ab. 3. Heroid.^. De 
Art. Am 2. Trist. 3. el. A.—Hygin. fab. 40.— 
I'hg. J£n. 6, \A.~ApoUod. 3, 1, &.c, — Herod. 7, 

170 .There were mo statuaries of the same 

name, one of Sicyon, son of Patroelus, the other 
a native of Bithynia. Pans. 7, l^.—Arrian. 

D.3iM0N, a kind of spirit, which, as the an- 
cientSj supposed, presided over the actions of 
mankmd, gave them their private counsels, and 
carefully watched over their most secret inten- 
tion.s. S:)me of the ancient philosophers main- 
tained that every man had two of these D;enions; 
the one bad, and the other good. These Diemons 
had the power of changing themselves into what- 
ever they pleased, and of assuming whatever 
shapes were most subservient to their intentions. 
At the moment of death, the DiBmon delivered 
up to judL,'ment ihe person with whose care he 
had been entrusted: and according to the evi- 
dence he delivered, sentence was passed over the 
body. The Dtemon of Socrates is famous in his- 
tory, That'great philosopher asserted that the 
genius informed him w hen any of his friends was 
going to engage in some unfortunate enterprise, 
and stopped him from the commission of all 
crimes and impiety. These Genii or Dasmons, 
though at first reckoned only as the subordinate 
ministers of the superior dei'ies, received divine 
honour in length of time, and we find altars .ind 
statues erecteii to GeiiioJcci, Genio Aug-usti, Ju- 
nonibus. 4-c. Cic. Tusc. l.—Plut. de Geii. Soc)\ 
Dah^. J'id. Daai. 

Dai, a nation of Persia, all shepherds. Herod. 
1, 12.^. 

DaIdis, a solemnity observed by the Greeks. 



It laste.i three days. The first was in comme- 
moration of Laioiia's labour; the >econd in mo 
mory of Apollo s birth; and the third in honour 
of the marriage of Podaliiius, and the mother of 
Alexander. Torches were always carried at the 
celebr;iti;)n; whence the name. 

DAi:.ii;NK.s. a general of the Achseans. Paus. 

7, b. An officer exposed on across, by Diony- 

sius oi Sy.acuae. Diad. 14. 

DaIphron, a son of iEgyptus, killed by his 
wife, &c. Apollod. 2, 1. 

Da IRA, one of the Oceanides, mother of Eleu- 
sis by Mercury. Paus. 1, 38. 

Dalmatia", a part of Illyficum, on the east 
side of the Adriatic sea. It was separated from 
Liburnia. the remaining part of lUyricum, t()the 
souih-east of which it lay, by the river Titius. 
According to ancient tr.idition, it abounded wi.h 
gold. Martial, in one of his epigrams, calls it 
the land which produced gold. Horat. Od. 2, 1, 
16 Strab. l.—Plol. 2. 

Dalmatius, one of the Caesars, in the age of 
Constantine, who died A. D. 337. 

DalminIum, the capital of Dalmatia, which 
the Romans took and destroyed, A.U.C. 5f)7. 
Strab. 7. 

DamagEtus, a man of Rhodes, who inquired 
of the oracle what'wife he ought to m.arry ? and 
received for answer the daughter of the bravest 
of the Greeks. He applied to Aristomenes and 
obtained his daughter in marriage, h. C. 670. 
Pam. 4, 24. 

DA31A1.IS, a courtezan at Rome, in the age of 
Horace, Od. 1, 36, 13. 

Damas, a Syracusan in the interest of Aga- 
thocles. Diod. 19. 

Damascene, a country of Syria, deriving its 
name from Damascus, which was situate in it. 

Damascius, a stoic of Damascus, who wrote 
a philosophical history, the life of Isidorus, and 
four books on extraordinary events, in the age of 
Justinian. His works, which are now lost, were 
greatly esteemed according to Photius. 

Damascus, a celebrated city of Damascene in 
Syria, situated in a plain still called Gouteh De- 
mesk, or, the orchard of Damascus, and w atered by 
a river called by the Greeks Chrysorrhoas, but by 
the Syrians, Bardines and Pharphar. It is sup- 
posed f.o have been founded by Uz, the eldest son 
of Aram. However this may be, it subsisted in 
the time of Abraham, and may be reckoned one 
of the most ancient cities in being. According 
to Jusephus, Hadad was the first person who took 
the title of king of Damascus; and he was van 
quished by David. It was captured and ruined 
by Tiglath-pileser, king of Assyria, who sent its 
inhabitants into captivity, beyond the Euphrates; 
thus fulfilling the predictions of the prophets 
Isaiah and Amos. It was also taken by Senna- 
cherib, and by the generals of Alexander the 
Great. Metellus and Laslius seized it during the 
war of Fompey with Tigranes, B.C. 65; and it 
remained under the dominion ( f the Romans.until 
the Saracens took possession of it about A. D. 634. 
Damascus is now the capitrd o^'a Pachalic. The 
Arabs call it El-Shaui, and the oriental name 
Deinesh is known only to geographers. Lucan, 
3, 2\b.- Justin. 36. 'L—Mela, 1, Jl. 

Da.^iASICHTHON, a king of Thebes. Paus. 
9, ft 

Damasim'LS a captain in Philip's army. 

A senator who accompanied Jnba when he enter- 
ed Utica in triumph. C(rs. Ih'U. C. 2. L- Jun. 

Bruius, a prastor at Rome, v\ho favoured the 



DAM 



233 



DAN 



party of Marius, and cruelly put to death a num- 
ber of senators because they were friendly to 
Sylla's cause. He was slain afterwards by order 

of Sylla. Sail. Cut. 51. A man, who, after he 

had spent all his patrimony, maintained himself 
by accmj< on the stage. Juv. 3, lb5. A mer- 
chant ot old seals and vessels, who, after losing 
his all m unfortunate schemes in commerce, as- 
sumed the name and habit of a stoic philosopher. 

Horat. S'U. 2, 3. One of Niobe's sons. 

Damasithynus, a son of Candaules, general 

in the army of Xerxes. Herod 7, 9d A king 

of Calynda;, sunk in his ship by Artemisia. Id. 
8, 87. 

Damastrs, a man of Siff.-eum, disciple of Hel- 
lanicus, about the age of Herodotus, &c. Dionys. 
A famous robber. Vid. Procrustes 

Damastor, a Trojan chief, killed by Patro- 
clus at the siejje of Troy. Homer. II Hi, 416. 

Dam I A, a surname of Cybele. A woman 

to \^huul the Epidaurians raised a statue. Herod. 
5, S ^. 

Damippus, a Spartan taken by Marcellus as 
he SHI led out of the port of Syracuse. He dis- 
covered to the enemy that a certain part of the 
city nas negligently guarded, and in consequence 
of this discovery Syracuse was taken. Polycen. 

Damis, a man who disputed with Aristode- 
mus the ri^ht of reigning over the Messenians. 
faus. 4, lO. 

D.AMNII, a people of Scotland, whose country 
cortesponded to the modern Clydesdale, Renfrew^ 
Lennox, and Stirling. 

DAMNONII, a people of Bri'ain, whose coun- 
try answered to the modern Corntvall and Devon- 
shire. 

Damnorix, a celebrated Gaul, in the interest 
of Julius Caesar, &c. 

Damo, a daughter of Pythagoras, who, by 
order of her father, devoted her life to perpetual 
celibacy, and induced others to follow her ex- 
ample. Pythagoras at his death entrusted her 
with all the secrets of his philosophy, and gave 
her the unlimited care of his compositions, under 
the promise that she never would part with them. 
She faithfully obeyed his injunctions; and though 
in the extremest poverty, she refused to obtain 
money by the violation of her father's commands. 
l aert in Pythag. 

Damocles, one of the flatterers of Dionysius, 
the elder, of Sicily. He admired the tyrant's 
wealth, and pronounced him the happiest man 
on earth. Dionysius prevailed upon him to un- 
dertake tor a while the charge of royalty, and be 
convinced of the happiness which a sovereign 
enjoyed. Damocles ascended the throne, and 
while he gazed upon the wealth and splendour 
that surrounded him, he perceived a sword 
hanging over his head by a horse hair. This so 
terrified him, that all his imaginary felicity 
vinished at once, and he begged Dionysius to 
r";ri ve him from a situation which exposed his 
I If ;o sufh fears and dangers. Cic. in Tuscul. 5, 

DamocrTta, a Spartan matron, wife of Al- 
ciiip i>. who severely punished her enemies who 
hri'lh^nislied her husband, &c. Plut. in Par all. 

I)A:.i0Ci:rrus, a timid general of the Achae- 
an- i:;c. Paus. 7, 13. A (}reek writer, who 

eop.i;)'.--"l two treatises, one upon the ait of draw- 
ing an up ;irmy in battle array, and th;i other con- 
cernii'. r tiie .lews. A man who wrote a poeti- 
cal ti! ;iri-<^ upon medicine. 

DA.MON.a victor at Olympia, Olymp, lOi. 



Paus. 4, 27, A poet and musician of Athens, 

intimate with Pericles, and distinguished for his 
knowledge of government, and fondness of disci- 
pline, lie was banished for his intrigues about 

43U B.C. C. Nep. \b , -l.—Plut. in Pericl A 

Pythagorean philosopher, very intimae with 
Pythias. When he had been condemned to 
death by Dionysius, he obtained from the tyrant 
leave to go and settle his domestic affairs, on 
promise of returning at a stated hour to the place 
of execution. Pythias pledged hin-.sell'to under- 
go the punishment which was to be inflicted on 
Damon, should he not return in time, and he 
consequently delivered himself into the handb of 
the tyrant. • Damon returned at the appointetl 
moment, and Dionysius was so struck with the 
fidelity of those two friends, that he remitted the 
punishment, and entreated them to permit him 
to share their friendship, and enjoy their eonfi- 

dence. Vol. Mux. 4, 7. A man of Cherona.'a, 

who killed a Roman officer, and was murdered 

by his fellow-citizens. Plut. in Cirn. A C) re- 

nean, who wrote a history of philosophy. Larrt. 

Damophantus, a general of Eiis, in the age 
of Phil(>pcemen. Plut. in Phil, 

DamophIla, a poetess of L 
philus. She was intimate wi 
only wrote hymns in honour 

gods, but opened a school wher? (he ynungf^r 
personsof her sexwere taught toe various powers 
of music and poetry. 

Damostratus, a philosopher who wrote a 
treatise concerning fishes, ^lian. V. H. ^'6, 21. 

Damoxenus, a com c writer of Athens. 

Athen. 3. A boxer of Syracuse, banished lor 

killing his adversary. Paus. 8, 40. 

Dana, a large town of Cappadocia, supposed 
to he the same with Tyana. Fid. Tyana. 

Danace, the name of the piece of money 
which Charon required to convey the dead over 
the Styx. Suidas. 

Danae, the daughter of Acrisius king of Ar- 
gos, by Eurydice. She was confined in a brazen 
tower by her lather, who had been told by an 
oracle, that his daughter's son would put him to 
death. His endeavours to prevent Danae from 
becoming a mother proved fruitless; and Jupiter, 
who was enamoured of her, introduced himself 
to her bed, by changing himself into a golden 
shower. From his embraces Danae had a son, 
with whom she was exposed on the sea by her 
father. The wind drove the bark which carried 
her to the coasts of the island of Seriphus, where 
she w as saved by some fishermen, and carried to 
Polydectes king of the j lace, whose brother 
called Dictys, educated the child, called Per- 
seus, and tenderly treated the mother. Poly- 
dectes fell in love with her; but as he was afraid 
of her son, he sent him to conquer the Gorgons, 
pretending that he wished Medusa's head to 
adorn the nuptials which he was going to cele- 
brate with Hippodarnia. the daughter of CEno- 
maus. "When Perseus had victoriously fini>h( d 
liis expedition, he retired to Argos w ith Danae, 
to the house of Acrisius, whom he inadvertently 
killed. Some suppose that it was Proetus the 
brother of Acrisius, who introduced himself to 
Danae in the brazen towe' ind instead of a gol- 
den shower, it was maintameu, that the kt-epers 
of Danae were bribed by the gold of her seducer. 
Virgil mentions that Danae came to Italy «iih 
some fugitives of Argos, and that she foimded a 
city called Ardea. Odd. Met. 4. Gl 1. ArL 
3, 415. Amor. 2. 27.— Horat. Od. 6, Ib.-iio- 
U 3 



DAN 



2. 



DAN 



mer. II. 14. 3\9.—Afollod. 2, 2 et 4 S^a/. T/iefc. 

1, 2bb.— Virir. ^n. 7, 410. A dau-liter of 

Leontium, mistress to Sophron, govtrnor of 
Epheius. The fidelity of heraitachnient proved 
fatal to her; she apprised Sophron that Loadiees 
conspired against his life, and \\hilst he escaped 
to Curinih, she was seized by the successful trai- 
tor, and thrown down a precipice. A daughter 

of Daiiaus, to whom Neptune offered violence. 

Danai, a name given to the people of Ar^os, 
and praaiiscuously to all the Greeks, from Da- 
r.aus their king. Virg. et Ovid, passim. 

DANAiDiiS, the fifty daughters of Danausking 
of Argos. When their uncle .<32gyptus came from 
Egypt with his fifty sons, they were promised in 
marriage to their cousins; but before the celebra- 
ti;)n of their nuptials, Danaus, who had been in- 
formed by an oracle that he was to be killed by 
the hands oi one of his sons-in-law, made his 
daughters solemnly promise that they would de- 
stroy their husbands. They "ere provided with 
daggers by their father, and all, except Hyperm- 
nestra, stained their hands with the blood of their 
cousins, the first night of their nuptials; and, as 
a pledge of their obedience to their father's in- 
junctions, they presented him each with the head 
of the murdered sons of iEgyptus. Hypermnes- 
tra was summoned to appear before her father, 
and answer for her disobedience in suffering her 
husband, Lynceus, to escape; but the ut-.animous 
voice of the people declared her innocent, and in 
ci>n;equence of her honourable acquittal, she 
dedicated a tem.ple to the goddess of Persua- 
sion. The sisters ^^ere purified of this murder 
by Mercury and Mmerva. by order of Jupiter; 
but according to the more received opinion, they 
were condemned to severe punishment in hell, and 
were compelled to fill with water a vessel full of 
holes, so that the water ran out as soon as poured 
into it, and therefore their labour was infinite, and 
their punishment eternal. The names of the Dan- 
Hides and their husbands, were as follows, accord- 
ing toApollodorus: Amymone marriedEnceladus; 
Automate, Busiris; Agave, Lyciis; Scea, Day- 
phron; Hippodaniia, Ister; Rhoaia, Chalcedon; 
Hypermnestra, Lynceus; Cah ce, another Lyn- 
ceus ; Gorgophone, Proteus; Cleopatra, Agenor; 
Asteria,Chjetus; Glauce. Aleis; Hippodamia,Dia- 
corytes; Hippomedusa, Alcmenon; Gorge, Hip- 
pothous; Iphimedusa, Euchenor; Rhode, Hippo- 
lytus; Pirene, Agaptolemus; Cercestis, Dorion; 
Pharte, Eurydamas; Mnestra, /Egius; Evippe, 
Arisius; Anaxibia, Archelaus; Nelo, Melaehus; 
elite, Clitus ; Steneie, Stenelus; Chrysippe, 
Chrysippus ; Autonoe, Eurylochus ; Theano, 
Phantes; Eleotra, Periithenes; Eurydice, Dryas; 
Glaucippe, Potamon; Autholca, Cisseus; Cleo- 
dora, Lixus; Evippe, Imbrus; Erata, Bromius; 
Stygne, Polyctor; Bryce, Chthonius; Actea, Pe- 
riphasi Podarce, Oilneus; Dioxippe, ^-yptus; 
Adyte, Menalces; Ocypete, Lampus; Pilarge, 
Idmon; Hippodice, Idas; Adiante, Daiphron; 
Callidia, Pandion; ffime, Arbelus; Celena, Hixi- 
bius; Hyperia, Hippocoristes. The heads of the 
sons of iEgyptus were buried at Argos; but their 
bodies were left at Lerna, where the murder had 
been comitjitted. Apollod. 2, 1. — Hoiat. Od. 3, 
W.—Strab. 8.- Pans. 2, IQ.—Hygin. fab. 168, 
dec. 

DANAFUIS, now the Dnieyer, a name given in 
(he middle ages to the Borysihenes. Vid. Bo- 
vysthenes. 

' DANASrus, anoth*?rname for the Tjras. It 
is now the Dniester, fid. Tyras. 



DanAus, a son of Belus and Anchinoe, who, 
after his father's death, reigned conjointly «iih 
his brother JSsyptus on the throne of Egypt. 
Some time after, a difference arose between the 
brothers, and Danaus set sail with his fifty 
daughters in quest of a settlement. He visited 
Rhodes, where he consecrated a statue to Mi- 
nerva, and arrived sale on the coast of Pelopon- 
nesus, where he was hospitably received by 
Gelanor, king of Argos. Gelanor had lately as- 
cended the throne, ^nd the tirst years of his reii;n 
were marked with dissensions with his subject,s. 
Danaus took advantage of Gelanor's unpopular- 
ity, and obliged him to abdicate the crown. In 
Gelanor, the race of the Inachidce was extin- 
euished, and the Belides began to reign at Argos 
in Da)iaus. Some authors say. that Gelanor 
voluntarily resigned the crown to Danaus, on ac- 
count of the wrath of Neptune, v. hohad dried up 
ali the waters of Argolis, to punish the imp cty 
of Inachus. The successful settlement of Danaus 
invited the fifty sons of ^?2py;iius to embark for 
Greece. They were kindly received by their 
uncle, w^ho, either apprehensive of their number, 
or terrified by asi oracle which llireatened his 
ruin by one of his sons-in-law, caused his daugh 
ters, to whom they were promised in marriage, 
to murder them the first nijiht of their nuptials. 
His fatal orders w ere executed, biu Hypermnes- 
tra alone spared the life of L\nceu5,. \ } id Da- 
naides.) Danaus, at first, persecuted Lynceus 
wish unremitt^d furj', but he was alterwaius re- 
conciled to iiim, and he aekno-A ledsjed him for his 
son in-law, and success or, aiter a reign of fifty 
years. He died about 1425 years before the chris- 
tian era, and after death, he w as honovtrcd with 
a splendid monument in the town of Argos, 
which still existed in the age of Pausanias. Ac- 
cording to ^S^schylus, Danaus left Kgvpt, not to 
be present at the marriage of his daughters, with 
the sons of his brother, a connexion which he 
deemed unlawful and impious. The ship in | 
which Danaus came to Greece, was called Ar- 
mais, and was the first that had ever appeared 

there. Apollod. 2, I. -Pans. 2, 19 Hygin. fab. 

168, Sec— Herod. 2, 91, &c. 7, 94. 

Dand.\rx and DANDARiD^, certain inhabi- 
tants near mount Caucasus. Taiit. Ann. 12, 
IS. 

Dandon, a man of Illyricum, who, as Pliny, 
7, 48, reports, lived 500 years. 

DanubIcs, the largest river in Europe except i 
the Rha, or Volga, and called in German the , 
Donaii, by us the Danube. It rises in the chain > 
of Mons Abnoba, or the mountains of the Black i 
Forest, and after a course of about 1620 miles, | 
generally in a south-easterly direction, falls into i 
the Black sea. It is of irregular breadth, being 
sometimes com.pressecl betw een rocks and moun- ' 
tains, at other times so wide that it almost re- i 
sembles a sea, and again broken .nnd uivi(ird in- 
to small streams by numerous islancis. Itrece'.vis | 
30 navigable rivers, the largest of w hich is the | 
CEnus, or Inn; and 90 smaller streams. It is | 
alw ays yellow with rnud, and its sands are every- | 
where auriferous. At its entrance into the Black 
sea, it is shallow; its waters are spread over an 
immense surface, and lie stagnating among" an 
infinity of reeds and other aquatic plants. The 
current of the river communicates a whitish i 
colour to the sea, and gives a freshness to it for 
nearly nine leagues, and within one league ren- 
ders it fit for use. Pompr nius Mela says it ha I ' 
as many mouths as the Nile, of whichthree wo e 



DAP 



2£5 



BAR 



small, and four navigAble. Only iwo oow remain, 
which can scarcely be entered by ships o/ eonsi- 
dpral)le size or burden, the rest being: choked up. 
Tr;e ancients gave the name of Is!er ti) the east- 
ern p>iri of tliis river, after its junction with the 
Savus, or Sme. The Greeks and Romans were 
very iniperlecily acquainted with the whole 
courje of the streann, which was for sr me time 
the novihern boundary of the Roman empire in 
ihisquarter. This riverwas an objectof worship 
to the Scythians. The river deity is exhibited on 
a medal of Trajan; but the finest figure of hfm 
is on the colun)n of that ernpenir at Rome. 
Strab. 4. — Pan. 4, 12 et 24. - Hor Od. 4. if,, 'il.— 

f-'ul. Fl:c. 8, 2i)'S.—Hesiod. Theog. 3J9 Oiid. 

Met. 2, 'i-19. 

Dafh.n^, a to'vn of Egypt, about sixteen 
mile^ (riirn Pelusium, on the route to Memphis, 
ne ir !he Pelusiac mouth of the Nile. It is now 
S fuus. Herod. 2, 30. 

Dafhn^us, a general of Syracuse, against 
Carthage. Polycen. b. 

Daphne, a daughter of the river Peneus. or 
of the Ladon, by the goddess Terra, of whom 
Apoilo became enamoured. This passion had 
bren raised by Cupid, with whom Apollo, proufi 
of his late conquest over the serpent Python, had 
disputed the power of t;!s daits. Daphne heard 
with horror the Kdfire.sses fif the god, and endea- 
voured to remove het selffrom his im; ortunities 
by flight. Apollo pur.^ued her; and Daphne, 
fearful of being eaiight, intreated the assistance 
of the gods, who changed her into a laurel. Apollo 
crowned his head with the leaves of the laurel, 
and for ever or.ierc-d that that tree should be sa- 
cred to his divinity. Som.e say that Daphne was 
admirsd by Leucippus. son of Ohinoraaus king of 
Pisa, who, to Le in her company, disguised his 
sex, and attended her in the woods, in the habit 
of a huntress. L.eucippus gained Daphne's esteem 
and love; but Apollo, who was his powerful rival, 
discovered his sex, and Leucippus was killed by 
the companions of Diana. Orid. Met. I. 452, &e. 

— P.rthen. Erotic. ib. — Paus. 8, 20 A daugh- 

ter of Tiresias priestess in the temple of Delphi, 
supposed Dv some to be the same as Manto. She 
was consecrated to the service of Apollo by the 
Epigoni, or according to others, by the goddess 
Tellus. She was called Sibyl, on account of the 
w ildness of her looks and expressions, when she 
delivered oracles. Her oracles were generally in 
ver-;e, and Hnnier, according to some accounts, 
has introduced much of her poetry in his compo- 
sitions. ^Diod. 4. Pans. 10, 5 A famous 

grove near Aniiochia, on the borders of the Oron- 
tes. The beauty of its situation rendered it a 
place of resort, its walks were embellished, its 
woods made rnmantic, and a temple of Apollo 
pave it still greater celebrity. It was, therefore, 
devoted to voluptuousness and luxury, and few 
be-iides the dissipated and profligate frequen'ed 
it; hence the proverb Dnfhm'cis nio-'ihus lirere 

a)>plled to an effeminate life. Lu. 33, 49 Sln-b. 

16. Eutrnp. 6, 11. 

D^phnkphorTa, a festival in honour of Apol- 
lo, celebrated every ninth year by the Boeotians. 
It W.1S then usual to adorn an olive bough with 
garlands of laurel and other flowers, and place 
on the to]) a brazen globe, on which were sus- 
pended smaller ones. In the middlejwere plac ed 
a number of crowns, and a globe of inferior size, 
and the bottom was adorned with a safi'ron-co- 
loured trarment. The globe on the top rppre- 
sp?.'i-d th,(. sun, or Apollo; that in the miridl.' wa- 



an emblem of the moon, and the others of the 
stars. The crow ns, which were sixty-five in num- 
ber, represented the sun's annual revolutions. 
This bi ugh was carried in solemn procession by 
a beautiful youth of an illustrious family, and 
whose parents were both living. The youth was 
dre.ssed in rich garments which reached to the 
ground, his hair hung loose and disheveled, his 
head was covered with a golden crown, and he 
wore on his feet shoes called Iphicratidce. from 
Iphicratf'S. an Athenian, w ho first invented them. 
He was called Aj.<pvr,(pof)o^, Inurei-be rer, and at 
that time he exteuted the office of priest of Apol- 
lo. He was preceded by one of his nearest re- 
laiions, bearing a rod adorned with garlands, and 
bt hind him fo. lowed a train of virgins, with 
branches in their hands. In this order the pro- 
cession advanced a.s far as the temple of Apollo, 
surnamed Ismenius, v\here supplicatory h3m.ns 
w ere sung to the sod — This festival (iwed it> ori- 
gin to the following circumstance: when an ora- 
cle advised the JStoiians, who inhabited Arne 
and the adjacent country, to abandon their an- 
cient possessions, Jind go in quest of a settlement, 
they invaded the Theban territories, which at 
that time were pillaged by an army of Pelasgians. 
As the celebration of Apollo'.s festivals was near, 
both nations, who religiously observed it, laid 
aside all hostilities, and according to custom, cut 
down laurel boughs from mount Helicon, and in 
the neighbourhood of the nver Melas, and walked 
in procession in honour rif the divinity. The day 
that this solemnity was observed, Polemates, the 
general of the Boeotian army, saw a youth in a 
dream that presented him w ith a complete suit of 
armour, and commanded the Boeotians to offer 
solemn prayers to Apollo, and w alk in processiim 
with laurel boughs in their hanus every ninth 
year. Three days after this dream, the Boeotian 
general made a sally, and cut off the greatest part 
of the bes'iegers. who were compelled by thi.- blow 
to relinguish their enterprise. Polemates, in 
commemoration of this deliverance, immediately 
instituted a novennial festival to the goA, who 
seemed to be the patron of the Boeotians. Paua. 
Bcebtic. Sfc. 

Daphnis, a shepherd of Sicily, son of Mer- 
cury, by a Sicilian nymph. He was educated by 
the nymphs. Pan taught him to sing and pb-y 
upon the pipe, and the muses inspired him with 
the love of poetry. It is supposed that he wa.s 
the first who wrote pastoral poetry, in which his 
successor Theocritus so happily excelleo. He 
was extremely fond of hunting: and at his dKntii, 
five of his dogs, from their attachment to him, 
refused all aliments, and pined away. From the 
' elebrity of this shepherd, the name ol Duphnu 
has been appropriated by the poets, ancient snd 
modern, to express a person fond of rural em- 
pbiyments, and of the jieaceful innocence which 
accompanies the tending of flocks. AHirn. V. H. 

10, 18. Diod. A There was another shej-.h. ;(] 

on mount Ida of the sHme name, changeti in'o a 

rt/ck, according to Olid. Met. 4. k75 A i-oii of 

Paris and Q-none'. 

DAPHNUS a part of the can.".! o'Constaiiiino- 
ple, at the distance of eighty stac.ia irom. the ci'v, 

and forty from the Euxine sea A towr. of the 

Locri Opuntii, situaied on the sea coast, near 
the frontiers of the Epicnemidian Locii. It !or- 
merly belonged to the Phocaea)is. 

DARADUs, a river of Africa, risir.?- *o •» 
north-west of the Pains Niarifes, on mount Man 
<l!a.s,and fnllin}; iiuo the Ail.'ini r to ttie nori-- 



DA.R 



236 



DAU 



the promontory Arsinarium. I« is thought to be 
tiip .same v, ith the Senegal. 

Darantasia a town of Gallia Bplsjica, called 
also J-c? u>n Claudii, and now Moustier. 

Dakdania, a district of Troas, in the north, 
CAlleJ so Irom its inhabitants the Dardani. 
Tiicae obtained their name from Dardanus, wlio 
built here the city Dardania. This district ex- 
tended on the coast from Abydos to the promon- 
tory Rhcetium, and inland to the summit of Ida. 

A count;-y of lUyria in Dalmatia, the capital 

of which bore the same name. A name given 

to a region north of Macedonia, called subse- 
quently Dacia Mediterranea. 

Dardanides, a name given to ^neas, as de- 
scended from Dardanus. The word, in the plu- 
ral number, is applied to the Trojan women. 
Firg. jE7i. 3, 94. 5, 43. Kl, 5^.^. 

DardAxis. or Dardanium. a promontory of 
Troas, on which was situate the city of Darda- 
nus. It is now called Cape Berbiet-i or, Cepos 
Burun. 

Dardanus, a son of Jupiter and Electra, who 
killed his brother Jasius to obtain the kingdom 
of Etruria alter the death nf his reputed father 
Corytus, and fled to Samothrace, and thence to 
Asia Minor, where he married Batia, the daugh- 
ter of Teucer. king of Teucria. After the death 
of his father-in-law he ascended the throne, and 
reigned sixty-two years. He built the city of 
Dardania, and was reckoned the founder of the 
kingdom of Troy. He was succeeded by Erich- 
thonius. According to somC; Corybas, his ne- 
phew, accompanied him to Teucria, where he 
introduced the worship of Cybele. Dardanus 
taught his subjects to worship Minerva; and he 
gave them two statues of the godiless, one of 
which is well known bv the name of Palladium, 
r/rf . ^n. 3. 167.— Pam. 7, ^.—Hijgin. fab. Ijj 

et z'.b.—Apollod. o. — Homer. II. ziK 2].x A 

Trr.jan killed by Achilles. Homer. II. 20, 460. 

Dardanus, a city of Troas, on the promon- 
tory Dardanis. It lay at the distance of seventy 
stadia from Rhoetium, and about the same dis- 
tance from the town of Abydos. It is no longer 
in existence; but there is no doubt that it gave its 
name to the D irdaneUes. or ancient Hellespont. 
I ■ f :;is city, peace w as concluded between Syila 
a:-; M.thridates. Strab. Ij>. 

i JARDARil- a nation near the Palus Maeotis. 
P:ut. iti Lucidl 

Dares, a Phrygian, who lived during the Tro. 
jan war, in which he was engaged- and of which 
he w rote the history in Greek. This history was 
extant in the age of .lilian; the Latin translation, 
now extant, is universally believed to be spuri- 
AI-, thouifh it is attributed by some to Cornelius 
Nenos. The best edition is that of Smids cum 
nrt. var. 4to and 8vo. Amst. ITO'i. — Homer. II. 
6, 10 et -2.1. — One of the companions of jEneas. 
descended from Amycus, and celebrated as a 
pagilirt at 'he funeral gamf^s in honour of Hi c- 
for, where he killed But^s. He was killed by 
Turnus in Italy. Hrg .±:n. 5, 369. 12, 2(33. 

Dari.wes, the name oi Darius in Persian. 
Sh.ib. 16. 

Daricus, a Persian gold coin, equal in value 
to twenty A;tic silver drachmas. Reckoning the 
Attic drachma equal to 7-d. sterling, which is 
t!ie ordinar> c(>mputation, thedaric w i' l be equi- 
valent to 12jf. l\d. sterling. The daric did not 
r^oe.ve its name from Darius the king, but from 
the Persian word dura, a king; a word wliich wa.s 
a^iplied to this co.u in order to sji;nifj tiiat it was 



stamped by the royal authority, and to distin- 
g^iish it from any coin that might te stamped 
and put in circulation by private merchant-:, 
j The impression on the daric exhibited oi\ one 
I side of it the representation of a king, and on the 

■ reverse an archer holding a bow in his left hand 
ar.d an arrow in his right. 

i DARlT.^:, a people of Persia. Herod. 3. 9i 
\ Dariu.=;, a noble satrap of Persia, son of s- 
taspes, will) conspired with six other nuulen!> >i 
to destroy Snierdis, w ho usurped the crown oi 
Persia alter the death of Cambyses. On the 
; murder of the usurper, the seven conspirators 
j universally agreed, that he whose horse neigti. d 
; first should be appoii ted king. In consequence 

■ of this resolution, the groom of Darius previ- 
! ously led his master's horse to a mare, at a place 
j near which the seven noblemen were to pas--. 
I On the morrow before sunrise, when they pro- 
I ceeded all together, the horse recollecting the 

mare, .suddenly neighed; and at the same time a 
! c]ap of thunder was heard, as if in approbation 
i of the choice. The noblemen dismounted from 

■ their horses, and saluted Darius king; and a re- 
solution was made among them, that the king s 

' wives and concubines should be taken from no 
i other family but that of the conspirators, ami 
tiiat they should for ever enjoy the unlimited 
piivilege of being a imitted into the king's pre- 
sence without previous introduction. Darius 
was twenty-nine years old when he ascended the 
throne, and he soon distinguished himself by h.s 
activity and military accomplishments. He be- 
sieged Babylon; which betook, after a siege of 
twenty months, by the arlilices of Zopyrus. 
From thence he marched against the Scythians, 
and in his way conquered Thrace. This expedi- 
tion was finally unsuccessful; and, after several 
i losses and disasters in the wilds of Scythia, the 
' king retired with shame, and soon after turned 
i his arms against the Indians, whom he subdued. 
! But Darius had now a more powerful enemy to 
: encounter. The Grecian cities of Asia still re- 
] membered the freedom and independence which 
their ancestors enjoyed; there/ore they subn.itted 
with reluftance to the Persian yoke. To assert 
their liberties they applied for assistance to the 
states of Greece and Athens, which warmly es- 
poused their cause, and sent them a fleet of 2b 
ships. These combined forces advanced into 
Asia Minor, and laid siege to Sardes the capital 
of Lydia, which they reduced to ashes. Darius 
saw with indignation the designs of the Grreks 
to foment war in his kingdom, and so e.\a.-;per- 
ated was he against the Athenians in conse- 
quence of I he burning of Sardes, that a servant 
every evening, by his order, repeated these 
words: 'Remember, O king, to punish the 
Athenians. ■■ Mardonius, the king's son-in-law, 
was now intrusted, not only with tlie deft ncf of 
the kingdom, but with a powerful force wliicn 
was to carry war and devastation into the imrt 
of Greece. This army how ever was on its n arch 
attacked and defeated by the Thracians, but tl-.e 
king, regardless of his defeat, collected a more 
Munierous .'bice, the command of which bo auve 
to Datis and Artai-hernes. They were coaqm ied 
at the celebrated battle of Marathon, by lO.flilO 
Athenians; and the Persians lost in that expedi- 
tion no less than 206,uO(j nien. Darius w.-is not 
disheartened by this severe blow, bu: he resolv- 
ed to car. y on the war in person, and iirinifdi 
ately onUred a still larsrer army Ut be levir.l 
lie died in the midst of his prsi-araUjns, .B 



DAR 



DAT 



i85, after a reign of thirty-six years, in the 63th 
vear of his age. Herod. 1, 2, &e. — Diod. 1 — 
Justin. 1, 9.—Plut. in Arist. — C. Nep. in MiUiad. 

The second king of Persia, of that name, 

was also called Ochus, or Nothiis, because he was 
the illegitimate son of Artaxerxes by a concu- 
bine. Soon after the murder of Xerxes he as- 
cended the throne of Persia, and married Pary- 
satis his sister, a cruel and ambitious woman, by 
whom he had Artaxerxes, Memnon, Amestris, 
and Cyrus the younger. He carried on many 
wars with success, under the conduct of his gen- 
erals and of his son Cyrus. He died B.C. 404, 
after a reign of nineteen years, and was succeed- 
ed by his son Artaxerxes, who asked him on his 
death-bed, what had been the guide of his conduct 
in the management of the empire, that he might 
imitate him ? The dictates of justice and of reli- 
gion, replied the expiring monarch. Justin. 5, 

H.—Diod. 12. The third of that name was the 

last king of Persia, surnamed Codomanus. He 
was son of Arsanes and Sysigambis, and de- 
scended from Darius Nothus. The eunuch Ba- 
goas raised him to the throne, though not nearly 
allied to the royal family, in hopes that he would 
be subservient to his will; but he prepared to 
poison him, when he saw him despise his ad- 
vice, and aim at independence. Darius discov- 
ered his perlidy, and made him drink the poison 
which he had prepared against his life. The 
peace of Darius was early disturbed by the am- 
bitious views of Alexander, who invaded Persia, 
to avenge the injuries which the Greeks had suf- 
fered Irom the predecessors of Darius. Darius 
did not take the command of his army in person, 
until after the battle of Granieus had been 
fought, and Alexander had advanced into Cilicia. 
He then proceeded to meet him in all the pomp 
of royalty, but wi;h a force ill adapted to contend 
with such an enemy. He determined, neverthe- 
less, to hazard a battle, contrary to the advice of 
his Greek allies. The battle of Issus was fought, 
and Darius took the command, buttled with such 
precipitation, that he lelt behind him his bow, 
shield, and mantle. His camp was plundered, 
and his mother, wife, and children, fell into the 
power of the victor. He wrote to Alexander, 
desiring him to name a ransom for his family, 
and proposing to decide their dispute in another 
combat with equal mmibers. Alexander replied 
with haughtiness, and pursued his success. 
Wiiile engaged in the sit ge of Tyre, Darius sent 
him another letter, offering him his daughter 
Statira in marriage, and all the country of Asia, 
as far as the Halys. These terms being rejected, 
Darius made another attempt at accommoda- 
tion, which also failing, the concluding battle of 
Gaugamela ensued. The Persian army was 
completely routed, and Babylon, Susa, and Per- 
sepolis taken. Darius fled to Ecbatana in Media, 
but Bessus, governor of Bactria, assuming the 
royal authority, snut him up in a covered cart, 
and took him away towards Bactria. Alexander 
closely pursued them beyond the Caspian straits; 
and on Darius refusing to yiroceed any farther, 
he was severely wounded by the conspirators, 
and left weltering in his blood. In this state he 
wjis found by a Macedonian, named I'olystratus, 
in whose arms he died, desiring that his acknow- 
ledgments might be made to Alexander for his 
kindness to his family, and praying that his death 
might be avenged on the traitors. When Alex- 
a der came up, and found Darius dead, he ehed 
tears, and covering the body with his own cloak, 



ordered it t'> be embalmed, and sent to Sisigam 
bis, to be interred with the relics of the Persian 
monarchs. Darius died in the fiftieth year of his 
age, and sixth of his reign, B.C. 330, and with 
him terminated the Persian empire. Diod. 17. 
— Plut. in Alex. - Justin 10, "ii, Sic— Curtius. 

A .son of Xerxesj who married Artaynta, and 

was killed by Artabanus. Herod 9, 108. Diod. 

11. A son of Artaxerxes, declared successor 

to the throne, as being the eldest prince. 
He conspired against his father's life, and was 
capitally punished. Plut. in Artax. 

Dascon, a man who founded Camarina. 
Thucyd. 6, 5. 

DascylIum, a town of Bilhynia, near the 
lake Dascylitis. It is now Diaskilo, 

Dascylus, the father of Gj ges. Herod. 1, R. 
Dasius, a chief of Salapia, who favoured An- 
nibal. Lju. 26, 38. 

DatAmes, a son of Camissares, governor of 
Caria, and general of the armies of Artaxerxes. 
H s great abilities as a general, and as a nego- 
tiator, were displayed in the service of the king, 
and in every expedition which he undertook he 
increased his fame and military glory, by an un- 
usual career of good fortune. The popularity 
which he deservedly acquired, however, procur- 
ed him enemies, the courtiers of the monarch 
were soon engaged to depreciate the meritorious 
actions which they could not imitate, and Ar- 
taxerxes was meanly induced to suspect and per- 
secute a man whom It was his duty to protect 
and reward. Datames was well acquainted with 
the malicious intentions of his detractors, and 
unable now to live in .safety as a peaceful sub- 
ject, he declared himself no longer the vassal of 
the Persian monarch, and established himself as 
the independent prince of a distant province. 
Every attempt to reduce him to obedience prov- 
ed unsuccessful, but Datames, who had braved 
all dangers in the field against an open foe, fell 
at last by the secret dagger of a treacherous friend. 
He was assassinated by Mithridates, who had in- 
vited him to a parley under pretence of enter- 
ing into the most inviolable connexion and 
friendship, 362 B.C. C. Nep. in Datum.— Diod. 
15. 

Dataphernes, one of the friends of Bessus. 
After the murder of Darius, he betrayed Bessus 
into Alexander's hands. He also revolted from 
the conqueror, and was delivered up by the Da- 
hai. Curt. 7, 5 et 8. 

Datis, a general of Darius I., sent with an 
army of 200,000 foot, and 10,000 horse, against 
the Greeks, in conjunction with Artaphernes. 
He was d feated at the celebrated battle of Ma- 
rathon, by Miltiades, and some time after put to 
death by the Spartans. C. Nep. in Milt. 

Datos, a town of Europe, which, after having 
belonged to Thrace, was transferred to Macedo- 
nia when the empire was extended on that side. 
It was situated near mount Pangaeus, on a rug- 
ged hill, having a forest to the north, and to the 
south a marsh, at a small distance from the sea. 
Proserpine is said to have been gathering flowers 
here when she was carried away by Pluto. This 
place was proverbially rich, on account of the 
mines of gold in its territory. It was at first 
called Cre7iides, from the fbuntains (/cprjrat') \\ hich 
abounded in the hill on which it was built; and 
afterwards Callistratus, the Athenian, gave it the 
name of Datos. When Philip, king of Macedo- 
nia, took possession of it, lie fortified it, and cal- 
led it Philippi. Appian. dc Civ. 



DAV 



233 



DEC 



Daulis, a nvmph, dung^hterof Cephisus. fn ni 
wh(im the city of Daulis in Ph>)cis, anciently 
railed Anacris, received its name. It w as at 
Daulis that Philf>niela and Procne made Tereus 
eai the flesh of his son, and hence the nightin- 
ga'e. into which Philomela was chanjred, is often 
called Daulias avis. Ovid. Ep. 15,15+. Strab. 
i).-Faus. 10,4.— Ptol. 3, io.—Liv. di, IS —Fiin. 
4. 3. 

Daunia, a country of I'aly, forming a part 
of A[)ulia, and situate on the coa.st to the north- 
west of Peucetia. It derived its name from 
Daunus, who settled there, and is now called 
Cipitafinfu. Vir^. 8. Un. — Sil 9, 500. 12, 

429. — Horat. Od. \ 6, 27. Juturna. the sister 

of Turnus, was called Daunia, after she had been 
made a goddess by Jupiter. J'irg. ^n. Vl, 139 
et 7- 5 

Daunus, a son of Pilnmnu? and Danae. He 
cnme from II yricum into Apulia, where he 
reigned over p,irt ol the c>>untry, which from him 
was called Daunia, and he wa-^ .-"ill on the throne 
when Diomedes came to iMly. Pffil. 3, 1. — 

Mel /, 2, Sfrab 5 A river of Apulia, now 

Craielle. HnraL Od. Z, Z'\ 

DAUKTFERand DauRISES, a brive general 
of Darius, treacherously killed bv the C.nians, 
Herod 5, 11 &c. 

Davaka, a hill near mount Tauvu-, in Asia 
Minor. 

Davus, a c m c chara-^ter. in the Andrian of 
Terence. Horat. Sat. I, 10, -iO. 

DecapIlis, a disirict of Palestine, Iving to 
the ea t an i south-east of the sea of Tiberias. 
It derived its name from the circumstance of tni 
cities {6Ua TroXfcs) contained in it, having united 
themselves into a league to resist the oppressinns 
of the Maccabees. These ten cities were Scyth- 
opolis. Capitolias, Canatha, Abila, Hippos, Ga 
dara, Pella, Dium. Gerasa, and Philadelphia. 
They belon;;ed original !y to the kingdom of Is- 
rael, but were afterwards reckoned to Syria, 
'i he Romans included them in their province of 
Coele- Syria and tlioush they gave Herod some 
of them, yet upon his death these were withheld 
fr m h:s heir.-^. Josephnx, Ant. 17, 12. BeU. Jud. 
2, -I PlJ7i 6. 18. 

Decf.balus, a warlike king of the Daci, who 
made a successful war against Domitian. He 
was conquered by Trajan, Domitian's successor, 
and he obtained peace. His active spirit atrain 
kindl -d rebellion, and the Roman emperor 
marched asrainst him, and defeated him. He 
'iestroyed himself, and his head was bmuiht to 
Rome, ard Dacia became a Roman province, 
A.D. in3. Dio. 68. 

Decklea, a town of Attica, north-east of 
Athens, near the source < f the Cephi.«us. It was 
considered of grea' importance, fn m its situa- 
tion on the road to Euboea, whence the Athen- 
ians derived their supplies. During the Pelo- 
ponnesian war, the Laced apmonians occupied 
and garrisoned it, by the advice of Alcibiades, 
^ and thus exn.>sed Athens to srreat loss and incon- 
venience. Thucyd. 6, 91. .9. Sirab. 9. 

Decelus a man "ho informed Castor and 
Pollux, that their sister, whom Thjseus had car- 
ried a-vav. was concealed at Aphidra;. Hoed 
9. 73. 

DecemvTri. ten m'ei>tr.qfes . f ab.^nlute au- 
thority among the Komnn<. The privileges of 
the patricians raised (iissatisfaction amons the 
ph beians; who, th msh freed Ironi the power of 
the Tarquins, still saw tiiat the admiiustration of 



justice depended upon the will and caprice of 
theii superiors, without any written statute to 
: direct them, and convince them rhat they were 
governed with equity and impartiality. The tri- 
bunes complained to the senate, and demanded 
that a code of laws might be framed for the use 
and benefit of the Roman people. This petition 
w as complied with, and three ambassadors w ere 
sent to Athens, and to all the other Grecian 
states, to collect the laws of Solon, and of the 
other celebrated legislators of Greece. Upon the 
return of the commissioners, it was univer.';al:y 
agreed, that ten new magistrates, called decem- 
viri, should be elected from the senate, to ))Ut 
the project into execution. Their pow er was ab- 
solute; all other offices ceased after their elec- 
tion, and they presided over the city w ith regol 
authority. They were invested with the badges 
of the consul, in the enjoyment of which they 
succeeded by turns, and only one was precedf d 
by the fasces, and had the power of assembling 
the senate, and confirming decrees. The first 
decemvirs were Anpius Claudius, T. Genutius, 
P. Sextus, Sp. Veturius, C. Jrlius, A. Manlius. 
Ser. Sulpitius Pluriatius, T. Romulus, Sp. Post- 
humius, A. U. C. 303. Under them, the laws 
which had been exposed to public view, th.at 
every citizen might speak his sentiments, weie 
l)iiblicly approved of as c nstitutional, am' rati- 
fied by the priests and augurs in the most solemn 
and religious manner. These laws were ten in 
number, and were engraved on tables of brass; 
two were afterwards added, and they w ere called 
tlie laws of the twelve tables, leges duodecim ta- 
bidarum, and leges decemvirales. The decemvi- 
ral power, w hich w as beheld by all ranks of peo- 
ple with the greatest satisfaction , was continued; 
but in the third year after their creation, the de- 
cemvirs became odious, on account of their ty- 
ranny; and the attempt ot Ap. Claudius to ravish 
Virginia, was followed by ih.- total abolition ot 
the office. The people were so exasperated 
against them that they demanded them from the 
senate, to bum them alive. Consuls were again 
appointed, and tranquillity re-established in the 

state There were also military decemviri; 

and on various emergencies, decemviri were cre- 
ated to manage and regulate certain affairs after 
the same manner as boards of commissioners are 
now appointed. Thus, there were decemviri for 
conducting colonies; decemviri who officiated as 
judges in cases of litigation under the qua;.<ti)r 
and ]>ra2tor ; decemviri for dividing the laniis 
among the veteran soldiers; decemviri to prepare 
and preside at feasts in honour of the gods; de- 
cemviri to take care of the sacrifices; and decem- 
viri to keep the Siln Uine books With regard 
to the last of these, how ever, it must be observed 
that the number, after having been originally 
two, and then increased to ten, was subsequently 
still farther increased to fifteen. 

Decia Lex. was enacted by M. Decius the 
tribune, A. U. C. 442, to empower the people to 
appoint two proper persons to fit and repair the 
fleets. 

L. Decidius Saxa, a Celtiberian in Caesar's 
camp. C(Fs. Bell. Civ. 1, 

Pectus, Mus, a celebrated Roman consul, 
who, after many glorious ex loits. devoted him- 
self to the gods Manes lor the .-^afety ol his coun- 
try, in a battle against the Latin<, o3S years B.C. 
His son Decius imitated hi.^ cx.nnple, and fle- 
vo ed himself in like nianner in his fourth con- 
sulship, when fi-hting against the Gauls aiiu 



DEU 



239 



DEI 



j Samnitfs, B. C. 296. Ilis grandson also per- 
I foiniid the S'me patriotic exploit, in the war 
I against Pyrrhus and the Taremines, B. C. Ji80. 
Tnis action of devoting oneself, was of infinite 
service to the state. The soldiers were animated 
by the examj.le, and induced to follow with in- 
trepidity, a commander, who, arrayed in an un- 
usual dress, and addressing himself to the gods 
with solemn invocation, rushed into the thickest 
I part of the enemy to meet his fate. Liv. 8, 9, 
Sac—Val. Max. 5. 6. Pohjb. 2.— Virg. Jin. 6, 

824. Brutus, conducted Caesar to the senate- 

; house the day that he was murdered. Cn. Me- 
lius Q Trajanus, a native of Pannonia, sent by 
the emperor Pliilip, to appease a sedition in Moe- 
sia. Instead of obeying his master s command, 
he ass\imed the imperial purple, and soon after 
! marched against him, and at his death became 
; the only emperor. He signalized himself against 
I the Persians; and when h? marched against the 
j Go;hs, he pushed his horse in a deep marsh, 
j from which he could not extricate himself, and 
|j he perished with all his army by the darts of the 
j barbarians, A. D. 251, af;er a reign of two years. 

This monarch enjoyed the character of a brave 
j man. and of a great disciplinarian; and by his 
i justice and exemplary life merited the title of 

■ Optimics, which a servile senate had lavished upon 
: him. 

Decumates AGRI, certain lands in Germany, 
which were subjected by the Romans to the im- 
position of a tenth part of their produce. Tucit. 
G. tQ. 

Decurio, a subaltern officer in the Roman 
armies He commanded a decwia, which con - 
sisted of ten men, and was the third part of a 
turma, or the thirtieth part of a legio of horse, 
which was composed of 300 men. Each decurio 
I had an optio or deputy under him. There were 

■ also provincial magistrates called by this name. 
; The colonies differed from the free towns in this, 

that they used the law s prescribed them by the 
Romans, but they had almost the same kind of 
magistrates. Their two chief magistrates were 
called duumviri; and their senators decuriones., 
because their court consisted of ten persons or 
because, as some say, when the colony was first 
planted, every tenth man was made a senator. 
The fortune requisite for being elected a decurio^ 
under the emperors, was 100,000 sestertii. 

Dkditamenes, a friend of Alexander, made 
governor of Babylonia. Curt. 8, 3. 

Degis. a brother of Dec-balus, king of the 
Daei. He came as ambassador to the court of 
Domitian. Martial, 5, ep. 3. 

Deicoon, a Trojan prince, son of Pergasus, 
intimate with ^neas. He was killed by Ai;a- 
memnon. Homer. II. 5, 534. A son of Her- 
cules and Megara. Apollod. 2, 7- 

Deidamia, a daughter of Lycomedes, king of 
Scyros. She bore a son called Pyrrhus, or Neop- 
tolemus, to Achilles, who was disguised at her 
father's court in woman's clothes, under the name 

of i'yrtl'.a. Propert. 2, el. 9.— Apollod. 3, 13 

A 'iaushtor uf Pyrrhus, killed by the Epirots. 

Polycen. A daughter of Adrastus, king of Ar- 

go-;. called also Hippodamia. 

Deileon, a companion of Hercules in his ex- 
pedition a>;a.nst the Amazons Flacc. 5, 115. 

DElMACHt;s. a son of Neleus and Chloris, was 
kilied. with ali his brothers, except Nestor, by 
Hercules. Apollod. 1, 9. 

Uei "iCES, a son of Phraortes, by whose means 
the Medes delivered themselves from the yoke 



of the Assyrians, He presided as judee :!mnng 
his countijmen, and his gitat poi.uiariiy nvd 
love ol equity raided him to the tin one, and he 
made himself absolute, B. C. 7l;0. He w as -suc- 
ceeded by his son Phraortes, after a reign of fif- 
ty-three years. He built Eebatana, according to 
Herodotus, and surrounded it with seven dillV- 
rent walls, in the middle of which was the lojal 
palace. He7od. I, 96 &c. Polycen. 

Deiochus, a Greek captain killed by Paris 
in the Trojan war. Homer. II 15, 341. 

Deione, the mother of Miletus by Apollo, 
Mileius is often called Deionides, on account uf 
his mother. Ovid. Met. 9, 442. 

DeioneuS, a king of Phocis, who marrie& 
Diomede, daughter of Xuthus, by whom he had 
Dia. He gave his daughter Dia in marriage to 
Ixion, who promised to make a present to his 
father-in-law. Deioneus accordingly visited the 
house of Ixion. and was thrown into a large hole 
filled with burning coal, bv his son-in-luw. Hy- 
gin fab. 48 et 2n.— Apollod. 1, 7 et 9. 2, 4, 

Deiopeia, a nymph, the fairest of all the 
fourteen nymphs that attended upon Juno. Tfie 
goddess promised her in marriage to iEoUis the 
god of the winds, if he would destroy the fleet of 
iEneas, which was sailing for Italy. Virg. /En. 

1, 76. One of the attendant nymphs of Cyrene. 

Virg. G. 4, 3^3. 

Deiotarus, a governor of Galatia, made king 
of that province by the Roman people. In the 
civil wars of Pompey and Caesar, Deiotarus fbl- 
j iowed the interest of the former. After the bat- 
! tie of Pharsalia, CiBsar severely reprimanded 
I Deiotarus for his attachment to Pompey, de- 
I prived him of part of his kingdom, and left him 
I only the bare title of royalty. When he was ac- 
i cused by his grandson, of attempts upon Ceesar's 
liie, Cicero ably defended him in the Roman se- 
, iiare. He joined Brutus w ith a large army, and 
laithfully supported the lepubiican cause. He 
<iied at a very advanced age. Strab. 12. — Lucan. 

5, 55. 

DeTphTla, Vid. Deipyle. 

LeipHoSE, a sibyl of Cumae, daughter of 
Glaucus, It is supposed that she led .^Eneas to 
the infernal regions. ( Fid. Sibylla;.) — Virg. Mn. 

6, 36. 

Deiphgbus, a son of Priam and Hecuba, w ho, 
after the death of his brother Paris, married He- 
len. His wife unworthily betrajeJ him, and in- 
troduced into his chamber her old husband Me- 
nelaus, to whom by this act of treachery she 
wished to reconcile herself. He was shamefully 
mutilated and killed by Menelaus, He had 
higlily distinguished himself during the war, es- 
pecially in his tw o combats with Merion, and in 
that in which he slew Ascalaphus son of Mars. 

Virg.-^n. 6, 495— Homer. II. 13. A son of 

Hippoh tus, who puiified Hercules after the mur- 
der of iphitus. Apollod. 2, 6. 

DeIphon. a brother of Triptolemus, son of 
Celeus and Metinira. When Ceres travelled 
over the world, she stopped at his father's court, 
and undertook to nurse him and bring him up. 
To reward the hospitality of Celeus. the goddess 
began to make his son immortal; and every even- 
ing she placed him on burning coals to purity 
him from whiitever mortal particles he still pos- 
sessed. The uncommon grow th of Deiphon aston- 
ished Metanira. who wished to see what Ceres 
did to make him so v.-urous. She was fri^!;t 
ened to see her son -n ourning coals, mid tlit 
shrieks that she utterc-.A uistuibe'l t-.e mysterious- 



EEI 



210 



DEL 



r=perations of the goddess, and Deiphon perished 

in the tiama. ApoUod. 1. j The husband of 

Kv rnetiiO, daughter of Temenus, king of Argos. 
Id. 2, 7. 

Deiphontes, a general of Temenus, who 
took Epidauria, &c. Paii<;. 2, 12. 

Dkipyle, a daughter of Adrastu?, who mar- 
ri^■^i Tvdeus, bv whom she had Dioniedes. Apol- 
loi. l.S. 

Deifylus, a snn of Sthenelus, in the Trojan 
«ar. Hon-er. II. 3. 

Deifyrus. a Grecian chief, during the Tro- 
jan war. Horner. II. S 

Dej ANIRA, a daughter of CEneu>, king of 
ti>lia. Her beauty procured her many admirers, 
and her father promised to give her in man iage 
to him only «ho pro%'ed to be the strongest of all 
his competitors. Hercules obtained ;h(* j rize, and 
married Dejanira, by whom he had three chil- 
dren, the most kno'vn of whom is Kyllus. As 
Dejanira was once travelling with her husband, 
they were stopped by the swollen streams of the 
Evenu^, and the centaur Nessus cffrr'.-d Hercules 
to convey her safe to the opposite shore. The hero 
consented; but no sooner had Nessus gained the 
bank, than he attempted to offer violence to De- 
janira, and to carry her away in the sight of her 
husband. Hercules, upon this, aimed from the 
other shore, a poisoned arrow at the seducer, and 
mortally wounded him. Nessus, as he expired, 
wished to avenge his death upon his murderer: 
and he gave Dejanira his tunic, which was 
covered with blood, poisoned and infected by the 
arrow, observing that it had the power of re- 
claiming a husband from unlawful loves. Deja- 
nira accepted the present; and when Hercules 
proved faithless to her bed, she sent him the 
centaur's tunic, which instantly caused his death . 
(TVrf. Hercules.) Dejanira was so disconsolate 
at the death of her husband, which she had ig- 
norantlv occasioned, that she destroyed herself. 
Odd. Met. 8 et 9.—Diod. i.Senec. in HerciU.— 
Hy gin. fab. 34 et 36. 

Delia, a festival celebrated every fifth year 
in the island of Delos, in honour of Apollo. It 
was first instituted by Theseus, who, at his re- 
turn from Crete, placed a statue there, which he 
had received from Ariadne. At the celebration, 
they crowned the statue of the goddess with gar- 
lands, appointed a choir of music, and exhibited 
horse-races. They afterwards led a dance, called 
■yfpavot, i. e. the crane, in which they imitated by 
their motions, the various w indings of the Cre- 
tan labyrinth, from which Theseus had extricated 

himself by Ariadne's assistance. There was 

also another festival of the same name, yearly 
celebrated by the Athenians in Delos. it was 
also instituted by Theseus, who, vhen he was 
going to Crete, made a vow, that if he returned 
victorious, he would yearly visit in a solemn 
manner the temple of Delos". The persons em- 
ployed in this ajinual procession were called De- 
liadcB and Th".ori. The ship, tine same which 
carried Theseus, and had- been carefully pre- 
st^rved by the Athenians, was called Thecria and 
Delias. When the ship was ready for the voy- 
age, the priest of Apollo solemnly adorned the 
stern ^^ilh garlands, and an universal lustration 
was made all over the city. The Theori wert» 
crowned with laurels, and before them proceeded 
tSen armed ^^ ith nxes, in com.menioration of The- 
seus, who had cleared the way from Troezene to 
Athens, and delivered the country from robbers. 
When the ship arrived at Delos, they offered so- 



lemn sacrifices to the god of tl'.e i.-hnnd, .n d ceie- jfj 
brated a festival in his honour. After thi -, the? 
retired to their ship, and sailed back to Athens, . ^ 
where ail the people of the city ran in crowds t; in 
meet them. Every appearance of festivity pre- . 
vailed at their approacn, and the citizens opened j j;i 
their doors and prostrated themselves before the ' 
Deliastae, as they walked in procession. During j yj 
this festival, it was held unlawlul to put any con- i g 
dernned person to death, which was the reason | ^ 
that Socrates was reprieved fm- thirty days after . ^ 
his condemnation. Xenophon. Memor. vt in Coav, ^ 
—Plut. inFhctd Seiiec. Ep. 10. i ^ 

Delia, a surname of Diann, because she was ^ ( 
bom in Delos. Virg. Eel. 3, t'=7. j j 

DeliAdes, a son of Glaiieus, killed by his , 

bro!her Bellerophon. ApoUod. '2, 3. The ' , 

pripsres?es in Apollo's temple. Homer. Hymn. . j 
ad Ap. I 

Deliast^, the name of the deputies whom ; 
the pe(.ple of Athens sent every fif y years in so- ' 
lemn embassy to Delos, to offer sacrifices and 1 
pay homage to Apollo. | 

DelTum, a temple of Apollo. A town of 

Boeotia, on the sea coast, north of the mouth of 
the Asopus. It was celebrated for the defeat of 
the Athenians by the Bocoiians in the Peloponne- 
sian war, B. C."424. It was in this battle that 
Socrates, according to some accounts, saved tbe j 
life of Xenophon, or, according to others, of Al- 
cibiades. Some vestiges of this to«n are to be i 
seen near the village of Dramid, on the Euripus, 
Sirah. 9. — Diog. Laert. 2, 2l.— Thucyd. 4, 96. : 

DelIus, a surname of Apollo, because he was < 

born in Delos. Quint, an oflfieer of Antony, j 

who, when he was sent to cite Cleopatra before 
his master, advised her to make her appearance 
in the most captivating attire. The plan sue- j 
ceedevl. He afterwards abandoned his friend, 
and fled to Augustus, who received him with | 
great kindness. Horace has addressed, 2 od. 3, \ 
to him. Plut. in Anton. ' 

i3el51AT1US, F1. Jul. a nephew of Constan- 
tine the Great, honoured with the title of CiE- 
sar, and put in possession of Thrace, Macedonia, 
and Achaia. His great virtues were unable to 
save him from a violent death, and he was assas- I 
sinated by his own soldiers, &c. 1 

DelminJum, the ancient capital of Dalmatia. ' 
Vid. Dalminium. | 

Delos, an island of the .Egean sea, situated 
nearly in the centre of the Cyclades. It was 
called likewise Lagia, Ortygia, Asteria, Chla- 
mydias. Pelasgia, Pyrpilis, and Cynthia. The 
name Delos is commonly derived from i^>os, 
manifest, in allusion to the island having floateil 
under the surface of the sea until made to appeal 
and stand firm by order of Neptune. This was 
done for the purpose of receiving Latona. who 
was on the eve of delivery, and could find no asy- 
lum on the earth, it having been bound by an 
oath by Juno not to receive her: as Delos r.t the 
time was floating beneath the w. iters, it was n<»£ 
considered to be bound by tliis oath. The island | 
is celebrated for the nativity of Apollo and Dia- 
na; and the solemnity wlih which the festivals of [ 
these deities were celebrated there, by the in- ^ 
habit.ants of the neighbouring islands and of the 
continent, is well known. One of the altars of 
Apollo, in the inland, was reckoned among the 
seven wonders of the w orld. It had been erected \ 
by Apollo, when o:^.!y four years old, and made 
with the horns ol goats, killed by Diana on mount '\ 
Cynthus. It was unlawful to sacrifice any livit>.g ' 



DEL 



241 



DEM 



creature upon that altir, which was reliyioiiaiy 
kept pure from blood and every pollution. The 
whole island of Delos was held in such venera- 
tion, tliat the Persians, who had pillaged and pro- 
faned all the temples of Greece, never offered 
violence to the temple of Apollo, but respected 
it with the most awful reverence. Apollo, whose 
image was in the shape of a dragon, delivered 
their oracles during the summer, in a plain man- 
ner, without any ambiguity or obscure meaning. 
The winter residence of the god was at Patara in 
Lycia. The Athenians were commanded by an 
oracle, in the time of Pisistratus, to purily De- 
los, which they did by causing all the dead bo- 
dies to be taken up, which had been interred 
there, and removed from all places within view 
of the temple. In the sixth year of the Pelopon- 
nesian war, they, by the advice of an oracle, pu- 
rified it anew, by carrying all the dead bodies to 
the neighbouring island of Rhenea, where they 
were buried. After having done this, in order to 
preserve it from pollution for the future, they de- 
creed that all births and deaths amongst its in- 
habitants should take place in Pihenea. In me- 
nv)ry of this puritication, the Athenians insti- 
tuted a quinquennial festival, which was cele- 
brated with great pomp. (F/d. Delia.) In the 
tenth year of the Peloponnesian war, the Athe- 
nians drove out ihe entire population, but were 
themselves afterwards expelled by Mithridates, 
who lost it to the Komsns. It is now called 
Delo or Sdille, and i; ?o covered with ruins and 
rubbish as to admit of little or no culture. Sh^ab. 
8 et iO.—Ovid. Met. 5, 329. 6, 333.— Mela, 2, 7.— 
Plin. 4, \%.—Fl.ut. de Solert. Anim., fyc— Tbucyd. 
3. 4, 8ic.— Virg. JEn. 3, 76.- Ptol. '6, Vo.-CalUm. 
de Del. — Claudia'), de 4. Cons. Hon. 

Delphi, now Castri, a town of Phoci? in 
Greece, situate at the foot of the most southern 
point of the chain of Parnassus, and built in the 
form of an amphitheatre. It was also called Py- 
tho, because the serpent Python was killed there; 
and it received the name of Delphi, from Delphus, 
the son of Apollo. Some have also called it Par- 
nassia Nape, the valley of Parnassus. It was fa- 
mous as the place where the Amphictyonic coun- 
cil assembled, but more particularly for a temple of 
Apollo, and for an oracle celebrated in every age 
and country. The origin of the oracle, though fabu- 
lous, is described as something wonderful. A num- 
ber of goats that were feeding on mount Parnassus, 
came near a place which had a deep and long 
perforation. The steam which issued from the 
hole, Fcemed to inspire the goats, and they played 
and frisked about in such an uncommon manner, 
that the goat-herd was tempted to lean on the 
hole, and see what mysteries the place contained. 
He was immediately seized with a fit of enthu- 
siasm, his expressions were wild and extravagant, 
and passed for prophecies. This circumstance 
was soon known about the country, and many 
experienced the same enthusiastic inspiration. 
The place was revered, and a temple was soon 
after erected in honour of Apollo, and a city 
built. According to some ?iccounts, Apollo was 
not the first who gave orjicles there; but Terra, 
Neptune, Themis, and Phcebe, were in posses- 
sion of the place before the son of Latona. The 
oracles were generally given in verse; but when 
it had been sarcastically observed that the god 
and patron of poetry was the most imperfect poet 
in the world, the priestess delivered her answers 
in prose. The oracles were always delivered by 
a priestess called Pythia. {Vid. Pythia.) The 



temple was built and destroyed several time-. 
It was customary for those who consulted the 
oracle to make rich presents to the god of Del- 
phi; and no monarch distinguished himself more 
b> the splendour of his donations than Croesus, 
This sacred repository ot opulence, was often the 
object of plunder; but the attempts of Xerxes, 
and afterwards of Brennus, to rob it of its trea- 
sures, w ere, it is said, defeated by the superna- 
tural interference of the gods. During the sa- 
cred war, the people of Phocis seized from it 
lU.UOO talents, equal to 2,'250.(X)0i. sterling, to 
maintain their armies against their powerful op 
ponents; and Nero, with little delicacy, carried 
away no less than five hundred statues of br-ass, 
partly of the gods, and partly of the most illus- 
trious heroes. In another age, Constantine the 
Great removed its most splendid ornaments to 
his new capital. It was universally believed, by 
the ancients, that Delphi was in the middle of the 
earth; and on that account it was called terrce 
umbilicus. This, according to mythology, was 
first found out by two eagles, which Jupiter had 
let loose from the two extremities of the earth, 
and which met at the place where the temple of 
Delphi was built. Apollon. 2, l^&. — Diod. 16.— 
Plut. de Defcit. Orac. ^c.—Paus. 10, 6, &c.— 
Ovid. Met. 10, \%&.— Strut. 9. 

Dklphtcus, a surname of Apollo, from the 
worship paid to his divinity at Delphi. 

Delphini.a, festivals at ^^igina, in honour of 
Apollo of Delphi. 

Delphis, the priestess of the oracle of Delphi. 
Martial. 9, ep. 43. 

DfiLPHUs, a son of Apollo and Celjcno, who 
is said to have built Delphi, and consecrated it 
to his father. Hygin. IGl Pans, in, 6. 

Delta, a part of Egypit, which received that 
name from its resemblance to the form of the 
fourth letter of the Greek alphabet. It lies be- 
tween the Canopic and Pelusiac mouths of the 
Nile, and begins to be formed where the river 
divides itself into several streams. It has been 
made totally by the mud and sand, which are 
washed down from the upper parts of Egypt by 
the Nile, according to ancient tradition. Cas. 
Alex. 27.—Strab. 15 et ]7. — Herod. 2, 13, &c.— 
Pliji: 3, 16. 

Demades, an Athenian, who, from a sailor, 
became an eloquent orator, and rbtained much 
influence in the state. He was taken pri.=o.ner at 
the battle of Cheronaa, by Philip, and ingratii^ted 
himself into the favour of that prince, by whom 
he was greatly esteemed. He was put to death 
by Cassander, because intercepted letters proved 
that he held secret communication with the ene- 
mies of the former, B.C. 322. An oration of his 
'TTTtp T-^j tw^tKatriaf, '* Respecting his condret 
during the space of twelve years," isMn the c( 1- 
leciinns of Aldus, Henry Stephens, and Reiske. 
Died. 16 et 17.— Plut. in Dem. 

Dem^netus, a rhetorician of Syracuse, ene- 
my to Timoleon. C. Nep. in Tim. 5. 

Demagoras, one of Alexander's flatterers. 

An historian w ho w rote concerning the foun 

df:tion of Rome. Dionys, Hal. 1, 

Demarata, a daughter of Hiero, &c. Liv. 
24, 22. 

Demaratus, the son and .successor of Ariston 
on the throne of Sparta, B C. 526. He was ban- 
ished by the intrigues of Cleomenes hi.s r(/),'il 
colleague, as being illegitimate. He retired into 
Asia, and was kindly received by Darius son cf 
Hystaspes king of Persia. When the Persian 



de:*i 



242 



DKM 



monarch n^ade preparations to inv^aiie Greece, 
Diiw ratus, though persecuted by llie Lacede- 
monians, informed them of the hostilities which 
t.un~c over their head. Herod. 5, 75. &c.— 6, 50, 

&c. A rich citizen of Corinth, of tl e family of 

the Bacchiadae. When Cypselus had usurped 
tiie sovereign pow er of Corinth, Dema atus. with 
all his family, migrated to Italy, atid settled at 
Tarquiiiii, 638 years before Christ. His son, 
Lucuniun, was king of Rome, under the name of 

Tarquinius Piiscus. Dionys. Hal. A Corin- 

tiii tn exile at the court of Philip, king of Mace- 
doniii Plul in Alex. 

DematkTa, a Spartan mother, who killed her 
son. because he returned from a battle without 
giory. Plut. Lac. hist. 

DicMETRiA a f's ival in honour of Ceres, 
whom t!ie Greeks called Av.a'Jrw 1^ was usual 
on this occasion for the votarie.s of the goddess to 
Uish tiiemselves with whips, made from the bark 
of trees, and called ^oporr-.t. The Athenians had 
a festival of the same name, in honour of Deme- 
trius Poliorcetes. 

DemetrTas. a town of Thessaly, on the Siuxn 
Pelasgicus or Pagasasus, at the mouth of the river 
Onchestus'. It owed its name and origin to De- 
metrius Poliorcetes. Strab, 9. A lov. n of As- 
syria, south-east of Arbela, now Kakco^. It is 
called Corcura by Ptolemy. 

Demetrius a son of Antigonus and Strato- 
nice, surnamell Poliorcetes, besieger of cities. At 
the ag-e of twenty-two, he was sent by his father 
against Ptolemy, king of Egypt, who had invaded 
Syria. He was deieated near Gaza, but he suon 
repaired his loss by a victory over one of the ge- 
nerals of the enemy. He afterwards sailed with 
a fleet of 250 ships to Athens, and restored the 
Athenians to liberty, by freeing them from the 
power of Cassander and Ptolemy, and expelling 
the garrison, which was stationed there under 
Demetrius Phalereus. After this successful ex- 
pedition, he besieged and took Munychia, and 
defeated Cassander at Thermopylge. His recep- 
tion at Athens, after these victories, was attended 
with the greatest servility; and the Athenians 
were not ashamed to raise altars to him as to a 
god, aud to consult his oracles. This ui. common 
success raised the jealousy of the successors of 
Alexander; and Seleucus, Cassander, and Lysi- 
machus, united to destroy Antigonus and his son. 
Tneir hostile armies met at Ipsus, B C 301. An- 
tigonus was killed in the battle; and Dc^metrius, 
after a severe loss, retired to Ephesus. His ill 
success raised him many enemies; and the Athe- 
nians who had lately adored him as a god, re- 
fused to admit him into their city. He soon after 
ravaged the territories of Lysimachus, and recon- 
ciled himself to Seleucus, to whom he gave his 
daughter Stratonice in marriage. Athens now 
laboured under tyranny; and Demetrius relieved 
it, and pardoned the inhabitants. The loss of his 
possessions in Asia recalled him from Greece, 
and he established iiimself on the throne of Ma- 
cedonia, by the murder of Alexander the son of 
Cassander. Here he was continually at w ar with 
the neighbouring states; and the superior power 
of his adversaries obliged him to leave Macedo- 
nia, after he had sat on the throne for seven 
years. He passed into Asia, and attacked some 
of the provinces ot Lysimachus with various suc- 
cess; but famme and pestilence destroyed the 
greatest part of his army, ai.d he retired to the 
com t of Seleucus for support and assistance. He 
*'!'t vMlh a kind reception, but hostilities were 



soon begun: and alter he had gained some ad- 
vantages over his son-in law, Demetrius \<as to- 
tally forsaken by his troops in the field of battle, 
^nd became an easy prey to the enemy. Though 
he was kept in confinement by his son-in-law, 
yet he maintained himself like a prince, and 
passed his time in hunting and in every laborious 
exercise. His son Antigonus offered Seleucus all 
his possessions, and even his person, to procure 
his father's liberty; but all proved unavailing, 
and Demetrius died in the fifty-fourth year of his 
ai^e, after a confinement of three years, B.C. 
His rem.ains were given to Antigonus, and hon- 
oured with a splendid funeral pomp at Corinth 
and thence conveyed to Demetrias. His posterity 
remained in possession of the Macedonian throne 
till the age of Peiseus, who was conquered by the 
Romans. Demetrius has rendered himself famcuj 
for his fondness of dissipation when among the 
dissolute, and his love of virtue and military 
glory in the field of battle. He has been com- 
mended as a great warrior; and his ingenious in- 
ventions, his warlike engines, and stupendous 
machines in his war with the Rhodians. justify 
his claims to that perfect character. He has been 
blanied for his voluptuous indulgences; and his 
biographer observes, that no Grecian prince had 
more wives and concubines than Poliorcetes, 
His obedience and reverence to his father have 
been justly admired; and it has been observed, 
that Antigonus ordered the ambassadors of a fo- 
reign prince particularly to remark the cordiality 
and friendship which subfisled betw een him aiid 
hisson. Plut. invitd. — Diod. 17- — histin i, 17, &c. 
— A prince w ho succeeded his father Antigonus on 
the throne of Macedonia. He reigned eleven years, 
and was succeeded by Antigonus Doson, Justin 

26, 2.—Polyb. 2. -A son of Philip king of Ma 

cedonia, delivered as a hostage to the Romans 
and led in triumph by T. Q. Flaminius. \Vhen 
alterwards, he appeared at Rome as the ambas- 
sador of his father, his great modesty and virtu- 
ous diffidence drew upon him the attention and 
the esteem of the senate, and the father, accused 
of hostile views against the republic, was par- 
doned through the innocence of the son. His 
popularity thus acquired at Rome, rai.sed suspi- 
cions and jealousies in Macedonia; and Deme- 
trius, falsely criminated by his brother Perseus, 
who envied him his fame and meritorious ser- 
vices, was cruelly put to death, B.C. 180, by 
Philip, who, too late acknowledging the inno- 
cence of his slaughtered son, and the perfidy of 
his surviving brother, at last fell a prey to lin- 
gering sorrow and unavailing remorse. Liv. 33, 

51.34, 52-39 47,&e. 40, fi.&c— J<<s<m 32, -2. A 

pnnce, surnamed Soter., w as son of Seleucus Phi- 
lopater, the son of Antiochus the Great, king of 
Syria. His father gave him as a hostage to the 
Romans. After the death of Seleucus, Antio- 
chus Epiphanes, the deceased monarch's brother, 
usurped the kingdom of Syria, and was succeedec 
by his son Antiochus Eupator. This usurpation 
displeased Demetrius, w ho w as detained at Rome; 
he procured his liberty on pretence of going to 
hunt, and fled to Syria, where the troops received 
him as their law ful sovereign, B. C. 162. He put 
to death Eupator and Lysias, and established 
himself on his throne by cruelty and oppression. 
Alexander Bala, tlie son of Antiochus Epiphanes, 
laid claim to the crown of Syria, and defeated 
Demenius in a battle, in the twelfth year u( his 

reign. Strab. 16. — Appinn. — Justin. 34, 3. 

The swond, surnamed Nica7ior, or Co7tqi'.tvor 



DEM 



243 



DEM 



was son of S.>ter, to whom he succeeded by tlie | 
assistaiici* of Ptolemy PhilometiT, aitt-r he iiad ! 
driven from the throne the usurper Alexander I 
Bala, B. C 146. He married Cieopatra, the 
(laughter of Ptolemy; who was, before, the wife of 
the expelled monarch. Demetrius abandoned 
himself to every kind of dissipation and licen- 
tiousness, and suffered his kingdom to be governed 
by flrttterers and parasites. At that time a pre- 
tended son of Bala, called Diodorus Trj phon, 
seized a part of Sj ria; and Demetrius, to oppose 
his antagonist, made an alliance with the Jews, 
and marched into the east, where ho was taken 
by the Parthians. Phraates, king of Parthia, 
gave him his daughter Rhodogyne in marriage; 
and Cleopatra was so incensed at this nev/ con- 
ntxion, that she gave herself up to Antiochus 
Sidetes, her bvother-in-law, and married him. 
Si.letes was kdled" in a battle against the Par- 
thians, and Demetrius regained the possession of 
his kingdom. His pride and oppression render- 
ed him odious, and his subjects aske;l a king of 
the house of Seleucus, from Ptoletny Physcon, 
king of Egypt; and Demetrius, uiiab.e to resist 
the power of his enemies, fled to Ptolemais, 
which was then in the hands of his wife Cleopa- 
tra. The gates were shut against his approach 
by Cleopatra; and he was killed by order of the 
governor of Tyre, whither he had fled for pro 
tection. He was succeeded by Alexander Ze- 
biiia, whom Ptolemy had raised to the throne, 
B.C. Justin, 36, 8cc.—Appian. de Bell. Syr. 

— Joseph. Tne 3d, surnamed Eucerus, w as son 

of Antiochus Gryphus. After the example of 
his brother Philip, who had se.zed Syria, he 
made himself ma-ter of Damascus, B.C. 93, and 
soon after obtained a victory over his brother. 
He was taken in a battle against the Parthians, 

and died in captivity. Joseph. 1. Phalereus, 

a disciple of Theophrastus, who gained such an 
influence over the Athenians, by his eloquence, 
and the purity of his manners, that he was elect- 
ed decennial archon, BC 3!7. I'e so embel- 
lished the city, and rendered himself so popular 
by his munificence, that the Athenians raised 
360 brazen statues to his honour. Yet in the 
midst of all this popularity, his enemies raised a 
sedition against him, and he was condemned to 
death, and all his statues thrown down, after ob- 
taining the sovereign power for ten years. He 
tied wi thout concern or mortification to the court 
of Ptolemy Soter, where he met with kindness 
and Cordiality. The Esyptian monarch con- 
sulted him concerning the succession of his chil- 
dren; and Demetrius advised liim to raise to the 
throne the chihlreii ot Eurydice, in preference to 
t!ie offspring oi Berenice. This counsel so irri- 
tated Philadelpl.us, the son of Berenice, that 
H.'-t'T his father's di-ath, he sent the philosopher 
into UpperEg> pt, and there detained him in strict 
confinement. Demetrius, tired with his situa- 
tion, put ail end to his life by the bite of an asp, 
5dS4 B.C. Demetrius was author of a vast num- 
ber of works in prose and verse, on philosophy, 
history, politics, criticism, rhetoric, &c. None 
of them, how ever, have reached our day ; for the 
elegatit treatise, ire^i 'EjuTjceiaj, on Elocution, 
which some w riters have ast-ribed to him, is pro. 
bably the work of a l iter f.ge. Acc<n-d.ng to the 
representations of AnstDbulus, Philo, Josephus, 
and others, Demetrius was librarian to Ptolemy 
Philadelphus, and, besides firming a noble col- 
lection of above 20!) 000 voltunes, ob ained a 
royal mandate which produced the iranilation of 



I the Jewish scriptures from the Hebrew, com- 
I nioidy called the Septuagint. Man> able crit cs, 
I however, have ( ntertained doubts with resiiect 
to the credit due to their testimony. Dia^. in 
vita. — Cic. in Brut, et de Offic 1.— Hut. in Exil. 

A Cynic philosopher, w ho flourished at Co 

rinth in the first century. During the reign of 
Caligula, he taught philosophy at Rome, where 
he acquired a high reputation for wisdom and 
virtue He was banished from Rome in the tin.e 
of Nero, for his free censure of public n'.anners. 
At the death of this emperor he returned to 
Rome; but having offended Vespasian by the 
boldness of his language, was again sent into 
exile. Apollonius Tyaneus, with whom he had 
contracted an intimate friendship, prevailed uj-on 
Titus to recall him; but under Domitian he was 
involved in the cs mmon fate of the philosophers, 
and withdrew t-o Puteoli. Seneca speaks in higli 
terms of panegyric concerning his character : 
Leaving," says he, " the nobles clad in purjile, 
I converse with, and admire, the hall'-naked De- 
metrius; and why do I admire him, but because 
I perceive, that in the midst of his poverty he 
wants nothing I When 1 hear this excellent man 
discoursing Irom his couch of straw, I perceive 
in him, not a preceptor only, but a witness oi the 
truth; and I cannot doubt that Providence 1 as 
endowed him wi;h such virtues and talents, tliat 
he might be an example and a mor.itor to llie 

present age." Senec. de vit. beat. to. A stage 

player. J?a'. 3. b9. Sytus, a rhetoiiei^n at 

Athens, who had Cicero among his pupils. Cic. 
in Brut. 174. 

Democedf.s, a celebrated physician of Cro- 
tona, son of Caliiphon, and intimate with Poly- 
crates. He w as can it d as a prisoner from Sainos 
to Darius king of Persia, where he acquired 
great riches and much reputation by curing the 
king's foot, and the breast of Atossa. He was 
sent to Greece as a spy by the king, and fled 
away to Crot: na, where he married the daughter 
of the wrestler Milo. Lilian. V. H. 8, lb — 
Herod. 3, 124. &c. 

DemochAhes, an .\thenian, sent with some 
of his countrymen with an embassy to Philip 
king of Macedonia. The monarch gave them 
audience; and when he asked them wh.at he could 
do to please the people of Athens, Demochares 
replied, " Hang yourself." This bold and im- 
pudent answer raised the indignation of all the 
hearers; but Philip mildly dismissed them, and 
bade them ask their countrymen, which deserved 
most the aiipellation of w ise and moderate, either 
they who gave such ill laiiguage, or he who re 
ceived it without any signs of resentment ? Senec. 
de Ira. 3, n.—JElian. V. H. 3, 7. 8, 12.— Cic. in 

Brut. 3. De Oral 2, 23. A poet of Soli, who 

composed a comedy on Demetrius Poliorcetes. 

riut. in Dem. A statuary, who wished to 

make a statue of mount Athos. Vilruv. A 

gei eral of Ponipey the younger, who died B.C. 
36. 

Dem^CLES, a man accused of disaffection to- 
w.ards Diony.-ius, &c. Polyan. 5. 

Democoo.n, a natural son of Priam, who c.".me 
from his residence at Abydos to protect his coun- 
try against the Greeks. "He was. alter agioric.us 
defence, killed by Ulysses. Ilomei: II 4.499. 
DkmocrAtes, an architect of Alexandria. 

An Athenian, who lought on the side ol Da 

rius. jipairiKt the Macedonians. Curt. 6 

D(;.A10CK^:rUS, a celebrated pl.ilo.-M>pher .of 
A;-dera, ui:ciplo to I., ucippus He lrriv( Lcvl 
X ^ 



DEM 



214 



DEM 



over thp greatest part of Europe, Asia, and Afri- 
ca, in quest o( knowledge, and returned home in 
thf greatest poverty. Th'^re was a law at Abdera, 
wliich deprived of the honour of a funeral the 
man who had reduced himself to indigence; and 
Democritus, to avoid ignominy, repeated bei'ore 
his countrymen one of his compositions called 
Diacosmus. It was received with such uncom- 
mon applause, that he was presented with 500 
talents; statues were erected in his honour; and 
a decree passed that the expenses of his funeral 
should be paid from the public treasury. He re- 
tired to a garden near the city, where he dedicat- 
ed his time to study and solitude; and accordin>f 
to some authors he put out his eyes, to apply 
himself more closely to philosophical inquiries. 
He was accused of insanity, and Hippocrates was 
ordered to inquire into the nature of his disorder. 
The physician had a conference with the philo- 
sopher, and declared that not Democritus, but 
his enemies were insane. He continually laugh- 
ed at the follies and vanity of mankind, who 
distract themselves with care, and are at once a 
prey to hope and to anxiety. He told Darius, 
who was inconsolable for the loss ot his wife, 
that he would raise her from the dead, if he 
could And three persons who had gone through 
life without adversit}-, whose names he m.ight 
engrave on the queen's monument. The king's 
inquiries to find such persons proved unavailing, 
and the philosopher in some manner soothed the 
sorrow of his sovereign. He taught his disciples 
that the soul died with the body; and therefore, 
as he gave no credit to the existence of ghosts, 
some youths, to try his fortitude, dressed them- 
selves in a hide-ous and deformed habit, and ap- 
proached his cave in the dead of night, with 
whatever could create terror and astonishment. 
The philosopher received fhem unmoved; and 
without even looking at them, he desired them 
to cease making themselves such objects of ridi- 
cule and folly. He died in the 109th year of his 
age, B.C. 361. His father was so rich, that he 
entertained Xerxes, with all his army, as he was 
marching against Greece. All the works of De- 
mocritus are lost. He was the author of the 
doctrine of atoms, and first taught that the milky 
way was occasioned by a confused light arising 
from a multitude of stars, an opinion still be- 
lieved and supported by the moderns. He may 
be considered as the parent of experimental phi- 
losophy, in the prosecution of which he showed 
himself so ardent, that he declared he would pre- 
fer the discovery of one of the causes of the 
works of nature, to the diadem of Persia. He 
made artificial emeralds, and tinged them \->ith 
various colours : he likewise dissolved stones, 
and softened ivory. Euseb. 14^,27. — Diog invito, 
—mian. V.H. 4, 20. — O'c. de Finib. Val. Max. 

8, l.— Strab. 1 et 15. An Ephesian, uho wrote 

a book on Diana's temple, &c. Diog. 

DemodIce, the wife of Cretheus king of lol- 
chos. Some call her Biadice, or Tyro. Hygin. 
P. A. 2. 20. 

Demod^cHUS, a musician at the court of Al- 
cinous, V, ho sang, in the presence of Ulysses, the 
secret amours of Mars and Venus, &c. " Homer. 

Od. 8, i4,~Plut. de Mus A Trojan chief, who 

came with .^Lneas into Italv, where he was killed. 
Virg. ^n. 10, 413. 

Demoleon, a cen'aur, killed bv Theseus at 
the nuptials of Pirithcus. Ovid. 'Met. 12, 356. 

A son nf Antenoi, killed bv Achilles. Ho- 

*- 11. 20, 395. 



Demoleus, a Greek, killed by ^ncas in the 
Trojan war. Virg. /En. 5, 260. 

Demon, an Athenian, nephew to Demosthenes. 
He was at the head of the govemmt-ni during ji-.e 
absence of his uncle, and obtained a decree that 
Demosthenes should be recalled, r.i.d that a ship 
should be sent to bring him back. 

DEM0NAS3A, a daughter of Am;;hiaraus, v. ho 
married Thersander. Paus. 9, b. 

De>i3nax, a celebrated philosopher cfOr^ 
in the rt ign of Adrian. ' He showed r. j cmceni 
about the necess:iries of life; but v. hen hungry, 
he entered the first house he met, and there sa- 
tisfied his appetite. He died in his 100th year. 

A m.= n of Mantii>ea, sent to settle the govern. 

ment of Cyrene. f/erod. 4, 16i. 

Demon ICA, a woman who betrayed Ephesus 
to Brennus. Pint, in Parall. 

Demophile, ft name given to the sibyl ofCu- 
mas; who, as it is supposed by some, sold the sy- 
bylline books to Tarquin. Varro. apud Lact. 
1, 6. 

Demophon, an Athenian, who assi<ted the 
Thebans in recovering Cadmea, &c. Diod. 16. 

Demophoon, son of Theseus and Phjcdra, 
was king of Athens, B C. 1182, and reigned 33 
years. At his return from the Trojan war, he 
visited Thrace, where he was tenderly received 
and treated by Phyllis. He retired to Athens, 
and forgot the kindness and love of Phyllis, who 
hanged herself in despair. Odd. Heroid. 2. — 

Paus. 10, 55. A friend of .^neas, killed by 

Camilla. Virg. ^n. 11. 675. 

DE3IOPOLIS, a son of Themistocles. Plut. in 
Them. 

Demosthenes, a celebrated Athenian orator, 
son of a respectable citizen of Athei'isof the same 
name, who carried on a great manufaciure of 
arms. He was born in the 4th year of the 99th 
olympiad, B.C. 3S1; and at the age of seven 
years he lost his father, who left him a patrimony 
of fourteen talents, about L.3I50 sterling. His 
guardians negligently managed his affairs, and 
embezzled the greatest part of his possessions. 
His education was totally neglected; and for 
whatever advances he made in learning, he was 
indebted to his own industry and application. 
He became the pupil of lsa;us and Plato, and 
applied himself to study the orations of Isocrates. 
At the age of seventeen years, he gave an early 
proof his eloquence and abilities against his 
guardians, from whom he obtained the retribu- 
tion ol the greatest part of his estate. His risii^g 
talents were however impeded by weak lun^s, 
and a difiiculty of pronunciation, especially of 
the letter p, but these obstacles were soon con- 
quered by unwearied application. To correct 
the stamrriering of his voice, he spoke with peb- 
bles in his mouth; and removed the distortion of 
his features, which accompanied his utterance, 
by w atching the motions of his countenance in a 
looking-glass. That his pronunciation might be 
loud and full of emphasis, he frequently ran up 
the steepest and most uneven walks, where hia 
voice acquired force and energy; and on the sea 
shore, when the waves were violently agitated, 
he dcclaim.ed aloud, to accustom himself to the 
noise and tumult of a public assembly. He also 
cunlined himself in a subterranean f.ave, to de- 
vote himself more closely to studious pursuits; 
and to eradicate all curiosity of appearing in pub- 
lic, he shaved one half of his head. In this so- 
litary retirement, by the help of a glimmering 
lamp, h.^ composed the greatest pari of his out- 



DKM 



245 



DER 



I tions, which have ever bftn the admiration of 
! every age, thougii his contemporaries and rivals 
severely inveighed against them, and observed 
iliat thc-y smelt of oil. His abilities, as an ora- 
tor, raised him to consequence at Athens, and he 
was soon plac-ed at the head of the governnient. 
la this public capacity he roused his countrymen 
from their indolence, and atiini;itf d them against 
tne encroachments of Philtp ot Macedonia, in 
' the battle of Cheronaea, hov. ever, Demosthenes 
betrayed his pusillanirruty, and saved his life by 
flight. After the death of PhLlii>, he declared 
himself warmly against his son and successor, 
Alexander, whcm he branded with the appella 
tion of boy; and v%hen the Macedonians demand- 
ed of the Athenians their orators, Demotthenes 
reminded his countrymen of ihe fable (;f the 
1 slieep which delivered their d;«gs to the wolves. 
Though he had boasted that all the g-old oJ Ma- 
I <v<l<;nia could not tempt him; yet he suffered 
j himself to be bribed bv a small golden cup from 
li Harpalus. The turmilis v.hich this occasioned 
i forced him to retire from Athens; and in his 
banishm.ent, which he passed at Troezene and 
I ^gina, he lived v^iiL more etfeminacy than true 
' heroism. When Antipater made war agaui-i 
Greece, after the death of Alexander, Demos 
; thenes was publicly rrealled from his exile, and 
a galley was sent ro ietch him from iEgina. His 
I return was attended with much splendour, and 
I all the citizens crov\c!ed at the Pira;us to see him 
' land His triumph and popularity, however 
! ^^ ere short. Antipater and Craterus were near 
j Athens, and demanded all the orators to be de- 
I livered up into their hands. Demosthenes, with 
I ali his adherents, fled to the temple of Nepiune 
in Calauria, and when he saw that all hopes of 
! safety were bHniihed. he took a dose of poison, 
which he always cai-ried in a quill, and expired 
oa the dav that the Thesmophoria were cele- 
brated, in 'the eOth year of his age, li-C. 322. 
The Athenians raised a brazen statue to his 
honour, with an inscription trans'ated into this 
di.--iich: 

Si tibi par menti robur. Fir mngne^ fuiiset, 
Gr(Ecia non M icedce succubuisset hero. 
Demosthenes has been deservedly called the 
prince of orators ; and Cicero his successful 
rival among the Romans calls him a perfect mo- 
del, and such as he wished to be. These two 
great princes of eloquence have ollen been com- 
pared U;gether ; but the judgm.ent hesitates to 
which to give the preference. 'I'hey both arrived 
at perfection, but the measures by which they ob- 
tained it were diametrical.y opposite. Demos- 
thenes has been compared, and with propriety, by 
his rival yEscliines, to a Siren, from the melody of 
his expressions. No orator can be said to have ex- 
pressed the various passions of hatred, of resent- 
ment, and of indignation, with more vehemence 
thaJi he; for even now the breast is warmed and 
agitated b> those bold and energetic appeals, which 
converted a nation of indolent and effeminate ! 
citizens into a band of patriots, eager to defend | 
ihe liberties of their country, to avenge her 
wrongs, and to emulate the heroic deeds which 
had immortalized the name of their forefathers. 
As a proof of the uncomninn application of this 
ci-lebratcd orator, it need oiily be mentioned, 
that he TrHn<^ciibed eight or even ten times the 
history <if Tuucydides, that he might not only 
imitate, but possess the Unx-v and energy of the 
areat historian. The best i lini.-.ns of his w(<iks 
Kre. that of VVolfius, Frankc f. IL04. f<,l. ; t;iat left 



unfinish.*'! by Taylor, Cantab. 171^—57. 4{nj 
that oi Hei.-ke 111 lilt' Corpus Vrutorumdra corunu 
re-edited by Sc harfFt r, and puulisln d in London, 
\SZi, 3 vols, fevo; and that ( f Dobson, contain- 
ing alio the works of iEsch.nes, Lond 1627, 9 
vols 8vo. The best translations are thos^e of 
Leland and Francis. Plut. in vita. — Diud 16. 

— Cic. in Ct-at. ^c—Patis. 1. b. 2, 33 An 

Atiieniau general, sent to succeed Alcibiades in 
Sicily. He attacked Syracuse with Nicias, but 
his efforts were int ffccmal. After many calami- 
ties he fell int ) the enemy's hands, and his army 
was confined to hai d labour. The accounts about 
the death of Deniosther.es are var; ju.->; smie be- 
lieve that he stabbed himself, while o'.hers sup- 
pose that he w as put to deaih bv the Svracu-ans, 
li.C. 1J3. Hut. in Nic. — Thuajd. 4. ic- Diod. 

li. The father of the orator Demosthenis. 

He was very rich, and employed an immense 
number of slaves in the business of a ni.'inuiac- 

lurerofarms. Flut in Dem. A govtriior of 

Caasarea, under the iloman emperors. 

D?:iMUCHUS, a Trojan, son of Philetor, killed 
by Achilles. Homer. II £.0, 467. 

DE>jYLUS, a tyrant, who tortured the philoso- 
ph<-r Zeno. Flat, de Stoic. Hep. 

Dhobriga. a town un tlie iberus in Spain, 
now MirMida de Ebro. 

Deodatus, an Athenian who opposed the 
cruel resolutions of Ciei-n a/aiust tiie captive 
piisoners o! Miivlene. 

DEOIS, ananu given to Proserpine from her 
mother Ceres, who was called Deo. This name 
Ceres received, because when she sought her 
dau^ihterall over the world, all wished her suc- 
cess in her pursuits, with the word o>?tIj, invemes; 
a.6nw, inveTiio. Ovid, Met. C, ]14. 

Derbk, a toMi) of Asia Minor, in Lycaonia, 
near Isauria. D Anville locates it near a small 
chain of mountains detached from 1 aurus in the 
country ot Isauria called Antiochiana. Stepha- 
nus ol P>yzantium says it was in Isauria, but St 
Luke, in the Acts, and Hierocles place it in Ly- 
caonia. It was the r sidence of Antipater Der- 
bajus, and the country of Timothy. Col. Leake 
is inclined to identity Derbe with some extensive 
ruins now called Bi7ibir-Klissa, or the Thousand 
Churches. 

Derbices, a people near Caucasus, who kil- 
led ail those that had reached their 70th year. 
They buried such as died a natural death. Strab 

DerCR, a fountain in Spain, whose water.- 
were said to be uncommonly cold. 

Dekcennus an ancient king in Latium. 
Virg. JEn. 11. 850. 

Derceto and Dercetis, a goddess of Syria, 
called also Atergatis, whom some supposed to be 
the same as Asiarte She was represented as a 
beautiful woman jibove the waist, and the lower 
part terminated in a fish's tail. According to 
Diodorus, Venus w hom she had offended, made 
her passionately fond of a young priest, remark- 
able for the beauty of his features. She had a 
daughter by him, and became so ashamed of her 
incon-inence, that she removed her lover, expc.s- 
ed the fruit of her amour, and threw herself into 
a lake. Herb dy was transformed into a fi>h, 
and her cl::ld was preserved, and called Semira- 
mis. As she was chiefly worshipped in Syria, 
and represented like a fish, the Syrians ancient- 
Iv abstained from fishes. Lucioii. de Dca Sijr. 
— II in. 13.- Ovid Met. 4, 44. - Dir.d. 2. 

Di;ucyliJdas, a jjenvral oi .Sparta, crlebratrd 
for hii nsilitary t.xp!< its. He took nine diflVrert 
X 3 



246 



DIA 



cities in eight days, and freed Chersnnesus from 
the inroads of the Thracians, bv building a wall 
across the country. He liveil 'B C. 3„'X Diod. 
14 — Xenoph. Hist. Grcrc. 1. &c. 

Dercyllcs. a m^n aupoinied over AUicaby 
Ant i pater. C. Xe;.. in Fhoc. 2» 

Dercynus, a son of Neptune, killed by Her- 
cules. ApoLod. 2, 5. 

DertO-na, a to An of Liijuria, about twenty 
miles to the west of Asta. It «d» a Roman co- 
lony, surnamed Julia, as we learn from inscrip- 
tions. It is now Tortona. Slrab. b. — PUri, d, 5, 

Dkrtosa, a city of the liercaones in Spain, 
situared at a small distance from the mouth of 
the [berus. It is now Tortosa. 

Deucalio.v, a son of Prometheus, who mar 
ried Pyrrba, the daughter of Epimetfaeus. He 
reigned over part of Thessaly. and in his ase the 
whole earth was overw helmed with a deluge. 
The impiety of mankind had irritated Jupiter, 
who resolved to desiroy the world, and immedi- 
ately the earth exhibited a boundless scene of 
waters. The highest mountains weve climbed 
up b\' the frightened inhabitants of the country; 
but this seemmg place of security was soon over- 
t' pped by the rising waters, and no hope was 
left of escaping the universal calamity. Prome- 
theus advised his son to make himself a ship, 
and by this means he .<aved himself and his wife 
Pyrrha. The vesst-l was tossed about during 
nine successive days, and at last stopped on the 
top of mount Parnassus, where Beucaiion re- 
mained till the waters had subsided. Pindar 
and Ovid make no mention of a vessel built by 
the advice of Prometheus ; but, according to 
their relation, Deucalion saved his li-f^e by taking 
refuge on the f>p of Parnassus, or, according to 
Hyginus, of ^tna in Sicily. As soon as the w a- 
ters had retired from the surface of the earth, 
Deucalion and his wife «ent to consult the ora- 
cle of Themi-J, and were directt'd to repair ihe 
loss of mankind, by throwing behind th<^m tht- 
bones of their grandmother. Tnis w as nothing 
but the stones of the earth; and after some hesi- 
tation about the meaning of the oracle, they 
obeyed. The stones thrown by Deucalion im- 
mediately became men, and those of Pyrrha wo- 
men. According to Justin, Deucalion was not 
the only one who escaped from the univer!=al ca- 
lamity. Many saved their lives by ascending the 
highest mountains, or trusting themselves in 
small vessels to the mercy of the waters. This 
deluge, which chiefly happened in Thessaly, ac- 
cording to the relation of some writers, was pro- 
duced by the inundation of the waters of the 
river Peneus. whose regular course was sifv>ped 
by an earthquake near mount Ossa and Olym- 
pus. According to Xenophon, there were no 
less than five deluges. The first happened under 
O^yges, and If sted three months. The second, 
which was in the age of Hercules and Prome- 
theus, continued but one month. During the 
third, which happened in the reign of another 
Osyges, all Atrica was laid waste by the waters. 
Tnessaly was totally covered by the waters dur- 
ing the fourth, which happened in the age of 
Deucalion. The last was before the Trojan war, 
and its effects were severely felt by the inhabi- 
t^mts of Egypt. There prevailed a report in 
Attica, that the waters of Deucalion's delu,<re had 
disapprartd" through a small aperture about a 
cubit wide, near Jupiter Olympi'.is's temple; and 
Pansanias, w ho .saw it, further adds, that a yearly 
offering of flour and honey was thrown into it 



] with religious cepemony. The deluge of Deu- 
I caiion, so much celebrated in ancient history, is 
I supposed to have happened 1503 years B, C. 
I Deucalion had two son^s by Pjrrha, Hellen, cal- 
I led by .some son of Jupiter, and Amphictyon 
king of Attica, ai.d also a daughter, Protogenia, 
who becarr.e mother of ^-Etiilius by Jupiter. 

PnuL Glymv 9.— Odd. Met. l./ab. t.— Heroid. I 

43, 167 — AfoUod 1. 7.— Pair*. I, 10. 5, S.—Jui\ k 

1, iL — Htjiin. Jab. ]b3 —Jusiiri. 2, 6 —Diod. 5. t 

— Lucian. de Dea Syria. — Firg. G. 1, 62. One j 

of the Argonauts. A son of Minos. Afollod. i 

3, 1. A son of Abas. L 

Deudorix, one of the Cherasci, led in tri- t 

imiph by Germanicus. [ 

Deva, a town of the Cornavii in Britain. It p 

lay jiear the Seteia iEstuarium, or mow/A of the % 

Dee, and was the station of the 2Gth legion. It {i 

is now C'letler. A river of Britain, in the n 

nonii, no.v ihe Dee. which runs into the German |& 

ocean at Old Aberdeen. There was another t 

river named Deva in Britain, on the north-west- l 

em coast, w hich is also called Dee, and discharges tt 

itself into the Solway Firth, the ancient Itima f 

-EsLuarium. o 

Dexame.ne. one of the Nereides. Horn. II. 'i 

IS, u. ■ -i 

Dexamsnus, a man delivered by HercuUs j 

from the hands of Lis daughter's suitors. ApolUid. \ 

2, 5. A king of Uienus in Achaia, whose two t 

daughrers married the sons of Actor. Paus. ^ 

5,3. ij 

DEXiPPrs, a Spartan, who assisted the people f 

of A^rigentum, &c. Diod. VS. ) 

Dexithea, the wife (.f Minos. ApoUod. 3, 1. f 

Dexils, a Greek, father of Iphinous, killed it 

by Glaucus in the Trojan war, &c. Homer. 11. t 

7, 15. \ 

DiA, a daughter of Deion, mother of Piri- r 

thous by Ixion. An island in the -Egean sea, I 

^eventeen miles from Delos. It is the same as i 

iNasos. Vid. Naxos, Ovid. Met. 8, 157. An i 

island oft the north shore of Crete, now Stan- \ 

Dia. [ 

DiactorIdes, one of Agarista's suitors. He- ) 

rod. ti, 127. -The father of Eurydame, the \ 

v.ife of Leutychides. Id 0,71. ' ! 

Di.EUS, of Megalopolis, a general of the Achae- ( 

an-, who killed himself when his atfairs became i 

desperate. Paus. 7, 16. \ 

DIAGO-SDAS. a Theban, who abolished all I 

nocturnal sacrifices. Cic. de Leg. 2, 15. ^ 

DiAGORAS, a philosopher of the Eleatic sect, i 
was a native of the island of Melos. Having [ 
been sold as a captive in his youth, he was re- 
deemed by Democritus, and trained up in tl.e [ 
study of philosophy. He also cultivated polite i 
learniniT, and distinguished himself in the arc of [ 
lyric poetry. His name, however, has been i 
transmitted to posterity with infamy, as that ol I 
an avow ed advocate for the rejection of all reli- } 
gicus belief. It is expressly asserted by ancient | 
writers that when, in a particular instance, he I 
saw a perjured person escape punishment, he 
publicly avowed his disbelief of Divine Provi 
dence, and from that time spoke of the gods and 
all religious ceremonies with ridicule and con 
tempt. He proceeded so far as to lay open thi 
sacred mysteries, and to dissuade the people 
from submitting to the rites of initiation. A re- 
ward at last was put upon his head, and he fled 
to Corinth, wliere he died B C 412. Cic. de < 

.\at. D 1. 23. 3, 37. Szc.—J'al. Max. 1, 1. An 

athlete of Rhodes, 460 years before the Christian 



DIA 



247 



DIA 



!« I era. Pindar celebrated his merit in a beautiful 
i- I ode still extant, which was written in golden let- 
' i ters in a temple of Minerva. He saw his three 
I sons crowned the same day at Olympia, and died 
R through excess of joy. Cic. Tusc. b.—Plut. in 
!] Pel.— Pans. 6, 7. 

i| DlALls, a priest of Jupiter at Rome, first in- 
ij stituted by Numa. He was never permitted to 
swear even upon public trials. Dionys. 2. — Liv. 
, 1,20.- 

I DiAMASTIGOSiS, a festival at Sparta, in hon- 
i! our of Diana Orthia, which received that name 
, airo ro5 fj,a<TTiyoiv, from whipping, because b .'ys 
were whipped before the akar of the goddess. 
These boys, called Bomonicaj, were originally 
freeborn Spar cans, but, in the more delicate 
ages, they were of mean birth, and generally of 
a slavish origin. Thij operation was performed 
by an officer in a severe and unfeeling manner ; 
and that no compassion should be raised, the 
priest stood near the altar with a small light 
I statue of the goddess, which suddenly became 
heavy and insupportable if the la5h of the whip 
( was more lenient or less rigorous. The parents 
[ of the children attended the solemnity, and ex- 
i horted them not to commit any thing either by 
fear or groans, that might be unworthy of La- 
conian education. These flagellations were so 
severe, that the blood gushed in profuse torrents, 
and many expired under the lash of the whip, 
without uttering a groan, or betraying any marks 
of fear. Such a death was reckoned very hon- 
ourable, and the corpse was buried with much 
solemnity, with a garland of flowers on its head. 

(The origin of this festival is unknown. Some 
suppose, that Lycurgus first instituted it to inure 
the youths of Lacedajmon to bear labour and 
J fatigue, and render them insensible to pain and 
I wounds. Others maintain that it was a mitiga- 
• ' tion of an oracle, which ordered that human 
;,' blood should be shed on Diana's altar: and, ac- 
' ^ cording to their opinion, Orestes first introduced 
j ; that barbarous custom, after he had brought the 
) statue of Diana Taurica into Greece. There is 
J another tradition which mentions, thatPausanias, 
as he was offering prayers and sacrifices to the 
gods, before he engaged with MArdonius, was 
suddenly attacked by a number of Lydians, who 
disturbed the sacrifice, and were at last repelled 
with staves and stones, the only weapons with 
which the Lacedaemonians were provided at that 
moment. In commemoration of this, therefore, 
the whipping of boys was instituted at Sparta, 
and after that the Lydian procession. 
■ DiAna, the goddess of hunting. According 
to Cicero, there were three of this name; a 
daughter of Jupiter and Proserpine, who became 
mother of Oupid, a daughter of Jupiter and La- 
tona; and a daughter of Upis and Glance. The 
second is the most celebrated, and to her all the 
ancients allude. She was born at the same birth 
as Apollo; and the pains which she saw her mo- 
ther suffer during her labour, gave her such an 
aversion to marriage, that she obtained from her 
father the privilege of living in perpetual celi- 
bacy, and of presiding over the travails of wo- 
men. To shun the society of men, she devoted 
herself to hunting, and obtained the permission 
I of Jupiter to have for her attendants sixty of the 
Oceanides, and twenty other nymphs, a 1 of 
j whom, like herself, firmly abjured the use of 
I marriaze. She is represented with a bent bow 
j and quiver, and attended with dogs, and some- 
•■•nps drawn in a chariot by two white £tags. 



I Sometimes she appears with wings, holding a 
! lion in one hand, and a panther in the other, 
with a chariot drawn by two heifers, or two 
I horses of different colours. She is represented 
taller by the head than her attendant nymphs, 
her face has something manly, her legs are bare, 
well shaped and Etrong, and her feet are covert-d 
with a buskin, worn by huntresses among the 
ancients. Her flowing hair is negligently col- 
lected in a knot on her shoulder, her robe is 
tucked up on one side and decently fastened to 
her girdle, and often a crescent appears glitter- 
ing on her forehead, though sometim.es she is re- 
presented without the crescent, but clothed with 
a large veil all bespangled with shining stars. 
Diana received many surnames, particularly 
from the places where her worship was estab- 
lished, and from the functions over which she 
presided. She was called Lucina, Ilythia, or 
Juno Pronuba, when invoked by women in child* 
bed', and Trivia when worshipped in the cross- 
ways, where her statues were generally erected. 
She was supposed to be the same as the moon, 
and Proserpine or Ilc-eate, and from that circum- 
stance she was called Triformis; and some of her 
statues represented her with three heads, that of 
a horse, a dog, and a boar. Her power and func- 
tions, under these three characters, have been 
beautifully expressed in these two verses : 

T erret, lustrat, agit, Proserpina, Luna, Dia7ia, 
Ima, suprema, /eras, sceptro., fvlgore, sagitt i. 
She was also called Agrotera, Orthia, Taurica, 
Delia, Cynthia, Aricia, &c. She was supposed 
to be the same as the Isis of the Egypti.-.ns, 
whose worship was introduced into Greece with 
that of Osiris under the name of Apollo. Wh-. n 
Typhcn waged war ag^ainst the gods, Diana is 
said to have raetamcirphosed herself into a cat, 
to avoid his fury. The goddess is generally 
known in the figures that represent her, by the 
crescent on her head, by the dogs which attend 
her, and by her hunting habit. The most famous 
of her temples was that of Ephesus, which was 
one of the seven wonders of the world. {Fid. 
Ephesus.) She was there represented v.ith a 
great number of breasts, and other symbols, 
which signified the earth, or Cybele. Though 
she was the patroness of chastity, yet she forgot 
her dignity to enjoy the company of Endymion, 
and the very familiar favours which she granted 
to Pan and Orion are well known. (^Fid. Endy- 
mion, Pan, Orion.) The severity, however, 
with which she resented intrusion or neglect is 
marked in the melancholy fate of Actaeon, who 
was torn by his dogs, {Fid, Actaeon), and in the 
distress which she caused in Calydon, when she 
punished the impiety of 03neus, by sending a 
wild boar to depopulate his country, {Fid. Caly- 
don), and likewise in the punishment of Mena- 
lippe and of Cometho. The inhabitants of Tau- 
rica were particularly attached to the worship 
of this goddess, and they cruelly ofTered on her 
altar all the strangers that were shipwrecked on 
their coasts. Her temple in Aricia, was served 
by a priest who had always murdered his prede- 
cessor, and the Lacedaemonians yearly offered 
her human victims till the age of Lycurgus, who 
changed this barbarous custom for the sacrifice 
of flagellation. The Athenians generally offered 
her goats, and others a \\hiteki;l, and sometimes 
a boar pis, or an ox. Among plants the poppy 
and the dittany were sacred to her. She, as wtdl 
as her brother Apollo, had some oracles, amonsf 
which those of Egypt, Cilicia, and Ephesus are 



! 



Die 



t!ie most kaown. Orid. rast. 2. Ijj. Mel. J, 
l.")G. 7, et 194, itc — Calull ep- 35 — C/e. de 

N'tt D. ■6. — Horid. 6, od. Virg. G. 3, 3J2 

1, j!.5.-ff-..w Od. b.-Paus. 8. 31 eta:. 
Stat a, Si.o. J. 57.— -4/:oZ.'o(i 1, 4, &c. 3, 5, 

DlAN^ FaNUM, a promontory of Asia Minor 
n Bitiiviua, at the entrance oJ the Euxine sea. 
Jupittr Unus had a ternple oa this promontory. 
I'toi. 

DIANIC3I, a promontory and town of Hispania 
i ei i ;ic<inen>i3, ou the Mediterranean coast, op- 
P'.isiie the Fiiyu-a; Insuia; The modern nan)e 
i'f the pronmnt'.jry is C//,e St AnloJiio and of the 
t<).\u. Deiiia. Tiiere « a* here u temple of Diana,, 
vhi. h v\a? much venerated. 

DlASlA, a festival in lionour of Jupiter at 
ArhrUi. It received its nam- i/ro tov Atiy *<at 
rri. aaoi. 'toni Jupiter and mi r for tune s because 
i-.y ui .ki-.i^ supplications to Jupiter, protection 
and di'l.verance from evils were obtained. Dur- 
i-'^-^ thii festival, all sorts of goods were exposed 
t > saie. 

DiBio, a town of France, now Dijon in Bur- 
j;U !<iy. 

D1C.BA. a town of Thrace, in the territory of 
'h.' Bistones, and near the Bist -nis Palus. He- 
rod. 7. 103 

Dlc.EARCHEA. Vid. Puteoli, 

Dic^us, an Athenian, who was supernafur- 
a.ly apprised of the defeat of the Persians in 
tireece. Herod S, 65. 

Dice, one uf the Horae, daughters of Jupiter. 
Apollcd. 1, 3. 

DiCEARCHUS a Greek philosopher and his- 
tori m, was the son of Phidias, and was born at 
Messina in Sicily lie was a d^scipie of Aristotle^ 
i.e comp.)Sed a number of works which were 
much esteemed', one of the chief of them was a 
t: eati>e. in three books, on the different people 
and cities of Greece, their manners, institutions, 
^c. His account of the republic of Sparta was 
t,» highly thought oi, that a law was made for its 
annual recital in the hill of the Ephori, in pre- 
sence of the young men of the city. Another of 
his works is on the measurement of mr untains in 
Peloponnesus, of which a description of Mount 
1 elinn remains in the Geographice. Veter. Script. 
Grrpc. minwes. 

DlCENEUS. an Egyptian philosopher in the 
age of Augustus, who travelled into Seythia, 
where he ingratiated himstli with the king of the 
c untry, and by his instructions softened the 
wildiiess and rusticity of bis manners. He also 
ga.ned such an influence over the multitude, that 
ihey destroyed all the vines which grew in their 
c'luntry, to pre vent the riot and dissipation w hich 
tiie wine occasioned among them. He wrote all 
his maxims and his laws in a book, that they 
migiit not lose the benefit of thera after his 
dea h. 

iJiCTJ2uS Moxs. Vid, Dicta. 

Dictator, a magistrate at Rome, invested 
wita rei^al authority TLis ofiicer, whose magis- 
iTiiey seems to have been bonowed from the cus- 
t nis of the Albans or Latins, was first chosen 
during the Roman war- against the Larin>. The 
consuls being unable to raise lorces for the de- 
fence of the stale, because the plebeians refused 
to inlist, if they were not discharged from all the 
debts they had cuniracled with the ;>.'.Lricians, 
liie senate found it necessary to eiecr a rievv nia- 
(.istrate w ith absolute and incontroiiable pi.w. r 
lu ukt ca^e of tiie state. The dictator Louldiiot . 



remai;i above six months in ofRce and, indee<i, 
seldom retained his dignity so long, as lie gener- 
ally abdicated his authority as soon as the busi- ' 
ness which cailed for his appointment was ac- , 
complished He knew i.o superior in the repub- [ 
lie, and even the laws weie subjected to htni. f 
He w as called dictator, because dictus, named by ' 
the coniu!, or quoniam dictin ejus parebat popu- [ 
las, because tiie people implicitly oucyed his 
coromanil. He was not created by the suiirages-i 
of the pe.iple, ai the other niagistratcs. but one 
of the consuls, by virtue of a decree of the se- 
nate, appointed as dictator whatever person of 
consular dignity he thought proper; and this he 
did, a. ter having taken the auspices, usually iu 
the de.id of n^ght. As his power was absolute, 
tie ci.u!d proclaim war, le ,- forces, conduct 
them a;;ain--t an enemy, and disband them at 
pleasure, iie punished as he pleased; and from 
his deci. ion there w as no aiipeal, at least till later 
times. He was preceded by twenty -four iictors, 
w.th the fasces; during his administration, all 
other ollicerr^, excejit the tribunes of Llie people, 
were susper.dea, and he was the master of the 
republic. But amidst all his independence, lie 
was n;jt pt rmiaed to spend the public money ar- 
bitra.''ily, or to leave Italy, or to enter the city 
on bor-ebaek. He was chosen only when the 
state was m imminent danger from foreign eiie- 
mies or ii.ward seditions. In the time of a pes- 
tilence a dictator w as sometimes elected, as also 
to hold the comitia, or to celebrate the public 
festivals, to hola trials, to choose senators, or drive 
a nail in the Capit' 1, by which superstitious 
ceremony the lioinans believed that a plag .e 
could be averted, or the progress uf an t nemy 
stopped. This otSce, so respectable and illus- 
trious in the first ages of the republic, became 
odious by the p.-rpetual usurpations of Sylia and 
J. Caesar; and alter the death of the latter, the 
Roman senate, on the motion of the consul An- 
tony, passed a decree, which for ever alter for- 
bade adicta:or to exist in Rome. The dictator, 
as soon as elected, chose a subordinate officer, 
cailed his matter of horse, magisier equitum. 
This officer was respectable, but he was totally 
subsei vient to the will or the dictator, and could 
do nothing without his express older, though he 
enjo}ed the privilege of using a horse, and had 
the same insignia as the prstors. This subordi- 
nation, however, was some time after removed; 
and during the second Punic war, the master of 
the horse, Minucius, was invested with a power 
equal to that of the dictator, Fabius Maxinuis 
A second dictator w as also chosen for the elec- 
tion of magistrates at Rome, after the battle of 
Canriis. The dictatorship was originally confin- 
ed to I he patricians, but the plebeians were after- 
wards admitted to share it. Titus Lartius Flavus 
w as the first dictator. A- U C. 253. Dionys. Hal. 
— Cic. de Leg. '6. — Dio. — Plut. in Fub.—A/ pian. 
Z.—Polyb. 3.—Paterc. 2, 28.— Liv. 1, 23. 2, 1£. 4, 
57. 9. 3S. 

DiCTE. a mountain of the island of Crete, now 
called Sitia, next in height to mount Ida, au'i 
covered throughout a great part of the year w ith 
snow; whence it is denominated by Strabo Piir.y, 
and Ptolemy, "the 'White Mountain." It was 
consecrated to Jupiter; and hence he obtained 
the appellation of Dittceus, as well as from a cave 
which was iheie, in which he had been c^ ncoal- 
ed Irom Sa.urn. Cr,-le w as sonietiiVies also siyh d 
by ti.e pt;ets Dir.ttFa ana. Strub. lU. — i iig- G, 



DID 



! DiCTlDiENSES, certain iahabitants of mount 
T Athos. Thucyd. 5, Si. 

! DiCTYNNA, a nymph of Crete, who first in- 
j vented hunting nets. She was one of Diana's 
I attendants, and for that reason the goddess is 
\ often called Dictynnia. Some have supposed 
that Minos pursued her, and that to avoid his 
importunities, she threw herself into the sea, and 
was caught in fishermen's nets, iUTva, whence 
her name. There was a festival at Sparta in 
honour of Diana, cailed Dictynnia. Pam. 2, 30. 
3, 12. 

DlCTYNN^UM Promontorium. a promon- 
. tnry on the northern coast of the isle of Crete, 
i towards the north-west. This promontory was 
i at the extremity of a chain of mountains, on 
' wiiich was a celebrated temple of the nymph 
Dictynna. Strab. lO.—Diod. Sic. 5, 76. — Mela, 
i 2. 7. 

i DlCTYS, a Cretan, who went with Idomeneus 
I to the Trojan war. It is supposed that he wrote 
! a history of this celebrated war, and that at his 
death he ordered it to be laid in his tomb, where 
I it remained till a violent earthouake in the rt ign 
i of Nero opened the monument where he had 
been buried. This convulsion of the earth threw 
out his history of the Trojan war, which was 
found by some shepherds, and afterwards carried 
to Rome. Tliis mysterious tradition is deserv- 
edly deemed fiibulous. The real author was one 
Praxis, or Eupraxidas, who lived in the lime of 
Nero. The Greek original of Praxis is lost ; we 
aave remaining, however, the Latin version of 
Q. Septimius, whom some place under Diocle- 
, tian or Constantine, and others in the age of 
Tiieodosius. Although this work does not merit 
the confidence which its fabricator wished to pro- 
duce, it is still not without interest for th( se 
who pursue the study of antiquiiies, since it 
; I contains many things derived Irom books that 
) no longer exist. The best edition is that of Ma- 

sallus Venia, 4to, Mediol. 1477. A king of the 

island of Seriphus, raised to that dignity by Per- 
seus, who deposed Polydectes, because he behav- 
ed with wantonness to Danae. {Vid. Polydectes.) 

Apollod. 1, 9. 2, 4. A centaur, killed at the 

nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid. Met. 12, 334. 

DlDAS, a Macedonian, whose- intrigues were 
employed by Perseus to render Demetrius un- 
popular and suspected to his father Philip. He 
became afterwards one of Philip's favourite gen- 
erals. Liv. 40, 23 et 24. 42, 31 et 53. 

DiDIA LEX, de Sumptibus, by Didius, A.U.C. 
606, to restrain the expenses that attended public 
festivals and entertainments, and limit the nuni- 
oer of guests which generally attended them, 
not only at Rome, but in all the provinces of 
Italy. By it. not only those who received guests 
in these -festive meetings, but the guests them- 
selves, were liable to be fined. It was an exten- 
sion of the Oppian and Fannian law.s. 

DlD[i;s, a governor of Spain, conquered by 

Sertorius. Pint, in Sert. A man who brought 

Ciesar the head of Pompey's eldest son. Plut. 

A governor of Britain under Claudius. 

Julianus, a rich Roman, w ho, after the murder of 
Pertinax, bought the empire which the Prtetor- 
ians had exposed to sale, A. D. ]'J2. His great 
luxury and extravagance rendered him odious; 
and when he refused to pay the money which he 
had promised lor the imperial purple, the sol- 
diers revolted against him, and put him to death, 
after a .^h.^rt reign. Severus was made emperor 
after him. 



DiDO, called also Elissu, a daiighter of Eelus 
king of Tyre, who married Sich£eus, or Sicharbas, 
her uncle, who was priest of Hercules. Pygma- 
lion, who succeeded to the throne of Tyre after 
Belus, murdered Sicheeus, to get possession of 
the immense riches which he possessed ; and 
Dido, disconsolate for the loss of a husband 
vv-hom she tenderly loved, and by whom she was 
equally esteemed, set sail in quest of a settle- 
ment, with a number of Tyrians, to w'nom the 
cruelty of the tyrant became odious. According 
to some accounts, she threw into the sea the 
riches of her husband, which Pygmalion so 
greatly desired; and by that artifice compelled 
the ships to fiy with her, that had come by order 
of the tyrant to obtain the riches of Sichzeus. 
During her voyage,, Dido visited the coast of Cy- 
prus, where she carried away fifty women, who 
prostituted themselves on the sea-shore, and gave 
them as wives to her Tyrian followers. A storrn 
drove her fleet on the African coast, and .siie 
bought of the inhabitants as much land as couhi 
be covered by a bull's hide, cut into thongs. Upi n 
this piece of land she built a citadel, called B\ rsa 
(Fid. Byrsa), and the increase of population, and 
the rising commerce among her subjeds, snon 
obliged her to enlarge her city, and the bound- 
aries of her dominions. Her beauty, as w ell as 
the fame of her enterprise, gained her many ad- 
mirers; and her subjects wished to compel her 
to marry larbas, king of Mauritania, w ho threat- 
ened them with a dreadful war. Dido begued 
three months to give her decisive answer; and, 
during that time, she erected a funeral pile, as if 
wishing, by a solenm sacrifice, to appease the 
manes of Sichseus, to whom she had promised 
eternal fidelity. When all was prepared, she 
stabbed herself on the pile in presence of her 
people, and by this uncommon action obtained 
the name of Dido, valiant worruni, instead of 
Elissa. According to Virgil and Ovid, the death 
of Dido was caused by the sudden departure of 
.Eneas, of whom she w as deeply enamoured, and 
whom she could not obtain as a husband. This 
poetical fiction represents ^.'Eneas as living in the 
age of Dido, and introduces an anachronism of 
near 300 years. Dido left Phoenicia, 247 years 
after the Trojan war, or the age of ^Eneas; that 
is, p.bout 933 years B. C. This chronological error 
proceeds not from the ignorance of the poets, but 
it is supported by the authority of Horace, 
'■'Aut fainam sequere, aut nbi convenientia Jinsre." 
While Virgil describes, in a beautiful epis. lac, 
the desperate love of Dido, and the submission 
of .rEneas to the will of the gods; he at the same 
time gives an explanation of the hatred which 
existed between the republics of Rome and Car- 
thage, and informs his readers that their mutual 
enmity originated in their very first foundation, 
and was apparently kindled by a more remote 
cause than the jealousy and rivalsliip of two 
flourishing empires. Dido, after her death, was 
honoured as a deity by her subjects. Jmtin. 18, 
4, &c,-Pa^erc. 1, &.— Virg. ^n. \, 8ic. — 0vid. 
Met. 14, fab. 2. Heroid. l.—Appian. Alex.— 
Oros. A.— Uerodian, — Dionys. Hal. 

DIDYM-'ECS, a surname of Apollo. 

DiDYM-AON, an excellent artist, famous for 
making suits of armour. Virg. jEn. 5, 339. 

DiDYME, one of the Cyclades. Ovid. Met. 7, 

469. A city of Sicily. Id. Fail. 4, 475. One 

of the Lipari isles, now Saline. A place neap 

Miletu.s, where the BranchidcC had theii- far--: b 
oracle. 



DiDYMCS. a frjednian of Tib?rius. &c Tac. 

Ann. ti, 24. A grammarian of Alexandria, sur- 

naaied XaXxivTepoi, or boiceU of brass, from the 
number of his productions. He is said to have 
written nearly 4O00 volumes, none of which have 
come down to us, except some scholia on Homer. 
He fljurished B.C. 40. The editions of his scho- 
lia are, that in 2 vols. 8vo, Venet. apud Aid. 1528, 

and that of Paris, Svo, 1530. An ecclesiastical 

V. riter of Alexandria. Though blind he acquired 
an extensive knowledge of the sciences and theo- 
loifv. Nothing of his remains but a Latin trans 
Ution of a treatise on the Holy Spirit; Remarks 
on the Acts and Epistles; and a book, in Greek, 
aiiainst the Manicheans. He died A.D. 395, -.s^d 

eighty-five. A musical writer of Alexandria, 

^^ ho lived in the reign of Nero. He wrote upon 
grammar and medicine as well as music; but all 
bis works are lost. He is allowed to have pre- 
ceded G lido in.the invention of music in parts. 

DiENECES, a Spartan, who, upon heaiing, be 
fore the battle of Thermopylae, th.it the Per:.inns 
were so numerous that their arrows would darken 
the light of the sun. observed, that it wculd be a 
great convenience, for they then should fight in 
the shade Herod. 7, 226. 

DiespIter, a surname of Jupiter as being the 
father of light. 

DiGENTlA, a river of Italy, which passed near 
the fountry-house of Horace It fl )ws in o the 
Am ), and is now called the Licenza. Hurat. 1, 
ep. 18. 104. 

DI&ITIUS, SEX., a sailor, who. at the faking 
of New Carthage, cbiimf-d of Scipio the prize of 
valour in opposition to Trebellius a centurion. 
The general, to avoid a dissension between his 
axmv and his fleet, commended both and re- 
warded them with a mural crown. Lir. 26. 4S. 

Oil, the divinities of the ancient inhabitants 
of the earth were very numerous. Every object 
whieli caused terror, inspired gratirude, or be- 
stowed aifluence, received the tribute of venera- 
tion. Man saw a superior agent in the stars, the 
elements, or the trees, and supposed that the ; 
w aters which communicated fertility to his fields I 
ao.l possessions, were under the influence and ' 
direction of some invisible power, inclinrd to fa- 
vour and to benefit mankind. Thus arose a train • 
of divinities, which imagination arrayed in (iif- ' 
f-=rent forms, and armed with different power.-, I 
Toey were endo ved with understanding, and | 
wpre actuated by the same passions w^hich daily I 
afH ct the human race; and those children f)f su- j 
persrition were appeased or provoked as the im- 
perfect bein? which save them birth. Their I 
wrath was mitigated by sacrifices and incense, I 
and sometimes human victims bled to expi iie a I 
crime, which superstition alone supposed to ex- 
ist. The sun. from its powerful influence and ] 
animating nature, first attr;icted the notice and I 
claimed the adoration, of the uncivilized inha- 
bitants of the earth. The moon also was hon- 
oured witli sacrifices, and addressed in prayers; 
and after immortality had been liberally he.-tou- 
ed on all the heavenly bodies, mankind clashed 
among their deities the brute creation; and the 
cat and the sow shared equally with Jupiter 
himself, the father of gods and men, the devout 
veneration of their votaries. This immense 
number of deities have been divided into differ- 
ent cl.jsses, according to the fancy or caprice of 
the mvthologists. The Romans, generally 
^Meaking-, reckoned two classes of the gods, tlie 
'rijorum gentium, or dii consuleiitfs, -And 



>0 DIN 

dii minorum gejithvn The former were twelvtj 
in number, six males and six females. if'tdi„ 
Consentes.) In the class of the latter, were, 
ranked all the gods who were worshipped in dif-', 
ferent parts of the earth. Besides these, thertj, 
were some called dii selecti, sometimes classea 
with the twelve greater gods; these were Janus,^ 
Saturn, the Genius, the Moon, Pluto, and Bac-L 
chus There were al o some called demi-god.s,L 
that is, who deserved immortality by the gre.ntJ^ 
ness of their exploits, and for their uncommorUj 
services to mankind. Among these were Pria-i 
pus, Vertumnus, Hercules, and those whose pa-? 
rents were some of the immortal gods. Besides^ 
these, there were some called topici, whosevior-f 
ship was established at particular places, such asl 
Isis in Egypr, Astarte in Syria, Uranus at Car-, 
thage, &c. In process of time also, all the pas- 1 
sions and the moral virtues were reckoned asj 
powerful deities, and temples were raised to a| 
goddess of concord, peace, &c. According to 
the authority of Hesiod, there were no less than 
3n,0i;U gods that inhabited the earth, and were 
guardians of men, all subservient to the power 
of Juidter. To these succeeding ages have added 
an almost equal number; and indeed they were 
so numerous, and their functions so various, that 
we find temples erected, and sacrifices ofTeted to 
unknown gods. It is observable, that all the gods 
of the ancients have lived upon earth as mere 
mortals; and even Jupiter, who was the ruler of 
heaven, is represented by the mythologists as a 
helpless child; and we are acquainted with all 
the particulars that attended the birth and edu- 
cation of Juno. In process ol time, not only goi>d 
and virtuous men, who had been the patrons of 
learning and the suppor ers of liberty, but also 
thieves and pirates, were admitted among the 
gods; and the Roman sen.^te courteously grant- 
ed inmiortality to the most cruel and abandoned 
of their emperors. 

Dii, a people of Thrace, on mount Rhodope. 
DiftiASSUS, an island near Rhodes. Flin. 5, 
31. 

DiNARCHUS, a Greek orator, son of Sostratus, 
and disciple to Theophrastus, at Athens. He 
acquired much money by his compositions, and 
sutlered himself to be bribed bv the enemies of 
the Athenians, 307 B.C. Or' .^ixty-four of his 
orations, only three remain. Cic. de Oral. 2, 53. 

A Corinthian ambassador, put to death by 

Polyperehon. Plut. in Phoc. A native of De- 

los, who collected some fables in Crete, &c. 
Dionys. Hal. 

DiNDYMUS, or-A(-omm) a mountain of Phry- 
gia, near a town of the same name in the neifih- 
bourhood of Cyzicus. It was from this place 
that Cybele was called Dindyinene, as her ^or- 
shin was established there bv Jason Si?ab. 12. 
-Stat. 1, Sylv. 1, 9 —Horat:i, od. J6, b.— Virg. 
yE}j. M, 617. 

DiMA, now Digne. a town of Gallia Naibon- 
ensis, and the capital of the Bodiontici. Its 
name is said to be of Celtic origin, being derived 
f rom din irater, and ia, hot, so called from the 
thermal waters at the distance of a league from 
it. 

DlNI.^S, a general of Cassander. Diod. 19. 

A m n of PlieriE, who seized the supreme powe 

at Cranon. Po'ya /i. 2 A man who wrote 

history- of .Arjios. Plut. in Aral 

Dl.NOCHARHS. an architect, who finishe.i t: e 
temple of Diana at Ephesus, after it h.ul b< » n 
burned bv Etostriims. 



DinocrAtes, an architect of Macedonia, w ho 
mjulf a proposal to Alexander the Great, to con- 
vert mount Athos into the figure of a man, the 
It'll hand of which should contain a city, while 
all the rivers of the mount flowed into the right, 
and from thence into the sea. Alexander was too 
wise to attend to this romantic scheme-, but he 
employed him in building the city of Alexandria, 
in Egypt. Under the patronage and direction of 
Pcolemy Philadtlphus, Dinocrates began to build 
a temple in honour of Arsinoe, in which he in- 
tended to suspend a statue of the queen, by means 
of loadstones. His death, and that of his royal 
patron, prevented the execution of a work which 
would have been the admiration of future ages. 

Plin. 7. 'dl.—Marcell. 22, m. — Plut. in Alex. 

AMessonian, who behaved with great effeminacy 
I and wantonness. He defeated Philopoemen, and 
j put hi:n to death, B.C. lo3. Plut. in Flamm. 

DlNOMENES, a man who conspired against 
Ilieronymus king of Sicily, and afterwards was 
made governor of Syracuse. Liv. 24. 7 et 23. — 
Pmis. 8. 42. 

DiNON, a governor of Damascus, under Ptol- 
emy, &c. PolycBn. 4. The father of Clitar- 

chus, who wiote a history of Persia in Alexan- 
der's age. He is esteemed a very authentic his- 
torian by C. Nep. in Conon. — Plut. in Alex. 

DiNOSTRATES, a mathematician, who lived in 
the time of Plato, and attended his academy. 
He invented a quadrature, which goes by his 
name, though some ascribe that invention to 
Hippip.s. 

DiOCLEA, festivals celebrated in the spring at 
Megara, in honour of Diodes, who died in the 
defence of a certain youth, to whom he was ten- 
I derly attached. There was a conte.<t on his tomb, 
and the youth who gave the sweetest kiss, was 
publicly rewarded with a garland. Theocritus 

has described them in his 12 Idyll. 27. A 

town on the coast of Dalmatia celebrated as 
tile birth-place of the emperor Diocletian. Plin. 

3, 23. 

DIOCLES, a general of Athens, &c. Polycpn 

5. A rich man of Messenia, son of Orsilochus 

trie son of Alpheus. His twin sons Orsilochus 
and Creton went to the Trojan w?jir, where they 
were slain by Mnea.s. Homer. 11. 5, 541. — Paus. 

4, 2. A general of Syracuse. Diod. 13. 

DloCLExlANOPOLis, a city of Macedonia, 

called so in honour of Diocletian, and supposed 
by Mannert to have been identical viith Pella. 

DiOCLETlANUS, CAIUS VALERIUS JOVIUS, a 
celebrated Roman emperor, born of an obscure 
family in Dalmatia. He was first a common sol- 
' dier, and by merit and success he gradually rose 
: to the office of a general, and at the death of 
; Numerian, he was invested with the imperial 
purple. -In this high station, he rewarded the 
virtue and fidelity of Maximian, who had served 
' with him in all the subordinate offices in the army, 
by making him his colleague on the throne. He 
' Teated two subordinate emperors, Constantius 
^ md Galcrius, whom he called Cceaars, whilst he 
V laimed for himself and his colleague the supe- 
l ior iitle of Augustus. Diocletian has been cele- 
»1 rated for his military virtues; and though he 
was naturally unpolished by education and study, 
yet he was the friend and patron of learning and 
true genius. He was bold and resolute, active 
and diligent, and well acquainted • ;ih the arts 
which endear a sovereign to h ; i)eople, and 
make him respectable even in the •.;3 of his ene- 
■jiies. His cruelty, howpvpr, against the follow- 



ers of Christianity, has boeii de.servediy branded 
with the appellation of unbounded tyranny, and 
insolent wantonness. After he bad reigned 21 
years in the greatest pro.'jperity , he exhibited to 
his astonished subjects an example of unusual 
moderation; and by publicly abdicating the crown 
in the plains of Nicomedia, May 1, A D. 304, he 
convinced mankind how much s'lperior the calm 
tranquillity of a private situation is to the storms 
of splendid power and elevated rank. Maximian, 
his colleague, followed his example, but not 
from voluntary choice; and when he, some time 
after, endeavoured to rouse the ambition of Dio- 
cletian, and persuade him to reassum.e the impe- 
rial purple, he received for answer, that Diocle- 
tian took now more delight in cultivating his 
little garden, than he formerly enjoyed in a pa- 
lace, when his power was extended over all the 
earth. He lived nine years after his abdication, 
in the greatest security and enjoyment at Salona, 
and died in the 68th year of his age. Diocletian 
is the first sovereign who voluntarily resigi ed 
his power; a philosoj hical resolution, which, in 
a later age, was imitated by the emperor Charles 
the Fifth of Germany. Aurel. Vict. 39,— Eu- 
trop. 9 1 

DlODORUS, an historian, sumamed Stculus, 
because he was born at Argyrium in Sicily. He 
wrote a history of Egypt, Persia, Syria, Media, 
Greece, Rome, and Carthage, which was divided 
into forty bo,.)ks, of which only fifteen are extant, 
with some few fragments. This valuable com- 
position v^as the work of an accurate inquirer, 
and it is said that he visited all the places of 
which he has made mention in his history. It 
was the labour of thirty years, though the greater 
part may be considered as nothing more than a 
judicious compilation from Berosus, Timaeus, 
Theopompus, Callisthenes, and others. The 
author, however, is too credulous in some of his 
narrations, and often wanders far from the truth. 
His style is neither elegant, nor too laboured; 
but it contains great simplicity, and unaffected 
correctness. He often dwells too long upon fa- 
bulous reports and trifling incidents, whi e events 
of the greatest importance to history are treared 
with brevity, and sometimes passed over in si- 
lence. His manner of reckoning, by the Olymp- 
iads, and the Roman consuls, will be found very 
erroneous. The historian flourished about 44 
years B.C. He spent much time at Rome to 
procure information, and authenticate his histo- 
rical narrations. The best editions of his works 
are, that of Wesseling, 2 vols. fol. Amst. 17-16, 
and that of Heyne, 11 vols. 8vo, Bipont. 1793— 

1807. A native of Caria, and disciple of the 

Megaiic school. He lived at the court of Ptol- 
emy Soter, king of Egypt, in whose presence 
being called upon to answer some puzzling ques- 
tion, and demanding time, the monarch, out of 
ridicule, gave him the name of Chronus (xpifo^). 
He is reckoned among the atomic philosophers; 
but he appears to have been a mere quibbling 

sophist. A peripatetic philosopher, with 

whom the uninterrupted succession of the peri- 
patetic school terminated. A bishop of Tar- 
sus in Cilicia. A few fragments of his writings 
remain in the Catena Palrum Grcecorum. We 
was ordained A.D. 378, and died A.D. 394. — «-A 
disci}>le of Euclid, in the age of Plato. Diog. in 
vita. A son of Echeanax, who, with hirf bro- 
thers Codrus and Anaxagoras, murdered Hege- 

sias. the tyrant of Ephesus, &c. Pafyren. 6- 

An iiphesian, who wrote an account of the life ui 



D'.O 



DIO 



Anaximander. Diog. An orator of Sardis, in 

thR time of the Mithridatic war. A stoic phi- 
losopher, preceptor to Cicero. He lived and 
died in the house of his pupil, whom he instruct- 
ed in the various branches of Greek literature. 
Cic. in Brut. 

Diogenes, a celebrated Cynic philosopher, 
was born at Sinope, a city of Pontus, B.C. 414. 
His father, who was a banker, w as convicted of 
coining false money, and was forced to leave the 
country. This circumstance gave the son an 
opportunity of visitins^ Athens, where he became 
the disciple of Antisthenes. who was at the head 
of the Cynics. Antisthenes, at first, refused to 
a'inr.t him into his hou-e, and even struck him 
with a stick. ri)genes calmly bore the rebuke, 
and said, " Strike me, Antisthenes, but never 
shall you find asMok sufficiently hari to remove 
me from your presence, whi.'st there is anything 
t ) be learned, any information to be gaincd^fn m 
your conversation and acquaintance." Such 
firmne-s recommended him to At.tisthenes, and 
he became his most devoted pupil. Diogenes 
perfectly adopted the principles and character of 
his mister. Renouncing every other object of 
ambiti'in. he determined to distinguish himself- 
by his contempt -..f riches and honours, and by his 
indignation against luxury. He wore a coarse 
cloak, carried a wallet and staff, and. according 
to some of his biographers, took up his residence 
in a tub. In his old age he is said to have been 
taken by pirates on a voyage to ^Egina. and sold 
as a slave to a rich Corinthian named Xeniades, 
who discovered his value, and employed him in 
the education of his sons. At Corinth he used 
to harangue in the Craneum; and it is asserted 
that he was visited by Alexander, who, on ap 
proaching him, said, I am Alexander the kings" 
to which he coolly replied, " And I am Diogenes 
the Cynic." The monarch then asked him if he 
;ould render him any service: " Fes," he re- 
plied, by not siayidifig betvjeen me and the sun." 
Alexander felt the greatness of wanting nothing, 
to be next to that of possessing all things; and 
exclaimed, ^* If I were not Alexander., 1 would 
wish to be Diogenes. ' After a life spent in the 
greatest misery and indigence, he died B.C. 324, 
in the 96th year of his age. He ordered his body 
to be carele. sly thrown into a ditch, and some 
dust to be sprinkled over it. His orders were, 
however, disobeyed in this particular, and his 
friends honoured his remains with a magnificent 
funeral at Corinth. The inhabitants of Sinope 
raised statues to his m.emory; and the marble fi- 
gure of a doi was placed on a high column erect- 
ed on his tomb. His biographer has transmitted 
to posterity a number of his saying?, remarkable 
for their simplicity and moral tendency. The 
life of Diogene^, however, shrinks from the eye 
of astric; pxaa ination; he boasted of his pover- 
ty a'"d w- s so ai ro/ant that many have observed 
that 'he virtues cif Diogenes aro.-e from pride and 
vanity, not from wisdom and sound philosophy. 
Hi- morals were corrupted, and he gave way to 
ttie most vicious indulgences, and his unbound- 
ed wantonness has given occasion to some to f b- 
serve, that the bottom f)f his tub v, ould not bear 
too close an examination. Diog. in vita. — Pint. 

in Apoph.— Cic. de Nat. D. 3, 36. &c A stoic 

of Babylon, disciple of Chrysippus. He went to 
Athens, and was sent as ambassador to Rome, 
with Carneades and Critolaus, 155 years B.C. 
He died in the 8Sth year of his age, after a life 
of the most exemplary virtue. Some suppose 



that he was strangled by order of Antioehusking j 
of Syria, for speaking disrespectfully of his fa- i 
mily in one of his treatises. Quintil. 1, 1. — ! 

Alhen. 5, M.—Cicde Offic. 3, 51. A native of 

ApoUonia, celebrated for his knowledge of phi- 
losophy and physic. He was pupil to Anaxaao- 

ras. Diog. in vita. Laertius, so called from 

his birth-place, Laertes in Cilicia. He wrote the 
lives of the philosophers in ten books, which are 
still extant. The period when he lived is not 
exactly known, but it is thought to have been 
during the reigns ol Septimius Severus and Cara- 
calla. The title of his work is as follows : 
*iXo'(To^oj 'lajopla ■jrecl 5i<uv ioyjjta-^iiiv «ai otto • 

losophic History of the lives, opinions, and 
apophthegms, ot celebrated philosophers." The 
author divides all the Greek philosophers into 
two clas-es; those of the Ionic and those of the 
Italic school. He derives the first from Anaxi- 
mar:der, the second from Pythagoras. After So- 
craies. he divides the Ionian philosophers into 
three branches : 1st, Plato and the Academics 
down to Clitomachus; '2d, the Cynics, down to 
Chrysippus ; 3d, Aristotle and Theophrastus. 
The' series of Italic philosophers consists, after 
Pythagoras, of the following : Telanges, Xeno- 
phanes, Parmenides, Zeno of Elea, Leucippus, 
Democritus, and others down to Epicurus. The 
first seven books are devoted to the Ionic philo- 
sophers; the last three treat of the lt.allc school. 
The work of Dionysius is one of the most valu- 
able that has come' down to us, by reason of the 
numerous facts and notices with which it sup- 
plies us, as well as the great number of passages 
cited in the course of it, from works that are 
now lost. The author was of no particular sect, 
except it be that he leaned a little to the side (.f 
Epicurus. He is extremely impartial; but he 
is credulous, often inexact, and sometimes with- 
out critical acumen or judgment. The best 
editions of Diogenes are, that of Meibomius, 
Amst. 1692, 2 vols. 4to.; and that of Hubner, 
Lips. 1828, 2 vols, 8vo. There was a philoso- 
pher of that name, who attended Alexander in 
his Asiatic expedition, for the purpo.-e of mark- 
ing out and delineating his march, &c. 

DiOGENUS. a man who conspired witK Dym- 
nus against Alexander. Curt. 6, 7. 

DiOGNETUS, a philo opher, who instructed 
Marcus Aurelius in philosophy, and in writing 
dialogues. There is extant, among the w(Tks of 
St Justin, a letter to Diognetus, supposed to be 
this person, on the false gods worshipped in those 
times. This letter is considered by historians as 
one of the most valuable remains of ecclesiastical 
antiquity, containing an interesting account of 
the life and manners of the primitive Christians. 

DiOMEDA, a daughter of Phorbas, whom 
Achilles broufht from Lemnos, to be his mistress 
after the loss of Briseis. Homer. II. 9, 661. 

DiOMEDES, son of Tydens and Deiphyle, w as 
king of ^ olia, and one of the bravest of the 
Grecian chiefs in the Trojan w ar. He engaged 
Hector and ..Eneas; and by repeated acts of va- 
lour obtained much military glory. He went 
with Ulysses to steal the Palladium from the 
temple of Minerva at Troy; and assisted in mur- 
dering Rhesus, king of Thrace, and carrying 
away his horses. At his return from the siege ( f 
Troy, he lost his way in the darkness of the night, 
and landed in Attica, where his connianions plun- 
dered the country, and lost the Trojan Pp.lh t i- 
um. During his long absence, his wife ^I^giiik- 



DIO 



253 



DIG 



forgot her marriage vows, aru prostituted hprself 
to Cometes, one of her servants. This lascivi- 
ousness of the queen was atiributetl by some to 
the resentment of Venus, ^^h(>m Diomedes had 
severely wounded in the arm in a battle before 
Troy. The infidelity of ^giale was highly dis- 
pleasing to Diomedes. He resolved to abandon 
his native country which was the seat of his dis- 
grace, and the attempts of his wife to take away 
his li.'e, according to some accounts, did not a 
little contribute to hasten his departure. He 
came to that part of Italy which has been called 
Magna Grascia, where he built a city, called Ar- 
gyrippa, and married the daughter of Daunus, 
the king of the country. He died there in extreme 
old age, or, according to a certain tradition, he per- 
ished by the hand of his father- in-law. His death 
was greatly lamented by his companions, who, 
in the excess of their grief were changed into 
birds resembling swans. These birds took flight 
into some neighbouring islands in the Adriatic, 
(^Vid. Diomedis Insula? ) and became remarkable 
tor the tameness with which they approached the 
Greeks, and for the horror with which they 
shunned all other nations. They are called the 
birds of Diomedes, Altars were raised to Dio- 
medes, as to a god, one of which Strabo mentions 
at Timavus. Firg, ^n. 1, 756. 11, 243, &c.— 
Ovid. Met. 14, fab. lO.- Apollod. 1, 8. 3, 7.— Hy~ 

gin fab. 97, 112 et US.— Pans. 2, 30. A king 

of Thrace, son of Mars and Cyrene, who fed his 
horses with human flesh. It was one of the la- 
bours of Hercules to destroy him; and accord- 
ingly the hero, attended with some of his friends, 
attacked the inhuman tyrant, and gave him to be 
devoured by his own horses which he had fed so 
barbarously. Diod. A.— Pans. 3,\S.—Apollod. 2, 5. 

Diomedis Insula, tv^o small islands oppo- 
BiLe the Sinus Urias, and at no great distance 
from the coast of Apulia. They are now the 
islands of Tremiti. One of these islands was 
called Teutria, and the o:her Diomedea or Tre- 
mitus. Strab. 6.—Plin. 3, 26. 10, 44. Tacit. 
Ann. 4. 71- 

DlOMEDON, an Athenian general, put to death 
for his negligence at Arginusfce Thuiyd. 8, 19. 

A man of Cyzicus, in the interest of Arta- 

xerxes. C. Nep. in Ep. 

Dion. Fid. Dium. 

Dion, a Syracusan, son of Hipparinus, famous 
for his abilities, his power, and his misfortunes. 
He was related to Dionysius the tyrant, and of- 
ten advised him, together with the philosopher 
Plato, who, at his request had come to reside at 
the court of Syracuse, to lay aside the supreme 
power. His great popularity rendered him odi- 
ous in the eyes of the tyrant, who, through fear 
or jealousy, banished him to Greece. There he 
collected a numerous force, and, encouraged by 
the influence of his name, and the hatred of his 
enemy, he resolved to free his country from ty- 
ranny. He entered the port of Syracuse only 
with two ships, and in three days reduced under 
his power an empire which had already subsisted 
for fifty years, and which was guarded by 500 
ships of war, and 100,000 foot, and 10,000 horse. 
The tyrant, abandoned by all, fled to Corinth, 
and Dion, fearful of the ambition or rivalship of 
the Sicilian nobles, kept the sovereign power in 
his own hands, and displayed in his administra- 
tion the views of a man who considered national 
prosperity and individual happiness as iiisepara- 
Lle from his own personal security. When his 
i.overnment, however, seemed to proa-.ise the 



Sicilians the revival of liberty and of public rrn- 
fidence, he was shamefully betrayed and mur- 
dered by one of his familiar friends, called 
licrates, or Callipus, 351 years before the chiir- 
tian ers, in the fifty fifth year of his age, ardiVu r 
years after his return from Peloponnefus. His 
death was universally lamented by the Syracn- 
sans, who had witnessed his virtues and esteenud 
his character, and a monument was by their gra- 
titude raised to his mem.ory. Died. 16. C. Nep. 

in vita. Cassius Cocceianus, a native of Ni- 

c£Ba in Bithynia. His father s name «as Cas.-ii s 
Apronianus. He was raised to the greatest of- 
fices of state in the Roman em.pire by Pertinjix 
and his three successors. Naturally fond ( f 
study, he iniprov: d himself by unwearied appli- 
cation, and was ten years in collecting materia i s 
for a history of Kome, which he made public i'l 
eighty books, after a laborious employment < f 
twelve years in comp( sing it. This valuable his- 
tory began with the arrival of /Eneas in Italy, 
and was continued down to the eighth year of the 
reien of the emperor Alexander Severus, whf n 
Dion was a second time consul. The first thir- 
ty-lbur books and part of the thirty fifth are los:. 
the twenty- five following are mutilated, anci frajr- 
ments are all we possess of the last twenty. In 
the compilation of his extensive history, Di' n 
proposed to himself Thucydides for a model; lut 
he is not perfectly happy in his imitation. His 
style is clear and easy, and his reflections aie 
judicious; but upon the whole he is credulous, 
and the bigoted slave of partiality, satire; and 
flattery. He inveighs against the republican 
principles of Brutus and Cicero, and extols the 
cause of Cessar. Seneca is the object of his sa- 
tire, and he represents him as debauched and 
licentious in his morals. Dion flourished about 
the 230th year of the christian era. The best 
edition of his woiks is that of Fabricius, com- 
pleted by Reimar, 2 vols fol. Hamb. 1750. 

DIOnJea, a surname of Venus, as the sup- 
posed daughter of Jupiter and Dione. 

DiONB, a nymiph, daughter of Nereus and Do- 
ris. She was mother of Venus, by Jupiter, sc- 
cordins to Homer and others. Hesiod, however, 
S'ves Venus a different origin. (Vid. Venus.) 
Venus is hersplf sometimes called Dione. Vi>g. 

^n.3,Jd.~ Homer. II. 5, 381. Stat. Sylv. J. 

1, 86. 

DionysTa, festivals in honour of Bacchus 
among the Greeks. Their form and solemnity 
were first introduced into Greece from Egypt by 
a certain Melampus, and if we admit that Bac- 
chus is the same as Isis, the Dionysia of thft 
Greeks are the same as the festivals celebrated 
bv the Egyptians in honour of Isis. They wt^ie 
observed at Athens with more splendour and 
ceremonious =uperstition than in any other pai r, 
of Greece. The years were numbered by their 
celebration, the Archon assisted at the solem- 
nity, and the priests that officiated were honoured 
with the most dignified seats at the public games. 
At first they were celebrated with great simpli- 
city, and the time was consecrated to mirth. It 
was then usual to bring a vessel of wine adom?d 
with a vine branch, after which followed a go?f, 
a basket of figs, and the (paWol. The worship- 
pers imitated in their dress and actions the poe- 
tical fictions concerning Bacchus. They clothed 
themselves in fawns' skins, fine linen, and mitres-, 
they carried thyrsi, drums, pipes, and flutes, and 
crovNnt'd themselves with ^srt-inds of ivy, vir>-, 
fir, &<•. Some in)itaN'<! '■ilcnus, Pun, and iVe 
' Y 



DIO 



254 



DIO 



Satyrs by the uncouth manner of their dress, and 
tiieir (antastieal motions. Some rode upon asses, 
and others drove the goats to slaughter ior the 
sacrifice. In this manner both sexes joined in 
the solemnity, and ran about the hills and coun- 
try, nodding their heads, dancing in ridiculous 
pastures, and filling the air with hideous shrieks 
' and shouts, and crying aloud, Evoe! Bacche.' lo.' 
lol Evoe! lacche! lo Bacche! Evoke! With such 
solemnities were the festivals of Bacchus cele- 
brated by the Greeks, particularly the Atheni- 
ans. In one of these there followed a number of 
persons carrying sacred vessels, one of which con- 
tained water. After these came a select number of 
noble virgins, carrying little baskets of gold filled 
with all sorts of fruits. This was the most mys- 
terious part of the solemnity. Serpents were 
sometimes put in the baskets, and by their 
wreathing and crawling out they amused and 
astonished the beholders. After the virgins, fol- 
lowed a company of men carrying poles, at the 
end of which were fastened faXXoC. The heads 
of these men, who were called (paXXopoi^oi, were 
crowned with ivy and violets, and their faces 
covered with other herbs. Tney marched sing- 
ing songs upon the occasion of the festivals, called 
<paXXiKd. Sff^xma. Next to the (paXXo(p6poi foUov^ ed 
the lOixpaXXoi in women's apparel, with white 
striped garments reaching to the ground; their 
beads were decked with garlands, and on their 
hands they wore gloves composed of flowers. 
Their ge.-tures and actions were like those of a 
drunk man. Besides these, there " ere a number 
of persons called ?n«»'oai.)po»,who carried the XUvov, 
or musical van of Bacchus: without their attend- 
ance none of the festivals of Bacchus were cele- 
brated with due solemnity, and on that account 
the god is often called AiKylrrj^. The festivals of 
Bacchus were almost innumerable. The name 
of the most celebrated were the Dionysia apx^i- 
JaTspa, at Limnas in Attica. The chief persons 
that officiated were fourteen women called ytpj.- 
pal, venerable. They were appointed by one of 
the archons. and before their appointment they 
solemnly took an oath before the archon or bis 
wife, that their body was free from all pollution. 

The greater Dionysia, sometimes called dcr- 

TiKa, or rd tar' adru, as being celebrated within 
the city, were the most famous. Tliey were sup- 
posed to be the same as the preceding. The 

less Dionysia, sometimes called ri war" a>pocf, 
because celebrated in the couJitry, or Xnvala, from 
A'71'Of, a wine press, were, to all appearance, a 
preparation for the greater festivals. They were 

celebrated in autumn. The Dionysia Bpavpw- 

na. obsers'ed at Brauron in Attica, were a scene 

of lewdness, extravagance, and debauchery. 

The Dionysia XtvrTjXjo were observed by the 
Athenians in honour of Bacchus Nyctelius. It 
was unlawful to reveal whatever was seen or done 

during the celebration The Dionysia, called 

Stuo^dyia, because human victims were offered to 
the god, or because the priests imitated the eat- 
ing of raw flesh, were celebrated with much so- 
lemnity. The priests put serpents in their hair, 
and by the wildness of their looks, and the od- 
dity of their actions, they feigned insanity. 

The Dionysia 'Apva<^i«a were yearly observed in 
Arcadia, and the children who had been in- 
structed in the music of Philoxenus and Timo- 
iheus, were introduced in a theatre, where they 
celebrated the festivals of Bacchus by entertain- 
ingthe spectators with songs, dances, and diffe- 
rent exhibitions. There were besides these,olhers ' 



of inferior note. There was al.'^o one observed; 
every three years, called Dionysia T/risrr/ptKa.and it, 
is said that Bacchus instituted it himself in com- < 
memoration of his Indian expedition, in which he,i 
spent three years. There is also another, cele-f 
brated every fifth year, as mentioned by the scho- 1 

Hast of Aristophanes. All these festivals inii 

honour of the god of wine, were celebrated by thef 
Greeks with great licentiousness, and they con-|^ 
tributed much to the corruption of morals amongn 
all ranks of people. They were also introduced 
into Etruria, and from thence to Rome. Among ij 
the Romans, both sexes promiscuously joined inq 
the celebration during the darkness of night.. 
The drunkenness, the debauchery, and impure [: 
actions and indulgences, which soon prevailed'] 
at the solemnity, called aloud for the interference,; 
'of the senate, and the consuls Sp. PosthumiusL 
Albinus, and Q. Martins Philippus, made a,.; 
strict examination concerning the propriety and< 
superstitious forms of the Bacchanalia. The dis-[ 
order and pollution which were practised withll 
impunity by no less than 7,000 votaries of either h 
sex, were beheld with horror and astonishment ) 
by the consuls, and the Bacchanalia were for ever " 
banished from Rome by a decree of the senate, i 
They were again re-instituted there in length of ^ 
time, but not with such licentiousness as before. I 
Eurip. in Bacc—Virg. Mn. 11, 737.— Diod. 4.— , 
Ol id. Met. 3. 533. 4, 391. 6, 5S7. t 
DionysiJlDES, two small islands lying off the 

north-eastern part of the island of Crete. Fes- | 

tivals in honour of Bacchus. Paus. 3, 13. 

DiONYSiAS. a town of Ecypt, situate at the ( 
south-western extremity of the lake Moeris. It I 
is now called Beled-Kerun. ; 
DlONYSIODORUs, a famous geometer. PUn. \ 

2. 109. A Tarentine who obtained a prize at 

Olympia in the hundredth Olympiad. i 
DiONTSTcs, I. or the elder, was son of Her- i 
mocrate*. He signalized himself in the wars | 
which the Syracu.^ans carried on against the Car- t 
thaginians, and taking advantage of the power 1 
lodged in his hands, he made himself absolute at I 
Syracuse. To strengthen himself in his usurpa- 
tion, and acquire popularity, he increased the ; 
pay of the soldiers, and recalled those that had i 
been banished. He vowed eternal enmity against 
Carthage, and experienced various success in his • 
wars against that republic. He was ambitious of '• 
being thought a poet, and his brother Theodorus 
was commissioned to go to Olympia, and repeat 
there some verses in his name, with other com- 
petitors for the poetical prizes. His expectations 
were frustrated, and his poetry was received with 
groans and hisses. He was not, however, so un- i 
successful at Athens, where a poetical prize was 1 
publicly adjudged to one of his compositions, j 
This victory gave him more pleastire than all the i 
victories he had ever obtained in the field of bat- ' 
tie. His tyranny and cruelty at home rendered i 
him odious in the eyes of his subjects, and he be- . 
came so suspicious that he never admitted his 
wife or children to his private apartments, with- 
out a previous examination of their garments. 
He never trusted his head to a barber, but alwa) s i 
burnt his beard. He made a subterraneous cave | 
in a rock, said to be still extant, in the form of a i 
human ear, which measured SO feet in height, ' ^ 
and 250 in length. It was called the ear of Dio- | 
nysius. The sounds of this subterraneous cave i ^ 
were all necessarily directed to one common tym- . 
panum, which had a communication with an ad- T 
joining room, where Dionysius spent the greatest 



DIO 



255 



DiO 



il p:irt of his time lo hear whatever was said by 
m those whom his suspicion and cruelty had con- 
fined in the apartments above. The artists that 
; • had been employed in making this cave were all 
I put to death by order of the tyrant, for fear of 
their revealing to what purposes a work of such 
1 1 uncommon construction was to be appropriated. 
;! His impiety and sacrilege were as conspicuous 
-J as his suspicious credulity. He took a golden 
i mantle from the statue el Jupiter, observing that 
i the son of Saturn had a covering too warm for 
the summer, and too cold for the winter, and he 
i placed one of wool instead. He also robbed ^s- 
I culapius of his golden beard, and plundered the 
' temple of Proserpine. He died of an indigestion 
( in the sixty-third year of his age, B.C. 368, after 
j a reign of thirty-eight years. Authors, however, 
• are divided about the manner of his death, and 
I some are of opinion that he died a violent death, 
i Some suppose that this tyrant invented the cata- 
I pulta, an engine which proved of infinite service 
)' for the discharging of showers of darts and stones 
in the time of a siege. Diod. 13, 14, Sfc. — Jus- 
j tin. 20, 1, ^c. — Xenoph. Hist. Grcec.—C. Nep. 

; Timol. — Plut. in Dio7i. The second of that 

; name, sumamed the younger, was son of Diony- 
!^ sins, the 1st, by Doris. He succeeded his father 
as tyrant of Sicily, and by the advice of Dion his 
brother-in-law, he invited the philosopher Plato 
to his court, under whom he devoted himself for 
a while to studious pursuits. The philosopher 
enlarging on the virtues of justice and modera- 
( tion, advised him to lay aside the supreme power, 
and in his admonitions he was warml}' seconded 
by Dion. Dionysius, whose character was vio- 
j lent and irritable, not only rejected the exhorta- 
i tions of the philosopher, but cruelly ordered him 
to be seized and publicly sold as a slave. Dion, 
likewise, on account ol his great popularity, soon 
became suspected by the tyrant; he was severely 
abused and insulted in his familj', and his wife 
given in marriage to another. Such a violent 
behaviour was highly resented; Dion, who had 
been dishonourably banished, collected some 
forces in Greece, and in three days rendered 
himself master of Syracuse, and expelled the ty- 
rant, B.C. 357. (^Vid. Dion.) Dionysius retired 
to Locri, where he behaved with the greatest op- 
pression, and was ejected by the citizens. He 
recovered Syracuse ten years after his expulsion, 
but his triumph was short, and the Corinthians, 
under the conduct of Timoleon obliged him to 
abandon the city. He fled to Corinth, where to 
support himself he kept a school, as Cicero ob- 
serves, that he might still continue to possess 
absolute authority; and as he could not command 
over men, that he might still exercise his power 
over boys. It is said that he died from an excess 
of joy, when he heard that a tragedy of his own 
composition had been rewarded with a poetical 
prize. Dionysius was as cruel as his father, but 
he did not, like him, possess the art of retaining 
his power. This was seen and remarked by the 
old man, who, when he saw his son attempting 
to debauch the wives of some of his subjects, 
asked him with the greatest indignation, whether 
he had ever heard of his having acted so brutal 
a part in his younger days. No, answered the 
son, because you were not the son of a king. 
Well, my son, replied the old man, never shalt 
thou be the father of a king. Justin. 21, 1, 2, &c. 
^Diod. 15, &LC.—mian. V. H. 9, 8.— Quinlil. 8, 
— C. Nep. in Dion. - Cic. Tusc. 5, 2. An his- 
torian of Iluiicarnaiisus, who left his country and 

I 



came to reside at Rome, that he might carefully 
study all the Greek and L.itin writers, whose 
compositions treated of the Roman history. He 
formed an acquaintance with all the learned of 
the age, and derived much information irom their 
company and conversation. After an unremitted 
application, during twenty-four years, he gave to 
the world his Roman antiquities in twenty books, 
of which only the eleven first are now extant, 
nearly containing the account of 312 years. His 
composition has been greatly valued by the an- 
cients as well as the moderns for the easiness of 
his style, the fidelity of his chronology, and the 
judiciousness of his remarks and criticism. Like 
a faithful historian, he never mentioned any 
thing, but what was authenticated, and he totally 
disregarded the fabulous traditions which fill and 
disgrace the pages of both his predecessors and 
followers. To the merits of the elegant histo- 
rian, Dionysius, as may be seen in his treatises, 
has also added the equally respectable character 
of the eloquent orator, the critic, and the politi- 
cian. He lived during the Augustan age, and 
came to Rome about thirty years before the 
christian era. The best editions of his works are 
that of Hudson, 2 vols. fol. Oxon. 1704, and that 

of Reiske, 6 vols. 8vo Lips. 1774. A tyrant of 

Heraclea in Pontus, in the age of Alexander the 
Great. After the death of the conqueror and of 
Perdiccas, he married Amestris, the niece of king 
Darius, and assumed the title of king. He was 
of such an uncommon corpulence that he never 
exposed his person in public, and when he gave 
audience to foreign ambassadors, he always 
placed himself in a chair which was conveniently 
made to hide his face and person from the eyes 
of the spectators. When he was asleep, it was 
impossible to awake him without boring his flesh 
with pins. He died in the fifty-fifth year of his 
age. As his reign was remarkable for mildness 
and popularity, his death was sorely lamented 
by his subjects. He left two sons and a daugh- 
ter, and appointed his widow queen regent 

A surname of Bacchus, supposed to be derived 
&iro Tov Aloj and Ni<j-77j, because he was son of Ju- 
piter and educated at Nysa A native of Chal- 

cis, who wrote a book entitled Kn'ffeij or, the ori- 
gins of cities. A commander of the Ionian fleet 

against the Persians, who went to plunder Phoe- 
nicia. Herod. 6, 17. A philosopher of Hera- 
clea, disciple to Zeno. He starved himself to 
death, B. C. 279, in the eighty-first year of his age. 

Diog. A native of Alexandria, in Susiana. 

The period when he flourished is not exactly 
known, but it is supposed to have been about 30 
B. C. He was sumamed Periegetes, from a geo- 
graphical treatise which he wrote in Greek hexa- 
meters, entitled \ltpi.Tiyr,ii.^ ol«ov;u.«'vr?{, " Descrip- 
tion of the habitable world." This poem, though 
useful in the geographical information which it 
conveys, displays not much of the genius or fire 
of the poetical muse, except in very few passages. 
The best editions of his treatise, are that of H, 
Stephens, in his collection, 4to, 1577; that of Hill, 
8vo, Lond. 1683, often reprinted; and that of 
Matthiae. at the end of his Aratus, Bvo. Francof. 

1817. A christian writer, A. D. 492, called 

Areopagita, from his being a member of the court 
of Areopagus at Athens. He was converted to 
Christianity by the preaching of St Paul. He 
was consecrated bishop of Athens, and suff"ered 
martyrdom, but when, or in what manner, does 
not appear. The works ascribed to him are al- 
lowed to be spurious. Sumamed Exiguus, or 



DIG 



256 



DiR 



ts Litde, on account of the shortness of his sta- 
ture., was a Scythian monk of the sLJEth century, 
v h'.j dre * up a body of canons, and another of 
decretals. To him is attributed the mode of 
compuiinj the time of Easter, and also the «ay 
of counting the years from the birth of Christ, 

A Greek poet and musician, and ;he author 

of the words and m.usic of three hymns addressed 
til Calliope, Apollo, and Nemesis. They were 
published by Vincenzo Galilei, at Florence, in 
I5di; and again by Dr Fell, at Oxford, in 167^;, 
from a manuscript found amon? the papers of 
archbishop Usher. A native of Thrace, gene- 
rally called the Rhodian, because he lived there. 
He wrote some grammatical treatises and com- 
mentaries, B. C. 64. Strab. lA. 

DlONYSOPOLis, a town of India, supposed to 
correspond with the modern Aagar, on the wes- 
tern bank of the river Coiv. A town of Lower 

Moesia, in the vicinity of the Euxine sea. Pliny 
says that it ^^as called Crunus, but Pompo- 
nius Mela says, that Crunos was the port of Dio- 
livsopolis. It is .said to have obtained its name 
from a statue of Bacchus, which was carried by 
sea to this place. 

DiOPHANES, a man who joined Pelop.-nnesus 
to the Achaean league. Paus 8, 30 A rheto- 
rician of Mitv'.ene intimate with Tib. Gracchus, 
w hom he instructed in oratory. Cic. Br. 2T.— 
Flut in Gracchiis. 

OlOrHANTi s, an Athenian general of the 
Greek mprc enary troops in the service of Nec- 
tanebus, kirg of Egypt. Diod. 16. A mathe- 
matician of Alexandria, who, according to the 
most received opinion, was contemporary with 
the emperor Julian. His reputation was so hiih 
among the ancients, that they ranked him with 
Pythagoras and Euclid, and it appears that he 
attained to the advanced age of eighty-four. Ke 
w rote thirteen books of arithmetic or algebra, of 
vhich only six remain. The best edition is that 
of B.-ichet, re-published with additional notes of 
M. de Fermat, bv the son of the latter, at Tou- 
louse, 1670, in folio. 

DlOP(ESUS, a noble sculptor of Crete, Plin, 
S6, 4. 

DIOPOLIS, a town of Armenia Minor, formerly 
called Cabira, and a!ter»ards S<.baste Strab. 
12. 

DiORES, a friend of JEntSis, killed by Turnu.s. 
He had engaged in the games exhibited by JE- 
neas on his father's tjmb in Sicily. Firg. ^n. 
5, 297. 12, 509. 

DlORYCTL'S, a place of Acamania, where a 
canal was cut (cio, opiuaei) to make Leucadia an 
island. {Fid. Leucadia). Plin. 4, 1. 

DiOSCO RIDES, a native of Anazarbus in Cili- 
cia, who lived, according to some, in the time of 
Antony and Cleopatra, while others place him in 
the reign of Nero. Rewrote a work on the Ma- 
teria Medica (Tltpt "rx??? lirpt^^jO, which for se- 
veral ages was copied and appealed to by the pro- 
fessors of the healing art. Six or seven hundred 
plants are mentioned by Dioscorides, and some 
of his prescriptions have descended to modern 
times. The best edition of his works is that of 

Saracenus, fol., Francof. 1593. A disciple of i 

l.socrates, who wrote a work on the government 

of Lacedaemon. A poet of Alexandria, som.e 

of whose epigrams are preserved in the Anthol- 

osT. An astriiloser sent aniba.<s2dor by Julius 

C-sar to Achillas, &c. Cces. Bell. Cic. 3, 109. 

DioscoRlDi Insula, or Dioscorid.^. an 
isUnd situate at the souih the entrance of ths 



Arabic gulf, and now called Socotora, It waa 
inhabited by a niixt-d population of Arabians, 
Indians, and Greeks. It produced a great quan- 
tity of aloes, which the ancients held in bigli es- 
timation. 

DiosctJRI, or sons of Jupiter, a name given to 
Castor and Pollux. Theie were festivals in 
their honour, called Dioscuria, celebrated by the 
people of Corcyra. and chiefly by ttie Lacedae- 1 
monians. They were observed with much jovi:il j 
festivity. The peoisle made a fiee use of the 
gifts or Bacchui, a;.d diverted them.selves with ' 
sports, of which wrestling matches always made 
a part. , 

DioscurIas, now Iskuria, a maritime town of | 
Colchis, at the mouth of the small river Charus. 
It was anciently called Aea, and, in process of | 
time, Sebastopolis. It was established, accord- i 
ing to Arrian, by a colony of Milesians. Pom- 
ponius Mela says, that it was founded by Ca-stor 
an;i Pollux, w ho made a voyage to C^dchis, along j 
with Jason, in the Argonautic expedition. 

DiospoLis Magna, a famous city of Egypt. 

{Fid. Thebae.) Parva, a city of Egypt, westcf 

Tentyra, and on the western side of the Nile. It 

was the capital of the nome Diospolites. A 

city of P.ile-tiue, called also Lydda. It was situ- 
ated in a plain, tlnrty-two miles north-west of 
JerusaleD-i. It was destroyed by the Saracens, 
who at a later period built about two geographi- 
cal miles to the east of its site, tl.e modern city 
of Rainlot. 

DlOTiME, a woman who gave lectures upon 
philosophy, which Socrates r.t:euded. Plul. in 
Symp. 

'Diotimus, a stoic, who flourished So B. C. 
DIOXIPPE, one of the D.maidts. ApoUod. 2, ' 

1. 

DlOXIPPrs, a soldier of Alexandria, who killed 
one of his fellow-soidiers in a fury, &c. JElian. 
A Trojan killed by Tumus.' Firg. jEn. y, 

574. : 

DiPiE-E, a place of Pf loponnesus, where a 1 
battle was fought between the Arcadians and i 
Spartans. Herod. 9, 35. 

DiPHiLAS, a man sent to Rhodes by the Spar- 
tans, to destroy the Athenian faction there. 
Diod. 14. A governor of Babylon in the inte- 
rest of Antigonus. Id. 19. i 

DIPHILUS, an Athenian general, A. U C. 311. 

An architect so slow in fluishing his works, I 

tliat Biphilo tardier became a proverb. Cic. ad '> 
frrdr. 3, ep.\. ' 

Diphoridas, one of the Ephori at Sparta. \ 
put. in Ages. 

DlP JLls, a name given to Lemnos, as having 
two cities, Hephasstia and Myrina. i 

DiPSAS {-antis), a river of Cilicia, flow ing from | 

mount Taurus. Lucan. 8, 255. {-adis). a pro- | 

f^itTrite and incontinent woman mentioned by 

Orid. Am. 1, & A species of serpent, whose 

hire is said to produce such a thirst as proves 
mortal; whence the Greeks called it ^i-^i-ij, or, 
thirstij. In Latin, it is called situla^ a pail. 
Mo^es speaks of it in Dent. 8, 15. The Hebrev/ 
name is tziinaon, answering to the Greek iu i 
meaning. Lucan. 9. i 

DiPYLON, one of the gates of Athens. , 

DiR^, the daughters of Acheron and Nox, 
who persecuted the souls of the guilty. Thf-y 
are the same as the Furies, and some suppo e 
th.-.t th( y are called Fai ii s in hell, Harpii s on 
earth, and Dir:s in ht aN on. They w ere repre- 
sented as standing near ihv thrune of Jujjilt r, iu 



DIR 



DOD 



an attitude which expressed their eagerness to 
receive his orders, and the power of tormenting 
the guilty on earth with the most excruciating 
punishments. Virg. ^n. 4, 473. 8, 701. 

DiRCE, a woman whom Lycus, king of Thebes, 
married after he had divorced Antiope. When 
Antiope became pregnant by Jupiter, Dirce sus- 
pected her husband of infidelity to her bed, and 
imprisoned Antiope, whom she tormented with 
the greatest cruelty, by insults of the most ma- 
lisnant nature, and all the horrors of hunger, of 
thirst, of cold, and of excessive heat. Antiope 
escaped from her confinement, and brought forth 
Araphion and Zethus on mount Cithaeron. When 
these children were informed of the cruelties to 
which their mother had been exposed, they be- 
sieged Thebes, put Lycus to death, and tied the 
cruel Dirce to the tail of a wild bull, which 
dragged her over rocks and mountains, and ex- 
posed her to the most poignant pains, till the 
gods, pitying her fate, changed her into a foun- 
tain, in the neighbourhood of Thebes. Accord- 
ing to some accounts, Antiope was mother of 
Amphion and Zethus, before she was confined 
and exposed to the tyranny of Dirce. {Vid. 
Amphion, Antiope.) Propert. 3, 15, 37. — Paus. 
9, Milan. V. H. 12, 57.—Lucan. 3, 175. 4, 

530. A fountain of BcEotia, sacred to the 

muses, whence Pindar the Theban poet is called 
Dircceus Cygnus. Horat, Od. 4, 2, 2b. 

DiRCENNA, a cold fountain of Spain, near 
Bilbilis. Martial. 1, ep. 50, ]7. 

DlRPHYlA, a surname of Juno, from Dirphya, 
a mountain of Boeotia, where the goddess had a 
temple. 

Dis, a god of riches among the Gauls, supposed 
to be the same as Pluto the god of hell. Tne in- 
liabitants of Gaul considered themselves de- 
scended from that deity. Cces. Bell. G. 6 — Ta- 
cit. Hist. 4, 84. 

DISCORDIA, a malevolent deity, daughter of 
Nox, and sister to Nemesis, the Parc^, and 
Death. She was driven from heaven by Jupiter, 
because she sowed dissensions among the gods, 
and was the cause of continual quarrels. When 
the nuptials of Peleus and Thetis were cele- 
brated, the goddess of discord was not invited, 
and this seeming neglect so irritated her, that 
she threw an apple into the midst of the assem- 
bly of the gods, with the inscription of detur pul- 
chriori. This apple was the cause of the ruin of 
Troy, and of infinite misfortunes to the Greeks. 
(Fid. Paris.) The goddess of discord is repre- 
sented with a pale ghastly look, her garment is 
torn, her eyes sparkle with fire, and she holds a 
dagger concealed in her bosom. Her head is ge- 
nerally entwined with serpents, and she is at 
tended Jby Bellona. She is supposed to be the 
cause of all the dissensions, murders, wars, and 
quarrels, which arise upon earth, public as well 
as private. Firg.^n. 8,702. — Hesiod. Theogn. 225. 

DiTHYRAMBCS, a surname of Bacchus, either 
"because he was twice born, or because Ceres col- 
Ifcted and restored life to his limbs, that had 
been cut to pieces in the wars of the giants, or 
because the cave where he was brought up had 
two entrances. The hymns sung in his honour 
were called Dithyrambics, and expressed an en- 
tliustastic poetical fury, such as became intoxica- 
tion. Horat. Od. 4, 2, 10. 

DiUM, a city of Macedonia, situ-ited at the 
foot of mount Olympus, about seven stadia from 
ihe Sinus Thermaicus, or Gulph of Salonica. It 
is now Standia. Liv. IJ, (j et 7. 



Divi, a name chiefly appropriated to those 
who were made gods after death, such as heroes, 
and warriors, or the Lares, and Penates, and 
other domestic gods. 

DlVlTlACUS,one of the leading men among tl.e 
.^dui. He went to Rome to solicit a.ssisiance 
against Ariovistus, and he gained the e^teonl ai^d 
friendship of Caesar and of Cicero. Cces. B. G. 
1, 3 et 19. 6, 11.— Cic. de Div. 1, 41. 

DIVODCRUM, the chief city of the Medioma- 
trici, a people of Gallia Belgica, who were Ic- 
cated on the Mosella, or Moselle. Its name was 
afterwards changed to that of the people itself, 
and is now Metz. 

Divus, FiDius, a god of the Sabines, wor 
shipped also at Rome. Dionys. 

DociLis, a gladiator at Rome, mentioned by 
Horat. ], ep. 18, 19. 

DociMUS, a man of Tarentum, deprived of 
his military dignity by Philip, son of Amyntas, 
for indulging himself with hot baths. Polycen. 

4. An officer of Perdiccas, taken by Antigo- 

nus. Diod. 18. 

DODONA, a town of Epirus, placed by some 
writers in Thesprotia, and by others in Molossia; 
but Strabo reconciles these conflicting opinions, 
by informing us that anciently it belonged to 
Thesprotia, and afterwards to Molossia, for it 
stood on the borders of these two districts. There 
was in its neighbourhood a celebrated oracle of 
Jupiter. The town and temple of the god were 
first built by Deucalion, after the universal de- 
luge, or by Pelasgus, according to others. It 
was supposed to be the most ancient oracle of all 
Greece, and, according to the traditions of the 
Egyptians, mentioned by Herodotus, it was 
founded by a dove. Two black doves, as he re- 
lates, took their flight from the city of Thebes, 
in Egypt, one of which flew to the temple of Ju- 
piter Ammon, and the other to Dodona, where, 
with a human voice, they acquainted the inhabi- 
tants of the country that Jupiter had consecrated 
the ground, which in future would give oracles. 
The extensive grove which surrounded Jupiter's 
temple was endowed with the gift of prophecy, 
and oracles were frequently delivered by the sa- 
cred oaks, and by the doves which inhabited the 
place. This fabulous tradition of the oracular 
power of the doves, is explained by Herodotus, 
who observes, that some Phoenicians carried 
away two priestesses from Egypt, one of whom 
■went to fix her residence at Dodona, where the 
oracle was established. It may further be ob- 
served, that the fable might have been founded 
upon the double meaning of the word 7r«>etat, 
which signifies doves, in most parts of Greece, 
while in the dialect of the Epirots, it implies old 
women. In ancient times the oracles were de- 
livered by the murmuring of a neighbouring 
fountain, but the custom was afterwards changed. 
Large kettles were suspended in the air near a 
brazen statue, which held a lash in its hand. 
When the wind blew strong, the statue was agi- 
tated and struck against one of the kettles, which 
communicated the motion to all the rest, and 
raised that clattering and discordant din, which 
continued for a while, and from which the arti- 
fice of the priests drew their predictions. Some 
suppose that the noise was occasioned by the 
shaking of the leaves and boughs of an old oak, 
which the superstition of the people frequently 
consulted, and from which they pretended to re- 
ceive oracles. It may be obseived, with more 
probabilitv, that the <iracles wtre dtlivercd by 
Y 3 



BOD 



DOM 



the priests, who, by artfully concealing them- 
si Ives behind the oaks, gave occasion to the su- 
II Tstitious multitude to believe that the trees 
V. ere endowed with the po.ver of prophecy. As 
the ship Argo was built with some of the oaks of 
the forest of Dodona, there w ere some beams in 
th' vessel which gave oracles to the Argonauts, 
a;i i warn d them against the approach of cala- 
mi:y. Within the forest of Dodona there was a 
famous fountain, which at mid-day was always 
d V. but at midnight attained its full height, 
rhi- fountain was also said to extinguish burn- 
in: torches when plunged into it, but on ap- 
proaching them ciosely to the surface of the wa- 
ter they were re-lighted. The oracles of Dodo- 
na were originally delivered by men, but after- 
wards by females. (^Fid. Dodonides.) Plin. 2, 
103.- Herod. 2, 57.— Mela, 2, 3. -Homer. Od. 14. 
n.—Putis. 7, 2\.—Slrab. \7.-Plut. hi Pyrrh.— 
Apollod. ], ^.—Lucan. 6, 427. — Orid. Prist. 4, el. 
b, 23. 

DODON^US, a surname of Jupiter from Do- 
dona. 

DODONE, a daughter of Jupiter and Europa. 

fountain in the forest of Dodona. Vid. 

Dodona. 

Dodonides the priestesses who gave oracles 
1.1 '.he temple of Jupiter in Dodona. ccording 
t ! some traditions, the temple w as ori rinally in- 
i; xbited by seven daughters of Atlas, who nursed 
Bacchus. Their names w ere Anibro-ia, Eudora, 
r-asithoe, Pytho, Plexaure, Coronis, Tythe or 
Tyche. In the latter ages the oracles were al- 
w ays delivered by three old women, which cus- 
tom was first established when Jupiter enjoyed 
the company of Dione, whom he permitted' to 
receive divine honour in his temple at Dodona. 
T.ne Boeotians were the only people of Greece 
V. ho received their oracles at Dodona from men, 
lor r.-'a.sons which Strabo fullv explains, 

DOLABELLA, P. CORN, a Roman who married 
the daughter of Cicero, from whom afterwards 
r > v^as by mutual agreement divorced. During 
tile civil wars, he warmly espoused the interest 
of Julius Caesar, whom he accompanied at the 
famous battles at Pharsalia, Africa, and Munda. 
He was made consul by his patron, though M. 
Antony his colleague opposed it. After the 
death of Julius Caesar, he seemed inclined to sup- 
port the re;>ublican party of Brutus, but the in- 
tri;jur-s of Antony gained him over, and the hopes 
of paying the immense debts which he had con- 
tracted, produced in him a willingness to espouse 
innovation, and to effect the ruin of the common- 
weal th. As a reward for his attachment, Antony 
procured him the government of Syria, which 
had before been promised to Cassius. Eagev to 
render himself opulent and independent, Dola- 
b lia departed for his province, but the violence 
of his character proved his ruin. At Smyrna, he 
seized, and w ith great cruelty put to death, Tre- 
bonius, one of Caesar's murderers, for which 
shameful conduct he was declared an enemy to 
the republic by the Roman senate. In conse- 
quence of this he was besieged by Cassius in 
l.>aodicea, and when he saw that all was lost, he 
killed himself, in the twenty-seventh year of his 
ji;:e. He was of a small stature, which gave oc- 
casion to his father-in-law to ask him once w hen 
he rntered his house, who had tied him so cle- 
vt-rlv to his sword. Cic. Fam. 2, ep. 15. 3, ep. 10, 
—Att. 6, ep. 6, &c Hor. 4. 2.—Dio. 41, 40. 
•33. 51. 4.^,b^. — Suelo^l. Aug. 36. -L/u. 113.- Te/. 
Vat. 2, 2S. A proconsul o* Africa Cacu^ 



a oi-.y r'fffitor, afterwards governor of Cilicia, 
wiieie Verres was his quaastor. Cic. Verr, 1, 15, 

&c. Another consul with Decula, A. U. C. 

C72, He triumphed over the Thracians, and was 
accused by Caesar of extortion, and defended by 
Cotta and Hortensius, and acquitted. Cic. Br. 

92.~Pis. 19.— Suet. Cess. 4. Another, who 

conquered the Gauls, Etrurians, and Boii, at the 

lake Vadimonis, B. C. 283. The family ol the 

Dolabell^ distmguished themselves at Rome, 
and one of them, L. Corn, conquered Lusiiania, 
B. C. 9.9. 

DOLICHAON, the father of the Hebrus, &p. 
Virg. .-mi. M, 6J6. 

DoLlCHE, a town of Thessaly, in the Per- 
rhaabian district to the south-east of Azorus, Lip. 
42, 53. — —A town of Syria, situated in the dis- 
trict Euphratensis, and north-west of Zeugma. 
It is now Doluc. 

Don US, a faithful servant of Ulyssea Horn. 
Odyss. 4, 675. 

DOLON, a Trojan, son o' Eumedes, famous 
for his swiftness. Being sent by Hector to spy 
the Grecian camp by night, he was seized by 
Diomedes and Ulysses, to whom he revealed the 
situation, schemes, and resolutions of his coun- 
trymen, with the hopes of escaping with his life. 
He was put to death bv Diomedes, as a traitor. 
Homer. II. 10, 314.— Fo-e-. Mn. 12, 349, &c. 

DOLONCI, a people of Tnrace. Herod. 6, 34. 

DOLOPES, a people who inhabited that south- 
eastern corner of Thessaly. formed by the chain of i 
Pindus, or rather Tymphrestus one side, and ' 
mount Othrys, branching out of it, on the other. \ 
They are supposed to have formed one of the i 
twelve nations, or districts, which sent deputies 
to the Amphictyonic council. These people pos- 
sessed the isle of Scyros, and they are said to have 
been a body of corsairs who infested the Mge&n 
sea. "When Cimon took possession of their 
island, he expelled them from it. Their coun- 
try was called Dolopia. Virg. ^n. 2. l. — Flacc. 
2, 10.— Horn. II. 9, iSO. — Liv. 36, 33.— Sirab. 9. 
— Plut in Cimon. 

DOLOPS, a Trojan, son of Lampus, killed by 
Menelaus. Homer. II. 15. 525 

DOMIDUCUS, a god w ho presided over m.ir- 
riage. Juno also was called Domidum, from the 
power she was supposed to have in marriages. 

Dominica, a daughter of Petronius, who mar- 
ried the emperor \ alens. 

Domitia lex. de Religione, w as enacted by 
Domitius Ahenobarbus, the tribune, A.U.C. 650. 
It trans (ei red the right of electing priests from 
the college to the people. 

DomItianus, Titus Flavius, son of Ves- 
pasian and Flavia Domatilla, made himself em- 
peror of Rome, at the death of his brother Titus, 
w hom, according to some accounts, he destroyed 
by poison. The beginning of his reign promised 
happiness to the people, and tranquillity to the 
I state, but their expectations were soon frustrated. 
I Domitian became cruel, and gave way to incest- 
j uous and unnatural indulgences. He command- 
ed himself to be called God and Lord in all the 
j papers w hich were presented to him. He parsed 
: the greatest part of the day in catching flies and 
killing them with a bodkin, so that it was wittily 
answered by Vibius, to a person who asked him 
who was with the emperor, nobody, not even a 
fly. In the latter part of his reign Domitian 
became suspicious, and his anxieties were in- 
creased by the predictions of .istrologers, but still 
more poigi.an;ly by the stings of remorse. He 



DOM 



239 



DOM 



wns «o distrustful, even when alone, that round 
trie terrace, where he usually walked, he built a 

(wall with shining stones, that from them he might 
perceive, as in a looking-glass, whether any body 
f.)llowed him. All these precautions were un- 
it v'ailing; he perished by the hand of an assassin, 
th? ISth of September, A.D. 96, in the 45; h year 
o! his age, and the I5th of his reign. He was 
tae last of the twelve Caesars. He distinguished 
himself for his love of learning, and in a little 
treatise, which he wrote upon the great care 
which ought to be taken of the hair to prevent 
baldness, he displayed much taste and elegance, 
according to the observations of his biographers. 
After his death he was publicly deprived by the 
s. nate of all the honours which had been pro- 
fusely heaped upon him, and even his body v\as 
left in the open air without the honours of a fu- 
neral. This disgrace might proceed from the re- 
sentment of the senators, whom he had exposed 
t ) terror as well as to ridicule. He once assem- 
bled that august body, to know in what vessel a 
I turbot might be most conveniently dressed. At 
j another time they received a formal invitation to 
' a feast, and when they arrived at the palace, they 
; wt>re introduced into a large gloomy hall hung 
w i.h black, and lighted with a few glimmering 
t.ip'^rs. In the middle were placed a number of 
coffias, on each of which was inscribed the name 
of some one of the invited senators. On a sud- 
d -n a number of men burst into the room, cloth- 
{ in black, with drawn swords and flaming 

t jrches, and after they had for some time terri- 
i\^d the guests, they permitted them to retire. 
Such were the amusements and cruellies of a 
man, who, in the first part of his reign, waslook- 
j t d upon as the father of his people, and the re- 
; storer of learning and liberty. Suet, in vita. — 
\ Eutrop 7. 

DOMITILLA, Flavia, a woman who married 
Vespasian, by whom she had Titus a year after 
her marriage, and eleven years after Domitian. 

A niece of the emperor Domitian, by whom 

&he was banished. 

DOMITIUS DOMITIANUS, a general of Dio- 
cletian in Egypt. He assumed the imperial 
purple at Alexandria, A. D. 288, and supported 
the dignity of emperor for about two years. He 

died a violent death. A consul with C. Fan- 

nius, A. U.C. 631. He conquered the Arvemi 
and Allobroges, and erected a trophy of his vic- 
tory, and travelled through his province in mili- 
tary parade, mounted on an elephant. Flor. 3, 

2 Suet. Ner. 2.~Liv. 61, Cneus Ahenobar- 

bu3, his son, was known for his integrity as a 
magistrate, and his firmness as a senator 
Though not naturally eloquent, he exerted his 
I oratorical powers in the accusation of Jul. Sila- 
nus, and of M. Scaurus, and he displayed great 
j ujjrightness of conduct when he not only refused 
t ) see, but even imprisoned a slave of Scaurus, 
who privately promised him intelligence by 
which his master might be more fatally crimin- 
ated and condemned. He was the author of a 
law which transferred the right of electing the 
priests from the college to the people. Fal, Mux. 
' 6, 5. 9, \.— VeU. 2, \2.—Cic. RuU. 2, 7. In Deiot. 

II. Orat. 2, 56. Brut. 4b.—Plin. 17,1. Lucius 

Ahenobarbus, son of Cneus, early distinguished 
liiiviself as the rival and enemy of Caesar, By 
\i\r i>i!!uence of Pompey, he presided over the 
cele brated trial of Milo. When appointed by 
th^" senate to succeed Caesar in Cisalpine Gaul, 
he showed his ignorance of military manoeuvres, 



by throwing himself into Corfinium, instead of 
uniting his forces to those of Pomjjej', and so ap- 
prehensive was he of the resentment of his ene- 
my, that he took poison to destroy himself. The 
clemency of Csesar towards his adversaries made 
him repent his rashness, and he was greatly re- 
joiced to find that his slave had not given him, 
as he desired, a dose of poison, but a soporific 
potion. Caesar's kindness, however, had no great 
weight on Domitius, as he soon after defended 
Marseilles against his lieutenants, and headed 
one of the wings of Pompey's army at the battle 
of Pharsalia. The ruin of Pompey proved fatal 
to his friend, who, as he fled from the field of 
battle, was slain by some horsemen; or, as Ci- 
cero says, by Antonv. Plut. in Cces. — Seneca de 
Bene/. -S.—Cic. Alt'. 9, ep. 6, &c. Ad Fr. Ad 

Farn. — Sueton. Cces. et Ner. Cneus, son of 

Lucius by Marcia the sister of Cato of Utica, 
was with his father at the battle of Pharsalia, 
and he showed his attachment to the republican 
cause, by being of the number of Caesar's assas- 
sins, though Suetonius denies it. He was in- 
trusted by Brutus with the command of 50 ships 
to intercept the supplies of Antony and Augustus 
in Greece, and in the fatal battle of Philippi he 
had the good fortune to be the only one of the 
conspirators who escaped. He afterwards joined 
himself to Antony, by whose influence he was 
restored to the honours of the state; but when 
the triumvirate was dissolved by the ambition of 
the two rivals, Domitius, who despised the con- 
nexion with Cleopatra, and foresaw the ruin of 
Antony, joined himself to Augustus, and thus 
ensured his safety. He died soon after, of a fe- 
ver brought on, says Plutarch, by remorse for 
his perfidy. Sueton. Aug. et Ner. — Cic. Fam. 6, 
ep. 22. Phil. 2, W.-Paterc. 2, 72 et 76. Lu- 
cius, son of Cneus just mentioned, was engaged 
as .m officer in the German wars under Tiberius, 
and known for his cruelty, Insolence, and per- 
fidy. He married Antonia the daughter of An- 
tony and Octavia, by whom he had Cneus, the 
father of Nero by Agrippina, the daughter of 
Germanicus. Cneus was equally cruel and pro- 
fligate as his father, and the vices of this unfortu- 
nate familyseemed still to acquire greater strength 
and more dreadful features in the bloody charactei 
of Nero. Paterculus, however, with more un- 
pardonable flattery than truth, has endeavoured 
to represent the character of these Domitii as re- 
spectable and praiseworthy. Sueton. Ner. Cal. 

— Tacit. Ann. 1, 63. 4, 44. 11, 11. 12, 64. Cn. 

Ahenobarbus, a Roman consul, who conquered 
Bituitus the Gaul, and left 20,000 of the enemy 
on the field of battle, and took 3000 prisoners. 

Liv. 33, 42. 34, 42. 36, 37 A grammarian in 

j the reign of Adrian. He was remarkable for his 

virtues, and his melancholy disposition. A 

consul, during whose consulate peace was con- 
cluded with Alexander king of Epirus. Lii\ 8, 

17. Cneus Calvinus, a Roman consul, A L\C. 

700 • He espoused the cause of Caesar against 
Pompey, and was commissioned to oppose Sci- 
pio, over whom, after being himself defeated, he 
obtained a victory. In the battle of Pharsalia, 
he had the commanfl of the centre of Caesar's 
army. He was rewarded for his conduct with 
the province of Asia, and though defeated by 
' the superior forces of Pharn-xces, he however, 
maintained his situation, and accompanied his 
friend into Africa. He was afterwards governor 
of Spain, where he decimated some of tlie sol- 
diers for their ill conduct. Cic. Flacc. 13- Sext» 



DON 



260 



DOR 



53.— D/o. 40, 17, &c. - Cces. in B. C 3 Sec. Hirt. 

B. Alex. 9, &.c.— VeU. Put. 2, 73. A consul \xn- 

der Caligula. He wrote some few things now 

lost. A Latin poet, called also Marsus, in the 

age of Horace. He wrote epigrams, remarkable 
for little besides their indelicacy, and also a poem 
called Amazonis, on the wars of Hercules against 
the Amazons. Like Catullus and the other 
poets of his age, he sang the beauty of his mis- 
tress called Melenis, and devoted to the praise 
of ideal perfections perhaps talents which might 
better have been employed in celebrating the 
heroic actions of his countrymen. Only three 
of his verses remain. Ovid, de Pont. 4, el. 16, 5. 

Afer, an orator, who was preceptor to Quin- 

tilian. He disgraced his talents by his adula- 
tion, and by practising the arts of an informer 
under Tiberius and his successors. He was made 
a consul by Nero, and died A. D. b9. 

DONATUS, ^lius, a grammarian, who flour- 
ished in the time of Constantine, and was one of 
the preceptors of St Jerome. Besides his com- 
mentaries on Virgil and Terence, he wrote an 
elementary work, in which he treated of the eight 

parts of speech individually. A bishop of Nu- 

midia, promoter of a sect called Donatists, A D. 
311. Another bishop of Africa, of great learn- 
ing and abilities. He was a zealous friend of the 
Donatists, who may be said to have received 
their name from him rather than the preceding. 
He was hani-hed from Carthage by his oppon- 
ents, A, D^ 356, and died in exile. 

DONILAUS, a prince of Gallogrcecia, who as- 
sisted Pompey with 300 horsemen against J. 
Caesar. 

DoNYSA, an island in the Icarian sea, one of 
the Sporades. It lay south-east of Icaria, and 
east of Patmos. The marble obtained from this 
island was green. It is now Heraclia. Virg. 
/En. 3, 125. 

DORES, the inhabitants of Doris. Vid. Doris. 

DORIAS, a river of India extra Gangem. It 
is thought to answer to the modern Zanqan, the 
mouth of which is in the kingdom of Tonqidri. 

DorTcus, an epithet applied not only to Do- 
ris, but to all the Greeks in general. Virg. Mn. 
•>, 27. 

Dorieus. a son of Anaxandridas, who went 
with a colony intoSiclly,becau«e he could not bear 
to submit to the authority of his brother at home. 
Herod. 5, 42, &:c.—Paus. 3, 3 et 16, &c. 

DORILAS, a rich Libyan prince, killed in the 
court of Cepheus. Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 4. 

DORION, a town of Messenia, where Thamy- 
ras the musician challenged the Muses to a trial 
of skill. Stat. Theb. 4, IS^. — Propcrt. 2, 22, 19. 
— Lucan. 6, 3j2. 

Doris, a country of Greece, bounded on the 
north by Thessaly, on the south by Phocis and 
the territory of the Locri Ozolse, on the east by 
the river Pindus, and on the west by .^tolia. Its 
territory was not large, extending only about 
forty miles in length, and about twenty in 
breadth. The country, though mountainous, 
abounded with spacious plains, and was very 
fruitful. It was called Doris, and the people 
Dores, from Dorus, the sonof Hellen, and grand- 
son of Deucalion, who is said to have first peo- 
pled or conquered it. It was also called Telra- 
polis from its four cities, viz. Pindus, Erineus, 
Boium, and Cytinium. The Dorians were a 
stout and warlike race, and formed a part of the 
nation of the Hellenes. Under Deucalion, the 
Hellenes inhabited the territory of Phthiotis; 



under Dorus they occupied the district of HistU 
seotis. They were driven thenee by the Cadmse- 

ans, and moving south, finally settled in Doris. ) 
From this, as a central point, emigrated the va- 
rious Doric colonies, one of which settled in the 

isle of Rhodes. After the siege of Troy, the , 
Dorians founded Megara on the confines of At- 
tica, about 1131 B.C. Others migrated to the 
siiores of Asia Minor, and established the famous 

colony of Doris, in Asia Minor, on the coast of i 

Caria. In process of time, other colonies of • 

Dorians passed into Italy and Sicily. But the ' 
country which may be regarded as the principal 

seat of their power was the Peloponnesus, of i 
which they took possession under the conduct of 

the Heraclidae, about eighty years after the tak- i 

ing of Troy. The Heraclidaj divided among i 

themselves the territories of the Peloponnesus, li 

reserving some few towns to the lonians upon i 

the borders of Achaia. A colony of the Do- I 

rians in Asia Minor, on the coast of Caria. On I 

the arrival of the Dorians in Asia, they formed ' 

themselves into six independent states or small { 

republics, which were confined within the bounds | 

of as many cities. These were Halicarnassus, i 
Cnidus, Cos, Lindus, lalyssus, and Camirus. 

Other cities in the territory, called from them [ 

Doris, belonged to their confederacy; but the I 

inhabitants of these six alone, as true and genu- [ 

ine Dorians, were admitted into the temple at \ 

Triope, where they exhibited solemn games in r 

honour of Apollo Triopius. The prizes were | 

tripods of brass, which the victors were obliged ') 
to consecrate to Apollo, and leave in the temple. 

When Agasicles of Halicamassus won the prize,, i 

he transgressed this custom, and carried the tri- 1 

pod to his own house, on which account the city s 

of Halicarnassus was ever afterwards excluded r 

from the Dorian confederacy. The Dorians were 5 

from that time known by the name of the five i 

cities, or Pentapolis, and no longer by that of f 

Hexapolis. Strab. 9, &c Virg. ^n. 2, 27 — f 

Plin. 5, 29. - Apollod. 2. — Herod. 1, 1-14. 8, 31. 

A goddess of the sea, daughter of Oceanus t 

and Tethys. She married her brother Nereus, |i 

by whom "she had fifty daughters called Nereides. » 

Her name is often used to express the sea itself, b 

Propert. 1, 17, 25.— Virg. Eel. 10.— Hesiod. Theog. 'f 

240. A woman of Locri, daughter of Xenetus, > 

whom Dionysius the elder, of Sicily, married the f 

same day with Aristomache. Cic. Tusc. 5. \ 

One of the fifty Nereides. Hesiod. Theog. 250. > 

— Homer. 11. 18, 45. f 

DoRiscus, a place of Thrace near the sea, \ 

where Xerxes numbered his forces. Herod, 7, R 

59. 1 

DoRSENNUS, a comic poet of great merit in < 
the Augustan age. Plin. 14, l^.—Hotat. 2, ep. 

10, 173. { 

DORSO, C. Fabius, a Roman, who, when f 

Rome was in the possession of the Gauls, issued f 

from the capitol, which was then besieged, to go i 

to a sacrifice, which was to be offered on mount " 

Quirinalis. He dressed himself in sacerdotal f 

robes, and carrying on his shoulders the statues t 
of his country gods, passed through the guards 
of the enemy, without betraying the least signs of 
fear. When he had finished his sacrifice, he re- 
turned to the capitol unmolested by the enemy, 
who were astonished at his boldness, and did not 

obstruct his passage or molest his sacrifice. Liv. f 

5, 46. , 

Dorus, a fon of Hellcn. Vid. Doris. ' 

DORiCLUS, an Illegitimate son of Priam, kil ^ 

I 



DOR 



261 



DRU 



led by Aj.ix in the Trojan war. Ilomir. II. 11. . 

A uiDther ol PLiineus king oi Turace, who 

married Beroe. ri}g. JEn. 5, b.O. 

Do.iYLzEUM and DORYL^US, a city of Phry- 
gia, rit ar the junction of the Thymbres and San- 
j^arius. and on the borders of Bithynia. Ic is 
now Eski sher. Plin. 5, 29. — C<c. Fli^c. 17. 

DORYLAS, one of the centaurs killed by The- 
seus. Ooid. Met. 12, 130. A man killed at 

ti>e marriage of Andromeda, by Alcyoneus. 
Odd. Met. 12, 380. 5, 129, 

DoRVLAUS, d warlike person, intimate with 
Miihridates Evergetes, and general of the Gaos- 
sians, B.C. 125. Strab. 10. 

Doarssus, a king of Lacedaeraon, killed in a 
tumult. Pans. 3, 2. 

DOalADAS, a poet who wrote a piece of poetry 
in the form of an altar (Bto/*o$), which Theocritus 
has imitated. 

DosON, a surname of Antigonus, because he 
promised and never performed. Plut. in Coriol. 

UOTO, one of the Nereides, f^irg. ^>i. 9, 
102. 

DOTUS, a general of the Paphlagonians, in the 
army of Xerxes. Herod. 7, Tt. 

DRACANUS, a mountain where Jupiter took 
Bacchus from his thigh. Theocrit. 

Draco, a celebrated lawgiver of Athens, who 
fi.)uii.>,hed about 623 B.C. When he exercised 
tiie office of archon, he made a code of laws for 
the protection of the citizens, which, on account 
of their severity, were said to be written in let- 
ters of blood. By them, idleness was punished 
with as much severity as murder, and death was 
denounced against the one as well as the other. 
Such a code of rigorous laws gave occasion to a 
certain Athenian to ask of the legislator, why he 
was so severe in his punishments, and Draco 
gave for answer, that as the smallest transgres- 
sion had appeared to him deserving death, he 
could not find any punishment more rigorous for 
more atrocious crimes. These laws were at first 
enforced, but they were often neglected on ac- 
count of their extreme severity, and Solon to- 
tally abolished them, except that one which pu- 
nished a murderer with death. Tlie Athenians 
could not endure the rigour of his laws, and the 
legislator himself was obliged to w ithdraw to the 
island of ^Egina. Here he was received at the 
public theatre with an applause which proved 
fatal to him; for its expression consisted in heap- 
ing upon him the cloaks and hats of the audience, 
by w hich he was suffocated He was buried un- 
der the theatre. PLut. in Sol. A man who in- 
structed Plato in music. Id. de Music 

Dracus, a general of the Achceans, conquered 
by Mummius. 

Drances, a friend of Latinus, remarkable for 
his weakness and eloquence. He showed him- 
self an obstinate opponent to the violent mea 
sures which Turnus pursued against the Trojans. 
S:)me have imagined that the poet wished to de- 
lineate the character and the eloquence of Ci- 
cero under this name. Virg. JEn. 11, 122, 220 et 
a36. 12,614. 

Drang^. Vid. Zarangaei. 

Dravus, a river of Germany, rising in the 
Noric Alps. It traverses the southern part of 
Noricum and Pannonia, running from west to 
east, and enters the Danube near the town of 
Mursa, or Esseg. It is no.v the Drave. 
Drepane, an ancient name of Corcyra. 
DrkpANDM, now Trapani, a town of Sicily 
near nuniut Eryx, in the form a scythe, whence 



its name (So^vavo*, falx ) Anchises died there, 
on his voyage to Italy with his son J£neas. The 
Komans under CI. Pulcher were defeated near 
the coast, B.C. 249, by the Carthaginian general 

Adherbal. Firg. ^n. 3, 707 Cic. Verr. 2,57. 

— Ovid. Fast. 4, 474. A promontory of Pelo- 
ponnesus, said likewise to have derived its name 
iiom the word 6fsizavov, signifying a scythe, be- 
cause with that instrument Saturn was fabled to 
have there mutilated his father. 

Drilo, or Drinius, a river of Illyricum, 
which falls into the Adriatic at Lissus. It is 
composed of two branches, the northern one, or 
IVhiie Drino, rising in mount Scardus, and the 
southern one, or Black Drino, flowing from the 
L}chnitis Palus. 

Drimachus, a famous robber of Chios. When 
a price was set upon his head, he ordered a young 
man to cut it off and go and receive the money. 
Such an uncommon instance of generosity so 
pleased the Chians, that they raised a temple to 
his memory, and honoured him as a god. Herod. 
4, 76. 

Driopides, an Athenian ambassador sent to 
Darius when the peace with Alexander had been 
violated. Curt. 3, 13. 

DROMiEUS, a surname of Apollo in Crete. 

Dromus Achillis, a promontory near the 
mouth of the Borysthenes, so called from its 
being the place which Achiiles appropriated to 
his own use and that of his companions for va- 
rious kinds of exercise, and particularly that of 
running. It is now called Kossa-Oscharigatsh, 
Vid. Leuce. 

Druentius and DRUENTIA,a river of Gaul, 
which has its source among the Alpes Cottia;, 
north of Brigantio, or Briangon. It falls into the 
Rhodanus, or Rhone, three miles below Avenio, 
or Avignon, after a course of about 10 miles, 
and is now called the Durance. Sil. Ital. 3, 46S. 
—Strab. 4. 

Druids, the ministers of religion among the 
ancient Gauis and Britons. They were divided 
into different classes, called the Bardi, Eubages, 
the Vates, the Semnothei, the Saronides, and the 
Samothei. They were held in the greatest ven- 
eration by the people. Their life was austere 
and recluse from the world, their dress w as pecu- 
liar to themselves, and they generally appeared 
with a tunic which reached a little below the 
knee. As the chief power was lodged in their 
hands, they punished as they pleased, and could 
declare war and make peace at their option. 
Their power was extended not only over private 
families, but they could depose magistrates and 
even kings, if their actions in any manner devi- 
ated from the laws: of the state. They had the 
privilege of naming the magistrates who annually 
presided over the cities, and the kings themselves 
were created only with their approbation. They 
were intrusted with the education of youth, and 
all religious ceremonies, festivals, and s-icrifices 
were under their peculiar care. They taught the 
doctrine of the metempsychosis, and believed the 
imuiortality of the soul. They were profession- 
ally acquainted with the art of magic, and from 
their knowledge of astrology, they drew orxiens 
and saw futurity revealed before their eyes. In 
their sacrifices they often immolated human vic- 
tims to their gods, a barbarous custom which 
continued long among them, and which the Ro- 
man emperors attempted to abolish to little pur- 
pose. The power and privileges which they en- 
joyed w ere beheld with admiration by their coutt- 



DRU 



262 



DRY 



tnmen, and as their ofiSce was open to every 
rank and every station, there were many who 
daily proposed themselves as candidates to enter 
upon this important function. The rigour, how- 
ever, and severity of a long noviciate deterred 
many, and few were willing to attempt a labour, 
which enjoined them during dffeen or twenty 
years to load their memory with the long and 
tedious maxims of druidical religion. Their 
name is derived from the Greek word Spv,, an 
oak, because the woods and solitary retreats were 
the places of their residence. Ctss. Bell, G. 6, 
13. -Plin. 16, U.—Diod. 5. 

Drcxa. ine Drome, a river of Gaul, fall.ng 
into the Rhone. 

Drusilla, Livia, a daughter of Germanicus 
and Agripptna, famous for her debaucheries and 
licentiousness. She committed incest with her 
brother Caligula, who was so tenderly attached 
to her that in a dangerous illness he made her 
heiress of all his possessions, and commanded 
that she should sucnepd him in the Roman em- 
pire. She died A. D. 3S, in the 23d year of her 
asje, and was deified by her brother Caligula 

who survived her for some time. A daughter 

of Asrippa, king of Judaea. &c. 

Druso, an unskilful historian and mean us- 
urer, who obliged his debt when they could 
not pay him, to hear him read his compositions, 
to dra.v from them praises and flattery. Horat. 
Sat. 1, 3, 86. 

DRU3CS, a son of Tiberius and Vipsania. who 
made himself famous by his intrepidity and cour- 
age in the provinces of Illyricura and Pannonia. 
He was raised to the greatest honours of the 
s'afe by his father, but a blow which he gave to 
Sejanus, an audacious libertine, proved his ruin. 
Sejanus corrupted Livia the wife of Drusus, and 
in conjunction with her he caused him to be 

poisoned by an eunuch, A.D. 23. A son of 

Germanicus and Agrippina, who enjoyed offices 
of the greatest trust under Tiberius. His enemy 
Sejanus, however, effected his ruin by his insi- 
nuations; Drusus was confined by Tiberius, and 
deprived of all aliment. He was foimd dead nine 

days after his confinement, A.D. 33. A son of 

the emperor Claudius, who died by swallowing a 

pear thrown in the air An ambitious Roman, 

grandfather to Cato. He was killed for his se- 
ditious conduct. Paterc. 1, 13. Livius, father 

of Livia, the wife of Augustus, was intimate 
with Brutus, and killed himself with him after 

the battle of Philippi. Paterc. 2, 71. M. l-i- 

vlus, a celebrated Roman, who renewed the pro- 
posals of the Agrarian laws, which had proved 
fatal to the Gracchi. He was murdered as he 
entered his house, though he was attended with 
a number of clients and Latins, whom he wished 
to admit to the privileges of Roman citizens, 

B.C. 190. Cic. ad Her. 4, 12. Ntro or Deci- 

mus Claudius, a son of Tiberius Nero and Livia, 
adopted by Augustus. He was brother to Tibe- 
rius, who was afterwards made emperor. He 
greatly signalized himself in his wars in Ger 
rr-.any and Gaul against the Rhcetiand Vindelici, 
and was honoured with a triumph. He died of a 
fall from his horse in the 30th year of his age, 
B.C. 9. He left^three children, Germanicus, 
Livia and Claudius, by his wife Antonia. Dion. 

• M. Livius Salinator, a consul who conquered 

Asdrubal with his coileague Claudius Nero. Ho- 
rat. Od. 4, 4.— Firg. ^^n. 6. 624 Caius, an 

nistorian, who being one day misled from his 
cradle, was found the next on the highest part 



of the house, with his face turned towards l\ t 
sun. The plebeian family of the Drusi pro- 
duced eight consuls, two censors, and one dicia> 
tor. The surname of Drusus was given to the 
family of the Livii, as some suppose, because 
one of them killed a Gaulish leader of the name 
of Drausus. Virgil, in Mn. 6, 824, mentions ii:e 
Drusi among the illustrious Romans, and that 
perhaps more particularly, because the wife of 
Augustus was of that family. 

Dryades, nymphs that presided over the 
woods. The Dryades differed from the Hams- 
dryades, in that these latter were attached to 
some particular tree with which they were born, 
and with which they died; whereas the Drraut^ 
were the goddesses of ihe trees and woods in 
general, and lived at largt in the middle of them. 
For though ipi^ properly signifies an oak, it was 
also used for a tree in general. Oblations of 
milk, oil, and honey, were nflfered to them, and 1 
sometimes the votaries sacrificed a goat. Virg. \ 
G. 1, 11. ' 

Dryanti A.DES, a patronymic of Lycurgus, 
king of Thrace, son of Dryas. He cut his less 
as he attempted to destroy the vines, that no ii- 
bations might be made to Bacchus. Ovid, in lb. 
345. 

Dryas. a son of Hippolochus. who was father 
to Lycur^us. He went with Eteocles to the 
Theban war, where he perished. Stat. Theb. 8, 

355. A son of Mars, who went to the chase of 

the Calydonian boar. Apollod. 1, 8. -A cen- 
taur at the nuptials of Pirithous, who killed 

Rhoetus. Ovid. Met. 12, 293. A daughter of 

Faunus, who so hated the sight of men, that she 

never appeared* in- public. A son of Lycurgus, 

killed by his own father in a fury. Apollod. 3, 5. 

A son of iEgyptu.s, murdered by his wife 

Eurydice. Id. 2, ]. 

DRYMiEA, a town of Phocis, on the banks of I 
the Cephissus, north-east of Elatea. It was 
burned and sacked bv the Persians under Xerxes. 
Paus. 10. 3d.— Herod. 8, 33. 

Drymo, a sea nymph, one of the attendants of [ 
Cyrene. Virg. G. 4, 536. [ 

Dry OPE, a woman of Lemnos, whose shape I 
Venus assumed to persuade all the females of the 

island to murder the men. Flacc. 2, 174. A 

virgin of CEchalia, whom Andrasmon married 
after she had been ravished by Apollo. She be- i 
came mother of Amphisus, who, when scarce a 
year old, was with his mother changed into a 

lotus. Ovid. Met. 10, 331. A nymph, mother 

of Tarquitus by Faunus. Virg. jEn. 10, 551. 

A nymph of Arcadia, mother of F=an, by Mer- 
cury, according to Homer, Hymn, m Pan. 

Dryopeia, an anniversary day observed at 
Asine in Argolis, in honour of Dryops, the son 
of Apollo. 

Dryopis. a country of Greece, situate in the 
vicinity of mount CEta and Parnassus, and so 
called, it is said, from Dryope, the daughter of 
Eurypylus, or, according to the poets, a nymph 
ravished by Apollo; but more probably from 
cVvf, an oak, and o-J', a voice, on account of tha 
number of oaks which grew about the mountains i 
and the rustling of their leaves. The Dryopes, I 
however, valued themselves much upon their | 
fabulous origin, and called themselves the son? , 
of Apollo; and therefore Hercules, having over- , 
come this people, carried them prisoners to ' 
Delphi, where he presented them to their divine 
prosenitor, who commanded the hero to take • 
thera with him to the Peloponnesus Hercules ! 



DRY 



263 



! obeyed and gave them a settlement there, near 
i the Asinean and Hermionian territories; hence 
j the Asineans came to be blended with, and to 

call themselves Dryopes. Herod. I, 56 et HQ. S, 
' 3l.~Paus. 4, Si.—Strab. 7, 8, 13 Plin. 4, 1.— 

^irg. Mn. 4, U6.—Lucan 3, 179. 
( Dryops, a son of Priam, killed by Achilles:. 

Homer. II. 20, 455. A friend of ^neas, killed 

by Clausus in Italy. Virg. .En. 10, 316. 
! Drypetis, the younger daughter of Darius, 
I given in marriage to Hephaestion by Alexander. 

Diod. 18. 

DUBIS, or Alduabis, a river of Gallia, rising 
in mount Vocetius, and, after a northern course, 
running westward through the territory of the 
Sequani till it unites with the Arar. It is now 
the Doubs or Doux. 

DuBRis, a town of Britain, supposed to be 
Dover. 

DUCETIUS, a Sicilian general, who died B C. 
440. 

DUILLIA LEX, was enacted by M. Duillius, 
a tribune, A. U. C. 304. It made it a capital 
crime to leave the Roman people without its tri- 
bunes, or to create any new magistrate, from 
whom there was no appeal. Liv. 3, 55. Ano- 
ther A. U. C. 392, fixing the interest of money at 
one per cent. 

C. Duillius Nepos, a Roman consul, the 
first who obtained a victory over tiie naval power 
of Carthage, B. C. 260. After his colleague, Cn. 
Corn. Scipio, had been taken at sea by the Car- 
thaginians in the first Punic war, Duillius pro- 
ceeded with a new-built Roman fleet to Sicily, 
in quest of the enemy, whom he met near the 
Lipari islands, and, by means of grappling irons, 
so connected the ships of the Carthaginians with 
his own, that the contest became a sort of land- 
fight. Through the aid of this contrivance, he 
entirely defeated the Carthaginian fleet, taking 
eighty ships and destroying thirteen, with a great 
number of men. This victory was thought so 
important, that Duillius was received at Rome 
with the greatest applause, and enjoyed a tri- 
umph. A naval column was erected in tfce forum 
to perpetuate the event, which was standing in 
Pliny's time, and was found again, with its in- 
scription, in 1560. Cic. de Senec. — Tacit. Ann. 
1, 12. 

DULICHiUM, the largest of the EchinaJes, at 
the mouth of the Achelous, off the coast of ^Eto- 
jia and Acamania. It formed part of the king- 
dom of Ulysses, who took some of its inhabitants 
with him to the siege of Troy. It is now Anato- 
lico. Ovid. Trist. 1, el. 4, 67. Met. 14 226. R. A. 
27 Z. — Martial. 11, ep. 70, 8 Virg. Ed 6, 76. 

DUMNORix, a powerful chief among the M- 
dui. CcBs. Bell. G. 1,9. 

DURATIUS PiCTO, a Gaul, who remained in 
perpetual friendship with the Roman people. 
Cces. Bell. G. 8, 26. 

DURIS, an historian of Samos, who flourished 
B. C. 257. He wrote the life of Agathocles of 
Syracuse, a treatise on tragedy, a history of Ma- 
cedonia, and other works, often quoted with ap- 
probation by ancient writers, but now no more. 
Cic, ad Alt. 6, ep. l.—Strab. 1. 

DURlUS, a river of Spain, rising in the chain 
of Mons Idubeda, and after a course of 410 miles, 
di.-icharging itself into the Atlantic, a little below 
Calle, the modern Oporto, It is now the Douro. 
Slrab. 3.~Sil. Ital. 1, 234. 

DUROCASSES, the chief residence of the Dru- 
ids in Gaul, now Dreux. Cces. Bell. G. 6, 13. 



DUROCOTORUM, the capital of the Remi, now 
Rheims. 

Dusil, a name applied by the Gauls to some 
supreme divinities, whose attributes resembled 
those of the Fauns and Satvrs of the Latins. 
August, de C. D.]o,23. 

DuumvIri, a general appellation among the 
ancient Romans given to magistrates, commis- 
sioners, and officers, where two were joined tojie- 
ther in the same function; so that they had almost 
as many Duumviri as they had officers joined two 
by two in commission. The most considerable 
of the Duumviri were those called Duumviri 
Sacrorum. They were created by Tarquinius 
Superbus for the performance of sacrifices, and 
keeping the Sibylline books. They were chosen 
from among the patricians, held the office for life, 
were exempted from military service and the dis- 
charge of civil offices, and without them the Si- 
bylline oracles could not be consulted. The 
number was increased to ten, A. U. C, 3S7, called 
from their number Decemviri. Sylla, A. U. C. 
671, added five, upon which their name was 
changed to Quindecimviri. Their body was after- 
wards much increased, and at length amounted 
to sixty; yet still it retained the appellation last 
mentioned. The office was abolished under the 
emperor Theodosius, towards the close of the 
fourth century. There were also certain ma- 
gistrates at Rome, called Duumviri perduelliones 
sive capitales. They were first created by Tullus 
Hostilius, for trying such as were accused of 
treason. This office was abolished as unneces- 
sary, but Cicero complains of their revival by 
Labienus the tribune. Orat. pro Rabir. Some 
of the commanders of the Roman vessels were 
also called Duumviri, especially when there 
were two together. They were first created, 
A. U. C. 542. There were also in the municipal 
towns in the provinces two magistrates called 
Duumviri municipales. They were chosen from 
the centurions, and their office was much the 
same as that of the two consuls at Rome. They 
were sometimes preceded by two lictors with the 
fa?ces. Their magistracy continued for five 
years, on which account they have been called 
Quinquennales magistraius. 

Dyagondas, a Theban legislator, who abo- 
lished all nocturnal sacrifices. Cic. de Leg. 2, 
15. 

Di'M^, the last of the Achaean towns to the 
west, situate about forty stadia beyond the mouth 
of the Peirus. It was anciently called Palea and 
Stratos. Its territory was frequently laid waste 
during the Social war. Paus. 7, 18.— Strab. 8. 

Dymas, a Trojan, who joined himself to M- 
neas when Troy was taken, and was at last killed 
by his countrymen, who took him to be an enemy 
because he had dressed himself in the armour of 
one of the Greeks whom, he had slain. Virg. 

Mn. 2, 340, 428. The father of Hecuba, who, 

from him, is called Dymantis. Homer. II. 16, 
7i8.— Virg. Mn. 2, 394.— Oi'erf, Met 11, 761. 

Dymnus, one of Alexander's officers. He 
conspired with many of his fellow soldiers against 
his master s life. The conspiracy was discover- 
ed, and Dymnus stabbed himself before he was 
brought before the king. Curt. 6, 7- 

DvnAmene, one of the Nereides. Homer. II. 
18, 43. 

Dyras, a river of Thessaly, twenty stadia 
beyond the Sperchius, said to have sprung from 
the ground in order to assist Hercules when burn- 
ing on the pile, Herod. 7, 198 — Strab. 9. 



DYU 



ECH 



Dyraspes, a river of Scythia. Ovid. Font. 1, 
10, 53. 

Dyris. the name given to mount Atlas by the 
neighbouring intiabitants. 

Dyrrachium, now Durn-sso a lar;:e city of 
Macedonia, bordering on the Adriatic sea, found- 
ed by a colony from Corcyra, B. C. 623. It was 
the common landing-place from Brundusium, 
and on that account it was frequently called 
HadricB taberna. Cicero met with a favourable 
reception there during his exile. Its ancient 
name was Epidamnus, which the Romans, con- 
sidering it of ominous meaning, changed into 
Dyrrachium. JEUan. 13, \G.— Thucyd. 1, 24.— 

Piin. 2, IQQ.—Mela, 2, '6.— Pans. 6, 10 Cic. Ait. 

3. 22. 

Dysaulks, a brother of Celeus, «ho instituted 
the mysteries of Ceres at Celeae. Pans. 2, 14. 

Dysorus. a mountain of M-^oedonia, famous 
for iis gold and silver mines. Herod. 5, 22. 



E 



EANES, a man supposed to have killed Pa- 
troclus, and to have fled to Peleus in Thessaly. 
Strab. 9- 

Eanus, the name of Janus among the ancient 
Latins, The word seems to be derived ab eundo, 
because Janus was considered by some as the re- 
presentative of the sun and of time, whose celeb- 
rity is constant and regular, Macrob. Sat. 1, 9. 
— Cic. de Nat. D. 2. 

EarInus, a beautiful boy, eunuch to Domi 
tian. Stat. Sylv. 3, 4. 

Ebdome, a festival in honour of Apollo at 
Athens on the seventh day of every lunar month. 
It was usual to sing hymns in honour of the god, 

and to carry about boughs of laurel There 

was also another of the same name, celebrated 
by private fanulies, the seventh day after the 
birth of every child. 

Ebon, a name given to Bacchus by the people 
of Neapolis. Macrob. 1, 18. 

E3 -ra, a town of Lusitania, to the south of 
the Ta?us and north of the Anas, called also Li- 
beraiitas Julia. It is now Evora, the chief town 
of the province of Alentejo. Plin. 4, 22.— Mela, 

3, 1. A fortress in Hispania Bzetica, on the 

eastern bank of the B-ctis. Mela, 3. 1. A 

town of Hispania Terraconensis, near the river 
Tamaris. It is thought to correspond with the 
modern village of Muros, near the mouth of the 
Tambre 

Eboracum, a city of Britain, in the territory 
of the Brigantes. now York. It was adistinguish- 
ed Roman station ; the emperors Adrian and 
Severus each resided in it occasionally, and the 
latter died here. 

Ebudes. or Hebud^, the western isles of 
Britain, now Hebrides. Their number an.l situ- 
ation are variously given by the ancients, but 
the chief of them were Ebuda Occidentalis, or 
Lewis and HarHs, Ebuda Orietualis, or Skye., 
Maleos, or Mull. Epidium, or May, and Ricina, 
or Rachlin. Ptol. 2 2.— Plin. 4, 16. 

Eburones. a people of Belgium, now the 

country of L/e^e. Ca-s. B. G 2, 4. 6,5. The 

Eburo vices Aulerci were the people of Evereux 
in Normandy. Cccs. /d. 3, 17. 



EBesus, the lacgesi of the Pityus r, or Pine 
Islands. It was fertile in the production of vii»e.s, i 
olives, and large figs, Avhich were exported to' 
Rome and elsewhere. It was tamed also for its 
woo!; but that no poisonous animal existed here 
is a mere fable of the ancients. It is about forty 
miles from the Mediterranean coast of Spain, 
and is now named Ivisa. Mela.. 2, 7. — Plin. 3. .'i, 

1'). 9. A man engaged in the Rutulian w;.r. 

Virg. ^n. 12, 299. 

KcbatAna (-ORUM"), the capital of Media, 
situated about twelve stadia from Mount On>n- 
tes. It was the summ.er residence of the Per- 
sian kings, who came hither to avoid the e,xcps- 
sive heat of Susa. The Parthian kings also, aft t 
them, made it their place of abode during the 
heat of summer, which was felt very severely ;it i 
Ctesiphon. It v/as built by Dejoces th3 Fir>t, I 
and contained a very strong citadel, which wa« \ 
encompassed with seven walls of unequal Heights; i 
the largest, according to Herodotus, was nearlj 
equal in extent to the cii-cumference of Athens, 'i 
The battlements of these walls were of different j 
colours. Trie first was white, the second black, i 
the third purple, the fourth blue, the fifth orange, ' 
the sixth plated with silver, and the seventh ^^ ith 
gold. Parmenio was put to death hereby Alex- i 
ander's orders, andHephaestion died hes e also,and i 
received a most magnificent funeral. The ?ite of 
Ecbatana has given rise to much discussion. Sir 
W. Jones places it at Tauris. D'Anville and 
Mannert declare for Hamadan. Dr Williams, | 
in his work on the geography of ancient Asia, is 

in favour of hpahati. Herod. 1, 93.— S<? a6. 11 | 

A town of Syria, at the foot of mount Carmel. on I 
the side of Ptolemais. Here Camb) ses gave i 
himself a mortal wound as he was mounting h s ' 
horse; and thus fulfilled the oracle, which had 
warned him to beware of Ecbatana. Herod. 3, 64. I 

Ecetra, a town of the Volsci. Liv. 2, a5- 
3, 4. 

Echecratrs, a Th?ssalian, who offered vio- 
lence to Phoebas, the priestess of Apollo's tem- 
ple at Delphi. From this circumstance a decree I 
was made by which no woman was admitted to | 
the office of priestess before the age of fifty. | 

Diod. 4. A Pythagorean philosopher of Locii, I 

in the age of Plato. Cic. Fin, 5, 29 j 

Echelatus, a man who led a colony to Africa. 
Strab. S. 

ECHELUS, a Trojan chief, killed by PatrocUis. 

Another, son of Agenor, killed by Achilles. 

Homer. II. 16, 694. 20, 47^. 

ECHEMBROTUS. an Arcadian, who obtained 
the prize at the Pythian sames. Pans. 111. 7. \ 

ECHEMON, a sen of Priam, killed by Diome- 1 
des. Homer. II. 5, 160. . I 

ECHEMUS, an Arcadian, who conquered the | 
Dorians when they endeavoured to recover Pe- i' 

loponnesus under Hyllus. Paus. 8, 5. A king ' 

of Arcadia, who joined Aristomenes against the i 
Spartans. 

ECHENEUS, a Pheacian, remarkable for his ' 
a?e and' for his mental accomplishments, when ' 
Ulvsses visited the country. Homer. Odyss. 7, ' 
15.5. 11. 341. ! 

ECHEPOLTS, a Trojan, son of Thasius, killed | 
by Antilochus. Homer. II. 4, 458. ' 

ECHESTRATUS, a son of Agis the First, king of 
Sparta, who succeeded his father, B. C. 1058. : 
Herod. 7, 204. { 

Echidna, a celebrated monster, sprunc from • 
the union of Chrysaor with Callirhoe, thcdauch- ; 
ter of Oceanus. She is represented as a i>eautitiil f 



ECU 



EGN 



woman in the upper part of the body, but as a 
serpent below the waist. She was mother, by 
Typhon, of Orthos, Geryon, Cerberus tlie Hy- 
tlra, &c- According to Herodotus, Hercules had 
three children by her, Agathvrsus, Gelonus, and 
Scytha. Herod. 3, 108.— Hesiod. Theog. 295.— 
ApoUod. 2. - Pans. 8, 18 Ovid. Met. y, 158. 

ECHINADES, or ECHlNiE, islands formerly 
lying opposite the mouth of the Achelous, but 
which, in process of time, have for the most part 
become connected with the mainland by the 
alluvial deposit of the river. They are now cal- 
led Kursolari. Plin. 2, 85.— Herod'. 2, 10.— 
Ovid. Met. 8, 53S. — Strab. 2. 

ECHINUSA. Fid. Cmiolus. 

ECHION, one of those men who sprung from 
the dragon's teeth sown by Cadmus, He was 
one of the five who survived the fate of his bro- 
tliers, and assisted Cadmus in building the city 
of Thebes. Cadmus rewarded his services by 
giving him his daughter Agave in marriage. He 
was father of Pentheus by Agave. He succeeded 
his father-in-law on the throne of Thebes, as 
some have imagined, and from that circumstance 
Thebes has been called Echionice, and the inha- 
bitants £cA?om(i(^. Ovid. Met. 3, 311. Trist. b, 

el, 5, 33. A son of Mercury and Antianira, 

who was the herald of the Argonauts. Place. 1, 

409. A man of great swiftness in running. He 

was at the chase of the Calydonian boar. Ovid. 

Met. 8, 292. A musician at Rome, in Domi- 

tian'sage. Jwu. 6, 76. 

ECHlONiDES, a patronymic given to Pentheus 
as descended from Echion. Ovid, Met. 3. 

EcHVONiUS, an epithet applied to a person 
born in Thebes, founded with the assistance of 
Echion. Firg. Mn. 12, 515. 

Echo, a daughter ot the Air and TelluS; who 
chiefly resided in the vicinity of the Cephisus. 
Sbe was once one of Juno s attendants, and be- 
came the confidant of Jupiter's amours. Her 
loquacity, however, displeased Jupiter; and she 
was deprived of the power of speech by Juno, and 
only permitted to answer to the questions which 
were put to her. Pan had formerly been one of 
her admirers, but he never enjoyed her favours. 
Echo, after she had been punished by Juno, fell 
in love with Narcissus, and on being despised by 
him, she pined away, and was changed into a 
stone, which still retained the power of voice. 
Ovid. Met. 3, 358. 

ECNOMUS, a mountain of Siciiy, now Ali- 
cata. 

KCTENKS, a people who, according to Pau- 
sanias, first inhabited the territory of Thebes, in 
Bfjeotia. Ogyges is said to have been their first 
king. They were exterminated by a plague, and 

1 succeeded by the Hyantes. Strab. 9.—Paus. 
9, 5. 
Edessa, now Or/a, a city of Mesopotamia, in 
the district of Osroene, near the source of a 
I mountain-torrent called Scirtus. It lay north- 
I east of Zeugma, and south-east of Samosata. 
Edessa is said to have been one of those numerous 
cities which were built by Seleucus Nicator. It 
was once a place of great celebrity, and famous for 
a temple of the Syrian goddess, which was one 
of the richest in the world; and hence it was 
deuominated Hierapolis, or the Holy City. Dur- 
ing some intestine broils which weakened the 
government of Syria, Abgarus seized on this city 
and its surrounding territory which he erected 
into a kingdom, and trausinii ted the royal title 
to his posterity. lu (he leign of the emperor 



Caracalla, Edessa was reduced to a Roman pro- 
vince. — —A town of Macedonia. Vid. ALav h::. 

Edetani, a people of Spain, south of the 
Iberus. They occupied what answers to the 
northern half of Valencia, and the south- western 
corner of Aragon. 

Edon, a mountain of Thrace, called also Edo- 
nus. From this mountain that part of Thrace ia 
often called Edonia, which lies between the 
Strymon and the Nessus, and the epithet is gener- 
ally applied not only to Thrace, but to a cold 
northern climate. Virg. jEn. 12, 3^5.— Plin. 4, 
U. — Lucan. 1, 674. 

Edoni, or Edonhs, a people of Thrace, ne.ir 
the Strymon. Apollod. 3, 5. 

EdonIdeo, a name given to the priestesses ( f 
Bacchus, because they celebrated the festivals of 
the god on mount Edon. Ovid. Met. 11, 69. 

Edylius, a mountain which Sylla seized to 
attack the people of Cheronzea. Plut. in Syll. 

Eetion, the father of Andromache, and of 
seven sons, was king of Thebes in Cilicia. He 
was killed by Achilles. From him the word 
Eetioneus is applied to his relations or descen- 
dants. Homer. II. 1, 366. 6, m.— Strab. 13. 

The commander of the Athenian fleet conquered 
by the Macedonians under Clytu3,near the Echi- 
nades. Diod. 18. 

Egelidus, a river of Etruria. Virg, Mn. 8, 
610. 

Egeria, a nymph of Aricia in Italy, where 
Diana was particularly worshipped. Egeria was 
courted by Numa, and, according to Ovid, she 
became his wife. This prince frequently visited 
her, and that he might more successfully intro- 
duce his laws and new regulations into the state, 
he solemnly declared before the Roman people, 
that they were previously sanctified and approved 
by the nymph Egeria. Ovid says that Egeria 
was so disconsolate at the death of Numa, that 
she melted into tears, and was changed into a 
fountain by Diana. She is reckoned by many as 
a goddess who presided over the pregnancy of 
women, and some maintain that she is the same 
as Lucina, or Diana, hiv. 1, 19. — Ovid. Met. 
15, bM.-Virg. JEn. 7, 775 Martial. 2, ep. 6, 16. 

EGERlUS,the grandson of Demaratus, so called 
for his poverty. Liv. 1, 31. 

EOESARtTUS, a Thessalian of Larissa, vho 
favoured the interest of Pompey during the civil 
wars. CcBS. B. C. 3, 35, 

Egesinus, a philosopher, pupil to Evander. 
Cic. Acad. 4, 6. 

Egesta, a daughter of Hippotes the Trojan. 
Her father exposed her on the sea, for fear of be- 
ing devoured by a marine monster which laid 
waste the country. She was carried safe to 
Sicily, where she was ravished by the god of the 
river Crinisus. A town of Sicily. Vid. 

Egnatia, a town of Apulia, on the coast, be- 
low Barium. It gave its name to the consular 
way that followed the coast from Canusium to 
Biundusium. Its ruins are still apparent near 
the Torre d' Agnasso, and the town of Moyiopoli. 
Pliny states that a certain stone was shown at 
Egnatia, which was said to possess the property 
of igniting wood that was laid on it. Sirub. 6. 
— Piin. 2, 107. 

Egnatia Maximilla, a woman who ac- 
companied her husband into banishment under 

Nero, &c. Tacit. Ann. 15, 71. A town. Vid. 

Gnatia. 

P. EGNATir,S, ii CTaftv and perfidious Honian, 



EIO 



in the reign of Nero, who committed the greatest 
crimes for the sake of money. I'acit. Hist. 4, 
10. 

ElON, a town of Thrace, situa'e at the mouth 
of the Strymon, and twenty -five stadia from Am- 
phipolis, of which it formed the harbour. Thu- 
cyd 4, 102. 

ElONEUS, a Greek, killed by Hector in the 
Trojan war. Homer. II. 8. A Thracian, fa- 
ther to Rhesus. Id 10. 

El^a, the port and naval arsenal of the city 
of Per^amus. It stood at the mouth of the Cai- 
cus in .^Eolia, and opposite to the south-eastern 
extremity of Lesbos. It is now Kliseli. Sfrab. 

l3.—Lio'. 36, 43. 37, IS. An island in the Pro- 

pontis, so called on account of its olives (tXai'a). 

El^US, a part of Epirus. A surname of 

Jupiter. A town of the Thracian Chersune- 

sus. Liv. 31. 16. 37. 9. 

Elagabalus. the surname of the sun at 
Emessa. {Fid. Emessa and Heliogabalus). 

Elaius. a mountain of Arcadia. Pans. 8. 41. 

Elaphebolia, a festival in honour of Diana 
the Huntre.ss. In the celebration a cake was 
made in the form of a deer, tXa^of, and offered to 
the goddess. It owed its institution to the fol- 
lowing circumstance : when the Phocians had 
been severely beaten by the Thessalians, they re- 
solved, by the persuasion of a certain Deiphan- 
tus, to raise a pile of combustible materials, and 
burn their wives, children, and effects, rather 
than submit to the enemy. This resolution was 
unanimously approved by the women, who de- 
creed Deiphantus a crown for his magnanimity. 
When every thing was prepared, before they fired 
the pile, they engaged their enemies, and fought 
with such desperate fury, that they totally routed 
them, and obtained a complete victory. In com- 
memoration of this unexpected success, this fes- 
tival was instituted to Diana, and observed with 
the greatest solemnity, so that even one of the 
months of the year, March, was called Elaphe- 
bolion from this circumstance. 

Elaphi^a, a surname of Diana in Ells. Paus. 
6, 22 

ElAphus a river of Arcadia. Id. 8, 36. 

Elaptonius, a youth who conspired against 
Alexander, Curt. 8, 6. 

Elatea, the most considerable of the Pho- 
cian cities after Delphi, situate 180 stadia from 
Amphicaea, on a gently rising slope, above the 
plain watered by the Cephissus. It was cap- 
tured and burned by the army of Xerxes, but was 
afterwards restored, and again frequently at- 
tacked. Its ruins are observable on the site 
called El^phta. Paus. 10, M. — Herod. 8, 33.— 
Liv. 32, IS, &c. 

Elatus, one of the first Ephori of Sparta, 

B. C. 760. Plut. in Lyc The father of Ce- 

neus. Ovid. Met 12,497. A king in the army 

of Priam, killed by Agamemnon. Homer. II. 6, 

33. One of Penelope's suitors, killed by Eu- 

maeus^ Homer. Od. 22, -67. 

ElavER, a river of Gaul, risin? in the same 
quarter with the Liger, and, after pur-uing a 
course almost parallel with it, falling into this- 
same stream below Nevers. It is now the Al- 
lier. Cces. B. G. 8, 34 et 53. 

Elea, a city of Lucania. Vid. Velia. 

Glectra, one of the Occanides, w ho married 
Tbauraas son of Pontus, and became mother of 
the Harpies, and of Iris the messenger of Juno. 
Hesiod. Th 2&h. — Homei: in Cerer A daugh- 
ter of Atlas atid Pleione. She was mother of 



Jasion and Dardanus by Jupiter, who placed h' r 
after death in the constellation called Pleiades, 
where, as authors assert, her star .shines with Ic.^s 
brilliancy since the fall of Troy, as she commis- 
erated the calamities which the descendants of 
her son endured. Hy gin. fab. 193.— t'irg. . 
8, 135.— Odd Fast. 4, 31 et Mh.—ApoUod. 3, 10 

et 12. One of the Danaides, who married 

Peristenes, according to ApoUodorus, or Hyper- i 
antes, according to Hyginus, fab. 170. Apollod. \ 

2, 1. A daughter of Agamemnon king of Ar- ^ 

gos. She preserved the life of her brother Ores- 9 
tes, by sending him to king Strophius, to e.«cape H 
from the dagger of Clytemnestra and ^gystlius, \ 
and she afterwards assisted him in the destruction 1) 
of these infamous adulterers, to avenge the death a 
of their murdered father. Some have imagined t 
that /Egystbus had insultingly married her to a If 
man of obscure birth and mean occupation: but i 
the more probable accotmt relates, that, as a c 
proof of his graiitude, Orestes gave her in mar- 1 
riage to his friend Pylades, and she became mo- j 
ther of two sons, Strophius and Medon. Her f) 
adventures and misfortimes form one of the in- « 
teresting tragedies of the poet Sophocles. Hygin. 5 
fab. 117, 122 — Euripid. in Orest — Paus 2, 16.— il 

JElia7i. V. H. 4, 26, &c. A sister of Cadmus, 

^vho gave her name to one of the seven gates of 

Thebes. Paus. 9, 8. One of Helen's female j 

attendants. Id. 10, 25, li 

ElectrIdes, islands in the Adriatic sea, 1' 
which received their name from the quantity of It 
amber (elect) um) which they produced. They r 
were at the mouth of the Po, according; to Apol- 
lonius of Rhodes, hut some historians doubt their 
existence. (Fid. Eridanus.) Plin. 2, 26. 37, 2. 
—Mela. 2, 7. 1 

Electryon a king of Argos, son of Perseus ^ 
and Andromeda. He was brother to AIcsus, p 
whose daughter Anaxo he married, and by her he p 
had several sons, and one daughter, Alcmene. ii| 
He sent his sons against the Teleboans, who had 
ravaged his country, and they were all killed ex- 
cept Licymnius. Upon this Electryon promised S j 
his crown and daughter in marriage to him who ><'. 
could undertake to punish the Teleboans for the p' 
death of his sons. Amphitryon offered himself it 
and succeeded. Electryon inadvertently per- |r 
ished by the hand of his son-in law. (Fid. Am- p 
phitryon, and Alcmena.) Apollod. 2. 4. — Paus. p 

Elei, a people of EUs in Peloponnesus. {Fid. t 
E!is). |) 

Eleleus, a surname of Bacchus, from the L 
word eXeAev. which the Bacchanals loudly re- L 
peated during his festivals. His priestesses were s 
in consequence called Eleleis (-ides). Ovid. Met. I 
4, 15. _ \ 

Elephantine, now Gezyret Assuan, a small I 
island of Egypt, on the Nile", opposite to Syene. t 
It contained a handsome city, and was the em- I; 
porium for all goods which passed from the lower h 
country to .(Ethiopia, and rice versS. It formed J 
originally the southern boundary of Ejiypt, but 
the Ptolemies, and after them the Romans, i{ 
pushed the limits to the neighbouring Phdie. » 
At Elephantine was the Nilometer, or well for I 
the measuring of the inundation of the Nile, j 
which at its greatest height rose here to 2S cu- I- 
bits, or 42 feet. Strab. 17. f 

Elefh.\ntis, a poetess who wrote lascivious ^ 

verses. Martial. Bp. 12, 43, 4. A princes.s by 15 

whom Danaus had two daughters, Gorgophone ,j 
and Hypermnestra. Apollod. 2. \\ 

ELEPHANTOPHAgi. a people of .(Ethiopia. i. 



ELE 



267 



ELE 



ElepHSnor, son of Chalcodon, was one of 
Helen s suitors, and conducted an army of the 
Abantes of Euboea to the Trojan war. Homer. 
11. 2, 47. 

Eleusinia, a great festival observed every 
fourth year by the Celeans, Phliasians, as also by 
the Pheneatae, Lacedemonians, Parrhasians, and 
Cretans; but more part cularly by the people of 
Athens, every fifth year at Eleusis in Attica, 
where it was introduced by Eumolpus, B.C. 1356. 
It was the most celebrated of all the religious 
ceremonies of Greece, whence it is often called, 
by way of eminence, fj.v<T.ripia, the mysteries. It 
was so superstitiously observed, that if any one 
ever revealed its secret mysteries, it was supposed 
that he had called divine vengeance upon his 
head, and it was unsafe to live in the same house 
with him. Such a wretch was publicly put to an 
ignominious death. This festival was sacred to 
Ceres and Proserpina, every thing contained a 
mystery, and Ceres herself was known only by 
the name of ix&e(a, from the sorrow and grief 
(axOoi) which she suffered for the loss of her 
daughter. This mysterious secrecy was solemn- 
ly observed, and enjoined on all the votaries of 
the goddess; and if any one ever appeared at the 
celebration, either intentionally, or through ig- 
norance, without proper introduction, he was 
immediately punished wiih death. Persons of 
both sexes and all ages ^^^■re initiated at this so- 
lemnity, and it was looke.l upon as so heinous a 
crime to neglect this sacred part of religion, that 
it was one of the heaviest accusations which con- 
tributed to the condemnation of Socrates. The 
initiated were under the more particular care of 
the deities, and therefore their life was supposed 
to be attended with more happiness and real se- 
curity than that of other men. This benefit was 
not only granted during life, but it extended be- 
yond the grave, and they were honoured with 
the first places in the Elysian fields, while others 
were left to wallow in perpetual filth and igno- 
miny. As the benefits of expiation were so ex- 
tensive, particular care was taken in examining 
the character of such as were presented for ini- 
tiation. Such as were guilty of murder, though 
against their will, and such as were convicted of 
witchcraft, or any heinous crime, were not ad- 
mitted, and the Athenians suffered none to be 
initiated but such as were members of their city. 
This regulation, which compelled Hercules, 
Castor, and Pollux, to become citizens of Athens, 
was strictly observed in the first ages of the in- 
stitution, but afterwards all persons, barbarians 
excepted, were freely initiated. The festivals 
were divided into greater and less mysteries. 
The less were instituted from the following 
circumstance. Hercules passed near Eleusis 
while the Athenians were celebrating the mys- 
teries, and desired to be initiated. As this could 
not be done because he was a stranger, and as 
Eumolpus was unwilling to displease him on ac- 
coimt of his great power and the services which 

I he had done to the Athenians, another festival 

j was instituted without violating the laws. It was 
called /j.iKp'u and Hercules was solemnly admit- 
ted to the celebration and initiated. These less 

I mysteries were observed at Agrse near the Uissus. 

j The greater were celebrated at Eleusis, from 
which place Ceres has been called Eleusinia. In 

i later times the smaller festivals were prepara- 
tory to the greater, and no person could be ini- 

I firited at Eleusis without a previous purification 
ai Agraj, This purification thoy performed by 



keeping themselves pure, chaste, and unpolluted 
during nine days, after which (hey came and of- 
fered sacrifices and praners, wearing garlands of 
flowers, called "a-pLepa, or "^epa, and having under 
their feet a»o{ kw&iov, Jupiter's ^kin, which was the 
skin of a victim offered (o that god. The per- 
son who assisted was called iipavh^ from viwp, 
water, which was used at the purification; and 
they themselves were called fivarat, the initiated. 
A year after the initiation at the less mysteries, 
they sacrificed a sow to Ceres, and were admitted 
into the greater, and the secrets of the festivals 
were solemnly revealed to them, from which 
they were called 'd'popoi and e7r<$7rTot, inspectors. 
The institution was performed in the following 
manner. The candidates, crowned with myrtle, 
were admitted by night into a jilace callr^d 
/ituo-Ttwoj trrjKos, the mystical temple, a vast and stu- 
pendous building. As they entered the temple, 
they purified themselves by washing their hands 
in holy water, and received for admonition that 
they were to come with a mind pure and unde- 
filed, without which the cleanness of the bi dy 
would be unacceptable. After this, the holy mj s- 
teries were read to them from a large book cal- 
led TrLrpmfjLa, because made of two stones, T-frpat, 
fitly cemented together. After this the piiest, 
called Itpo^avTT^j, proposed to them certain ques- 
tions, to which they readily answered. After 
this, strange and amazing objects presentt d them- 
selves to their sight, the place often seemed to 
quake, and to appear suddenly resplendent with 
fire, and immediately covered with gloomy dark- 
ness and horror. Sometimes thunders were 
heard, or flashes of lightning appeared on every 
side At other times hideous noises and howl- 
ings were heard, and the trembling spectators 
were alarmed by sudden and dreadful appari- 
tions. This «as called alTo\pCa, intuition. After 
this the initiated were dismissed with the bar- 
barous words of Aciy?, 'ofx-rrai. The garments in 
which they were initiated, w ere held sacred, and 
of no less efficacy to avert evils than charms and 
incantations. From this circumstance, therefore, 
they were never left off before they were totally 
unfit for wear, after which they w ere appropriated 
for children, or dedicated to the goddess. The 
chief person that attended at the initiation was 
called iepo<pavT7is, the revealer oj sacred things. 
He was a citizen of Athens, and held his office 
during life, though among the Celeans and Phli- 
asians it was liinited to the period of four years. 
He was obliged to devote himself totally 'o the 
service of the deities; his life wa.s chaste and 
single, and he usually anointed his body with the 
juice of hemlock, which is said, by its extreme 
coldness, to extinguish in a great degree the na- 
tural heat. The Hierophantes had thfee attend- 
ants; the first was called fg.iovxos, torch-bearer, 
and was permitted to marry. The second wa.s 
called xiipif?, a crier. The third administered at 
the altar, and was called 6 sirl 0a>/j.cZ. The Hie- 
rophantes is said to have been a i>pe of tiie pow- 
erful Creator of all things, fq,f>ovxo% of the sun, 
«-fjpv? of Mercury, and o lul ^w/jl^Z of the moon. 
There were, besides these, other inferior officers 
who took particular care that every thing was 
performed according to custom. The first of 
these, called ^aciXf.is, was one of the Archons; 
he offered prayers and sacrifices, and took care 
that there was no indecency or irregularity dur- 
ing the celebration. Besides him there were four 
others called ini^ie'kriTai, cvrntors, elected by the 
people. One of them was chosen from tlif ta- 
Z2 



ELE 



268 



ELE 



cred family of the Euaiolp.dye, the other was one 
ol' the Ceryces, and the rest weie from among 
tiie citizens. There were also ten persons who 
assisted at this and every other festival, called 
tf>o7rotoi, because they offered sacrifices. This 
festival was observed in the month Boedromion, 
or September, and continued nine days, from the 
15ih till the 23d. During that time it was un- 
1 lAful to arrest any man, or present any petition, 
«in pain of forfeiting a thousand drachmas, or, 
according to others on pain of death. It was 
al-o unlawful for those who were initiated to sit 
up.)n the cover of a well, to eat beans, mullets, 
or weazels. If any w oman rode to Eleusis in a 
chariot, she was obliged by an edict of Lycurgus, 
to pay eOOO drachmas. The design of this law 
was to destroy all distinction betwe >n the richer 
and poorer sort of citizens,— The first day of ihe 
celebration was called aypwiy, assembly, as it 
mii<ht be said that the worshippers first met to- 
gether. The second day was called a\aie /jvrrai, 
to the sea, xjou that are iiiitiited, because they 
w ere commanded topuriT. themselves by bathing 
in the sea. On the third day, sacrifices, ana 
chiefly a mullet, w ere offered; as also barley from 
a field of Eleusis. These oblations were called 
tf«a, and held so sacred that the priests them- 
selves were not, as in other sacrifices, permitted 
to partake of them. On the fourth day they 
made a solemn procession, in w hich the KaXadiov, 
Imhj basket of Ceres, was carried about in a con- 
secrated cart, while on every side the people 
shouted ;talps A»j/x»jr«p, Hall Cere.i I After these 
followed women, called K^arocpopoi, who canied 
baskets, in which weie sesamum, carded wool, 
grains of salt, a serpent, pomegranates, reeds, 
ivy boughs, certain cakes, &c. The fifth was 
called T] Twu Xafi-rraScov r;/x/pa, the torch day, be- 
cause on the following night the people ran about 
with torches in their hands. It was usual to 
dedicate torches to Ceres, and contend which 
should otTer the biggest in commemoration of the 
travels of the goddess, and ol her lighting a torch 
in the flames of mount ^tna. The sixth day 
w.is called "la^jfoy, from lacchus, the son of Ju- 
piter and Ceres, w ho accompanied his mother in 
her search of Proserpina, with a torch in his 
hand. From that circumstance his statue had a 
torch in its hand, and was carried in solemn pro- 
cession from the Ceramicus to Eleusis. The 
statue with those that accompanied it, called 
'Ia«^'ava)-yol, were crowned Avith myrtle. In the 
way nothing was heard but singing and the noise 
of brazen kettles, as the votaries danced along. 
The way through which they issued from the 
city was called lepd 6i'os, the sacred way; the rest- 
ing place lepa ovitrj, from a. fig-tree which grew 
in the neighbourhood. They also stopped on a 
bridge over the Cephissus, where they derided 
tiiosethat passed by. Af;er they had passed this 
bridge they entered Eleusis by a place called 
fiwriKTi ftaoSos, the mystical eyitrai^ce. On the 
i^t^venth diiy were sports, in which the victors 
were rewarded with a measure of barley, as that 
{:vain had been first sown in Eleusis. The eighth 
day was called 'ETrt-Sai'pi'ajj/ ijuepa, because once 
iE>culapius, at his return from Epidaurus to 
Athens was initiated by the repetition of the less 
mysteries. It became customary, therefore, to 
celebrate them a second time upon this, that such 
as had not hitherto been initiated might be law- 
fully admitted. The ninth and la,=t day of the 
Testival w as called -kX^l-o lOut, earthen vesse'.<, 
because it was Uiual to tiil two such vessels with 



wine, one of wliich bi-ing placed towards the 
east, and the other towards the w est, which, after 
the repetition of some mystical words, were both 
thrown down, and the wine being spilt on the 
ground, was offered as a libation. Such was ihe 
manner of celebrating the Eleusinian mysteries, 
which have been deemed the most sacred and so- 
lemn of all the festivals observed by the Greeks. 
Some have supposed them to be obscene and 
abominable, and that from thence proceeded all 
the mysterious secrecy. They w ere carried from 
Eleusis to Rome in the reign of Adrian, where 
they were observed with the same ceremonies as 
before, though perhaps with more freedom and 
licentiousness. They lasted about 1800 years, 
and were at last abolished bv Theodosius the i 
Great, ^lian. V. H. 12, 24. — Ctc. de Leg. 2, 14. 
— Paus. 10, 31, 8ic.-nut. 

Eleusis, or Eleusin, a tow n of Attica, eviui- i 
distant from Megara and the Pnceus, and famed 
for the celebration of ti.e mysteries of Certs. 
(Vid. Eleusinia.) It is stated to have derived 
its name from a son of Mercury, or, as others ' 
say, from the Greek word tX^vai^ adventus, owing 
to Ceres having resided there fur some time after 
she liad left Enna in Sicily in search of her daugh- 
ter Proserpine. It is now called Lesina. Hy- I 

gin. fab. 147 et 275 Odd. Fast. 5, 507. —Pam. y, ' 

Ji4. I 
Eleuther, a son of Aj'ollo. „ 
Eleuther,!:. a town of Attica, on the road ' 
from Eleusis to Plataja, ^^hich appears to have 
once belonged to Boeotia, but finally became in- 
cluded witiiin the limits of Attica. Bacchus is 
said to have been born here. Strab. 9. — Diod. 
Sic. 3, 65. 

EleutherIa, a festival celebrated at Plataea 
in honour of Jupiter Eleutherius, or the asserter 
of liberty, by delegates from almost all the cities 
of Greece. Its institution originated in this; af- 
ter the victory obtained by the Grecians under 
Pausanias over Mardonius the Persian general, 
in the country of Plataea, an altar and statue were 
erected to Jupiter Eleutherius, who had freed the 
Greeks from the tyranny of the barbarians. It 
was further agreed upon in a general assembly, 
by the advice of Aristides the Athenian, thatde- ! 
puties should be sent every fifth year from tlie | 
different cities"of Greece to celebrate Eleutheria, | 
festivals of liberty. The Platreans celebrated also ) 
"an anniversary festival in memory of those who 
had lost their lives in that famous battle. The j 
celebration was thus: At break of day a proces- 
sion was made with a trumpeter at the head, 
sounding a signal for battle. After him followed ' 
chariots loaded w ith myrrh, garlands, and a black j 
bull, and certain free youn? men. ns no >i^ns of r 
servility were to appear during the iolemuiti, I 
because they in whose honour the festival was j 
instituted had died in the defence of their coun- > 
try. They carried libations of wine and milk ia I 
large-eared vessels, with jars of oil and precious ' 
ointments. Last of all appeared the chief magis- 
trate, who, though not permitted at other times 
to touch iron, or wear garments of any colour but ^ 
^^hite, yet appeared clad in purple; and taking a j 
water pot out of the city chamber, proceeded j 
through the middle of the town with a sword in 
his hand, towards the sepulchres. There he 
drew w ater from a neighbouring spring, and : 
washed and anointed the monuments; after which 
he sacrificed a bull upon a pile of wood, invoking 
Jupiter and infernal Mercury, and inviting to the 
entertaiiiment the souls of those happy heroes 



ELE 



269 



KLY 



who had perished in the defence of their country. 
After this he filled a buwl with wine, saying, 1 
drink to those who lost their lives in the delence 

ot the liberties of Greece. There was also a 

festival of the same name observed by the Sami- 
ans in honour of the god of love. Slaves also, 
when they obtained their liberty, kept a holiday 
which they called Eleutheria. Fuus 9, 2. 

Eleuthero-CilIces, a name given to those 
of the Cilicians who had fled to the mountains 
when the Greek settlers established themselves 
in that country. The appellation, which means 
** Free Cilicians." has reference to their inde- 
pendent mode of life. Cic. Ep. ad Fam. 15, 4. ad 
All. [i, 20. 

Eleuthero-LacOnes, a title granted by 
Augustus to a considerable part of the Laconian 
nation, consisting of several maritime towns, for 
the zeal which the inhabitants had early testified 
in favour of the Romans. Enfranchisement and 
other privileges accompanied the title. Slrab. 8. 
—Pans. 3, 21. 

EL.EUTHEROPOLIS, a city of Palestine, situ- 
ated at the distance of twenty miles south-west 
from Jerusalem, and twenty-four miles north-east 
from Ascalon. It was founded in the third cen- 
tury, but by whom is uncertain. Amm. Marcell. 
23. I. 

Eleutherus, a surname of .luplter, from the 
aid and deliverance which he afforded to man- 
kind. A river of Syria, rising in mount Liba- 

nus, and running north-westward into the sea. 
it is now the Nahr-el-Kebir. 

Eleutho, a surname of Juno Lucina, from 
her coming, when invoked, to the aid of women 
in labour. Pirid. Olym, 6, 7Z. 

EL.IACI, a name given to the school of philo- 
sophy established by Pheedo of Elis. It was in- 
stituted after the Socratic model; which was con- 
tinued by Plistanus an Eiian, and afterwards by 
Menedemus of Eretria. Luert. 2, 106. 

Elicius, a surname of Jupiter, worshipped on 
mount Aventine, because he had been drawn 
(elicere) upon earth by the prayers and devotion 
of the Romans, and especially of Numa, to whom 
he gave an undoubted pledge of the duration, 
prosperity, and greatness of the Roman empire. 
Odd. Fast. 3, 328. 

Elimea, or Elimiotis, a region of Macedo- 
nia, to the east of Stymphalia. It was at one 
time independent, but was afterwards conquered 
by the kings of Macedonia, and finally included 
bv the Romans in the fourth division of that pro- 
vince. Thucyd. 2, 99. — L<" 45, 3i). 

Eliphasii, a people of Peloponnesus. Polyb. 
11. 

Elis, a district of the Peloponnesus, bounded 
on the north by Achaia, on the east by Arcadia, 
on the south by Messenia, and on the west by the 
hmian sea. Its greatest extent from east to west 
was about forty-eight miles, and from north to 
simih abf)ut sixty. It was formerly divided into 
several districts, each occupied by a separate 
people, the chief of which were the Epei, or Elei, 
a< they are also called by Homer,from their posses- 
sing the city of Elis and the Caucones, from 
whom the whole province is sometimes called 
("auconia : these tribes are regarded as indigen- 
ous, and are said to have been joined shortly after 
.he siege of Troy by large colonies of ^tolians, 
Dorians, and lleraclidie. But the subsequent 
division of Elis was into Elis Propria, or Coele, 
Fisatis, and Triph5lia. Coele was the northern- 
most of these, Pisatis was in the centre, and 



Triphylia in the south. Elis was by far the most 
fertile and populous district of Peloponnesus, and 
its inhabitants were fond of agriculture and rural 
pursuits. Slrab. 8.~ Homer. II. il, 669. Odyss. 
15, 296.— Paws, b, 3. —Polyb. 4, 73. The capi- 
tal of Elis, situate on the Peneus, at the distance 
of 120 stadia from the sea. It was composed of 
several detached villages, which were imited, 
after the Persian war, in one large city. It had 
no walls, being considered under the immediate 
protection of the god whose festival was there 
solemnized. Its remains are now called Palcco- 
poli. Strab. 8. 

Elissa, a queen of Tyre, more commonly 
known by the name of Dido. Vid. Dido. 

Elissus, a small river of Achaia, now the M::- 
liiso. 

Ellopia, a district of Euboea, in the northern 
part of the island, in which Histiaea was situated. 
According to some it derived its name from El- 
lops, a son of Ion, who settled here. Strab. 10. 

EloRUS, a river of Sicily. Vid. Helorus. 

Elot^. Fid. Helotae. 

Elfknor, one of the companions of Ulysses, 
changed into a hog by Circe's potions, and after- 
wards restored to his former shape. He fell from 
the top of a house where he was sleeping, and 
was killed. Ovid. Met. 14, 2d2.— Homer. Odyss. 
10, 552. 11, 51. 

Elpinice, a daughter of Miltiades, who nobly 
offered to marry Callias, a man that promised to 
release from confinement her brother and hus- 
band, whom the laws of Athens had made re- 
sponsible for the fine imposed on his father. C. 
Nep. in dm. 

Eluina, a surname of Ceres. 

Elyces, a man killed by Perseus. Ovid. Met. 
5, fab 3. 

Elymais, a country of Persia, between the 
Persian Gulf and Media. The capital of the 
country was called Elymais, and was famous for 
a rich temple of Diana, which Antiochus Epi- 
phanes attempted to plunder. The Elymeans 
assisted Antiochus the Great in his wars against 
the Romans. None of their kings are named in 
history. Strabo. 

.(ELYMI, a nation descended from the Trojans, 
in alliance with the people ol Canhage. Paus. 
10, 8. 

Elymus, a man at the court of Acestes in Si- 
cily. Virg. .^n. 6, 73. 

ELYSIUM, and Elysii Campi, a place or 
island in the infernal regions, where, according 
to the mythology of the ancients, the souls of 
the virtuous were placed after death. There 
happiness was complete, the pleasures were in- 
nocent and refined. Bowers for ever green, de- 
lightful meadows with pleasant streams, were 
the most striking objects. The air was whole- 
some, serene, and temperate; the birds continu- 
ally warbled in the groves, and the inhabitants 
were blessed with another sun and other stars. 
The employments of the heroes who dwelt in 
these regions of bliss were various; the manes of 
Achilles are represented as waging war with the 
wild beasts, while the Trojan chiefs are inno- 
cently exercising themselves in managing horses, 
or in handling arms. To the e innocent amuse- 
ments some poets have added continual feasting 
and revelry, and they suppose that the Elysi'an 
fields were filled with all the incontinence and 
voluptuousness which could gratify the low de- 
sires of the debauchee. According to Diodorus 
Siculus, the whole fable of the infernal regions 



EM A 



270 



END 



W3« b irrowed from the funeral rites of the Egyp- | 
tiAiis and introduced into Greece by Orpheus. } 
Friitn this source Homer is said to have borrow- i 
ed his ideas and descriptions «hich occur in va- • 
riou-s parts of the Odyssey. Succeeding poets 
and philosophers copied from Homer. Some 
placed the Elysian fields in the middle region of 
the air, some in the moon, others in the sun, and 
others asain in the centre of the earth adjoining 
to Tartarus. The most common opinion was, that 
they lay in one of the isles of the ocean, called 
the Fortunate Islands, the modern Canaries. 
Virg. ^n. e, 63\— Homer. Odyss. Pindar.— 
TiouU. 1. cl. 3. 57. — Lucian. — Flut. de Consul. 

Emathia, the most ancient name of Mace- 
donia. Polybius and Livy expressly assert, 
however, that Emathia was originally called Pas- 
onia, though Homer certainiy mentions them as 
two distinct countries. PoUjb. Frag. 24, b. — Liv, 
40, 3. 

Emathion, a son of Titan and Aurora, who 
reigned in Macedonia. Tne country was called 
Emathia from his name. Some suppose that he 
was a famous robber destroyed bv Hercules 

Odd. Met. 5, Zld.— Justin. 7. 1 A man killed 

ac the nuptials of Perseus and Andromeda Ovid. 
Met 5. 100. 

Emathon, a man killed in the wars of Tur- 
nu-. Virg. jEn. 9, S71. 

EmerIta Augusta, a lo^vn of Lusirania. be 
low Norba Casarea, on the northern bank of the 
Anas. It was founded by Augustus, ^^ho, at the 
end of the Cantabriaa war, sent here a colony of 
Emeriti, or such veterans as had served their 
time. It was iamcd for its scarlet dye and ex- 
cellent olives. It is now Merida. PLin. 9, 41. 

Emessa, an ancient city of Syria, situate near 
lbs eastern bank of the Orontes, south-east i f 
Epiphania. It was the birth-place of the eir- 
perur Heliogabalus, and contained a splendid 
temple of tie Sun, in which Heliogabalus was 
priest. It is now called Horns ; and though for- 
merly a strong and populous city, it is at present 
onlv a large ruinous town, containing not more 
than 2000 inhabitants. A.^im. Marcell. 26, 13 

Emodi Months, part i f r. range of mountains 
in Asia. Pliny says that the Emodi Montes, ar.d 
those of Imaus and Paropamisus, were connect- 
ed together, That part of the range wh'ch Alex- 
ander crossed in order to invade Bactriana, was 
called Paropamisus, the more easterly continu- 
ation of the chain was term.ed Emodi Montes, 
and its still farther continuation, even to the 
eastern ocean, was styled Imaus. Vid. Imaus. 

Empedocles, a philosopher, poet, and his- 
torian of Agrigentum in Sicily, who flourished 
444 B.C. He was the disciple' of Telauges the 
Pythagorean, and warmly adopted the doctrine 
of transmigration. He w rote a pr em upon the 
opinions of Pythagoras, very much commiended, 
in which he spoke of the various bodies which 
nature had given him. He was first a girl, af- 
terwards a boy, a shrub, a bird, a fish, and lastly 
Empedocles. His poetry was bold and animated, 
and his verses were so universally esteemed, that 
they were publicly recited at the Olympic games 
with those of Homer and Hesiod. Empedocles 
was no less remarkable for his humanity and 
social virtues than for his learning. He showed 
himself an inveterate enemy to tyranny, and 
refused to become the sovereign of his cunrry. 
He taught rhetoric in Sicily, and often alleviated 
the anxieties of his mind as well as the pains of 
his body with music. It is reported that bis cu- 



riosity to visit the flames of the crater of J^.rna, 
proved fatal to him. Some mainUin that he 
w ished it to be believed that he w as a god, and 
that his death might be unknown, he threw him- 
self into the crater and peri-hed in the flames. 
His expectations, however, were frustrated, and ^ 
the volcano, by throwing up one of his sandals, | 
discovered to the world that Empedocles had pe- 
ri shed by fire. Others report that he lived to an j 
extreme old age, and that he was drow ned in tlie i 
sea. Horat. ], ep. 12, 2n. Art V.— Cic. de Orat, ' 
1,50, &ic.—Diog. in vica. 

Emperamus, a LacedcEmonian general in the 
second Messenian war. | 

EmporIa, a country of Africa Propria, called 
also Byzacium, situate to the north of the Syrtis I 
Minor. No part of the Carthaginian dominions ' 
was more fruitful than this. Polybius says that i 
the revenue which arose from it was so consider- \ 
able, that almost all the hopes of the Carthagin- 
ians w ere founded on it: and he deduces the ori- 
gin of its name from it.s great fertilify, and the 
commerce which distinguished it. To this were 
owing the anxiety and state jeab usy of the Car- 
thaginians, lest the Romans should sail beyond 
the Fair promontory that lay before Carthage, 
and become acquainted w ith a district v hich 
might induce them to attempt the conquest of it. j 
Pclyb. 3 23. I, 

Emporia, a town of Hispania Terraconensis, J 
now Ampurias. Liv. 34, 9 et 18. 26, 19. ( 

Enceladus, a son of Titan and Terra, the 
most powerful of all the giants who conspiied 
against Jupiter. He was struck w ith Jupiter's 
thund-rs, and overwhelmed uiider motmt .(Etna. 
Some suppose that he is the same as Typhon. 
According to the poets, the flLames of ^Etna pro- 
ceeded from the breath of Enceladus; and as 
often as he turned his w eary side, the whole 
island of Sicily felt the motion, and shook from 
its very foundations. Virg. ^n. 3, 578, &c. i 

Endeis, a nymph, daughter of Chiron. She I 
married ^Eacus king of ^'Egina, bv whom she hsd I 
Peleus and Telamon. Pans. 2, W.—ApoUod. 3, j 
12. i 

ExDTMio.v, a shepherd, son of ^Ethlius and | 
Ca-yce. It is said that he required of Jupiter to '• 
grant to him to be always young, and to sleep as I 
much as he would; whence came the proverb of I 
Endymionii somniurn dormire. to express a long { 
sleep. Diana saw him naked as he slept on 
mount Latmos, and was so struck with bis 
beauty, that she came down from heaven every 
night to erjoy his company. Endymion married I 
Chromia, daughter of Itonus, or according to . 
some, Hyperinne, daughter of Areas, by whom I 
he had three sons, Pson, Epeus, and^Eolus, and 1 
a daughter called Eurydice; and so little ambi- j 
tious did he show himself of sovereignty, that he | 
made his crown the prize of the best racer among j 
his sons, an honourable distinction which was ' 
gained by Epeus. The fable of End}-mion"s i 
amours with Diana, or the moon, arises from his 
knowledge of astronomy, and as he passed the ! 
night on some high mountain, to observe the \ 
heavenly bodies, it has been reported that he i 
was courted by the Moon. Some suppose that 
there w ere two of that nam.e, the son of a king I 
of Elis, and the shepherd or astronomer of Caria. ' 
The people of Heraclea maintained that End)- 
mion died on mount Latmos. and the Eleans 
pretended to show his tomb at Olympia in Pelo- 
ponnesus. Propert. 2, el. >1b.— Cic. Tusc, I. — 
Juv. lU.— Theoait. 3.— Paws. 5, 1. 6, 20. 



ENK 



27i 



EPA 



Ew'TI. Fid. Heneti. 

KnuonAsis, a name applied to the constella- 
tion of Hercules, because he is represented as 
resfing on his knees (m genibus). Cic. N. D. 2, i-d. 

ENGiUM, a town of Sicily, situated near the 
source of the southern Himera. It was founded 
by the companions of Minos, and famous lor a 
temple dedicated to Ceres. Cic. Ver. 3, 43. 4, 44. 
^SU. Ital. 14, 250. 

Eniopeus, a charioteer of Hector, killed by 
Diomedes. Homer. II. b, 120. 

En'IPEUS, a river of Macedonia, in the district 
of Pieria, rising in mount Olympus, and, though 
nearly dry in summer, becoming a considerable 
torrent in winter from the heavy rains. Its mo- 
dern name is Melathria. Liv. 44, 8 et 35. A 

river of Thessaly, flowing into the Apidanus, 
which afterwards enters the Peneu-. It rose in 
mount Othrys, and flowed from Achaia, or the 
south-western portion of Phthiotis, as we learn 
from Thucydides, who remarks, that Brasidas 
was arrested in his march through Thessaly, when 
about to cross the Eaipeus. It is now called the 

Goura. Strab. 8.— Thucyd. 4, 78. -A small 

river of Elis, of ^^hich Tyro the daughter of Sal- 
moucus became enamoured. Neptune assumed 
the shape of the river god to enjoy the company 
of Tyro. Ovid. Am. 3, el 5.— Strab. 8. 

Enna, a city of Sicily, situated on an eminence 
in the middle of the island, whence it was called 
the navel of Sicily. It was one of the strong^est 
places in the island, and remarkable for its beau- 
tiful plains, fruitful soil, and the numerous lakes 
and springs which watered its territory. Proser- 
pine was carried away by Pluto in the neighbour- 
hood of Enna, while she wa; gathering flowers in 
an adjacent meadow. The site of Enna is occu - 
pied by Castro Giovanni. Mela, 2, 7. — Cic. Ver. 
3, 49. 4, 104.-Oi7-(i. Fast. 4, 522 — Liv. 24, 37. 

Ennia, was the wife of Macro, and afterwards 
of the emperor Caligula. Tacit. Ann. 6, 45. 

Q. Ennics, an ancient poet born at Rudii- in 
Calabria. He obtained the name and privileges 
of a Roman citizen by the friendship of M. Ful- 
vius Nobilior, supported by the stronger claims 
of his genius and the brilliancy of his learning. 
His style is rough and unpolished, but his defects, 
which are more particularly attributed to the age 
in which he lived, have been fully compensated 
by the energy of his expressions and the fire of 
his poetry. Quintilian waiTnly commends him, 
and Virgil has shown the superiority of his poe- 
tical merit by introducing many whole lines 
from his poetry into his own compositions, which 
he calls pearls gathered from the dunghill. En- 
nius wrote in heroic verse eighteen books of the 
annals of the Roman republic, and displayed 
much knowledge of the world in some dramatical 
and satirical compositions. He died of the gout, 
contracted, it is said, by frequent intoxication, 
about 169 years before the Christian era, in the 
seventieth year of his age, and he was buried in 
the Appian road about one mile from Rome. 
Ennius was intimate with the great men of his 
age; he accompanied Cato in his qusestorship in 
Sardinia, and was esteemed by him of greater 
value than the honours of a triumph; and Scipio, 
on his death-bed, orJered his body to be buried 
by the side of his poetical friend. This epitaph 
was said to be written upon him: 
A.^picite, rives, senis Ennii imnoiuis frmam ! 

Hie veitriim pinxit maxima facia paii urn. 
J^eino me lacri/niis decvret, neque funej a fietu 
Faxit : cur i v-^fi-to vivus per ora virum. 



Conscious of his merit as the firs; epic poet of 
Rome, Ennius bestowed on himself the appella- 
tion of the Homer of Latium. Of the tragedie.s, 
comedies, annals, and satires which he wrote, 
nothing remains but fragments happily collected 
from the quotations of ancient authors, to the 
number of about 990 lines. The best edition of 
these is by Hesselius, 4to. Amst. 1707. Ovid. 
Trist. 2, 424.— ac. de finib. 1, 4.— Offic. 2, 18. 
— Quintil. 10, l.~Liicret. 1, 117, &.C.—C. Nep. in 
Catone. 

Ennomus, a Trojan prince, who with Chromis 
the commanded the Mysians. He was skilled in 
liie knowledge of augury, and at last perished by 
the hands of Achilles. Homer. II. 2, 865. 11, 422. 

Ennosig^US, terrce coJicussor, a surname of 
Neptune. Juv. 10, 182. 

Enope, a town of Peloponnesus, near Pylos. 
Pans. 3, 26. 

Enops, a shepherd loved by the nymph Neis, 

by whom he had Satnius. Homer. II. 14, 443. 

A Trojan killed by Patroclus. II. 16, 4U1. 

Enos, a maritime town of Thrace, the founda- 
tion of which is attributed improperly to ^Eneas, 
as it existed before the Trojan war. Ptol. 3, 11. 
—Homer. II. 4, 520. - Strab. 11. 

Enosichthon, a surname of Neptune. 

Entella, a town of Sicily, in the western 
quarter of the island, near the river Hypsa, and 
north-east of Selinus. Ital. 14, 205.— Cic. Verr. 
3, 43. 

Entellus, a famous athlete a,mong the friends 
of ^neas. He was intimate w ith Eryx, and en- 
tered the lists against Dares, w hom he conquered 
in the funeral games of Anchises, in Sicily. Virg. 
^n. 5. 387, &c. 

Ekyalius, a surname of Mars. 

EXiO, a sister of Mars, called by the Latins 
Bellona, supposed bv some to be the daughter of 
Phorcys and Ceto. 'ital. 10, 203. 

Eord,^;a. a district at the west of Macedonia, 
Liv. 31, 39. 33, 8. 42, 53. 

Eos, the name of Aurora among the Greeks, 
whence the epithet Eous is applied to a"l the east- 
ern parts of the w orld. Ovid. Fast. 3. -106. A. A. 
3, 537. 6. 478.— Virg. G. 1, 28S. 2, 115. 

Eous, one of the horses of the sun. Q<id. Met. 
2, 153, &c. 

Epagris, one of the Cyclades, called by Aris- 
totle Hydrussa. Plin. 4, 12. 

Epaminondas, a famous Theban descended 
from the ancient kings of Bceotia. His father's 
name was Polymnus. He has been celebrated 
for his private virtues and military accomplish- 
ments. His love of truth was so great that he 
never disgraced himself by falsehood. He formed 
a most sacred and inviolable friendship with Pe- 
lopidas, whose life he saved in a battle. By his 
advice Pelopidas deliveredThebes from the power 
of Lacedffimon. This was the signal of w ar. Epa- 
minondas was set at the head of the Theban ar- 
mies, and defeated the Spartans at the celebrated 
battle of Leuctra, about 371 rears B. C Two 
years after this memorable success, Epamir.ondas 
and Pelopidas, being nominated Boeotarchs, or 
chiefs of the Boeotian league, entered the Pelo- 
ponnesus. Seventy thousand men ol' different 
nations marched under their orders, and were led 
on by them against the city of Lacedaemon. The 
city was saved, however, by the skilful ptudence 
of Agesilaus. The Theban commanders, on theif 
return home, w ere accused of violating one of the 
rules of the Boeotian league, by having held their 
power over one year, vhich was the ternj pie- 



EPA 



272 



EPH 



scribed by law for remaining in command. Pe- 
lopidas pusillanimously sank under the charge, 
bet Epaminondas cli>plaTed so much firmness 
and patient resignation to his fate, that he inlist- 
ed the popular feeling in his favour, and the 
judg^es did not dare to condemn him. An unsuc- 
cessful campaign against Corinth, however, 
again subjected him to the loss of popular favour, 
and he was reduced to the condition of a private 
citizen He afterw ards served as a common sol- 
dier ia an army sent to rescue Pelopidas from 
Alexander, tyrant of Pherae, and having, even in 
trat humble rank, preserved the Theban forces 
from destruction, was reinstated in his former 
office of commander. After rescuing his friend, 
he marched into the Peloponnesus, succeeded 
Himost in making himself master of Sparta, and 
Ht last ended his glorious career at the battle of 
Mantinea in Arcadia, where he fell in the arms 
of victory. The armv of the Spartans and their 
allies co'nsisted of 20.000 foot and 2 000 horse; 
that of the Thebans, of 30,000 infantry and 3,000 
cavalr>-. The enemy had early betaken them- 
st'lves to flight, but rallying on a sudden, attack- 
ed Epaminondas, who was pursuing them, with 
great ardour. He received a fatal wound in the 
breast, and expired, exclaiming that he died un- 
conquered, when he heard that the Boeotians ob- 
tained the victory, in the 4Sth year of his age, 
363 years before Christ. The Thebans severely 
lamented his death; in him their power was ex- 
tinguished, for only during his life they had en 
joyed freedom and independence among the 
Grecian states. Epaminondas was frugal as well 
as virtuous, and he refused with indignation the 
rich presents which were offered to him by Ar- 
taxerxes the king of Persia. He is representf^d 
by his biographer as an elegant dancer and a 
skilful musician, accomplishments highly es- 
teemed among his countrynT^n. I'liit. in Parall. 
— C.Sep, invita — Xenofh. Qu:pst. Grcpc. — Diod. 
iD. — Pulyh. !. 

Efaphroditus, a freedman punished with 
death for assisting Nero to/iestroy himself. Suet. 

in Ner. A freedman uf Augustus, sent as a 

spv to Cleopatra. Pad. A name assumed by 

Sylla. 

EfAphus, a son of Jupiter and lo, who found- 
ed a citj' in Esypt. which he called Memphis, in 
honour of his wife, who was the daughter of the 
Nile. He had a daughter called Libya, who be- 
came mother of ^E^yprus and Danaus by Nep- 
tune. He was worshipped as a god at Memphis. 
Herod. 2, \bd. — Oiid. Met. 1, 699, &c. 

Epasnactus, a G .ul in alliance with Rome, 
&c. Cces. Bell. G. 8, 44. 

Epebolus, a soothsayer of Messenia, who 
prevented Aristodemns from obtaining the sove- 
reignty. Pans. 4, 9, &c. 

Epki, or El F.I, a people of Peloponnesus. 
Piin. 4, 5. 

Epetium, now Viscio. a town of Illyricum. 

Epeus, a son of Endymion, brrther to Pseon, 
who reigned in a part of Peloponnesus. His sub- 

jpcts were called from him Epei. Pans. 5, 1- 

A son of Panopeu.«, who was the fabricator of the 
famous wooden horse, which proved the ruin of 
Trov. Virg. jEn. 2, 2^^,— Justin. 20, 2.— Pans. 
10. 26. 

Ephesus, a city of Ionia, built, as Justin 
mentions, by the Amazons; or by Androchus, 
son of Cndrus, according to Strabo; or by Ephe- 
SU3, a son of the river Cayster. It was famous 
for a temple of Diana, which was reckoned one 



of the seven wonders of the woild. This temple 
was 425 feet long, 220 broad, and was adorned 
with the choicest paintings and statues. The i 
roof was supported by 127 columns, sixty feet 
high, which had been placed there by so many 
kings. Of these columns, 36 were carved in the 
most beautiful manner, one of which was the 
work of the famous Scopas. This celebrated 
building occupied 220 years in completing. Cte- 
siphon was the chiet architect. There was above 
the entrance a huge stone, which, according to 
Pliny, had been placed there by Diana herself. 
The riches which «ere in the temple were im- 
mense, and the goddess who presided over it was 
worshipped with the most awful solemnity. This 
celebrated templewas burned to the ground on the i 
night that Alexander was born (J Yd Erostralus), | 
and soon after it rose from its ruins v\ith more I 
splendour and magnificence. Alexander offered ( 
to rebuild it at his own expense, if the Ephesians j 
would place upon it an inscription which denoted 
the name of the benefactor. This generous offer i 
was refused by the Ephesians, who observed, in i 
the language of adulation, that it was unbecom- 
ing in one deity to erect a temple to another 
Ly.^imschus ordered the town of Ephesus to be 
called Arsinoe, in honour of his wife; but after | 
his death the new appellation was lost, and the | 
town was again known by its ancient name. The j 
ruins of this once famed city are to be seen near [, 
the Turkish town of Ayashick, which seems to j' 
have risen about the middle of the fourteenth [ 
century. The Ephesians were much addicte d to i 
the use of spells and incantations; hence the j 
words literce Ephesicp are applied to letters con- 
taining such magical powers as were fancied to 
enable persons easilv to obtain ti:eir wishes. ' 
Plin. 36, ^\.—Sirab. 12 et lA.—Meli, 1, 17 — , 
Pans 7, 2. — Pint, in Alex.— Justin. 2, \.—Calli>ru \ 
in Bian.— Ptol. j.— Cic de Nat. D. 2. 

EphkT-^;, a number of magistrates at Athens, t 
first instituted by Demophoon, the son of The- 
seus. They were reduced to the number of 51 
by Draco, Mho, according to some, first estab- 
lished them. They were superior to the Areo- ' 
pagites, and their privileges were great and nu- 
merous. Solon, however, lessened their power, 
and pntru.= tpd them only with the trial of man- |i 
slaughter and conspiracy against the life of a citi- p 
zen. They were all more than fifty years old, (r 
and it was required that their manners sliouldbe f 
pure and innocent, and their behaviour austere i 
and full of gravity. b 

Ephialtes, or Ephialtus, a giant, son of t 
Neptune, who grew nine inches e^ery month, r 

(r?d. Aloeus ) An Athenian, famous for his ^ 

courage and strength. He fought with the Per- f 
sians against Alexander, and was killed at Kali- l 

camassus. Diod. 17. A Trachinian, who led I- 

a detachment of the army of Xerxes by a secret 't> 
path to attack the Spartans at Thermopylae. 1^ 
Pa2is. 1, 4.— Herod. 7, 213. 

Ephori, powerful magistrates at Sparta, who i 
were first created by Lycurgus; or, according to - 
some, by Theopompu-S B. C. 760 They were - 
five in number. Like censors in the state, they ^ 
could check and restrain the authority of the j 
kings, and even imprison them, if guilty of irre- " 
gularities. They fined Archidamus for marry- 
ing a wife of small stature, and imprisoned Agia • 
for his unconstitutional behaviour. They were < 
much the same as the tribunes of the people at 
Rome, created to watch with a jealous eye over - 
the liberties and rights of the populace. They i 



EPH 



273 



EPI 



had the management of the public money and 
wore the arbiters of peace and war. Their office 
was annual, and they had the prlvilejce of con- 
vening, proroguing, and dissolving the greater 
and less assemblies of the people. The former 
was composed of 9000 Spartans, all inhabitants 
••f the city; tlie latter of 30,000 Lacedaemonians, 
iiihabitants of the inferior towns and villages. 
C. Xep. in Paus.S.—AristoL Pol. 2, 7. 

Ephorus, an orator and historian of Cum e 
in .i^tolia, about 352 years before Christ. He 
was a disciple of Isocrates, at whose instigation 
hf* wrote a history, which he commenced after i 
the fabulous periods with the return of the Hera- 
ciidiE into the Peloponnesus, and brought down 
to the 20th year of Philip of Macedon. His 
work, now lost, was divided into 30 books, and 
was held in considerable esteem among the an- 
cients, though some, especially Diodorus Siculus 
accuse him of inaccuracy and falsehood. He left 
a jion, called D 'mophilus, who is said to have 
finished the incomplete historv of his father. 
Qui7itiL 10, i.— Cic Oral. 2, 13 et 23. Br. jQ. 
Orat. 51, 57. 

Ephyra., the ancient name of Corinth, which 
it received from a nymph of the same r.anie, Hud 
tlience Ephyreus is applied to Uyrrachium, 
lounded by a Grecian coloni^ J'irg^. G, 2, 2ti4. 

— Otid Met. 2, 2?>:). — Luca7i. 6, 17 — Stat. Theb. 

4, 'y).—ltal. 14, 181 A town of Epirus, at the 

ht^ad of the bay i r harbour called Glykys Limen. 

A town of Elis, near the mouth of the river 

Selleis. One of Cyrene's attendants. Virg. 

U. 4, 34a 

Epicaste, a name of Jocasta, the mother and 
witf of CEdipus. Paus. 9, 5. 

EPICERIDES, a man of Cyrene, greatly es- 
teemed by the Athenians for his beneficence. 
Demost/i. 

Kr-ICHARIS, a woman accused of conspir- 
acy agaiuit Nero. She refused to confess the 
associates of her guilt, though exposed to the 
greatest torments, &c. Tacit. Ann. 15, 51 et 

Epicharmus, a native of the island of Cos, 
wh.) nourished in the 5th century, B.C. His fa- 
liief removed him at an early age to Megara, and 
afterwards to Syracuse, where he became a dis- 
ciple in the Pythagorean school. Being pre- 
vi-nied, by the tyranny of Hiero, from assuming 
tiie public profession of philosophy, he chiefly 
a;'plied himself to the study of dramatic poetry, 
ai>d offended the Pythagoreans, by introducing 
llse doctrines and precepts of Pythagoras upon 
the sta-re. His comedies were numerous, of 
wliich Suidas assigns to him fifty-two; but only a 
few fragments remain. He taught a school at 
Syracuse, and is said to have added the leters 
v,^, oi, to the Greek alphabet. He also wrote 
commentaries upon medical and philosophical 
.'•ubjects. According to Lucian, he reached the 
f.'ri-at age of ninety- seven. Uorat. 2, ep. 1, 58.— 
Ding. 3 et 8.- Cic. ad Attic. 1, ep. 19. Tusc 1, 8. 

— Theoa: ep. 17. 

Epicles, a Trojan prince, killed by Ajax. 
Uon.er. II 12, 37S. 

EficLlDES, a Lacediemonian of the family of 
tne ICurysthenidre. He was raised to the throne 
by his brother Cleomenes III. in the place of 
Auis, asrainst the laws and constitution of Sparta. 
I'ans. 2, 9. 

El'?c KATES, a Mile>ian, servant to J. Cajsar. 

A mail of some eminence at Athens. Cic. 

Fain. J(j, ep. 21. The name is applied to Pom- 



pey, as expressive of supreme authority. Cic. 
ad Attic. 3, ep. 3. 

EPlCTtTUS, an eminent Stoic philosoplier, 
bom in a servile condition at Hicrapolis in 
Phr^ gia, who flourished in the fir.st century of the 
Christian era. At an early age he was sold as a 
slave to Epaphroditus, a freedman of Nero He 
obtained his freedom by some means which are 
not related, and retired to a small hut within the 
ci'v ol Rome, where he devoted himself to study. 
Notwithstanding his poverty, he soon became a 
popular preceptor of morals. He was banished 
by Domiiian with the other philosophers, and 
fixed his residence at Nicopolis in Phrygia. Ht 
returned to Rome after the death of the tyrant 
and was greatly esteemed by Adrian. He diec 
about the close of the reign of Adrian. His me 
mory w as so highly respected, that the few uten 
sils which he possessed were purchased with avi 
dity, and the earthen lamp by which he studiea 
sold for 3000 drachmas, about 90/. sterling. 
Epictetus himself wrote nothing. His beauti- 
ful moral manual, or Enchiridion, and his " Dis- 
sertations," collected by Arrian, were drawn up 
from notes which his disciples took from his lips. 
Smiplicius has left a commentarj' upon his doc- 
trine, in the Eclectic manner. There are also 
various fragments of his w isdom preserved by 
Antoninus, Gellius, Stobaeus, and others. Al- 
though the doctrine of Epictetus is less extrava- 
gant than that of any other Stoic, his writings 
every where breathe the true spirit of Stoicism. 
The sum of his moral precepts is LvLxov Kui 
a7re;to»'i '* Endure and abstain." He inculcates 
contentment upon the principle, that all things 
happen according to the appointment of Provi- 
dence, that is, as the Stoics understood the term, 
according to the inevitable order of fate. The 
best edition of the Enchiridion is, that of 
Schweigha;user, Lips, 1798, 8vo. The ablest 
English version is that of Mrs Cart -r, published 
iu]75S, with notes. A. Gell. - Airim, 

EPICURIUS, a surname of Apollo, which he 
received from the assistance he gave to the peo- 
ple of Phigalia in Arcadia, when they were vi- 
sited by a pestilence. Pans. 8, 42. 

Epicurus, a celebrated philosopher, son of 
Neocles and Ciierestrata, born at Gargettiis in 
Attica, Though his parents were poor and of an 
obscure origin, yet he was early sent to school, 
where he distinguished bimself by the brilliancy 
of his genius, and at the age of twelve, when his 
preceptor repeated to him this verse from Hesiod, 

"Hrot litv Trp'l'Tca-ra ^doj ytVsr', &C. 

In the beginning of things tlie Chans ivas 
created, 

Epicurus earnestly asked him who created it? 
To this the teacher answered that he knew not, 
but only philosophers. " Then," says the youth, 
" philosophers henceforth shall instruct me." 
After having improved himself, and enriched his 
mind by travelling, he visited Athens, which was 
then crowded by the followers of Plato, the Cv- 
nics, the Peripatetics, and the Stoics. Here he 
established himself, and soon attracted a number 
of followers by the sweetness and gravity of his 
manners, and by his social virtues. He taught 
them that the happiness of mankind consisted in 
pleasure, not such as arises from sensual gratifi- 
cation, or from vice, but from the enjoyments ol 
I the mind, from sobriety, from temperaaee, an() 
a due restraint of the tumultuous and d. orderly 
passions, and from the sweets of virtue. Tliis 
doctrine was waindy attiivke>l b> il.c j.hiK-so- 



EPI 



274 



EPI 



p'lprs of the different sects, and particularly by 
t!ie Stoics. They observed that he disgraced the 
jiods by representing them as inactive, given up 
to pU-asure, and unconcerned with the affairs of 
mankind. He refuted all the accusations of his 
adversaries by the purity of his morals, and by 
his frequent attendance on places of public wor- 
ship. When Leontium, one of his female pupils, 
was accused of prostituting herself to her master 
and to all his disciples, the philosopher proved 
the falsity of the accusation by silence and an 
exemplary life. His health was at last impaired 
by continual labour, and he died of a retention 
of urine, which long subjected him to the most 
excruciating torments, and which he bore with 
unparalleled fortitude. His death happened 270 
years before Christ, in the seventy-second year 
of his age. His disciples showed their respect 
for the memory of their learned preceptor, by the 
unanimity which prevailed among them. While 
philosophers in every sect were at war with man- 
kind and among themselves, the followers of Epi- 
curus enjoyed perfect peace, and lived in the 
most solid friendship. The day of his birth was 
observed with universal festivity, and during a 
month all his admirers gave themselves up to 
mirth and innocent amusement. Of all the phi- 
losophers of antiquity, Epicurus is the only one 
whose writings deserve attention for their num- 
ber. He wrote no less than 300 volumes, accord- 
ing to Diogenes Laertius; and Chrysippus was so 
jealous of the fecundity of his genius, that no 
sooner had Epicurus published one of his vo- 
lumes, than he immediately composed one that 
he might not be overcome in the number of his 
productions. Epicurus, however, advanced 
truths and arguments unknown before; but Chry- 
sippus said, what others long ago had said, with- 
out showing any thing which might be called ori- 
ginal. The followers of Epicurus were numer- 
ous in every age and country, his doctrines were 
rapidly disseminated over the world, and when 
the gratification of the sense was substituted for 
the practice of virtue, the morals of mankind 
were undermined and destroyed. Even Rome, 
whose austere simplicity, had happily nurtured 
virtue, fell the attack, and was corrupted. When 
Cineas sp.ike of the tenets of the Epicureans in 
the Roman senate, Fabricius indeed intreated the 
gods that all the enemies of the republic might 
become his followers. But those were the feeble 
efforts of expiring virtue; and when Lucretius 
introduced the popular doctrine in his poetical 
composition, the smoothness and beauty of the 
numbers contributed, with the effeminacy of the 
Epicureans, to enervate the conquerors of the 
world. Dio^. in vitS.—JElian. V. H. 4, 13.— 
Cic. de Nat. D. 1, 24 et 25.— Tusc 3, 49.— Finib. 
2, £2. 

Epicydes, a tyrant of Syracuse, B. C. 213. 

Epid.\MN(JS, a town of Macedonia on the 
Adriatic, nearly opposite Rrundusium. The Ro- 
mans planted there a colony which they called 
Dijrraddum, considering the ancient name {ad 
damnum) ominous. Paus. 6, 10.— P/m. 3, 23. — 
Pl iutus, Men. 2, act. 1, 42. 

Epidaphnr, a town of Syria, called also An- 
ti"ch. Germanicus, son of Drusus, died there. 
Tarit. Ann. 2, S3. 

EPIDAURIA, a festival at Athens in honour of 
iEsculapius A country of Peloponnesus. 

Epidaurus, formerly called Epicaru-;, a city 
of Ar^olis, on the shores of the Sinus Saroni^us, 
opposite the island of JE'^ina. It derived its 



principal celebrity from the neighbouring temple 
of .^sculapius, the resort of kU who needed the 
assistance of the god, and built where lie himself 
was reputed to have been born and educated; it 
was richly decorated with offerings, and stood 
within a grove surrounded by mountains. It 
contained also a famous statue of .<5Esculapius, 
which the Romans during a pestilence were ad- 
vised to convey to their city; but, whilst the in- 
habitants delayed parting with the efRyy, a huge 
serpent coiled itself in the stern of the ship sent 
on this solemn embassy, and being taken for the 
god, was carried with great pomp to the banks of 
the Tiber. Epidaurus was famed for its vines 
and for its breed of fine horses. Its site is now 
known by the name of EpWiauro. Strab. 8. — 
Paus. 3. '23.— Mela, 2, 3.- Homer. II. 2, 561.— 

Virg. G. 3, 44. A town of Laconia, sumamed 

Limera, on the eastern coast, about 200 stadia 
from Epidelium. It is now called Palceo Emva- 
sia. Strab. 8.~-Thuajd. 4, 56. 6. 105. A mari- 
time town of Illyria, south of the river Naro. It 
is now Ragusa Vecchia. Cces. B. Alex. 44. 

Epidium, one of the Ebudae Insulaj, now Is- 

lay. A promontory of Caledonia, now the Mull 

of Canty re. 

EPlDlus,a man who wrote concerning unusual 
prodigies. Plin. 16, 25. 

EpidOt^, certain deities who presided over 
the birth and growth of children, and were known 
among the Romans by the name of Dii Averrunci. 
They were worshipped by the Lacedagmonians, 
and chiefly invoked by those who were perse- 
cuted by the ghosts of the dead, &c. Paus. 3, 
17, &c. 

Epigenes, a Babylonian astrologer and his- 
torian. Plin. 7, 56. ' 

Epigeus, a Grecian prince, who left his na- 
tive country after the murder of a relation, and 
fled to Peleus, who eng.aged him to accompany 
his son Achilles to the Trojan war. He was, 
after many deeds of braverv, killed by Hector. 
Homer. II. 16, 570. 

Epigoni, the sons and descendant's of the Gre- 
cian heroes who were killed in the first Thebani 
war. The war of the Epigoni is famous in an- 
cient history. It was undertaken ten years after 
the first. The sons of those who had perished in 
the first war, resolved to avenge the death of their 
fathers, and marched against Thebes, under the 
command of Thersander; or, according to others, 
of Alcmaeon the son of Amphiar.ms. The Ar- 
gives were assisted by the Corinthians, the peo- 
ple of Messenia, Arcadia, r.nd Megara. The 
Thebans had engaged all their neighbours in 
their quarrel, as in one common can.sie, and the 
two hostile armies met and enfrflgeii on ih- banks 
of the Glissas. The fight was otistinate and 
bloody, but victory declared for the Epigoni, and 
some of the Thebans fled to Illyricum w ith Leo- i, 
damas their general, while others retired into | 
Thebes, where they were soon besieged, and , 
forced to surrender. In this w ar iEgialeus alone 
was killed, and his father Adrastus was the only , 
person who escaped alive in the first war. This 
whole war, as Pausanias observes, was written | 
in verse; and Callinus, who quotes some of the | 
verses, ascribes them to Homer, which opinion 
has been adopted by many writers. For my part, ' 
continues the geographer, I own that next to the 
Iliad and Odyssey of Homer, I have never seett \ 
a finer poem. Paus. 9, 9 el 25. — Apollod. 1 et 3. I 

— Died. 4. This name has been applied to the \i 

sons of those Macedonian veterans, who in the |i 



EPI 



5 



EPI 



ag*^ of Alexander formed connexions with the 
'a omen of Asia. Jw^/m. 12, 4. 

Kpimenes, a mail who conspired against 
Alexander's life. Curt. 8, 6. 

Epimenides, a Cretan philosopher and poet, 
contemporary with Solon. Many wonderful tales 
are related concerning him. Among others it is 
said, that, being sent by his father in search of a 
strayed sheep, the heat of the day made him to 
withdraw to a cave, where he fell asleep, and re- 
mained without awakening for fifty years. It is 
also recorded of him, that he was favoured by pe- 
culiar communications from heaven, and enjoyed 
the gift of prophecy, and that he possessed the 
secret of sending his soul out of his body, and re- 
calling it at pleasure. During a plague in Atti- 
ca, the Athenians sent for him to perform a so- 
lemn lustration, in consequence of which, it is 
said, the gods were appeased and the plague 
ceased. He is reported to have lived, after his 
return to Crete, to the age of 157 years. Most of 
these fictions may probably have originated with 
the Cretans, who were, to a proverb, famous for 
their powers of invention. The most probable 
account of Epimenides is, that he was a man of 
superior talents, who pretended to hold inter- 
course with the gods, and in order to justify his 
pretensions, lived in retirement upon the spon- 
taneous productions of the earth, and practised 
various arts of imposture. At the time of his 
pretended inspiration, he might, possibly, have 
the art of appearing totally insensible and en- 
tranced, which would be considered by ignorant 
and deluded spectators as a power of dismissing 
and recalling his spirit. Solon seems to have been 
no stranger to the true character of Epimenides, 
for we find that he greatly disapproved of the con- 
duct of the Athenians in employing him to perform 
the above mentioned ceremony. Divine honours 
were paid him after his death by the supersti- 
tious Cretans. He wrote various pieces, none of 
which remain. His treatise on oracles and re- 
sponses, mentioned by St Jerome, is said to have 
been the work from which St Paul quotes in the 
epistle of Titus, 1, 12. Cic. de Div. 1, Z\.—Diog. 
in vita. — Paws. 1, \\.—Plut. in Solon. — Val. Max. 
8, iZ.~Strab. 10. - Plin. 7. 12. 

Epimetheus, a son of Japetus and Clymene, 
one of the Oceanides, who inconsiderately mar- 
ried Pandora, by whom he had Pyrrha the wife 
of Deucalion. He had the curiosity to open the 
box which Pandora had brought with her {Vid. 
Pandora), and from thence issued a train of 
evils, which from that moment have never ceased 
to afflict the human race. Hope was the only 
one which remained at the bottom of the box, 
not having sufficient lime to escape, and it is she 
alone which comforts men under misfortunes. 
Epimetheus was changed into a monkey by the 
gods, and sent into the island of Pithecusa. 
ApoUod. 1, 2 et T.—Hygin fab. \^2.—Hesiod. 
Theog. 512. Vid. Prometheus. 

EpimethiS, a patronymic of Pyrrha, the 
daughter of Epimetheus. Ovid. Met. 1, 3!J0. 

EfiOchus, a son of Lycurgus, who received 
divine honours in Arcadia. 

Epione, the wife of ^sculapius. Pans. 2, 
29. 

EPIPHANfiA, a town of Cilicia Campestris, on 
the small river Carsus, near the range of mount 
Amanus. It was first called CTlniandus. Flin, 

6, 27. — Cic. Fam. Ep. 15, 4. A city of Syria, 

on Uie Orontes, south of Apamia. Its oriental 
and true name was Hamath, and it was reck- 



oned by the people of the East one of the most 
magnificent cities in the world, havinjj been 
founded, as they imagined, by Hamath, one of 
the sons of Canaan. Its name was changed by 
the Macedonians in honour of Antiochus Epi- 
phanes. It is now called Hamah. 

Epiphanes, (illustrious), a surname given to 
the Antiochi, kings of Syria. Tacit. Hist 2, 25. 

A surname of one of the Ptolemies, the fifih 

of the house of the Lagidae. Strab. 17. The 

surname of Epiphanes is also applied to Jupiter, 
because he appeared to mankind. Cic. de Nut. 
D. 2. 

EpiphanIus, a christian viriter. was born 
about A. D. 3iO, at Besanduce, in Palestine. He 
studied in Egypt, and, on his return into Syria, 
founded a monastery at his native village. In 
367, he was chosen bishop of Salamis, the metro- 
polis of Cyprus, where he condemned the writ- 
ings of Origen, and held a contest with John bi- 
shop of Jerusalem. He died in 403. His woiks 
in Greek were printed at Basil, in folio, 1544; 
again, with a Latin translation, at Paris, in 162^;; 
and at Cologne, in 2 vols, fol., 1682. A scho- 
liast of the sixth century, the friend of Cassiodo- 
rus. He translated the Greek histories of So- 
crates. Sozomen, and Theodoret, into Latin. 

EPlPOLiE, a piece of high ground without the 
city of Syracuse, on the north side, surrounded 
by a wall, by Dionysius, who, to complete the 
work expeditiously, employed 60,000 men upon 
it, so that in thirty days he finished a wall 4| 
miles long, and of great height and thickness. It 
received its name from being so elevated above 
Syracuse, the whole of which could be seen from 
it. 

Epirus. a country of Greece, bounded on the 
north by Macedonia, on the east by Thessaly, on 
the south by ^^itolia and Acamania, and on the 
west by the Ionian sea. It appears to have received 
its name from the Greek term rjtreipoi continens, 
which was probably applied to it at an early pe- 
riod, in contradistinction to the numerous is- 
lands scattered along the coast. It was divided 
into the districts Chaonia, Thesprotia, Molossia, 
Athamania, and Aperantia. According to tradi- 
tion, Neoptolemus, or Pyrrhus, the son of Achil- 
les, went over to Epirus after the siege of Tioy, 
and having subjugated a considerable extent of 
territory, founded a kingdom, which he transmit- 
ted to his son Molossus. From him the sceptre 
passed into various hands, till it reached those of 
the ambitious Alexander; when the dynasty of the 
.^acidae succeeded to the throne. On the extinc- 
tion of this family, the government assumed a 
republican form, until its total subversion by the 
Romans, who, hiding their jealousy of the Epi- 
rots in an accusation of their favouring Perseus 
during the last Macedonian war, treated them 
with unexampled and detestable severity, redu- 
cing them to slavery, and their territory to a wil- 
derness. Though Epirus was in many parts a 
mountainous country, it was very fertile, and 
produced excellent cattle, as well as large dogs 
and fleet horses. The people are said to liave 
spoken the same language, and to have worn the 
same dress, as the Macedonians, so that the two 
nations were probably descended from a common 
stock. The country of Epirus ansxvers to the 
Lower Albania of the present diiv. Dind. Sic. 17 
et 19.--S/m6. 7.-Liv. 45, 3i.—Find. Nem. 4, 81. 
7, b^. — Virg. G. 1, 57. 3, 405. 

EpiSTROPHIIS. a son of Iphitus king of Pho- 
ois, who went to the Trojan war at the head ot tlic 



EPI 



276- 



SKA 



Phoc.an nation. Homer. II. 2, 24. A prince 

viiu assisted liie Trojans agaiiist the Grt-eks 
Homer. It. a. o63. 

Epitades. a man who first violated a law of 
Lycurgas, which ibrbade laws to be made. Flut. 
171 Agid. 

EriTRAGlA, a surname given by Theseus to 
Venu5, because she changed the sex of the goats 
which he offered to her divinity before he set sail 
for Crete. There was a remarkable statue of 
this goddess in Elis, said to be the work of Sco- 
pas. Pint, ill Tlies. 

Epitcs. I'id. Epytus. 

Epopeus, a son of Neptune and Canace, who 
came from Thessaly to Sic> on, and cariieda«ay '\ 
Antiope, daughter of N;cteu5 king of Thebes". 
This rape was followed by a war, in which Nic- 
teus and Epopeus w ere both killed. Pans 2, 6. 

—Apollod. 1, 7. Sec. A son of Aloeus, grandson 

to Phoebus. He reigned at Corinth. Pans. 2, 1 
et 3 One of the Tyrrhene sailors, who at- 
tempted to abuse Bacchus. Ovid. Met. 3, 619. 

EporeD'JRIX. a powerful person among the 
.t^ldui, w ho commanded his countrymen in their 
■war agai^^t the Sequani. Ccrs. Bell. G. 7, 67. 

EpClo, a Rutulian killed by Achates, f'irg. 
jEn. 12, 459. 

EpytTdes, a patronymic given to Periphas the 
son of Epvtus, and the companicin of Ascanius. 
Virg. .i'/i. J, 547. 

Epytus. a king of Alba. Ovid. Fast. 4, 14. 

A king of Messenia, of the family of the IIi-K-i- 
clidas. He was son of Cresphontes. and his ' 
reign was so mild and equitable that his descen- 
dants exchanged the honourable name of Hera- 
clidae for that of Epytides. He was succeeded by 
Glaucus, equally illustrious wi»ii his father. 

Pans. 4, 3. The father of Periphas, a herald 

in the Trojan war. Homer. II. 17, S'.y-. 

EquIcolus, a Rutulian, engaged in the wars 
of iEneas. Virg. .Fn. 9, 6S4. 

Equiria, festivals established at Rome by 
Romulus, in honour of Mars, when horse races 
and games were exhibited in the Campus Mar- 
tius, on the 27th of Februarv and the 14th of 
March. Varro de L. L. 5, 3.—' Or/rf Fast. 2, S59. 

Eqcites, the second order in the Roman state, 
forming an intermediate bond betw een the patri- 
cians and the plebeians. At first they were merely 
a body of 300 young men, chosen by Romulus, 
100 froiTi each tribe. They were the most distin- 
guished for rank, wealth, and other accomplish- 
ments, and their duty was to serve on horseback, 
and attend the king as a body guard. Their ori- 
ginal name was Celeres. Their number was aug- 
mented by Tullus Hos'ilius, w ho chose 300 more 
from the Albans. They tvere afterwards increased 
to 1200 by Tarquinius Priscus, or perhaps to ISCO. 
Servius TuUius made eighteen centuries of 
Equites, choosing twelve new ones, and making 
six others out of the original three. 10,000 pounds 
of brass were given to each of them to purchase 
horses, and a tax was "aid on widows, who were 
exempt from other contributions, for maintaining 
their horses. They were required to possess a 
fortune of 400 sestertia (3,229Z. sterling), at least 
towards the end of the republic and under the 
emperorr. Their principal occupation was at 
first to serve in the army, bat afterwards to act 
as judges or jurymen, and to farm the public re- 
venues. Thpy were reviewed every fifth year, 
and if an Eques had been corrupt in his morals, 
or had diminished his fortune, or even had not 
taken proper care of his horse, he was ordered by 



the censor to sell his horse, which w as t.infamount 
to degradation. In cases less liagraiu- toe rr.r> >' 
of the offender «as n.erely left out of the list c.f 
Equites. 

Equcs TUTlcrs. now Castel Franco, a town 
of Samnium, on the Aupian Way, to which, as 
some suppose, Hoiace alludes in this verse. 
Sat. l,b, t7. 
Mansuri oppidulo. quod versu di cere nan est." 
Eracon, an officer uf Alexander, impiisi^ned 
for his cruelty. Curt. 10. 

Erana, a small village of Cilicia on mount 
Am an us. Cic. Fam. 15. ep. 4. 

ErasSnus, a river of Peloponnesus, flowing J 
: for a little space under the ground in Argolis. 
Ovid. .Mel. Vo. ■y.:^. — Plin. 2, 13. ' 

ErasistrAtus, a celebrated physician, was j 
born in the island of Ceos, and was the disciple ol I 
Chrysippus, in the fourth cenlury before the .j 
Christian era. He lived in the court of Seleucu.; 
Nicator, king of S\ ria, and was the father of ana 
tomical science; to improve himself in which, he 
dissected human bodies, and thereby made many 
discoveries, particularly in regard to the brain. 
His practice was very simple, but none of his 
works are extant. Plin. 25, 15- — A. Gellius, Ki, 
3.— FaZ. Ma.x 5. 7. 

Erato, one of the Muse.=, who presided over \ 
lyric, tender, and amorous poetry. She is repre- r 
sented as crowned w ith roses and myrtle, holding ' 
in her ri^ht hand a lyre, and a lute in her leit, 
musical instruments, of which she is considered i 
by some as the inventress. Love is sometimes 
placed by her side holding a lighted flambeau, ■ 
while she herself appears with a thoughtful, but I 
oftener with a gay and animated look. She was , 
invoked by lovers, especially in the month (if I 
April, which, among the Romans, w as more par- 
ticularly devoted to love. Apoliod. 10. — J'irg. 

^n. 7, '^7. — Ovid, de Art. Am, 2, 425 One of 

the Nereides. Apoliod. 1, 2. One of the Dry- , 

ades, wite of Areas, king of Arcadia. Paus. 8, 4. . 

One of the Danaides, w ho married Bromius. I 

A queen of the Armenians, after the death of ) 

Ariobarzanes, Sec. Tacit. Ann. 2, 4. ; 

Eratosthenes, a native of Cyrene, who was 
the second intrusted w ith the care of the Alexan- ' 
drian library. He dedicated his time to gram- , 
matical criticism and philosophy, but more par- i 
ticularly to poetry and mathematics. He has ' 
been called a second Plato, the cosmographer, j 
and the geometer of the world. He is supposed 
to be the inventor of the armillary sphere. With 
the instruments with which the munificence of | 
the Ptolemies supplied the library of Alexandria, i 
he was enabled to measure the obliquity of the ^ 
ecliptic, which, in the year 230 B. C, he makes i 
23° jl' 20". He .-^iso measured a degree of the j ' 
meridian, and determined the extent and circum- j ' 
ference of the earth « i th great exactness. by means ' 
adopted by the modems. He starved himself af- ' 
ter he had lived to his eighty-second ye?.r, B. C. ^ 
194. not being able to bear up under the depres- 
sionofspirits occasioned by the decay of his sight. * 
Some few fragments remain of his compositions. * 
He collected the annals of the Egyptian kings by ; ^ 
order of one of the Ptolemies. Cic. ad Attic 2, ; ^ 
ep. 6. — rarro de R. R. 1, 2. 

EratostrAtus, an Ephesian w ho burned the - 
famous temple of Diana, the same night that 
Alexander the Great was born. This burning, 
as some writers have observed, was not prevented 
or seen by thj? goddess of the place, who was then 
present at the labours of Olymnias, and the birth 



ERA. 



of the conqueror of Persia. Eratostratus did this 
villany merely to eternize his name by so uncom- 
mon an action. Plut. in Alex.— Val. Mai. 8, 14. 
Eratus, a son of Hercules and Dynaste. 

ApoUod A king of Sicyon, who died B. C. 

1671. 

Erbessus, a strongly fortified town of Sicily, 
north east of Agrigentum, Folyb, I, 18. — Diod. 
Sic. 23, 9. 

Erchia, a small village of Attica, the birth 
place of Xenophon. Laert. 2, 48. 

Erebus, a deity of hell, son of Chaos and 
Darkness. He married Night, by whom he had 
the lijrht and the day. The poets oiten use the 
word Erebus for the gloomy region in the shades, 
distinguished both from Tartarus the place of 
torment, and from Elysium the region of bliss. 

Cic. de Nat. D. 3, 17 Virg. j^n. 4, '^6. 

. Erechtheos, son of Pandion I., was the 
sixth king of Athens. He was father of Cecrops 
II., Metion, Pandorus, and of four daughters, 
Creusa, Orithya, Procris, and Othonia, by Prax- 
ith'?a. Some have referred to this reign the ar- 
rival of Ceres in Attica after the rape of her 
daughter Proserpine, who taught the cultivation 
of corn, and the institution by her of the Eleusi- 
nian mysteries. After death he received divine 
honours. He reigned 50 years, and died B.C. 
1347. Ovid. Met. 6, 877 — Paus. 2, 25.— ApoUod. 
3, Vo. — Cic.pro Sext. 21. Tusc. 1, 48. Nat. D. 
3, 15. 

Erechthides, a name given to the Athe- 
nians, from their king Erechtheus. Ovid. Met. 
7, 430. 

Eressus, a town of /Eolia, twenty-eight sta- 
dia from the Promontorium Sigrium. It was the 
birth-place of Theophrastus. Its site still re- 
tains the name of Eresso. Plin. 5, 39. — P. Mela, 
1, 18. 

Eretria, a town of the island of Euboea, si- 
tuate on the coast of the Euripus, south-east of 
Chalcis. It w as founded by some Athenians be- 
longing to the demus Eretria, and attained to 
c ui^icierable opulence and power before its de- 
struction by Darius. It was rebuilt shortly after, 
but never regained its former importance. Its 
modern name is Gravilinais. Paus. 7, 8, &c. — 
Mela, 2, 7 C. Nep. in Milt. 4. 

Eretum, a town of the Sabines, north of No- 
mentum and north-east of Fidenie. and near the 
Tiber. Virg. Mn. 7, 111.— Tibull. 4. 8, 4. 

Ereuthalion, a man killed by Nestor in a war 
between the Pylians and Arcadians. Horn. II. 7. 

Ergenna, a celebrated soothsayer of Etruria. 
Pers. 2, 26. 

Erginus, a king of Orchomenos, son of Cly- 
menus. He obliged the Thebans to pay him a 
yearly tribute of 100 oxen, because his father had 
been killed by a Theban. Hercules attacked his 
servants, who came to raise the tribute, and mu- 
tilated them, and he afterwards killed Erginus, 
who attempted to avenge their death by invading 
Boeotia with an army. ApoUod. 2. — Pindar. 

I Olymp. 4.— Paus. 9, 17. One of the four bro^ 

thers who kept the Acrocorinth, by order of An- 
tigonus. Polycen. 6. 

Erginnus, a man made master of the ship 
Argo by the Argonauts, after the death of Ty- 
phis. 

EPlBCEA, a surname of Juno. Homer. II. 5. 

The mother of Ajax Telamon. Sophocl. in 

Ajax. 

ERICETES, a man of L) caonia, killed by Mes- 
sA»)us in Italy^ Firg. ^n. 10, 749. 



Erichtho, a Thessaiiaa woman, famous for 
her knowledge of poisonous herbs and medicine. 

Lucan. 6 607. One of the Furies. Ovid.— 

Hesiod. 2, 151. 

Ekichthonius, the fourfh king of Athens, 
sprung from the seed of Vulcan which fell upon 
the ground when that god attempted to offer vio- 
lence to Minerva. He was very deformed, and 
had the tails of serpents instead of legs. Minerva 
placed him in a basket, which she gave to the 
daughters of Cecrops, with strict injunctions not 
to examine its contents. Aglauros, one of the 
sisters, had the curiosity to open the basket, for 
which the goddess punished her indiscretion by 
making her jealous of her sister Herse. {Fid. 
Herse.) Erichthonius was young when he as- 
cended the throne of Athens. He reigned fifty 
years, and died B.C. 1437. The invention of 
chariots is attributed to him, and the manner of 
harnessing horses to draw them. He was made 
a constellation after death, under the name of 
Bootes. Ovid. Met. 2,517. Hygin. fab. 166 — 

ApoUod. 3, U.— Paus. 2. IS Virg. G. 3, 113. 

A son of Dardanus, who reigned in Troy, ancl 
died 1374 B.C., after a long reign of about 75 
years. He married astyoche daughter of the 
Simois, by whom he had Tros. Horn. II. 20, 219. 
—ApoUod. 3, 10. 

Ericusa, one of the Lipari isles, now Far- 
cusa. 

EridAnus, a river of Italy, in Cisalpine Gaul, 
called also Padus, now the Po. It rises in Mt)ns 
Vesulus, now Monte Viso, runs first south, and 
then east, and after a course of 370 miles, empties 
itself into the Adriatic by seven mouths. It re- 
ceives, in its progress, the waters of more th-in 
thirty rivers from the Alps and Apennines. It 
is famous for the death of Phaeton, and the meta- 
morphosis of his si>ters into poplars. Virgil 
calls it the king of rivers, and Lucan compares 
it to the Rhine and Danube. ApolL Rhod. Argon. 
4, Q\Q.—Polyb. 2, ^6. -Plin. 2, m.— Virg. G. 1, 
4S2. Mn 6, 659. — Lwcan. 2,409. 

Erigone, a daughter of Icarius, who hung 
herself when she heard that her father had been 
killed by some shepherds whom he had intoxi- 
cated. She was made a constellation, known 
under the name of Virgo ; and her dog, called 
Maera {Erigoneius canis), became also a constel- 
lation called Canicula. Bacchus deceived her by 
changing himself into a beautiful grape. Ovid. 
Met. 6, fab. 4.- Stat. Theb. \\, Virg. G 1, 

'dZ.— ApoUod. 3, U.— Hygin. fab. 1 et 24. A 

daughter of iEgisthus and Clytemnestra, who had 
by her brother Orestes, Penthilus, who shared 
the regal power with Timasenus, the legitimate 
son of Orestes and Hermione. Paus. 2, 18.— 
Paterc. 1, 1. 

Erigoneius, a name applied to the Dog-star, 
(^Vid. Erigone.) Ovid. Fast. 5, 723. 

Erig jnus, a river of Thrace. A painter. 

Plin. 35, 11. 

ERiGiUS, a Mitylenean, one of Alexander s 
officers. Curt. 6, 4. 

Erillus, a philosopher oi Carthage, contem- 
porary with Zeno. Diog. 

Erindes, a river of Asia, near Parthia. Ta- 
cit. Ann. 11, 16. 

ERINNA, a poetess of Greece, who is supposed 
to have been contemporary with Sappho, about 
600 B.C. She was celebrated for her poetical 
talents, and several ep. grams were written upon 
her, one of which speaks of her as inferior to 
Sappho in lyrics, and superior in hexam* ters. 
2 A 



ERY 



Some fragments are extant in her namp, which 
p.re inserted in the Carmina novein Poetarum 
Foeminarum, Antv. 1568, and in the Edinburgh 
edition of Anacreon, 1754. 

Erinnys, the Greek name of the Eumenides. 
The word signifies the fury of the mmd. Ipif voZ. 
(Fid. Eumenides.) Fi'rg. /En. 2, 337 A sur- 
name of Ceres, on account of her amour with 
Neptune under the form of a horse. The name 
is meant to express the anger of the gotidess to- 
wards Neptune. Pans. 8. 25 et 42. 

Eriopis, a daugihter of Medea. Pans. 2, 3. 

Eriphanis, a Greek woman, famous for her 
poetical compositions. She was extremely fond 
of thf hunter Melampus, and to enjoy his com- 
pany she accusto.ned herself to live inthewoods. 
4then. 14. 

Eriphidas, a Lacedaemonian, who being .sent 
io suppress a sedition at Heraclea, assembled the 
people and beheaded 5G0 of the ringleaders. 
Diod. 14. 

EriphiLE, a sister of Adrastus. king of Ar- 
gos, who married Amphiaraus. She was daugh- 
ter of Talaus and Lysimache. "When her hus- 
band concealed birasrlf, thai he might not accom- 
pany the Argives in their expedition against 
Thebes, where he knew he was to perish, Eri- 
phyle suffered herself to be bribed by Polynices 
with a golden necklace, which had been former- 
ly given to Hermione by the goddess Venus, and 
she diseowred where Amphiaraus was. This 
treachery of Eripbyle compelled him to lothe 
war; but before he departed, he charged his son 
Alcmaeon to murder his mother a< soon as he 
was informed of his death. Amphiaraus perish- 
ed in the expedition, and his death wa.s no sooner 
known than his la.st injunctions were obeved, 
and Eriphyle was murdered bv rhe hands of her 
son. Tirg. jEn. 6, i^h. — Homer. Odyss. II.— C/c. 
in Verr. 4. IS.- .^,}ollod. 1,9. 3, 6 et 7. - Hyoin. 
fab n.—Pau^ 5, 17. 

Eris, the feoddess of discord among the Gieek."!. 
She is the same as the Discordia of the Latins. 
Vid. Discordia. 

Erisichthon, a Thessalian. son of Triops, 
who derided Ceres, and cut down her groves. 
This impiety irritated the goddess, who afflicted 
him with continual hunger. He squandered all 
h's possessions to gratifv the cravings of his ap- 
petite, and at last he devoured his own limbs for 
want of food. His daughter Metra had thenower 
of transforming herself into whatever animal she 
pleased, and she made use of that artifice to 
maintain her father, who sold her, after which 
she assumed another shape, and became again 
his property. Ovid. Met. fab. 18. 

ERlTHtJS, a son of Actor, killed by Perseus. 
Ovid. Met. 5. 

Erixo, a Roman knight, condemned by the 
people for having whipped his son to death. Se- 
nse, de Clem. 1, 14. 

Erofus, or .^'ROPAS. a king of Macedonia, 
who when in the cradle succeeded his father 
Philip L B.C. 602. He made war .igain.n ilie 
Illyrians, whom he conquered. Justin. 7, 2. 

Eros, a servant, of wh'>m Antonv demanded 
a swonl to kill himself. Eros produced the in- 
strument, but instead of giving it to his master, 
he killed himself in his presence. Plut. in Un- 

tn^i. A eom?dian. Cic. pro Rose 2 A son 

of Chronos or Saturn, god of love. Fid. Cu- 
pid > 

ErostrATTts Vid. Eratostrafu<!. 

Erotia, a festival in honour of Eros, the god 



of love. It was celebrated by the Thespians 
every fifth year with sports and games, when 
musicians and others contended. If any quar- 
rels or seditions had arisen among the people, it 
was then usual to offer sacrifices and prayers to 
the god, that he would totally remove them. 

Erse, a daughter of Cecrops. Fid. Herse. 

Eryalus, a Trojan chief killed by Patroclus. 
Homer II. 16, 411. 

Erycina, a surname of Venus, from Mount [ 
Evyx, where she had a temple. She was also i 
worshipped at Rome under this appellation. 
Oi-id. Fast. 4, S74. - Horat. Gd. 1. 2, 33. 

Erymanthis, a surname of Callisto, as an 

inhabitant of Erymanthus. Arcadia is also 

known by that name, from its containing Mount , 
Erymanthus. | 

Er Y .M a N TH US, a mountain- chain in the north- i 
west angle of Arcadia, celebrated in fable as the 1 
haunt of the savage boar destroyed by Hercules, i 
It is no« called Olonos. Apollod. 2, 5, 3. — Paus. I 

8, 2^.- Home?: Odyis 6, 102. A river of Ar- ■ 

cadia, rising in the mountain of the same name, 
and, after receiving another small stream, called 
the Aroanius, joining the Alpheus on the bor- 
ders of El is. It is now the Dogana. Callim. 
Hymn- m Jov.— Ovid. Met. 4, 244. j 

"Erymas, a Trojan killed bv Turnus. Firg. I 
M?i y. 70-:i. ' I 

ErymnkU-S, a peripatetic philosopher, who {! 
flourishe;l B. C 126. 

Erythka, an island off the coast of Iberia, in ! 
the Atlantic. It lay in the Sinus Gaditanus. or j 
Bay o/ Cadiz, and was remarkable for its fertil- i 
ity. il was the dwelling-place of Geryon, whom 
Hercules robbed of his cattle. (Fid. Hercules | 

and Geryon.) Plin. 4, 22 — Mela, 3, 6. A j 

dautrhter of Geryon. Paus. 10, 37. I 

ErYTHRJE. one of the twelve cities of Ionia, i 
situate near the coast, opposite Chios. It is. said 
to have denved its name and origin from Eryth- i 
rus, son of Rhadamanthus, at the head of a Cre- ( 
tan and Lycian colony; but it was afterwards in- | 
creased by a body of lonians, led by Cnopus, son | 
of Codrus'. It was famous for a very ancient tern- ; 
pie of Hercules, and as the residence of the Sibyl | 
Herophile. Its site retains the name of Ritre. j 

Herod. J. ]42 Strab. 14.— /'a?/s 7,5. 10,12 i 

A citv of Bceotia. near Mount Cilh^rou. Strab. 

9. — Homer. II. 2, 499. 

EYTHR.i:tJM Mare, a name given by the 
Greeks to the whole ocean, extending from the 
coast oi Ethiopia to the island ofTaprobana, when 
their geographical knowledge of India was in its 
infancv. Afterwards, when they learned the ex- , 
istenceofan Indian ocean the term Ejyihraian I 
Sea was applied merely to the sea below Arabia, | 
and to the Arabian and Persian Gulfs. The j 
appellation was probably derived from Edom i 
( Esau), whose descendants were called Idumeans, | 
and inhabited the northern parts of Arabia. The 
Idumeans navigated upon the Red Sea and Per- 
sian Gulf, and also upon the Indian ocean, and 
the oriental name Idumaean signified red. 
Whence the sea of the Idumaeans was called the | 
Red Sea, and the Erythrfcean Sea, CEpfdoi 9a.- | 
Xaffcra"). (,Fid. Arabicus Sinus.) Paus 1, .■». 10, i 
12. Curt. 8, 9.— Plin 6, 26.— Herod. 1, 180 et I 
189. 3, 93. 4. 37.— 3/e/a 3, 8. 

Eryx, a son of Buies and Venus, who relying 
upon his strength, challenged all strangers to 
fight with him in the combat of the cestus. Her- 
cules accepted his challenge after many h;i l 
yielded to his superior dexterity, and Eryx was 



279 



EUB 



killed in the combat, and burifd on the moun- 
tain, where he had built a temple to Venus. 
Virg. Mn. 5, 402. An Indian killed by his sub- 
jects lor opposing Alexander, &.c. Curt. 6, 11. 

A mountain of Sicily, near Drepanum, which 

received its name from Eryx, who was buried 
there. It is now called Monte St Juliano, or, 

Monte di Trapani. Atownof Sicily, now Tra- 

pani del Monte, situated on the summit of Mount 
Eryx, difficult of access, and famous for a temple 
of Venus, called Krycina. It is said that this 
town was destroyed by Hamilcar, who, in the 
first Punic war removed its inhabitants to Dre- 
panum, w hich he had built not long before. Ovid. 
Fast. 4, 473.— Hj/gin.fub. 16 et 260.- Liv. 22, 9. 
- Aifela, 2, l.~Faus. 3, 16. 

Eryxo, the mother of Battus, who artfully 
killed the tvrant Learciius who courted her. 
Herod. 4, i6()'. 

ESERNUS, a famous gladiator. Cic. 

EsQUILIiE and ESQLILINUS MONS, the most 
extensive of the seven hills of Rome, added to 
the city by Servius Tullius. Varro mentions 
that the name of the Esquiline was derived from 
the Latin word excultus. it having been planted 
by Servius with several sacred groves. It was 
divided into two principal heights, Cispius and 
Oppius. Part only of this hill was included 
within the walls. In the early days of Rome, 
there was a plot of ground without the city called 
the Campus Esquilinus, which was used as a ce- 
metery for the lower orders, and in which there 
was a place allotted for execiUions, called Sester- 
tium. Varro L. L. 4, 8.- Horat. Sat. 1, 8, 10.— 
Epod. 5, 100.— Tucit. Ann. 2, 3i. 

ESSEDONES, a people of Asia, above the Palus 
Maeolis, who ate the flesh of their parents mixed 
with that of cattle. They gilded the head, and 
kept it as a sacred relic. Mela, 2, 1. — Hin. 4, 12. 

EsTi^OTls, that portion of Thessaly which 
lies near Pindus, and between that mountain and 
Upper Macedonia. Strah. 9. 

ESTIAIA, solemn sacrifices to Vesta, of which 
it was unlawful to carry away any thing or com- 
riiunicate it to any body. 

EsuLA, a town of Italv near Tibur, Hot at. Od. 
3, 29, 6. 

Etearchus, a king of Oaxus in Crete. After 
the death of his wife, he married a woman who 
made herself od.v us for her tyranny over her 
step-daughter Plaonima. Etearchus gave ear to 
all the accusations which were brought against 
his daughter, and ordered her to be thrown into 
the sea. She had a son called Battus, who led a 
colony to Cyrene. Herod. 4, 164. 

Eteocles, a son of QCdipus and Jocasta. Af- 
ter his father's death, it was agreed between him 
and his brother Polynices, that they should both 
share the royalty, and reign alternately each a 
5 ear, Et«'Ocles by right of seniority first as- 
cended the throne, but after the first year of his 
reign was expired, he refused to give up the 
crown to his brother according to their mutual 
agreement. Polynices, resolving to punish such 
an open violation of a solenm engagement, went 
to implore the assistance of Adrastus, king of 
Argos. He received that king's daughter in mar- 
riage, and was soon after assisted with a strong 
army, headed by seven famous generals. These 
hostile preparations were watched by Eteocles, 
who on his part did not remain in;sctive. He 
chose seven brave chiefs to oppose the seven lead- 
ers of the- Argives, and stationed them at the 
jcven gates of thecity. lie placed hmiself against 



his brother Polynices, and he opposed MenaKp- 
pus to Tydeus, Polyphontes to Capaneus, Me- 
gareus to Eteoclus, Hyperbius to Parthenopajus, 
and Lasthenes to Amphiaraus. Much blood was 
shed in light and unavailing skirmishes, and it 
was at last agreed between the two brothers that 
the war should be decided by single combat. 
They both fell in an engagement conducted with 
the most inveterate fury on either side, and it is 
even said that the ashes of these two brothers, 
who had been so inimical one to tne other, sepa- 
rated themselves on the burning pile, as if even 
after death, sensible of resentment, and hostile to 
reconciliation. Stat. Theb. \2.—Apollod. 3, 5, 
See — ^schijl. Sept. ante Theb.—Eurip. in Phce- 

7iis.—Paus. 5, 9. 9, 6. A Greek, son of Andre- 

us, by a daughter of Leucon, king of Orchome- 
nos, the first who raistd altars to the Graces. 
Paws. 9, 34. 

Eteoclus, one of the seven chiefs of the army 
of Adrastus, in his expedition against Thebes, 
celebrated for his valour, for his disinterestedness 
and magnanimity. He was killed by Megareus, 
the son of Creon, under the walls of Thebes. 
Eurip. in Supp.—Apollod. 3, 6. 

Eteoneus, an officer at the court of Mene- 
laus, when Teiemachus visited Sparta. He was 
son ol Boethus. Homer. Od. 4, 22. 

Eteonicus, a Lacedsemonian general, who 
upon hearing that Callicratidas was conquered 
at Arginusai, ordered the messengers of this news 
to be crowned, and to enter Mitylene in triumph. 
This so terrified Conon, w ho besieged the town, 
that he concluded that the enemy had obtained 
some advantageous victorv, and he raised tl e 
siege. Diod. 13.— Polytrn.' I. 

Eteonus, a town of Boeotia, on the Asopus. 
Stat. Theb. 7, 266. 

Etesi^, periodical northern winds of a gentle 
and mild nature, very common for five or six 
weeks in the months of spring and autumn. They 
were generally preceded by winds, which the an- 
cients called Prodromi. Lucret. 5, 74]. 

ETHALlON.one of theTyrrhene sailors charpe<l 
into dolphins for carrying away Bacchus. Oiid. 
Met. 3, m. 

Ethemon, a person killed at the marriage of 
Andromeda. Ovid Met. 5, 163. 

Etruria. Fid. Hetruria. 

Etrusci, the inhabitants of Etruria, famous 
for their superstitions and enchantments. (Fid. 
Hetruria). Cic. ad Fam. 6. ep. 6.—-Liv. 2, 34. 

Cl. Etruscus, a man raised from a mean 
condition to an equestrian rank by Vespasian, 
for his services in the war against the .Tews. 
When banished by Domitian. he was accompa- 
nied into exile by his son, whose sorrow on ihe 
father's death is celebrated by Statins in a poem 
called Lacrymce Etrusci. Etruscus built a bath 
called by his own name, and highly commended. 
Mart. 7, ep. 39. 6, ep. 42.- Stat. Sylv. 1, 5. 3, 

Eubages, certain priests held in great vene- 
ration among the Gauls and Britons. They were 
a branch of the Druids. 

EUBATAS, an athlete of Cyrene, whom the 
courtezan Lais in vain endtavoured to seduce. 
Paus. Eliac. 1, 8. 

EuBCEA, a large and celebrated island, lying 
along the coast of Locris, Boeotia, and Attica. 
It is said to have derived its name from lo, who 
here gave birth to Epaphus. It was anciently 
known by the various appellations of Macris, 
Oche, EUopia, Asopis, and Abantia. Its great- 
est length is 93 miles, and its average breadth 
Z a2 



EUB 



280 



BCD 



sbout ten miles. The champaign eouiirry was 
exceedingly fertile, and produced com, \^ine, oil, 
and fruits; but it was chietiy famous for its pas- 
tures. The earliest inhabitants were the Abanies, 
wh > dwelt in the southern part of the island; in 
(ho north were the Istiasi. In process ot time, 
S'lnieof the loniaus, «ho migrated from Athens, 
settled here; and carrying on a commercial inter- 
c mrse with their brethren in Ionia, became dis- 
t n^juished for their wealth and prosperity. The 
principal commercial cities were Chalcis and 
Eretria. The modern name of Eubcea is Xegt o- 
i'ont, formed by a series of corruptions from the 
word Euripus, which designated the narrow strait 
separating the island from the Boeotian coast. 
Strab. iO.-Plin. 4, Homer It. 2, 536.— Ovid. 

Met. 14, 155. One of tiie three daughters of 

tl)e river Asterion. who was one of the nurses of 
Juno. Pans. 2, 17. One of Mercury's mis- 
tresses. A daughter of Thespius. Apollod 2. 

A town of Sicily near Hybla. 

EUEOTcus, belonging to Eubcea. The epithet 
is also applied to the country of Cumae, because 
that city was built by a colony from Chalcis, a 
town of Eubcea. Odd. Fast. 4, 257. — Virg. ^n. 
G, 2. 9. 710. 

EUBCLE, an Athenian virgin, daughter of 
Leon, sacrificed with her sisters, by order of the 
oracle of Delphi, for the safety of hor country, 
\* hich laboured under a famine. ^!iu7i. V, H. 
12, IS. 

EubulTdes, a philosopher of Miletus, who 
flourished B. C. 360. He was the disciple and 
successor of Euclid, and a strenuous opponent of 
Aiistotle. Eubulides was a complete sophist, 
and the inventor of aspscies of syllogisms, cal- 
culated to confound truth, and to perplex the 

understanding. Diog. Laert. 2, 108, &c. A 

famous statuary of Athens. Paus. 8, 14. 

EUBULUS, an Athenian orator, rival to De- 
mosthenes. A comic poet of Athens, born in 

the borough of Atarnea. He exhibited about 
B. C. 375. He was the author of fifty comedies. 
A philosopher of Alexandria. 

EUCERUS, a man of Alexandria, accused of 
adultery with Octavia, that Nero might have oc- 
casion to div(>rce her. Tacit. Ami. 14, 60. 

EUCHEXOR, a son of ..^igyptus and Arabia. 

Apollod A son of Polyidus. wnowas told that 

he should die of a lingering disease in his palace, 
or gloriously perish in war. He preferred an hon- 
ourable death, and accompanied the Greeks to 
Troy, where he was slain. Homer. II. 13, 603. 

EVjclIdes, a native of Megara, founder of the 
Megaric or Eristic sect. He was a disciple of 
Socrates ; but a separation took place between 
them, owing to the lo%'e which Euclid showed for 
disputation He then went to Megara, where he 
established a school. He was averse to the ana- 
logical method of reasoning, and taught that legi- 
timate argumentation consists in drawing just 
conclusions from settled premises. Being: asked 
what he thought of the gods, he said, "I know 
no more of them than this, that they hate inquis- 
itive persons." Diog. Laert. 2, 30. .3, 6. 6, 22. 

A celebrated mathematician, who appears to have 
bi en a native of Alexandria in Egypt, where he 
taught mathematics in the reign of Ptolemv La- 
gus, about 2-0 B. C. He was the first « ho estab- 
lished a mathematical school at Alexandria, and 
ir existed and maintained its reputation till the 
Mahometan conquest of Egypt. Many of the 
fundamental principles of the pure mathematics 
hiid been discovered by Thales, P} thagoras, and 



! other predecessors of Euclid; but to hiai is duo 
the merit ot having given a systematic form to 
the science, especially that part of it which relates 
to geometry. He likewise studied the cognate 
sciences of astronomy and optics; and. according 
to Proclus, he was the author of "Elements," 

Data," " An Introduction to Harmony," 
" Phcenomena," "Optics," "Catoptrics," "A 
Treatise on the Division of Surfaces, ' " Po- 
risms," &c. His most valuable work, "The 
Elements of Geometry," has been repeatedly 
published. All his works extant were published 
at Oxford, 1703, fol., by the Savilian professor of 
astronomy, David Gregory. The edition of Pey- 
rard, however, is entitled' to the praise of being 
the best. It appeared at Paris, in 1S14, and some 
of the following years, in 3 vols. 4to. 

EUCLUS, a prophet of Cyprus, who foretold the 
birth and greatness of the poet Homer, according 
to some traditions. Paus. 10, J2. 

ECCRATE, one of the Nereides. Apollod. 

EUC RATES, the father of Procles the histo- 
rian Fans. 2, 21. 

EUCRITI S. rid. Evephenus. 

El'CTEMON, a Greek of Cumae, exposed t'> 

great barbarities. Cioi. 5, 5. An astronomtT 

who fl .uri^hed B. C. 431. 

EL DAMlDAS,ason of Archidamus IV., brother 
to Agis 1 V. He succeeded on the Spartan throne, 
after his brother s death, B. C. 330. Paus. 3. 10. 

A son of Archidamus, king of Sparta, who 

succeeded B. C. 268. The commander of a 

garrison stationed at Troezene by Craterus. 

EUDAMUS, a son of Agesilaus of the Heracli- 
dze. He succeeded his father. A learned na- 
turalist and philosopher. 

EUDEMUS, the physician of Livia, the wife of 

Drusus, &c. Tacit. Aim. 4, 3. An orator of 

Megalopolis, preceptor to Philopoemen. 

ECDOClA, wife of the emperor Theodosius the 
Younger, was the daughter of Leontius, a philo- 
sopher of Athens, where she w as born about A. D. 
400. She was highly accomplished, and became 
the favourite of Pulcheria, sister of the emperor 
In 421, she embraced Christianity, and changed 
her name from Athenais to Eudocia. The same 
year she was married; but, in 445, a separation 
took place through the jealousy of Theodosius. 
She then went into P.alestine, and died about 460. 
She was the author of a paraphrase on some of 
th " books <.f the Old Testament; and of a life of 
our Saviour, in 2443 hexameters, formed from 
verses and heraistichs selected out of the poems 
of Homer. 

EUDORA, one of the Nereides, Apollod. 1. 
One of the Atlantides. Hygin. 192. 

EUDORUS, a son of Mercury and Polymela, 
who went to the Trojan war with Achilles. Ho- 
mer. 11. 16, 179. 

EUDOXIA. the wife of Arcadius, &c A 

daughter of Theodosius the Younger, who mar- 
ried- the emperor Maximus, and invited Genserie 
the A'andal over into Italy. 

EUDOXCS, a Pythagorean philosopher of Cni- 
dus, who flourished, B. C 360. He was the dis- 
ciple of Archytas and Plato, and, in the course of 
his travels, went to Egypt, and was introduced 
to the notice of Nectanebis II., and by him to the 
Egyptian priests. After his return from Esrypt, 
he taught astronomy and philosoph.y with great 
applause at Cyzicus, and afterwards removed to 
Athens, where he opened a school, and wa- iu 
such high repute, as to be con.-ulted on sul'j! ets 
of policy as well as science by deputies irom a'.l 



EUG 



EUM 



parts of Greece. His skill in these subjects, and 
more particularly in astronomy, is highly cele- 
brated by the ancients, and lie is stated lo have 
left behind him many excellent writings, none of 
which are now extant. He died B. C. S5i. Cic. 

de Dio. 2, 42. — Diog. Laert. 8, 86 A native of 

Cyzicus, sent by Ptolemy Evergetes on a voyage 
to India, and some years after, on a second voy- 
age, by Cleopatra, widow of that prince. It ap- 
pears that he subsequently attempted the cir- 
cumnavigalion of Africa. Plin. 2, ()1 . — Utrab. 2 
ec 8. A Sicilian, son of Agathocles. 

. EuGANEl, aft ancient people of Italy, who ori- 
irinally occupied the country afterwards called 
Venecia. Expelled thence by the Veneti. they 

,>ettled on the borders of Rhaitia and the Trans- 

iuadana, between the rivers OUius and Athesis. 

'Uv. 1, 1. 

EuGENlus, an usurper of the imperial title 
after the death of Valentinian the 11., A. D. 392. 

EUHEMERUS. Fid. Evenierus. 

EUHYDRUM, a town of Thessaly. Liv. 32, 13. 

EUL/EUS, or Choaspes, a river of Persia, 
flowing near the city of Susa. Its water was so 
remarkably pure, that the kings of Persia drank 
of no other, forbidding it on pain of death to be 
used by any subject, and carrying it with them 
in silver vessels in all their journeys to the most 
distant countries. It is probably the modern 
Abzal. Herod. 1, 188— mian. V. H. 12, 40. 

EULrMENE, one of the Nereides. 

EUM^US, a herdsman and steward of Ulysses, 
who knew his master at his return home from 
the Trojan war, after twenty years' absence, and 
assisted him in removing Penelope's suitors. He 
was originally the son of the king of Scyros, and 
upon bemg carried away by .pirates, he was sold 
as a slave to Laertes, who rewarded his fidelity 
and services. Homer. Odyss. 13, 4ll3. 14, 3. 15, 
283. 16. 1, 17, 18, &e. 

EUMEDES, a Trojan, son of Dolon, who came 
to Italy with iEneas, wliere he was killed by" 
Turnus. Virg. /En. 12, 346. — Ouirf. Trist. 3, el. 
4, 27. 

EUMELIS, the patronyinic of Parthenope as 
daughter of Eumelus. Stat. Sylv. 4, 8, 49. 

EUMELUS, a son of A.imetus, king of Pherae 
in Thessaly. He went to the Trojan war, and 
had the fleetest horses in the Grecian army. He 
distinguished himself in the games made in hon- 
our of Patroclus. Homer. II. 2,221 et 270. 23, 

288. A man whose daughter was changed into 

a bird. Ovid. Met. 7, 330. A man contempo- 
rary with Triptolemus, of whom he learned the 

art of agriculture. Pans. 7, 18. One of the 

followers of iEneas, who first informed his friend 
that his fleet had been set on fire by the Trojan 

women. Virg. ^w. 5, 665. One of the Bac- 

chiadae, who wrote, among other things, a poeti- 
cal history of Corinth, B C. 750, of which a small 

fragment is still extant. Paus 2, 1. A king 

o: the Cnnnierian Bosphorus, who died B. C. 
■601 

EUMENES, a Greek officer in the army of 
Alexander, son of a charioteer. He was the best 
entitled, for military prudence and acknowledg- 
ed abilities, of all the officers of Alexander, to 
succeed alter the death of his master. He con- 
qiiered Paphlagonia and Cappadocia, of which he 
obtained the government, till the power and jea- 
lousy of Antigonus obliged him to abandon his 
possesisions. He joined his forces to those of 
Perdiccas and defeated Craterus and Neoptole 
n;us. Neupiolemus perisht'd by the h.inds of 



Eumenes. When Craterus had been killed dur- 
ing the war, his remains received an honourable 
funeral from the hand of the conqueror; and Eu- 
menes, afcer weeping over the ashes of a man 
who once was his dearest friend, sent his remains 
to his relations in Macedonia. Eumenes fought 
against Antipaier and conquered him, and after 
the death of Perdiccas, his ally, his arms were 
directed against Antigonus, by whom he was 
conquered, chiefly by the treacnerous conduct of 
his officers. This fatal battle obliged him to dis- 
band the greatest part of his army to secure him- 
self a retreat, and he fled with only 7U0 faithful 
attendants to Nora, a fortified piace on the con- 
fines of Capi)adocia, where he was soon besieged 
by the conqueror. He supported the siege for a 
year with courage and resolution but some dis- 
advantageous skirmishes so reduced him, that 
his soldiers, grown desperate, and bribed by the 
offers of the enemy, had the infidelity to betray 
him into ttie hands of Antigonus. The conqueror, 
from shame or remorse, had not the courage to 
visit Kumenes; but when he was asked by his 
officers in what manner he wished him to be kept, 
he answered, Keep him as carefullj as you would 
keep a lion This severe command was obeyed; 
but the asperity of Antigonus vanished in a few 
days, and Eumenes, delivered from the weight 
of chains, was permitted to enjoy the company of 
his friends. Even Antigonus hesitated whether 
he should not restore to his liberty a man with 
whom he had lived in the greatest intimacy 
while both were subservient to the command of 
Alexander, and these secret emotions of pity and 
humanity were not a little increased by the peti- 
tions of his son Demetrius for the release of Eu- 
menes. But the calls of ambition prevailed; and 
when Antigonus recollected what an active ene- 
my he had in his power, he ordered Eumenes to 
be put to death in the prison; though some ima- 
gine he was murdered without the knowledge of 
his conqueror. His bloody commands were exe- 
cuted B.C. 315. Such was the end of a man who 
raised himself to power by merit alone. His 
skill in public exercises first recommended him 
to the notice of Philip, and under Alexander his 
attachment and fidelity to the royal person, and 
particularly his military accomplishments, pro- 
moted him to the rank of a general. Even his 
enemies revered him; and Antigonus, by whose 
orders he perished, honoured his remains with a 
splendid funeral, and conveyed his ashes to his 
wife and family in Cappadocia. It has been ob- 
served that Eumenes had such an universal influ- 
ence over the successors of Alexander, that none 
during his lifetime dared to assume the title of 
king; and it does not a little redound to his hon- 
our, that the wars which he carried on were not 
from private or interested motives.butfor the good 
and welfare of his deceased benefactor's children. 
Plut. et C. Nep. in vita. — Diod ]9.— Justin. 13. 

— Curt. 10. — Arrian. A king of Pergamus, 

who succeeded his uncle Philetaerus on the 
throne, B C. 263. He made war against Antio- 
chus the son of Seleucus, and enlarged his pos- 
sessions by seizing upon many of the cities of the 
kings of Syria. He lived in alliance with the 
Romans, and made war against Prusias, king of 
Bithynia. He was a great patron of learning, 
and given much to wine. He died of an excess 
in drinking, after a reign of twenty-two years. 

He was succeeded by Attains. Strab. 15 The 

second of that name succeeded his father Attains 
oo the throne of Asia and Ferganius. His kiiig- 
2 A 3 



EUM 



282 



EUN 



dom was small and poor, but he rendered it 
iHirterlul and opulent, and his alliance with the 
Rocnans did not a little contribute to the in- 
£rease of his dominions after the victorips obtain- 
ed over Antiochus the Great, He carried his arms 
against Prusias and Antigonus and died B.C. 
1j9, after a reign of ihirty-eisht years, leaving the 
kingdom to his son Attalus II. He has been ad- 
mired for his benevolence and magnanimity, and 
his love of learning greatly enriched the famous 
library of Pergamus. which had been founded 
by his predecessors, in imitation of the Alexan- 
drian collection of the Ptolemies. His brothers 
were so attached to him and devoted to his inter- 
est, that they enlisted among his body guards to 
show their fraternal fidelity. >trab. 13. — Justin. 

31 et 3i.—Polyb. A celebrated orator of 

Athens about the beginning ol the fourth cen- 
tury. Some of his harangues and orations are 
ex-ant. 

EuAiENiA, a city of Phrygia. built by Attalus 

in honour of his brother Eumenes. A citv of 

Thrac.-. of Caria. Flin. 5, 29. of Hyrcania. 

Ei'MEnIdes and EUMENES, a man mention- 
ed, Ovid. Tt ist. el. 4, 27. 

El'menIdes, a name given to the Furies by 
the ancients. They sprang from the drops of 
blood which flowed from the wound which Coelus 
received from his son Saturn. According to 
others they were daughters of the earth, and 
conceived from the blood of Saturn. Some make 
them daughters of Acheron and Night, or Pluto 
and Proserpine, or Chaos and Terra, according 
to Sophocles, or as Epimenides reports, of Sa- 
turn and Evonyme. According to the most re- 
ceived opinions, they were three in number, 
Tisiphone, Mcgara, and Alecto, to which some 
add Nemesis. Plutarch mentions only one, cal- 
led Adrasta, daughier of Jupiter and Necessity. 
Tney were supposed to be the ministers of the 
vengeance of the gods, and therefore appeared 
stern and inexorable; always employed in pun- 
ishing the guilty upon earth, as well as in the 
infernal regions. They inflicted their vengeance 
upon earth by wars, pestilence, and dissensions, 
and by the secret stings of conscience; and in 
hell ttiey punished the guilty by continual fla- 
gellation and torments. They were also called 
Fui-icB, Erinnyes, and DireB, and the appellation 
of Eumenides, which signifies benevolence and 
compassion, they received after they had ceased 
lo persecute Ores'es, who in gratitude offered 
Xiem sacrifices, and erected a temp.e in honour 
of their divinity. Their worship was almost 
universal, and people presumed not to mention 
their names or fix their eyes upon their temples. 
They were honoured with sacrifices and liba- 
tions, and in Achaia, they had a temple, w hich 
when entered by any one guilty of crime, sud- 
denly rendered him furious, and deprived him of 
the use of his reason. In their sacrifices, the vo- 
taries used branches of cedar and of alder, haw- 
thorn, saffron, and juniper, and the victims were 
generally turtle doves and sheep, with libations 
of wine and honey. They were generally repre- 
sented with a grim and frightful aspect, with a 
black and bloody garment, and serpents wreath- 
ing round their head instead of hair. They held 
a burning torch in one hand, and a whip of scor- 
pions in the i ther, and were always attended by 
terror, rage, paleness, and death. In hell they 
were seated around Pluto's throne as the minis- 
ters of his vengeance. /Eschyl. 171 Eumen.— So- 
phocl. in Q^dip. Col. 



EumenidTa, festivals in honour of the Eu- 
menides, called by the Athenians as^vat .^eal, te- 

nerable goddesses. They were celebrated once 
every year wiih sacrifices of pregnant ewes, with 
ofl'erlngs of cakes made by the most eminent 
jouths, and libations of honey and wine. At 
Athens none but freeborn citizens were admit- 
ted, such as had led a life the most virtuous and 
unsullied. Such only were accepted by the god- 
desses, ^^ ho punished all sorts of wickedness in 
a severe manner. 

EUMENIUS, a Trojan, killed by Camilla in 

Italy. Firg. JEn. 11,666. An orator at the 

court of Constantius Chlorus, author ol a p.ane- 
gyric spoken before the emperor, and still pre- 
served among the Panegyrici Veteres. 

EUMOLPE, one of the Nert- ides. Apollod. 

Emolpid^, the priests of Ceres at the cele- 
bration of her festivals of Eleusis. All causes 
relating to impiety or profanation were referred 
to their judgment, and their decisions, though 
occasionally severe, were considered as generally 
impartial. The Eumolpidse were descended 
from Eumolpus, a king of Thrace, who was 
made priest of Ceres by Erechtheus king of 
Athens. He became so powerful after his ap- 
pointment to the priesthood, that he maintained 
a w ar again.st Erechtheus. This war proved fatal 
to both; Erechtheus and Eumolj us were both 
killed, and peace was re-establi-shed among their 
descendants, on condition that the priesthoc d 
should ever remain in the family of Eumolpus, 
and the legal power in the house of Erechtheus. 
The priesthood continued in the family of Eu- 
molpus for 1200 years; and this is still more re- 
markable, because he who was once appointed 
to the holy office, wa^; obliged to remain in per- 
petual celibacy. Pans. 2, 14. 

EuMOLiPUS, a king of Thrace, son of Neptune 
and Chione. He wac thrown into the sea by his 
mother, who wished to conceal her shame from 
her father. Neptune saved his life, and carried 
him into -^^thiopia, where he was brought up by 
Amphitrite, and afterwards by a woman of the 
country, one of w hose daughters he married. An 
act of violence offered to his sister-in-law oblig- 
ed him to leave .^^thiopia, and he fled to Thrace, 
with his son Ismarus, where he married the 
daughter of Tegyrius the king of the country 
This connexion with the royal family rendered 
him ambitious; he conspired against his father- 
in-law, and fled, when ti;e conspiracy was dis- 
covered, to Attica, where he was initiated in the 
mysteries of Ceres of Eleusis, and made Hiero- 
phantes or high priest. He was afterwards re- 
conciled to Tegyrius, and inherited his kirg- 
dom. He made war against Erechtheus, the 
king of Athens, who had appointed him to the 
office of high priest, and perished in battle. His 
descendants were also invested w ith the priest- 
hood, which remained for about 1200 years 
in that familv. {Fid. Enmolp'.dae.) AfoUod. 
2,5, &.C.— L'l/'giii. Jab. Td — Died. 5.— Puus.2, 
14. 

EuN^cs, ason of Jason by Hypsipyle, daugh 
ler of Thoas. Huiner. 11. 7. 

EUNAPIUS, a native of Sardis in Lydia, in the 
fourth century, was a ph\sicijm and historian. 
He wrote the lives of the philosophers of his i-j 
time, in which he is very severe on Christiani'y, \. 
He also wrote the history of the Caesars, from the !j 
reign of Claudius to that of Honorius. The for- 
mer work only is extant, which was printed in ' 
lji)G, Svo. 



EUN 



?83 



EUP 



EUN iMlA, a daugntHr of Juno, one of the Ho- 
Yt£ Apoliod. 

iiUNOMUS, a son of Prytanes, who succeeded 
his t.-ither on the throne oV Span a. Pans. 2, 36. 

A famous musician of Locris, rival to Aris- 

ton, over whom he obtained a musical prize at 

Delphi. Strab. 6. A Thracian, who advised 

Demosthenes not to be discouraged by his ill 
success in his first attempts to speak in public 

Plut. in Dem The father of Lycurgus, kiiled 

bj a kitchen knife. Plut. in Lyc, 

EUNUS, a Syrian slave, who inflamed the 
minds of the servile multitude by pretended in- 
spiration and enthusiasm. He filled a nut with 
sulphur in his mouth, and by artfully conveying 
fiie to it, he breathed out flames to the astonish- 
ment of the people, who believed him to be a 
god, or something more than human. Oppres- 
sion and misery compelled 2000 slaves to join 
bis cause, and he soon saw himself at the head 
of 50,000 men. With such a force he defeated 
the Roman armies, till Perpenna obliged him to 
surrender by famine, and exposed on a cross the 
greatest part of his followers, B.C. IZi. Plut. in 
Sert. 

EuONrMUS, one of the Lipari isles, now Pa- 
naria. 

EUPALAMON, one of the hunters of the Caly- 
donian buar. Ovid. Met. 8, 360. 

EUPATOR, a son of Antiochus. The sur- 
name of Eupator was given to many of the Asia- 
tic princes, such as Mithridates, &c. Strab. 12. 

EUPATORiA, a town of Pontus. at the conflu- 
ence of the Iris and Lycus. It was begun by 
Mithridates under the name Eupatoria, and 
received from Pompey, who completed it, the 
title of Magnopolis. Its remains are to be seen 
near Tchenikeh. Strab. ]2.— — A town in the 
north-western part of the Taurica Chersonesi^s, 
on the Sinus Carcinites. It was built by Mith- 
ridates, and is thought to correspond with the 
present Kaslov. 

EUPEITHES, a prince of Ithaca, father to An- 
tinous. In the former part of his life he had fled 
before the venijeance of the Thesprotians, whose 
territories he had laid waste in the pursuit of 
some pirates. Durmg the absence of Ulysses he 
was one of the most importuning lovers of Pene- 
lope. Homer. Odyss. 16. 

EuphAes, succeeded Androcles on the throne 
of Messenia, and in his reign the first Messenian 
war began. He died B.C. 730. Paus. 4, 5 et 6. 

EUPHANTUS, a poet and historian of Olyn- 
thus, son of Eubulides, and preceptor to Antigo- 
iius, king of Macedonia. Diog. in Eucl. 

EuPHJiME, a woman who was nurse to the 
Muses, and mother of Crotus by Pan. Paus. 

EUPHEMUS, a son of Neptune and Europa, 
who was among the Argonauts, and the hunters 
of the Calydonian boar. He was &o swift and 
lifclit that he could run over the sea without 
scarce wetting his feet. Pindar. Pyth. 4. — Apol - 
lad. 1, 9.— Paws. 5, 17. One of the Greek cap- 
tains before Troy. Homer II. 2, 353. 

EUPHORBUS, a famous Trojan, son of Pan- 
thous, as skilful in guiding the chariot as in 
wielding the lance. He was the first who wound- 
ed Patroclus, whom Hector killed. He perished 
by the hand of Menelaus, who hung his shield in 
the temple of Juno at Argos. Pythagoras, tlie 
founder of the doctrine of the metempsychosis, 
or transmigration of souls, affirmed that he had 
been once Euphorbus, and that his soul rc ol- 
''"ctod many exploics which liad been done while 



ii animated that Trojan's body. As a further 
proof of his assertion, he showtjd at first siishi ihe 
shield of Euphorbus in the temple ot Juno. 
Ovid. Met. 15, 160.— Paws. 2, 17. — Homer- 'I ^o, 
808. 17, 9 A physician of Juda, kin^ oi Mau- 
ritania. 

EUFHORION, a Greek poet of Chalcis in Eu- 
bcjea, born about 276 B.C. The emperor Tibe- 
rius esteemed his works so miich, that he erected 
statues to the memory of the author. He wrote 
in hexameter verse, but only some fragments are 

extant A tragic poet of Athens, son of ^s- 

chylus. He conquered four times with posthu- 
mous tragedies of his father's composition, and 
also wrote several dramas himself. Suidas. 

EUPHRANOR, a sculptor and painter of Athens, 
was the disciple of Aristides, and lived about 364 
B.C. The principal of his paintings were the 
twelve deities, the battle of Mantinea, and The- 
-eus Pliny speaks highly of his powers of in- 
vention in both arts. Paus. i, 3. Pli}i. 34, 8. 

This name was common to many Greeks. 

Euphrates, a disciple of Plato who govern- 
ed Macedonia with absolute authority in the 
reign of Perdiccas, and rendered himself odious 
by his cruelty and pedantry. After the death of 

Perdiccas, he was murdered by Parmenio A 

Stoic philosopher, who flourished in the second 
century, lie was a friend cf the philosopher 
Apolionius Tyaneus, who introduced him to 
Vespasian. According to Pliny, he was univer- 
sally esteemed for his talents and virtues. When 
he found his strength worn out by disease and 
old age, he voluntarily put an end to his life by 
drinking hemlock, having first, for some unknown 
reason, obtained permission from the emperor 

Adrian. PHn. Ep. 1, 10.— Djo. 69. One cf 

the largest and most celebrated rivers of Asia, 
which has its rise in the mountains of Armenia, 
from tw o principal sources; one issuing from the 
Antitaurus, not far from the borders of Cappado- 
cia, Pontus, and Colchis, the other from Mount 
Abus, or Ararat. These two branches unite op- 
posite Sinerva in Asia Minor. The Euphrates 
I hen becomes a great river, and after having 
formed the line of separation between Asia Minor 
and Armenia, as also between Syria and Meso- 
potamia, it enters Babylonia, and, joining the 
Tigris, falls into the Persian Gulf. Its grneial 
direction is south-easterly, and its whole h ngili 
to the sea upwards of 1500 miles. After its junc- 
tion with the Tigris, the united stream was in- 
differently called Euphrates or Tigris, and occa- 
sionally Pasitigris, from a little river of this name 
which runs into it. Strab. \\.—Mela, 1, 2. 3, 8. 

— Plin 5, 24 Ptol 5, Id.— Stat, Theb. 8, 2l0.— 

Virg. G. 1, 609. 4, £60. 

EUPHRON, an aspiring man of Sicyon, who en- 
slaved his country by bribery. Died. 15. 

EUPHROSYNE, one of the Graces, sister to 
Aglaia and Thalia. Paus. 9, 35. 

EUPL^A, an island of the Tvrrhene sea, near 
Neapolis. Stat. Silv. 3, 1, 149.' 

Eup "LIS, a coiTiic poet of Athens, vho flour- 
ished B.C. '^40. He wa*- one of the same cla>s 
as Aristophanes and Cratinus, who rendered 
themselves the dread and hatred of the great, by 
giving the names of the objects of their satire. 
Eupolis, in his comedy of the " Baptce," so .se- 
verely attacked the effeminacy and licentious- 
ness of his countrymen, that Alcibiades, wl.o 
was particularly pointed out, is said in revenue 
to have hired assassins to throw him into the ^^ a, 
as he was crossing the HtUespont v, iih the A(i.t- 



EUR 



EUR 



ni.'in forces, on an expedition against the Lace- 
dcemonians. It is however proved that he wrote 
several comedies after this period, and iElian 
says that he died in ^°:ina. His comedies were 
cniefly political, some fragments only are re- 
maining, Horat. Sat. 1,4. 2, 10.— Cic. ad Attic. 
6, \.~Mlian. 

EURIANASSA, a town near Chios. Plin. 5, 31 . 

Euripides, a celebrated tragic poet, born at 
Salamis the day on which the army of Xerxes 
was defeated by the Greeks. As the son of Mne- 
thirchiis, he was descended from a respectable fa- 
mily at Athens, though Aristophanes and Vale- 
rius Maximus report that his mother Clito was 
employed in the mean occupation of an herb- 
seller. The best aid was called forth to assist his 
infant genius, and he early studied eloquence 
under Prodicus, ethics under Socrates, and phi- 
losophy under Anaxagoras, His native powers 
inclined to dramatical composition, and his writ- 
ings became so much the admiration ot his coun- 
trymen, that the unfortunate Greeks, who had 
accompanied Nicias in his expedition against 
Syracuse, were freed from slavery, only by re- 
peating som.e verses fron* the pieces of Euripides. 
The poet often retired from the society of man- 
kind, and confined himself in a solitary cave near 
Salamis, where he wrote and finished his most 
excellent tragedies. The talents of Sophocles 
were looked upon by Euripides with jealousy, 
and the great enmity which always reigned be- 
tween the two poets, gave an opportunity to the 
comic muse of Aristophanes to ridicule them both 
on the stage with success and himaour. During 
the representation of one of the tragedies of Eu- 
ripides, the audience, displeased with some lines 
in the composition, desired the writer to strike 
them off. Euripides heard the reproof with in- 
dignation; he advanced forv/ard on the stage, and 
told the spectators, that he came there to in- 
struct them, and not to receive instruction. An- 
other piece, in which he called riches the sum- 
mum bonum and the admiration of gods and men, 
gave equal dissatisfaction, but the poet desired 
the audience to listen with silent attention, for 
the conclusion of the whole would show them the 
punishment which attended the lovers of opu- 
lence. The ridicule and enTy to which the se- 
verity of his muse, and the unbending tendency 
of his principles, exposed him, obliged him at 
last to remove from Athens. He retired to the 
court of Archelaus king of Macedonia, where he 
received the most conspicuous marks of royal 
•munificence and friendship. His end was as de- 
plorable as it was uncommon. It is said that the 
dogs of Archelaus met him in his solitary walks, 
and that, animated oy the encouragement of some 
of the envious courtiers, the enraged animals tore 
his body to pieces, 407 years before the Christian 
era, in the 7Sth year of his age. Euripides wrote 
120 tragedies, of which only nineteen are extant; 
the Phoenissae, Orestes, Medea, Andromache, 
Electra, Hippolytus, Iphigenia in Aulis, Iphi- 
genia in Tauris, Hercules, the Troades, Hecuba, 
Alcestis, Supplices, Rhesus, Bacchae, Cyclops, 
Heraclidae, Helena, and Ion, altogether contain- 
ed in 26 093 lines, including the 65 verses of the 
fragment of Danae. He is peculiarly happy in 
•expressing the passions of love, especially the 
more tender and animated. To the paihos he has 
added sublimity, and the most common expres- 
sions have received a perfect polish from his pen. 
In his person, as it is reporti-d, he w as noble and 
majestic, and his deponmejit was alwars grave 



and serious. He was slow in composing, and la- 
boured with difficulty, from which circumstance 
Alcestes, a foolish and malevolent poet, once ob* 
served, that he had written KiO verses in three 
days, while Euripides had written only three. 
True^ says Euripides, but there is this difference 
between your poetry and mine ; yours wilt ex/ ire 
in three days, but mine shall lice for ages to come. 
Euripides .^as such an enemy to the lair sex that 
some have called him fnaoyvvrji, woman-hater, 
and perhaps from this aversion arise the iivipure 
and diabolical machinations which appear in his 
female characters, an observation, however, 
which he refuted, by saying he had faithfully 
copied nature. In spite of all this antipathy he 
was married twice, but his connexions were so 
injudicious, that he was compelled to divorce 
both his wives. The best editions of this great 
poet are that of Musgrave, 4 vols. 4to, Oxon. 
177S; that of Beck, 3 vols. 4to, Lips. 1778-18; 
that of Matthias, 8 vols. 8vo, Lips. 1»13-18; and 
that of Glasgow, 9 vols. 8vo, 182(1. Of the separ- 
ate plays, the best editions are those of Valckf- 
naer, Brunck. Monk, Porson, Elmsley, &:c. Eu- 
ripides has been translated into English by Pot- 
ter. Diod. 13.— Val. Max. 3, 7- — Cic In. 1, 50. 
Or. 3. 7. Acad. 1, 4. Offic 3. Finib. 2. Tusc. 
1,4, 8cc—Aul. Cell. 1j, iX—Atheii. 13, 2.— 
Quintil. 10, I. 

EURIPUS, a narrow strait between Euboeaand 
the mainland of Greece, supposed to have been 
formed by some great convulsion of nature 
which separated the two. Several of the ancients 
have reported that the tide in this strait ebbed 
and flowed seven times during the day. and as 
often during the night, and that the current was 
so strong as to arrest the progress of ships in 
full sail. Livy, however, contradicts this popu- 
lar notion, and attributes the variableness of the 
current to the effect of winds, which are so vio- 
lent as to cause the sea to rush through the chLn- 
nel like a mountain torrent. The strait is now 
called, by a corruption of the ancient name, the 
straits of Negropont. Mda, 2, 7.—^lrub. 1 et 9. 
—Plin. 2, 10Q.~ Liv. 28. 6. 

EURISTHENKS. Vid. Eurvsthenes. 

EUROMUS, a city of Cari... Liv. 32, 33. 33, 
30. 

EUROPA, one of the three main divisions of 
the ancient world. On the north it was bounded 
by the Hyperborean or Arctic Ocean, on the west 
by the Atlantic Ocean, on the south by the Me- 
diterranean Sea, which separated it from Africa, 
and on the east by the .^gasan and Euxine Seas, 
the Palus Maeotis, the rivers Tanais and Rha, 
and the Rhipaei or Hyperborei Montes. Though 
it is the smallest of the divisions of the globe, it 
is superior to the rest in the genius, power, and 
learning of its inhabitants. According to the 
mythology of the poets, it received i's nan.e 
from Europa, who was carried there b\ Jupiter. 
Bochart derives the name from the Phcenician 
Ur-appa, which he makes equivalent to the 
Greek AswvoTrpoTojTros, "of a white, or fair, aspt ct, ' 
and considers it as applying to the continent of 
Europe, from the fairer visages and complexions 
of its inhabitants. M. Gebelin, on the othtr 
hand, deduces the word from the Phoenician 
Wrab, i. e. ''West," as indicating the country ly- 
ing in that direction with reference to Asia. Mela, 
2, I.— Plin. 3, 1, &.c.—Luca7i. 3, 275.— Virg. Mn. 

7,222. A (laughterofA!ienor,king of Phoenicia 

and Telephassa. She wa^ so bt'.autiful that Jupi- 
ter became enamoured of her, and the better to 



EUR 



283 



EJii 



engage her affections, he assumed the shape of a 
bull, and mingled with the herds of Agenor, 
while Europa, with her female attendants, were 
gaiherini^ flowers in the meadows. Europa ca- 
ressed the beautiful animal, and at last hud the 
courage to sit upon his back. The god took ad- 
vantage of her situation, and with precipitate 
steps retired towards the shore, and crossed the 
sea with Europa on his back, and arrived safe in 
Crete. Here he assumed his original shape, and 
declared his love. The nymph consented, though 
she had once made vows of perpetual celibacy, 
and she became mother of Minos, Sarpedon, and 
Rhadamanthus. After this distinguished amour 
with Jupiter, she married Asterius king of Crete. 
Tiiis monarch seeing himself without children 
by Europa, adopted the fruit of her amours with 
Jupiter, and always esteemed Mincis, Sarpedon, 
ajid Rhadamanthus, as his own children. Some 
suppose that Europa lived about 1552 years be- 
fore tlie Christian era. Some have explained the 
story of Europa by alleging that a Cretan cap- 
tarn, named Taurus, carried off that princess 
after he had taken the city of Tyre from Agenor, 
but others, with greater probability, assert that 
some Cretan merchants having arrived upon the 
coast of Phoenicia, and seen the young Europa, 
were so much struck with her beauty, that they 
carried her off for their king; and as their ship 
bore the emblem of a white bull, and this king 
of Crete had assumed the name of Jupiter, it was 
hence fabled that the god had transformed him- 
self into a bull in order to carry off the princess. 
The Cretans are said to have worshipped her 
after death as a divinity. Ovid. Met. 2,fai>. 13. 
Fust. 5, 604— MoscA. Idyl. -Apollod. 2, 5. 3, 1. 
■ — — One of the Oeeanides, Hesiod. Theog. 356. 
A district of Macedonia, in which was situ- 
ate the town of Europus. it was also called Eu- 
ropia. 

EUROP^US. a patronymic of Minos the son of 
Europa. id. Met. 8, '23. 

EuROPS, a king of Sicyon, son of JEgiaXens, 
who died B.C. 1993. Pans. 2, 5. 

EuROPUS, a king of Macedonia, &c. Justin. 

7, 1 A town of Macedonia, situated on the 

river Axius, and in the district of Emathia. Plin. 
4, 10. 

EUROTAS, a son of Lelex, father to Sparta who 
married Lacedaemon He was one of the first 
k.'ugs of i.aconia, and gave his name to the river 
wliich flows near Sparta. Apollod. 3 16 — Pans 
3, J. A river of Laconia, which. rises in Ar- 
cadia, a little to the south-west of Tegea, and 
Hl;er running a short distance, loses itself under 
ground. On the opposite side of the mountains 
which separate Arcadia from Laconia, it reap- 
pears in the latter country, in the district of 
P.plmina. It then traverses that province, and 
passes by Sparta to H'elos, near which town it 
empties itself into the sea. The Eurotas was 
called Basilipotamos by the Spartans, who wor- 
shipped it as a god, andassigned its banks for tiie 
j exercise of their young men, and the river itself 
j lor the bath of their maidens. It is now called 
' the Iri, or the Fasilico Polamo. Strab. 8.—Dionys. 
I Perieg. 411.— Hesiod. Th. 1GS3.— FjVg. yEn. 1, 

I 4'J9. — Theocr. Idyl. 18, 23. A rirer of Thes- 

: t-aly, called also Titaresius, rising in mount Ti- 
j tarus, a branch of Olympus, aad falling into the 
I Feneus, a little above the vale of Tempe. Its 
waters were thick and turbid, and from their 
' not mixing with the transparent stream ol the Pe- 
neus, they were suppuaed t j have been c.aiiu ct- 



ed with the infernal Styx. It is now called the 
Sara7ita Poros. Slrab. 9. — Hoin. 11. 2, I'jl. 

EurOto, a daughter of Danaus by Polyxo. 
Apollod. 

EuRUS, a wind blowing from the east-south- 
east parts of the world. The Latins ;^otnetimt-s 
called it Vulturnus or Apeliotes. Ovid. Trist. i, 
el. 2. Met 1], &c. 

EURYALE, a queen of the Amazons, who ;is- 
sisted yEetes, 8cc. Place. 4. A daughter of Mi- 
nos, mother of Orion by Neptune. A daugh- 
ter of Prcetus, king of Argos. One of the Gor- 

j^ons, who was immortal. Hesiod. Theog. 207. 

EURYALUS, one of the Peloponnesian chiefs, 
who went to the Trojan war with eighty ships. 
Homer. II. 2, 72. An illegitimate son of Ulys- 
ses and Evippe, killed by Telemachus. Sophocl. 

A son of Melas, taken prisoner by Hercules, 

&c. Apollod. 1, 8. A Trojan who came with 

iEneas into Italy, and rendered himself lamnus 
(or his immortal friendship with Nisus. {I'i.h 

Nisus ) Virg. JEn. 9, 179. A pleasanr i.li,ce 

of Sicily, near Syracuse. Liv. 25, £5 A i-a.- 

cedcemonian general in the second Meismiau 
war. 

ERYBXtes, a Grecian herald in the Troj;;n 
war, who took Briseis from Achilles by ord<"r of 
Agamem.non. Homer. II. 1, 32. — Ovid. Heroid. 

3. A warrior of Argos, often victorious at the 

Nemean games, &c. Paws. 1, 29. One of the 

Argonauts. 

EURYBIA, the mother of Lucifer and all the 

stars. Hesiod. A daughter of Pontus and 

Terra, mother of Astraeus, Pallas, and Perses, by 
Crius. Hesiod. Th. 237, 375. 

EURYBIADES, a Spartan who had the com- 
mand of the Grecian fleet at the battles of Arte 
misium and Salamis against Xerxes. He has 
been charged by his enemies with want of cou- 
rage, though with ambitious views of raising him- 
self above the control of his countrymen. He 
offered to strike Themistocles when he wished to 
speak about the manner of attacking the Per- 
sians, upon which the Athenian said, " Strike 
me, but hear me." A magnificent tomb was 
raised over his remains under the walls of Spar- 
ta, which still existed in the age of Pausanias. 
f^aus. 3. 16.— Herod. 8, 2, 74, &.c.—Plut. in 
Them. — C. Nep. in Them.. 

EURYBIUS, a son of Eurytus king of Argos, 
killed in a war between his countrymen and the 

Athenians. Apollod. 2, 8. A son of Nereus 

and Chloris. Id. 1, 9. 

Euryclea a beautiful daughter of Ops < i 
itnaca. Laertes bought her for twenty oxen, and 
gave her his son Ulysses to nurse, and treated her 
with much tenderness and attention. She distin- 
guished herself by her fidelity and her attachmer.t 
to the family of Laertes, and she was the first to 
discover and to welcome the return of Ulysses to 
his palace. Homer. Odyss. 1, 428. 19, 287. 22, 
318. 23, 1. 

Eurycles, an orator of Syracuse who pro- 
posi'd to put Nicias and Demosthenes to death, 
and to confine to hard labour all the Athenian 

soldiers in the quarries. Pint. A Lacedajmo 

nian at the battle of Actium on the side of Au- 
gustus. Id. in AntoJi. 

EURYCRATKS, a king of Sparta, descendtvl 
from Hercules. Herod. 7, 204. 

EURYDAMUS, a Trojan skilled in the inter- 
pretation of dreams. His two sons were killed 
by Diomedes during the Trojan war, Hom'-r. II. 
5" ] iS Oae of Penelope s suitors. Liu. 21, 



2S3. A wrestler ol CjTene, who, in a co ist at, 

had his teeth dashed to pieces by bis antagonist, 
which he swallowed without showing anj* sig-ns 
ol pain, or discontinuing tiie fight. .'Elian. V. H. 
10. 19. A son of Egyptus. Apollod. A sur- 
name of Hercules, expressive of his great p iwer. 
Ovid. lb. 331. — S?3. 2, li6. 

EuRYDAMK, the wife of Leotychides, king of 
.Sparta, Herod. 

EurydamTdas. a king of Lacedaemon, of the 
family of the Proclidae Pav^. 3, 10. 

EURYDlCK, the wife of Amyntas, king of Ma- 
cedonia. She had by her husband Alexander, 
Perdiccas, and Philip, and one daughter called 
Euryone. A criminal partiality for her daugh- 
ter's husband, to whom sne offered her hand and 
the kingdom, made her conspire against Amyn- 
tas, who must have fallen a victim to her infide- 
lity had not Euryone discovered it. Amyntas 
-forgave her. Alexandpr ascended the throne al- 
ter his father's death, and pt- rished by the ambi- 
tion of his mother. Perdiccas who succeeded 
him shared his iaXe; but Philip, who was the 
next in succession, secured himself again.-ta 1 at 
tempts from his mother, ar.d ascended the ihrone 
with peace and universal satisfaction, Eurydice 
fle(i to Iphicrates the Athenian general for pro- 
t< !tion. The manner o( her death is unknown. 

C. Nep. in Iphic. 3. A daughter of Amyntas, 

who married her uncle Aridaeus, the illegitimate 
son of Philip. After the death of Alexander the 
Great, Aridasus ascended the throne of Macedo- 
nia, but he w as totally governed by the intrigues ; 
of his wife, who called back Gassander. and 
joined her forces with his to march against Poly- 
perchon and Olympias. Eurydice was forsaken 
by her troops. Aridaeus was pierced through 
with arrows by order of Olympias, who com- 
manded Eurydice to destroy herself either by 
poison, the sword, or the halter. Siie chose the 

latter. A daughter of Nereus and Doris, wife 

to the poet Orpheus. As she fled before Aristae- 
us, who wished to offer her violence, she w as bit 
by a serpent in the grass, and died of the wound, 
Orpheus was so disconsolate that he ventured to 
go to hell, where by the melody of his lyre, he 
obtained from Plu'o the restcsration of his wife to 
life, provided he did not look behind before he 
came upon earii. He Tiolated tbe conditions as his 
eagerness to see his wif? rendprpd him forgetful. 
He looked behind, and Surydiee vanishing from 
his eager embraces, was for ever taken from him. 
(Fid. Orpheus.) n.g &. 4, 457, ^c. — Paus. 9, 

30.- Otid. Met. 10, 3fl, &c. A daughter of 

Adrastus, wife of Has. Apollod. 3, 12. One of 

she Danaides, who married Dyas Id. 2, 1. 

The wife of Lycurgus, king of Nem*a in Pelo- 

ponnesus. W. 1,9. A daughter of Actor. Id. 

K Wife of .(Eneas. Pnis. 10, 28. A daugh- 
ter ot Amphiaraiis. Id. 3, 17. A daughter of 

Antipaler, who married one of the Ptolemies. 

Id. 1, 7. A daughter of king Philip. Id. 5, 

17. A daughter of Lacedaemon. Id. 3. 13. 

A daughter of Clymenus, who married Nestor. 

Homer. Od 3. 452. A wife nf Demetrius, de- 

scenried from Miltiades Plut. in Demetr. 

EURYLEOX, a king of the Latins, called also 
Ascaniu* 

EcRYLocHUS, one of the companions of Ulys- 
ses, the only one who did not taste the potions of 
Circe. His prudence, however, forsook him in 
Sicily, where he carried away the flocks sacred 
to Apollo, for which sacrilegious crime he was 
shipwrecked. Homer. Od, 10, vXlj. 12, lo5. 



E L' li 

Odd. Met. 14, 2S7. .A man w ho (ii.scovered the 

con^pi^rtcy which was made against Alexander 
by Hermolaus and others. Curt. 8, 6. 

EURY.M ACHCS, a powerful Theban. who seized c 

Plataea by treachery, &c. One of Penelope's I 

suitors, son of Poiybus of Ithaca. He was killed f 
by Ulvsses. Homer. Odyss. 1, 3or;, &c. — Of id. I 
Heroid. 1. 91. 

Ef RYMEDE, the wife of Glaucus king of Ephy- 
ra. Apollod. 

ECRY.v.EDON, the father of Peribcea. by whom i 

Nepiune had Nausithous. Homer. Od. 7. A, 

river of Pamphylia in Asia Minor, rising in the i 
chain of Mount Taurus, and, after passing the 
city of Aspendus, falling into the Mediterranean' 
below that place. It is now the Ca^j^'sow. Near, 
it the Persians vvere defeated both by sea and] 
land in one dav bv the Athenians under Cimon, 

B C. 470. Meln'.l, \\.—Liv. 3^. 41 37, 23. 

A man w ho accused Aristotle of propagating pru- 
fane doctrines m the Lyceum. 

ECRYMENES, a son of Neleus and Chloris. 
Apollod. 

EURYMOMK one of the Oceanides, mother of 

the Grarts. Hesicd. Theog. &06. The wife of 

Orchamus, an Arabian prince, mother of I.eu- 

cothoe. Ovid. Met. 4, 210. A daughter of ^ 

Apollo, mother of Adrastus and Eriphyle 
A woman of Lemnos, daughter of Doriclus, t. 

and wife of Codrus. Place. 2, 136 The (<, 

wife of Ljcurgus son of Aleus. Apollod. 3. 9. 

The mother of Asopus by Jupiter. Id. 3, 

12. One of Penelope's female attendants. Ho- 

mer. Odyss. 17, bib. An Athenian, sent with- 

a reinforcement to Nicias in Sicily. Plut. in Nic 
EURYNOMUS, one of the deities of hell. Pans. 
10, 26. 

Edryone, a daughter of Amyntas king of 
Macedonia, by Eurydice. Justin. 7. 4. 

EURYPON, a king of Sparta, son of Sous. His 
reign was so glorious that his descendants were 
called Eurypontid<B. Pans. 3, 7. 

EURYPYLUS, a son of Telephus and Asfyocbe, 
«as killed in the Trojan war by Pyrrhus. He 
made his court to Cassandra, and evinced hij 
claim by the valour with which he fought the t 
enemies of her father's kingdom. Hcmer. 11. 11, 

510. A Grecian, son of Evemon, at the Tro- ji 

jan war in ^0 ships. Homer. 11. 2, 243. A 

prince of Olenus, who w ent with Hercules against ^ 

Laomedon. Paus.7, 19. A son of Mecijteus, ^ 

*ho signalized himself in the war of the Epigoni | 

against Thebes. Apollod. 3. A son nf Teme- i 

nus king of Messenia, who conspired against his j 

father's life. Id. 3, 6. A son of Neptune, 

killed by Hercules. Id. 2, 7 One of Pene- 
lope's suitors. Id. 3, 10. A Thessalian, wh<i 

became delirious for looking into a box which 
fell to his share after the plunder of Troy. Paus. 
7, 19.— — A soothsayer in the Grecian camp he- 
fore Troy, sent to consult tbe oracle of A poll'-, 
how his countrymen could return safe t.omp. 
The result of his inquiries was the injunction r( . 
offer a human sacrifice. J'irg. JEn. 2, 114. 

EURYSTHENES, a SOU of Aristodemus, whr 
lived in perpetual dissension with his twin bfo-' 
ther Procle.s, while they bo'h sat on the Spartan 
throne. It was unknown which of the two was 
bom first, the mother, who wished to see both: 
her sons raised to the throne, refused to declare 
it, and they w ere both appointed kings of Spaitaj- 
by order of the oracle of Delphi, B.C- 1103* 
After the death of the tw o brothers, the Lacedae- 
monians, who knew not to what family the rigl.t 



I 



EUR 



2S7 



EUT 



of seniority and succession belonged, permitted 
t« o kings to sit on ttie throne, one of each family. 
Tiie descendants oJ' Eurysthenes were called 
Eurysthenidce, and those of Procles, ProclicUs, 
It was inconsistent with the laws of Sparta for 
two kings of the same family to ascend the throne 
together, yet that law was sometimes violated by 
oppression and tyranny. Eurysthenes had a son 
called Agis, who .-ucceeded him. His descend- 
ants were called Agidce. There sat on the throne 
o- Sparta thirty-one kings of the family of Eu- 
rvsthenes, and only twenty-four of the Proclidje. 
The former were the more illustrious. (^Fid. 
Lacedaemon.) Herod. 4, 147. 6, 52.— Paws. 6, 1. 
— C. Nep. in Ages. 

EORYSTHENlDiE. Vid. Eurysthenes. 

EURYSTHEUS, a king of Argos and Mycenas, 
son of Sthenelus and Nicippe the daughter of 
Pelops, and husband to Antimache, daughter of 
Amphidamas. Jimo hastened his birth by two 
months, that he might come into the w orld before 
Hercules the son f Alcmena, as the ycunj;er of 
the two sons was doomed by order of Jupiter to be 
subservient to the will of the other. {Vid. Alc- 
mena.) This natural right was cruelly exercised 
by Eurystheus, who was jealous of the fame of 
Hercules, and who to destroy so powerful a rela- 
tion, imposed upon him the most dangerous and 
uncommon enterprises, well known by the name 
of the twelve labours of Hercules. The success 
of Hercules in achieving those perilous labours 
alarmed Eurystheus in a great degree, and he 
furnished hitnself with a brazen vessel, where he 
mi;;ht secure himself a safe retreat in case of 
danger. After the death of Hercules, Eurystheus 
renewed his cruelties against his children, and 
made war against Ceyx king of Trachinia, be- 
cause he had given them support, and treated 
them with hospitality. He was killed in the 
prosecution of this war by Hyllus the son of Her- 
cules. His head was sent to Alcmena the mother 
of Hercules, who, mindful of the cruelties which 
her son had suffered, insulted it, and tore out the 
eyes with the most inveterate fury. Eurystheus 
was succeeded on the throne of Argos by Atreus 
his nephew. Hygin. fab. 30 et 3i. — ApoUod. 2, 
4, &c.—Paus. 1, 63. S, (j,— Odd. Met. d,/ab. 6.— 
Virg. mn. 8, 292. 

EURYTE, a daughter of Hippodamus, who 

married Parthaon. Apollod. The mother of 

Hallirhotius. by Neptune. Id. 

KURYTELE, a daughter of Thespius. A 

(lanshter o! Leucippus. Apollod. 

EURYTHFMIS, the wife oi Thestius. Apol- 
l d. 

EURYTHTON and EURYXroN, a Centaur, 
v>hose insolence to Hippodamis was the cause of 
the quarrel between the Lapithx and Centaurs, 

at the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid. Met. 12. 

I'aus. 5, 10. — Hesiod. Theog. A herdsman of 

Geryon, killed by Hercules. Apollod. 2. A 

king of Sparta, who seized upon Mantinea by 

siratagem. Polycun. 2. One of the Argo- 

.1 luts. Ovid. Met. 8, 311. A son of Lycaon, 

w ho signalized himself during the funeral games 
exhibited in Sicily by .(Eneas. Virg. JEti. 5, 4S5. 

• A man of Heraclea, convicted of adultery. 

His punishment was the cause of the abolition 
of the oligarchical power there. Aristot. Polit. 
'j. A son of Actor, king of Phthia, who puri- 
fied Peleus of the murder of Phocus, and gave 
liini his daughter Antigone in marriage. He 
was killed at the chase of the Calydonian boar. 
Apollod. 1 et 3. 



EURYTIS {-idos), a patronymic of lole, dau^'^''- 
ter of Eurytus Ovid. Met. y.jab. 11. 

EURYTUS, a son of Mercury, among the Ar- 
gonauts. Flacc. 1, 439. A king of (Echalia, 

father to lole. He offered his daughter to him 
who shot a bow better than himself. Hercules 
conquered him, and put him to death because he 
refused him his daughter as the prize of his vic- 
tory. Apollod. 2, 4 el 7 A son of Actor, con- 
cerned in the wars between Augiasand Hercule*, 
and killed by the hero. A son ol Augias, kil- 
led by Hercules as he was going to Corinth to 

celebrate the Isthmian games. Apollod A 

giant, killed by Heicules or Bacchus for making 

war against the gods. An artist, who made 

the armciur of Pallas, the sonoi Evander. Virg. 
jEn. U), 409. 

EUSEBIA, AUREL., an empress, wife to Con- 
stantius. She was celebrated for her beauty, her 
genius, and the great chastity of her manners, as 
well as the humanity of her character. By her 
advice, Constantius married his sister Helena to 
Julian. She died, A. D. 360, highly and deserv- 
edly regretted. 

EuSEBirs, sumamed Pamj hllus, an ecclesi- 
astical historian, born in Palestine, probably at 
Caesarea, about 264 A.D. He received holy or- 
ders from Agapius, bishop of Caesarea, whom he 
succeeded in 315. He had a considerable share 
in the disputes relating to Arius, whose cause he 
at first defended, but afterwards he assisted at the 
council of Nice, and subscribed the confession of 
faith drawn up by that assembly. He was also 
at the councils of Tyre and Jerusalem, by which 
last he was deputed to go on a mission to Con 
stantine, who honoured him with many marks of 
his favour. Eusebius died in 339 or b-?0. He 
was the author of " Praeparatio Evangelica," 
" Demonjtratio Evangelica," Historia Eccle- 
siastica," " Chronieon, " &c. The best edition of 
the Praeparatio and Demonstratio Evangelica, is 
that of Vigier, 2 vols. iol. Paris, 1623. Of the 
Historia Ecclesiastica, the best edition is that of 

Zimmerman, 8vo, Francof. 1822. There w ere 

other ecclesiastics of the same name, the principal 
of whom was Eusebius bishop of Samosata, in 
the fourth century, who opposed the Arians, and 
was murdered by a woman of that party in Syria. 
A surname of Bacchus. 

EUSEI^L'S and Pedasus, the twin sons of Bu 
colion killed in the Trojan war. Homer. II. H. 

EusTATHiUS, archbishop of Thessalonica, 
lived in the twelfth century, under the emperors 
Manuel, Alexius, and Andionicus Comnenus. 
He was a very eminent grammarian; and wrote 
commentaries upon Honier, and Dionysius the 
geographer. His commentary on Homer was 
printed at Rome in 1550; and at Basil ten yeais 
after. His commentary on Dionysius was pub- 
lished at Paris in 1577, and more correctly at 

Oxford in 1697, 8vo. A man who wrote a very 

foolish romance in Greek, entitled de hmenice et 
Ismenes amoribus, edited by Gaulminus, 8vo. 
Paris. 16J7. 

ErJTERPE, one of the Muses, daughter to Ju- 
piter and Mnemosyne. She presided over music, 
and was looked upon as the inventress of ths 
flute and of all w ind instruments. She is repre- 
sented as crowned with flowers, and holding a 
j flute in her hands. Some mythologists have at- 
! tributed to her the invention of tragedy, more 
I commonly .suppo.^ed to be the production of Mel- 
pomene. \Vid. Musi«.) The name o( the uio- 

. ther of Themistoeles according to some. 



EUT 



2S8 



EVE 



EdthtcrItes, a sculptor of S'cyon, son of 
Lysippus. He was peculiarly happy in the pro- 
portions of his statues. Tnose of Hercules and 
Alexander were in general esteem, and particu- 
larly that of Medea which was carried on a cha- 
riot by four horses, Plin, 34, 8. A man w ho 

betrayed Olynthus to Philip. 

ECTHYDEMUS, an orator and rhetorician who 
creatly distinguished himself by his eloquence, 
&c. Strah. 14. 

EUTRAPZLUS, a man described as artful and 
iHllacious by Horace, ep. 1, l5, 31. A hair- 
dresser. M-.rtixl. ep. 7, S2. 

EUTRAPELUS, (Volumn.) a friend of M. An- 
tony, so called frona th? politeness of his man- 
ners, and the raillery of his wit. Cic Fam. ep. 
3iet3.3. 

EUTROPIUS, a Latin historian of the fourth 
century. He bore arms under Julian in his expe- 
dition against theParthians. and is thought to have 
obtained the senatorian rank. He wrote several 
works, of which the only one remaining is an 
abridgmentof the Roman history in ten books, from 
the foundation of the city to the reign of the empe- 
ror Valens. It is a brief and dry outline, without 
either elegance or ornament, yet containing cer- 
tain facts which are nowhere else nipntioned. The 
bestec ition is that ol Tzscuchke, Lips. 1797, 6vo. 

A famous eunuch at the court of Areadius, 

the son of Theodosius the Great. After the vi- 
cissitudes of popular favour and imperial suspi- 
cion, and after exercising the highest offices, with 
the caprice and cruelty of a tyrant, he was at last 
beheaded, A. D. 399. 

EuTYCHTDES, a learned servant of Atticus. &c. 
Qc. ad. Attic 15. 

EuXANTHlus,a daughter of Minos and Dexi- 
thea Apollod. 

ECXENCS, a man who wrote a poetical history 
of the fabulous ages of Italy. Dionys. Hal. 1. 

EUXINUS PONTUS. Vi'd. Pontus Euxiniis. 

EUXIPPE, a woman who killed herself because 
the ambassadors of Sparta had offered violence to 
her virtue, &c. 

EVADNE, a daughter of Iphis or Iphicles of 
Argos, who slighted the addresses of Apollo, and 
married Capaneus, one of the seven chiefs who 
went against Thebes. When her husband had 
been struck with thunder by Jupiter for his blas- 
phemies and impiety, and his ashes had been se- 
parated from those of the rest of the Argives, she 
threw herself on his burning pile, and perished 
in the flames. Vus. ^Sn 6 447. — Propert. 1, el. 

15, 21. —Stat. Theb7l2, 800. A daughter of the 

Strymon and Neaera. She married Argus, by 
whom she had four children. Apollod. 2. 

EvagoraS. a king of Cyprus who retook Sa- 
lamis, which had been taken from his father by 
the Persians. He made war against Artaxerxes, 
the king of Persia, with the assistance of the 
E^vptians, Arabians, and Tyrians, and obtained 
some advantage over the fleet of his enen- y. The 
Persians, however, soon repaired their losses, 9nd 
Evagoras saw himself defeated by sea and land, 
and obliged to be tributary to the power of Arta- 
xerxes, and to be stripped of all his dominions, 
except the town of Salamis. He was assassinated 
soon affer this fatal change of fortnne. bv a eu- 
nuch, 374 B. C. He If-ft two sons. Nicocl'es, who 
succeeded him, and Protagoras, who deprived bis 
nephe-A Evaeoras of his possessions. Evagoras 
deserves to be commended for his sobriety, mo- 
deration, and magnanimity, and if he was guilty 
of any political error in the management of tils 



kingdom, it may be S£»;d, that his love of equity I 
was a full compensation. Ris grandson bore i 
same name, and succeeded his father Xicocies. ; ' 
He showed himself oppresslAte, and his uncle Pro- I 
tagoras took advantage of his unpopularity to de- ' 
prive him of his power. Evagoras fled to Arta j 
xerxes Ochus, who gave him a government mort- j 
extensivi^ than that ot Cyprus, but his oppression ' 
rendered him odious, and he was accused before j 
his benefactor, and bv his orders put to death. ■ 
C. Xep. \2, 2.—Diod.'U.—Peius. 1, 3.— Justin t, ' 

6. A man of Elis, who obtained a prize at the i 

Olympian games. Paus. 5, S. A Spartan, ift- | 

mous for his services to the people of Elis. Id. \ 

6, 10. A king of Rhodes. An historian of 

Lindus in the age of Augustus, author of a his- i 
tory of Egypt, besides the li/"e of Timagenes, a I 

lexicon in Thucydid., and other works. An- , 

other of Thasos, whose works proved serviceable j 
to Plinv in the compilation of his natural history. 
Plin. lb. I 
EvAGORE, one of the Nereides. Apollod. , 
Evan, a surname of Bacchus, which he re- i 
ceived from the wild ejaculation of Evan! Ei'anl 
by his priestesses. Odd. Met. 4, 15. — f'irg. /En. 
6, 517. 

EVANDER, a son of Mercury, by the prophet- I 
ess Carmente, king of Arcadia. An accidental ; 
murder obliged him to leave his country, and he ' 
came to Italy, where he drove the Aborigines ,'! 
from their ancient possessions, and reigneo in 
that part of the country where Rome was after- ' 
wards founded. He kindly received Herculi»s i 
when he returned from the conquest of Geryon; j 
and he was the first who raised him altars. He | 
gave ^Eneas assistance against the Rutuli, and I 
distinguished himself by his hospitality. It is 
said that he first brought the Greek alphabet into ' 
Italy, and introduced there the worship of the ' 
Greek deities. He was honoured as a god after , 
death, by his subjects, who raised him an altar 
on mount Aventine; and as his reign had been | 
distinguished by mildness and hospitality, some | 
have considered him as the Saturn of Latium, ' 
and described his age as the golden age, so un- 
contaminated by immorality and vice. Evander I 
had a son, Pallas, who was slain by the Rutuli, 
and to the town, which he erected on the bank i 
of the Tiber, for the capital of his kingdom, he 
gave the name of Pallantium, which was after- i 
wards lost in the Palatine hill. Paus. 8, 43.— ! 
Liv. 1, 7—ltal. 7, iS.—Diomjs. Hal. 1, 7.- Ovid, 1 

Fast. 1, 500, 5, 9\. — Virg. .^n. 8, 100, &c. A 

philosopher of the second Academy, who flou- 
rished B. C. 215. . 

EVANGORIDES, a man of Elis, who wrote an j 
account of all those who had obtained a prize at i 
OUmpia, where he himself had been victorious. 
Po.us 6, 8. , 

EVARCHUS. a river of Asia Minor, flowing info ; 
the Euxine, to the south-east of Sinope. It "as ' 
once the boundary of Paphlagonia and Cappado- 
cia. 

Evas, a native of Phrygia who accorop.iinic d 
.Eneas into Italv, where he was killed bv Me- 
zentius. Virg. lEn. 10, 702. 

EvAX, an Arabian prince of great learning ard 
uncommon application. He studied medicinr, 
and w rote a book De Simplicium Effectibus, which 
he dedicated to Nero. Plin. 25, 2. 

EVEMERUS, an ancient historian of Messcnia. 
intimate with Cassander. He travelled ov.r 
Greece and Arabia, and wrote a history of fh(5 
gods, in which he proved from the monumei. s 



EVE 



FAB 



and n'Pords <*hich he found in th<? temples, espe- 
cially that of Jupiter Triphylius, that they all 
had been upon earth, as mere mortal men. En- 
nius translated it into Latin. It is now lost. 
Cic. de N. D. 1, 42.—Varr o de R. R. 1, 48.— Lac- 
tant de Pais. R. U.—Plut. de hid. et Os. 

EVENOR, a painter, father to Farrhasius. Plin. 
35. 9. 

EVENUS. a river of ^tolia, rising in the coun- 
try of the Biimienses, at mount CEta, and, after a 
south-westerly course of fifty miles, falling into 
the Ionian sea. It received its name from Eve- 
nus, son of Mars and Demoniee, who was so dis- 
consolate at the loss of his daughter Marpessa, 
whom Idas had carried away, and whom he pur- 
sued in vain, that he threw himself into the Ly- 
cormas, which thenceforth retained his name. 
It was on the banks of the Evenus that Hercules 
killed the centaur Nessus. It is now the Fidari. 
Near its mouth stood Missnlonghi. Strab. 10.-- 
Apollod. 1, 7 et 8.~0vid. Met. 9, 104. An epi- 
grammatic poet of Paros, who flourished about 

2b') B C. Fossius, Hist. Gr. A son of Jason 

and Hypsipyle, queen of I>emnos, who supplied 
the Greeks with some provisions during the Tro- 
jar. war, and fought himself bravely on their side. 
Homer. 11. 7, 467. 

EVHFHENUS.aPythagorean philosopher, whom 
Dionysius condemned to death because he had 
alienated the people of Metapontum from his 
power. The philosopher begged leave of the ty- 
rant to go and marry his sister, and promised to 
return in six months. Dionysius consented by 
receiving Eucritus, who pledged himself to die if 
Evephenus did not return in time. Evephenus 
returned at the appointed moment, to the aston- 
ishment of Dionysius, and delivered his friend 
Eucritus from the death which threatened him. 
The tyrant was so pleased with these two friends, 
that he pardoned Evephenus, and begged to share 
their friendship and confidence. PdlycBn. 5. 

EVERES, a son of Pteralaus, the only one of 
his family who did not perish in a battle against 

Electryon. Apollod. 2. A son of Hercules and 

Parthenope. The father of Tiresias. Apollod. 

EVERGETiE, a people of Upper Asia, whose 
proper name was Agriaspae. They wera called 
Evergetae, or benefactors, by Cyrus, because they 
had assisted him with provisions, and saved his 
army from perishing by hunger in the desert 
They had formed themselves into a little repub- 
lic, and their manners and customs were so su- 
perior to those of the surrounding barbarians, 
that Alexander not only gave them their full 
freedom, but also granted them, at their request, 
some territories in their vicinity. Cwt. 7, 3. 

EVERGETKS, a surname, signifying benefactor, 
given to Philip of Macedonia, and to Antigonus 
Doson, and Ptolemy of Egypt. It was also com- 
monly given to the kings of Syria and Pontus, 
4nd we often see among the former an Alexander 
Evergetes, and among the latter a Mithridates 
Evergetes. Some of the Roman emperors also 
claimed that epithet, so expressive of benevolence 
nd humanity. Curt. 7, 3. —Justiyi. 12, 5. 

EVESPERlDES, a people of Africa. Herod. 4, 
171. 

EvTas, a female worshipper of Bacchus, so 
jailed from his surname of Evius. Horat. Od. 3, 
25. 9. 

EviPPE. one of the Danaides who married and 

murdered Imbras. Apollod. Another. Id. 2, 

1. The mother of the Pierides, who were 

changed into magpies. Ovid. Met. 6, 303. 



EVIPPI S, ft 3on of Thestius, king of Pleurnn. 
killed by liis brotner Iphiclus in the chase oi the 

Calydonian boar. Apollod. 1, 7 A Troj^ai 

killed by Patroclus. Homer. II. 16, 417. 

Evius, a surname of Bacchus, which he re- 
ceived from the exclamation of his father Jupiter 
in the war against the giants, Evie! courage, my 
son, and from thence originated the Evohe! Evoe! 
so loudly and so frequently repeated at the cele- 
bration of his festivals, Colum. de R. R. 10, 224. 
—Horat. Od. 2, 11, 17. 

ExadIus, one of the Lapithse at the nuptials 
of Pirithous. Homer. II. 1, 264.— Oi'irf. Met. \i, 
266. 

Ex.ethes, a Parthian who cut oflf the head of 
CrassLis. &c. Pohjccn. 7. 

ExagSnus, the ambassador of a nation in Cy- 
prus nho came to Rome and talked so much of 
the power of herbs, serpents, &c., that the con- 
suls ordered him to be thrown into a vessel full 
of serpents. These venomous creatures, far from 
hurting him, caressed him and harmlessly licked 
him with their tongues. Plin. 28, 3. 

ExamPjEUS, a small streann, which falls into 
the Hypanis, where the river is lour days' journey 
from the sea, and renders its waters bitter, v.hich 
before were sweet. Herod, 4, 52. 



F 



FABARIA, festivals celebrated at Rome on 
the first of June, in honour of the goddess Carna, 
the wife of Janus, when beans {fabce) were pre- 
sented as an oblation. From this circumstance, 
the same name was sometimes applied to the 
calends of June. 

Fabaris, now Farfa, a river of Italy in the 
territories of the Sabines, called al.so Farjarus. 
Ovid. Met. 14, 330. Firg. Ain. 7, 715. 

Fabia. Vid. Fabius Fabricianus. 

FabTa lex, de plagio, enacted against kid- 
napping, or stealing away and retaining freemen 
or slaves. The punishment of this offence, at 
first, was a fine, but afterwards, to be sent to the 
mines; and for buying, or selling a freeborn ci- 
tizen, death. Another, deambitu, limiting the 

number of Sectatores that attended candidates 
when canvassing for any office. It was proposed, 
but did not pass. The Sectatores, who always 
attended candidates, were distinguished from the 
Salutatores, who only waited on them at their 
houses in the morning, and then went away; and 
from the Deductores, who went down with them 
to the Forum and Campus Martins. 

Fabia, a tribe at Rome. Hornf. Ep. 1, 7, b K 

A vestal virgin, sister to Terentia, Cicero's 

wife. She was accused of incest with Catiline, 
but acquitted. 

Fabiani, some of the Luperci at Rome, insti- 
tuted in honour of the Fabian family. 

Fabii, a noble and powerful family at Rome, 
who derived their name from faba, a bean, be- 
cause some of their ancestors cultivated this pulse. 
They were said to be descended from Fabiu:^, a 
supposed son of Hercules by an Italian nymph; 
and they were once so numerous that they took 
upon themselves to wage war against the 'Veien- 
tes. Tlipy came to a general engatfement near 
the Cremera, in which all the family, cousistuig 



FAB 



290 



FAB 



I 



of 306 met), were totally slain, B.C. 477. There 
only remained one whose tender age had detain- 
ed him at Home, and from him arose the noble 
Fabii in the following ages. The family was 
divided into different branches, the Auzbusti, 
the Maximi, the Vihulani, the Buteones, the Dor- 
sones, and the Pictores, Labeones, Gurgites, the 
three first of which are frequently mentioned in 
the Roman history, but the others seldom. 
Dionys. 9, b.—Liv. 2, 46, Szc—Flor. 1, 2.— Ovid. 
Trist. 2, 2ob.— Virg, 6, S45. 

FABius, Maximus Rullianus, was the first 
of the Fabii who obtained the surname of Maxi- 
mus, for lessening the power of the populace at 
elections. He was master of horse to Papirius 
Cursor, and his victory over the Samnites in that 
capacity nearly cost him his life, because he en- 
gaged the enemy without the command of the 
dictator. He was live times consul, twice dicta- 
tor, and once censor. He triumphed over seven 
different nations in the neighbourhood of Rome, 
and rendered himself illustrious by his patriot- 
ism. Liv. 8, 29 et 3S. 9, 23. His son, Quintus 

Maximus Gurges, was defeated by the Samnites, 
and would have been disgraced by the senate, 
had not his father interfered, and promised to 
serve as his lieutenant, that thus he might wipe 
away the infamy thrown upon the Roman arms. 
In consequence of this the Samnites were con- 
quered, and Pontius their general was cruelly 

beheaded. Liv 11. Quintus was the only 

survivor of the Fabian family after the battle of 
Cremera. He was three times con.sul, and was 

at last banished. Liv, 3, 1, &c. Rusticus, an 

historian in the age of Claudius and Nero. He 
was intimate with Seneca, and the encomiums 
w hich Tacitus passes upon his style, make us re- 
gret the loss of his compositions Marcellinus, 

an historian in the second centurj'. A Roman 

lawyer, whom Horace {Sat. 1, 2, 134) ridicules as 

having been caught in adultery. Q. Maximus, 

a celebrated Roman, first surnamed Verrucosus, 
from a wart on his lip, and Agnicula from his in- 
otfensive manners. From a dull and unpromis- 
ing childhood he burst into deeds of valour and 
heroism, and was gradually raised by merit to 
the highest offices of the state. As ambassador 
in Africa, he boldly supported the Roman cha- 
racter; and when the Carthaginian senate hesi- 
tated to declare friendship or war, and desired 
that he might give whichever he chose, he dis- 
dainfully threw open his robe, exclaiming. Take 
war. In his first consulship, he obtained a vic- 
tory over Liguria, and the fatal battle of Thrasy- 
menus occasioned his election to the dictatorship. 
In this important office he began to oppose An- 
nibal, not by fighting him in the open field, like 
his predecessors, but he continually harassed his 
army by countermarches and ambu=cades, from 
ivhieh he received the surname of Cunctator, or 
delayer. Such operations, for the commander of 
the Roman armies, gave offence to some, and 
Fabius was even accused of cowardice. He, 
however, still pursued the measures which pru- 
dence and reflection seemed to dictate as most 
salutary to Rome, and he patiently bore to see 
his master of horse raised to share the dictatorial 
dignity with himself, by means of his enemies at 
home. When he had laid down his office of dic- 
tator, his successors for a while followed his plan, 
but the rashness of Varro, and his contempt for 
the operations of Fabius, occasioned the fatal 
l.~.:t1e of Cannie. Tarentum was obliged to '■-ur- 
reniler to his arms alter the battle of C;inn£e, and 



on that occasion the Carthaginian enemy observe, 
ed that Fabius was the Annibal of Rome. Wheit 
he had made an agreement with Annibal for thr 
ransom of the captives, which was totally disap/' 
proved by the Roman senate, he nobly sold air 
his estates to pay the money, rather than forfeit 
his word to the enemy. The bold proposal or 
young Scipio to go and carry the war from Italy' 
to Africa, was rejected by Fabius as chimeriear 
and dangerous. He did not, however, live to se^ 
the success of the Roman arms under Scipio, and 
the conquest of Carthage, by measures which h^' 
treated with contempt and heard with indigna-j^, 
tion. He died in the 100th year of his age, aften^ 
he had been five times consul, and twice honour-{^ 
edwiih a triumph. The Romans were so sensible' 
of bis great merit and services, that the expenses!" 
of his funeral were defrayed from the public trea- ' 
sury. He was called the shield, as Marcellusde-t 
served the appellation of the sivord, of Rome.f 

Ovid. Fast. 2, 242 Cic. Br. 18, Orat. 2, 67.— F 

riut. invita. — Flor. 2, Q.~Liv. 21, &c. His*^^. 

son bore the same name, and showed himself' 
worthy of his noble father's virtues. During^ 
his consulship he received a visit from his father 
on horseback in the camp. The son ordered the' 
father to dismount, and the old man cheerfuUyt 
obeyed, embracing his son, and saying, I wished'' 
to know whether you knew what it is to be con-r 
sul. He died before his father, and the Cuneta-f 
tor, with the moderation of a philosopher, deli-f 
vered a funeral oration over the dead body of hisf 

son. Plut. in Fabio. Pictor, the earliest ofi 

Roman historians, grandson of the artist who 
painted the temple of Health, He flourished 
during the second Punic war, and after thebat-j 
tie of Cannae, was deputed to the oracle of Del- 
phi to learn the proper means of appeasing the[ 
gods. He wrote " Annals of Rome," both in the; 
Greek and Latin language, and some books "De; 

Jure Pontifico,'' Few fragments remain 

loquacious person mentioned by Horace {Sat. 1, 

14.) A Roman consul, surnamed Ambustus, 

because he was struck with lightning. A lieu- 
tenant of Caesar in Gaul. Fabricianus, a Ro- 
man assassinated by his wife Fabia, that she 
might more freely enjoy the company of a fa- 
vourite youth. His son was saved from his mo- 
ther's cruelties, and when he came of age he 
avenged his father's death by murdering his mo- 
ther and her adulterer. The senate took cog- 
nizance of the action, and patronized the parri- 
cide. Plut. in Parall. Lupercus, a priest of 

Pan at Rome. The priests were divided into 
two classes, called Fabiani, the friends of Re- 
mus, and Quintiliani, the friends of Romulus. 
Ovid. Fast. 2, d75.—Propert. 4, 1, 26. A lieu- 
tenant of Lucullus, defeated by Mithridates. 

A son of Paulus Jilmilius, adopted into the fa- 
mily of the Fabii. Q. ^Emilianus, was de- 
scended from ^Emilius, and was surnamed Allo- 
brogicus from his victory over the Allobroges, 

&c. Flor. 2, 17. Another, chosen general 

against the Carthaginians in Italy. He lost all 
his forces in a battle, and fell wounded by the 

side of Annibal. Plut. in Parall, A consul 

with J. Caesar, who conquered Pompey's adher- 
ents in Spain. Dio. 43, 46, A hi^h priest, who 

wrote some annals, and made war against Viria- 

thus in Spain. Liv. 30, 26,— F/o/'. 3, 2, Dorse. 

Vid. Dorso. 

Fabrateria, a town of Latium, on the river 
Liris, and near its junction with the Trerus. It 
is now Falvalerra. Liv. 8, ^9.—S^l. Ital. 8, 39S. 



FAB 



291 



FAL 



! Fabricius, a Latin writer in the reign of 
I Nero, who emplo3'ed his pen in satirizing and de- 
j faminj; the senators. His works were buraed by 

j order of Nero. Caius Luscinus, a celebrated 

I Roman, who, in his first consulship, obtained 
i several victories over the Samnites and Lucani- 
ans, and was honoured with a triumph. The 
I riches which were acquired in those battles were 
I immense, the soldiers were liberally rewarded by 
! the consul, and the treasury was enriched with 
j 400 talents. Two years afier, Fabricius went as 
ambassador to Pyrrhus, and refused with con- 
i tempt the presents, and* heard with indignation 
; the offers, which might have corrupted the fide- 
j lity of a less virtuous citizen, Pyrrhus had occa- 
sion to admire the magnanimity of Fabricius, but 
I his astonishment was more powerfully awakened 
when he opposed him in the field of battle, and 
j when he saw him make a discovery of the perfi- 
I dious offer of his physician, who pledged himself 
I to the Roman general for a sum of money to 
I poison his royal master. To this greatness of 
■ soul were added the most consummate knowledge 
I of military affairs, and the greatest simplicity of 
manners. Fabricius never used rich plate at his 
table. A small salt-cellar, whose feet were of 
horn, was the only silver vessel which appeared 
in his house. This contempt of luxury and use- 
less ornaments, Fabricius wished to inspire among 
the people, and during his censorship he banished 
from the senate Cornelius Rufinus, who had been 
twice consul and dictator, because he kept in his 
house more than ten pounds weight of silver 
plate. Such were the manners of the conqueror 
of Pyrrhus, who observed that he wished rather 
I to command those that had money than possess 
' it himself. He lived and died in the greatest 
: poverty. His body was buried at the public 
charge, and the Roman people were obliged to 
nive a dowry to his two daughters, when they 
had arrived to marriageable years, Val, Max. 2, 
9. 4,4. — F/or. 1, \8.—Cic. de Offic. Z.—Plut. in 
Pyrrh.— Virg.^n. 6, 844. A tribune, who pro- 
posed the restoring of Cicero from exile. Cic. 

Sext. 35. —Red. in Sen. 8. A bridge at Rome, 

built by the consul Fabricius over the Tiber. 
Horat. Serm. 2, 3, 36 
Fabulla, a prostitute, &c. Juv. 2, 68. 
Facelina, a small place on the north of Sici- 
ly, where Diana had a temple. Servius ad Virg, 
Mn, 2, \ \7.—Hygin. 261. 

Q. Fadius, a freedman, father of Fulvia, An- 
tony's wife. He was called "TBambalio from his 

stammering. Cic. Phil. 2, 2 et 36. 3, 6. Titus, 

a quaestor in Cicero's consulship. He was un- 
I justly banished. Cic. Fam. 5, ep. 18. — Ad Att. 
3, ep. 23. 

Fadus, a Rutulian killed in the night by Eu- 
ryalus. Virg. ^n. 9, 344. 

FiESULjE, now Fiesole, a town of Etruria, 
north-east of Florentia, whence it is said the 
Augurs passed to Rome. Catiline made it a 
1 place of arms. The Goths, when they entered 
I Italy, under the consulate of Stilicho and Aure- 
lian, A. D. 400, were defeated near this town. 
Cic. pro Mur. 2i.—ltnl. 8, i78.—Sallust. Cat. 27. 

Fagutal, a surname of Jupiter, either be- 
cause the beech {fagus) was consecrated to him, 
or because one of his temples was surrounded 
with such trees. Plin. 26, 10. 

Falcidta lex, was enacted by the tribune 
Falcidius, A.U.C. 713, that the testator should 
leave at least the fourth part of his fortune to the 
: person whom he named his heir, 

! 



Falconia PnoBA, a Roman lady in the age 
of Theodosius the younger, who distinguished 
herself as a poetess in favour of Christianity. 
She married Adelphus, a man of consular dig- 
nity, by whom she had Juliana; but the excel- 
lence of her character did not prevent her from 
being suspected of betraying Rome to the bar- 
barian Alaric. Her poem, w hich epeaks of some 
of the principal events of the Old and New Test- 
aments, is written with spirit, in the true style ol 
Virgilian verse, and consists of 394 lines, 

FalerIa, a town of Picenum, south-west ot 
Firmum, now FaUeroni. Plin. 3, 13. 

FalerIi, (or mm), now Civita Castellana_ a 
city of Etruria, south-west of Fescennium, and 
the capital of the Falisci. The Romans borrow ed 
some of their laws from Falerii. The place was 
famous for its pastures, and for a peculia: sort of 
sausage. {Vid. Falisci.) Martial. 4, ep. 46 — 
Liv. 10, 12 et }6.—0vid. Fast. 1, Si.— Pont. 4, 8, 
i\.~Cato R i2. 4 et \^.— Servius in Virg, ^n. 7, 
695. — Plin. 3, 5. 

FalerIna, a tribe at Rome. Liv, 9, 20. 

Falernus, a district of Italy famed for its 
wine. Few parts of Italy proved unfriendly to 
the vine, but it flourished most in that portion of 
the south-western coast, to which, from its extra- 
ordinary fertility and delightful climate, the name 
of Campania Felix was given. Some doubt con- 
cerning the extent of the appellation seems to 
exist; but Pliny and Strabo confine it to the level 
country reaching from Sinuessa to the promon- 
tory of Sorrento, and including the Campi Labo- 
rini, from whence the present name of Terra di 
Lavoro has arisen. In ancient times, indeed, the 
hills by which the surface is diversified seem to 
have formed one continued vineyard. Falernus 
is spoken of by Florus as a moimtain, and Mar- 
tial describes it under the same title; but Pliny, 
Polybius, and others, denominate it a field or 
territory {ager); and, as the best growths were 
styled indiscriminately Massicum and Falernum 
(vinu7)i), it is thought that Massicus was the pro- 
per appellation of the hills which rose from the 
Falernian plain. The truth seems to be, that the 
choicest wines were produced on the southern 
declivities of the range of hills which commence 
in the neighbourhood of ancient Sinuessa, and 
extend to a considerable distance inland, and 
which may have taken their general name from 
the town or district of Falernus; but the most 
conspicuous or the best exposed among them may 
have been the Massic, and, as in process of time 
several inferior growths were confounded under 
the common denomination of Falernian, cor- 
rect writers would choose that epithet which 
most accurately denoted the finest vintage. If, 
however, it be allowable to appeal to the analogy 
of modern names, the question of locality will be 
quickly decided; for the mountain which is ge- 
nerally allowed to point out the site of ancient 
Sinuessa is still known by the name of Monte 
Massico. Pliny's account of the wines of Cam- 
pania is the most circumstantial. {Plin. 14, 6.) 
" Augustus, and most of the leading men of his 
time," observes this writer, " gave the preference 
to the Setine wine that was grown in the vine- 
yards above the Forum Appii, as being of all kinds 
the least apt to injure the stomach. Formerly 
the Cajcuban wine, which came from the marshc» 
of Amyclae, was most esteemed, but it has lost its" 
repute, partly from the negligence of the grow- 
ers, and partly from the limited extent of the 
, vineyards, which have been nearly destroyed by 
t B 2 



FAL 



2dU 



FAU 



Uie navigable canal began by Nero from Avernus 
to Oatia. The second rank used to be assigned 
to the growths of the Falernian territory, and 
among them chiefly to the Faustianum. The 
territory of Falernus begins from theCampanian 
bridge, on the left hand, as you go to Urbana. 
The Faustian vineyards are situate about four 
miles from the village, in the vicinity of Cedise, 
which village is six miles from Sinuessa. The 
Mines produced on this soil owe their celebrity to 
the great care and attention bestowed on the 
manufacture: but latterly they have somewhat 
degenerated, in consequence of the rapacity of the 
farmers, who are usually more intent upon the 
quantity than the quality of their vintage. They 
continue, however, in the greatest estimation, and 
are peihaps the strongest of all «ines, as they 
burn when approached by the flame. They are 
of three kinds; namely, the dry, the sweet, and the 
light Falernian. The grapes of which the wine 
is made are unpleasant to the taste." From this 
and other accounts, it appears that the Falernian 
w ine was strong and durable: so rough in its re- 
cent state as not to be drunk with pleasure, and 
requiring to be kept many years before it grew 
sutiiciently mellow Horace terms it a fiery 
w ine, and calls for water from the spring to mo- 
derate its strength: and Persius applies to it the 
epi the I tn do mitwn, in allusion to its very heady 
qualities. According to Galen, the best was that 
Irom ten to twenty years; after this period it be- 
came bitter. Among the wines of the present 
day, Xeres and Madeii-a most closely resemble 
the Falernian. Vid. Caecubus Ager. (^Hender- 
son on Wines, ch. 6.) 

Falisci, a people of Etruria, said to have been 
originally a Macedonian colony, Vvhen they 
were besieged by Camillus, a schoolmaster went 
out of the gates of the city with his pupils, and 
offered to betray them into the hands of the Ro- 
man enemy, that by such a possession he might 
easily oblige the place to surrender. Camillus 
heard the proposal with indignation, and ordered 
the man to be stripped naked and whipped back 
to the town by those whom his perfidy wished to 
betray. This instance of generosity operated 
upon the people so powerfully, that they surren- 
dered to the Romans. Plvt. in Camill. 

Faliscus GRATIUS. Vid. Gratius. 

Fama, (fame,) was worshipped by the ancients 
as a powerful goddess, and generally represented 
blowing a trumpet, &c. Stat. Theb. 3, 427. 

Fa NNlA.a w oman of Minturnae, who hospitably 
entertained Marius in his flight, though he had 
formerly sat in judgment upon her, and divorced 
her from her husband. 

Fannia L^x, dc Smnpiibus, enacted A.U.C. 
5S8 It limited the expenses of one day, at fes- 
tivals, to 100 asses whence the law is called by 
Lucilius, Centussis ; on ten other days every 
month, to 30, and on all other days to 10 asses : 
also that no other fowl should be served up ex- 
cept one hen, and that not fattened for the pur- 
pose. 

Fannius, Quadratus, an inferior poet, ridi- 
culed by Horace, because his poems and picture 
were consecrated in the library of Apollo, on 
mount Palatine at Rome, as it was then usual 
for such as possessed merit. Herat. Sat. ], 4, 21. 

Cains, a writer of annals, son-in-law of Lae- 

1 us. Brutus abridged an elegant history which 
he composed. Cic Br. 21 et 26, 87. Tnsc. 4, 17. 

Alt. 12, ep. 5. A tribune, who commanded in 

Sicily, during the civil wars. After Caesar's 



death, he sided with Cn. Pompey, and .sdvisf d j 
him to relieve U- Brutus in Mutina. CYtv l-h. \ 

13, 6. Att. 7, ep. 15. A person who killed i 

himself when apprehended in a conspiracy ; 

against Augustus. Mart. 12, ep. tO.- Caius, j 

an author in Trajan's reign, whose history, in ] 
three books, of the cruelties of Nero, is greatly 
regretted. Pliny the younger, who was his 
friend, bitterly laments "his fate, and describes 
him as polished and eloquent, and naturally en- 
dowed with great powers improved by study and 
exercise. 

Fanum VACtJNiE, a temple of Vacuna, in the 
vicinity of Horace's Sabine villa. It is svppdS' d 
to have stood on the summit of Rocca Giovime. 
Hor. Ep. 1, JO, 49. 

Farfaru.«!, a river in the country of the Sa- 
bines. the same as Fabaris. It falls into the Ti- 
ber above Capena. Ovid. Met. 14, 330. 

Fascelis, a surname of Diana, because her 
statue was brought from Taurica by Iphigenia in 
a bundle of sticks, (/ascis,) and placed at Aricia. 
Hi/gin. fab. 261. 

FaucCla, a prostitute who privately con- 
veyed food to the Roman prisoners at Capua. 
Liv. 26, 33. 

Fauna, a deity among the Romans, daughter 
of Picus, and originally called Manca. Her 
marriage with Faunus procured her the name of 
Fauna, and her knowledge of futurity that of 
Fulua and Faiidica. It is said that she never 
saw a man alter her marriage with Faunus, and 
that her uncommon chastity occasioned her be- 
ing ranked among the gods after death. She is 
the same, according to some, as Bona Mater. 
Some mythologists accuse her of drunkenness, 
and say that she expired under the blows of her 
husband, for an immoderate use of wine. Virg 
j^ri. 7, 47, Sec— Varro.— Justin. 43, 1. 

FaunalIa, festivals at Rome in honour of 
Faunus. 

Fauni, certain deities of the country, repre- 
sented as having the legs, feet, and ears of goats, 
and the rest of the body human. They were 
called Satyrs by the Greeks. The peasants of- 
fered them a lamb or a kid, with great solemnity. 
Virg. G. 1, ]0.—Ovid. Met. 6, 392. 

Faunus, a son of Picus, who is said to have 
reigned in Italy about ]3n0 years B. C. His 
bravery as well as wisdom have given rise to the 
tradition that he was son of Mars. He raised a 
temple in honour of Ihe god Pan, called by the 
Latins Lupercus, at the foot of the Palatine hill, 
and he exercised hospitality towards strangers 
with a liberal hand. His great popularity, and 
his fondness for agriculture, made his subjects 
revere him as one of their country deities after 
death. He was represented with all the equipage 
of the Satyrs, and was consulted to give oracles. 
Dionys. 1, 7— Virg. jEn. 7, 47. 8, 314. 10, 55.— 
Horat. Od. I, 17. 

Fausta, a daughter of Sylla, wife to Milo. 
Horat. Sat. 1, 2, 64.— C/c. Att. 5, ep. S.—Plut in 

Syll. The wife of the emperor Constantine, 

disgraced for her cruelties and vices. 

FAUSTINA, the wife of the emperor Antoninus 
Pius, infamous for her debaucheries. She died 
A D. 141, in her thirty-seventh year. Her 
daughter, of the same name, blessed with beauty, 
liveliness, and wit, became the most abandoned 
of her sex. She married M. Aurelius the empe- 
ror, who pitied but did not punish her irregula- 
rities. She died A. D. 175, near mount Tauru? 
in Asia, where she attended her husband in his 



FAU 



£93 



FER 



expedition against the rebellious Cassius. The 

third wife of the emperor Heliogabalus bore that 
name, and was grand-daughter to the preceding. 
She was unlike her predecessors in their con- 
duet, but not possessed of such personal charms. 

Faustitas, a goddess among the Romans, 
supposed to preside over cattle, and the produc- 
tions of the seasons generally. Horat. Od. 4, 5, 
17. 

Faustulus, a shepherd ordered to expose 
Romulus and Remus. Re privately brought 
them up at home. Liv, 1, 4. — Pint, in Rom. 

FaustUS, an obscure poet under the first Ro- 
man emperors, two of whose dramatic pieces, 

Thebaj and Tereus, Juvenal mentions, 7, 12. 

The name of Faustus was given by Sylla to his 
son, born after his elevation to the dictatorship. 
Plut. in Syll.—Cic SuU. ]9.—Ait. 4, ep. 10. 

Favo, a Roman mimic, who, at the funeral of 
Vespasian, imitated the manners and gestures of 
the deceased emperor. Suet, in Fesp. 19. 

Favonius, the name of one of the winds. Fid. 
Venti. 

FavorInus, a Platonic philosopher and rhe- 
torician, was born at Arelate, in Gaul. He lived 
in the reign of Adrian, and taught at Athens and 
Rome with great reputation. He complied with 
the capricious humours of Adrian, saying, "would 
you have me dispute with a man who can com- 
mand thirty legions?" Many works have been 
ascribed to him, but none are extant. 

Februalta, a feast at Rome of purification 
and atonement, in the month of February: it con- 
tinued for twelve days. The month of February, 
which, together with January, was added by 
Numa to the ten months constituting the year of 
Romulus, derived its name from this general ex- 
piatory sacrifice, the people being then purified 
{/cbruali) from the sins of the whole year. 

Feciales, a number of priests at Rome, em- 
ployed in declaring war and making p^ace. 
When the Romans thought themselves injured, 
one of this sacerdotal body was empowered to 
demand redress, and after the allowance of thir- 
ty-three days to consider the matter, war was (ie- 
clared if submissions were not made, and the 
Fecialis hurled a bloody spear into the territories 
of the enemy in proof of intended hostilities. 
LiL'. 1, 3. 4, 30. 

Felginas, a Roman knight, killed byPompey 
at Dyrrachium. Cces. Bell. Civ. 3. 

Felix, M. Antonius, a freedman of Clau- 
dius Caesar, made governor* of Judaea, Samaria, 
and Palestine. He is called by Suetonius the 
husband of three queens, as he married the two 
Drusillie, one grand-daughter of Antony and 
Cleopatra, and the other a Jewish princess, sister 
of Agrippa. The name of his third wife is un- 
known. Suet, in CI. 18.— Tacit. Ann. 12, 14. 

Minutius, a father of the primitive church, who 
fliourished about A. D. 220. He was an African 
by birth, and a lawyer, and when converted to 
Christianity, he wrote in its defence a celebrated 
dialogue called Octavius. Fid. Minutius. 

Felsina, an Etrurian city in Gallia Cisalpi- 
na, afterwards called Bononia, and now Bologna. 
It was at one time the principal city of the Tus- 
ci, north of the Apennines. It became a Roman 
colony, and suffered considerably during the civil 
wars, but was afterwards restored by Augustus. 
Piin. 3, lo.- IJv. 37, bl.—Cic. ad Fam. U, 13. 
12, 5.— Tacit. Hist. 2, 53. 

Feltria, a town of Italy at the north of Ve- 
nice, now Feltre. 



Fenestella, a Roman historian in the age of 

Augustus. He died at Cumoe. One of the 

gates at Rome. Ovid. Fast. 6, 578. 

Fenni, or FINNI, the inhabitants of Finnin- 
gia or Eningia, now considered as Finland. Ta- 
cit. G. 46.- Plin. 4, 13. 

Feralia, a festival observed among the Ro- 
mans on February 21st, or, according to Ovid, 
on the 17th of that month, in honour of the manes 
of their deceased friends or relations, Varro de- 
rives the word from fero, on account of a repast 
carried to the sepulchres of those to whom the 
last ofifices were rendered on that occasion. Fes- 
tus derives it from ferio-, on account of the vic- 
tims sacrificed. Vossius observes, that the Ro- 
mans called death fera, cruel, and that the word 
Jeralia might arise thence. During the continu- 
ance of this festival, which lasted eleven days, 
presents were made at the graves of the deceased, 
marriages were forbidden, and the temples of the 
gods shut up. While the ceremonies continued, 
they imagined that the manes suffered no pun 
ishmen'ts in the infernal regions, but that their 
tormentors allowed them to wander round their 
tombs, and feast upon the meats which their sur- 
viving friends had prepared for them. 

Ferentinum, a town of Etruria, south-east 
of Vulsinii, now Ferenli. Suet. 0th. i.—Se.vt. 

Aur. Fict.— Tacit. Hist. 2, 50. A town of La- 

tium, about eight miles beyond Anagnia, on the 
Via Latina, now Ferentino. It appears to have 
belonged originally to the Volsci, but was taken 
from them by the Rom.ans, and allotted to the 
Hernici. It subsequently fell into the hands of 
the Samnites. Liv. 4, 51. 10, 34. 

Ferentum, or Forentum, a town of Apu- 
lia, about eight miles to the south-east of Venu- 
sia, and on the other side of mount Vultur, It is 
now Forensa. Plin. 3, U.— Horat. Od. 3, 4, 15. 

Feretrius, a surname of Jupiter, a ferendo^ 
because he had assisted the Romans, {)X aferien- 
do, because he had conquered their enemies un- 
der Romulus. He had a temple at Rome, built 
by Romulus, where the spoils called opimn, ob- 
tained from Acron king of Caenina, were depos- 
ited by the monarch. Only two generals ob- 
tained these celebrated spoils after the age of Ro- 
mulus. Liv. 1, \Q. — Pliit. in Rom. — C. Nep. in 
Alt. 20. 

FerI^ Latins, festivals at Rome instituted 
by Tarquin the Proud. The principal magis- 
trates of forty-seven towns in Latium usually as- 
sembled on a mount near Rome, where they 
altogether with the Roman magistrates offered a 
bull to Jupiter Latialis, of which they carried 
home some part after the immolation, after they 
had sworn mutual friendship and alliance. It 
continued but one day originally, but in process 
of time four days were dedicated to its celebra- 
tion. Dio?iys. Hal. 4, 49. — Cic. ad Fam. 8, ep. 6. 
— Liv. -2], 63. The feria; among the Romans 
were certain days set apart to celebrate festivals, 
and during that time it was unlawful for any per- 
son to work. They were either public or pri- 
vate. The public were of four different kinds. 
The ferice stativcs were certain immovable days 
always marked in the calendar, and observed by 
the whole city with much festivity and public re- 
joicing. The ferice conceptivcc were movable 
feasts, and the day appointed for the celebration 
was always previously fixed by the magistrates ur 
priests. Among these were the ferirv Latinir, 
which were first established by Tarquin, and ob- 
served by the consuls regularly, before they set 



204 



FIM 



oiU for the provinces; the Coinpitdia, &c. The 
Ji rif&- imperalii'cf: w ere appointed only by the com- 
mand of the consul, dictator, or prastor, as a pub- 
lie rejoicing for some important victory gained 
over the enemies of Rome. The/t'jvVp S'laiclhue 
were regular days in which the people of the 
country and neighbouring towns assembled toge- 
ther and exposed their respective commodities to 
sale. They were called Nundina;, because kept 
every ninth day. The fcritr privntfF were ob- 
served only in families, in conmiemoration of 
liirth-days, marriages, funerals, and the like. 
The days on which {hefei-icf were observed, were 
called by the Romans Ji-ali dies, because dedicated 
10 mir;h. relaxation, and festivity. 

FeronI^, a nymph of Campania, who pre- 
sided over the woods and orchaids, and was wor- 
shipped at Rome as a goddess. The name is 
• 'erived from./>»o, because she gave assistance to 
her votaries, or. perhaps, from the town Feronia, 
rear mount Soracte. where she had a temple. 
It was usual to make a yearly sacrifice to her, 
and to wash the face and hands in the waters of 
the sacred fountain, which llowed near her tem- 
ple. It is said that those who «ere fully inspired 
by this goddess could walk barefooted over burn- 
ing coals without receiving any injury from the 
flames. The goddess had a temple and grove 
about three miles from Anxur. and also another 
in the district of Caiiena. Liv. 33, 26. - I'/nr. 
.tin. r, tin; et IQQ. — yorrn de L. L. 4, IQ. — Ilal. 
13, Si. -SI rub. HoruL S,d. I. .5, 24. 

Fesce.VNIA, (Jnnim) or Fescenmum, a city 
/if Etruria, east of the Ciininian lake and near 
the Tiber. It seems to have occupied the site of 
the modern Gulesp. It is noted in the annals of 
Latin poetry for the nuptial songs, called Car- 
mina Fescinnina, to which, according to Festus, 
it gave its name. The origin of the Fescinnine 
verses is to be traced to the rude hilarity attend- 
ant upon the celebration of harvest. They were, 
lherei"ore, in their primitive character, a sort of 
rustic dialogue spoken extempore, in which the 
actors exposed before their audience the failings 
nnd vices of their adversaries, and by a satirical 
humour and merriment endeavoured to raise the 
laughter of the company. They would seem to 
have speedily run into excess, since one of the 
laws of the twelve tables prohibits this license 
under pain of death: a punishment afterwards 
commuted for beating with sticks. P/i?!. 15, 'i2. 
— /V/r. 7, 695. - Hor<d. Ep. 2, 1, 145. 

Festus, a friend of Domitian, v.ho killed 

liim.self in an illness. Mnrtiid. 1. pp. 79. Por- 

cius, a proconsul who succeeded Felix as gover- 
nor of Judoea, under Claudius, Pompeius, a 

Latin grammarian, supposed to have lived dur- 
ing the latter half of the third century. He made 
an abridgment of a work of Verrius Flaccus, de 
rerhorum significntiojie ■ His abridgment was 
again reduced by Paul Winifred, oi' which an 
edition was published in 1470; and more com- 
pletely afterwards, particularly in the Delphin 
classics, in l(j-3i, 4to. 

FesCl.e. Vid. FajsuU-e. 

FliJRKNUS, a small- stream of Latium. falling 
into the Liris through Cicero's farm at Arpinum. 
Sll. 8, 400. - Cfc. Le^^. 2, 1 

FiC.A.VA. a town of Latium, at the south of 
Rome, near the Tiber. Liv. 1, 33. 

FtCARiA, a small island on the east of Sardi- 
ni.T, now Srrpenffra. Plin. 3, 7- 

FlCTLEA or Ficulnea, a town of I>atium. 
beyond mount Sacer at the north of Rome. 



Cicero had a villa there, and the road that led 
the town was called Ficulnensis. afterwards <Vo- 
mvntnna l ia. Cic. All. 12, dA.— Div. \, 3S. 3, b>. 

FlDKN.t, a town of the Sabines, between four 
and live miles from Rome. It was founded by 
an Alban colony, and was finally reduced under 
the Roman jiower, A. U. C. 329, by the dictator 
--Emilius Mamercus. I'irg. 6, 773. — Juv. 1, 
44. -L/r. 1, 14, 15et27. 2, 19.4, 17 el 21. 

FiDENTlA. a town of Gaul on the south of the 
Po, between Placentia and Parma. Veil. 2, 2i>. 
—Plin. 3, 15. — Oc. de Inv. 2, 54. 

Fides, the goddess of faith, oaths, and hon- 
esty, worshipped by the Romans. Numa was 
the first who paid her divine honours, and he di- 
rected that her worship should be m.aintained at 
the expense of the public, whose prosperity was 
so nearly centered in the observation of it. The 
temple fell to decay, but was rebuilt by Att. CmI- 
latinus. It stood in the capitol, according t^ 
Pliny, though Cicero says that only the statue of 
the goddess was there. The only dress of this 
divinity was a white veil, expressive of frankness, 
candour, and modesty, and the head and hands of 
her priests were likewise adorned with white, and 
they were permitted to offer oblati-^ns only with 
the right hand. No animal was off^r'red, as the 
goddess was an enemy to bloodshed. Sometimes 
she is represented with a cup in one hand, and in 
the other a cornucopia, sometimes sitting, and 
crowned with an olive branch; with a turtle, the 
symbol of peace, in one hand, and a military en- 
sign in the other. The symbol of fidelity is re- 
1 presented bv two hands stronglv joined together. 
rarro de L. L. 4, 10. — Oc. de Oif'. 6. - De N. D. 
2.~Dionys. Hal. 2. 2\.~ Pli7i. 3j, \Q.—Horat. Od. 

1, 3.^. 

FiDICi L.'E, a place of Italy. Vnl. Mux. 7, 6. 

FlDlLS Da s, a divinity, the god of faith and 
truth, by whom the Romans generally swore. 
He was also called Sancus, or Sanctus, and Se- 
mipater, and he was solemnly addressed in pray- 
ers on the 5th of June, which was yearly conse- 
crated to his service. Some suppose him to be 
Hercules, while others assert that he was the first 
king of the Sabines, whom the adulation of his 
■subjects and of his son Sabus, who gave his name 
to the nation, elevated to rank with the gods af- 
ter death. Ovid. Fust. 6, 213 I'urro de L. L. 4. 

\Q.— Dionys. Hal. 2 et 9. 

FiDCSTir.s, M. a Re man senator, proscribed » 
by Sylla, and thirty-three years alter by Antimy,* 
bv whom he was put to death. Pliti. 7, 43.— 
Dio. 47. 

FiGlLUS, C. Marcius, a consul with Nnsica, 
A. U. C. 592. He resigned his office, through, 
the informality of his election, and was six year* 
after consul with Lentulus. Cic. Br. 20. Div 

2, 3.">. A'. D. 2, 4. A consul with L. Caesar. 

A. U. C. 6S9. His tomb is described as verj 

sumptuous. Cic. Le^. 2, 25. — A(i. 1, ep. 2- 

Nigidius, a senator, known for his great know 
ledije of astrol ty. Luca7t. 1, 639. 

FI."\IHR1A. C. Flavins, a Roman consul, .A. U. C. 
6'9. He served in Asia with the consul Valeriu.s 
Flaccus, whom he put to death, and after dis- 
playing great courage in his encounters with the 
armies of Pontus. he nearly took their king 
Mithridates prisoner. The return of Sylla info 
Asia, and the consequent pacification, put an end 
to the ambitious hopes of Fimbria, who seeing 
the success of his rival and the rapid desertion of 
his troop*, killed himself, l^lid, i)i Liicull. — Cic, 
Rah 7. Ojr. 3, 19. - Liv. 82, S3. 



FIR 



295 



FLO 



FIRMIUS, M, a powerful native of Seleucia, 
who proclaimed himself emperor, and was at last 
conquered by Aurelian. 

FiRMUM, a town of Picenum, about five miles 
from the sea, below the river Tinna. In the 
course of the second Punic war, it sent succours 
to the Romans against Annibal. It is now Fer- 
mo. Its port was Castellum Firmanorum, now 
Poriodi Ferino. Veil. Pat. 1, 14.— C/c. AH. 8, J2. 
— PUn. 3, 13. 

FiscELLUS, a part of the Apennine mountains 
in Umbria, where the Nar rises, llal, 8, 518. — 
PUn. 3, 12. 

Flaccus, a consul who marched against Syl- 

la, and was assassinated by Fimbria. Plut. 

A poet. (r/c/. Valerius.) A governor of 

Egypt, who died A. D. 39. Verrius, a gram- 
marian, tutor to the two grandsons of Augustus, 
and supposed author of the Capitoline marbles. 
A name of Horace, Vid. Horatius. 

Mlw FLACILLA, the mother of Arcadius and 
Honorius, was daughter of Antonius, a prefect of 
Gaul. 

Flaminia Lex, og-r«rm, by C, Flamhiius, the 
tribune, A. U. C. 523. It requh-ed that the lands 
of Picenum, from which the Gauls Senones had 
been expelled, stiould be divided among the Ro 
man people. 

FlamikIa Via, a celebrated road which led 
from Rome to Ariminum and Aquileia. It re- 
ceived its name from Flaminius, who built it, and 
was killed at the battle of Thrasymenus against 

Annibal. A gate of Rome opening to the same 

road, now del popolo. 

C. Fi.aminIus, a Roman consul of a turbulent 
disposition, who was drawn into a battle near the 
lake of Thrasymenus, by the artifice of Annibal. 
He was killed in the engagement, with an im- 
mense number of Romans, B. C. 217. The con- 
queror wished to give a burial to his body, but it 
was not found in the heaps of slain. While tri- 
bune of the people he proposed an agrarian law 
against the advice of his friends, of the senate, 
and of his own father. Cic. de Inv. 2, 17. — Liv. 
22, 3, &ic.—Polyb. — Flor. 2, i^.— Val. Max. J, 6. 

FLAMINIUS, or Flamininus, T. Q. a cele- 
brated Roman raised to the consulship, A. U.C. 
656. He was trained in the art of war against 
Annibal, and he showed himself capable in every 
respect to discharge with honour the great office 
with which he was intrusted. He was sent at the 
head of the Roman troops against Philip, king of 
Macedonia, and in his expedition he met with un- 
common success. The Greeks gradually declared 
themselves his firmest supporters, and he totally 
defeated Philip on the confines of Epirus, and 
made all Locris, Phocis, and Thessaly, tributary 
to the Roman power. He granted peace to the 
conquered monarch, and proclaimed all Greece 
free and independent, at the Isthmian games. 
This celebrated action procured the name of pa- 
trons of Greece to the Romans, and insensibly 
paved their way to universal dominion. Flami- 
nius behaved among them with the greatest poli- 
cy, and by his ready compliance with their na- 
tional customs and prejudices, he gained uncom 
mon popularity, and received the name of father 
and deliverer of Greece. He was afterwards sent 
ambassador to king Prusias, who had given re- 
fuge to Annibal. He persuaded Prusias to vio- 
late the laws of hospitality in deli^ ering up An- 
nibal; but the veteran soldier prevented the 
treachery of the monarch by taking poison. Fla- 
minius was found dead in his bed, after a life 



spent in the greatest glory, in which he had imi- 
tated with success the virtues of his model .Soi- 

pio. Pint, in vita, — Flor. Lucius, the brother 

of the preceding, signalized himself in the wars 
of Greece. He was expelled from the senate for 
killing a Gaul, by Cato his brother's colleague in 
the censorship, an action which was highly re- 
sented by Titus. Pint, in Flam. Calp. Flam- 
ma, a tribune, who, at the head of 300 men, saved 
the Roman army in Sicily, B. C 258, by engag- 
ing the Carthaginians and cutting them to pieces. 

FLANATICUS SINUS, a bay of'the Flanates, in 
Liburnia, on the Adriatic, now the gulf of Qnur- 
nato. It was also termed Sinus Polaticus. {}'id. 
Flano.) Mela, 2, 3. — PUn. 3, 19. 

FLANO,a town on the Illyrian side of the Sinus 
Flanaticus, and giving name to the gulf. It is 
now Flanone. Staph. Bys. 

FlAvIa lex, agraria, by L. Flavius, A. U.C. 
G93 for the distribution of a certain quantity of 
lands among Pompey's soldiers, and the com- 
mons. 

FlavinIum, a town of Etruria, south of Ca- 
pena, and near the Tiber. It was also called 
Flavina. Its modern name is Flano. f^irg. Ain. 
7, 696.— .f/Y, Ital. 8, 492. 

Flavius, a senator, who conspired with Piso 

against Nero, &c. Tacit. A Roman, whoin- 

lormed Gracchus of the violent measures of the 

senate against him. The name of ihe emprn r 

Vespasian's family. Hence his paitisans arecal d 
Flaviani, and Domitian his .-on. Flavins ultiiinm. 
Suet. Vesp. ]. Dom. 10 et \S.— Tarit Hist. 3, 7 

^I2d.—Juv. 4, 37. Lucius, a tribune, who, to 

little purpose, proposed an aijrarian law. He 
was prtetorin the consulship of Cajsar and Bibu- 
lus, and warmly espoused the cause of the dic- 
tator in the civil war. Cic. Alt. I, ep. 18 et l-). 

10, ep. 1, Ad. Fr 1, ep. 2.-- Dio. '37. 52. 

Marcus, a tribune, who wished the people (»f 

Tusculum to be punished, &c. Lit'. 8, 37.- A 

schoolmaster at Rome in the age ol Horace, Sat. 
1, 6, 72. 

Flevus, a canal intersecting the country of 
the Frisii, made by Drusus. This in time ex- 
panded to such a degree as to form acons derable 
lake, whose junction with the sea was fortified 
by a castle bearing the same name. This lake, 
having been in progress of time much increased 
by the sea, assumed the name of Zuyder Zee. or 
the Southern Sea; and of several channels which 
afford entrance to the ocean, that named VUe in- 
dicatas the genuine egress of the Flevus. Tacit. 
Anyi. 2, 6. 4, 72 — PUn. 4, Yo. — Mela, 3, 2. 

Flora, the goddess of flowers and gardens 
among the Roman.s, the same as the Chloris of 
the Greeks. Some suppose that she was origin- 
ally a common courtezan, who left to the Rnmars 
the immense riches which she had acquired by 
prostitution and lasciviousness, on condition that 
they should celebrate the anniversary of her 
birth-day by games and feasts. She was wor- 
shipped even among the Sabines, long before the 
foundation of Rome, and likewise among the 
Phoceans, who built Marseilles long before the 
existence of the capital of Italy. Tatius was the 
first who raised her a temple in the city of Rome. 
It is said that she married Zephyrus, and that 
she received from him the privileges of presiding 
over flowei's, and of enjoying perpetual youth. 
{I'id. F:oralia.) She w as reinesented as crown- 
ed with flowers, and holding in her h.tnd the horn 
of plenty. Ovid. Fast. 5, 195, &.C.- larro de P. Jl. 
\ \.— Lat'tant. 1, 20. A celebrated courtezan, 



FLO 



296 



FOR 



p-issior.ateiy loved by Poinpey the Great. She 
was so beautirul, that when the temple of Castor 
and Pollux at Rome was adorned with paintings, 
her picture was drawn and placed among the 
rest. Another courtezan, &c. Juv. 2, 49. 

Floralia, games celebrated at Rome in hon- 
our of Flora. They began the 2ith of April, and 
continued for several days. They were instituted 
about the age of Romulus, but they were not cele- 
brated with regularity and proper attention till the 
year A. U. C. 5S0. They were observed yearly, and 
exhibited a scene of the most unbounded licen- 
tiousness. It is reported that Cato wished once 
to be present at the celebration, and that when 
he saw that the deference for his presence inter- 
rupted the feast, he retired, not choosing to be the 
spectator of the prostitution of naked women in 
a public theatre. This behaviour so captivated 
the degenerate Romans, that the venerable sena- 
tor «as treated with the most uncommon ap- 
plause as he retired. Val. Max. 2, \Q.— Varro 
de L.L. l,2S.—Paterc. 1, l-L— P/m. IS, 29.— 
Ovid. Fast. 5, 19-5. — lactant. I, 20.—Seneca. eo. 
dl.—Mart. S, ep. (j7. 

Florentia. a town of Etruria, on the river 
Arnus, now Florence, the capital of Tuscany. 
Tacit. Ann. 1, 79.—Plin. 3, 5. 

Florianus, a man who wore the imperial 
purple at Rome only for two months. A. D. 276. 

Florus L. ANN-s:rs, a Latin historian of the 
second century, of the same family with Seneca 
and Lucan. He is the author of a " Compen- 
dium of the Roman History," from the founda- 
tion of the city to the reign of Augustus, in four 
books. It is to be regarded rather as a panegy- 
ric on many of the great actions of the Romans, 
than a faithful and correct recital of their hi.s- 
tory. Throughout the narrative, however, there 
are pleasing reflections which display great ani- 
mation, and strong powers of sensibility. Florus 
was a writer of poetry as well as an historian, 
and has been thought to have entered the lists 
against the emperor Adrian. The best editions 
of Florus are, that of Duker, 2 vols. 8vo, L. Bat. 
1722 and 1744; and that of Fischer, 8vo, Lips. 

1760. A young Roman, the friend of Horace, 

who accompanied Tiberius in his expedition 
into Dalraatia, A. U. C. 731, and subsequently 
into Armem'a, A.U.C. 734. Horace addresses 
two epistles to him. 

Fluonia, a surname of Juno Lucina, who 
under that appellation was invoked by the Ro- 
man matrons to stop excessive discharges of 
blood. Fest. de V. sig. 

Folia, a woman of Ariminium, famous for her 
knowledge of poisonous herbs and for her petu- 
lance. Horat. Epod. 5, 42. 

FONs SoLis, a fountain in the province of 
Libya Exterior, warm in the morning and even- 
ing, cold at noon, and hot at midnight, {Vid. 
Ammon.) Herod. 4, 181. 

FONTANUS, a poet mentioned by Ovid, Pont. 
4, 16. 

FONTEIA, a vestal virgin. Ctc. Font. 17. 

FOXTEIUS, Capito, an intimate friend of 

Horace. Sat. 1, 5, 32. Titus, a praetor, who 

was governor of Spain. Lty. 40et4]. Mar- 
cus, a governor of Gaul, in whftse defence Cicero 
exerted his oratorical powers. Cic, Font. 1. Att. 

4, ep. 15. A Roman, who raised commotions 

in Germany after the death of Nero. Tacit. Hist. 

I, 7. A man who conducted Cleopatra into 

Syria by order of Antony. Pint. i7i Ant. 

FONTINALIA, a festival celebrated at the 



Porta Fontinalis of Rome, on the 13th of Octt-»- 
ber, in honour of the nymphs who presided over 
fountains. During the ceremonies, wells and 
fountains were hung w ith beautiful garlands of 
flowers. Fcstus de V. sig, — Farro de L. L. 5, 3. 
—Liv. 35, 10. 

ForcClus, or ForicClus, a deity at Rome, 
who presided over doors, as Carna protected 
their hinges. TertuU. de Id. 15.— Aug. de Civ. 
D. 4, 8. 

Formic, a town of Latium, to the north-east 
of Caieta. It was anciently the abode of the 
Laestrygones, and it became known for its excel- 
lent wines, and was called Mamurraruni urbs, 
from a family of consequence and opulence who 
lived there. Its modern name is Mola de Gaeta, 
Liv. 8, 14, 38, Horat. Od. 1,20, 11. 3,17. 

Sat. 1, 6, 37.— P/m. 36, 6. 

FORJllANUM, a villa of Cicero near Formiaa, 
near which the orator was assassinated, Cic. 
Fam. 11, ep. 27. 16, ep. \0.— Tacit. Ann. 16, 10. 

FoRMia, a small river of Venetia, now the Ri- 
sano, considered, before the reign of Augustus, 
as the boundary of Italy towards its north-east- 
em extremity; but when Histria was included in 
Cisalpine Gaul, this limit was removed to the 
little river Arsia. PUn. 3, IS. 

Fornax, a goddess at Rome, who presided 
over the baking of bread. Her festivals, called 
Foj nacalia, were first instituted hy Numa. Ovid. 
Fast. 2, 015. 

FORTUNA, a powerful deity among the an- 
cients, daughter of Oceanus according to Homer, 
or one of the Parcae according to Pindar. She 
« as the goddess of fortune, and from her hand 
were derived riches and poverty, pleasures and 
misfortunes, blessings and pains. She was wor- 
shipped in different parts of Greece, and in 
Achaia her statue held the horn of plenty in one 
hand, and had a winged Cupid at its feet. In 
Bceotia she had a statue w hich represented her 
as holding Plutus the god of riches in her arms, 
to intimate that fortune is the source whence 
wealth and honours flow. Bupalus was the first 
who made a statue of Fortune for the people of 
Smyrna, and he represented her with the polar 
star upon her head, and the horn of plenty in 
her hand. The Romans paid particular atten- 
tion to the goddess of Fortune, and had no less 
than eight different temples erected to her honour 
in their city. Tullus Hostilius was the first who 
built her a temple, and from that circumstance 
it is easily known when her worship was first in- 
troduced among the Romans. Her most famous 
temple in Italy was at Antium, in Latium, 
where presents and offerings were regularly sent 
from every part of the country. Fortune has 
been called Pherepolis, the protectress of cities, 
and Acrea from her temple at Corinth on an emi- 
nence, a/cpof. She was called Praenestine at Pras- 
neste in Italy, where she had also a temple. She 
was worshipped among the Romans under differ- 
ent names, such as Female Fortune, Virile For- 
tune, Equestrian, EviV, Peaceful, Virgin, &c. On 
the first of April, w hich was consecrated to Venus 
among the Romans, the Italian w idows and mar- 
riageable virgins assembled in the temple ofVirile 
Fortime, and after burning incense and stripping 
themselves of their garments, they entreated the 
goddess to hide from the eyes of their husbands 
wihatever defects there might be on their bodie.*. 
The goddess of Fortune is represented on ancient 
monuments with a horn of plenty, and sometimes 
iwo, in her hands. She is blindfolded, and gene- 



FOR 



297 



FRA 



irally holds a wheel in her hands as an emblem of 
her inconstancy. Sometimes she appears with 
[ wings, and treads upon the prow of a ship, and 
! holds a rudder in her hands. Dionys. Hal. 4. — 
Ovid. Fast. 6, 5&9.~Plut. de Fort. Rom. et in Cor. 
—Cic de Div. 2.—Liv. 10.— Augusiin. de Civ. D. 
4, 18.— F/or. l.— Val. Max. 1, b. — Lucan. 2, 193. 

FORTUNAT.a3 islands at the south- 

west of Mauritania in the Atlantic sea. They 
re now called the Canary Islands from one of 
^hem, formerly named Canaria, and at present 
Canary. They were considered by the ancients 
s the islands of the blessed (jj,aKdpaiv vViioi'), 
where the souls of virtuous men were placed 
ifter death. The climate was delightfully genial, 
the air wholesome and temperate, and the 
breezes constantly gentle; and the earth brought 
forth every thing that could contribute to the 
happiness of man without his assistance, and in 
the most luxurious abundance. When they had 
been described to Sertorius in the most enchant- 
ing colours, that celebrated general expressed a 
wish to retire thither, and to remove himself 
from the noise of the world and the dangers of 
war. The nearest of the Fortunate islands to the 
continent was Centuria or Pintuaria, now Fuer- 
teventura ; to the west of it was Canaria, now 
Canary, so called from its abounding in large 
dogs. Beyond it was Convallis or Nivaria, now 
Teneriffe, famous for its lofty peak, which, from 
its being generally covered with snow^ gave name 
to the island. Farther westward were Capraria, 
now Gomera, so called from its abounding with 
goats; Junonia or Herse, now F'erro ; and Plu- 
vialia or Ombrion, now Falma. The Fortunate 
islands are remarkable as having been the most 
western part of the world with which the ancients 
were acquainted, and hence it was from them 
that they reckoned their longitude. Strab. 1. 
— Plut. in Sertor.—Plnd. Olymp. 2, 128.— Herat. 
Od. 4, 8. 27. Epod. 16.— PZm. 6, 31 et32. 

FORXJLI, a town of the Sabines built onastony 
place. Strab. 5.—Virg. ^n. 7, 714. 

FoRUM Roman UM, Vetiis vel Magnum, a 
large open space in the city of Rome, where pub- 
lic assemblies and courts of judicature were held. 
It was situated between the Capitoline and Pa- 
latine hills, and was in shape a rectangle, the 
breadth being about two-thirds of the length. 
According to what may now be regarded as the 
received opinion, the four angles of the Roman 
forum were formed by the arch of Severus at the 
foot of the Capitol; the arch of Fabian, near the 
temple of Antonius and Faustina; the temple of 
Romulus, now the church of St Theodore, at the 
foot of the Palatine; and a point near the church 
delta Consolazione, below the Capitol. It was 
formed by Romulus, and adorned with porticoes 
and shops by Tarquinius Priscus. It vvas after- 
wards surrounded with temples, basilicks, and 
statues; among which were those of the twelve 
deities, named Consentes Urbani, whereof six 
were males and six females. Its site is now cal- 
led Campo Vaccino, or the Cow-field, or market. 
Liv. 1, 12 et 35. —Dion. Hal. 2, G6. 3, 67.— Varro 
de R. R. 1, 1, There was only one Forum un- 
der the republic; Julius Caesar added another; 
Augustus a third; a fourth was begun by Domi- 
tian, and finished by Nerva, after whom it was 
named. But the most magnificent was that of 
Trajan, decorated with the spoils he had taken 
in war. Besides these, there were various /om, 
or places where markets and public auctions were 
held. 



FORUM, Allieni, a town of Gallia Cisalpina, 

now Ferrara. Tacit. Hist. 3, 6. Appii, atown 

of Latium, on the Via Appia, about twenty-three 
miles from Aricia. It is mentioned by St Luke 
in his account of St Paul's journey to Rome 
(Acts 28, 15), and is likewise well known as the 
second resting-place of Horace in his journey to 
Brundusium. Its position seems to agree with 
that of Borgo Lungo near Treponti. Cic. Aft. 1, 

lO.—Horat. Sat. 1, 6, 3. Augusti, a place at 

Rome. Ovid. Fast. 5, 552. Aurelii, atown of 

Etruria, now Montalto. Cic. Cat. 1, 9. Clau- 

dii, another in Etruria, now Oriolo. Cornelii, 

a town of Gallia Cisalpina, built by Sj 11a, now 
Imola, in the Pope's dominions. Plin. 3, 16 — 

Cic. Fam. 12, 5. Domitii, a town of Gallia 

Narbonensis, probably built by Ahenobarbus 

Domitius, now Frontignan in Langucdoc. 

Flaminii, atown of Umbria, now Sa7i Giavane. 

Plin. 3, 14. Fulvii, a town of Liguria, sur- 

named Valentinum, now Valema Id. 3, 5. 

Gallorum, a town of Gallia Cisalpina, on the Via 
-lEmilia, eight miles from Mutina, It is now 
Castel Franco, in the territory of Bologna. Cic. 

Fam. 12, 26. Also a town of Venetia, ca.\- 

led. Forajuliensisurbs, now Friuli. Id. 12, 26. 

Julii, a town of Gallia Narbonensis, now Frejus, 
in Provence. Id. 10, 17. — — Lepidi, a town of 

Gallia Cisalpina, now Reggio. Id. 12, 5. Li- 

vii, another in Gallia Cisalpina, now Forli. Plin. 

3, 15. Popilii, another, now ForUmpopolt. Id. 

3, 15. Sempronii, a town of Umbria, on the 

Metaurus, now Fossombrone. Id. 3, 14.— Many 
other places bore the name of Forum wherever 
there was a public market, or rather where the 
prastor held his court of justice, {forum vel con- 
ventus), and thence they were called sometimes 
conventus v/eW as /ora, into which provinces 
were generally divided under the administration 
of a separate governor. Cic. Verr. 2, 20. 4, 48. 
5, II. Vatin. 5. Fam. 3, 6 et 8. Attic. 5, 21. 

FOSI, a people of Germany, lying north of the 
Cherusci, along the Visurgis, or Weser. They 
shared the fate of the Cherusci when the Longo- 
bardi conquered the latter people. Tacit. G. 36. 

Fossa, the straits of Bonifacio, between Corsi- 
ca and Sardinia, called also Taphros. Plin. 3, 6. 

Drusi or Drusiana, a canal eight miles in 

length, opened by Drusus from the Rhine to the 
Issel, below the separation of the Whaal. Suet. 

Claud. 1. — Tacit. Hist. 5, 23. Mariana, a canal 

cut by Marius from the Rhone to Marseilles dur- 
ing the Cimbrian war, and now called Galejon. 
Sometimes the word is used in the plural. Fossae, 
as if more than one canal had been formed by 
Marius. Plin. 3, i.— Strab. 4.— Mela, 2, 5. 

Fossa Phimstina, one of the mouths of the 
Po, now the Po grande. Tacit. Hist. 3, 9. 

Franci, tribes of Germans, who occupied the 
districts on the Lower Rhine and Weser. Thoy 
assumed the name of Franks, i. e. Freemen, from 
a temporary union among themselves against the 
Roman power. This confederacy is supposed to 
have been formed in the reign of Gordian III.; 
and the Chauci, Cherusci, Catti, and other 
tribes of inferior strength, are thought to have 
belonged to it. The Franks soon became 
powerful enough to act on the offensive, and, 
crossing the Rhine, they spread their devasta- 
tions from the banks of that river to the foot of 
the Pyrenees : nor were they stopped by these 
mountains. Spain, in turn, was overrun; and 
when the exhausted country no longer supplied 
a variety of plunder, the Franks seized on some 



FRA 



298 



FUL 



vessels, and tiarssjiorted themselves into Mauri- 
tmiia. They were afterwards driven out ot Gaul 
by the Roman arms, and from the reign of Pro- 
bu*, A~D. 277, to that of Honorius, seem to have 
contented themselves with occasional irruptions. 
They obtained a permanent looting in Gaul dur- 
ing the last years of the reign of Honorius. 
About the year 500, Clovis, by reducing the se- 
veral Frank principalities under his own sceptre, 
and conquering the last remnant of the western 
Roman empire in Gaul, is held to have estab- 
lislried the modern kingdom of France. Claii- 
dian. 

FRAUS, a divinity worshipped among the Ro- 
mans, daughter of Orcus and Night. She was 
invoked by those who dreaded the treachery over 
which she presided, as well as those who prac- 
tised every cruel and secret act of perfidy. She 
was represented under the form of a beautiful 
woman, whose deformities were concealed in the 
extremities of her body, which was terminated 
by a serpent spotted with various colours. 

Fregell^, a city of Latium, south-east of 
Anagnia, on the Via Latina. It belonged first 
to the Sidicini, and successively to the Volsci and 
the Samnites; but it was finaliy conquered and 
colonized by the Romans, A.U. C. 427. Its ruins 
are to be seen at Ceperano, a small town on the 
right of the Gan'gliano. Slrab. 5.~Liv. S, 22. 26, 
9. — Cic. de Fin. b. 22. Phil. 3, 6. 

Freg£nje, a town of Etruria, on the sea coast. 
riin. 3, 5. 

Frenatrix, or Fenatrix, a surname of 
Pallas, because she first was supposed to have 
tamed the horse, and rendered him useful to 
mankind. She had a temple at Corinth, in 
which her statue was wood, except the hands, 
face, and feet, which were of white marble. 
Faus. 2. 4._ 

Frentaxi, a people of Italy, on the Adriatic 
coast, east of Samnium and north-west of Apulia, 
who received their name .'rom the river Frento, 
now Foriore, w hich runs through the eastern part 
of their country, and falls into the Adriatic op- 
posite the islands of Diomede. Their country 
included the greater part of Abrusao Citra, and 
the north-east portion of Sannio. Plin, 3, 11. — 
Lz'j. 9, 45. — S?7. 8, 520. 

FRETUM, {the sea], is sometimes applied by 
eminence to the Sicilian sea, or the straits of 
Messina. Cces, C. 1, 29 — Flor. 1, 26. — Cic. Att, 
2, 1. 

Frisii, a people of Germany, having for their 
boundaries the eastern mouth of ihe Rhine on the 
west, the Ocean on the north, the Amisia or Ems 
on the east, and the Vechta or Vechton the south. 
They occupied, consequently, what corresponds 
at the present day to West Friesland. Groningen, 
and the northern an^le of Ober Tresel, together 
with the islands which lie partly to the north in 
the ocean, and partlv at the eastern mouth of the 
Rhine. Tacit. Ann. 1, 60. Hist. 4, 15 et 72. G. 
34. 

FRONTINUS, Sex. Jcl., an eminent Roman, 
was city praetor under Vespasian, A.D. 70. He 
was afterwards a supplementary consul, anddis- 
tinjiuished himself by his military talents as a 
commander in Britain. Under Nerva he was 
charged with the general superintendence of the 
waters and aqueducts of the capital, and in this 
capacity brought the waters of the Anio to Rome 
by means of a splendid aqueduct. He wrote a 
work on the Roman aqueducts, and another on 
military stratagems. When he died, he forbade j 



A. 



the erection of a monument to his memory, say-l- 
ing that it was a superfluous expense, for that hisf^ 
name would survive, if by his actions he had me-'-i 
rited it. Tiie best edition of Fiontinus is that of!^ 
Oudendorp, L. Bat. 177.0, 8vo. . (; 

Fronto, Marcus Cornel., a preceptor of 
M. Antoninus, by whom he was greatly esteem-[' 
ed. None of his works are extant, though his 
compositions are mentioned with high commen-l' 
dation by Macrobius, St Jerome, Ausonius, andi 

others. Julius, a learned Roman, who was soj' 

partial to the company of poets, that he lent them*"! 
his house and gardens, which continually re-p 
echoed the compositions of his numerous visitors. * 
Juv. Sat. 1, 12. P 

FrcsIno, a town of Latium, situate on thei" 
left bank of the river Cosa. It was deprived byf- 
the Romans of a third part of its lands for hav- ' 
ing stirred up the Hernici to rebellion, A. U.C. 
450. It is now Frosinone. Juv 3, 2iZ.—Liv. 10,\ 
l.—Sil. 8, 399.— Cic. Att. 11, 4 et 13. [ 

FuciNUS, a lake of Italy in the country of the ^ 
Marsi, at the north of the Liris, attempted to be'* 
drained by J. Ctesar and afterwards by Claudius, 
by whom 30,000 men were emploj'ed for eleven^ 
years in cutting a passage through a mountain to-' 
convey the water into the Liris, but with no per-j* 
manent success. The lake surrounded bya ridge 
of high mountains is now called Celuno, and isp 
supposed to be forty-seven miles in circum(cr-^f 
ence, and not more" than twelve feet deep on anfj 
average. Plin. 36, lb.— Tacit. Aim. 12, 56.- 
Firg. JEn. 7, 759. 

FUFlDius, a wretched usurer, &c. Horat. SatA 
1, 2. f 

FUFIDS Geminus, a man greatly promoted f; 
by the interest of Livia, &c. Tacit Ann. 5, 1 
et 2. 

FuGALiA, festivals at Rome, celebrated on the il 
23d of Februar3', to commemorate the flight and !- 
expulsion of the Tarquins. Aug. de Civ. D. 2, ' 
6.- Ovid. Fast. 2,655. [ 

FULGINATES, (sing. Fulginas), a people off; 
Umbria, whose chief town was Fulginum, now i- 
Foligno. Sil. It. 8, 462. — P/m. 1, 4. 3, 14. 

Q. FULGixus, a brave ofiflcer in Caesar's le- f' 
gions, &c. Cces. Bell. Civ. 

FULGORA, a goddess at Rome, who presided t* 
over lightning. She was addressed to save her 
votaries from the effects of violent storms o(P 
thunder. Aug. de Civ. D. 6, 10. \[ 

FULLINCM and FULGINL'M, a small town off 
Umbria. 

FULVlA LEX, was proposed but rejected A. U. 0. 
62S, by Flaccus Fulvius. It tended to make all 
the people of Italy citizens of Rome. V 

FULVIA, a bold and ambitious woman, w ho I 
married the tribune Clodius, and afterwards Cu- ^_ 
rio, and at last M. Antony. She took a part in i' 
all the intrigues of her husband's triumvirate, M 
andshoned herself cruel as well as revengeful. ^ 
When Cicero "s head had been cut off by order of 
Antony, Fulvia ordered it to be brought to her, 
and with all the insolence of barbarity, she bored ^ 
the orator's tongue with her golden bodkin. An- f 
tony divorced her to marry Cleopatra, upon r 
which she attempted to avenge her wrongs, by F 
persuading Augustus to take up arms against ^: 
her husband. W^hen this scheme did not sue- ^ 
ceed, she raised a faction against Augustus, in j* 
which she engaged L. Antonius her brother-in- 
law, and when all her attempts proved fruitless, ;; 
she retired into the east, where her husband re- ; 
ceived her with great coldness and indifference, < 



PUL 



299 



FUS 



.; This unkindness totally broke her heart, and she 
i soon after died, about 40 years before the Chris- 

, i tian era. Plut. in Cic. et Anton. A woman 

j who discovered to Cicero the designs of Catiline 
! upon his life. Plut, in Cic. 

FULViUS, a man who migrated to Rome from 
,1 Tusculum, and became consul, A.U. C. 432. It 
;l is said that he triumphed over his countrymen. 

:.| Plin. 7, 43. -Liv. 8, 14, 37, &c. Q, Flaccu^, a 

I Roman engaged in the second Funic war. He 
j took Capua, and put to death eighty of the prin- 
j cipal inhabitants, against the advice of his col- 

■ league App. Claudius. Liv. 26, 15. 27, 6 Sil. 

\ 12, 571.— C/c. Rull. 2, 33. Marcus Nobilior, a 

i consul who triumphed over the ZKtolians, and 
' built a temple in honour of Hercules, and of the 
I Muses, which he adorned with a beautiful ,pic- 
I ture of these goddesses by Zeuxis from Ambra- 
! cia. He was intimate with Ennius, who accom- 

ii panied him in his xEtolian expedition. Cic. Tusc. 
\ 1, 2. Arch. 11 Plin, 35, 10.— Ltu. 37, 60. A 

Roman senator intimate with Augustus. He 
I disclosed the emperor s secrets to his wife, who 
I made it public to all the Roman matrons, for 
which he received so severe a reprimand from 
. Augustus, that he and his wife hanged them- 
selves in despair. Marcus Flaccus, a consul, 

A.U. C. 629. He assisted the people of Marseil- 
les, and was the first who conquered the Ligu- 
rians. He espoused the party of the Gracchi, and 
strongly interested himself in the turbulent fac- 
tions of the times, upon which he was killed by 
the consul Opimius, and his house levelled to 
the ground. His body was thrown into- the river, 
and his widow was forbidden to put on mourning 
I for his death. Plut. in Gracch.— Liv.6{). — Appian. 

G. B, 1 — Cic. Dom. 48. Flaccus Censor, a 

Roman who distinguished himself in his wars 
against the Spaniards, When censor he plun- 
, dered a marble temple of Lacinian Juno, to fin- 
ish the building of one which he had erected to 
Fortune, in consequence of a vow. This was 
considered as a sacrilege, and opposed by the 
Romans, upon which it was said that misfortunes 
overwhelmed the house of Fulvius, and that he 
was bereaved of his senses by the offended Juno, 
and consequently on the death of his son he 
strangled himself. Liv. 39, 39, &c. 40, 1, &e. 

42, 3 et 128. Ser. Nobilior, a Roman consul 

who went to Africa after the defeat of Regulus. 
After he had acquired much glory against the 
Carthaginians, he was shipwrecked at his return 
with 200 Roman ships. His grandson Marcus 
was sent to Spain, where he greatly signalized 
himself. ~ He was afterwards rewarded with the 
consulship. 

C. FUNDANIUS, the father-in-law of Varro, 
intimate with Cicero. Varr, R. R. 1, 2.— Cic. ad 

Fr. ], ep. 2. -Caius, a comic poet in the age 

of Augustus, praised by Horace for the pleasing 
characters he gives of artful slaves, &c. Horat. 

Sat. 1, 10, 42. 2, 8, 19 Marcus, a tribune 

who wished to abrogate the Appian law. Liv. 
34, 1. 

FUNDANUS, a lake near Fundi in Italy, which 
discharges itself into the Mediterranean. Tacit. 
Hist. 3. 69. 

Fundi, a town of Latium, on the Appian way, 
near the Lacus Fundanus, and not far from Cai- 
eta. It is now Fondi. Strab. 5.— Liv. 8, 14 et 
19. 38, 3G.— Horat. Sat. 1, 5, 34 — C?c. ad Alt. 
14, 6. 

FURiA Lex, de Testamenfis. by C. Furitis the 
tribune. It ordained that no person should leave 



by way of legacy more than a thousand asses, and 
that he who took more should pay fourfold. Cic. 
Verr. 1, 42. 

FurT^, the three daughters of Nox and Ache- 
ron, or of Plu-o and Proserpine, according to 
some. Vid, Eumenides. 

FURii, a family which migrated from Medul- 
lia in Latium, and came to settle at Rome under 
Romulus, and was admitted among the patrici- 
ans. Camillus was of this family, and it was he 
who first raised it to distinction. This illustrious 
family was supposed to be anciently the same as 
the Fusii. It branched into the families of the 
Aculeones, Bibaculi, Crassipedes, Camilli, Lus' 
ci, Pacili, Phili, Purpureones, Medulini. Liv. 
3, &.c.—Quintil. 1, i.—Flut. in Camill. 

FURINA, the goddess of robbers, worshipped 
at Rome- Some say that she is the same as the 
Furies. Her festivals were called Furinalia, and 
were celebrated in the month of July. Her 
power was not considered as great or revengeful, 
since the asylum which C. Gracchus had taken 
in her sacred grove was rudely violated by his 
enraged pursuers, Cic. de Nat. D. 3, 8. — Varro de 
L. L. 5, 3. 

FURius, L. Medullinus, a military tribune. 

A Roman slave, who obtained his freedom, 

and applied himself with unremitted attention to 
cultivate a small portion of land which he had 
purchased. The uncommon fruits which he reap- 
ed from his labours rendered his neighbours jea- 
lous of his prosperity. He was accused before a 
Roman tribunal of witchcraft, but honourably 
acquitted. M. Bibaculus, a Latin poet of Cre- 
mona, who wrote annals in Iambic verse, and 
was universally celebrated for the wit and hum- 
our of his expressions. It is said that Virgil 
imitated his poetry, and even borrowed some of 
his lines. Horace, however, has not failed to 
ridicule his verses. Quintil. 8, 6, &c. — Horat. 

Sat. 2, 5, 40. Antias, another Latin poet, who 

wrote annals, and other poems, praised for their 
elegance, polished style, and happy diction. 
Only seventeen verses are preserved of his poe- 
try, collected in the corpus poetarum. Aul. Gell. 

Lucius Camillus, a consul, A.U.C. 405. He 

made war against the Gauls, and erected a tem- 
ple to the goddess Moneta. Liv. 7, 24. 26, 28. 

A friend of Catullus, described as being in 

very indigent circumstances. The name of 

Camillus. Vid. Camillus. 

FuRNTUS, a man accused of adultery with 
Claudia Pulchra, and condemned, &c. Tacit. 
Hist. 4, 52. A friend of Horace, who was con- 
sul, and distinguished himself by his elegant his- 
torical writings. Sat. 1, 10, 86. 

Fuscus, Aristius, a friend of Horace, as 
conspicuous for the integrity and propriety of his 
manners, as for his learning and abilities. The 
poet addressed "his 22 od. lib. 1 and 1 ep. 10, to 

him. Corn., a praetor sent by Domitian 

against the Daci, where he perished, Juv. 4, 
112. 

FUSTA Lex, de Comitiis, A.U.C. 527, forbade 
any business to be transacted at the public as- 
semblies on certain days, though among the/as^/, 

Another, A.U.C. 690, which ordained that, 

in the Comitia Tributa, the different kinds of 
people in each tribe should vote separately, that 
thus the sentiments of every rank might be known. 

Caninia, another by Camillus and C. Cani- 

nius Galbus, A.U.C. 751, limiting the manumis- 
sion of slaves to a certain number, proportioned 
to the whole amount of slaves which one posses- 



sed : f;-n!n two to ten, the half ; from ten to 
liiircy, the third; from thirty t j a hundred, the 
fourth part; but not above a hundred, whatever 
was the number. 

Fuslus, a Ronaan orator. Cic. de Orat. 2, 22. 

A Roman, killed in Gaul, while he presided 

there over one of the provinces. Cccs. Bell. G. 

7, 3. A Roman actor, whom Horace ridicules. 

Sat. 2, 3, 60. He intoxicated himself; and when 
on the stage he fell asleep whilst he personated 
Ilione, where he ought to have been roused and 
moved by the cries of a ghost, but in vain. 



G 

GAB.E, a city of Persia, in the province of 
Persis, south-east of Pasarjradag, on the borders 

of Carmania. It is now Derabgherd. A city 

of Sogdiai'.a, south-west of Cyreschata. It war> 
one of the first places to which the exploits of 
Alexander gave celebrity in this country. Its 
modern name is Charon, 

Gabala, a small town on the isthmus of Co- 
rinth, where Doto, one of the Nereides, had a 
magnificent temple, in which was preserved the 
veil that Eriphyle received to engage her son 
Alcmason to head an army against Thet>es. Paui. 

2, 1. Some small towns of Syria have recei''- 

ed the same name. Pfol. 5, 15. 

Gabali, a people of Aquitania. Plin. 4, 19. 

Gabaza, a district of Sogdiana. Curt. 8, 4", 

Gabellus, now La Secchia, a river falling in 
a northern direction into the Po, opposite the 
Mincius. Plin. 3, 16- 

GabIa, or Gabina. Vid. Gabina. 

Gabienus, a friend of Augustus, beheaded by 
order of Sext. Pompey. It is maintained that he 
spoke after death. 

Gabii, a town of the S?.bines, near the Via 
Salaria, and not far from Cures. Its site is now 

called Grotte di Torri, or simply Torri. An 

ancient city of Latium, somewhat to the north- 
west of Tusculum. and beyond the little river 
Veresis. Its site exists at a place called I'Osteria 
del Pantano It is said to have been one of the 
numerous colonies founded by Alba. It was 
taken by the artifice of Sextus, the son of Tar- 
quin, w ho gained the confidence of the inhabit- 
ants by deserting to them, and pretending that 
his father had ill-treated him. Romulus and Re- 
mus were educated there, as it was the custom at 
that time to send there the young nobility, and 
Juno was the chief deity of the place. The in- 
habitants had a peculiar mode of tucking up their 
dress, which was by throwing one-of their skirts 
over the left shoulder, and tying it in a knot to 
the other under the right arm, whence the ex- 
pression Gabinus cinctus. This mode of dress 
originated in their being suddenly attacked, by 
their enemies while offering a sacrifice, and ihe 
expeditious manner in which they tucked up 
their long flowing robe, was afterwards adopted 
as a favourable omen to national prosperity. 
Firg. yEn. 6, 773. 7, 612 et 652.— Lu . 5, 46. 6. 29. 

8. 9. 10, 7 Ovid. Fast. 2, ^m.—Plut. in Romul. 

de fort. R. 

Gabina, the name of Juno, worshipped at Ga- 
bii. Virg. Mn. 7, 6S2. Fid. Gabii. 

GabinIa Lex, de Comitiis, by A. Gabinius, 



the tribune, A.U.C. 614. It required, that in the i 
public assemblies for electis g magistrates, the 
votes should be given by tablets, and not viva' 

voce. Another, for convening daily the senate, 

from the calends of February to those of March. I 

Another, de Comitiis, which madeit acapitall 

punishment to convene any clandestine assem-i 
bly, agreeable to the old law of the twelve tables. ! 

Another, de Militia, by A. Gabinius. the tri- j 

bune, A. U. C, 685. It granted Pompey the power; 
of carrying on the w ar against the pirates, during' 
three years, and of obliging all kings, governors, j 
and states, to supply him with all the necessaries , 
he wanted, over all the Mediterranean sea, and i 
in the maritime provinces, as far as 400 stadia 

from the sea. Another, de Usura, by Aul. Ga- ' 

binius, the tribune. A.U C. 655. It ordained thit 
no action should be granted for the recovery of | 
any money borrowed upon small interest, to be 
lent upon larger. This was an usual practice at I 
Rome, which obtained ibe name oi versuram fa- I 

cere^ Another, ag-ainst fornication. j 

Gabinianus, a rhetoric ian in the reign of , 
Vespasian. 

Gabinius, a Roman historian. A praator, ' 

accused of extortion in Achaia. Cic. Ccbc. 20, 

Arch. 5. Aulus, a Roman consul, who made 

war in Judaea, and re-established tranquilli:y 
there. He suffered himself to be bribed, and re 
placed Ptolemy Auletes on the throne of Egypi I 
He was accused, at his return, of receiving bribf s; 
but Cicero, though formerly ill-treated by him, 
at the request of Pompey. ably defended him. ' 
He w as lieutenant to Ccesar during the civil ars, | 
and he died at Salona w hen besieged there by j 
Octavius, 40 vears B.C. Appian. Illy. ^i&l.—Hiri. j 

Alex. 43.— Cic. Dom. 9. Sext. 25. Manil. 17. i 

A lieutenant of Antony. , 

Gabinus ductus. Fid. Gabii. i 

Gades {ium), Gadis is), and Gadira, a small ! 
island in the Atlantic, on the Spanish coast 25 1 
miles from the columns of Hercules. It was 
sometimes called Tartessus and Erythia, accord- I 
ing to Pliny, and is now known by the name of j 
Cadis. Geryon, whom Hercules killed, fixed his ; 
residence there. Hercules, surnamed Gad/to/iw^, j 
had there a celebrated temple, in which all his | 
labours were engraved with excellent workman- ■ 
ship. The inhabitants were called Gaditani, and ' 
their women were known for their agility of body, j 
and their incontinencv. Horat. Od. 2, 2, 11.— 
Stat. Sylv. 3, 1, 183.- Liv. 21, 21. 24, 49- 26. 43. 

—P/?n. 4. 23 Sfrab.3:—Cic. pro Gab.— Justin. 

44. A. — Paus. ], B5.—Ptcl. 2, i.—Paierc 1, 2. 

Gaditanum Fretum, now the Straits of \ 
Gibraltar. Fid. Abylaand Calpe. i 

Gaditanus, a surname of Hercules, froTI ' 
Gades. Fid. Gades. ] 

Gaditanus Sinus, now the Bay of Cadiz. { 

G^SATJE, a people on the Rhone, who assist- 
ed the Senones in taking and plundering Rome 
under Brennus. Strab. 5. 

G^TULIA, a country of Africa, south of Nu. 
midia, and now answering in S(;me degree to Bi- 
ledulgeiid, or the region of locusts. Its situation 
and limits are not accurately ascertained, and 
indeed do not seem to have been alwavs the 
same. Sdlust. in Jug.—Sil. 3, 287.— Plin. 5, 4. 

G^TULlcus, Cn. 'Lentulus, an officer in 

the age of Tiberius, Ikc. Tacit. Ann. 4, 42. 

A poet, who wrote some epigrams, in which he 
displayed great genius and more wit, though he 
often indulged in indelicate expressions. He 
has, like some of his contemporaries, cxt;;lled 



GAL 



301 



GAL 



the personal charms of his favourite Cesennia, a 
woman that seemed to return the affections of the 
[ poet. Only three of his verses are preserved, 
i Some suppose that he is the Lentulus Gsetulicus 
mentioned bv Suetonius, 

Gala, father of Masinissa, was king of Numi- 
dia, and the determined ally of Carthage against 
Rome- Liv. 24, 48, &c. 29, 29. 

Gal,actoph*agi, a people of Asiatic Scythia. 
Homer. II. o. 
Gal^sus. Vid. Galesus. 
Gala NTHIS, a servant maid of Aiemena,whose 
sagacity eased the labours ot her mistress. When 
i Juno resolved lo retard the birth of Hercules, 
' and hasten the labours of the wife of Sthenelus, 
she solicited the aid of Lucina; who immediately 
1 repaired to the house of Alcmena, and, in the 
form of an old woman, sat near the door with 
her legs crossed, and her fingers joined. In this 
posture she uttered some magical words, which 
served to prolong the labours of Alcmena, and 
render her state the more miserable. Alcmena 
had already passed some days in the most ex- 
cruciating torments, when Galanthis began to 
suspect the jealousy of Juno; and concluded that 
the old woman, who continued at the door al- 
ways in the same unchanged posture, was the in- 
I strument of the anger of the goddess. With such 
suspicions, Galanthis ran out of the house, and 
with a countenance expressive of joy, she in- 
formed the old woman that her mistress had just 
brought forth. Lucina, at the words, rose from 
her posture, and that instant Alcmena was safely 
delivered. The uncommon laugh which Galan- 
this raised upon this, made Lucina suspect that 
\ she had been deceived. She seized Galanthis by 
the hair, and threw her on the ground; and while 
she attempted to resist, she was changed into a 
weasel, and condemned to bring forth her young 
in the most agonizing pains, by the mouth, by 
which she had uttered falsehood. This trans- 
I formation alludes to a vulgar notion among the 
I ancients, who believed this of the weasel, because 
I she carries her young in her mouth, and contin- 
I ually shifts from place to place. The Boeotians 
paid great veneration to the weasel, which, as 
they supposed, facilitated the labours of Alcme- 
na. Mlian. H. Anim. 2. — Odd. Met. 9, fab. 6. 

GalAt.*, the inhabitants of Galatia. Vid. 
Galatia. 

Galatea, and Galath^a, a sea nymph, 
daughter of Nereus and Doris. She was pas- 
sionately loved by the Cyclops Polyphemus, 
I whom she treated with coldness and disdain; 
, while Acis, a shepherd of Sicily, enjoyed her un- 
bounded affection. The happiness of these two 
I lovers was disturbed by the jealousy of the Cy- 
t clops, who crushed his rival to pieces with a frag- 
i ir.ent of a broken rock, while he lay-in the bosom 
I of Galataea. Galataea was inconsolable for the 
j loss of Acis, and as she could not restore him to 
I life, she changed him into a fountain. This story 
j seems to be borrowed from the account of Philo- 
j xenus, who lived at the court of Dionysius of 
I Sicily, and enjoyed the favours of a mistress of 
j the tyrant. The poet was sent, for this partia- 
lity, to the quarries, where, in the midst of his 
I captivity and severe punishment, he composed a 
poem, in which he satirized the tyrant under the 
' name of Polyphemus, and spoke of his misfor- 
I tunes and those of his mistress under the assumed 
I appellation of Ulvsses and Galataa. Ovid. Met. 

- 13, 789.— Firg. Mn. 9, 10.3. The daughter of a 

I Celtic king from whom the Gauls were called 



Galatse. Ammian. 15. A countrv girl, &e. 

Vtrg. Ed. 3. 

Galatia, a country of Asia Minor, bounded 
on the north by Paphlagonia and part of Bithy- 
nia, on the south and west by Phrysia, and on 
the east by Cappadocia. It owed both its name 
and origin to the Gauls, who wandered from Eu- 
rope, B. C. 278, under tneir leader Breniius, 
shortly after their defeat in Greece. It was like- 
wise named Gallo- Gr.tcia, from its being sur- 
rounded by Greek colonies; and Gallia Parva, 
to distinguish it from Gallia Propria, which the 
Greeks also called Galatia. Strub. 12.- - Justin. 
?,!, A.— Liv. b8, 12 et iO.— Lucan.l, 540.- C«c. 
Att. 6, b. — Plin. 5,32.— Ptol. 5. 4. 

GALAXTA, a festival, in which they boiled a 
mixture of barley, pulse, and milk, called I'aXa^io. 
by the Greeks. 

Galea, a surname of the first of the Sulpicii, 
from the smallness of his stature. The word sig- 
nifies a small worm, or, according to some, it im- 
plies, in the language of Gaul, fatness, for which 
the founder of the Sulpician family was remark- 
able. A king among the Gauls, who made v\ ar 

against Julius C*sar. Ccrs. Bell. Gall. 2, 4. 

A brother of the emperor Galba, who killed liim- 
self, &c. A mean buffoon, in the age of Tibe- 
rius. Juv. 5, 4. Servius, a lawyer at Rome, 

who defended the cause of adulterers with great 
warmth, as being one of the fraternity. Horace 

ridicules him. Sat. 1, 2, 46. Servius Sulpi- 

cius, a Roman who rose gradually to the greatest 
offices of the state, and exercised his power in the 
provinces with equity and unremitted diligence. 
He dedicated the greatest part of his time to so- 
litary pursuits, chiefly to avoid the suspicions of 
Nero. His disapprobation of the emperor's op- 
pressive command in the provinces, was the cause 
of new disturbances. Nero ordered him to be put 
to death, but he escaped from the hands of the 
executioner, and was publicly saluted emperor. 
When he was seated on the throne, he suffered 
himself to be governed by favourites, w ho exposed 
to sale the goods of the citizens to gratify their 
avarice. Exemptions were sold at a high price, 
and the crime of murder was blotted out, and im- 
punity purchased with a large sum of money. 
Such irregularities in the emperor's ministers, 
greatly displeased the people; and when Galba 
refused to pay the soldiers the money which he 
had promised them when he was raised to the 
throne, they assassinated him in the seventy- 
third year of his age, and in the eighth month of 
his reign, and proclaimed Otho emperor in his 
room, January 16th, A. D. 69. The virtues which 
had shone so bright in Galba when a private man, 
totally disappeared when he ascended the throne; 
and he wno showed himself the most impartial 
judge, forgot the duties of an emperor, and of a 
father of his people. Sueton. et Plut. in vita. — 

Tacit. Sergius, a celebrated orator before the 

age of Cicero. During his command in the pro- 
vince of Spain, he with great perfidy, cut off 
7000, or, according to Suetonius, 30,000 Lusitani- 
ans, which gave rise to the war against Viriatus. 
On his return to Rome, he was accused for this 
criminal conduct, but by showing his sons to the 
Roman people, and imploring their protection, 
he saved himself from the punishment which 
either his guilt or the persuasive eloquence of his 
adversaries, M. Cato and L. Scribonius, urged as 
due to him. Cic. de Orat. 1, 53. Ad. Her. 4, 5. 

Fal. Max. 3, 6.— Liv. 49.— Tacit. Ann. 3. 66.— 

Suet. Galb. 3. His son, Caius, was the first of 

2 C 



GAL 



GAL 



the college of priests condemned by public sen- 
tence. Cic. Or. 1, 56.— Br. 26, 34. His son, 

Sei-gius, was great-grandtather to the emperor. 
He was lieutenant to Caesar in Gaul, and after- 
wards conspired against his life. Cces. B. G. 3, 

1. 4. 3 — Suet. Galb. 3.— Cic. Phil. 13, 16.— Pater. 

2, 56. Sulpicius, the son of Sergius, was grand- 
father to the emperor. He was praetor at Rome, 
but devoted himself particularly to literary pur- 
suits, and wrote a history replete with much va- 
luable information. Suet, in Galb. 3. 

Galenus Claudius, a celebrated physician, 
born at Pergamus, about 131 A. D. After study- 
ing philosophy, astronomy, geometry, and gene- 
ral literature, he turned his attention to medi- 
cine. Galen travelled for information respecting 
the properties of drugs and plants, and at the age 
of thirty, visited Rome with an intention of set- 
tling there; but the faculty opposed him so ef- 
fectually, that he returned to Pergamus. He 
had not been long there, before the fame of his 
talents induced Marcus Aurelius and Lucius 
Verua, to invite him to their court at Aquileia. 
He accompanied the former emperor to Rome, 
where he triumphed over his enemies by the cures 
which he performed, particularly in the imperial 
family. Having succeeded in relieving Marcus 
Aurelius, when all the other medical men had 
missed his case, the emperor said, '* we have but 
one physician, for Galen is the only valuable man 
of his profession. ' He died at Rome, A.D. 201. 
His writings were exceedingly numerous, and 
though many are lost, those which are extant 
compose a voluminous body of practical and 
theoretical medicine. The best edition of his 
works, in Greek and Latin, is that of Kiiho, 13 
vols. 8vo., Lips. 1822-7. 

Galeo, a Roman who left all his propertv to 
Cicero. Cic Att. 11, 11. 

Galeria, one of the Roman tribes. The 

wife of Vitellius. Cess. — Tacit. Hist. 2, 60. 

Faustina, the wife of the emperor Antoninus 
Pius. 

GalerIus. a native of Dacia, made emperor 
of Rome by Diocletian. Vid. Maximianus. 

Galesus, now Galeasi, a river of Calabria 
flowing into the bay of Tarentum. The poets 
have celebrated it for the shady groves in its 
neighbourhood, and the fine sheep which feed on 
its fertile banks, and whose fleeces were said to 
be rendered soft when they bathed in the stream. 
Martial. Ep. 2, 43. 4, 23. — Virg. G. 4, 126.— Ho- 

rat. Od. 2, 6» 10. A rich person of Latium, 

killed as he attempted to make a reconciliation 
between the Trojans and Rutulians, when Asca- 
nius had killed the favourite stag of Tyrrheus; 
which was the prelude to all the enmities between 
the hostile nations. Virg. Mn. 7, 535. 

Galil.ea, a celebrated province of Palestine, 
forming the northern division. Josephus divides 
it into Upper and Lower; and he says, that the 
limits of Galilee were, on the south, Samaria and 
Scythopolis, unto the flood of Jordan. It con- 
tained four tribes, Issachar, Zebulun, Naphtali, 
and Asher; a part also of Dan, and part of Pe- 
raea, or the country beyond Jordan, Upper Ga- 
lilee abounded in mountains, and was called 
Galilee of the Gentiles, from its being inhabited 
not only by Jews, but by Egyptians, Arabians, 
and Plioenicians. Lower Galilee, which con- 
tained the tribes of Zebulun and Asher, was 
sometimes named the Great Field, " the cham- 
paign.'' The valley was adjacent to the .sea of 
Tiberias. Josephus describes Galilee as very 



populous, and containing 204 cities and towns. 
It was also very rich, and paid 200 talents in tri- 
bute. The natives were brave and good sol- 
diers; but they were seditious, and prone to in- 
solence and rebellion. Their language was a 
corrupt and unpolished dialect of Syriac, with a 
mixture of other languages. It was probably 
this corrupt dialect that led. to the detection of 
Peter as one of Christ's disciples. This district 
v/as most honoured with our Saviour's presence. 
Here he was conceived, here he was brought 
back by his mother and reputed father, after their 
return from Egypt; here he lived with them till 
he was thirty years of age; and, although after 
his entrance on his public ministry, he frequently 
visited the other provinces, it was here that he 
chiefly resided. Here, also, he made his first ap- 
pearance after his resurrection to his apostles, 
who were themselves natives of this country, and 
were thence stj'led by the angels, "men of Gali- 
lee," Joseph. Bell. Jud. 3, 3. — Strab. 16.— Matt. 
28, 7.— Mark, 14. 70.— Acts, 1, 11. 

GalinthiadIa, a festival at Thebes, in hon- 
our of Galinthias, a daughter of Proetus. It was 
celebrated before the festival of Hercules, by 
v.'hose orders it was first instituted. 

Galli, a nation of Europe, naturally fierce, 
and inclined to war. They were very supersti- 
tious, and in their sacrifices they often immolated 
human victims. In some places they had large 
statues made with twigs, which they filled with 
men, and reduced to ashes. They believed 
themselves descended from Pluto; and from that 
circumstance they always reckoned their time, 
not by the days, as other nations, but by the 
nights. Their obsequies were splendid; and not 
only the most precious things, but even slaves 
and oxen, were burned on the funeral pile. 
Children, among them, never appeared in the 
presence of their fathers, before they were able 
to bear arms in the defence of their country. 
Cces. Bell. G.—Strab. 4.— Tacit. (Fid. Gallia.) 

The priests of Cybele, who received that 

name from the river Gallus, in Phrygia, where 
they celebrated the festivals. They mutilated 
themselves, before they were admitted to the 
priesthood, in imitation of Atys, the favourite of 
Cybele. (Fid. Atys.) The chief among them 
was called Archigallus, who in his dress resem- 
bled a woman, and carried suspended to his neck, 
a large collar with two representations of the 
head of Atys. (Fid. Corvbantes, Dactyli, &c.) 
Diod. 4.— Ovid. Fast. 4, 36. -Lucan. 1, 466.— 
Lucian. de Dea Syria. 

Gallja, an extensive and populous country 
of Europe, bounded on the north and west by the 
ocean, on the east by the Rhine and the Alps, 
and on the south by the Mediterranean and the 
Pyrenees. Its greatest breadth was 600 English 
miles, but much less towards either extremity. 
Its length from north to south was from 4S0 to 
620 miles. It comprehended, in addition to the 
modern kingdom of France, the little county of 
Nice, the western half of Switserland, and such 
parts of Germariy and the Netherlands as are west 
and south of the Rhine. It was called Galatia 
by the Greeks, and Celtica by the natives. It 
was originally divided amongst three great na- 
tions, the Celtse, Bellas, and Aquitani. The 
Celtse inhabited the middle of the country, and 
were separated from their northern neighbours, 
the Belgas, by the Sequana, the Matrona. and 
mount Vogesu?; to the south the Garumna was 
the limit between them and the Aquitani, whose 



GAL 



GAL 



territory is sometimes called Armorica. This 
extern of the Celtce includes the Roman conquest 
in south-eastern Gaul, which tiiey designated by 
the name of Provincia (whence the modern Pro- 
vence), with the occasional epithets of Nostra or 
Gallia. After the conquest of Gaul by Caesar, 
and in the time of Augustus, the four provinces 
were more equally divided as to extent, without 
particular attention being paid to the distinction 
of their inhabitants. Their boundaries were then 
as follows: Belgica, or north-eastern Gaul, was 
separated from the Roman province on the south, 
by a line running from mount Adala, or St Goth-- 
ard, through the lake Lemanus, to the river 
Arar; from Celtica, by the upper course of this' 
river, to mount Vogesus, and thence by a north- 
western line to the English Channel, near the 
mouth of the Samara, or Somme. Celtica, or 
Lugdunensis, as it was now calledj from Lugdu- 
ijura its capital, was the north-western part of 
Gaul, and was bounded on the east by Belgica, 
on the south mostly by the Liger, and on the 
west and north by the ocean. To the south of 
i this was Aquitania, or south-western Gaul, 
bounded on the east by a part of Lugdunensis, 
and mount Cebenna, on the south by the Tarnis, 
I and the Pyrenees, and on the west by the ocean. 
The Roman province, or south-eastern Gaul, 
jtook the name of Narbonensis, from Narbo, or 
INarbonne, the metropolis of the whole country. 
In the course of time, each of these provinces 
was divided into several others, till at length 
I their number amounted to seventeen. Besides 
jthese great divisions, there is often mention 
made of Gallia Cisalpina, or Citerior; Transal- 
pina or Ulterior, which refers to that part of Italy 
which was conquered by some of the Gauls who 
crossed the Alps. By ijallia Cisalpina, the Ro- 
mans understood that part of Gaul w hich lies in 
lltaly; and by Transalpina, that which lies be- 
yond the Alps, in regard only to the inhabitants 
of Rome. Gallia Cispadana, and Transpadana, 
is applied to a part of Italy, conquered by some 
|of the Gauls, and then it means the country on 
this side of the Po, or beyond the Po, with re- 
spect to Rome. By Gallia Togata, the Romans 
understood Cisalpine Gaul, where the Roman 
?ovvns, togce, were usually worn, as the inhabi- 
;ants had been admitted to the rank of citizen- 
.hip at Rome. Gallia Narbonensis, was called 
Braccata, on account of the peculiar covering of 
the inhabitants for their thighs. The epithet of 
Vomata, is applied to Gallia Celtica, because the 
aeople suffered their hair to grow to an uncom- 
non length. The inhabitants were great warri- 
jrs; and iheir valour overcame the Roman ar- 
nies, took the city of Rome, and invaded Greece, 
in different ages. They spread themselves over 
he greatest part of the world. They were very 
uperstitious in their religious ceremonies, and 
evered the sacerdotal order as if they had been 
,^ods. (Fzd, Druidag.) They long maintained a 
bloody war against the Romans; and Caesar re- 
! sided ten years in their country before he could 
totally subdue them. Cess. Bell. Gall. — Paus. 
7, 6.~Strab^ 5, &c. 

Gallicanus Mons, a mountain of Campa- 
nia. 

GallTcus Ager, was applied to the country 
between Picenum and Ariminum, whence the 
Galli Senones were banished, and which was di- 
vided among the Roman citizens. Liv. 23, 14. 
39, 44, — C/c. Cat. •Z. — Cces Civ. 1, 29. Sinus, 



a part of the Mediterranean on the coast of Gaul, 
now called the gulf of Lyons. 

Gallienus, Publ. Lucinius, a son of ihe 
emperor Valerian. He reigned conjointly with 
his father for seven years, and ascended the 
throne as sole emperor, A. D. 260. In his youth, 
he showed his activity and military character, in 
an expedition against the Germans and Sarmats; 
but when he came to the purple, he delivered 
himself up to pleasure and indolence. His time 
was spent in the greatest debauchery, and he in- 
dulged himself in the grossest and most lascivi- 
ous manner, and his palace displayed a scene, at 
once, of effeminacy and shame, voluptuousness 
and immorality. He often appeared with his 
hair powdered with golden dust; and enjoyed 
tranquillity at home, while his provinces abroad 
were torn by civil quarrels and seditions. He 
heard of the loss of a rich province, and of the 
execution of a malefactor, with the same indif- 
jference; and when he was apprised that Egypt 
had revolted, he only observed, that he could 
live without the produce of Egypt. He was of a 
disposition naturally inclined to raillery and the 
ridicule of others. When his wife had been de- 
ceived by a jeweller, Gallienus ordered the ma- 
lefactor to be placed in the circus, in expectation 
of being exposed to the ferocity of a lion. While 
the wretch trembled at the expectation of instant 
death, the executioner, by order of the emperor, 
let loose a capon upon him. An uncommon 
laugh was raised upon this, and the emperor ob- 
served, that he who had deceived others, should 
expect to be deceived himself. In the midst of 
these ridiculous diversions, Gallienus was alarm- 
ed by the revolt of two of his officers, who had 
assumed the imperial purple. This intelligence 
roused him from his lethargy, he marched 
against his antagonists, and piit all the rebels to 
the swoi'd, without showing the least favour either 
to rank, sex, or age. These cruelties irritated 
the people.and the army; emperors were elected, 
and no less than thirty tyrant? aspired to the im- 
perial purple. Gallienus resolved boldly to op- 
pose his adversaries; but in the midst of his pre- 
parations, he was assassinated at Milan by some 
of his officers, in the 50th year of his age, A. D. 
268, Though deservedly hated, Gallienus yet 
was possessed of great abilities, and distinguish- 
ed himself by his eloquence, his wit, his genius, 
and his poetical effusions. 

Gallinaria Sylva, a wood near Cuma in 
Italy, famous as being the retreat of robbers, 
Juv. 3, 307. 

Gallipolis, a fortified town of the Salen- 
tines, on the Ionian sea. 

Gallogr^CIA, a country of Asia Minor, near 
Bithynia and Cappadocia. It was inhabited by 
a colony of Gauls, who assumed the name of 
Gallogrcpci, because a number of Greeks had ac- 
companied them in their emigration. Strab. 2. 

Gallonius, p. a luxurious Roman, who, as 
was observed, never dined well, because he was 
never hungry, Cic. de Fin, 2, 8 et £8. 

GAJjLUS. Fid. Alectryon. A general of 

Otho, &c. Plut. A lieutenant of Sylla. 

An officer of M. Antony, &c. Caius, a friend 

of the great Africanus, famous for his knowledfie 
of astronomy, and his exact calculation of eclipses. 

Cic. de Senect. iElius, the third governor of" 

Egypt in the age of Augustus. Cornelius, a 

Homan knight, who rendered himself famous by 
his poetical, as well as his military talents. He 
1 was passionately fond of the slave Lvcoris or Cv- 



GAM 



304 



GAR 



therls, and celebrated her beauty in his poetry. 
She proved ungrateful, and forsook him to follow 
M. Antony, which gave occasion to Virgil to 
write his tenth eclogue. Gallus, as well as the 
other poets of his age, was in the favour of Au- 
gustus, by whom he was appointed over Egypt. 
He became forgetful of the favours which he had 
received; he pillaged the province, and even con- 
spired against his benefactor, according to some 
accounts, fur which he was bani.^hed by the em- 
peror. This disgrace operated so powerfully 
upon him that he killed himself in despair, A. D. 
26. Some few fragments remain of his poetry, 
and it seems that he particularly excelled in ele- 
giac compositions. It is said that Virgil wrote 
an eulogium on his poetical friend, and inserted 
it at the end of his Georgics; but that he totally 
suppressed it, for fear of offending his imperial 
pa'ron, of whose favours Gallus had shown him- 
self so undeserving, and instead of that he sub- 
stituted the beautiful episode about Aristaus and 
Eurydice. This eulogium, according to some, 
was suppressed atthe particular desire of Augus- 
tus. Qutnfil. 10, 1 Virg. Eel. 6 et W.-Ovid. 

Amat. 3. 15, 29. Vibius Gallus, a celebrated 

orator of Gaul, in the age of Augustus, of whose 
orations Seneca has preserved some fragments. 
A Roman, who assassinated Dec;us, the em- 
peror, and raised himself to the throne. He 
showed himself indolent and cruel, and beheld 
with the greatest indifference the revolt of his 
provinces, and the invasion of his empire, by the 
barbarians. He was at last assassinated with his 
son Volucianus, by his soldiers, A. D. 253, after 
a reign of nearly three years. Flavius Clau- 
dius Constantinus, a brother of the emperor Juli- 
an, raised to the imperial throne under the title 
of Caesar, by Constantius his relation. He con- 
spired against his benefactor, and was publicly 

condemned to be beheaded, A. D. 354. A 

small river of Phrygia, whose waters were said 
to be very efRcacious. if drunk in moderation, in 
curing madness. Plin.32, 2 — Ovt'd. Fast. 4, 361. 

Gamaxus, an Indian prince, brought in chains 
before Alexander for revolting. 

G AMELIA, a surname of Juno, as Gamelius 
was of Jupiter, on account of their presiding over 

marriages. A festival privately observed at 

three diflferent times. The first was the celebra- 
tion of a marriage, the second was in commemo- 
ration of a birth-day, and the third was an anni- 
versary of the death of a person. As it was ob- 
served generally on the 1st of January, marriages 
on that day were considered as of a good omen, 
and the month was called Gamelion, among the 
Athenians. Cic. de Fin. 2. 31. 

Gangarid.*;, a people near the mouths of the 
Ganges. Their capital, called Gauge Regia, so 
famous as a place of trade for the finest Indian 
manufactures, as well as Nard and Chinese Ma- 
lobathrum, seems to answer to the situation of 
Calcutta, the metropolis of the British dominions 
in India. Justin. 12, 8.— Curt. 9, 2— Virg. ^n. 
3. 21.—Flacc. 6. 67. 

G.A.NGES, a celebrated river of India, which, 
in the language of Hindoostan, is called Pudda, 
or Padda, i. e. the foot, because, as some Brah- 
mins affirm, it flows from the foot of the god 
Vishnu, or Beschan. It is also named Burra 
Gonga, or the Great River, and Gonga, the river, 
by way of eminence, whence its European name 
is derived. It is formed by the junction of three 
head streams, the Calligunga, the Bhagirutiee, 
and the Alaknunda, which have their sources in 



the southern recesses of tiie Himaleh mountains, 
and unite at Deoprag. Between Hurdtvar, w here 
it enters the plains of Hindoostan, and its mouth, 
a course of 1350 miles, it receives eleven rivers, 
some of which are equal to the Rhine, and none 
smaller than the Thames. The Delta of the 
Ganges commences about 220 miles from the sea, 
an immense alluvial tract cut in every direction 
by creeks and rivers. This dreary district is in , 
fact nothing less than a multitude of islands, ; 
formed by the various streams, covered with 
thick forests, and inhabited by tigers. The navi- L 
gation to the sea is very intricate on account of f 
the number of channels, but there are two good L 
passages; the southern, which opens into the .■ 
Hoogly river, and the Balliaghaut, which opens t 
into a lake on the eastern side of that city. The \ 
Ganges, like many other rivers, has a periodical t 
rise. The rains begin to fall in the mountains f 
early in April, and towards the end of the month l 
the commencement of the inundation may gene- 
rally be observed at Bengal. By the end of July, 
all the low parts of Bengal near the Ganges are ^ 
overflowed. This river is deemed particularly » 
sacred; its waters are held to have an expiatory 
efficacy, and even in the British courts of justice, t 
the Hindoos are made to swear upon wafer from ' 
the Ganges. Lucan. 3, 230.— ■■^trab. b. — Plin. 6, » 
87.— Cm?^ 8, ^.—Mela, 3, l.-Firg. JFt?. 9, 31. 1 

GangetTcus Sincs, now the Bay of Bengal, I 
into which the Ganges falls. C 

Gannascus, an ally of Rome, put to death by » 
Corbulo, the Roman general, &c. Tacit. Ann. \ 
11. IS. [ 

Ganymede, a goddess, better known by the 
name of Hebe. She was worshipped under this • 
name in a temple at Phlius in Peloponnesus, ji 
Paus. 2, 13. B 

Ganymedes, a beautiful youth of Phrygia, ! 
son of Tros, and brother to lius and Assaracus. « 
According to Lucian, he was son of Dardanus. \ 
He was taken up to heaven by Jupiter as he was i? 
hunting, or rather tending his father's flocks on \ 
mount Ida, and he became the cup-bearer of the j 
gods in the place of Hebe. Some say that he t 
was carried away by an eagle, to satisfy the ■ 
shameful and unnatural desires of Jupiter. He \ 
is generally represented sitting on the back of a i 
flying eagle in the air, whilst the bird reclining ^ 
back, embraces his limbs with his talons with a f 
gentleness and delicacy, which, in providing for Ij 
his security, seems still- afraid to hurt him. Such L 
was the elegant attitude in which he was repre- \. 
sented by the sculptor Leoehares, in a beautiful « 
statue which Nero is supposed to have plunder- i 
ed to adorn the temple of peace. Paus 5, 24. — i- 
Homer. II. 20, 231.- Firg. JEn. 5, 2b2.— Orid. 1 
Met. 10, 155 Horat. Od. 4. 4 

Garamantes, (sing. Garamas), a people of n 
Africa, south of Phazania, deriving their narr.e 1 
from the city of Garama, now Germa. Tneir >. 
cruelty and oppression provoked Caesar to de- 
spatch against them his eeneral, Cornelius Bal- s 
bus, who followed them up into the distant parts 
of their countrs'. and soon reduced them to obe- f. 
dience. Firg.jEn. 4, 198. 6, 7%.— Lucan. 4, 334. j 
-Strab. 2. — rUn. 5, 8.-5/Z. It. 1, 142. 11, 181. i 

Garamantis, a nymph who became mother ' 
of larbas, Phileus, and Pilumnus, bv Jupiter. I 
Virg. M7i. 4, 198. ' ' 

Garamas, a king of Libya, whose daughter l 
was mother of Ammon by Jupiter. e 

GarAtas, a river of Arcadia, near Tegea,oT» 
the banks of which Pan had a temple. Paus. 6, 44. 1 



G A R 



S05 



GEL 



GarsATjE, a people of Arcadia. Paus. S, 45. 

G.VRGANUS, now St Angela, a mounrain of 
Apulia, terminating in a promontory called Gar- 
ganum promontorium, now Testa del Gargano. 
Virg. yEn. 11, -Ibl . — Lucati. 5, 850. 

Gargaphia, a valley near Platasa, with a 
fountain of the same name, where Acteeon was 
torn to pieces by his dogs. Ovid, Met. 3, 156. 

GargARIS, or Gargoris, a king of the Cu- 
retes, who first found the manner of collecting 
honey. Vid. Gargoris. 

GargArus, (plur. a, orum), one of the sum- 
mits of Ida, the roots of which formed the pro- 
montory of Lectum. It is generally supposed to 
have been the highest peak of the range, but this 
honour mast be assigned to the ancient Cotylu?. 
On Gargarus was a town named Gargara. Virg. 

G. 1, 103 Macrob. 5 20.— Strab. Vd.—Plin. 5, 

30. 

Gargettus, a village of Attica, the birth- 
place of Epicurus. Cic. Fam. 15, 16. 

Gargilius, Martialis, an historian. A 

hunter, who purchased game, and imposed it 
upon his friends and the public as the fruit of his 
great exertions in the chase. Horat. Ep. 1, 6, 57. 

Gargittius, adog which keptGeryon'sflocks. 
He was killed by Hercules. 

Gargoris, an ancient king of the Curetes, 
who first discovered the method of collecting ho- 
ney, and of feeding bees. He wished to destroy 
a child which his daughter had had from an im- 
proper connexion, but when his repeated attempts 
failed, he left him his crown and kingdom. Jus- 
tin. 44. 

GARtTES, a people of Aquitania, in Gaul. 

Garumna, now the Garonne, a river of Gaul 
rising in the Pyrenees, and after a north-western 
course of 380 miles, falling into the Sinus Aqui- 
tanicus, or Bay of Biscay. According to Julius 
Caesar's division of Gallia, the Garumna was the 
boundary of Aquitania, and separated that dis- 
trict from Gallia Celtica. This river is navigable 
to Tolosa, or Toulouse, and communicates with 
the Mediterranean by means of the canal of 
Louis XIV., about 180 miles long, made through 
Languedoc. Mela, 3, 2. 

Gastron, a general of Lacedssmcn, &c. Po- 
ly (Bn. 2. 

GAUGAMELA, a village of Assyria, in the dis- 
trict of Aturia, and about 500 stadia from Arbela. 
The battle between Alexander and Darius took 
place near this spot; but, as Arbela was a con- 
siderable town, the Greeks chose to distinguish 
the conflict by the name of the latter. Gauga- 
raela is said to have signified in Persian, the 
house of the camel, so called because Darius, 
the son of Hystaspes, escaped upon his camel 
across the deserts of Scythia, when retiring from 
the latter country; and, having placed the ani- 
mal here, appointed the revenue of certain vil- 
a-res for its maintenance. Arrian. 6, \.—Plut. 
Alex. 

Gaulus. a small island in the Mediterranean 
sea near Melite, or Malta, now called Gozo. with 
a city of the same name, now called Rabatto. 
Plin. 3, 8.—Sil. Ital. 14, 274. 

Gaurus, a ridge of mountains bordering on 
Lake Avernus, and now called Monte Barharo. 
It was famous for its wines. Lucan. 2, 667. — 
Sil. 12, ICiQ.—Stat. Sylv. 3, 5. 99. 

Gaus and Gaos, a man who followed the in- 
terest of Artaxerxes, from whom he revolted, 
and by whom he was put to death. Dind. 15. 

L. GaviUS Firm anus, a man made prefect 



of Cilicia by Cicero, for which favour he proved 
himself very ungrateful. Cic. Att. 6, 1 et 3. 

Gaza, a city of the Philistines, made by 
Joshua part of the tribe of Judah. It was one of 
the five principalities of the Philistines, situated 
towards the southern extremity of Canaan, be- 
tween Raphia and Askelon, The advantageous 
situation of Gaza was the cause of the numerous 
revolutions which it underwent. It first of all 
belonged to the Philistines, and then to the He- 
brews. It recovered its liberty in the reigns of 
Jotham and Ahaz, and was reconquered by He- 
zekiah. It was subject to the Chaldeans who 
conquered Syria and Phoenicia. Afterwards, it 
fell into the hands of the Persians, It must have 
been a place of considerable strength. For two 
months it baffled all the efforts of Alexander the 
Great, who was repeatedly repulsed, and wound- 
ed in the siege; which he afterwards revenged in 
a most infamous manner on the person of the 
gallant defender Betis, whom, while yet alive, 
having ordered his ankles to be bored, he drag- 
ged round the walls, tied to his chariot-wheels, 
in the barbarous parade of imitating the less sa- 
vage treatment of the corpse of Hector by Achil- 
les. 1 Sam. 6, 17.-2 Kings, 18, 8.—Arrian. 2, 
27. — Quintus Curtius, 4, 6. 

Gaza, or Gazaca, now Tebris or Tat'.ris, a 
city of Atropatia, north-east of the lake Spauta. 
It was the depository of great wealth, and the 
summer residence of the kings of Atropatia. 

Gebenna, now Cevennes, a chain of moun- 
tains in Gaul, which separated the Helvii from 
the Arverni, in that part of the Roman province 
corresponding to the modern Languedoc. 

Gedrosia. an extensive province of Persia, 
bounded on the west by Carmania, on the north 
by Drangiana and Arachosia, on the east by In- 
dia, and on the south by the Erythraean sea. It 
is now called Mekran. It was in general exceed- 
ingly barren and very thinly inhabited, owing to 
which circumstances it proved fatal to the armies 
of Semiramis and Cyrus, when they passed 
through it; and the troops of Alexander, as they 
returned through it from India, only escaped the 
horrors of thirst and famine, with which they 
were threatened, by one of the most rapid 
marches which that extraordinary man ever con- 
ducted, and which, amongst other reasons, he 
was induced to undertake for the ambitious pur- 
pose of convincing the world how much more he 
could accomplish than his predecessors. Its 
principal city was Pura, now Pureg or Phoreg. 
Strab. 15. 

Geganii, a family of Alba, part of which mi- 
grated to Rome, under Romulus. One of the 
daughters, called Gegania was the first of the 

vestals created by Numa. Plut. in Num. 

One of the family was consul, and he triumphed 
over the Volsci. Liv. 3, 65. 4, 10. 

Gela, a town on the southern parts of Sicily, 
about ten miles from the sea, according to Ptol- 
emy, which received its name from a small river 
in the neighbourhood, called Gelas. It was built 
by a Rhodian and Cretan colony, 45 years after 
the founding of Syracuse, Olymp. 29, 1. After 
it had continued in existence 404 years, Phintias, 
tyrant of Agrigentum, carried the inhabitants to 
Phintias, a town in the neighbourhood, which he 
had founded, and he employed the stones of 
Gela to beautify his own city. Phintias was also 
called Gela. The inhabitants were called Ge- 
Innses, Geloi, and Gelani. Virg. ^n. 3, 70i. — 
Paus. 8, 46.— S;?-. 6. 6. 

2 C 3 



GEL 



30<3 



GEN 



GelaNOR, a king of Argos, who succeeded 
his father Sthenelus. His rijjht to the sovereign- 
ty was disputed by Danaus, who had lately ar- 
rived from Egypt, and whilst the competitors 
were pleading their cause in the presence of the 
people, a wolf boldly attacked under the walls of 
the city a herd of cows and the bull that follow- 
ed. The accident was seized by the super.-titious 
and prejudiced assembly; and Gelanor, compared 
to the buil, was made to yield to the superior 
power and influence of his rapacious rival. 
Paus. 2, 16 et 19. Vid Danaus. 

Gelas. Vid. Gela. 

Gellia Cornelia lex, de Civitate, bv L. 
Gellius and Cn. Cornel. Lentulus, A.U.C.'GSI. 
It enacted that all those who had been presented 
with the privilege of citizens of Rome by Pom- 
pey should remain in the possession of that li- 
berty. 

Gellias, a native of Agrisentum, famous for 
his munificence and his hospitality. Diod. 13 — 
Val. Mix. 4, 8. 

Gellius, a consul and cen>or, who bestowed 
the highest praise on Cicero, for his vigilance 
and enersv in crushing Catiline's conspiracv. 

Cic. ad Quir. 7. Pis. 3. — Plut. in Pomp. A 

consul, who defeated a party of Germans in the 

intere.-t ot Spartacus. Plut A Roman histo 

rian. of little reputation. Cic. Div. 1, '26. 

A Roman grammarian and critic in the agp of M. 
Antonnius. He studied rhetoric under Cornelius 
Fionto, at Rome; and philosophy at Athens, 
under Phavorinus, Taurus, and others. His 
worii, entitled Xoctes Atticie, consisting of criti- 
cal and philological observations, wiiich he had 
collected from reading and conversation, has 
preserved his name from oblivion. It was com- 
menced in the nights of a winter which he spent 
in the country near Athens, from which circum- 
stance the title originated. Like the works of 
Athenaeus. Macrob'u-, and other miscellaneous 
Collectanea, it derives its chief value from the 
facts and monuments of antiquity, and the frag- 
ments of Ioniser writers which are included in it. 
Aulus Geil.us died about the beginning of tlie 
reign of Marcus Aurelius. The best edition of 
hiswork isthat of Gronovius, 8vo. L. Bat. 16:6. 
The edition of Thy<ius, bvo, L. Bat. 1666, is also 
held in considerable estimation. There is an 
English translation of the Noctes Atticae, by the 
Rev. W. Beloe. 

Gelo and Gelon, a son of Dinomenes. who 
made himself absolute at Sy racuse, 491 years be- 
fore the Christian era. He conquered the Car- 
thaginians at Himera, and m^de his oppression 
popular by his great equity and moderation. He 
reigned seven years, and his death was univer- 
sally lamented at Syracuse. He was called the 
father of his people, and the patron of liberty, 
and honoured as a demigod. His brother Hiero 
succeeded him. Paus. 8, 42 — He;o£?. 7, 153, &c. 

— Diod. 11. A man who attempted to poison 

Pyrrhus, A governor o!>Boeotia. A son of 

Hiero the younger. Paus. 6, 9. A general of 

Phocis, destroy ed with his troops by the Thessa- 
lians. Paus. 10, 1. 

Geloi, the inhabitants of Gela. Virg. .-En. 3, 
701. 

Gelones and Geloni, a people of Scythia, 
inured from their youth to labour and fatigue. 
They painted themselves to appear more terrible 
in battle. They were descended from Gelonus, 
a son of Hercules. Virg. G. 2, 15. Mn. 8, 7.25. 
—Mela, 1, \.— Claudian in Ruf. 1, 315. 



Gelos, a port of Caria. Mela, 1,16. 

Gemini, a sign of the zodiac, which represents 
Castor and Pollux, the twin sons of Leda. 

Geminius, a Roman, who acquainted«M. An- 
tony with the situation of his atfairs at Rome, 

&c. An inveterate enemy of Marius. He 

seized the person of Marius, and carried him to 

Minturnae. Plut. in Mario. A frier^ of Pom- 

pey, from whom he received a favourite mistress ■ 
called Flora. Plut. 

GemInus. an a.stronomer and mathematician 
of Rhodes, B. C. 77. 

Gemo.nije Scal^. steps at Rome, near the 
prison called TuUianum, down which the bodies 
of those who had been executed in prison were 
thrown into the Forum, to be exposed to the 
gaze of the multitude. Val. Max. 6, 9. — Liv. 
3S, 59. 

Genabum, a city of the Aureliani, situate at 
the great bend of the Ligeiis, or Loire, It was 
afterwards called Aureliani, from the name of 
the people, and is now Orleans. Cces. B. C. 7, 3. 
— Lucan. 1, 4^0. 

Genauni, a peopleof Vindelicia. Herat. Od. 
4, 14. 10. 

Geneva, a city of the AUobroges. at the west- 
ern extremity of the Lacus Lemanus, or Loke of 
Geneva, on the south bank of the Rhodanus, or 
lihone. The modern name of Geneva is the 
same as the ancient. 

Genisus. a man of Cvzicus, killed by the 
Argonauts, &c. Place. 3, 45. 

Genius, a spirit or da;mon, which, according 
to the ancients, presided over the birth and 1 fe 
of every man. Each pi^rsonwas supposed to have 
two of these aerial attendants, one good ^he other 
evil; and according to their different influence, 
his actions were guided. Tiie genii which pre- 
sided over females w ere called Junones and those 
who protected tow ns and countries were ranked 
among the divinities of the higher order. Apvl. 
de Socr. Deo. — Horut. Ep. 2, 2, HI,— Senec. ep. 
Jilt. Vid. Daemon. 

Genseric. a famous Vandal prince, who pas- 
sed from Spain to Africa, where he took Car- 
thage. He laid the foundation of the Vandal 
kingdom in Africa, and in the course of his mili- 
tary expeditions, invaded Itah, and in July 455 
took Rome, which he delivered up to the pillage 
and violence of his barbarous soldiers for four- 
teen days. This cruel tyrant, so eminent for his 
presence of mind, and the strong energies of a 
bold undaunted spirit, died A. D. 477, and was 
succeeded by his son Huneric, who had mar- 
I ried Eudoxia the daughter of the Roman em- 
I peror. 

j Gentius, a king of lUyricum, whoimprison- 
1 ed the Roman ambassadors at the request of 
I Perseus king of Macedonia. This offence was 
1 highly resented by tne Romans, and Geniiuswas 
' conquered by Anicius. and led in triumph with 
; his family, B.C. 169. Liv. 43, 19, &c. 
j Genua, now Genoa, a celebrated town of Li- 

guria. In the second Punic war, Genua, then a 
; celebrated emporium, took part with the Ro- 
' mans, and was, in consequence, plundered and 
■ burned by Mago the Carthaginian. It wasafter- 
j wards rebuilt by the Romans, and was made a 
' municipium. Li'tJ. 2S, -iG. 30, 1. 

GenucIus, a tribune of the people, cut off in 

his own house bv the intrigues of his enemies. 

Liv. 2, 54.— A plebeian augur. Id. 10, 9.— A 

consul. 

j GENtJSUS, now Semno, a river of Macedonia, 



GEN 



GER 



falling into the Adriatic above ApoUonia. Lu- 
can. 5, 463. 

Gbnutia Lex, de magistratibus, by L. Genu- 
tius the tribune, A. U.C- 411. It ordained that 
no person should exercise the same magistracy 
within ten years, or be invested with two offices 
in one year. 

Georgica, a poem of Virgil, in four books. 
The tirst treats of ploughing- the ground; the se- 
cond of sowing it; the third speaks of the man- 
agement of cattle, &c., and in the fourth, the 
pnet gives an aceuimt of bees, and of the manner 
of keeping them among the Romans. The word 
is derived from yri, terra, and 'ipyov,opus, because 
it particularly treats of husbandry. The work is 
dedicated to Maecenas, the great patron of pc^itiy 
in the age of Virgil. The author was seven 
years in writing and polishing it; and in that 
composition, by correctness of style, dignity of 
versification, and happiness of expressions, he 
showed how much he excelled all ether writers. 
He imitated Hesiod, who wrote a poem nearly 
on the same subject, called Opera et Dies, 

Georgius Pisida. Vid. Pisida. 

GEPHiRA, one of the cities of the Seleucidae 
in Syria. Strab. 9. 

GEPHYRiEl, a people of Phoenicia, who passed 
with Cadmus into Boeutia, and from thence into 
Attica. Herod. 5, 57. 

GERiESTUS, a port of Eubcea. Liv. 31, 45. 

GiCRANiA, a mountain between Megara and 
Curinth. 

(iKRESTlCUS. a harbour of Teios in Ionia, 
Liv 37, 27. 

Gergithum, a town near Curaae in ^olia. 
FU71. :u 30. 

Gergovia, a strongly fortified town of Gaul, 
belonging to the Arverni. It was situated on a 
very high mountain, and every access to it was 
extremely difficult. At length it was obliged to 
submit to the victorious arms of Rome, and it 
was probably so completely destroyed, that no 
trace remains from wnich we may ascertain its 
. situation. It has been conjectured, however, 
that its .>ituation was in the vicinity of Clermont. 
Cces. B. G. 7, 9. 

GRRMANIA, an extensive country of Europe, 
at the east of Gaul. Its inhabitants were war- 
like, fierce, and uncivilized, and always proved 
a watchful enemy against the power of Rome. 
Caesar first entered their country, but he rather 
cheeked their fury than conquered them. His 
example was followed by his imperial successors 
or their generals, who sometimes invaded the 
country to chastise the insolence of the inhabi- 
tants. The ancient Germans were very super- 
stitious, and, in many instances, their religion 
was the same as that of their neighbours the 
Gauls; whence some have concluded that these 
two nations were of the same origin. They paid 
uncommon respect to their women, who, as they 
believed, were endowed with something more 
than human. They built no temples to their 
gods, and paid great attention to the heroes and 
warriors whom tlie country had produced. Their 
rude institutions gradually gave rise to the laws 
and manners which still prevail in the countries 
of Europe, which their arms invaded or con- 
quered. Tacitus, in whose age even letters were 
unknown among them, observed their customs 
with nicety, and has delineated them with the 
genius of an historian, and the reflection of a 
philosopher. Tacit, de Morib. Germ. — Melu, 1, 
3. 3, 3 Cces. Bell. G. Strab. 4. 



GermanICUS C^sar, a son of Drusus and 
Antonia, the niece of Augustus. He was adopted 
by his uncle Tiberius, and raised to the most im- 
portant offices of the state. "When his grand- 
father Augustus died, he was employed in a w ar 
in Germany, and the affection of the soldiers 
unanimously saluted him emperor. He refused 
the unseasonable honciur, and appeased the tu- 
mult which his indifference occasioned. He con- 
tinued his wars in Germany, and defeated the 
celebrated Arminius, and was rewarded with a 
triumph at his return to Rome. Tiberius de- 
clared him emperor of the east, and seist him to 
appease the seditions of the Armenians. But the 
success of Germanicus in the east was soon 
looked upon with an envious eye by Tiberius, 
and his death was meditated. He was secretly 
poisoned, as it is supposed, by Pi^o and Plancina 
at Daphne near Aniioch, A. D. 19, in the thirty- 
fourth year of his age. The news of his death 
was received with the greatest grief, and the 
most bitter lamentations, and Tiberius seemed 
to be the only one who rejoiced in the fall of Ger- 
manicus. He had married Agrippina, by whom 
he had nine children, one of whom, Caligula, 
disgraced the name of his illustrious father. 
Gjrmanicus has been commended, not only for 
his military accomplishments, but also for his 
learning, humanity, and extensive benevolence. 
In the midst of war, he devoted some moments 
to study, and he favoured the world with two 
Greek comedies, some epigrams, and a transla- 
tion of Aratus in Latin ver.'-e. Sueton. Cal. 1, 2 

et 7.— Tacit. Ann. I, 3, 7, 33, &c This name 

was common in the fige of the emperors, not 
only to those who had obtained victories over 
the Germans, but even to those who had entered 
the borders of their country at the head of an ar- 
my, Domitian applied the name of Germanicus, 
which he himself had vainly assumed, to the 
month of September, in honour of himself. Suet, 
in Dom. VS.— Martial. 9, 2, 4, 

Germanii, a people of Persia. Herod. 1, 125. 

GEKONTHRiE, a town of Laconia, where a 
yearly festival called Geronthrcsa, was observed 
in honour of Mars. The god had there a temple 
with a grove, into which no woman was permit- 
ted to enter during the time of the solemnity. 
Paus. Lacon. 

Gerra, a city of Arabia Deserta, on the Sinus 

Persicus. It is now El Katif. Plin.6, 28. A 

city of iEgyptus Inferior, in the eastt^rn quarter, 
about eight miles from Pelusium. Now, proba- 
bly, Maseli. A city of Syria, in the district of 

Cyrrhestica, between Betfiammaria and Arimara, 
and near the Euphrates. Now Suruk. 

Gerrhi, a people of Scythia, in whose conn 
try the Borysthenes rises. The kings of Scythia 
were generally buried in their territories. Herod. 
4, 71. 

Gerrhus, a river of Scythia, which flowed 
between the territories of the Scythian herdsmen 
and those of the Royal Scythians, and then fell 
into the Hypacris. It is now the Molotchnoe. 
Herod. 4, 56. 

Geryon, and GeryoNES, a celebrated mon- 
ster, born from the union of Chrysaor with Cal- 
lirhoe, and represented by the poets as having 
three bodies and three heads. He lived in the 
island of Gades, where he kept numerous flocks, 
which were guarded by a two-headed dog, called 
Orthos, and by Eurythion. Hercules, by order (.f 
Euryslheus, went to Gades and destroyed Gery- 
on, Orthos, and Eurytiiion, and carried away all 



GE3 



30S 



Gi R 



his flocks and herds to Tirvnthus. Hesiod. Theog. 
1 7. -Virg. Mn. 7, 661. «, %m —Ital. I, 277.— 

Apollod 2. — Luaet. 5, 28. 

Gesoriacum, a town of Gaul, belonging to 
the Morini. It was afterwards called Bononia, 
and is now Boulogne. 

GESSA.T.E, a people of Gallia Togata. Plut. in 
Mar cell. 

G3TA, a Roman, expelled from the senate, and 
afterwards restored to his dignity and made cen- 
sor. Cic. Clu. \2. — Val. Max. 2, 9. A slave 

mentioned in the characters of Terence s Adel- 

phi and Phormio. A man w ho raised seditions 

at Rome in Nero s reign, &c. Tacit. Hist. 2, 72. 

Septimius, a son of the emperor Severus, 

brother to CaraciUa. In the eighth year of his 
age he was moved with compassion at the fate of 
some of the partisans of Niger and Albinus, who 
had been ordered to be executed; and his father, 
struck with his humanity, retracted his sentence, 
After his father's death he reigned at Rome, con- 
jointly with his brother; but Caracaila, who en- 
vied his virtues, and was jealous of his popula- 
rity, ordered him to be poisoned; and when this 
could not be effected, he murdered him in the 
arms of his mother Julia, who, in the attempt of 
defending the fatal blo^vs from his body, received 
a wound in her arm from the hand of her son, 
tne 2Sth of March, A. D. 212. Geta had not 
reached the twenly-third year of his age, and the 
Romans had reason to lament the death of so vir- 
tuous a prince, whilst they groaned under the 
cruelties and oppression of Caracaila. 

Get^, {Getes, sing.) a tribe of Scythians, who, 
according to Strabo, occupied the arid and un- 
cultivated plains along the sea coast, between the 
mouths of the Ister and that of the Tyras, in 
which the army of Darius, in its march'against 
the Scythians, was in danger of perishing for want 
of water. Under the empire of Trajan, the Gette 
were subjected to the Roman dominion. Hero- 
dotus speaks of Zamolxis as the legislator of the 
Getffi, and he says that from him they derived the 
doctrine of the soul's immortality; and Trajan 
attributed to this principle the intrepidity \^ith 
which they encountered death in the perils of 
war. Tlie Gets possessed only a small space 
along the coast, but their territory extended to a 
considerable distance in the interior of the coun- 
try. Those who inhabited the western part in 
ascending the Ister, were called Daci; but those 
who were more appropriately denominated Getag; 
occupied the eastern part near the Pontus Euxi- 
nus; and those who inhabited the banks of the 
Tyras, were called Tyragitas. They had all the 
sam.e language. The Getae are thought to have 
be^n the same people with those who were called 
Goths, and whose migrations were so extensive. 
Ovid, de Pont. Trist. 5, 7, III.— Strah. l.— Stat. 
Sylv. 2, 2, 61. 3, 1, 17. Lucan. 2, 54. 3, 95. 

Getulia. Fid. Gtetulia, 

GIGANTES, the sens of CcbIus and Terra, who, 
according to He>iod, sprang from the blood of the 
wound which Coelus received from his son Sa- 
turn; whilst Hyginus calls them sons of Tartar /s 
End Terra. They are represented as men of un- 
common stature, and with strength proportioned 
to their gigr.ntic size. Some of them, as Cottus, 
Briaieus, and Gyges, had fifty heads and 100 
arms, and serpents instead of legs. The}- were 
cf a terrible aspect, their hair hung loose" about 
their shoulders, and their beards were suffered lo 
grow untouched. Pallene and its neighbourhood 
was the place of their residence. The defeat of 



the Titans, with whom they are often ignorant- 
ly confounded, and to whom they were nearly 
related, incensed them against Jupiter, and they 
all conspired to dethrone him. The god was 
alarmed, and called all the deities to assist him 
against this powerful enemy, who hurled against 
him rocks of such magnitude, that those which 
fell into the sea became islands, and those on the 
earth huge mountains. Their other weapons were 
trees torn by the roots, and burning woods, and 
their daring strength was so prodigious, that 
they began to heap mount Ossa upon Pelion, to 
scale with more i'acility the walls of heaven. At 
the sight of such dreadful adversaries, the gods 
fled with the greatest consternation into Egypt, 
where they assumed the shape of different ani- 
mals, to screen themselves from their pursuers. 
Jupiter, however, remembered that they were 
not invincible, provided he called a mortal to his 
assistance; and by the advice of Pallas, he arm 
ed his son Hercules in his cause. With the aid 
of this celebrated hero, the giants were soon put 
to flight and defeated. Alcynoeus and Eurytus 
were destroyed by the arm of Hercules, Porphy- 
rion by Jupiter, Cly tins perished under the stroke 
of Vulcan, Mercury killed Hippolitus, Diana 
Gration, Neptune Polybotes, and Minervar, after 
she had killed Enceladus, flead Pallas., and adorn- 
ed herself with his skin All the rest of inferior 
note, w ere dispersed either by the thunder of Ju- 
piter, or the club of Hercules, and some were 
crushed to pieces under mountains or buried in 
the sea. (i'id. Ence]adus, Aloides, Porphyrion, 
Typhon, Otus, Titanes, &c.) The existence of 
giants has been supported by all the writers of 
antiquity, and received as an undeniable truth. 
Homer tells us that Tityus, when extended oa 
the ground, covered nine acres; and that Poly- 
phemus ate two of the companions of Ulysses at 
once, and walked along the shores of Sicilj', lean- 
ing on a staff which might have served for the 
mast of a ship. The Grecian heroes, during the 
Trojan war, and Tumus in Italy, attacked their 
enemies by throwing stones, which four men of 
the succeeding ages would have been unable to 
move. Plutarch also mentions in support of the 
gigantic stature, that Sertorius opened the grave 
of Antffius in Africa, and found a skeleton which 
measured six cubits in length. Apollod, 1, 6. — 
Hesiod. Th. 150 et lS5.—Hornt. Od. 3, 4.—Paus. 
S, 2. <$-c.~Ovid. Met. 1, 151. Trist. 4. 7. 17. Fnst. 
5, 35 '.— Plut. in Sertor.—Hygin. fab.% ^c. — Ho- 
mer. Odyss 7 et lQ.— Virg. G. 1, 280. Ain. 6, 5bO. 

GiGIS, one of the female attendants of Pary- 
satis, who was privy to the poisoning of Statira. 
Plut. in Artax. 

GiLDO, a governor of Africa, in the reign of 
Arcadius. He died A. D. 39S. 

QlLLO, an infamous adulterer, in Juvenal's 
age. Juv. 1, 40. 

GiNDANES,^a people of Libya, who fed on the 
leaves of the lotus. Herod. 4, 176. 

GiNDES. Vid. Gyndes. 

GiR, a river of Africa, composed of three arms 
or branches, two of which are represented as fur- 
nishing its sources. The eastein one of these is 
called Djyr or Misselad, and runs north-west 
into the lake Fit.'re, which together with some 
neighbouring l.ikes appear to have been knoivn 
as the Cheionides Paludes, and to have been 
considered as the lakes in \^hich the Gir was 
finally lost. The western source of the river is 
conjectured to have represented the Geou, which 
loses itself in the great lake Tduid, the ancient 



GI3 



S09 



GLA 



Libya Pilus, and its farther course to be pointed 
} out by the rivers Shary and Feydh, the latter of 
which joins the lake Fittre. Besides these two 
arms the Gir was said to have been connected 
with a third, the course of which was apparently 
j separated for a space of three degrees by an in- 
tervening chain of mountains, but is stated to 
j have found its way through them by a subter- 
raneous channel, and disappeared in the Nubse 
j Palus possibly the Bahr Heimad. Upon the 
I western arm of the Gir, stood Gira Metropolis, 
supposed to be the same with Old Birnie, the for- 
i mer metropolis of Bornou. Claudian. in Pr Cons. 
i Stilich. 1, 251. 

GISCO, son of Himilcon the Carthaginian ge- 
i neral, was banished from his country by the in- 
! fluenee of his enemies. He was afterwards re- 
! called, and empowered by the Carthaginians to 
j punish, in what manner he pleased, those who had 
I occasioned his banishment. He was satisfied to 
see them prostrate on the ground, and to place 
j his foot on their neck, showing that independence 
I and forgiveness are two of the most brilliant vir- 
tues of a great mind. He was made a general 
soon after, in Sicily, against the Corinthians, 
about 309 years before the Christian era; and by 
! his success and intrepidity, he obliged the ene- 
j mies of his country to sue for peace. 

GladiatorIi Ltjdi, combafs originally ex- 
hibited on the grave of deceased persons atRome. 
They were first introduced at Rome by the Bru- 
ti, upon the death of their father, A. U. C. 488. 
It was supposed that the ghosts of the dead were 
rendered propitious by human blood; therefore, 
i at funerals, it was usual to murder slaves in cool 
blood. In succeeding ages, it was i-eckoned less 
• cruel to oblige them to kill one another like men, 
than to slaughter them like brutes, therefore the 
barbarity was covered by the specious show of 
pleasure, and voluntary combat. Originally 
captives, criminals, or disobedient slaves, were 
trained up for combat; but when the diversion 
became more frequent, and was exhibited on the 
smallest occasion, to procure esteem and popu- 
larity, many of the Roman citizens enlisted 
themselves among the gladiators, and Nero, at 
one show, exhibited no less than 400 senators and 
600 knights. The people were treated with these 
combats, not only by the great and opulent, but 
the very priests had their ludi pontificales, and 
liidi sacerdotales. It is supposed that there were 
no more than three pair of gladiators exhibited 
by the Bruti. Their numbers, however, increas- 
ed with the luxury and power of the city; and 
the gladiators became so formidable, that Spar- 
tacus, one of their body, had courage to take up 
arms, and the success to defeat the Roman armies, 
only with a train of his fellow-sufferers. The 
more prudent of the Romans were sensible of the 
dangers which threatened the state, by keeping 
such a number of desperate men in arms, and 
I therefore many salutary laws were proposed to 
limit their number, as well as to settle the time 
in which the show could be exhibited with safe- 
ty and convenience. Under the emperors, not 
only senators and knights, but even women en- 
gaged among the gladiators, and seemed to forget 
the inferiority of their sex. When there were to 
be any shows, hand bills were circulated to give 
notice to the people, and to mention the place, 
number, time, and every circumstance requisite 
to be known. When they were first brought upon 
] the arena, they walked round thp place with 
j great pomp and solemnity, and after that they 



were matched in equal pairs with great nicety. 
They first had a skirmish with wooden files, cal- 
led rudes or arma lusoria. After this the effective 
weapons, such as swords, daggers, &c. called 
arma decretoria, were given them, and the signal 
lor the engagement was given by the sound of a 
trumpet. As they had all previously sworn to 
fight till death, or suffer death in the most excru- 
ciating torments, (he fight was bloody and obsti- 
nate; and when one signified his submission by 
surrendering his arms, the victor was not per- 
mitted to grant him his life, without the leave 
and approbation of the multitude. This was 
done by clenching the fingers of both hands be- 
tween each other, and holding the thumbs up- 
right close together, or by bending back their 
thumbs. The first of these was called pollicem 
premere, and signified the wish of the people to 
spare the life of the conquered. The other sign, 
called pollicem vei tere, signified their disappro- 
bation, and ordered the victor to put his antagon- 
ist to death. The victor was generally reward- 
ed with a palm, and other expressive marks oi 
the people's favour. He was most commonly pre- 
sented with a pileus and rudis. When one of the 
combatants received a remarkable wound, the 
people exclaimed habet, and expressed their ex- 
ultation by shouts. The combats of gladiators 
were sometimes different, either in weapons or 
dress, whence they were generally distinguished 
into the following orders. The secutores were 
armed with a sword and buckler, to keep off the 
net of their antagonists, the retiarii. These last 
endeavoured to throw their net over the head of 
their antagonist, and in that manner to entamile 
him, and prevent him from striking. If this did 
not succeed, they betook themselves to flight. 
Their dress was a short coat, with a hat tied un- 
der the chin w ith a broad ribbon. They wore a 
trident in their left hand. The thrones, origin- 
ally Thracians, were armed with a falchion, and 
small round shield. The myrinillones, called also 
Gain, from their Gallic dress, were much the 
same as the secutores. They were, like them, 
armed with a sword, and on the top of the head- 
piece, they wore the figure of a fish embossed, 
called ij.opfj.vpoi, whence their name. The hoplo- 
machi were completely armed from head to foot, 
as their name implies. The Samnites, armed af- 
ter the manner of the Samnites, wore a large 
shield broad at the top, and growing more nar- 
row at the bottom, more conveniently to defend 
the upper parts of the body. The essedarii, ge- 
nerally fought from the essedum, or chariot used 
by the ancient Gauls and Britons. The andaba- 
tee, Ava/Sarat, fought On horseback, with a helmet 
that covered and defended their faces and eyes. 
Hence andabatarum more pugnare, is to fight 
blindfolded. The meridiani, engaged in the af- 
ternoon. The postulaiitii, were men of great 
skill and experience, and such as were generally 
produced by the emperors. The fiscales were 
maintained out of the emperor's treasury, ^scws. 
The dimachceri fought with two swords in their 
hands, whence their name. After these cruel 
exhibitions had been continued for the amuse- 
ment of the Roman populace, they were abolish- 
ed by Constantine the Great, near 600 years after 
their first institution. They were, however, re- 
vived under the reign of Constantius and his two 
successors, but Honorius for ever put an end to 
these cruel barbarities. 

Glanum, a town of Gaul, now St Remi, in 
Provence. 



GLA 



GLi 



GLAPKifRA and Galphyre, a daughter of 
Archelaus the hi.'h priest of Bellona in Cappa- 
duc'ia, celebrated for her beauty and intrigues. 
She obtained the kingdom of Cappadocia for her 
two sons from M. Antony, whom she corrupted 
by defiling the bed of her husband. This amour 
of Antony with Glaphyra, highly displeased his 
wile Fulvia who wished Augustus to avenge his 
infidelit}', by receiving from her the same favours 

which Glaphyra received from Antony. Her 

grand-daughter bore the same name. She was a 
daughter of Archelaus king of Cappadocia, and 
married Alexander, a son of Herod, by whom 
she had two sons. After the death of Alex- 
ander, she married her brother-in-law Arche- 
laus. 

Glaphyrus, an infamous adulterer. Juv. 6, 

Glauce, the wife of Actaeus, daughter of Cy- 

chrifius. ApoUod. A daughter of Cretheus, 

mother of Telaraon. One of the Nereides. 

A daughter of Creon, who married Jas m. 

IVid. Creusa.] One of the Danaides. Apollod. 

Glaucia, a surname of the Servilian family. 

Cic. Orat. 3, 41. 2, Gi. Caius, a praetor put to 

death by the consuls Marius and Valerius. Cic. 
Rah. 7. Cat. 3, 6. 

Glaucippe, one of the Danaides. Apollod. 

Glaucifpus, a Greek who wrote a treatise 
concerning the sacred rites observed at Athens. 

Glaucon, a writer of dialogues at Athens. 
Diog. in vit. 

Glal'CONOME, one of the Nereides. 

Glaucopis, a surname of Minerva, from the 
blueness of her eyes. Homer. — Hesiod. 

Glaucus, a son of Hippolochus, the son of 
Bellerophon. He assisted Priam in the Trojan 
war, and had the simplicity to exchange his gol- 
den suit of armour with Diomedes for an iron 
one, whence came the proverb of Glauci et Dio- 
medis permutatiQ, to express a foolish purchase. 
He behaved with much courage, and was killed 
by Ajax. Firg. .En. 6, iS3.— Martial. 9, ep. 96. 

—Ho)n. II. 6, 119. 12, 309. 16. 492. 17, 140 

A fisherman of Anthedon in Boeotia, son of Nep- 
tune and Nais, or according to others of Polybius 
the son of Mercury. As he was fishin?, he ob- 
served that all the fishes which he laid on the 
grass received fresh vigour as they touched the 
ground, and immediately escaped from him by 
leaping into the sea. He attributed the cause of 
it to the grass, and by tasting it, he found him- 
self suddenly moved with a desire of living in 
the sea. Upon this he leaped into the water, 
and was made a sea deity by Oceanus and Tethys, 
at the request of the gods. After this transfor- 
mation, he became enamoured of the Nereid 
Scylla, whose ingratitude was severely punished 
by Circe. {Fid. Scylla.) He is represented like 
the other sea deities with a long beard, dishevel- 
led hair, and shaggy eyebrows, and with the tail 
of a fish. He received the gift of prophecy from 
Apollo, and according to some accounts he was 
the interpreter of Nereus. He assisted the Ar- 
gonauts in their expedition, and foretold them 
that Hercules, and the two sons of Leda, would 
one day receive immortal honours. The fable 
of his metamorphosis has been explained by some 
authors, who observe that he was an excellent 
diver, who was devoured by fishes as he was 
sw imming in the sea. Ovid. Met. 13, 905, &c.— 
Hi/gtn fab. l99.-~Athen. 7, VZ.—ApoUon. \~ 

Di d. 4.— Ar islet, de Rep. Del. - Pans. 9, 22. 

A son of Sisyphus king of Corinth, by Merope 



the daughter of Atlas, born at Potnise, a viiU^'e 
of Boeotia. He prevented his mares from having 
any commerce with the stallions, in the expec a- 
tion that they would become swifter in running, 
upon which Venus inspired the mares with such 
fury, that they tore his body to pieces as he re- 
turned from the games which Adrastus had ce- 
lebrated in honour of his father. He was buried 
at Potniee, Hygin.fah. 250. — Firg. G. 3, 367.— 

Apollod. i et 2. A son of Minos the 2d, and 

Pasiphae, who was smothered in a cask of honey. 
His father, ignorant of his fate, consulted the 
oracle to know where he was. and received for 
answer, that the soothsayer who best desciubed 
him an ox, which was of three different colours 
among his flocks, would best give him intelli- 
gence of his son's situation. Polyidus was found 
superior to all the other soothsayers, and was 
commanded by the king to find the young prince. 
When he had found him, Minos confined him 
with the dead body, and told him that he never 
would restore him his liberty if he did not re- 
store his son to life. Polyidus was struck with 
the king's severity; but while he stood in aston- 
i:!hment, a serperit suddenly came towards the 
body and touched*it. Polyidus killed the ser- 
pent, and immediately a second came, who see- 
ing the other w ithout motion or signs of life, dis- 
appeared, and soon after returned with a certain 
herb in his mouth. This herb he laid on the 
body of the dead serpent, which was immediately 
restored to life. Polyidus, who had attentively 
considered what passed, seized the herb, and 
with it he rubbed the body of the dead prince, 
who was instantly raised to life. Minos re- 
ceived Glaucus with gratitude, but he refused to 
restore Polyidus to liberty, before he taught his 
son the art of divination and prophecy. He con- 
sented with great reluctance; and when he was 
at last permitted to return to Argolis, his native 
country, he desired his pupil to spit in his mouth. 
Glaucus willingly consented, and from that mo- 
ment he forgot all the know ledge of divination 
and healing, which he had received from the in- 
structions of Polyidus. Hyginus ascribes the 
recovery of Glaucus to ^sculapius. Apollod. 2, 

Z.—Hygin. 136 et 251, &c. A son of Epytus, 

who succeeded his father on the throne of Mes- 
senia, about ten centuries before the Augustan 
age. He introduced the worship of Jupiter 
among the Dorians, and was the first w ho offered 
sacrifices to Machaon the son of .(Esculapius. 
Pans. 4, 3. A son of Antenor, killed by Aga- 
memnon. Dictys. Cret, 4, 22. An Argonaut, 

the only one of the crew who w as not w ounded 
in a battle against the Tyrrhenians. Athen. 7, 

12. A son of Imbrasus, killed by Turnus. 

Firg. ^n. 12, 343. A son of Hippolytn?, 

whose descendants reigned in Ionia. An a.h- 

lete of Euboea, son of Demylus, and descendt d 

from Glaucus of Anthedon. Pans. 6, 9 A 

physician, exposed on a cross, because Hephais- 
tion died while under his care. Plut. in Alex.. 

A river of Achaia, now the Lcuha. A 

river of Pontus, now the Tchoioksou. A river | 

of Lycia, falling into the Sinus Glaucus. It is I 
now the Jleis. i 
Glaucus Sinus, a gulf of Lycia, now the ' 
gull ot'Macji. It was also called Sinus Telmis- 
sicus, from the cityTelmissus, which stood at the ; 
head of it. 

Glautias, a king of lUyricum, who educated : 
Pyrrhus. 

Gl?con. Fid. Glycon. 



GLI 



GOH 



Glissas, a town of Boeotia, with a small river 
in the neighbourhood. Paus. 9, 19. 

Glota, a river of Britain, now the Clyde, run- 
ning past Lanark^ Glasgow, and Renfrew, into 
the Glota iEstuarium, or Firth of Clyde. It is 
noted for its falls, the scenery round which is 
singularly romantic. 

Glycera, a beautiful woman, celebrated by 
Horace, 1, od. 19, 30. 

Glycerium, a harlot of Thespis, who pre- 
sented her countrymen with the painting of Cu- 
pid, which Praxiteles had given her.— The mis- 
tress of Pamphilus in Terence's Andria. 

Glycon, a man remarkable for his strength. 

Herat. Ep. 1, 1, 30. A physician who attended 

Pansa, and was accused of poisoning his patron's 
wound. Suet. Aug. 11. -~ A sculptor of Athens, 
to whose superior execution it is said that the 
moderns are indebted for the long-admired statue 
of the Farnese Hercules. 

GNATIA, a town of Apulia, about thirty miles 
from Brundusium, badly supplied with water. 
Herat. 1, Sat. 1, 5. 

Gnidus. Fid. Cnidus. 

Gnossis and Gnossta. an epithet given to 
Ariadne, because she lived, or was born at 
Gnossus. The crown which she received from 
Bacchus, and which was made a constellation, is 
called Gnossia Stella. Virg. G. 1, 222. 

Gnossus, a famous city of Crete, the residence 
of king Minos. It was originally called Ceratus, 
from the neighbouring stream, and it boasted to 
possess the tomb where the remains of Jupiter 
had been deposited. The name of Gnossia tellus, 
is often applied to the whole island, Virg. JEn. 
6, 2Z.-Strab. 10.— Homer. 11. 2, 153. 

GoBANlTio, a chief of the Arverni, uncle to 
Vercingetorix. Cces. Bell. G. 7, 4. 

GOBAR, a governor of Mesopotamia, who 
checked the course of the Euphrates, that it 
might not run rapidly through Babylon. Plin. 6, 
26. 

GobAres, a Persian governor, who surren- 
dered to Alexander, &c. Curt. 5, 31. 

GOBRYAS, a Persian, one of the seven noble- 
men who conspired against the usurper Smerdis. 
Fid. Darius. Herod. 3, 70. 

GOLGI, (orum), a place of Cyprus, sacred to 
Venus Golgia, and to Cupid. Paus. 8, 5. 

GOMPHl, a city of Thessaly, in the district 
Estijfiotis, near the confines of Epirus. It was 
situate on the Peneus, a short distance below its 
junction with the Ion. It was plundered by 
Caesar in the civil wars. Its ruins are to be seen 
at a place called Cleisoura., not far from Stagous. 
Ca^s. B. C. 3, 80. 

GONATAS, one of the Antigoni, 

GONIADES, nymphs in the neighbourhood of 
the river Cytherus. Strab. 8. 

GONIPPUS and Panormus, two youths of 
Andania, who disturbed the Lacedaemonians 
v- hen celebrating the festivals of Pollux. Paus. 4, 

GONNI and GONOCONDYLOS, a town of Thr s- 
falv, at the entrance into Tempe. Liv. o6, liJ 
42, 54.- Strab. 4. 

GONOESSA, a town of Troas. Senec. in Troad. 

Gonussa, a town of Sicyon. Paus. 

GOROI^I, mountains in Armenia, where the 
Tigris lises. 

GORDIANUS, M. ANTONIUS AFRICANUS, a 
son of Metius Marcellus, descended from Trajan, 
by his mother s side, and from the Gracchi by the 
fidv ol his father. In the greatest aniuence, iio 



cultivated learning, and w as an example of pi fy 
and virtue. He applied himself to the study of 
poetry, and composed a poem in thirty books 
upon the virtues of Titus, Antoninus, and M. 
Aurelius. He was such an advocate for pond 
breeding and politeness, that he never sat dovin 
in the presence of his father-in-law, Annius Se- 
verus, who paid him daily visits, before he was 
promoted to the prsetorship. He was some time 
after elected consul, and went to take the govern- 
ment of Africa, in the capacity of proconsul. 
After he had attained his 80th year, in the great- 
est splendour and domestic tranquillity, be 
was roused from his peaceful occupations by the 
tyrannical reign of the Maximini, and pro- 
claimed emperor by the rebellious troops of his 
province. He long declined to accept the impe- 
rial purple, but the threats of immediate death 
gained his compliance. Maximinus marched 
against him with the greatest indigna'ion; and 
Gordian sent his son, with whom he shared the 
imperial dignity, to oppose the enemy. Young 
Gordian was killed; and the father, worn out 
with age, and grown desperate on account of his 
misfortunes, strangled himself at Carthage, be- 
fore he had been six weeks at the head of the 
empire, A. D, 236. He was universally lament- 
ed by the army and people. M. Antonius 

Africanus, son of Gordianus, was instructed by 
Serenus Samnoticus, who left him his library, 
which consisted of 62,000 volumes. His enlight- 
ened understanding, and his peaceful disposition, 
recommended him to the favour of the emperor 
Heliogabalus. He was made prefect of Rome, 
and afterwards consul, by the emperor Alexander 
Severus. He passed into Africa, in the character 
of lieutenant to his father, who had obtained that 
province; and seven years after, he was elected 
emperor in conjunction with him. He marched 
against the partisans of Maximinus, his antagon- 
ist in Mauritania, and was killed in a bloody 
battle on the 25th of June, A.D. 236, after a reign 
of about six weeks. He was of an amiable dis- 
position, but has been justly blamed by his 
•biographers, on account of his lascivious propen- 
sities, which reduced him to the weakness and 
infirmities of old age, though he was but in his 
"^Gth year at the time of his death. M. Anto- 
nius Pius, grandson to the first Gordian, was but 
twelve years old when he was honoured with the 
title of Caesar. He was proclaimed emperor in 
the 16th year of his age, and his election was at- 
tended with universal marks of approbation. In 
the 18th year of his age, he married Furia Sabina 
Tranquiilina, daughter of Misitheus, a man cele- 
brated for his eloquence and public virtues. Mi- 
sitheus was entrusted with the most important 
offices of the state by his son-in-law; and his 
administration proved how deserving he was of 
the confidence and affection of his imperial mas- 
ter. He corrected the various abuses w hich pre- 
vailed in the state, and restored the ancient dis- 
cipline among the soldiers. By his prudence 
and political sagacity, all the chief towns in the 
empire were stored with provisions, which could 
maintain the emperor and a large army during 
filteen days upon any emergency. Gordian was 
not less active than his father-in-law ; and when 
Sapor, the king of Persia, had invaded the Ro- 
man provinces in the east, he boldly marched to 
meet him, and in his vvay defeated a large body 
of Goth;, in Moesia. He conquered Sapor, and 
took many flourishing cities in the e;ist, from his 
adver-ary. In this success the senate decreed him 



QOR 



312 



Goa 



a triumph, and saluted Misitheus as the guardian 
of the re{>ublic. Gordian was assassinated in 
the east, A. D. 244, by the means of Philip, who 
had succeeded to the virtuous Misitheus, and 
who usurped the -overeign power by murdering 
a warlike and amiable prince. The senate, sen- 
sible of his merit, honoured him with a most 
splendid funeral on the confines of Persia, and 
ordered that the descendants of the Gordians 
should ever be free, at Rome, from all the heavy 
taxes and burc'ens of the state. During the reign 
of Gordianus, there w as an uncommon eclipse of 
tliesun. m which the stars appeared in the middle 
of the diy. 

GoRDiUM. a city of Galatia in Asia Minor, on 
the river Sanirariu's. a little to the east of Pessi- 
nu>. It is celebrated as the scene of Alexander's 
exploit in cutting the Gordian knot. {Vid. Gor- 
dius.) In the time of Strabo it had sunk into the 
condition of a mere village, but afrer the defeat 
of the Galalians by the consul Manlius on the 
neighbouring mountain Olympus, it was again 
raised to the rank of a city by a Galatian prince, 
who called it Juliopolis. Justin. 12, 7. — Liv. 38, 
\S. — Curt 3, 1. 

GORDICS, a Phrygian, who, thoiigh originally 
a peasant, was raided to the throne. During a 
sedition, the Phrygians consulted the oracle, and 
were told that all their troubles would cease as 
soon as they chose for their king the first man 
they met soing to the temple of Jupiter, mounted 
on a chariot Gordius was the objevit of their 
choice, and he immediately consecrated his cha- 
riot in the temple of Jupiter. The knot which 
tied the yoke to the draught tree, was made in 
such an artful manner, that the ends of the cord 
could not be perceived. From this circumstance, 
a report was soon spread, that the empire of Asia 
was promised by the oracle to him that could un- 
tie the Gordian knot. Alexander, in his con- 
quest of Asia, passed by G.jrdium; and as he 
wished to leave nothing undone, which might in- 
spire his soldiers with courage, and make his 
enemies believe that he was born to conquer 
Asia, he cut the knot w ith his sword; and from 
that circumstance asserted that the oracle was 
really fulfilled, and that his claims to universal 
empire were fully justified. Justin. 11, 7, — Curt. 
3, 1. — Arjian. 1. A tyrant of Corinth. Aristot. 

GORGASDS, a man who received divine hon- 
ours at Pheraj in Messenia. Paus. 4, 30. 

Gorge, a daughter vi CEneus, king of Calydon, 
by Althaea, daushter of Tnestius. She wiih De- 
janira were the only two daughters of CEneus not 
changed into birds by Diana, at the death of Me- 
leager. She married Andremon, by whom she 
had Oxilus, who headed the Heraclidae, when 
they made an attempt upon Peloponnesus. Her 
tomb w as seen .it Amphissa in Locris. Paus. 10, 

Z'i.—Apollod. 1 et 2. Ovid. Met. 8, 542. One 

of the Danaides. Apollod. 2, 1. 

Gorgias, surnamed Leontinus, from Leon- 
tium in Sicily, was a learned orator and sophist, 
who flourished in the fifth century B. C. He was 
a disciple of Empedocles. and is reckoned one of 
the earliest writers on rhetoric. He displayed 
bis eloquence at the Olympic and Pythian games, 
and made such an impression that a golden sta- 
tue was erected in his honour at Delphi. He 
was one of the first who introduced numbers into 
prose, and who treated of common place*^, and 
showed the use of them for the invention of argu- 
ments; and on this account Plato gave the name 
of Gorgias to his elegant dialogue on this subject, 



which is still extant. Gorgias lived to his lOSth 
vear, and died B. C. 400. Paus. 6, 17.— Cic. in , 
'Orat. 22, &e. de Sen 15. in Btut. Ib.— Quintil. j 

3 et 12. An officer of Antiochus Epiphanes. I 

A Macedonian, forced to war with Amyntas, j 

&c. Curt. 7 1. 

GORGO, the wife of Leonidas, king of Sparta, 

&c. The name ot the ship which carried Per- j 

seus after he had conquered Medusa. The' 

capital of the Ch(irasmii. Now Uigheng. ! 

GORG JNES, three celebrated sisters, daughters ^ 
of Phorcys and Ceto, whose nan es were Stheno, i 
Euryale, and Medusa, all immortal, except Me- 
dusa. According to the my tholog:sts, their hairs 
were entwined with serpents, their hands were of. 
brass, their w ings of the colour of gold, their body [ 
was covered with impenetrable scales, and their 
teeth were as long as the tusks of a wild boar, 
and they turned to stones all those on whom they 
fixed their eyes. Medusa alone had serpents in 
her hair, according to Ovid, and this proceeded, 
from the resentment of Minerva, in whose temple , 
Medusahad gratified the passiim of Neptune, who 
was enamoured of the beautiful colour of her 
locks, which the goddess changed into serpents. 
jEschylus says, that they had only one tooth and, 
one eye betw een them, of which they had the use, , 
each in her turn; and accordingly it was at the' 
time that they were exchanging the eye, that 
Perseus attacked them, and cut off Medusa's; 
head. According to some authors, Perseus, when, 
he went to the conquest of the Gorgons, wasj' 
armed with an instrument like a scythe by Mer-| 
cury, and provided with a looking-glass by Mi-^ 
nerva, besides winged shoes, and a helmet ot 
Pluto, which rendered all objects clearly visible 
and open to the view, while the person w ho wore 
it remained totally invisible. With w eapons like 
these, Perseus obtained an easy victory; and af- 
ter his conquest, returned his arms to the diffe- 
rent deities, whose favours and assistance he had 
so recently experienced. The head of Medusa 
remained in his hands; and after he had finished 
all his laborious expeditions, he gave it to Mi- 
nerva, who placed it on her aegis, with which she 
turned into stones all such as fixed their eyes 
upon it. It is said, that after the conquest of the 
Gorgons, Persetis took his flight in the air to- 
wards ^^Ithiopia; and that the drops of blooc 
which fell to the ground from Medusa's head were 
changed into serpents, which have ever since in 
fested the sandy deserts of Libya. The horse Pe- 
gasus also arose from the blood of Medusa, as w el 
as Chrysaor with his golden sword. The resi 
dence of the Gorgons was beyond the ocean to 
wards the west, according to Hesiod. .^schylu; 
makes them inhabit the eastern parts of Scythia ■ 
and Ovid, as the most received opinion, support 
that they lived in the inland parts of Libya, nea 
the lake of Triton, or the gardens of the Hespe 
rides. Diodorus and others explain the fable c 
the Gorgons, by supposing that they were a war- 
like race of women near the Amazons, whon^ 
Perseus, with the help of a large armv, totalV ' 
destroyed. Hesiod. Theog. 270 et 280. 'in Scute 
2\Q.—Apollon. A. —Apollod. 2, 1 et 4, &c.— Ho;»p; 
II. 5. 733. 11, 36.- Virg. jEn. 6. 2S9.- Died. 1 e 
A.— Paus. 2, £0, &.c.—^schyl. Prom. Act- 4.- | 
Pindar. Pi/th. 7 et \2.—0lymp. 3. — Ovid. Met. i 
618. 8LQ. — Palcephat. de Phorcyn. 1 

GORGOiNiA. a surname of Pallas, because Pet R 
seus, armed with her shield, had conquered fh j 
Gorgon, who had polluted her temple with Nei' J 
tune. i I 



GOR 



313 



GRA 



Gorgon IU3, a man ridiculed by Horace for his 
ill smell. Horat. Sat. 1, 2, 27. 

GORGOPH JNE, a daughter of Perseus and An- 
dromeda, who married Perieres king ot Messe- 
nia, by whom she had Aphareus and Leucippus. 
After the death of Perieres, she married (l<:balus, 
wiio made her mother of Icarus and Tyndarus. 
She is the first whom the mythologists mention 
as having; had a second husband. Paus. 4, 2- — 

AnoUod. I, 2 et3. One of the Danaides. A2J0I- 

lod. 2, 1. 

GORGOPHONUS, a son of Electryan and Ana- 
xo. Apollod. 2, 4. 

GORGOPHJRA, a surname of Minerva, from 
her setfis, on which was the head of the Gorgon 
Medusa Cic. 

GORGUS, the ssn of Aristomenes the Messen- 
ian. He was married, when young, to a virgin, 
by his father, who had experienced the greatest 
kindnesses from her humanity, and had been 
enabled to conquer seven Cretans who had at- 
tempted his life, &c. Paus. 4, 19- A son of 

Theron, tyrant of Agrigentum. A man whose 

knowledge of metals proved very serviceable to 
Alexander, &c. 

GoRGYTHlON, a son of Priam, killed by Teu- 
cer. Homer. II. 8. 

GORTU^, a people of Euboea, who fought with 
the Medes at the battle of Arbela. Curt. 4, 12. 

GORTYN, or GORTlNA, a city of Crete, situate 
on the banks of the river Lethueus, about ninety 
stadia from the Libyan sea. According to the 
Arcadian traditions, it had been founded by Gor- 
tys, the son of Tegeates; a fact which was, how- 
ever, denied by the Cretans, who affirmed that 
Gortys was the son of Rhadamanthus. Apollo 
was especially revered here, whence he is some- 
times called Gortynius. Jupiter was also wor- 
shipped in this place under the title of Hecatom- 
b«us. The site ot this ancient citv is now called 
Metropoli. Homer. II. 2, 646. Od. 3, 2<d3.—Strab. 

10.— Fans. 8, 1. A town of Arcadia, near the 

river Gortynius, and south-east of Hersea. It 
was celebrated for a temple dedicated to ^-Escu 
lapius. Its site is now called Atchicolo Castro. 
Paus. 8, 28. -Plin. 4, [2.—Lucan. 6, 214. 7, 214. 
— Firg. Mn. 11, 773. 

GOTHI, a warlike nation of Europe, which be- 
came divided into two great branches, the Teu- 
t<inic or German and the Scandinavian. They 
are supposed to be referred to by the navigator 
Pytheas under the name of Guttones, who in- 
habited the estuary of the Vistula, and traded 
with the Teutones. their neighbours. The spe- 
cimen of their language which has been pre- 
served, proves that, conformably to their own 
traditions, they were nearly allied to the north- 
ern tribes of the German family. They have 
been confounded, however, by ancipnt and mo- 
dern writers, with the Thracian Getae, and with 
the Cells. In the time of the Romans, they had 
become divided into two great nations, the Visi- 
goihae or Western Goths, and the Ostrogothae or 
Eastern Goths. The latter, under Theodoric, 
towards the close of the fifth century, overran the 
greater part of Italy, and maintained their do- 
minion till A, D. 553. when they were finally 
subdued by the general of Justinian. The Visi- 
goths settled in Sp.iin, in the time of Honorius, 
where they founded a kingdom which lasted till 
it was overthrown by the Saracens. Thi ir name 
is supposed to be derived from gode, tall, or go- 
ten, pood. Tacit. Ann. 2, 2, &c. 

GRACCHtJS, Tib. Sempron. a master of horse 



to the dictator Junius, after the battle of Cann«. 
As consul, Gracchus conducted himself with 
great bravery and prudence. He took the camp 
of the Campanians, and obliged Annibal to raise 
the siege of Cumaj. Alter distinguishing himself 
in Lucania, and defeating a body of Cartha,;ini- 
ans under Hanno, he at last was taken in an fsm- 
bu.-cade. v\here he fell bravely fighting. C. Nep. 
22. b. — Liv. 22, 57. 23. 32, Ike- — ^T. Sempronius, 
son of Publius and father o. Tiberius and Caius 
Gracchus, twice consul a iU once cen.^or, was dis • 
tinguished by his integrity as well as his prudence 
and superior ability both in the senate and at the 
head of the armies. In his praetorship he waged 
a successful war against the Celtiberians, over 
whom at his return he triumphed, and his arms 
were equally prosperous against the Sardinians, 
His services to the republic were great in the 
embassy which he undertook into Asia, to ascer- 
tain the power and the intrigues of Antiochus and 
Eumenes. He married Sempronia, called by 
some Cornelia, of the family of the Scipios, a 
woman of great virtue, piety, and learning, and 
by her he had t«elve children, who all died be- 
fore the age of puberty except two sons, Tiberius 
and Caius, and a daughter who married the 
younger Africanus. Liv. 3i, 57. &c. — VaU Max. 
1. j. 4, 2.~Polyh. 105.- Cic. de Orat. 1, 4S. Div. 

1, 18. 2, 29. A'. D. 2. 4 Fr. 2, ep. 2. I heir 

children, Tiberius and Caius, who had been edu- 
cated under the watchful eye of their mother, 
rendered themselves famous for their eloquence, 
seditions, and an obstinate attachment to the in- 
terests of the populace, which at last proved fatal 
to them. After distinguishing himself at the 
taking of Carthage and in the Numantine war, 
Tiberius, with a winning eloquence, affected mo- 
deration, and uncommon popularity, began to 
renew the Agrarian law, which had already caused 
such dissensions at Rome. (_Vid. Agraria.) Ey 
the means of violence, his proposition passed into 
a law, and he was appointed commissioner, w ith 
his father-in-law Appius Claudius, and his 
brother Caius, to make an equal division of the 
lands among the people, that no one should pos- 
sess more than 500 acres of land. The riches of 
Attains, which were left to the Roman people by 
will, were distributed without opposition; and 
Tiberius enjoyed the triumph of his successful 
enterprise, when he was assassinated in the 
midst of his adherents by P. Nasica, while the 
populace were all unanimous to re elect him to 
serve the office of tribune the following year. 
Not less than 300 people were slain in this unfor- 
tunate sedition, and the virulence of party ap- 
pears in its darkest colours when it is observed 
that they all fell with clubs or stones, and not by 
any military weapons. The bodies of the slain 
were thrown into the Tiber, and Caius in vain 
attempted to pay his brother the honours of a 
public funeral. The untimely fate of this cham- 
pion of liberty has drawn upon his character re- 
flections severe and unmanly. That he aspired 
to sovereignty may certainly be denied, and it is 
more probable that an invincible love of popula- 
rity suggested the great and salutary measures 
which he proposed; so that Appian has justly ob- 
served that he was actuated by the best inten- 
tions, but prosecuted his design too violenthv 
Cic. Brut. 27. Off. 3. 30. Acud. 4, 5. Am. 12. 
Cat. 1,1. Phil. 8. ^.— Fell. 2, -d. — VaL Max. 6, 3. 
— Plut. in Grace— Appian. B. C. The death of 
Tiberius checked, for a while, the friends of tl.e 
people; and Caius for some years lived in liter- 
^ D 



GRA 

ary retirement His abilities and great virtues 
were, however, afterwards displayed in Sicily as 
quagstor to the consul Orestes, but in the popular 
oiiice of tribune, his endeavours to repress the 
exorbitant power of the senate, and to raise the 
people to greater consequence in the state, cre- 
ated those violent dissensions, and that turbu- 
lence of faction which had proved so fatal to Ti- 
berius. He supported the cause of the people 
with more vehemence, but less moderation than 
his brother; and his success served only to awaken 
his ambition, and animate his resentment against 
the nobles. With the privileges of a tribune, he 
soon became the arbiter of the republic, and 
treated the patricians with contempt. This be- 
haviour hastened the ruin of Caius. During his 
absence in Africa, his enemies, by secret machi- 
nations and by open intrigues, undermined his 
power, and in the tumult which accompanied the 
discussion of some of his laws after his return, he 
fled to the temple of Diana, and, unwilling to sa- 
crifice eif.her himself or his adherents to popular 
fury, he proposed terms of accommodation. 
These were rejected by the arts of Opimius the 
consul, and Caius, no v abandoned and grown 
desperate, ordered his slave Epicrates to kill 
him, B.C. 121, about ten years after the death of 
Tiberius. The head of the unfortunate tribune 
was cut off and carried to Opimius by Septimul- 
eius, who received as a reward its weight in gold. 
Not less than 3000 of his adherents, it is said, 
perished in this unhappy quarrel, and their bo- 
dies were plunged into the Tiber. Though pre- 
judice and resentment thus dishonoured the ser- 
vices of the Gracchi, yet, their name was cele- 
brated, and their memory held in the highest es- 
teem by the gratitude of the people. Statues 
were erected to them, they were worshipped as 
gods, and their virtuous mother considered her- 
self as the happiest of the Roman matrons in 
having brought forth such illustrious sons. Caius 
his been accused of having stained his hands in 
the blood of Scipio Africanus the younger, who 

was found murdered in his bed. Plut. in vita 

Cic. Br. 33. Div. 1, 26. Fin. 4, 24. Off 2, 21. 
Phil. 8, i.— Victor, de V. III. — Quintil. 1. 10— 
Val. Max. 1, 7. — Veil. 2, 6.—Appia7i. — Liv. 60, 

8cc. — Lucan. 6, 796.— J^or. 2, 17. 3, 14, &c 

Sempronius, a R.iman, banished to the coast of 
Africa for his adulteries with Julia the daughter 
of Augustus. He was assassinated by order of 
Tiberius, after he had been banished fourteen 
years. Julia also shared his fate. Tacit. Ann. 

I, 53. A general of the Sabines, taken by Q. 

Cincinnatus. A Roman consul, defeated by 

Annibal, &c. C. Nep. in Ann. 

Gr.adivcs, a surname of Mars among the Ro- 
mans, perhaps from upaia'.vttv, brandishing a 
spear. Though he had a temple wiihout the 
walls of Rome, and though Numa had estab- 
lished the Salii in his honour, yet his favourite 
residence was supposed to be among the fierce 
and savage Thracians and Getae, over whom he 
particularly presided. Virg. Mn. 3. do.— Homer. 

II. —Liv. 1, 20. 2, 45. 

GniEM, winged monsters, daughters of Phor- 
cys and Ceto. They were two in number, and 
received their name from the whiteness of their 
hair, which was long and bushy, and which 
served them like a veil for a covering to their 
hp-id and their back. According to same authors, 
thi^y had but one eye and one tooth betv^ een them 
l>o:.h, which they reoiprofally lent to ervch other; 
and from this circumstance, probablv, they have 



been confounded with the Gorgons. /Eschyl. in ''^ 
Prom. act. 4 Apollod. 2.—Hesiod. Th. z7iK f 

Grjecx, the inhabitants of Greece. Fid. Grajoia. 

GR..^:cia, a celebrated country of Europe, 
bounded on the west by the Ionian sea, south by 
the Mediterranean sea, east by the /Egean, and 
north by Thrace and Dalmatia. It is generally 
divided into four large provinces; Macedonia, 
Epirus, Achaia or Hellas, and Peloponnesus. 
This country has been reckoned superior to evei-y P 
other part of the earth, on account of the salu- f 
brity of the air, the temperature of the climate, 
the fertility of the soil, and above all, the fame, 
learning, and arts of its inhabitants. The Greeks I' 
have severally been called Achaeans, Argians, 
Danai, Dolopes, Hellenians, lonians, Myrmi- K 
dons, and Pelasgians. The most celebrated of p: 
their cities were Athens, Sparta, Argos, Corinth, 
Thebes, Sicyon, Mycenag, Delphi, Troezene, Sa- 
lamis, Megara, Pylos, Orchomenos, and Eleusis, s 
&c. Their chief rivers were the Peneus, the f 
Eurotas, the Alpheus, the Achelous, the llissus; fc 
and their mountains were Pindus, Ossa, Olympus, 'i' 
Cithzeron, Helicon, Parnassus, &c., where not 
only the nymphs and the muses, but the gods .i^ 
themselves, deigned to fix their residence. The l'- 
inhabitants, whose history is darkened in its :f 
primitive ages with fabulous accounts and tradi- t 
tions, maintained that they were the original in- M 
habitants of the countr}', and born from the earth 
where they dwelt: and they heard with contempt ? 
the probable conjectures, which traced their ori- P 
gin among the first inhabitants of Asia, and the P 
colonies of Egypt. In the first periods of their 
history, the Greeks were governed by monarchs; 'i 
and there were as many kings as there w ere cities, fi 
The monarchical power gradually decreased; the '"J 
love of liberty established the republican govern- 
ment; and no part of Greece, except Macedonia, 
remained in the hands of an absolute sovereign. 
Tiie expedition of the Argonauts first rendered 
the Greeks respectable among their neighbours; 
and in the succeeding age, the wars of Thebes and (' 
Troygaveopportunityto their heroes and demigods p 
to display their valour in the field of battle. The « 
simplicity of the ancient Greeks rendered them 
virtuous; and the establishment of the Olympic ? 
games in particular, where the noble reward of pi 
the conqueror was a laurel crown, contributed to if 
their aggrandizement, and made them ambitious |i 
of fame, and not the slaves of riches. The aus- i 
terity of their laws, and the education of their N 
youth, particularly at Lacedaemon, rendered 
them brave and active, insensible to bodily pain, i' 
fearless and intrepid in the time of danger. The 
celebrated battles of Marathon, Thermopylae, ( 
Salamis, Plataea, and Mycale, sufficiently show M 
what superiority the courage of a little army can 
obtain over millions of undisciplined barbarians, h 
After many signal victories over the Persians, 
they became elated with their success; and when 
they found no one able to dispute their power - 
abroad, they turned their arms one against the 
other, and leagued with foreign states to destroy |_ 
the most flourishing of their cities. The Mes.se- j- 
nian and Peloponnesian wars are examples of the ' 
dreadful calamities which arise from civil discord 
and long prosperity; and the success with «hich 
the gold and the sword of Philip and of his son 
corrupted and enslaved G.'eece, fatady proved 
that when a nation becomes indolent and dissi- 
pated at home, it ceases to be respectable in the ' 
eyes of the neighbouring st; tes. The annals of 
Greece., however, abound with singular pro(>fsof | 



3io 



GRE 



heroism and resolution. The bold retreat of the 
ten thousand, who had assisted Cyrus against his 
brother Artaxerxes, reminded their countrymen 
of their superiority over all other nations; and 
taught Alexander, that the conquest of the east 
might be effected with a handful of Grecian sol- 
diers. V/hile the Greelis rendered themselves so 
illustrious by their military exploits, the arts and 
sciences were assisted by conquest, and received 
fresh lustre from the application and industry of 
their professors. The labours of the learned 
were received with admiration, and the merit of 
a composition was determined by the applause or 
disapprobation of a multitude. Their generals 
were orators; and eloquence seemed to be so 
nearly connected with the military profession, 
that he was despised by his soldiers who could 
not address them upon any emergency with a 
spirited and well delivered oration. The learn- 
ing, as well as the virtues of Socrates, procured 
him a name; and the writings of Aristotle have, 
perhaps, gained him a more lasting fame than all 
the conquests and trophies of his royal pupil. 
Such were the occupations and accomplishments 
of the Greeks, their language became almost 
universal, and their country was the receptacle 
of the youths of the neighbouring states, where 
they imbibed the principles of liberty and moral 
virtue. The Greeks planted several colonies, 
and totally peopled the western coasts of Asia 
Minor. This country, under the name of Asiatic 
Greece, contained the provinces of ^olia, Ionia, 
Caria, Doris, and the neighbouring islands, and 
the famous cities of Ephesus, Smyrna, Miletus, 
Colophon, Halicarnassus, Cnidus, Cumae, &c., 
and though occasionally groaning under the yoke 
of Persian slavery, yet it became powerful and 
respectable, and in imitating the virtues and the 
arts of its parent state, contributed to rescue, in 
the lapse of ages, the more eastern inhabitants 
from the oppression of their princes and their 
satraps. In the southern parts of Italy, there 
were also many settlements made ; and the 
country received from its Greek inhabitants the 
name of Magna Grcecia. For. some time Greece 
submitted to the yoke of Alexander and his suc- 
cessors; and at last, after a spirited though inef- 
fectual struggle in the Achaean league, it fell un- 
der the power of Rome, and became one of itP 
dependant provinces governed by a proconsul. 

Gr^cia Magna, a name given to the south- 
ern part of Italy, comprehending Apulia, Messa- 
pia or lapygia, called also Calabria, Lueania, 
and the country of the Bruttii. It derived the 
name of Graicia from the number of Greek colo- 
nies which migrated thither at different periods, 
and the epithet Magna, or Great, from mere os- 
tentation, according to Pliny. The Greeks who 
settled here were principally Dorians, and the 
emigration is said to have taken place at a very 
early period, about 1055 B. C. Ovid. Fast. 4, 64. 
— Strab , Sec. 

Gr.'ECLnus, a senator put to death by Caligu- 
la, because he refused to accuse Sejanus, &c. . 
Senec. de Benef. 2. 

GRjECUS, a man from whom some suppose that 
Greece received its name. Aridot. 

Graius, an inhabitant of Greece. 

GrampIus Mons, now the Grampian hills, a 
ihain of mountains in Caledonia, extending from 
Loch Lomond to Stonehaven. To this range be- 
long Ben Lomond, 3,2.51 ft-et high; Ben Ledi, 
;j,0()9; Ben More, 3,903; Ben Lnwers, 4,015; 
Schiehullion, 3.5G4; Ben Voirlich, 3,300; and other 



less considerable elevations on the east. Tacit. 
Agric. 29. 

GramIcus, a river of Mysia, rising in mount 
Ida, and flowing northeastward into the Propon- 
tis. It is famous for the battle fought there be- 
tween the armies of Alexander and Darius, 22d 
of May, B. C. 334, when 6Oo,O00 Persians were 
defeated by 30,000 Macedonian?. It is now a 
torrent called Oustvola. Diod. n.—Plut, in Alex. 
— Justin. — Curt. 3 I 

GRANIUS Petronius, an officer, who, being 
taken by Pompey's generals, refused the life which 
was tendered to him ; observing, that Caesar s 
soldiers received not, but granted life. He killed 

himself. Plvt. in Cces, A quaestor whom Sylla 

had ordered to be strangled, only one day before 

he died a natural death. Plut. A son of rhe 

wife of Marius, by a former husband. Quin- 

tus, a man intimate with Crassus and other illus- 
trious men of Rome, whose vices he lashed with 
an unsparing hand. Cic Brut. 43et46. Grat. 
%, 60. 

Gratis, three goddesses. Vid. Charites. 

GratxaNUS, a Roman emperor, son of Valen- 
tinian I., born at Sirmium in Pannonia, A. D. 
359. He was raised to the throne, though only 
eight years old; and after he had reigned for 
some time conjointly with his father, he becan:e 
sole emperor in the seventeenth year of his age. 
He soon after took, as his imperial colleague, 
Theodosius, whom he appointed over the eastern 
parts of the empire. His courage in the field 
was as remarkable as his love of learning, and 
fondness of philosophy. He slaughtered 30,000 
Germans in a battle, and supported the tottering 
state by his prudence and intrepidity. His en- 
mity to the Pagan superstition of his subjects 
proved his ruin; and Maximinus, who undertook 
the defence of the worship of Jupiter and of all 
the gods, was joined by an infinite number of 
discontented Romans, and met Gratian near 
Paris in Gaul. Gratian was forsaken by his 
troops in the field of battle, and was murdered by 
the rebels, A. D. 383, in the twenty-fourth year 

of his age.' A Rom.an soldier, invested with the 

imperial purple by the rebellious army in Bri- 
tain, in opposition to Honorius. He was assas- 
sinated four months after, by thoFe very troops to 
whom he owed his elevation A. D. 407. 

Gratidia, a woman at Neapolis, called Ca- 
nidia by Horace. Epod. 3. 

GRATION, 3 giant killed by Diana. 

Gratius Fallscus, a Latin poet, supposed 
to have been contemporary with Ovid, by whom 
he is once mentioned. He was author of a poem, 
entitled " Cynegeticon," or the Art of Hunting 
with Do.gs, the style of which is deemed pure, 
but destitute of elevation. The best edition is 
that of Wernsdorff, in the Poetce Latince Minores. 
Ovid. Pont. 4, 16, 34. 

Gravii, a people of Spain. Ital. 3, 3G6. 

GRAVISC^, now Eremo de St Augustine, a 
maritime town of Etruria, which assisted .^neas 
against Turnus. The air was unwholesome, on 
account of the marshes and stagnant wafers in its 

neigbourhood. Virg. Ain. 10, 184 Liv. 40, :i9. 

41, 16. 

Gravius, a Roman knight of Puteoli, kilkd 
at Dynachium, &c. Cees. Bell. Civ. 

GREGORius, called Thaumaturgus, was born 
at Neo Csesarea, in Pontus, of Gentile parents, 
on whose death he embraced the Christian reli- 
gion. He became bishop of Neo Cajsarea, in 
which capacity he drew up a creed and canon of 
2 D 3 



GRI 



316 



GYM 



ftiith. He died A. D. 265. Many miracles are 
ascribed to him, which accounts for his surname 
of Thaumaturgus. His works, besides the pane- 
g>Tic on Origen, comprise a paraphrase on the 
Ecclesiastes, and a canonical epistle. They " ere 

published together at Paris, 1626, folio. Na- 

zianzen, surnamed the Divine, was bishop of 
Constantinople, which he resigned on its being 
disputed. His writings rival tho»e of the most 
celebrated orators of Greece, in eloquence, sub- 
limity, and variety. His sermons aie more for 
philosophers than common hearers, but replete 
with seriousness and devotion. Erasmus said, 
that he was afraid to translate his works, from 
the apprehension of not transfusing into another 
language the smartness and acumen of his style, 
and the stateliness and happy diction of the whole. 
He died A. D. 389. The best edition is that of 
the Benedictins, the first volume of which, in 

fol., was published at Paris, 1775. A bishop 

of Nyssa, author of the Nicene creed. His style 
is represented as allegorical and affected; and he 
has been accused of mixing philosophy too much 
with theology. His writings consist of commen- 
taries on scripture, moral discourses, sermons on 
mysteries, dogmatical treatises, panegyrics on 
saints; the best edition of which, is that of Mo- 
rell, 2 vols. fol.. Paris, 1615. The bishop died, 

A. D. 396 Another Christian writer, whose 

works were edited by the Benedictins, in 4 vols, 
fol., Paris, 1703. 

Grinnes, a people among the Batavlans. 
Tacit. Hist. 5, 20. 

Grosphus, a man distinguished as much for 
his probity as his riches, to whom Horace ad- 
dressed Od. 2, 16. 

GRUDII, a people tributary to the Nervii, sup- 
posed to have inhabited the country near Tournay 
or Rruges in Flanders. Ccps. G. b, 33. 

Grumentum, now Annento, an inland town 
of Lucania on the river Aciris. Liv. 23, 37. 27, 
41. 

GRYLLUS, a son of Xenophon, who killed 
Epaminondas, and was himself slain, at the bat- 
tle of Mantinea, B. C. 363. His father was oflfer- 
ing a sacrifice when he received the news of his 
death, and he threw down the garland which was 
on his head; but he replaced it when he heard 
ihat the enemy's general had fallen by his hands; 
and he observed, that his death ou2ht to be cele- 
brated with every demonstration of joy rather 
than of lamentation. Aristot. — Paus. 8, 11, &c. 

One of the companions of Ulysses, changed 

into a swine by Circe. It is said that he refused 
to be restored to his human shape, and preferred 
the indolence and inactivity of this squalid ani- 
mal. Plut. Brut. Anim. 

Gryneus, one of the Centaurs, who fought 
against the Lapithae, and was killed with the 
horns of a stag, after he had crushed to pieces 
Broteus and Orion with a ponderous altar. Ovid, 
Mel. 12, 260. 

Grynium, or Grynea, a town of ^olis in 
Asia Minor, north of Myrina, where Apollo had 
a temple with an oracle, on account of which he 
is called Grynceus. Strab. 13. — Virg. Ed. 6, 72. 
^n. 4, 345. 

GyArus and GyAros. a small island in the 
JE^ean sea, one of the Cyclades. lying between 
Ceos and Tenos. Its inhabitants were so poor 
that they petitioned Augustus for a diminution of 
their taxes, which only amounted to 150 drach- 
mae. It was used by the Romans as a place of 
exile for their criminals. It is now called Ghi~ 



oura. Strab. lO.—Juv. Sat. 1, 73. 10, 170. -Odd. 
Met. 7, 407. 

Gyas, one of the comoanions of .^neas, who 
distinguished himself at the games exhibited after 
the death of Anchises in Sicily, and obtained the 
third prize, which was two brazen vessels and two 
silver vases adorned with beautiful workman- 
ship. Hyoin. fab 273.— Ital. 1, 4^0. - Virg. /En. 
1, 226 et 6i6. 5, 113, &c. A part of the territo- 
ries of Syracuse, in the posses.^ion of Diunysius. 

A Rutulian, son of Melampus, killed by 

JEwa.s in Italy. Virg. Mn. 10, 31S. 

GiG^LS, a lake of Lydia, forty stadia from 
Sardis. Propert. 3, 11, 18. 

GiGE, a maid of Parysatis. 

Gyges or Gyes, a son of Coelus and Terr.i, 
represented as having fifty heads and a hundred 
hands, H'e, with his brothers, made war against 
the gods, and he was afterwards punished in Tar- 
tarus. Hesiod, however, mentions thatJupit r 
solicited his assistance against the Titans, and 
that bv his means he confined them in Tartarus. 
Hesiod. Th. l-iS.—Horat. Od. 2, 14, lA.— Ovid. 

Trist. 4, 7, 18. A Lydian, to whom Candaules, 

king of the country, showed his wife naked. The 
queen was so incensed at this instance of impru- 
dence and infirmity in her husband, that she or- 
dered Gyges, either to prepare for death himself, 
or to murder Candaules. He chose the latter, 
and married the queen, and ascended the vacant 
throne, about 718 years before the Christian 
era. He was the first of the Mermnadae, who 
reigned in Lydia. He reigned thirty-eight years, 
and distinguished himself by the immense pre- 
sents which he made to the oracle of Delphi. 
According to Plato, Gyges descended into a 
chasm of the earth, where he found a brazen 
horse, whose sides he opened, and saw within the 
body the carcase of a man of uncommon size, 
from whose finger he took a famous brazen ring. 
This ring, when put on his finger, rendered him 
invisible; and by means of its virtue, he intro- 
duced himself to the queen, murdered her hus- 
band and married her, and usurped the crown of 
Lvdia. Herod. 1, 8.— Plat. Dial, de Rep. 10.— 

Vol. Max. 7, l.—Cic. de Off. 3. 9. A man 

killed by Turnus, in his wars with ^neas. Hrg. 

.^n. 9, "62. A beautiful boy of Cnidos, in the 

age of Horace. Horat. Od. 2, 5, 30. 

Gylippus, a Lacedaemonian, sent B. C. 414, 
by his countrymen to assist Syracuse, against the 
Athenians. He obtained a celebrated victory 
over Nicias and Demosthenes, the enemy's gener- 
als, and obliged them to surrender. He accom- 
panied Lysander.in his expedition against Athens, 
and was present at the taking of that celebrated 
town. After the fall of Athens, he was intrusted 
by the conqueror with the money which had been 
taken in the plunder, which amounted to 1500 
talents. As he conveyed it to Sparta, he had the 
meanness to unsew the bottom of the bags which 
contained it. and secreted about 30O talents. His 
theft was discovered; and to avoid the punish- 
ment which he deserved, he fled from his coun- 
try, and by this act of meanness, tarnished the 
glory of his victorious actions. Tibidl. 4, 1, 199. 

— Plut. in Nicia. An Arcadian in the Rutulian 

war. Virg. /En, 12, 272. 

Gymnasium, a place amon? the Greeks, 
where all the public exercises were performed, 
and where not only wrestlers and dancers exhi- 
bited, but also philosophers, poets, and rhetori- 
cians repeated their compositions. The room 
was high and spacious, and could contain many 



GYM 



317 



thousands of spectators. The laborirus exercises 
of the Gymnasium were running, leaping, throw- 
ing the quoit, wrestling, and boxing, which v/as 
called by the Greeks, nevra^Xov, and by the Ro- 
mans, quinquertia. In riding, the athlete led a 
hurae, on which he so'metimes was mounted, con- 
ducting another by the bridle, and jumping from 
the one upon the other. Whoever came first to 
the goal, and jumped with the greatest agility, 
obtained the prize. In running a-foot, the athletes 
were sometimes armed, and he who cam.e first 
was declared victorious. -Leaping was a useful 
exercise; its primary object was to teach the sol- 
diers to jump over ditches, and to pass over emi- 
nences during a siege, or in the field of battle. 
In throwing the quoit, the prize. was adjudged to 
him who threw it farthest. The quoits were made 
either with wood, stone, or metal. The wrestlers 
employed all their dexterity to bring their adver 
sary to the ground, and the boxers had their hands 
armed with gauntlets, called also cestus. Their 
blows were dangerous, and often ended in the 
death of one of the combatants. In wrestling and 
boxing, the athletes were often naked, v/hence the 
word Gymnasium, yv^vh^, nudus. They anointed 
themselves with oil to brace their limbs, and to 
I render their bodies slippery, and more difficult 
I to be grasped. Plin. 2, ep. 17 — C Nep. 20, 5. 
I GymnesT^. Vid. Baleares. 

Gymnetes, a people of .(Ethiopia, who lived 
almost naked. Plin. 5, 8. 

GYPdNlAS, now Gomasour, a town of Arm.enia, 
passed by the 10,000 in their retreat. Xenoph. 
Anab. 4. 

I GrYMNOSOPHlSTiE, a certain sect of philoso- 
I phers in India, who, according to some, placed 
i their summum bonum in pleasure, and their sum- 
: mummalum in ^a.m. They lived naked, as their 
name implies, and for thirty- seven years they 
exposed themselves in the open air, to the heat 
of the sun, the inclemency of the seasons, and the 
coldness of the night. They were often seen in 
the fields fixing their eyes full upon the disc ot 
the sun from the time of its rising till the hour of 
its setting. Sometimes they stood whole days 
upon one foot in burning sand without moving, 
or showing any concern for what surrounded 
them. Alexander was astonished at the sight of 
a sect of men who seemed to despise bodily pain, 
and who inured themselves to sufiFer the greatest 
tortures without uttering a groan, or expressing 
any marks of fear. The conqueror condescended 
to visit them, and his astonishment was increased 
ivhen he saw one of them ascend a burning pile 
with firmness and unconcern, to avoid the infir- 
mities of old age, and stand upright on one leg 
and unmoved, whilst the flames surrounded him 
on every side, (Fid. Calanus.) The Brachmans 
were a branch of the sect of the Gymnosophistae, 
(^Vid. Brachmanes.) Strab. 15, &.c.—Piin. 7, 2. 
— Cic. Tusc. b.~Lucan. 3, 240.— Cwri. 8, 9.— 
Dion. 

GrN.a;CEAS, a woman said to have been the 
wife of Faunus, and the mother of Bacchus and 
of Midas. 

GYN^gECOTHCENAS, a name of Mars at Tegea, 
on account of a sacrifice offered by the women 
without the assistance of the men, who were not 
permitted to appear at this religious ceremonv. 
Pum. 8, 48. 

Gyndes, a river of Assyria, falling into the 
Ti.'^ris. When Cyrus marched against Babylon, 
hi:-- iirmy was stopped by this river, in which one 
of hi.s favourite horses wa,' drovmed. This so 



iiritated the monarch that he ordered the river to 
be divided into 3G0 channels by his soldiers, so 
that it might for ever afterwards be forded knee 
deep. The Gyndes, at the present day, has as- 
sumed its ancient course, and is called Zeindch 
by the Persians, and Kara-Sou, or the Black 
river, by the Turks, Its entrance into the Tigris 
is termed Foum-el-Saleh, or the river of peace. 
Herod. 1, 1S9 et 202. 

Gytheum, a sea-port town of Laconia, at the 
mouth of the Eurotas, in Peloponnesus, built by 
Hercules and Apollo, who had there desisted 
from their quarrels. The inhabitants v, ere called 
Gytheatce. Cic. Offic. 3, 1 1. 

Gyzantes, a people of Africa, near the Zan- 
eces, who cultivated bees and'made a great quan- 
tity of honey. Herodotus says, that they painted 
themselves with vermilion, and ate apes, which 
were abundant on their mountains. 



H 

HABIS, an illegitimate son of the daughter of 
Gargaris, king of the Cunetes in Spain, by an 
unknown person. His grandfather was so in- 
censed at the dishonour of his daughter, that he 
ordered the child to be exposed in the woods. 
The goats of the de.sert fed him with their milk, 
and the shepherds brought him to the palace, 
where Gargaris, still unappeased, commanded 
him to be thrown to hungry swine, but he was 
uninjured. Afterwards, he was precipitated into 
the sea by the sam.e cruel orders, and miracu- 
lously carried by the waves to the shore. When 
grown up, he w as dragged before the monarch, 
whose vengeance now had yielded to pity, and 
he was adopted as successor to a throne to which 
the gods by such supernatural interference 
seemed to have destined him. As king of Spain, 
Habis distinguished himself by his benevolence, 
his subjects were made happy, salutary laws were 
enacted, and with subordination, agriculture and 
plenty flourished in the country. Justin, 44, 4. 

Hades. Vid. Ades, 

Hadrianopolis, a town of Thrace, on the 
Hebrus. 

Hadrianus, a Roman emperor. Vid. Adri- 

anus. C, Fabius, a praetor in Africa, who was 

burned by the people of Utica, for conspiring with 
the slaves. Cic. Verr. 1, 27. 5. 26. 

Hadriaticum Mare. Vid. Adriaticum. 

H^aiDUI. Vid. iEdui. 

H.ffi:MON, a Theban youth, son of Creon, who 
was so captivated with the beauty of Antigone, 
that he killed himself on her tomb, when he heard 
that she had been put to death by his father's or- 
ders. Propert. 2, 8, 21. A Rutulian engaged 

in th.^ wars of Turnus. Virg. Ain. 9, 685. A 

friend of iEneas against Turnus. He was a na- 
tive of Lycia. Id. 10, 126. 

HiEMONlA. Vid. iEmonia. 

H.aEMUS, a chain of mountains forming the 
ncirthi'rn boundary of Thrace, and separating it 
from Mcesia. This chain was erroneously said 
to be so lofty, that from its summit the Euxine 
and the Adriatic, the Danube and the Alps, could 
be at once seen. It was fabled to have obtained 
its name from Haemus, son of Boreas and Oii- 
thyia, who married Rhodope, and was changed 



318 



HAL 



into this mountain for aspirin? to divine honours. 
Its modern name is Emuieh Dagh, or Balkan. 

Strab, l.—Plin. 4, 11 Ovid. Met. 6, 87.— Liu, 

40, 22. A ?ta£:e player. Juv. 3, 99. 

H.ENA. SEXTlL.,a poet of Corduba in Spain. 
He came to Rome where he distinguished him- 
self as a writer more by his genius than his learn- 
ing. He had composed a poem in praise of Ci- 
cero, which he repeated in the house of Messala 
Corvinus, in the presence of a few select friends, 
in the number of whom was Asmius PoUio, who 
abruptly left the company on pretence of being 
offended with the poet's flattery to the deceased 
orator in this line, 

Dfjlendus Cicero, LaO'ceque sileiitia lingucB. 
Seneca. — Quintil. 

Hages, a brother of kin» Porus who opposed 

Alexander, &c. Curt. 8, 5 et 14. One of 

Alexander s fla terers. A man of Cyzicus, 

killed by Pollux. Flicc. 3. 191. 

HALiEJUS and Halesus, a son of Agamem- 
non, by Briseis or Clytemnestra. Some authors 
say that he conspired with Agysthus aaainst his 
father, for which he was deservedly banished; 
buto'hers maintain that lar from embracing so 
unnatural a part, he was so afflicted at the mis- 
fortune of his family that he left Peloponnesus 
and returned into Italy. Here he settled on 
mount Massicus in Campania, where he built 
Falisci, and afterwards assisted Tumus against 
^neas. He was killed bv Pallas. Virg. .En. 
7, 724 10. 3b2.—Ovid. Am.'S, 13, 32. 

HalcyTine. fid. Alcyone. 

Halentum, a town at the north of Sicily. 
Cic. Verr. 3. 43 . 4, 23. 

Hales, a river of Asia Minor, flowing near the 
citv of Colophon. It was noted for the coldness 
of its waters. Plin. 5. 29. 

Halesa, a town of Sicilv. Cic. Verr. 2, 7. 
Fam. 13. 32. 

Halesius, a mountain and river near >Etna, 
where Proserpine was gathering flowers when 
she was carried away by Pluto. Colum. 

HalIa, one of the Nereides. Apollod. A 

festival at Rhodes in honour of the sun. 

Haliacmon, a river of Macedonia, rising in 
the Caaalovian mountains, and falling into the 
Sinus Thermaicus. or Gulf of Salonica. Accord- 
ing to Caesar, it formed the boundary between 
Macedonia and Thessalv. It is now called the 
Indje Mauro. Cces. B. C. 3, 3Q.—Plin. 31, 2.— 
Herod. 7. 127. 

Haliartus, ason of Thersander, said to have 
founded the city of Haliartus in Boeotia. He w as 
adopted by Athamus, but did not succeed him, 
and gave up the throne willingly to Presbon, 

grandson of this prince. Paus. 9, 34 A city 

of BcBotia. on the southern shore of the Lacus 
Copais, and north-west of Thebes. It was de- 
stroyed by the Romans in the war with Perseus, 
king of Macedon.upon which occasion its inhab- 
itants were sold, and their territories given to the 
Athenians. Its remains lie ju-t below the vil- 
lage oi Mazi, on the road from Thebes to Leba- 
dea. Strab. 9.-Liv. 42, 53— Polyb. 39, 18. 

HalicarNASSUS, the capital of Caria. situate 
on the northern shore of the Sinus Ceramicus. 
It was founded by a colony from Troezene, in Ar- 
golU, and its first name was Zephyria. It was the 
residence of the kings of Caria, to one of whom, 
Mausolus, his queen Artemisia raised such a 
splendid tomb, that it came to be looked upon as 
one of the seven wonders of the world, and rin- 
ally supplied a name for sepulchral memorials of 



any magnitude. According to Scylax, Halicar- 
nassus had two harbours, which were protected 
by the little island named Arcormesus. This 
city is memorable for the long siege it maintained 
against Alexander, under the skilful command 
of Memnon, the general of Darius. It was 
taken and sacked by the conqueror, but after- 
wards rebuilt, and became one of the most flour- 
ishing Greek cities along the Asiatic coast of the 
iEgean. It was the birth-place of Herodotus, 
Dionysius, and Heraclitus the poet. Its remains 
are situated at Boudroun. Herod. 7, 99. — Strab. 
U.—Mela. 1. \Q.—Liv. 33, 2(1. 37. 10 et 16. 

HalicYjE, a town of Sicily, between Entella 
and Lilybseum. It is now Saleme. Plin. 3, S.— 
Diod. 14. 

Halieis. a district of Argolis, so called ap- 
parently from the fisheries established along the i 
coast, and lyings between Hermione and cape 
Scvllaeum. Thucyd. 2, 56. 4, 45. 

Halimede, a Nereid. 

HalirrhotIus, ason of Neptune and Eur\-te, ,l 
who ravi^hed Alcippe, daughter of Mars, because | 
she slighted his addresses. This violence of- 
fended Mars, and he killed the ravisher. Nep- 
tune cited Mars to appear before the tribunal of 
justice to answer for the murder ot his son. The 
cause was tried at Athens, in a place which has 
been called from thence Areopagus, ("Apr??. Mars, 
and Trayos, hill,) and the murderer was acquitted. 
Apollod. 3, ]i.—Paus. 1, 21. 

Halitherslts, an old man, who foretold to 
Penelope's suitors the return of Ulysses, and 
their own destruction. Homer. Od, 2, 157. 17, 
6S. 24. 450. 

Halius, a son of Alcinous, famous for his 

skill in dancing. Hoiner. Od. 8, 120 et 370. 

A Trojan, who came with iEneas into Italy, 
where he was killed by Tumus. Virg. JEn. 9, 
' 767. 

Halizones, a people of Paphlagonia. Strab. 
; 14. 

j Halmus, a son of Sisyphus, father to Chnso- 
gone. He reiarned in Orchomenos. Paus. 9, 35. 

Halmydessus, or Salmydessus, a city of 
Thrace, on the coast of the Euxine sea, below 
the promontory of Thynias. It is now Midieh. 
Mela, 2, 2. 

HalocrAtes, a son of Hercules and Olym- 
pusa. Apollod. 

HALONE. an island of Propontis, opposite Cy- 
zicus. Piin. 5, 31. 

HALONNESUS, a small island at the opening 
of the Sinus Thermaicus. and north-east of Sco- 
pelos. It was at one time inhabited by women 
alone, who, having murdered all the men, con- 
tinued to defend themselves against an invasion. 
It is now named Chelidromi. Mela, 2, 7. 

Halotia, a festival in Tegea. Paus. 

Halotus, a eunuch, who used to taste the 
meat of Claudius. He poisoned the emperoi's 
food by order of Agrippina. Tacit. Ann. 2. 66. 

Haly^etus, a man changed into a bird of 5i 
the same name. Ovid. Met. 3, 176. 

Halyattes. Vid. Alyates. 

Halycus. now the Plaiani, a river at the 
south of Sicily. 

Halys, now the Kizil-Ermak, a river of Asia 
Minor, rising in the angle formed by the junction 
of the mountains Anti-Taurus and Paryadres, I 
and after a westerly and then northerly course of 
570 miles, through the provinces of Cappadncia,, |, 
Galatia. and Paphlagonia, falling into the Eux-; t, 
ine a little to the west of Amisus. It is said to jl 



HAL 



319 



HAR 



have received its name from the Greek word 
<i\oj, owing to its waters having a scdt and bitter 
taste. It is famous for the defeat of Croesus, the 
Lydian monarch, of whose dominions it formed 
for a long time the eastern boundary, and who 
was tempted to cross it by the ambiguity of an 
oracle. ( Fid. Croesus.) There is another branch 
of the Halys, which rises considerably farthei 
south in mount Taurus, flowing past Tyana ana 
Garsaura, and joining the main river near the 
the borders of Galatia. Herod. 1, 72. — Strab. 12. 
~PUn. 6. 2,—Cic. de Div. 2, 56. — Liican. 3, 272. 

A man of Cyzicus, killed by Pollux. Fal. 

FL 3, 1j7. 

Halyzia, a town of Epirus near the Achelous, 
where the Athenians obtained a naval victory 
over the Lacedaimonians. 

HamadryaDES, nymphs who lived in the 
country, and presided over trees, with which 
they were said to live and die. The word is de- 
rived from a^a, simul. and ^pvy, quercus. Virg. 
Ed. \0. — Ovid Met. 1. 647. 

Ham^; a town of Campania near Cumae. Liv. 
23 -^5. 

Hamilcar, the name of some celebrated ge- 
nerals of Carthage. Vid. Amilcar. 

Hammon, the Jupiter of the Africans. Fid. 
Ammon. 

Hannibal. Fid. Annibal. 

Hanno. Fid. Anno. 

Harcalo. a man famous for his knowledge 
of poisonous herbs, &c. He touched the most 
venomous serpents and reptiles without receiving 
the smallest injury. Sil. 1, 406. 

HAUMATELlA.'a town of the Brachmanes in 
India, taken by Alexander. Dio L 17. 

Harmillds, an infamous debauchee. Jiiv. 
10, 2ii. 

Harmodius, an Athenian, who, together with 
Aristogi ton, became the cause of the overthrow 
of the Pisistratidne. {Fid. Aristogiton) The 
Athenians to reward the patriotism of these il 
lustrious citizens, made a law that no one should 
ever bear the name of Aristogiton and Harmo- 
dius. Herod, 5,b5.—Plin. 34, 8.—Senec,Ir.2, 
25. 

Harmonta, or Hermionea (r2(i,Hermione,) 
a daughter of Mars and Venus, who married 
Cadmus. It is s.-ud, that Vulcan, to avenge thi 
infidelity of her mother, made her a present of a 
vestment dyed in all sorts of crimes, which, in 
some measure, inspired all the children of Cad- 
mus with wickedness and impiety. Faiis. 9, 16, 
&c. 

HarmonTdes, a Trojan beloved by Minerva. 
He built the ships in which Paris carried away 
Helen. Homer. II. 5. 

HarpA(jus. a general of Cyrus. He conquer- 
ed Asia Minor after he had revolted from Asty. 
ages, who had cruelly forced him to eat the flesh 
of his son, because he had disobeyed his orders 
in not puttina to death the infant Cyrus. Herod. 
1, 108.- Jw.s7m. 1, .5 et 6. 

Harpaltce. Fid. Harpalyce. 

Harpalion. a son of Pyl;cmenes king of 
Paphlagonia, who assisted Priam during the Tro- 
jan w ir, and was killed by Merion. Homer. II. 
13. 643. 

Harpalus, a man entrusted with the trea- 
sures of Babylon by Alexander. His hopes that 
Alexander would perish in his expedition, ren- 
dered him dissipated, negligent, and vicious. 
When he heard that the conqueror was returning 
with great resentment, he fled to Athens, where, 



with his money, he corrupted the orators, amorg 
whom was Demosthenes. When brought to 
justice, he escaped with impunity to Crete, 
where he was at last assassinated by Thimbron, 

B.C. 325. Plut. in Phoc. — Diod. 17- A robber 

who scorned the gods. Cic. de Nat. D. 3. A 

celebrated astronomer of Greece, 480 years B.C. 
He corrected the cycle of ei^ht years, invented 
by Cleostratus, and increased it to nine, in which 
he supposed that the sun and moon returned to 
the same point. Meton afterwards altered this 
cycle to nineteen years, now called the " Golden 
Number." 

Harpalyce, the daughter of Harpalycus, 
king of Thrace. Her mother died when she was 
but a child, and her father fed her with the mi Ik 
of cows and mares, and inured her early to sus- 
tain the fatigues of hunting. When her father s 
kingdom was invaded by Neoptolemus, the son 
of Achilles, she repelled and defeated the enemy 
with manly courage. The death of her father, 
which happened soon after in a sedition, render- 
ed her disconsolate-, she fled the society of man- 
kind, and lived in the forests upon plunder and 
rapine. Every attempt to secure her proved 
fruitless, till her great swiftness was overcome by 
intercepting her with a net. After her death the 
people of the country disputed their respective 
right to the possessions which she had acquired 
by rapine, and they soon after appeased her 
manes, by proper oblations on her tomb. Firg. 
^n. 1, 321.- Hygin. fab. 193 et 252. A beau- 
tiful virgin, daughter of Clymenus and Epicaste 
of Argos. Her father became enamoured of her, 
and gained her confidence, and enjoyed her com- 
pany by means of her nurse, who introduced 
him as a stranger. Some time after she married 
Alastor; but the father's passion became more 
violent and incontroUable in his daughter's ab- 
sence, and he murdered her husband to bring 
her back to Argos. Harpalyce, inconsolable for 
the death of her husband, and ashamed of her 
father's passion, which was then made public, 
resolved to revenge her wrongs. She killed her 
younger brother, or, according to some, the fruit 
of her incest, and served it before her father. She 
begged the gods to remove her from the world, 
and she was changed into an owl, and Clvmenus 
killed himself. Hygin. fab. 253. Sec —Parthen. 

in Erot^ 13. A mistress of Iphiclus, son of 

Thestius. She died through despair on seeing 
herself despised by her lover. This mournful 
story was composed in poetry, in the form of a 
dialogue called Harpalyce. Alhen. 14. 

Harpalycus, one of the companions of 
iEneas, killed by Camilla, Firg. ^n.il, 675. 

The father of Harpalyce, king of part of 

Thrace. 

Harpasus, a river of Caria. Liv. 3S. 13 
Harpedophorus, a surname of Mercii y and 
of Perseus, becaiise they were represented arm- 
ed with the harpe, an instrument by which Ar- 
gus and Medusa perished. Lucun. 9, 662 et 670. 
— Ovid. Met. 5. 69. 

HarpocrAtes. a divinity supposed to be (he 
same as Orus the son of Isis, am<ino the Egyp- 
tians, and considered as the god of silence. He 
is represented as holding one of his fingers on his 
mouth, with a hat on his head, as the symbol of 
liberty, and clothed with a wolf skin, bespangled 
with eyes and ears to intimate that every thin? 
may be heard and seen, but that the mysteries 
of religion and philosophy ought never to be re- 
vealed to the people. Sometimes he appears upon 



HAR 



320 



HEB 



the flower of ihs lotus, with his finger FtiU on his 
nMniih. The peach-tree was particularly conse- j 
cratod to him. The Romans placed his statues j 
at the entrance of their temples Harpocriitem j 
reddere became proverbial to implj- silence and 
t.fi-recv. Catull. 75. — Varro de L. L. 4, 10. — 
Odd. 'Met. 9, 691. 

Haepocratton, a Platonic philosopher of 
Argos, from whom Stobasus compiled his 

e'-lo^ues. A sophist, called also .iKlius 

Valerms, a rhetorician of Alexandria, who flour- 
ished A.D. 360. He was the author of a Lexi^ 
con, derived principally from the ten Attic ora- 
tors, and entitled, on that account, As^ikov t^v 
SUa pTjTopwv. It is a very useful work. The lat- 
est edition is that published at Leipsic, in 1824, 

-~ vols. 8vo, by an anonymous editor. Aa- 

11. her, surnamed Caius. 

ilARPYl^. winged monsters, who had the face 
v.t a woman, the body of a vulture, and had their 
;t ec and lingers armed with sharp claws. They 
uere three in number, Aello, Ocypece, and Ce- 
!eno, daughters of Neptune and Terra, or, ac- 
cording to others, of Thaumas and Electra. They 
were sent by Juno to plunder the tables of Phi- 
nous, whence they were driven to the islands cal- 
•ed Strophades by Zethes and Calais. They 
emitted an infectious smell, and spoiled whatever 
they touched by their filth and excrements. They 
piimdered .^Eneas during his voj-age towards 
Italy, and predicted many of the calamities 
which attended him. According to Damm, the 
termHarpyia (ap7ri/ta) signifies properly a violent 
wind, carrying off what is exposed to its fury; 
in other words, a furious whirlwind: hence the 
fable of the harpies. To the vivid imagination 
of tlie Greek, the terrors of the storm were in- 
timately associated with the idea of powerful and 
active demons directing its fury. The names 
given to the Harpies indicate this, v\z.Harpyice, 
frtim afiTra^Ceiv, Ocypeta rapid, Celeno, obscurity, 
ana AeHo, a storm. With Homer, the Harpies 
are goddesses, who carry off persons suddenly, 
unseen and unheard. Penelope, in her prayer . 
to Diana, represents them as goddesses of The 
storm-winds, who dwell in the vicinity of the 
Furies, on the borders of Oceanus, near the open- 
ing that leads to the world of spirits. The mix- 
ed form commonly assigned them was the addi- 
t!.ni of a later age'. Virg. ^n. 3, 212. 6, 289.— 
Hcsiod Th^og. 265.— Homer. Od. 1,241. 14,371. 
2, 6i 

HarOdes, a people of Germany. Ccbs. G. 1, 
31. 

Haruspex, a soothsayer at Rome, who drew 
omens by consulting the entrails of beasts that 
were sacrificed. He received the name of Arus- 
pex, ab '17-is aspictendis, and that of Extispex, ab 
e.rlis i?ispicieJ2dis. The order of Aruspices was 
first estiiblished at Rome by Romulus, and the 
first Haruspices were Tuscans by origin, as they 
were particularly famous in that branch of di- 
vination. They had received all their knowledge 
from a boy named Tages, who, as was commonly 
rt-ported, sprang from a clod of earth. {Vid. 
T:iges.) They were originally three, but the 
^ oman senate yearly sent six noble youths, or, 
according to others, twelve, to Etvuria, to be in- 
s'lucted in all the mysteries of the art. The 
office of the Haruspices consisted in observing 
these four particulars: the beast before it was 
sac ificed; its entrails; the flames which consum- 
ed the sacrifice; and the flour, frankincense, &c., 
which was used. If the beast was led up to the 



altar with difficulty, if it escaped from the con- 
ductor s hands, roared when it received the blow, 
or died in agonies, the omen was unfortunate. 
But, on the contrary, if it followed without com- 
pulsion, received the blow without resistance, 
and died without groaning, and after much efiu. 
sion of blood, the Haruspex foretold prosperity 
When the body of the victim was opened, each | 
part was scrupulously examined. If any thing 
was wanting, if it had a double liver, or a lean 
heart, the omen w as unfortunate. If the entrails 
fell from the hands of the Haruspex, or seemed 
besmeared with too much blood, or if no heart 
appeared, as for instance it happened in tliQ two 
victims which J. Csesar offered a little before his i 
death, the omen was equally unlucky. When I 
the flame was quickly kindled, and when it vio- 
lently consumed the sacrifice, ai:d arose pure and 
bright, and like a pyramid, without any paleness, 
smoke, sparkling, or crackling, the omen was 
favourable. But the contrary augury was drawn, 
when the fire was kindled with difficulty, and 
was extinguished before the sacrifice was totally 
consumed, or when it rolled in circles round the 
victim with intermediate spaces between the 
fl.imes. In regard fo the frankincense, meal, j 
water, and wine, if there was any deficiency in 
the quantity, if the colour Mas diff"erent, or the 
quality was changed, or if any thing was done 
w ith irregularity, it was deemed inauspicious. | 
This custom of consulting the entrails of vic- 
tims did not originate in Tuscany, but it was in 
use among the Chaldeans, Greeks, Kgypiians, 
&c., and the more enl.ghtened part of mankind 
well knew how to render it subservient to their 
wishes or tyranny. Agesilaus, wlien in Egypt, 
raised the drooping spirits of his soldiers by a 
superstitious artifice. He secretly wrote in his 
hand the word rixr;, victory, in large characters, 
and holding the entrails of a victim, in his hand 
till the impression was communicated to the 
flesh, he showed it to the soldiers, and animated \ 
them by observing, that the gods signified their • 
approaching victories even by marking it in the 1 
body of the sacrificed animals. Cic. de Div. \ 

Hasdrubal. f'td. Asdrubal. 

Q. Haterius, a patrician and orator at Rome i 
under the first emperors. He died in the 90th f 

year of his age. Tacit. Ann, 4, 61. Agrippa, I 

a senator in the age of Tiberius, hated by the i 
tyrant for his independence. Tacit. Ann. 6, 4. | 

Antomnus a dissipated senator, whose extra- r 

vagance was supported by Nero. Id. 13, 34. | 

Haustanes, a man who conspired with Bes- . 
sus against Darius, &:c. Curt. 8, 5. \ 

HebdjLE. rid. Ebdome. | 

Hebe, a daughter of Jupiter and Juno, Ac-) 
cording to some she was the daughter of Juno c 
only, who conceived her after, eating lettuces. , 
As she was fair, and always in the bloom ol ■ 
youth, she was called the goddess of youth, and ' 
made by her mother cup-bearer to all the gods. 
She was dismissed from her office by Jupiter, 
because she fell down in an indecent posture aS| 
she was pi uring nectar to the gods at a grand| 
festival, and Ganjmedes, the favourite of Jupi-j 
ter, succeeded her as cup-bearer. She was em- 
ployed by her mother to prepare her chariot, and 
to harness her peacocks whenever requisite. 
When Hercules was raised to the rank oi a god,, 
he was reconciled to Juno by marrying her 
j daughter Hebe, by whom he had two sons, Alex- 
I iares and Anicetus. As Hebe had the power of 
I restoring godi and men to the vigour of youth, | 



HEB 



321 



HEG 



6he, at the instance of her husband, performed 
that kind office to lolas his friend. Hebe was 
worshipped at Sicyon, under the name of Dia, 
and at Rome under the name of Juventas. She 
is represented as a young virgin crowned with 
flowers, and arrayed in a variegated garment. 
Pans. 1, 19. 2, V2.—0vid. Met. 9, 400. Fast. 6, 
76. - Apollod. 1,3. 2, 7. 

Hebesus, a Rutulian, killed in the night by 
Euryalus. Virg. JSn. 9, 344. 

Hebrus, now the Maritsa, a river of Thrace, 
rising in the valleys between mount Haemus and 
Rhodope, and falling by two mouths into the 
iEgean sea, nearly opposite the island of Samo- 
thrace. It was supposed to roll its waters upon 
golden sands. According to the ancient mytho- 
logists, after Orpheus had been torn in pieces by 
the Thracian Bacchantes, his head and lyre were 
cast into the Hebrus, and, being carried down 
that river to the sea, were borne by the waves to 
Methymna, in the island of Lesbos. The Me- 
thymneans buried the head of the unfortunate 
bard, and suspended the lyre in the temple of 
Apollo. Mela, 2, 2.—Strab. l.~Virg. G. 4, ^63. 

Mn. 12, 331.— Omd. Met. 11, 60. A youth of 

Lipara, beloved by Neobule. Horat. Od. 3, 12. 

A man of Cyzicus, killed by Pollux. Flacc. 

3, 149. A friend of iEneas, son of Doliehaon, 

killed by Mezentius in the Rutulian war, Virg. 
Mn. 10, 696. 

Hecaergos, a surname applied to Apollo and 
Diana, and expressive of the distance to which 
the rays of the luminaries over which they pre- 
side are darted. 

HecAle, a poor old woman who kindly re- 
ceived Theseus as he was going against the bull 
of Marathon, or, according to others, against the 
Sarmatians. She died before his return, and the 
hero honoured her memory with the institution 
of a festival sacred to Jupiter, which she herself 
had vowed to the god. Her poverty and her 
great age became proverbial. Ovid, de Rem. Am, 

747 — Plin. 22, 22.— PLut. in Thes. A town of 

Attica. 

Hecalesia, a festival in honour of Jupiter of 
Hecale, instituted by Theseus, or in commemo l 
ration of the kindness of Hecale, which Theseus 
had experienced when he went against the bull of 
Marathon, &c. 

Hecamede, a daughter of Arsinous, who fell 
to the lot of Nestor after the plunder of Tenedos 
by the Greeks. Homer. II. 11, 6i!3. 

Hecate Fandm, a celebrated temple sacred 
to Hecate, near Stratonicea in Caria. Strab. 14. 

Hecat^US, an historian of Miletus, born 549 
years before Christ, in the reign of Darius Hys- 

taspes. Herod. 2, 143. A native of Abdera, 

who accompanied Alexander the Great into Asia. 
He was a disciple of Pyrrho, the head of the 
sceptic school. He wrote a work on the anti- 
quities of the Jews, cited under the title of nspt 
'loviaiwv /SijSX/cui/, by Origen, and under that of 

'Iov<5aicoi/ l<TTopta,by Euscbius. A native of Teos, 

supposed to have flourished about the ninetieth 

Olympiad. A native of Crete, who wrote nepl 

NocTTwv, *' On the wanderings of the Grecian 
chieftains returning from Troy." 

HecAte, a daughter of Perses and Asteria, the 
same as Proserpine or Diana. She was called 
Luna in heaven, Diana on earth, and Hecate or 
Proserpine in hell, whence her name of Diva tri- 
formis, tergemiiia, triceps. She was supposed to 
preside over magic and enchantments, and was 
generally represented like a woman with three 



heads, that of a horse, a dog, or a boar; and 
sometimes she appeared with three different bo- 
dies, and three different faces with only one neck. 
Dogs, lambs, and honey, were generally offered 
to her, especially in highways and cross roads, 
whence she obtained the name of Trivia. Her 
power was extended over heaven, the earth, sea, 
and hell; and to her, kings and nations supposed 
themselves indebted for their piosperity. Ovid. 
Mel. 7, 9i. — Hesiod. Theog. 410, Sec— Horat. Od. 
3, 22 — Pans. 2, 22.— Virg.^n. 4, 511. 

HecatesIa, a yearly festival observed by the 
Stratonicensians in honour of Hecate. The 
Athenians paid also particular worship to this 
goddess, who was deemed the patroness of fami- 
lies and of children. From this circumstance, 
the statues of the goddess were erected before the 
doors of the houses, and upon every new moon a 
public supper was always provided at the ex- 
pense of the richest people, and set in the streets, 
where the poorest of the citizens were permitted 
to retire and feast upon it, while they reported 
that Hecate had devoured it. This supper was 
served up in a place where three ways met, in 
allusion to the triple nature of the goddess. 
There were also expiatory offerings to supplicate 
the goddess to remove whatever evils might im- 
pend on the head of the public, &c. 

Hecato, a native of Rhodes, pupil to Pana;- 
tius. He wrote on the duties of man, &c. Cic. 
Off. 3. 15. 

Hecatombceus. a surname given to Jupiter, 
Neptune, and Apollo, as likewise that of Heca- 
tomboea to Juno, because Hecatombs were parti- 
cularly offered to their divinity. The festival in 
honour of Juno was celebrated on the first of 
July, whence that month was called Hecatom- 
boeon. 

Hecatomboia, a festival celebrated in honour 
of Juno by the Argians, and by the .cEginensians, 
who were a colony from Argos. It derived its 
name from IwaTiJ/*/???, which signifies a sacrifice of 
an hundred oxen; it being usual on the first day 
of this solemnity to offer so many to Juno, the 
remains of which were distributed among the 
citizens. There were also public games first in- 
stituted by Archinus, a king of Argos, in which 
the prizes were a brazen shield and a crown of 
myrtle. There was likewise an annual sacrifice 
called by this name in Laconia, and offered for 
the preservation of the hundred cities which once 
flourished in that country. 

Hecatomphonia, from e^oTov, centum, and 
(povavw, occido, a solemn sacrifice offered by the 
Messenians to Jupiter, when any of them had 
killed one hundred enemies. Paus. 4, 19. 

Hecatompolis, an epithet applied to Crete, 
from the hundred cities which it once contained. 
The same epithet was also given to Laconia. 

Hecatompylos, an epitht-t applied to Thebes 
in Kgypt, on account of its hundred gates. Am- 

mian. 22, 16. The capital of Parthia, and 

royal residence of the ArsacidiE, situated in the 
district of Comisene. It is now called Damghan. 
Ptol. 6, 5. -Strab. U.—Plin. 6. 15 et 25. 

Hecatonnesi, several small islands between 
Lesbos and the continent of Europe. Strabo 
reckons twenty, and observes that the name of 
Hecatonnesi was applied to the group, from He- 
catus, or Apollo, the deity most revered through- 
out the adjoining country. Herodotus, how- 
ever, writes the name 'KxaTov Nr/trot, as if it was 
formed from the numerical adjective; and this 
derivation is more sin-.ple and probable than that 



HEC 



322 



HEG 



0" Strabo. The modern appellation of these 
islands is Musco-nisi. Slrab. 13. ~ Herod. I, 151. 

Hector, son of king Priam and Hecuba, was 
the most valiant of all the Trojan chiefs that 
fought against the Greeks. He married Andro- 
mache the daughter of Eetion, by whom he had 
Astyanax. He was appointed captain of all the 
Trojan forces, when Troy was besieged by the 
Greeks; and the valour with which he behaved, 
showed how well qualified he was to discharge 
that important office. He engaged with the 
bravest of the Greeks, and, according to Hygi- 
nus, no less than thirty-one of the most valiant of 
the enemy perished by his hand. When Achilles 
had driven back the Tn jans towards the city, 
Hector, too great to fly, waited the approach o; 
hiS enemy near the Scean gate, though his father 
and mother, with tears in their eyes, blamed his 
rashness, and entreated him to retire. The 
sight of Achilles terrified him, and he fled before 
him in the plain. The Greek pursued to the 
source of the Scamander, and making a signal to 
his troops not to molest him in his career of vic- 
tory, he attacked his enemy, and perceiving an 
unprotected part in his cuirass, he directed his 
spear with powerful aim to the vulnerable spot. 
Jupiter held, says Homer, in his hand the im- 
mortal balance which was to decide the destinies 
of Hector and of Troy; the fate of Achilles pre- 
ponderates, and the son of Priam receives the 
fatal blow. The fallen hero was not only spoiled 
of his arms, but the conqueror, with a barbarity 
peculiar to the times, pierced his feet, and with a 
thong tied him to his chariot, and with insulting 
triumph drove himself three times round the 
tomb of Patroclus, whilst the dishonoured head 
of Hector was dragged ia the dust. The body, 
though it had received the grossest insult, was 
yet preserved by the gods from putrefaction and 
from a mangled appearacee, till it was ran- 
somed by old Priam, and the Trojans obtained 
from the Greeks a truee of some days to pay the 
last offices to the greatest of their leaders. The 
Thebans boasted in the age of the geographer 
Pausanias, that they had the ashes of HecSor pre 
served in an urn, by order of an oracle; which 
promised them undisturbed felicity if they were 
in possession of that hero's remains. The epithet 
of Hectoreus is applied by the poets to the Tro- 
jans, as best expressive of valour and intrepidity. 
Homer. II. 2, 3, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12. Scc. — Virg. /En. 
]. s.c.— Ovtd. Met 12 et \3. — Dictys CreL— Dares 
Ph7-yg.—Hygin. jab. 90 et U2.—Faus. 3 et 9, IS. 

Quintil. Smyrn. 1 et 3. A son of Parmenio 

drowned in the Nile. Alexander honoured his 
remains with a magnificent funeral. Curt. 4, 8. 
6. 9. 

HecCba, daughter of Dymas a Phrygian 
prince, or, according to others, of Cisseus, a 
Thracian king, was the second w ife of Priam king 
of Troy, and proved the chastest of women, and 
the most tender and unfortunate of mothers 
\V:ien she was pregnant of Paris, she dreamed 
tMat she had brought into the world a burning 
torch which had reduced her husband's palace 
and all Troy to ashes. So alarming a dream «as 
explained by the soothsayers, who declared that 
the son whom she should bring into tl e world 
would prove the ruin of his country. When Pa- 
ris was bom she exposed him on mount Ida to 
avert the calamities which threatened her fami- 
ly; but her attempts to destroy him were fruit- 
less, anJ the prediction of the soothRAVcrs was 
fultjlled. (Tirf. P.iris.) During the Trojan war 



she saw the greatest part of her children perish | 
by the hands of the enemy, and like a mother she 
confessed her grief by her tears and lamentations, 
particularly at the death of Hector her eldest son. 
When Troy was taken, Hecuba, as one of the 
captives, fell to the lot of Ulysse.s, a man whom 
she hated for his perfidy and avarice, and she 
embarked with the conquerors for Greece. The 
Greeks landed in the Thracian Chersonesus, to ! 
load with fresh honours the grave of Achilles, i 
During their stay the hero's ghost appeared to 
them and demanded to ensure the safety of their 
return, the sacrifice of Polyxena, Hecuba's daug h- < 
ter. They complied, and Polyxena was tt.in | 
from her mother to be sacrificed. Hecuba v. as ( 
inconsolable, and her grief was still more in- t 
creased at the sight of the body of her son Poly- j 
dorus washed on the shore, who had been recora- 
mended by his father to the care and humanity ' 
of Polymnestor king of the country, {^Vid. Po- i 
lydorus.) She determined to revenge the death 
of her son, and w ith the greatest indignation went 
to the house of his murderer and tore his eyes, 
and attempted to deprive him of his life. She w as i 
hindered from executing her bloody purpose, by I 
the arrival of some Thracians, and she fled with { 
the female companions of her captivity. She was 
pursued, and when she ran after the stones that 
were thrown at her, she found herself suddenly 
changed into a bitch, and when she attempted to / 
speak, found that she could only bark. After 
this metamorphosis.she threw herself into the sea, 
according to Hyginus, and that place was, from 
that circumstance, called Cyneum. {Fid. Cyno- 
sema.) Hecuba had a great number of children | 
by Priam, among whom were Hector, Paris, f 
Deiphobus, Paramon, Helenus, Polites, Anti- s 
phon, Hipponous, Polydorus, Troilus, and among I 
the daughters, Creusa, llione. Laodice, Polyxe- (; 
na, and Cassandra. Homer. II. 16, 718. 22, 4; 0. [ 
—Euripid. in Hec. et Troad.—Ovid. Met. 11, 761. L 
13, blb.—Hygin. fab. Ul.— Virg. jEn. 3, 44.— )., 

Juv. 10, 2n.-Strab. 13.~Dictys Cret. 4 et 5 ii 

Apollod. 3, 12. I 

Hecuba Sepulchrum, a promontory of |j 
Thrace. Vid. Cynosema. ti 

Hedila, a poetess of Samos. ).] 

Hedonacon, a fountain of Bceotia, where |: 
Narcissus, becoming enamoured of his own re- \i 
flection, and thinking it the nymph of the place, h 
was drowned. Ovid. Met. 3, 407. 

Hedui. Vid. MAm. ' 

HedYiMELES, an admired musician in Dom.i- ji 
tian's age. The word sigtiiflesm-eei mwsjc. Juv. i 
6, 3S1. h 

HegelQchus, a general of 6000 Athenians jc 
sent to Mantinea to stop the progress of Enaroi- i 

nondas. Diod. 15. An Egyptian general who Ij 

flourished B. C. 128. ~i 

HegemoN, a Thasian poet in the age of Alci- ; 
blades. He wrote a poem called Gigantomachia \ 

besides other works. ^Uan. V. H. 4, 11. 1 p 

Another poet w ho w rote a poem on the battle ol k 
Leuctra, &c. JElian. V. H. Q, U. 

Hegesianax, an historian of Alexandria, whc I: 
wrote an account of the Trojan w ar. ') 

Ht'GESlAS, a tyrant of Ephesus under thf (r 

patronage of Alexander. Polycvn. 6. A phi-, '! 

losopher of Cyrene, who so eloquently convinced j 
his auditors of their failings and follies, and per- > 
suaded them that there were no dangers after h 
death, that many were guilty of suicide. Pto- i- 
lemy forbade him to continue his doctrines. |j 
Cic. Ttisc. 1, 34. A nati^e of Magnesia, who I 



HE a 



£23 



wrote an historical work on the companions in 
arms of Alexander the Great. His style was 
loaded with puerile accounts, and betrayed a 
total want of taste. He wrote also some dis- 
courses, which are lost. The ancients regarded 
him as the parent of that species of eloquence 
denominated the Asiatic, and which had taken 
the place of the simple and the elegant Attic. 
Dion. Hal. de Struct. Or at. 18.— Cic. Or at. &!, 69. 
Brut. 83. 

HegesilQchus, one of the chief magistrates 
of Rhodes in the reign of Alexander and his 

father Philip. Another, native of Rhodes, 17 1 

years before the Christian era. He engaged his 
countrymen to prepare a fleet of forty ships to 
assist the Romans against Perseus king of Ma- 
cedonia. 

HEGESiNUS, a philosopher of Pergamus, of 
the second academy. He flourished B. C. 193 

Hegesifpus, an historian who wrote on the 
antiquities of Pallene, a peninsula of Thrace, 
where ^neas was supposed to have taken refuge 
after the capture of Troy. He made the Trojan 
chief to have ended his days here. Dion. Hal. 

Ant. Rom. 1, 49 et 72 A comic poet, a native 

of Tarentum, surnamed Crobylus (Kpa)/3uXos)i or 
*' Toupee," from his peculiar manner of wearing 
his hair. His pieces have not reached us: we 
have eight epigrams ascribed to him, which are 
remarkable for their simplicity. An ecclesias- 
tical historian, who died at Rome about A. D. 
180. He wrote a history of the church from the 
beginning of the Christian era to his own time; 
but only some fragments of it are extant in Eu- 
sebius. 

Hegesipyle, a daughter of Olorus king of 
Thrace, who married Miltiades, and became 
mother of Cimon. Plut. 

HegesistrAtus, an Ephesian who consulted 
the oracle to know in what particular place he 
should fix his residence. He was directed to 
settle where he found peasants dancing with 
crowns of olives. This was in Asia, where he 
founded Elea, &c. 

Hegetorides, a Thasian, who, upon seeing 
his country besieged by the Athenians, and a law 
forbidding any one on pain of death to speak of 
peace, went to the market-place with a rope about 
his neck, and boldly told his countrymen to treat 
him as they pleased, provided they saved the city 
from the calamities which the continuation of the 
war seemed to threaten. The Thasians were 
awakened, the law was abrogated, and Hegeto- 
rides pardoned, &c. Polycen. 2. 

Helena, the most beautiful woman of her age, 
sprung from one of the eggs which Leda, the wife 
of king Tyndarus, brought forth after her amour 
with Jupiter metamorphosed into a swan. {Fid. 
Leda.) According to some authors, Helen was 
daughter of Nemesis by Jupiter, and Leda was 
only her nurse; and to reconcile this variety of 
opinions some imagine that Neme-sis and Leda 
are the same persons. Her beauty was -so uni- 
versally admired, even in her infancy, that The- 
seus, with his friend Pirithous, carried her away 
before she had attained her tenth year, and con- 
cealed her at Aphidnae, under the care of his 
mother iEthra. Her brothers. Castor and Pol- 
lux, recovered her by force of arms, and she re- 
turned safe and unpolluted to Sparta, her native 
country. There existed, however, a tradition 
recorded by Pausanias, that Helen was of nubile 
A ears when carried away by Theseus, and that 
she had a daughter by her ravisher, who was en- 



trusted to the care of Clytemnestra. This vio- 
lence offered to her virtue did not in the lea^t 
diminish, but it rather augmented, her fame, and 
her hand was eagerly solicited by the joung 
princes of Greece. The most celebrated of her 
suitors were Ulysses, son of Laertes, Antilochus, 
son of Nestor, Sthenelus, son of Capaneus, Dio- 
medes, son of Tydeus, Amphilochus, son of 
Cteatus, Meges, son of Phileus, Agapenor, son ot 
Ancaeus, Thalpius, son of Eurytus, Mnestheus, 
son of Peteus, Schedius, son of Epistrophus, Po- 
lyxenus, son of Agasthenes, Amphilochus, son of 
Amphiaraus, Ascalaphus and lalmus, sons of the 
god Mars, Ajax, son of Oileus, Eumelirs, son of 
Admetus, Polypoetes, son of Pirithous, Elphe- 
nor, son of Chalcodon, Podalirius and Machaon, 
sons of .iEsculapius, Leonteus, son of Coronus, 
Philoctetes, son of Paean, Protesilaus, son of 
Iphiclus, Eurypilus, son of Evemon, Ajax and 
Teucer, sons of Telamon, Patroclus, sen of Me- 
noetius, Menelaus, son of Atreus, Tboas, Idome- 
neus, and Merion. Tyndarus was rather alarmed 
than pleased at the sight of such a number of 
illustrious princes who eagerly solicited oach to 
become his son-in-law. He knew that he could 
not prefer one without displeasing all the rest, 
and from this perplexity he was at last liberate d 
by the artifice of Ulysses, who began to be al- 
ready known in Greece by his prudence and sa- 
gacity. This prince, who clearly saw that his 
pretensions to Helen would not probably meet 
with success in opposition to so many rivals, pro- 
posed to extricate Tyndarus from all his difficul- 
ties, if he would promise him his niece Penelope 
in marriage. Tyndarus consented, and Ulysses 
advised the king to bind, by a solemn oath, all 
the suitors, that they would approve of the unin- 
fluenced choice which Helen should make of one 
among them; and engage to unite together to 
defend her person and character, if ever any at- 
tempts were made to ravish her from the arms of 
her husband. The advice of Ulysses was fol- 
lowed, the princes consented, and Helen fixed 
her choice upon Menelaus and married him. 
Hermione was the early fruit of this union, which 
continued for three years with mutual happiness. 
After this, Paris, son of Priam king of Troy, came 
to Lacedaemon on pretence of sacrificing to Apol-- 
lo. He was kindly received by Menelaus, but 
shamefully abused his favours, and in his absence 
in Crete, he corrupted the fidelity of his wife 
Helen, and persuaded her to follow him to Troy, 
B. C. 1198. At his return, Menelaus, highly 
sensible of the injury which he had received, as- 
sembled the Grecian princes, and reminded them 
of their solemn promises. They resolved to 
make war against the Trojans; but they previ- 
ously sent ambassadors to Priam to demand the 
restitution of Helen. The influence of Paris at 
his father's court prevented the restoration, and 
the Greeks returned home without receiving the 
satisfaction which they required. Soon after 
their return, their combined forces assembled, 
and sailed for the coast of Asia. The behaviour 
of Helen during the Trojan war is not clearly 
known. Some assert that she had willingly fol- 
lowed Paris, and that she warmly supported the 
cause of the Trojans; while others believe that 
she always sighed after her husband, and cursed 
the day in which she had proved faithless to his 
bed. Homer represents her as in the last in- 
stance, and some have added that she often be- 
trayed the schemes and resolutions of the Tro- 
jans, and secretly favoured the cause of Greece. 



HEL 



S24 



HEL 



When Paris was killed in the ninth year of the 
war, she voluntarily married Deiphobus, one of 
Priam's sons, and when Troy was taken she 
made no scruple to betray him, and to introduce 
the Greeks into his chamber, to insratiate her- 
self with Menelaus. She returned to Sparta, 
and the love of Menelaus forga%'e the errors 
which she hnd committed. Some however say 
that she obtained her life even w ith difficulty from 
her husband, «hose resentment she had kindled 
by her infidelity. After she had lived for some 
years at Sparta, Menelaus died, and she was dri- 
ven away from Pelop mni'sus by Megapenthes 
and Nicostratus, the illegitimate sons of her hus- 
band, and she retired to Rhodes, where at that 
time Polyxo, a native of Argos, reigned over the 
country. Polyxo remembered that her widow- 
hood originated in Helen, and that her husband 
Tlepolemus had been killed in the Trojan war, 
which had been caused by the debaucheries of 
Helen, therefore she meditated revenge. While 
Helen retired one day to bathe in the river, Po- 
lyxo disguised her attendants in the habits of 
Furies and sent them with orders to murder her 
enemy Hel^n was tied to a tree and strangled, 
and heh misfortunes were afterwards remembered, 
and the crimes of Polyxo expiated by the temple 
which the RhoJians raised to Helen Dendritus, 
ijr tied to a tree. There is a tradition mentioned 
by Herodotus, which siys that Paris was driven, 
as he returned from Sparta, upon the coast of 
Egypt, where Proteus, king of the country, ex- 
pelled him from his dominions for his inp-ratitude 
to Menelaus, and confined Helen. From that 
circumstance, therefore, Priarn informed the 
Grecian ambassadors that neither Helen nor her 
possessions were in Troy, but in the hands of the 
king of Egypt. In spile of this assertion the 
Greeks besieged the town and took it after ten 
years' s'ege. and Menelaus by visiting ^'gypt, as 
he returned home, recovered Helen at the court 
of Proreus, and was convinced that the Trojan 
war had been undertaken upon very unjust and 
unpardonable grounds Helen was honoured af- 
ter death as a goddes?, and the Spartans built 
her a temple at Therapne, which had the power 
of givins beauty to all the deformed women that 
entered it. H^len, according to some, was car- 
ried into the island of Leuce alter death, where 
she married Achilles, who had been one of her 
warmest admirers. — The age of Helen has been 
a matter of deep inquiry among the chronolo- 
gists. If she was born of the same egss as Cas- 
tor and Pollux, who accompanied the Argonauts, 
in their expedition against Colchis, about thirty- 
five years before the Trojan war, according to 
some, she was no less than sixty years old when 
Troy was reduced to ashes, supposing that her 
brothers were only fifteen when they embarked 
with the Argonauts. Rut she is represented by 
Homer .«o incomparably beautiful during the 
sieee of Troy, that though seen at a distance she 
influenced the counsellors of Priam by the bright- 
ness of her charms ; therefore we must suppose 
with others, that her beauty remained long un- 
diminished, and was extinguished only at her 
death. Pans. 3, 19. &c. — Apollod. 3, 10. &c.— 
Hygin fab 71— Herod. 2, Wi.-Plut. in The^. 
Scc.—Cic de Offic. 3 -Horot. Od. 3. 3.~-Dirfys 
Cret. 1. &c. Virg. Ain. 1, 654. 6. m.—Pindnr. 

Nem. \(\. — Homer. II. 2. 3, &c. Od. 4, 15 A 

young woman of Sparta, often confounded with 
the daughter of Leda. As ^he was going to be sac- 
rificed, because the lot had fallen upon her, an 



eagle came and carried away the knifte of the 
priest, upon which she was released, and the 
barbarous custom of offering human victims was 
abolished. A daughter of the emperor Con- 

stantine who m.arried Julian. The mother of 

Constantine. She was born at Drepanum in 
Bi'hynia, where she was engaged in the obscure 
employment of inn-keeeper. Constantius Chlo- 
rus saw, and loved her, but his marriage with 
her was some time after followed by a divorce, 
when he was elevated to ilie imperial dignity. 
Alter the accession of her son to the purple, He- 
lena was drawn from her obscurity, and merited 
the high rank which she held in the empire by 
the liberality of her conduct, the humanity of her 
character, and the virtues oi her priva'eand pub- 
lic life. She died in her eightieth year, A. D. 

32S. An island in the ^Egean, norih-east of 

Sunium, and op.posite to Thoricos. It received 
Its name from the circumstance of Paris's having 
landed on it, as was said, in company with He- 
lena, w hen they w ere fleeing from Sparta. Sira- 
bo, who follows Artemidorus, conceived it was 
the Cranae of Homer. P iny calls it Macris. 
The modern name is Macronisi. Slrab, 9 et 10. — 
Homer. II. 3, AU.—PUn. 4. 21). 

HelenIa, a festival in Laconia, in honour of 
Helen, who received there divine honours. It 
was celebrated by virgins riding upon mules, or 
in chariots made of reeds and rushes. 

Helenor. a Lydian prince who accompanied 
^neas to Italy, and was killed by the Rutulians. 
His mother s name was Licvmnia. Virg. JEn. 
9, 444, &c 

Helenus, a celebrated soothsayer, son of Pri- , 
am and Hecuba, grea'ly respected by all the Tro- i 
jans. When Deiphobus w as given in marriage to i 
Helen in preference to himself, he resolved to \ 
leave his country, and he retired to mount Ida, ' 
where Ulys-es took him prisoner by the advice of j 
Calchas. As he was well acquainted with futurity, ( 
the Greeks made use of prayers, threats, and i 
promises, to induce him to reveal the secrets of t 
the Trojans, and either the fear of death or grati- I 
fication of resentment, seduced him to disclose ! 
to the enemies of his country, that Troy could \ 
not be taken whilst it was in possession of the I 
Palladium, nor before Philoctetes came from I 
his retreat at Lemnos, and assisted to support the I 
siege. After the ruin of his country, he fell to I 
the share of Pyrrhus the son of Achilles, and l 
saved his life by warning him to avoid the dan- | 
gerous tempest which in reality proved fatal to .' 
all those who set sail. This endeared him to \ 
Pyrrhus. and he received from his hand An- P 
d omache the widow of his brother Hect( r, by | 
whom he had a son called Cesirinus. This mar- ' 
riage, according to some, w as consummated after .' 
the death of Pyrrhus, who lived with Andro- ' 
mache as his w ife. H-^Iemis was the only one of 
Priam"s sons who survived the ruin of "his coun- 
try. After the death of Pyrrhus, he reigned over 
part of Epirus, which he called Chaonia in me- j' 
mory of his brother Chaon, whom he had inad- j 
vertently killed. Helenus received ^Eneasashe i 
voyaged towards Italy, and foretold him some ' 
of the calamities which attended his fleet. The 
manner in which he received the gift of prophecy 
is doubtful. {Vid. Cassandra.) Homer. II. 6.76. 
7, 47.— r/rg. JEn. 3. 295. Sec — Pans. 1, Jl. 2. 33. 
— Ovid. Met. 13, 9a et 723.' 15, 437.— A Rutulian 
killed by Pallas. Virg. JEn. 10, 3S8. 

Het.brni Luc us, a place near Rome. Of id, j 



HEL 



325 



HEL 



Heles or Halks, a river of Luc.nia near 
Veiia Cic. ad Att. 16, 7. Fam. 7, 20. 

HrLlADES, the daughters of the sun and Cly- 
mene. They were three in number, Lampetie, 
Phaetusa, and Lampethusa; or seven, according 
to Hyginus, Merope, Helie, JEgle, Lampetie', 
Phoebe, ^Etheria, and Dioxippe. They were so 
afflicted at the death of their brother Phaeton, 
(_r^id. Phaeton,) that they were changed by the 
gods into poplars, and their tears into precious 
amber, on the banks of the river Po. Ovid. Met. 

2, 340 Hygin./ab. 154. The first inhabitants 

of Rhodes. This island being covered with mud 
when the world was first created, was warmed by 
the cherishing beams of the sun, and from 
thence sprang seven men, who were called Heli- 
ades, an-o Tovi-ijXCov from the sun. The eldest of 
these, called Ochimus, married Hegetoria, one 
of the nymphs of the island, and his brothers fled 
from the country fur having put to death, through 
jealousy, one o( their number. Diod. 5. 

HeliasT-I;, a name given to the judges of the 
most numerous tribunal at Athens. Of all the 
courts which took cognizance of civil aff'airs, the 
'HAata was the most celebrated and frequented. 
It derived its name, otto tov dXtS^eo-eai, from the 
thronging of the people; or, according to others, 
iiro row ■^Xc'ou, from the sun, because it was an 
open place, and exposed to the sun's rays. The 
judges who sat in this court were at least fifty, 
but generally two or five hundred. When causes 
of importance were to be tried, it was customary 
to summon all the judges of the other courts. 
Sometimes one thousand were called in, and then 
two courts were joined; sometimes fifteen hun- 
dred or two thousand, and then three or four 
courts met; and the number of the Heliastaehas 
been sometimes increased by this means to six 
thousand. They took cognizance of aff'airs of the 
highest importance. They were summoned by 
the Thesmothelae, before whom they took a so- 
lemn oath, which is preserved in the oration of 
Demosthenes against Timocrates. They sat 
from sunrise to sunset. Pollux, 8, 11. 

Helicaon, a Trojan prince, son of Antenor. 
He married Laodice, the daughter of Priam, 
whose form Iris assumed to inform Helen of the 
Uate of the rival armies before Troy. Helicaon 
was wounded in a night engagement, but his life 
was spared by Ulysses, who remembered the 
hospitality which he had received from his father 
Antenor. Home?-. II. 2, 123. 

Helice, a star near the north pole, generally 
called Ursa Major. It is supposed to receive its 
name from the town of Helice, of which Calisto, 
who was changed into the Great Bear, was an 

inhabitant. Lucan. 2, 237. A city of Achaia, 

situate on the shore of the Sinus Corinthiacus, 
near Bura. It was celebrated for the worship of 
Neptune thence surnamed Heliconius, and as 
being the place where the lonians when in pos- 
session of Achaia held their general council. It 
was destroyed by a prodigious influx of the sea, 
caused by a violent earthquake, B.C. 373. It 
was said that some vestiges of the submerged 
city were to be seen long after the fearful event 
took place. Herod. \, 46.— Pans. 7 , 2A. — Strab. 

8.— Ovid Met. 15, 293. A daughter of Silenus, 

king of iEgiale, who married Ion son of Xuthus. 

Paus. 7, 24. A daughter of Lycaon, king of 

Arcadia. 

HelIcon, now Palepovouni OT Zagora, a moun- 
tain in Boeotia, on the borders of Phocis, sacred 
to Apollo and the Muses, who were inc-nce called 



Ileliconiades. If w as f;in>(>us for the pureness of 
its air, the abundance (if its waters, its fertile 
valleys, the coolness oi its ,-hades. and the beauty 
of the venerable trees wi.ich clothed its sides. 
On its summit was the grove of the Muses, 
adorned with several statues; and hard by were 
the fountain Aganippe, tfee source of the" small 
river Permessus, and Hyjpocrene, or the horse s 
fountain, which burst forth from the ground 
when struck by the horse Pegasus. Here too 
was the fountain Hedouacon, where Narcissus, 
becoming enamoured of his own reflection, and 
thinking it the nymph of the place, was drowned. 
Strab. 9.— Paus. 9, 2«, Sec— Ovid. Met. 2, 219.— 
Virg. ^n. 7, 64i. in, 163. Georg. 3, 11 et 291. 

A river of Macedonia, w hich ran near Dium, 

and after having pursued a course of 75 stadia, 
lost itself under ground for the space of 25 stadia, 
and on its re appearance assumed the name of 
Baphyrus. It is now called the Mauro nero, 

Paus. 9, 30 A river of Sicily, falling into the 

Tyrrhene sea, opposite the Lipari isles. 

Heliconiades, a name given to the Mtises 
because they lived upon mount Helicon, which 
was sacred to them. 

Heliconis, a daughter of The.=:pius. Apollod. 

Heliodorus, one of the favourites of Seleu- 
cus Philopator, king of .Syria, He attempted to 
plunder the temple of the Jews, about 1/6 years 

before Christ, by order of his master^ &c. A 

Greek poet, sixteen hexameters of whose are cit- 
ed by Stobaeus, containing a description of that 
part of Campania situate between the Lucrine 
lake and Puteoli, and where Cicero had a coun- 
try residence. An Athenian physician, of 

whom Galen makes mention, and who also wrote 
a didactic poem, under the title of 'A7roXurt«a, 
"Justification," of which Galen cites seven hex- 
ameters. A rhetorician, surnamed the Ara- 
bian, contemporary with Philostratus. A ma- 
thematician of Larissa, in the reign of Tiberius, 
author of a treatise on optics, of w hich some frag- 
ments are extant. A famous sophist, born at 

Emessa in Phoenicia in the age of Theodosius, 
and made bishop of Tricca in Thessaly. He is 
particularly known for his romance in ten books, 
called ^thiopica, or the history of the loves of 
Theagenes and Chariclea. Some suppose that 
the author of the /Ethiopica was not the bishop 
of Tricca. The best edition of this entertaining 
work is that of Coray, 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1804. 

Heliogabalus, a deity among the Phoenici- 
ans. M. Aurelius Antoninus, a Riiman em- 
peror, son of Varius Marcellus, called Helioga- 
balus, because he had been priest of that divinity 
in PhcEuicia. After the death of Macrinus, he 
was invested with the imperial purple, and the 
senate, how ever unwilling to submit to a youth 
only fourteen years of age, approved of his elec- 
tion, and bestowed upon him ihe»title of Angus- , 
tus. Heliogabalus made his grandmother Moes.i, ' 
and his mother Saemias, his colleagues on the 
throne; and to bestow more dignity upon the sex, 
he chose a senate of women, over which his mo- 
ther presided, and prescribed all the modes and 
fashions which prevailed in the empire. Rome 
however soon displayed a scene of cruelty and 
debauchery; the imperial palace was full of 
prostitution, and the most infamous of the popu- 
lace became the favourites of the prince. He 
raised his horse to the honours of the consulship, 
and obliged his subjects to pay adoration to the 
god Heliogabalus, which was no o Iut than ^ 
large black stone, who>p figure restUibled iUa4 
2 E 



HEL 



REh 



of a cone To this ri.licu'.i u^ deity terr.pu s were 
raised at Home, and tiie altars of the guds plun- 
dered ti> deck tliose of the new divinity. In the 
midst of his extravagances. Heliogabalus mar- 
ried four wives, and not satisfied with following 
the plain laws of nature, he professed himself to 
be a woman, and gave himself up to one of his 
ciScers, called Hierocles. In this ridiculous 
f^rce he suffered the greatest indignities from his 
pretended husband without dissatisfaction, and 
Hierocles, by stooping to infamy, became the 
most powerful of the favourites, and enriched 
himself by selling favours and ofEces to the peo- 
ple. Such licentiousness soon displeased the 
l>opulace, and Heliogabalus, unable to appease 
the seditions of his soldiers, whom uis rapacity 
and debaucheries had irritated, hid himself in' 
the filth and excrements of the camp, wi ere he 
was found in the arms of his mother. His head 
was severed from his bodv, the 10th of March. 
A.D. 222. in the 18th year of his a?e, after a 
reign of three years, nine months, and four days. 
He w.as succeeded by Alexander Severus, His 
cruelties were as conspicuous as his licentious- 
ness. He burdened his subjects with the most 
oppressive taxes, his halls were covered with car- 
pets of gold and silver tissue, and his mats were 
made with the down of hares, and with the soft 
feathers which were found under the wings of 
partridges. He was fond of covering his shoes 
with precious stones.to draw the admiration of the 
people as he walked along the streets, and he was 
the first Roman who ever wore a dress of silk. 
He often invited the most common of the people 
to share his banquets, and made them sit down 
oa large bellows full of wind, which, by sudden- 
ly emptying themselves, threw the guests oa the 
groimd, and left them a prey to wild beasts. He 
often tied some of his favourites on a large wheel, 
and was particularly delighted to see them whirl- 
ed round like Ixions, and sometimes suspended 
in the air, or sunk beneath the water. 

HELTOPdLls, a city of Egypt, situate a little 
to the east of the apex of the Delta, not far from 
the present Cairo. It was called Heliopolis by 
the Greeks, and Bethshemesh by the Hebrews; 
both of which names, as well as its Egyptian one 
of On, imply the city or house of the sun. The 
inhabitants of this city are represented by Hero- 
. dotus as the wisest of the Egyptians; and here 
Moses resided, and received that education 
which made him "learned in all the wisdom of 
the Egyptians.'' But, notwithstanding its being 
the seat of the sciences, such were its esrea-ious 
idolatries, that it was namedAver, or Beth-Aven. 
*' the house of vanity," or idolatry by the Jews. 
A village standing on part of its site, at the pre- 
sent day, is called Matarieh; while the spring of 
excellent water, or fountain ot the sun, which is 
supposed to have given rise to the city, is still 
called Ain Shems, or fountain of the Sun, by the 
Arabs. This is one of the most ancient cities of 
the world of which any distinct vestige can now 
be traced. It was visited eighteen hundred and 
fifty years ago by Strabo, whose description 
proves it to h.ave been nearly as desolate then as 
now. Most of the ruins of this once famous city, 
described by that geographer, are buried in the 
accumulation of the soil; but that which marks 
its site, and is, perhaps, the most ancient work 
at this time existing in the world, in a perfect 
state, is a column of red granite, 70 feet hign, 
and covered with hieroglyphics. Strab. 17 - 
Herod. 2, 3. A city of Syria, south-^^Pst c-f 



K i.eAi, on the opposite side f f the nr:;ntp=?. It 
was eelebrated fur its temple of the sun, s.iid to . 
have been built by Antoninus Pius. Its modern 
name is Banlljec. Plin. 5, 22 I 

Helisso.n, a river of Arcadia, falling into the 
Alpheu>. Now, the Sinano. Paus. 8, 29. 

Helium, a name given to the mouth of the ( 
MacLS in Germany. Fiin. 4, 15. i 

Helius, a celebrated favourite of the emperor ' 
Nero, put to death by order of Galba, for his I 

crueUies. The Greek name of the sun or , 

Apollo. 

HellanIce, a sister of Clitus, who was nurse 
to Alexander. Curl. 8, 1. | 

Hellanicus, a celebrated Greek historian, j 
Dorn at Mitylene. He wrote a history of the | 
ancient kings of the earth, with an account of 
the founders of the most famous towns in every . 
kingdom, and died B.C. 411, in the 85th vear of 
his age. Paus. 2, d.—Cic. de Orat. 2, 53. - Aul. j 
Gel. 15, 23. A brave officer rewarded by Alex- 
ander. Curt. 5, 2. I 

Hellanocrates, a man of Larissa, &c. ' 
Ai-istot. roht. 5, 10. 

Hellas, a term originally applied to a ci!y 
and vesion of Thessaly, in the district of Phthi- 
otis, where Hellen, the son of Deucalion, reign- 
ed, but subsequently extended to all Thessaly, | 
and finally made a general appellation for the [; 
whole of Greece, Thessalv itself excluded. Plin. 

4, 7. — Strab. 8.— Mela, 2, 3.— Paus. 2, '20. A ' 

beautiful woman, mentioned by Horace as be- | 
loved by Marius. The lover killed her in a fit 
of passion, and afterwards destroyed himself. , 
Horat. Sat. 2, 3, 277. i 

Helle, a daughter of Athamas and Nephele, 
sister to Phryxus. She fled from her father s 
house, with her brother, to avoid the cruel op- 
pression of her mother-in-law, Ino. According 
to some accounts, she was carried through the 
air on a golden ram, which her mother had re- | 
ceived from Neptune, and in her passage she be- j 
came giddy, and fell from her seat into that part j 
of the sea which fiom her received the name of | 
Hellespont, Others say that she was carried on | 
a cloud, or rather upon a ship, from which she 
fell into the sea and was drowned. Phryxus, I 
after he had given his sister a burial on the ' 
neighbouring coasts, pursued his journey and ar- I 
rived safe in Colchis. {Fid. Phryxus.) Ovid. 1 
Heroid. 13. &c. Met. 4, fab. Ii. — Pi7tdar. Pyth. \ 
4.— Paus. 9, 34. 

Hellen, son of Deucalion and Pyrrha, reign- i 
ed in Phthiotis about 1495 years before the Chris- ^ 
tian era, and gave the name of Hellenians to his | 
subjects. He had by his wife Orseis, thrt e sons; 
,Eolus, Dorus, and' Xuthus, who gave their { 
names to the three different nations known un- i 
der tJie name of .^olians, Dorians, and lonians. ,• 
These last derive their name from Ion, son of 
Xuthus, and from the difference either of ex- , 
pression, or pronunciation in their respective 
languages, arose the different dialects well known ; 
in the Greek language. Paus. 3, 20. 7, i.—Dicd. | 

Helle.nes. a name first given to the subjects | 
of Hellen, but afterwards a general appellation 
for the people of Greece. The word occurs only 
once in Homer (II. 2, 6S4), and is used not as a 
generic, but as a specific name for the inhabi- 
tants of that p.Trt of Thessaly called Hellas. 

HRLLKsroNTiAS, u wind blowing frora the 
north-east Plin 2, A7. 

HELLESPO.Nxrs, a narrow strait between the j 



liEL 



327 



HEL 



rhracian Chersonesus in Europe and the dis- 
trict Dardania in Asia, which received its name 
from Helle, who was drowned there in her voy- 
aere *o Colchis. (^Fid. Helle.) The narrowness 
and length of this channel, together with the si- 
nuosities of its shores, and the rapid and power- 
ful current which is constantly flowing through 
them, are sufficient reasons to justify Homer in 
the epithets of TrAarvj. broc^l, and i.Treipwv, bound- 
less, which he applies to it, if we regard the epi- 
thets as bestowed upon what might be viewed 
rather as a mighty river than a winding arm of 
the sea. The Hellespont is celebrated for the 
love and death of I.eander. (Vid, Hero, and 
Leander.) It is famed also for the bridge of 
boats thrown across it by Xerxes, from Sestus to 
Abydus, which was no sooner completed than it 
was rent in pieces and utterly destroyed by a 
great tempest. When Xerxes heard of this, he 
was so enrag&d, that he ordered three hundred 
lashes to be inflicted on the Hellespont, a pair of 
fetters to be thrown into it, and executioners to 
brand it with marks of ignominy. Moreover, he 
commanded those who had the inflicting of the 
lashes, to harangue the Hellespont in a set 
speech, by which the sea was informed that Xer- 
xes, its master, condemned it to that punish- 
ment for having injured him without a cause, 
and that the king of the Persians would pass over 
it, whether it consented or not. But the ven- 
geance of this silly monarch was not finally ap- 
peased till all those who had presided over the 
construction of the bridge had been put to death. 
The length of the Hellespont, from the ^gean 
sea to Callipolis on the shores of the Propontis, 
is 33 miles, and its narrowest breadth about seven 
stadia. Its modem name, Channel of the Dar- 
danelles, was first used by the Greeks of the mid- 
dle ages, who derived it from the district of 
Dai dania, but it is rendered more familiar by the 
two castles, called The Dardanelles, built by Ma- 
homet IV. A.D, 1659, a little to the south of Ses- 
tus and Abydus. Homer. II. 7, 86. 24, 82 et 545. 
— Lucan. 2, 672. - Juv. Sat. 10, 179.— Herod. 7, 

34 et 35.— Strab. 13. The country along the 

Hellespont on the Asiatic coast bears the same 
name. Cic Verr. 1, 24, Fam, 13, 53.— Strab. 12. 
—Plin. 5, 30. 

Hellopia, a district of Euboea, in which 
Histiosa was situated. Strab. 10. 

HellOtIa, two festivals, one of which was 
observed in Crete, in honour of Europa, whose 
bones were then carried in solemn procession 
with a myrtle garland no less than twenty cubits 
in circumference, called sXXSrty. The other fes- 
tival was celebrated at Corinth with games and 
races, where young men entered the lists, and 
generally ran with burning torches in their 
hands. It was instituted in honour of Minerva, 
surnamed Hellotis arco rov 'e\ovu from a certain 
pond of Marathon, where one of her statues was 

erected, or itro tov iXeXv tou Xkttov rov TLfyatrov, 

because by her assistance Bellerophon took and 
managed the horse Pegasus, which was the ori- 
ginal cause of the institution of the festival. 
Others derive the name from Hellotis, a Corin- 
thian woman, from the following circumstance : 
when the Dorians and the Heraclidae invaded Pe- 
loponnesus, they took and burned Corinth; the 
inhabitants, and particularly the women, escaped 
by flight, except Hellotis and her sister Eury- 
tione, who took shelter in Minerva's temple, re- 
lying for safety upon the sanctity of the place. 
When this was known, the Dorians set (ire to 



the temple, and the two si5t*-rs perished in the 
flames. This wanton cruelty v. as followed by a 
dreadful plague; and the Dorians, to alleviate 
the misfortunes which they sulTered, were direct- 
ed by the ora/;le to appease the m.anes of the two 
sisters, and therefore they raised anew temple to 
the goddess Minerva, and established the festi- 
vals, which bore the name of one of the unfortu- 
nate women. 

HELISES, an ancient king of Arcadia, &c. Po- 
lyren. 1. 

Heloris, a general of the people of Rhegium, 
sent to besiege Messana, which Dionysius the 
tyrant defended. He fell in battle, and his 
troops were defeated. Diod. 14. 

HelOrus, a river of Sicily, near the southern 
extremity of the island, now the Abisso, It is 
mentioned by several of the ancient poets, on 
account of the remarkably fertile country through 
which it flows. Stilus Italicus gives it the epi- 
thet of damosws, referring either to the noise of 
its waters in the numerous caverns found along 
its banks, or to the laments occasioned by its in- 
undations of the neighbourhood. Virg. JEn. 3, 

659. — OmcZ. Faii. 4, 487, &e Sil. Ital. 14, 270. 

A town of Sicily, near the mouth of the river 

Helorus. Its ruins are called Muri Ucci. 

Helos, a place of Arcadia. Pa^ls. 8, 36. A 

town of Laconia, taken and destroyed by the La- 
cedaemonians under Agis III., of the race of the 
Heraclidasjbecause they refused to pay the tribute 
which was imposed upon them. The Lacedae- 
monians carried their resentment so far, that, 
not satisfied with the ram of the city, they re- 
duced the inhabitants to the lowest and most mi- 
serable slavery, and made a law which forbade 
their masters either to give them their liberty, 
or to sell them in any other country. To com- 
plete their infamy, all the slaves of the state and 
the prisoners of war were called by the disgrace- 
ful appellation of Helotce. Not only the servile 
offices in which they were employed denoted 
their misery and slavery, but they were obliged 
to wear peculiar garments, which exposed them 
to greater contempt and ridicule. They never 
were instructed in the liberal arts, and their 
cruel masters often obliged them to drink to ex- 
cess, to show the freeborn citizens of Sparta the 
beastliness and disgrace of intoxication. They 
once every year received a number of stripes, 
that by this wanton flagellation they might re- 
collect that they were born and died slaves. The 
Spartans even declared war against them; but 
Plutarch, who, from interested motives, endea- 
vours to palliate the guilt and cruelty of the peo- 
ple of Lacedaeraon, declares that it was because 
they had assisted the Messenians in their war 
against Sparti, after it had been overthrown by a 
violent earthquake. This earthquake was sup- 
posed by all the Greeks to be a punishment from 
heaven for the cruelties which the Lacedaemon- 
ians had exercised against the Helots. In the 
Peloponnesian war, these miserable slaves be- 
haved with uncommon bravery, and were re- 
warded with their liberty by the Lacelaemon- 
ians, and appeared in the temples and at public 
shows crowned with garlands, and with every 
mark of festivity and triumph. This exultation 
did not continue long, and the sudden disappear- 
ance of these two thousand manumitted slaves 
was attributed to the inhumanity of the Laredav 
monians. Thnnjd. ^..—Pollux. 3, 8 — Strab. 8.— 
PluL in Lyc. ^ c —Aristot. Polit. 2.— Pans. La- 
con. '^C. 

2 E 3 



HEL 



328 



HER 



IIelOT-S ar.fl HelOtes, the public slaves of 
Spsrta. &e. Fid Heios. 

Helvetia, a vestal virgin, struck dead with 
lijrht.nin<7 in Trajan's reign. 

HelvetIi, a!i ancient nation of Gaul, con- 
quered by J. Caesar. Their country was bound- 
fd on the north and east by the Rhenus, on the 
wef:t by mount Jura, and on the south by the 
Rhcdiuius an I the Lacus I^emanus, It cnrres- 
p ^nded generally to the present Switserland, hut 
was contained within rarrovver limits. Cces. 
Bell. G. 1, &i(t. — Tacit. Hist. 1. 67 et 69. 

Helvja. the mother of Cicero. 

IIELVIDIA, the name of a Roman family. ' 

Helvii, a people of Gaul, north of the Are- 
eomi, on the western side of the Rho<lanus. 
Their capital was called Alba Augusta, now J'i- 
viers. Their country answers to the modern 
J'ivarez. Plin. 3, 4. 

Helvillum, a town of Umbria. supposed 
to be the same as SuUium, now Siuilio. Plin. 3, 
14. 

HEL\aNA, a fountain of Aquinum, v^here 
Ceres had a temple. Juv. 3. 330. 

Helvius Cinxa prop'^sed a law, which how- 
ever was not passed, to permit C«sar to msirry 
w hat^'ver woman he chose. Suet, in Cces, bi. — 
A poet. Vid. Cinni. 

Ueltmcs and Panopes, two hunters at the 
court of Acestes in Sicilv. Fir;,^. .Sn. 5, 73, 
6cc. 

Hemathio.v. a 5on of Aurora and Cephalus, 
or Tithonus. Apollod. 3. 

Hemithea, a daughter of Cycnus andProclea. 
She was so attached to her brother Tenes, that 
5he refused to aband >n him when his father Cyc- 
nus exposed him on the sea. Tney were carried 
by the wind to Tenedos, where Hemithea long 
enj' ved tranquillity, till Achille?, captivated by 
her charms, offered lier violence. She was res- 
cued from his e i b' ace by her brother Tenes, 
who «as instantly slaughtered by the cffendod 
hero, llemith.^a c .uld not have been rescued 
fr- m the attenipts of Achilles, had not the earth 
opened and swallowed her after she had fervent- 
Iv entreated the assistance of the gods. {Fid. 
Tenes.) Pans 10, M. — Diod.4. 

Hemon. T'id Haemon. 

Hemus. Fid. Hcemus. 

HenEti, a people of Paphlagonia in Asia 
Minor, who, having lost their leadrr in the Tro- 
jan war, migrated to tlie north of Italy under the 
romniatid of Antenor, the Trojan prince, and 
having expelled die Euganei, tlie original inha- 
bitajits of the countrv, settled in Venetia. Horn. 
Jl. 2, C:)\.—Lir. ], \.— Firg. ^n 1, Ui.— Ovid 
Vast 4. 7R.— Sil. Ital.S, 604. 

liENlocHI, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia, near 
Oolchis. descended from Amphytus and Tele- 
Jiius, the charioteers (^y»o;i..i) of Castor and 
i'olUix, and thence called Laceda^mond. Mela. 
U 2].—Paterc. 2, 40.- Flacc. 3, 270. 6, i2. 

HKNNA. Fid. Enna. 

Heph^ti.\ now Cochino, the capital town 
of Len.niis. Herod. 6, 140. A festival in hon- 
our of Vulcan ^Rpa.ta^oO at Athens. There was 
thenar ce with torches between tJiree young 
men Each in his tuni ran a race with a lighted 
torch in liis iiand, and whoever could carry it to 
the end of the course before it was extinguished. 
i>btaine<l the prize. Tliey delivered it one to the 
<>fher .after lliey fini>hed their course, and from 
that circumstance we .«ce many allusions in an- 
cient autliors who compare the vicissitudes of 



human affairs to this delivering of the t<'reh, par- 
ticularly in these lines of Lucietius 2 : 

hique brevi spaiio mutantur scvcla ani>7}aniu}r., 

Et quasi cunores vitai lampada traduid. 

HepH-i;stiades, a name applied to the Li- 
pari isles as sacred to Vulcan. 

Heph.ESTIOX, a Greek grammarian of Ale.^- 
andria in the reign of the emperor Verus. Tiiere 
remains of his compositions, a treatise entitled 
Enchiridion de Metyis et Poemate, the best editum 

ofwhichisthatof Gaisford.Oxon, lilO, 8vo. A 

native of Thebes, whose age is uncertam. He 

wrote on astrological subjects. A Macedonian 

famous for his intimacy with Alexander. He 
accompanied the conqueror in his Asiatic con- 
quests, and was so faithful and attached to him, 
t'lat Alexander often observed that Craterus was 
the friend of the king, but Hephsestion the friend 
of Alexander. He died at Ecbatana 32.T years be- 
fore the Christian era, acco>:ding to some, from 
excess of drinking, or eating. Alexander was so 
inconsolable at the death of this faithful subject, 
that he shed tears at the intelligence, and ordered 
the sacred fire to be exiinguished, which was 
never dane but at the death of a Persian mon- 
arch. Tlie physician who attended Hephaestion 
in his illness, w as accused of negligence, and by 
the king's order inhumanly put to deat.i, and 
the public games were interrupted. The body 
was intrusted to the care of Perdiccas, and hon- 
oured with the most magnificent funeral at Ba- 
bylon, Hephiestion was so like the king in fea- 
tures and stature, that he was often saluted by 
,the name of Alexander. Curt — Arrian. 7, &c.— 
Plut. in Ae.v. — .Elian. F. H 7, 8. 

Hephjestium, a name given to a region in 
the extremity of Lyeia near Phaselis, from which 
fire issued when a burning torch wa.s applied to 
the surface. This was owing to th3 naphtha, 
w ith w hich the soil was impregnated. Senec cp. 
79.— P/in. 2, 106. 

Heptaphonos, a portico, which received this 
name, because the voice was re echoed seven 
times in it. Plin. 36, 1.5. 

Heptapolis, a country of Egypt, which con- 
tained seven cities. 

Heptapylos, a surname of Thebes in Bceo- 
tia, from its seven gates. 

Hera, the name of Juno amons the Greek*. 

.\ town of Sicilv, called also Hybla. Cic. ad 

Attic. 2. 1. 

Heraclha, a name given to more than forty 
towns in Europe, Asia, Africa, and the islands 
of the Mediterranean. They are supposed to 
have derived this appellation from the Greek 
name of Hercules, 'HoaxA^js, and to have been 
either built in honour of him. or placed under his 
protection. The most famous of these places 

were A city of Lucania, situate between the 

Aciris and Siris. It was built by the Tarentini 
alter the destruction of the ancient city of Siris, 
which stood at tlie mouth of the latter river, 
B. C. 428. This city is rendered remarkable in 
history, as having been the seat of the general 
council of the Greek colonies. Antiquaries 
seem .igreed in fixins its site at Poh'coro. Strab, 
6.— Diod. >7c. 12. 36 Minoa, a city of Si- 
cily, on the southern coast, north-east of Agri- 
gentum, at the mo.ith of the river Halycus. 
It was f(«unded by Minos when be pursued 
Da;dalu> hither, and was sub>equently called 
Ileracica, fnmi HerouUv!, after his victory over 
Eryx. S<mie authorities make the original name 
to have lj^»n Macara, and Minos to hiiVe been, 



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not ihe founder, but the conquer'')r of the place, i 
Mela, l 7. - Lio. 3i, 35. Ctc. 'He Jur. Sic. 50 — 

I'olyb. J, ib —Diod. Sic. 16, li. Lyncestis, a 

city of Macedonia, at the foot of the Candavian 
mountains, on the confines of lilyria. Its ruins 
stiil retain the name of Erekli. Cces. B. Civ. 3, 

79. Sintica, tlie chief town of the Sinti, in 

Tlirace. Demetrius, the son of Philip, was im- 
prisoned and murdered here. Liv. 40, 24-. 45, 29. 

-Trachinia, a city oi Thessaly, founded by the 

Lacedaemonians, and a colony from Trachin, 
about 426 B. C, in the sixth year of the Peloi'on- 
nesian war. It was distant about sixty stadia 
from Thermopylte, and twenty from the sea. 
Jason, tyrant of Pherag, took possession of this 
city at one period, and caused the walls to be 
pulled down. Heraclea, however, again rose 
from its ruins, and became a flourishing city under 
the >S;tolians, who sometimes^ield their general 
council within its walls. It was taken by the 
Roman consul, Acilius Glabrio, after a long and 
obstinate siege. Sir W. Gell observed the ves- 
tiges of thia city on a high flat, on the foot of 
mount CEta. Thucyd. 3, 92.—Xen. Hist. Gr. 6, 

4, 27 Liv. 37, 24.— Hm. 4, 7. Pontica, a city 

on the coast of Bithynia, about twelve stadia 
from the river Lycus. It was founded by the 
Megareans, who were joined by some Boeotians 
from Tanagra. It was celebrated for its naval 
power, and its consequence among the Asiatic 

states. It is now Erekli. A city of Ionia, near 

mount Latmus, lUO stadia from Pyrrha, and 
rather more from Miletus. It had a port on the 
Sinus Latmicus. Its site answers nearly to that 

of the village of Ovfa Bafi. Strab. 14. or He- 

raeleopolis Magna, a city of Egypt, in the Hera- 
cleotic nome, remarkable for the adoration which 

was paid there to the ichneumon. Strab. 17. 

or Heracleopolis Parva, a city of Egypt, south- 
west of Pelusium, within the limits of the Delta. 

Heracleia, a festival at Athens, celebrated 
every fifih year, in honour of Hercules. The 
Thisbians and Thebans in Bceotia observed a 
festival of the same name, in which they offered 
apples to the god. This custom of offering ap- 
ples arose from this: It was always usual to olfer 
sheep, but the overflowing of tlie river Asopus 
prevented the votaries of tiie god from observing 
it with the aiMjient ceremony; and as the word 
ti7)\ovt signifies both an apple and a sheep, some 
youths, acquainted with the ambiguity of the 
word, offered apples to the god, with much sport 
and festivity. To represent the sheep, they 
raised an apple upon four sticks as the legs, and 
two more were placed at the top to represent the 
horns of the victim. Hercules was delighted with 
the ingenuity of the youths, and the festivals were 
ever continued with the offering of apples. Pol- 
lux. 8, 9 There was also a festival at Sicyon in 
honour of Hercules. It continued two days, the 

first was called ovofj-aras, the second T;pa«Xeta. 

At a festival of the same name at Cos, the priest 
officiated with a mitre on his head, and in woman's 

apparel. At Lindus, a solemnity of the same 

name was also observed, and at the celebration 
nothing was heard but execrations and profane 
words, and whosoever accidentally dropped any 
other words, was accused of having profaned the 
sacred rites. . 

Heracleotes, a surname of Dionyfius the 

philosopher. A philosopher of Heraclea, who, 

like his master Zeno, and all the Stoics, firmly 
believed that pain was not an evil. A severe ill- 
ness, attended wi^ the most acute pains, obliged 



him to renounce his principles, and at the satr.e 
time the philosophy of liie Stoics, about 264 years 
before the Christian era. He became afterwards 
one of the Cyrenaic sect, which placed the sum- 
mum bonum in pleasure. He wrc.te some poe- 
try, and chiefly treatises of philosophy. Diog. 
in vit. 

Heracleum, a town of Macedonia, half way 
between Dium and Tempe. It probably answers 
to the present Litochcii. Liv. 44, H-. A pro- 
montory of Fontus, now Tscherschembi. A city 

of Pontus, SbO stadia from the mouth of the Iris. 

Arrian. Peripl. A city on the northern coast 

of Crete; north of Cnossus, of which it was the 
harbour. The modern Carapinna agrees with 
it. Strab. ^Q.—Plin. 4, 12. 

HERACLiDiE, the descendants of Hercules, 
greatly celebrated in ancient history. Hercules 
at his death, left to his son Hyllus all the rights 
and claims which he had upon the Peloponnesus, 
and ptvmitted him to marry lole, as soon as he 
came of age. The posterity of Hercules were 
not more kindly treated by Eurystlieus, than 
their father had been, and they were obliged to 
retire for protection to the court of Ceyx, kinjr of 
Trachinia. Eurystheus pursued them tliither; 
and Ceyx, afraid of his resentment, begged the 
HeracUdae to depart from his dominions. From 
Trachinia they came to Athens, where Theseus 
the king of the country, who had accompanied 
their father in some of his expeditions, received 
them with great humanity, and assisted them 
against their common enemy, Eurystheus. Eu- 
rystheus was killed by the hand of Hyllus him- 
self, and his children perished with him, and all 
the cities of the Peloponnesus became the undis- 
puted property of the Heraclidid. Their triumph, 
however, was short, their numbers were lessened 
by a pestilence, and the oracle informed them 
that they had taken possession of the Pelopon- 
nesus, before the gods permitted their return. 
Upon this, they abandoned Peloponnesus, and 
came to settle in the territories of the Athenians, 
where Hyllus, obedient to his father's commands, 
married lole, the daughter of Eurytus. Soon 
after, he consulted the oracle, anxious to recover 
the Peloponnesus, and the ambiguity of the an- 
swer determined him to make a second attempt. 
He challenged to single combat Atreus, the suc- 
cessor of Eurystheus on the throne of Mycens, 
and it was mutually agreed that the undisturbed 
possession of the Peloponnesus should be ceded 
to whosoever defeated his adversary. Echemm 
accepted the challenge for Atreus, and Hyllus 
was killed, and the Heraclidae a second time de- 
parted from Peloponnesus. Cleodgeus the son of 
Hyllus, made a third attempt, and was equally 
unsuccessful, and his son Aristomachus some 
tirne after metwith'the same unfavourable re- 
ception, and perished in the field of battle. 
Aristodemus, Tenienus, and Cresphontes, the 
three sons of Aristomachus, encouraged by the 
more expressive and less ambiguous word of an 
oracle, and desirous to revenge the death of their 
progenitors, assembled a numerous force, and 
with a fleet invaded all Peloponnesus. Their 
expedition v/as attended with success, and after 
some decisive battles they became masters of all 
the peninsula, which they divided among them- 
selves two years after. The recovery of the Pe- 
loponnesus by the descendants of Hercules forms 
an intere ting epoch in ancient history, wliich is 
universally believed to have happened eijihty 
years after the Trojan war, or 1104 yeais before 



HER 



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the Christian era. This conquest was totally 
achieved about 1:20 years after the first attempt 
of Hyllus. ApoUod. 2, 7, &iQ. — Herod. 9, 26.— 

Pam. 1, \1. — Paierc J, 2 Thucyd. 1, 12, &c,— 

Dtod. 1, 8cc. — A)L<tot. de Rep 7, 17 

Heraclides, a philo.-o.iher of Ileraclea in 
Pontus, for some time disciple of Speusippus and 
Aristotle. He wished it to be believed that he 
was carried into heaven the very day of his death, 
and the more firmly to render it credible, he 
begged one of his friends to put a serpent in his 
b -J. Tlie serpent d!sappoia:ed him, and the 
noise which the number of visitors occasioned, 
Irishtened him from the bed, before the philoso- 
piier had expired. He lived about 335 years beiore 
tlieChrisiian era. Cic.Tv.sc. o. ad Quint. d. — Diog. 

in Pxjlh. A Syracusan of iiigh birth, who united 

niniielf to Dion, for the purpose of overthrowing 
the younger Dionysius. He was appointed ad- 
miral through the influence of Dion, but abused 
his power in corrupting the people, and in en- 
couraging a spirit of mutiny and dissatisfaction. 
After various instances of lenity and forgiveness 
on the part of Dion, towards this individual, the 
friends of the former, finding that as long as He- 
raclides existed, his turbulent and factious spirit 
vs-ould produce disorder in the state, broke into 
his house and put him to death. Piut, Vit 

Dion. An individual who governed Syracuse 

along with Asathocles and Sosicrates, B.'C. 3J7. 

A son of Agathocles, slain by his father's 

soldiers. Justin. 2'2, 5. Commander of the 

garrison sent to Athens by Demetrius, after his 

capture of that city. A young Syracusan of 

high birth, who brought on the naval conflict in 
which the Svracusaus were completeiv victorious 
over the Athenians, B. C. 414. Pint. Vit. Xic. 

A native of Tarentum, celebrated (or his 

medical knowledge. He wrote on the Materia 
Medica, on poisons, and on the virtues of plants. 
His works are lost. A Greek architect, a na- 
tive of Tarentum, in the time of Philip, the 
father of Perseus, king of Macedon. This { rince 
being at war with the Rhodians, Heraclides pro- 
mised him that he would destroy their fleet. In 
order to accomplish this, he feisned to be a fugi- 
tive from Philip, and took re^aae in Rhodes. 
He found means upon this of setting fire to all the 
shipping in the port. A Greek pain-er, who 
^^ved under Perseus of Macedon. After the over- 
ih-ow of this monarch, he fled to Athens, and 
' sere continued to exercise his ait. 

ilERACLlTCS. a native of Ephesus, whoflour- 
isiied about the ^i.x^y-;linth olympiad. He dis- 
covered an early attention to intellectual studies, 
and was initiated into the mysteries of the Py- 
thagorean d. ctrine by Xenophanes and Hippa- 
sus, wliich he afterwards incorporated into his 
own sys:em. His fellow-citizens solicited him 
to undertake the supreme magistracy, but on ac- 
count of their dissolute manners, he declined it 
in lavour of his brother. His natural temper 
being splenetic and meiancholy, he despised the 
i-iiiorance and follies of mankind, shunned all 
]iublic intercourse, and devoted himself to re- 
tirement and contemplation. He made choice of 
a nioun ainous retK'ut r>r his residence, and 
lived upon the natural produce of the earth; the 
result of which diet and manner of life was a 
dropsy, that terminated his hie about the sixtieth 
year of his age. Of HeracHtus. it has been said, 
that he was perpetually shedding tears on ac- 
count (>f the vices (»f mankind, but the story is 
prob.ibly as little founded a;> thatof th(> perpt ti.al 



laughing of Democritus. It is usual, however, 
to call the former the crying the latter the 
laughing philosopher. Heraclitus wrote a treat- 
ise On Nature," of «hich only a few fragments 
remain. Diog. in vita. 

HER^A, a town of Arcadia, on the right bank 
of the Alpheus, and near the frontiers of Elis, 
which frequently disputed its possession with 
Arcadia. Its site is now occupied by the villa^ie 

of Agiani. Xen. Hist. Gr. 6, 5, 2L Festivals 

at Argos in honour of Juno, ho was the patro- 
ness of that city. They were also observed by 
the colonies of" the Argives which had been 
planted at Samos and ^gina. There were al- 
ways two processions to the temple of the god- 
dess without the city walls. The first was of the 
men in armour, the second of the women, among 
w hom the priestess, a wcman of the first quality, 
was drawn in a chariot by w hite oxen. The Ar- 
gives always reckoned their yf-ars from her 
priesthood, as the Athenians from their archons, 
and the Romans from their consuls. When they 
came to the temple of the g-u less they offered a 
hecatomb of oxen. Hence the sacrifice is often 
called ixarofi^oKx, and sometimes 'Xex^pva, from 
>.exo^> « tec?, because Juno presided over mar- 
riages, births, &c. Tiiere was a festival of the 
same name in Eiis, celebrated every fifth year, 
in which sixteen matrons wove a garmentfor the 

goddess. There were also others instituted by 

Hippodamia, who had received assistance from 
Juno when she married Pelops. Sixteen ma- 
trons, each attended by a maid, presided at the 
celebration. The contenders were young vir- 
gins, who being divided in clas e.'?, according to 
' their age, ran races each in their order, begin- 
ning with the youngest. The habit of all was 
exactly the same, their hair was dishevelled, and 
their right shoulder bare to the breast, with coats 
reaching no lower than the knee. She who ob- 
tained the victory ^^as re\\ arded with crowns of 
olives, and obtained a part of the ox that was of- 
fered in sacrifice, and was permitted to dedicate 

her picture to the goddess. There was also af 

solemn day of mourning at Corinth which bore 
the same name, in commemoration of Medea's 
children, who were buried in Juno's temple. 
They had been slain by the Corinthians; who, as 
it is reported, to avert tlie scandal which accom- 
pan ed so barbarous a murder, presented Euri- 
pides with a large sum of money to wiite a play, 
in which Medea is represented as the murderer 

of her children. Another festival of the same 

name at Pallene, with games in which the victor 
was rewarded " ith a gaimeut. 

Hek^i Months, a chain of mountains at the 
north of Sicily. Diod. 14. 

Her.i;u>i, a temple and grove of Juno, situpJe 
about forty stadia from Argos, and ten from My- 
cenas. It was embellished with a lofty statue 0£ 
Juno, made of ivory and gold, a golden peacock, 
enriched with precious stones, and ether orna- 
ments. Another, in the islard of S.imcs, con- 
structed by Rhcecus, the son of Philaus, who. 
with Theodorus of Samos, invented the art ot 
making moulds of claj'. 

Herbesscs, a town of Sicily, at the north of 
Agrijientum, built bv a Phoenician or Carthagin- 
ian col. ny. Sil. 14, 265. 

IlERBlTA. an inland town of Sicilv. Cic. 
Verr 2, 6 43, 32. 

Herceius, an epithet given to Jupiter. Ovid, 
lb. 2E6.~ Lucan 9, 979. 

Herculanea Via, a mound raised between 



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331 



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the Lucrine lake and the sea, called also Hercu- 
leum iter. Sil. 12, J 16. 

Herculankum, or Herculanum, a city 
of Campania, on the coast, and not far from Ne- 
apolis. It is said to have been founded by Her- 
cules, and, according to Strabo, it belonged suc- 
cessively to the Osci, the Tyrrheni, the Pelasgi, 
and the Samnites. The Romans appear to have 
gained permanent possession of the surrounding 
territory, about 293 years before the Christian 
era; and it appears, from an inscription in hon- 
our of Lucius Manutius Cimcessanus, which was 
discovered in the neighbourhood, that it w as made 
a Roman colony. According to the received 
opinion, this city was over-A helmed by an erup- 
tion of Vesuvius, in the first year of the reign of 
Titus, A. D. 79. Pompeii, which stood near, 
shared the same fate. After being buried for 
more than 1600 years, these cities were acciden- 
tally discovered: Herculaneum in 1713, by la- 
bourers digging foi" a well; and Pompeii forty 
years after. It appears that Herculaneum is in 
no par: less than seventy feet, and in some parts 
112 feet below the surface of the ground, while 
Pompeii is buried ten or twelve feet deep, more or 
less. Sir William Hamilton thinks, that the 
m.atter which covers the city of Herculaneum is 
not the produce of one eruption only, but that 
the matter of six eruptions has taken its cour^e 
over that which lies immediately above the town, 
and which was the cause of its destructicin. Many 
valuable remains of antiquity, such as statues, 
paintings, m.anuscripts, &c., have been recov- 
ered from the ruins of this ancient city, and form 
the most curinus museum in the world. They 
are all preserved at Portici, and the engravings 
taken from them have been munificently pre- 
sented to the principal public libraries of Europe. 
The plan, also, of many of the public buildings, 
has been laid out, and especially that of the thea- 
tre. Cic. ad Att. 7, ^. — Dion. Hal. 1, Ai.—Strah. 
5. — 3/eZa, 2, ^.— Senec. Nat. Q. 6, 1. 

Hekclles, a celebrated hero, who, after 
death, was ranked among the gods, and received 
divine humours. According to the ancients tliere 
were many persons of the same name. Diodorus 
mentions three, Cicero six, and some authors ex- 
tend the number to no less than forty-three. Of 
all these the son of Jupiter and Alcmtna, gen- 
erally called the Theban, is the most celebrated, 
and to him, as may easily be imagined, the ac- 
tions of the others have been attributed. The 
birth of Hercules was attended with many mir- 
aculous and supernatural events : and it is re- 
ported that Jupiter, who introduced himself to 
the bed of Alcmena, was ennployed for three 
nights in forming a child whom he intended to be 
the greatest hero the world ever beheld. {Vid. 
Alcmena.) Hercules was brought up at Tiryn- 
thus ; or, according to Diodorus, at Thebes, and 
before he had completed his eighth month, the 
jealousy of Juno, intent upon his destruction, 
sent two snakes to devour him. The child, not 
terrified at the sight of the serpents, boldly seized 
them in both his hands and squeezed them to 
death, while his brother Iphicius alarmed the 
house with his frightful shrieks. (^Vid. Iphicius.) 
He was early instructed in the liberal arts, and 
Castor the son of Tyndarus, taught him hov.' to 
fight, Eurytus how to shoot with a bow and 
arrows, Autolycus to drive a chariot, Linus to 
play on the lyre, and Eumolpus to sing. He, 
like the rest of his illustrious contemporaries, 
soon after becatue 'h^ j upil of the centaur Chiron, 



and under him he perfected and n ndrred him- 
self the nio.st valiant and accomplished of the 
age. In the eighteenth year of tiis age he resolv- 
ed to deliver the neighbourhood of mount Cith- 
£eron trom a huge lion which preyed on the flocks 
of Amphitryon, his .supposed father ; and wl-.ich 
laid waste the adjacent country. He went lo the 
court of Thespius, king of Thespis, w ho shared 
in the general calamity, and he received there a 
tender treatment, anil was entertained during 
fifty days. The fifty daughters of the king be- 
came all mothers by Hercules, during his stay at 
Thespis, and some say that it was effected in 
one night. Alter he had destroyed the lion of 
mount Cith3Br(;n, he delivered his country from 
the annual tribute of an hundred oxen which it 
paid to Erginus. {Vid. Erginus.) Such public 
services became universally known, and Creon, 
who then sat on the throne of Thebes, rewarded 
the patriotic deeds of Hercules by giving him his 
daughter in marriage, and intrusting him witn 
the government of his kingdom. As Hercules by 
the will of Jupiter was subjected to the power of 
Eurystheus, {lid. Eurystheus,) and obliged to 
obey him in every respect, Eurystheus, acquaint- 
ed with his successf s and rising power, ordered 
him to appear at Mycenae and perform the la- 
bours which by priority of birth he was empower- 
ed to impose upon him. Hercules refused, and 
Juno, to punish his disobeiiience, rendered h^m 
so delirious that he killed his own children by 
Megara, supposing them to be the offspring c'f 
Eurystheus. (^Vid. Megara.) When he recov- 
ered the use of his senses, he was so struck with 
the misfortunes which had proceeded from his 
insanity, that he concealed himself and retired 
from the society of men for some time. He after- 
wards consulted ihe oracle of Apfdlo, and was 
tcdd that he must be subservient lor twelve jears 
to the will of Eorj stheus, in compliance w.th 
the commands of Jupiter ; and thi.t, after he had 
achieved the most celebrated labours, he should 
be reckoned in the num.be r of the gods. So plain 
and expressive an answ er determined him to go 
to Mycenae, and to bear with fortitude whatevf r 
gods or men imposed on him. Eurystheus see- 
ing so great a man totally subjected to him, and 
apprehensive of so powerful an enemy, com- 
manded him to achieve a number of enterprises 
the most difficult and arduous ever known, gen- 
erally called the twelve labours of Hercules. 
The favours of the gods had completely armed 
him when he undertook his labours. He had 
received a coat of arms and helmet from Minciva, 
a sword from Mercury, a horse from Nepturp, a 
shield from Jupiter, a bow and arrows from A) ol- 
io, and from Vulcan a golden cuirass and bi ; i-cn 
buskins, with a celebrated club of brass accoulu g 
to the opinion of some writers, but more gener. 
allv supposed to be ofwoi d, and cut bv the 1.; ro 

himself in the forest of Nem,a;a. " The fiibt 

labour imposed upon Hercules by Eurjstlieos, 
Mas to kill the lion of Nemrca, which ravaged 
the country near Mycenae. The hero, unable lo 
fh.stroy him with his arrows, boldly attacketl I im 
v\ith his clul). pursued him to his den, and afier 
a close ar;d sharp engagement he choki d him 
to death. He carried the dead beast on his 
shoulders to Mycenas, and ever after clothed hini- 
self with ti;e skin. Eurystheus was so astonished 
at ihe sight of the beast, and at the c^ \l':'-^■ (,f 
Hercules, that he orciered him never to omi r ti.e 
gates of the city when he retuinc-d from i:;- < x- 
poditions, but to wait fur his oiders witliuut ihe 



KIiR 



HER 



T«a.b.. Ill' even made him5>?if a brazen vessel 
i'.Uo v\aic:i lie retired whenever Heroiiles return- 
ed. The second labour of Hercules was to 

destroy the Lenwean hydra, which had seven 
heads according to ApoUodorus, fifty according 
to Sinionid&j, and a hundred according to Diod- 
oni.s. This celebrated mwTst^r he attacked with 
his arrows, anJ sjon after he came to a close en- 
jra^einent, and by means of his heavy club he 
destroyed the heads ot his enemy. But this was 
productive of no advantage, for as soon as one 
head was beaten to pieces by the club, imme- 
di,it«ly two sprang up, and the labour of Her- 
cules would have remained unfinished had he 
not commanded his friend lolas to burn, wi;h a 
hot iron, the r<x)t of the head whioli he had 
crushed to pieces. This succeeded, (r«cZ. Hydra,) 
and Hercules bccam.e victorious, opened the 
belly of the monster, and dipped his arrows in 
the gall to render the wounds which he gave 

fatal and incurable. He was ordered in his 

third labour to bring alive and unhurt into the 
presence of Eurystheus, a stag, famous for its 
incredible swiftness, its golden horns, and brazen 
feet, Tnis celebrated animal frequented the 
neighb urhood of CEiioe, and Hercules was em- 
ployed for a whole year in continually pursuing 
it, and at last he cailght it in a trap, or when tired, 
or according to others, by sligh ly wounding it 
and lessening its swiftness. As he returned vie 
torious, Diana snatched the stag from him, and 
severely reprimanded him for molesting an ani- 
mal which was sacred to her. Hercules pleaded 
necessity, and by reiiresenting the commaxKls of 
Eurysiheus, he appeased the goddess and obtained 

the beast. The fourth labour was to bring 

alive to Eurvstheus a wild boar which ravaged 
the neighbourhood of Erymanthus. In this ex- 
pedition he destroyed the centaurs, {Vid. Cen- 
tauri,) and caught the boar by closely pursuing 
him through the deep snow. Eurystheus «as 
so frightened at the sight of the boar, that, ac- 
cording to Diodorus, he hid himself in his 

brazen ves>;el for some days. In his 

fifth labour Hercules was ordered to clean the 
stables of Augias, where 3i'i;0 oxen had been 

confined for many years. {Vid. Augias.) For 

his sixth labour he was ordered to kill the car- 
nivorous birds which ravaged the country near 
the lake Stymphalis in Arcadia, {Vid, Stym- 

ph;ilis.) In his seventh l.'ibour he brought 

alive into Pelopo^mesus a prodigious wild bull 

which laid waste the island of Crete. In his 

eighth labour h" was employed in obtaining the 
mares of Diomedes, which fed upon human flesh. 
He killed Diomedes, and gave him to be eaten 
by his mares, which he brought to Eurystheus. 
Tiiey were sent to mount Olympus by the king 
of Mycenffi, where they were devoured by the 
wild beasts; or, according to others, they were 
c.-nsecrated to Jupiter, and their breed still ex- 

i.-^ted in the age of Alexa.nder the Great. For 

his ninth labour, he was commanded to obtain 
the girdle of the queen of the Amazons. {Vid. 

Hippolyte.> In his tenth labour he killed the 

monster Geryon, king of Gades, and brought to 
Argos his nuinerons flocks which fed upon hu- 
man flesh. {Vil. Geryon.) Tne eleventh la- 
bour was to obtain anples from tlie garden of the 

Ilesperides. {Vid. Hesperides.) The twelfth 

and last, and most dar^jerous of his labours, was 
to brin^ upon eat th the three-headed diw Oer- 
bf rus. This was cheerfully undertaken by Her- 
cules, and he de-cended into bell by a cave on 



mount Tx-narus. lie w a.s permitted by Pluto to 
c-arry away his fiiends Theseus and Puir.lious, 
who were condemned to punishment in heii; and 
Cerberus also was granleKl to his prayers, pro- 
vided he made use of no arms but only force to 
drag him away, Hercules, as some report, car- 
ried him back to hell, after he had brought him 
before Eurystheus. Besides these arduous la- 
bours, which the jealousy of Eurystheus imposed 
upon him, he also achieved otiiers ut his own ac- 
cord equally great and ceiebraced. {Vid. Cacus, 
Ant«us, Bu.-^iris, Er\x, &c.) He accon<panietl 
the Argonauts to Colchis before he delivered 
himself up the king of Mycenae. He assisted 
the gods in their wars against the gian'.s, and it 
wasi through him alone that Jupiter obtained a 
victory. {Vid. Gigantes.) Re conquered Lao- 
modon, and piiUiied Truy. {Vid. Laomedon ) 
When lole, tiie daughter of Eurytus, king of 
CEehalia, of « horn he was deeply enamoured, was 
refused tx) his entreaties, he bec.mie the prey of 
a second fit of insanity, and he murdered Iphi- 
tus, the only one of the sons of Eurytus who fa- 
voured his addresses to lole. {Vid. Iphitus.) 
He was some time alter purified of the murcer, 
and his insanity ceased, but the gods persecuted 
him more, and hewa; visited by a disur-Jer 
which obliged him to apply to the oracle of Di l- 
phi for relief. The coldness with which the Py- 
thia received him irritated him, and he resolved 
to plunder Apollo's temple, and carry away the 
sacred tripod. AiwUo opposed him, and a severe 
conflict w as begim, which nothing but the inter- 
ference of Jupiter with his thunderbolts could 
have prevented. He was upon this told by ihe 
, oracle that he must be sold as a slave, and remain 
three years in the moit abject servitude to receiver 
from his disorder. He complied; and Mercury by 
order of Jupiter.conductedhim to Omphale, queen 
of Lydia, to whom he was sold as a slave. Here 
he cleared all the country from robbers; and Om- 
phale, who was astonished at the greatness of his 
exploits, restored him to liberty, and married 
him. Hercules had Agilaus, and Lamon, ac- 
cording to others, by Omphale, from whom Croe- 
sus king of Lydia was descended. He became 
also enamoured of one of Oniphale's female ser- 
vants, by whom he had Alceus. After he had 
completed the years of his slavery, he returned' 
to Peloponnesus, where he re-established on the 
throne of Sparta, Tyndarus, who had been expel- 
led by Hippocoon. He became one of Dejanira's 
suitors, and married her, after he had overcome 
alibis rivals. {Vid. Achelo\is.) He was obliged 
to leave Calydon, his father-in-law's kingdom, 
because he had inadvertently killed a man with 
a blow of his fist, and it was on account of this 
expulsion that he was not present at ihe hunting 
of the Calydf.nian boar. From Calydon he re- 
tired to the court of Ceyx, king of Trachinia In 
his w ay he was stopped by the sw ollen >tre.ims of 
the E'- enus, where the centaur Nes-:us attempted 
to offer violence to Dejanira, under the perfidi- 
ous pretence of convening her over the river. 
Hercules perceived the distress of Dejanira, and 
killed the cent.iur, who as he expired gave her a 
tunic which as he observed had the power of re- 
calling a husband from unlawful love {Vid. 
Dejanira.) Ceyx, king of Trachini i, received 
him a.nd his wife w ith great marks of friendship, 
and purified him of tlie nmrder which he had 
committed at Calydon. Hercules was still mind- 
ful that he bad once bt en refused the harni of 
lole, he Uierefurc made wax against her father 



HER 



3S3 



HER 



F.urytu', and killed him with three of his sons. 
I'.le loll into the hands of her father's troirdprer, 
R'-d fovind that she was loved bv Herciiles as 
much as before. She accompanied him t ) nioujit 
G^'a, where he was going to raise an altar and 
offfr a eolemn sacrifice to Jurjter. As lie iiJid 
not then the tunic in which he arrayed himself to 
offi^r a sacrifice, he s-ent Lichas to Dejmir.a in 
order to provide himjelf a proper dress, pe- 
janira, informed of her husband's tender attach- 
ment to lole, sent him a philter, or, more pro- 
bably the tunic which she had received from Nes- 
sus, and Hercules as soon as he had put it on, fell 
into a desperate distemper, and found the poist;n 
of the Lernasan hydra penetrate tiirough his 
bones. He attempted to pull off the faral drcs^. 
but it was too late, and in the midst of his pains 
and tortures, he inveighed in the most bitter in . 
p.recations against the credulous Dejanira, the 
cruelty of Eurystheus, and the jealousy and ha- 
tred of JunoJ (As the distemper was incurable, 
he implored the prta-ction of Jupiter, and gave 
his b.iw and arrows to Phdoctetes, and erected a 
large burning pile on the top of mount CEta. He 
spread on the pile the i-k'\n of the Nemasan lion, 
and laid himself down upon it as on a bed, leaning 
his head on his club. Philoctetes, or according to 
others, Pa;an or Hyllus, was ordered to set ^re 
to the pile, and the hero saw himself on a sud- 
den surrounded with the flames, without betray- 
ing any marks of fear or astonishment. Jupiter 
saw him from heaven, and told to the surround- 
ing gods that he would raise to the skies the im- 
mortal parts of a hero who had cleared the earth 
from so many monsters and tyrants. The gods 
applauded Jupiter's resolution, the burning pile 
■was suddenly surrounded with a dark smoke, and 
after the mortal parts of Hercules were consum- 
ed, he was carried up to heaven in a chariot 
drawn by four horses. Some loud claps of thun- 
der accompanied his elevation, and his friends 
unable to find either his bones or ashes, showed 
their gratitude to his memory by raising an altar 
where the burning pile had stood. Mencetius, 
the son of Actor, offered him the sacrifice of a 
uU, a wild boar, and a goat, and enjoined the 
people of Opus yearly to observe the same reli- 
gious ceremonies. His worship soon became as 
universal as his fame, and Juno, who had once 
persecuted him with such inveterate fury, forgot 
her jesentment, and gave him her daughter Hebe 
in marriage. Hercules has received many sur- 
names and epithets, either from the place where 
his worship was established, or from the labours 
which he achieved. His temples were numerous 
and magnificent, and his divinity revered. No 
dozs or flies ever entered his temple at Rome, 
ana that of Gades, according to Strabo, was al- 
ways forbidden to women and pigs. The Phoeni- 
cians offered quails on his altars, and as it was 
gupposed that he presided over dreams, the sick 
and infirm were sent to sleep in his temples, that 
they might receive in their dreams the agreeable 
presages of their approaching recovery. The 
white poplar was particularly dedicated to his 
service. Hercules is gpnerally represented naked, 
with strong and well-proportioned limbs ; he is 
sometimes covered with the skin of the Nemajan 
lion, and holds a knotted club in his hand, on 
which he often leans. Sometimes he appears 
crowned with the leaves of the poplar, and hold- 
ing the horn of plenty under his arm. At other 
times he is represented standing with Cupid, who 
insolently breaks to pieces his arrows and his 



I club, to intimate the passion of lore in the hern, 
! who suffered himself to h>^ beaten and ridicult-d 
: by Omphale, 'Aho dretsed herself in his armour, 
I «hiie he was sitting to spm with her female ser- 
vants. The children of Hercules are as numer- 
ous as the labours and difficulties which he im- 
derwent, and indeed they became so powerful 
so!>n after his death, that they alone had the 
courage to invade all Peloponnesus. {Vid. Ke- 
raclid^.) He was father of Delcoon and Theri- 
maciius, by Megara; of Ctesippus. by Astvdamia; 
of Palemon, by Autonoe; of Everes \i\ Parthen- 
ope ; of Glycisonetes, Gyneu-^, acd Odites, by 
Dejanira; of Thessalus, by Chalciopo; of Tf.es- 
talus, by Epicaste; of Tlepolemus, by Astyoche; 
of Agathyrsus, Gelon, and Scytha, by Echidna, 
&c. Such a/e the most striking characteristics 
of the life of Hercules, who is said to have sup- 
ported for a V. hilp the weight of the heavens upon 
his shoulders, (A'^fi/. Ali."i>), andtohave .separated 
by the force of his arm the celehra-*-d mountains 
which were afterwards called the b(.undaries of 
his labours. {Fid. Abyla.) He is held out by 
the ancients as a true pattern of virtue and 
piety, and as his whole lile had been employed 
for the common benefit of mankind, he was de- 
servedly rewarded with immortality. His judi- 
cious choice of virtue in preference to pleasure, 
as described by Xennphon, is .well. known. Her- 
cules, according to the theory of Dupuis and 
others, is no other than the sun, and his^^twelve 
labours are only a figurative representation of 
the annual course of that luminary through the 
signs of the zodiac. He is the powerful planet 
w hich animates p.nd imparts fecundity to the uni- 
verse, whose divinity "has been honoured in every 
quarter by temples and altars, and consecrated 
in the religious strains of all nations. From 
Meroe, in Ethiopia, and Thebes, in Upper Egypt, 
even to Britain, and the icy regions of Scythia; 
from the ancient Taprgbana and Palibothra, in 
India, to Cadiz and the shores of the Atlantic; 
from the forests of Germany, to the burning 
sands of Africa; every where, in short, where the 
benefits of the luminary of day are experienced, 
there w e find established the name and worship 
of a Hercules. Many ages before the period 
when Alcmena is said to have lived, and the 
pretended Tirynthian hero to have performed his 
wonderful exploits, Egypt and Piioeiiicia, which 
certainly did not borrow their divmities from 
Greece, had raised templet.to the sim. under the 
name of Hercules, and had carried his worship 
to the isle of Thasos, and to Gades. Here was 
consecrated a temple to the year, and to the 
months w hich divided it into tw elve parts, that i.s, 
to the twelve labours or^victories which conduct- 
ed Hercules to immortality. It is under tlie 
name of H-rcules Astrochyton (^korpoxiruiv'), (.r, 
the god clothed with a mantle of stars that the 
poet Nonnus designates the sun, adored by the 
Tyrians. He is the same god," observes the 
poet, "whom different nations adore, under a 
multitude of different names : Belus on the 
banks of the Euphrates, Amnion in Libya, Apis 
at Memphis, Saturn in .^rabia, Jupiter in Assy- 
ria. Serapis in Egypt. Helios among the Baby 
lonians, Apo'lo at Delphi, .(Escul pins througli 
cut Greece." &e. Martianus C.;pella. in hi> 
hymn to the Sun, as also Auscnius, .-md Macro 
bins, confirm the fact of this muliipl city of 
names given to a sir.gle star. The Egyptians, 
according to Plutarch, thought that Hercules 
ha<\ his seat in the Suu, and that he travelled 



HER 



HER 



with it arouud the moon. The author of the 
hytr.iK ascribed to Orpheus, fixes still mure 
strongly the identity of Hercules with the Sun. 
He calls Hercules " the god who produced time, 
whose forms vary, the lather of all things, and 
deftroyer of all. He is the god who brings back 
by turns Aurora a.nd the night, and who, rnoving 
onwards from east to west, runs through the ca- 
reer Of his twelve labours, the valiant Titan, 
vho chases away m.ilai'ies, and delivers man 
from the evils which afflict him.'" The Phoeni- 
cians, it is said, preserved a tradition among 
them that Hercules was the Sun. and that his 
twelve labours indicated the sun's passage 
through the twelve signs. Porj^hyry, who was 
b.)rn in Phoenicia, assures us that tliey there 
gave the naniL' of Hercules to the sun, and that 
the fable of the twelve labours repre.- en ts the 
sun's annual patn in the heavens. In like man- 
ner the scholiast o iKesiod remarks," the zodiac, 
in which the sun performs his annual course, is 
the true career which Hercules traverses in the 
fable of the twelve labours; and his marriage with 
Hebe, the goddess of youth, whom he espoused 
alter he had end>:d his labours, denotes the renew- 
al of the year at the end of each solar revolution." 
Among the different epochs at which the year in 
ancient times commenced among different na- 
tions, that of the summer solstice was one of the 
m.-ift remarkable. It was at this period that the 
Gr:'t-ks fixed the celebration of their Olympic 
garj-.ei, the establishment of which is attributed 
to Hercules. It was the origin of the most an- 
cient era of the Greeks. If we fix from tl)is point 
the departure of the sun on his annual career, 
and c 'rapare the progress of that luminary 
through the signs of the zodiac wiih the twelve 
labours of Hercules in the order in which they 
are sometimes handed down to us, a very strik- 
ing coincidence is instantly observed. A few 
examples will be adduced. In the first month, 
the sun p.".SFe5 into the sign Leo; and in his first 
labour, Hercules slew the Neniaean lion. In the 
second month, the sun enters the sign Virgo, 
wiien the consteliation of the Hydra sets; and in 
his second labour, Hercules destr(<yed the Ler- 
nean hydra. In the third month, the sun enters 
the sign Libra, at the beginning of autumn, w hen 
the constellation of the centaur lises, represented 
as bearing a wir.e-skin full of liquor, and a thyr- 
sus adorned with vine leaves and grapes. At this 
same period, wh.it is termed by some astrono- 
mers the constella-ion of the boar rises in tlie 
evening; and in his third labour, Hercules, after 
b 'ing hospitably entertained by a centaur, en- 
countered snd slew the other centaurs who fought 
for a ca.sk of w ine: he slew also in this labour, 
the Erymanthian boar. In the fourth month, 
fhe sun enters the sign of Scorpio, when Cassio- 
peia rises, a c nstellation in which anciently a 
5ta2 was represen.ed; and in his fourth labour, 
Hercules caught the famous staa \sith golden 
norns and brazen feet. In the fifth month, the 
iun enters the sign Sagiltatius, consecrated to 
Diana, w ho had a temple at Stymph lus, in which 
were seen the birds called Stvmphalides. At this 
same time rise the three birds; namely, the con- 
stellations of the vulture, swan, and eagle pierced 
with the arrows of Hercules; and in his fifth la- 
bour, Hercules destrojed the harpies near lake 
^;tymphalu^, which are represented as three in 
number on the medals of Perinthus. In the 
sixth month, the sun passes into the sign Capri 
coriius, who was, according to some, a grandson 



of the luminary. At this period, the stream 
which flows from Aquarius sets; its source is be- 
tween the hands of Aristaeus, son of the river 
Peneus. In his sixth labour, Hercules cleansed, 
by means of the Peneus, the stables of Angias, 
I son of Phoebus. In the seventh month, the sun 
1 passes into the sign Aquarius. The constellatiuti 
i of the Lyre, or celestial vulture, now sets, which 
I is placed by the side of the constellation called 
I Prometheus, and at this same period the celestial 
bull, called the bull of Pasiphae, the bull of Ma- 
rathon, in fine, the bull of Europa, passes the 
meridian. In his seventh labour, Hercules 
brings alive into the Peloponnesus, a wild bull 
which laid waste the island of Crete. He slays 
also the vulture that preyed upon the liver of 
i Pronietheus. In the eighth month the sun en- 
' ters into the sign Pisces, when the celestial horse 
I rises in the morning, know n by the names of Pe- 
I gasus and Arion; and in his eighth labour, Her- 
j cules overcame and carried ( ff the horses of Dio- 
, mede. In the ninth month, the sun passes into 
! the sign Aries., sacred to Mars, a^d which all the 
ancient authors who have written on as'r;>nomy, 
make to be the same w ith the ram of the golden 
fleece. When the sun enters into this sign, the 
celestial ship, called Argo. ri?es in the evening. 
At this same period, Cassiopeia and Andromeda 
set. Andromeda is remarkable for many beau- 
tiful stars, one of which is called her girdle. 
Hyginus makes this girdle con.-ist of three stars. 
Aratus designates it particularly by the name of 
JTftj"?- Now, in his ninth labour, Hercules em- 
barked on board the ship Argo in quest of ttiC 
gohlen flt'Pce: he contends with the female war- 
riors, and takes from Hippolyte, their queen, the 
daughter of Mars, a famous girdle. He also res- 
cues Hesione from a sea monster, as Perseus did 
Andromeda. In the tenth month, the sun enters 
into the sign Taurus. The constellaiion of Ori- 
on, who was fabled to have pursued, through 
love, the Plei.-ides, or daughters of Atlas, now 
sets: the herdsman, or conductor of the oxen of 
Icarus, also sets; as does likewise the river Eri- 
danus. At this period too, the Pieiadt s rise, and 
i the she-goat fabled to have been the spouse of 
Faunus. Now, in his tenth labour, Hercules re- 
: stores to their father the seven Pleiades, whose 
\ beauty and wisdom had inspired with love Bu- 
i siris. king of Egypt, and who, wishing to become 
; master of their persons, bad sent pirates to carry 
I them off. He slew also Busiris, who is here 
] identical with Orion. In this same labour, he 
j bore away from Spain the oxen of Gerjon, and 
I arrived in Italy, where he oveicame Cacus, and 
j was h spiiably rtceived by Faunus. In the 
eleventh month, the sim passes into the sign of 
Gemini. This periled is marked by the setting of 
Procyon, and the cosmical rising of the dog-star. 
The constellation of the Swan ahso rises in the 
evening. In his eleventh labour, Hercules con- 
quers Cerberus, the dog of Hades. He triumphs 
also over Cycnus, (Swan), and at the very time 
too, according to Hesiod, when the dog-star be- 
gins to parch the fields, and the cicada announces 
the summer by its song. In the twelfth month, 
the sun enters the sign Cancer, the last of the 
twelve commencing with Leo. The constella- 
tions of the river and the centaur set, that of 
Hercules Ingenieulus also descent's tow ards the 
western regions, or those of Hesperia. folh w ed by 
the dragon of the pole, the guardian of the golden 
I ajjples of the Hesperides, whose head he crnsh«*s 
with his foot. In his twelfth labour, Ihrcules 



HER 



s:5 



KSR 



travelled to Ilp-speiia in quest of the golden fruit, 
guarded by the dragon. Alter tois, he-prepares to 
oilVrup asolemn sacriiice.andclothes himself with 
a robe dipped in the blood of the Centaur, whom 
he had slain in crossing a river. Tne robe takes 
tire.and the hero perishes amid the flames, but only 
to resume his youtii in the heavens, and become 
a partaker of immortality. The Centaur thus 
it rminates the mortal career of Hercules; and, in 
like manner, the new annual period commences 
W ith the passage of the sun into Leo, marked by 
a group of s;ars in the morning, which glitter 
l.Ke the flames that issued from the vestment of 
N<^ssus. Diod. 1 et ^.—Cic. de Nat. D. 3 16, ike. 

— ApcAlod. 1 el 2. -I'aus. 6, 3, 9 et IQ.— Hesiod. 
tn acut. Here. Sfc.-Hijgin. fah. 2ii, 32, &c. - 
Ol id. Met. 9, 23a &c. Her 9. Amor. Trist., ^c. 

— Homer. 11. 8, Sec. — Tiieocrit. 24. — Eurip. in 
Ilerc—Virg. Mn. 6. 294.— LucaJZ. 3 et 6.— Apol- 
lon. 2.—Dionjs. Hal. \.~S'.phod. in Trachin. — 
Fhd. in A)nphit. — Senec. in Here, furent. et (Et. 

— Fiin. 4, 6, 11, 8zc.~r;tilostr. Icon. 2, 5. — Heyod. 
1, 7. 2, 42, Quint. Smyrn. 6, 207, Sec— Cat- 
lim. Hymn, in Dian. Pindar. Olymp. od. 3. — 
Jtal. 1, 46±-Stat. Theb. 2, 564.- iV/c/a, 2, 1. - 
Luciin. Dial. — Lactant. de Jals. liel. — Strab. 3, 

Scc. — Horat. Od. iiat. &c. A son of Alexander 

the Great. A surname of the emperor Corn- 
modus, &e. 

HEKCULEUM, Promontorium, a promon- 
tory in the Brutcioium Ager, forming the most 
s>iulhern aogle of Italy to the east, now Capo 

Spartivento. Slrab. 6. Freium, a name given 

to the strait which forms the communication be- 
tween the Atlantic and Mediterranean. 

HkiicuLiEUS, one of Agrippina's murderers. 
Tacit. Ann. H, 8. 

HkrcClis, COLUMNiE. two lofty mountains, 
situate, one on the most southern extremities of 
Spain, and the other on the opposite part of 
Africa. They were called by the ancients Abyla 
and Calpe. They are reckoned the boundaries •i 
the labours ot Hercules, and, according to an- 
cient tradition, they were joined together till 
they were severed by the arm of the hero, and a 
communication opened between the Mediterra- 
nean and Atlantic seas. {Vid. Mediterraneum 
Mare.) Mela, I, 5. 2, Q.—Plin. 3, l.--Moncsci 
Portus, a town and harbour of Liguria, near Ni- 
c£ea. It is said t'> have been founded by Hercu- 
les, who had a temple here, and was hence called 
M(Mioecius. It is now Monaco. Slrab. 4. — Am. 

MarcelL '\o. — Lucan. 1, 4il5. Liburni, or La- 

bronis Portus, a sea-port town of Etruria, now 
Leghorn, or Livorno. Cic. ad Quinct. Fralr. 2, 

6. Portus, a harbour of Etruria, now Pojto d' 

Ercole. It was situate between Arminia and In- 
citaria. It was one of the principal stations for 
the Uoman fleets on the lower sea. Liv. 22, 11. 
3tl. 89. 

Hercyna, a nymph who accompanied Ceres 
as she travelled over the world. A river of Boe- 
otia bore her name. Pans. 9, 39. 

IlERCYNlA, or ORCYNIA SILVA, a vast forest 
of Germany, the breadtn of which, according lo 
Cajiar, was nine day.s' journey, while its length 
exceeded sixty. It extended from the territories 
of the Helvetii, Nemetes, and Rauraci. along the 
Danube to the country of the Daci and Anarfes. 
It is now cut do All in matiy places, and par- 
celled out into woods which go by particular 
names, as the Black Forext, «hich separates Al- 
sace from Swabia; the Steyger, in Franconia, the 
Spissard, on the .Mayn; the Thurini^er, in Thu- 



ringia; Hcusewald, in the duc-by of Clevos; the 
Bohemeruald, v^hich encompasses Bolu-niia, -md 
was in the middle ages called Hercynia Silva; 
and the Harts, in Lmienburgh. It is taid to 
have obtained its name from the German hart, 
high, or hartz, resin. Cccs. Bell. G. 6, 2i-—Mela, 
3, ■d.—Liv. 5, b\. — Tacit. G. 3(!. Ann. -i, 45. 

HerdonIa, a town of Apulia, south-east of 
Luceria, upon the road which leads from Bi ne- 
ventum to Canusium. It is now called Ordc/.d. 
Sil. Ital. 8, 569. 

HerdoNIUS, a man put to death by Tarquiti, 
because he had boldly spoken against him, in an 
assenibly, &c- 

Herea, a town of Arcadia on an eminence, 
the bottom of which was watered by the Alphe- 
us. It was built by Kerens son of Lycaon, and 
was said to produce a wine possessed of such 
unusual properties, as to give fecundity to 
women, and cause madness in m.en. /Siian. V, 
H. 13, (,.—Plin. 14, \d,.— Paus. 8, -li.-PtoL 3, 
IG. 

Herennius, Senecio, a native of Sp-ain, and 
a senator and quA^stor at Rome under Domitian. 
His contempt for public honours, his virtuous 
character, his admiration of Helvidius Priscus, 
whose life he wrote, rendered him odious to the 
emperor, and caused him to be accused of high 
treason. He was condemned to death, and his 
work burned by the public executioner. Tacit. 
Agric. d.—Plin. Ep. 3, 33. The father of Pon- 
tius the Samnite commander, who advised his 
son either to give freedom to the Romans en- 
snared at the Caudine pass, or to exterminate 

them all. Liv. 9, 1, &c.- Caius, a Roman, lo 

whom Cicero dedicates his treatise de Rhelorica, 

a work attributed by som.e lo Q Cornificius. 

A tril.une, by whom a law was proposed to adopt 
Clcdius among the plebeians. Cic. Att. 1, IS. 

Here us, a son of l.ycaon, who founded a city 
in Arcadia, called Herea. Paus 8, 24. 

Herijllus, a philosopher of Chalcodon, dis- 
ciple to Zeno. Diog. in Zen. — Cic. Acad. 4, 42. 
E'in. b, 2b. 

Herilus, a king of Praeneste, son of the 
nymph Feronia. As he had three lives, he was 
killed three times by Evander. Virg. Ain. c, 
563. 

Hermachus a native of Mitylene, successor 
and disciple of Epicurus, B. C. Z&l. Laert. 10, 
21. — C/c. Fin. 30. Acad. 4, 30. 

Herm^, statues of Mercury, which the Athen- 
ians had at the doors of their houses. They were 
made like terminal figures of stones, of a cubical 
form, and surmounted with a head of Mercury. 

Cic. ad Alt. 1, ep. 4 et 8.- C. Nep. in Alcib. 

Two youths wlio attended those who consulted 
the oracle of Trophonius. Paus. 9. 39. 

Herm^A, a festival in Crete, where the mas- 
ters waited upon the servants. It was also ob- 
served at Athens and Babylon. Paus. 8, 14, 

Herm^EUM, Promontorium, a promontory 
of Mercury ('Ep/j.^c, Mercurius), on the southern 
shore of Crete, between the promontory Ciiu 

Metopon and Phoenix. A promontory of 

Sardinia, on the western shore, a little to the 

north of Bosa, now Capo delta Caeca. A pio- 

montory on the European shore of the Thra -i.ui 

Bosphorus, towards the centre. A promontory 

of Africa, in the district Zeugitana, now Ca]je 
Bo?).. 

liEUMAGORAS, .bolides, a famous rhetori- 
cian, w iio came to Rome in the age of Augustus. 
Cic Br. 76. Inv. 1, Get 51. A philosopher of 



HER SS6 HER 



Anipnipolis. A famous oi.iior ana puiloso- 

pher. 

tlERMANDiCA. atowaof the Vaccasi in Spain. 
Liv. dl, b.-Polyb. 3. 

HER3IANDUKI, a people of Germany, called 
also Hermunduri. Vid. Hermunduri. 

Hermaphroditus, a son of Venus and Mer- 
cury, educated on mount Ida by the Naiades. 
At the age ol fifteen he b^gan to travel to gratify 
his curiosity. When he came to Caria, he bathed 
himself in a fountain, and Salmacis, the nympli 
who presided over it. became enamoured ol him 
and attempted to seduce him. Hermaphroditus 
continued deaf to all intreaties and offers; and 
Salmacis. endeavouring to obtain by force what 
was denied to prayers, closely embraced him, 
and entreated the ^^ods to make them two but 
one body. Her prayers were heard, and Salma- 
cis and Hermaphroditus, now two in one body, 
still preserved the characleribtics of both their 
sexes. Hermaphroditus begged the gods that all 
who bathed in that fountain miglit become effe- 
minate. Ovid. Met. 4. dr,. — Hygin.fab. 271. 

HERMA.S, surnamed the shepherd, a father of 
the church, who is supposed to have been the 
contemporary of St Paul, and mentioned by him 
in his epistles. 

Hermathexa, from 'Epu-^^s and 'aS^W-t?, a sta- 
tue which represented Mercury and Minerva in 
the same body. This statue was generally placed 
in schools w here eloquence and philosophy were 
taught, because these two deities presided over 
the arts and sciences. 

Hermeas. a tyrant of Mysia who revolted 

from Artaxerxes Ochus, B. C. 350. A general 

of Antiochus, &c-. 

Hermes the name of Mercury among the 
Greeks, {^Vid. Mercurius.) A famous gladi- 
ator. MLn tinl. 5, ep. 23. An Egyptian philo- 
sopher I'id. Mercurius Trismegistus. 

Hermesi.Inax, a poet of Colophon, who 
flourished in the time of Philip and his son Alex- 
ander. He composed three books of elegies, and 
entitled the collection Leontium. in honour of 
his mistress. Some fragments of this poet are 
quoted by Athenagus. Pans. 6, 17 — Athen. 13. 

A native of Cyprus who wrote a history of 

Phrygia. Plut. 

Hermias, a writer towards the close of the 
second century, and native of Galatia, who has 
left us a short but elegant di.seourse in ridicule 
of the pagan philosophers, entitled Atao-jp^6y ribv 
I?ai ipi,\o<ri(puiv. It was published in the Auctar. 
Biblioth. Patrum. Paris, 1624; and in the Oxford 
edition of Tatian, 8vo, 1700. 

Herjiinius, a general of the Hermanni, &c. 

A Roman, who defended abridge with Codes 

a^rainst the army of Porsenna. Liv. 2, Ifl. A 

Trojan killed bv Catillus in the Rutiilian war. 
Firg. .^n. 11, 642. 

• Hermione, a daughter of Mars and Venus, 
who married Cadmus. The gods, except Juno, 
honoured her nuptials witli their presence, and 
she received, as a present, a rich veil and a 
splendid necklace which had been made by Vul- 
can. She was changed into a serpent with her 
husband Cadmus, and placed in the Elvsian 
fields. (Fid. Harmonia.) Apollod. 3. 'Ovid. 

Met. 4, fab. 13. A daughter of Menelaus and 

Helen. She was privately promised in mar- 
riage to Orestes the son of Agamemnon; but h^r 
father, ignorant of this pre-engagement, gave her 
hand to Pyrrhus the son of Achilles, whose ser- 
vices he had experienced in the Trojan war. 



Pyrrhus, at hi.s rotu;n fr(»m Troy, carried home 
Hermione and married her. Hermione, teiiderly 
attached to her cousin Orestes, looked upon Pyr- 
rhus with horror and indignation. AcC(. ruing to 
others, however, Hermione received the addre.<ses 
of Pyrrhus with pleasure, and even reproached 
Andromache, his concubine, with stealing his 
affections from her. Her jealousy for Andro- 
mache, acccordiiig to some, induced her to uni:e 
herself to Orestes, and to destroy Pyrrhus. She 
gave herself to Orestes after this murder, and re- 
ceived the kingdom of Sparta as a dowrv. Ho- 
mer. Od. i.—Eurip. in Andr. et Orest.'- Ovid. 

Heroid. 8. — Propert. 1, 4. A city of Argolis, 

on the southern coast, opposite Hydrea. It was 
founded by the Dryopes, whom Hercules had e.x- 
pelled from Ch^ta. It contained a famous temple 
of Ceres, with an inviolable sanctuary, and a 
cave, supposed to communicate with the infernal 
regions, on w hich account the inhabitaiUs neg- 
lected the usual rite of putting a piece of money 
into the mouths of the dead. Its site is nowv 
called Kastri. Herod. 8, i3.-^Strab. S.—Plin. 4, 

b. — Mela, 2 Paus. 2, 34. 

HermionES, one of tiie three great divisions 
of the Germanic tribes, accoiding to Tacitus, 
and occupying the central parts of the country. 
Tacit. G. 2. 

HERMiONicus SINUS, a bay on the coast of 
Argolis near Hermione. Now, the bay of Hy~ 
dron. 

Hermipfus, a freedman, disciple of Philo. 
in the reign of Adrian, by whom he was greatly 
esteemed. He wrote five books upon dreams. 

A man who accused Aspasia, the mistress of 

Pericles, of impiety and prostitution. He was 
son of Lysis, and distinguished himself as a poet 
by forty theatrical pieces, and other composi- 
tions, some of which are quoted by Afhenaetis. 

Plut. A peripatetic philosopher of Smyrna, 

who flourished B. C. 210. 

Hermocrates a general of Syracuse, against 
Nicias the Athenian. His lenity towards the 
Athenian prisoners was looked upon as treach- 
erous. He was banished from Sicily without 
even a trial, and he was murdered as he at- 
tempted to return to his country, B. C. 408. 

Pint, in Nic. Sfc. A sophist celebrated for his 

rising talents. He died in the twenty-eighth 
year of his age, in the reign of the emperor Se- 

verus. The father-in-law of Dionysius, tyrant 

of Sicily. A Rhodian employed by Artaxerxes 

to corrupt the Grecian states, &c. A sophist, 

preceptor to Pausanias the murderer of Philip, 
Diod. 16. 

HER310D0RUS, a Sicilian, pupil to Plato. 

A philosopher of Ephesus, who is said to have 
assisted as interpreter, the Roman decemvirs in 
the composition of the ten fables of laws, which 
had been collected in Greece. Cic Tusc. 5, 36. 
— Plin. 34, 5. A native of Salamis, contempo- 
rary with Philo the Athenian architect. Cic. in 

Orat. 1, 14. A poet w ho w rote a book, called 

No^tt^a, on the laws of different nations. 

Hermogenes, an architect of Alabanda in 
Caria, employed in building the temple of Diana 
at Magnesia. He wrote a book upon his proles- 

sion. A rhetorician of Tarsus, who flourished 

under M. Aurelius Antoninus. At fifteen he 
became a teacher; at seventeen he wrote his art 
of rhetoric: and at twenty-two o'her books on 
oratorical action; but at twenty-five he lost his 
memory, and the faculty of speech. Of his 
works only some portions remain, which were 



HER 



printed at Geneva ia 1614, 8\'o. A lawyer in 

lliH ;ij;e ot Con»t;i!Uine. A musician. Hor<it. 

Sat. 1, 3, 12.!. A heretic of the second century. 

He a native of Africa, and kiiuwn as a 

paiiuer and stoic philosopher. TeriuUian was 
enjayed in ri-tnting his doctrines. 

IlERMOLAUS, a young Macedonian among the 
attendants of Alexander. As he was one day 
hunting with the king, he killed a wild boar 
which was coming towards him. Alexander, 
who followed close behind him, was so disap- 
pointed because the beast had been killed before 
he could dart at it, that he ordered Hermolaus 
tobeseverely whipped. This treatment irritaiod 
Hermolaus, and he conspired to take away the 
king's life, with others who were di>pleased with 
the cruel treatment which he had received. The 
plot was discovered by one of the conspirators, 
and Alexander seized them, and asked «hat had 
impelled them to conspire to take his iiie. 
Hermolaus answered for the rest, and observed 
that it was unworthy of Alexander to treat his 
most faithful and attached friends like slaves, 
and to shed their blood without the least mercy. 
Alexander ordered him to be put to death. 
Curt. 8, 6. 

HermopSlis, or the city of Hermes, the 
name of two towns in Egypt. The first, surnamed 
Parva, was in the Delta, east of the Canopic 
branch of the Nile, and north-east of Andropolis. 
Its position agrees with that of the modern 
Demenhur. Tne second was termed Magna or 
the great, and was situate in the Heptanomis, on 
the western bank of the Nile, opposite Antino- 
polis. It is now called Eshmounein. 

HERMOTImus, a famous prophet of Clazo- 
menaa. It is said that his soul separated itself 
from his body, and wandered in every part of the 
earth to explain futurity, after whifh it returned 
again and animated his frame. His wife, who 
was acquainted with the frequent absence of his 
soul, took advantage of it and burnt his body, as 
if totally dead, and deprived the soul of its na- 
tural receptacle. Hermofimus received divine 
honours in a temple at Clazomenae, into which 
it was unlawlul for women to enter. Plin. 7, 52, 
SfC. — Lucian. 

Herm UNDtJRl, a powerful nation of Germany, 
■ extei'.ding from the neighbourhood of the Elbe to 
I the Danube, and from the upper course of the 
' Mayn to the plains of Bohemia. Lupphurdum, 
or Leipzig, in the kingdom of Saxony, was one 
of their chief towns. Plin. 4, 14.— Taa^. Ann. 
13. extra.— Veil. 2, 106. 

Hkrmus, a rivt-r of Asia Minor, rising in 
mount Dindymene, in Phrytfia, and after running 
through the northern part of Lydia, discharging 
itself into the sea near Phocasa. It receives, be- 
sides other rivers, the Pactolns and Hyllus. 
The plains which this river watered were termed 
the plains of Hermus, and the gulf into which it 
discharged itself was anciently called the Her- 
maean gull ; \)'it when Theseus, a person of dis- 
tinction in Thessaly, founded on this gulf a 
town, which iie called Smyrna, after the name of 
his wife, the gulf was denominated Smyrnaaus 
Sinus, or gulf of Smyrna, a name which it still 
retains. The waters of the Hermus were snid by 
the poets to roll down gold. The modern name 
of the river is the Sarahat. Plin. b, 2^.— Herod. 
1, 80. 5, \U.— Virg. G. 2, W.— Homer. 11. 20, 
3.02. 

Hrrnici, a people of Latlum, bordering on 
the ^Equi and Marsi. Tliey were probably de- 



scended from the Sabines. They are said to have 
derived their name from the rocky nature of their 
country; herna, in the Sabine language, denoting 
a rock. Their chief city was Anagnia, now 
Anagni. Strab. b.— Virg. y^n. 7, bSi. — Sil. 4, 
22G. — Dion. Hal. 8, 69.— Liv. 2, 41. 9, 43. 

Hero, a beautiful priestess of Venus at Sestos, 
greatly enamoured of Leander, a youth of Aby- 
dos. These two lovers were so faithful to one 
another, that Leander in the -night escaped from 
the vigilance of his family, and swam across the 
Hellespont, while Hero in Sestos directed his 
course by holding a burning torch on the top of a 
high tovver. After many interviews of mutual 
atfection and terderness, Leander was drowned 
in a tempestuous night as he attempted his usual 
course, and Hero in despair threw herself down 
from her tower and perished in the sea. Musceus 
d? Leand. et Hero. — Ovid. Heroid. 17 et IS. — 
Vir.g. G. 3, 258. 

Herodes, surnamed the Great, second son of 
Antipater the Idumaean, was born B. C 71, at 
Aicalon, in Jud«a. At the age of twenty-five, 
he was made by his father governor of Galilee, 
and distin^^uished him.self by the suppression of a 
band of robbers, and the execution of their lead- 
er, with several of his comrades. He was sum- 
moned before the Sanhedrim for having done this 
Uyhis own authority, and put these men to death 
without a trial; but through the strength of his 
party, and zeal of his friends, he escaped cen- 
sure! He at first embraced the party of Brutus 
and Cassius; but, after their death, reconciled 
himself to Antony, by whose interest he was first 
named tetrarch, and afterwards king of Jud;ea, 
After the battle of Actium, he so successfully paid 
his court to the victor, that Augustus confirmed 
him in his kingdom, and on all occasions his 
abilities as a politician and commander were 
conspicuous. In other respects his passions were 
fierce and ungovernable. Although married to 
the celebrated Mariatjme, a princess of the Asmo- 
nean family, her brother Aristobulus, and vt n- 
erable grandfather Hyrcanus, fell victims to his 
jealousy of the ancient pretensions of their race. 
His very love of Mariamne herself, mingled as it 
was with the most fearful jealousy, terminated in 
her execution; and his repentance and keen re- 
morse on her death, only exasperated him tc far- 
ther outrages against her surviving relations; her 
mother, Alexandra, and many more falling vic- 
tims to his savage cruelty. His own sons by 
Mariamne, Alexander and Aristobulus, whom in- 
dignation at the treatment of their mother seems 
to have led into some intrigues against his autho- 
rity, were also sacrificed in his anger, and their 
deaths crowned the domestic barbarity of Herod. 
It was the latter event which induced Atigu.stus 
to observe that it was better to be Herod's h.og 
than his son. He rebuilt the temple of Jerusa- 
lem with great magnificence, and erected a stately 
theatre and amphitheatre in that city, in which 
he celebr.ited games in honour of Augustus, to 
the great displeasure of the more zealous of the 
Jews. He also rebuilt Samaria, which he called 
Sebaste. and adorned it with sumptuous edifices. 
He likewise, for his security, constructed many 
strong fortresses throughout Judaia, the i)rincipal 
one of which he termed Caesarea, after the empe- 
ror. Such, indeed, was the magnificence he dis- 
played in many public works, that Augustus said 
that his sotil was too great for his kingdom. 
The birth of Jesus Christ took pl.aee in the thir- 
ty-third year of the reign of Herod, which im- 

' V I.' 



HER 



SS8 



ITER 



portaiit eve it was ioUowed in a 3't'ar ov t.\o by 
hisdeatli, df a languish. and loaths^'irif diseas e, 
at he ase of sixty- eight. According to Josephus, 
he planned a scene of posthumous cruelty, whi(:h 
could have been conceived only by the hardest 
and most depraved heart. Having summoned 
the chief persons among the Jews to Jericho, he 
caused them to be shut up in the circus, and gave 
strict orders to his sister, Salome, to have them 
massacred at his death, that every great family 
should weep for him, which sava<re order was not 

executed. Antipas, son of Herod the Great, 

by Cleopatra, was appointed tetravch of Galilee 
on his death. This was the Herod who put to 
death John the Baptist, in compliment to his 
wife Herodias, in revenge for his reproaches of 
their incestuous union; Herodias having been 
united to, and forcibly taken away from his 
bro'her Aretas. The ambition of Herodias stim- 
ulated her husband to a measure which proved 
nis ruin. His nephew, Agrippa, having obtained 
roj'al honours from Caligula, she induced Herod 
to visit Rome to request the same favour, where 
he was met by an accusation on the part of 
Agrippa, of having been concerned in the conspi- 
racy of Sejanus, and of being in secret league 
with the king of Parrhia. This accusation being 
credited, he was stripped of his dominions, and 
sent with his w ife into exile at Lyons, or, as some 
say, to Spain, where he died, after p^-ssessing his 

tetrarchy for forty-;hree years. Agrippa, son 

of Aristobulus, and grandson of Herod tlie Great, 
born three years before the birth of our Saviour, 
and seven before the vulgar era. ?'/d. .A.grippa. 

Herodianus, a Greek historian, who flour- 
ished during the first part of the third century of 
our era, and died about A. D. 2-0, at the age of 
seventy years.- He was b orn at Alexandria, and 
was employed among the officers of the Roman 
emperors. He wrote a history of Rome, in eisht 
books, from the death of Marcus .\urelius to the 
accession of Gordian III., and he asserts that he 
had either seen or been personally acquainted 
with all that he relates. His style is peculiarly 
elegant, but it v.ants precision, and the work too 
plainly betrays that the author was not a perfect 
master of geography, nor sufiaeiently accurate in 
chronology. He has been accused of being too 
partial towards Maximinus, and severe with regard 
to Alexander Severus. His book comprehends 
the history of tiffy-eight years. Tne best edi- 
tions of this author are that of Irmisch, 5 vols. 
8vo, Lips. 1789-1S05; and that of Wolf, 8vo, 

Halle, 1792. A. grammarian of Alexandria, 

who flourished ia the second century of the 
Christian era 

Herodicus, a physician surnamed Gymnas- 
tic, who flourished B. C. 443. A grammarian 

surnamed Crnteleus, B. C. 123. 

HERODaxus. the oldest of the Greek histo- 
rians, whose works are extant, and who is called 
by Cicero " The Father of History," wa^born at 
Halicarnassus, in Caria, in the first year of the 
seventy-fourth Olympiad, answering to B. C. 
4S4. He fled to Samos when his country la- 
boured under the oppressions and tyranny exer- 
cised by i.ygriamis, and travelled, in the acqui- 
sition of ki-.owledge, over Greece, Egypt, and 
I;aly. collecting everywhere all the informa'ion 
he could obtain concerning the history and origin 
of nations. He is supposed to have retired to 
thg isle of Samos for the composition of his 
work; he afterwards revisited his native place, 
and was chiefly instrumental in overthrowing 



the tyr.innic.il govei nrnenf, a (ioed, which of itself i 
al;>iie ought to iiave immortKiized his name, but | 
so Ut from gaining the esteem and admiration of 1 
the people, it displeased and irritated them, and I 
Herodotus was obliged to fly from Greece to | 
avoid public resentment. When he had attained | 
to his thirty-ninth year, a generous desire of | 
fame led him publicly to recite h:5 history to the i 
people assembled at the Olympic games, it ! 
was received with universal applause, and gave i 
him a lasting celebrity througli all the Grecian , 
stfites. So highly was the history esteemed by 
his contemporaries, that the names of the nine 
muses were given unanimously to the nine books ;• 
of which it is composed. This celebrated com- 1 
position is written in the Ionic dialect, and He- i 
rodotus is among historians, what Homer is | 
among poets, and Demosthenes among or.a- 1 
tors. His history comprehends a period of about 
240 years, from Cyrus the Great to Xerxes, and I . 
it contains, besides the transactions between Per- 
sia and Greece, a sketch of the affairs of other 
nations, as the Lydians, Innians, Lycians, Eg\ p- 
tians, and Macedonians. The style of Herodotus 
is admired for its ease and sweetne.-s, and he , 
chiefly excels in narration. The value of his j 
history has been a subject of much discussion and ! 
controversy, but the most considerate opinion ' 
deems him deserving of credit, in relation to the 
affairs of Greece which took place after his own j 
birth; and in other respects he is believed to re- ' 
late the traditional accounts concerning remote I 
times and countries, just as he heard them, with- i 
out feeling much solicitude to distinguish fact j 
from fable. This carelessness has laid him open i 
to the satire of Juvenal, and in modern times to , 
that of Voltaire. Plutarch also accuses him of ' 
partiality, and com.posed a treatise " On the ' 
Malignity of Herodotus," taxing him with injus- j 
tice to the Thebans, Corinthians, and Greeks in 1 
general. His work, however, will always be j 
deemed one of the mott precious remains of an- i 
tiquity. A life of Homer is ascribed to Ilerodo- | 
tus, which is evidently supposititious. The b< st j 
editions of Herodotus are thf t of Wesseling, fol, I 
Amst. 176J, and that of Schweighaeu&er, 6 vols, j 
8vo, Argent, et Paris, 1616. He has been ' 
translated into most modern languages; the Eng- I 
lish versions are those by Littlebury. Beloe. Lau- | 
rent, and Tavlor, Cic.de Leg. i.' De 0)\d. 2.— 
Dionys. Hal. i.— Quintil. JO, 1. — Pint, de mul. 
Herod. A man who wrote a treatise concern- 
ing Epicurus. Diog. A Theban wrestler of I 

Megara, in tlie age of Demetrius, son of Antigo- , 

nus. He was six feet and a half in height, snd I 

he ate generally twenty pounds of flesh, with I 

bread in proportion, at each of his meals. Alh n. 1 

10. Another, whose victories are celebiattd 

by Pindar. | 

Heroes, a name which was given by the an- 
cients to such as were born from a god, cr to sucli : 
as had signalised themselves by their actions> ^ 
and seemed to deserve immortality by the ser- 
vices which they had rendered their country, i 
The heroes which Homer describes, such as j 
Ajax, Achilles, &c., were of such prodigious 
strength that they could lift up and throw stones ' 
which the united force of four or five men of ' 
age could not have moved. The heroes were ! 
supposed to be interested in the affairs of n-.an- 
kind after death, and they were invoked with 
much solemnity. As the altars of the gods ws re ! 
crowded with sacrifices and libations, so the I «■-' es 
were often honoured with a funeral solcnmi y, in j 



■which their grr;ii exploits w.^re cnumeratecJ. 
The origin of heroism might proceed from the 
opinions of some philosophers, who tau^^ht that 
the souls of great men were often raised to the 
stars, and introduced among the immortal gods. 
According to the notions of the Stoics, the an- 
cient heroes inhabited a pure and serene climate, 
situate above the moon. Besides those heroes, 
such as Bacchus, Hercules, iEsculapius, &c., 
who were raised to the dignity of gods, the 
Greeks have celebrated the names of C^idmus, 
Inachus, Jasius, Perseus, Theseus, Cecrops, 
Erichthon, Pandion, Triptolemus, Celeus, Hip- 
polytus, Menelaus, Agamemnon, Castor and 
Pollux, ^^iacus, Peleus, a.nd many others, all of 
whom had monuments erected to celebrate their 
memory, and groves consecrated around their 
tornb, where the vows of their descendants and 
admirers were frequently poured forth with all 
the fervour of devotion, accompanied with gifts 
and oblations. Cic. de Nat. D. 3, 15 et \^.—8trah. 
6, &Lc.— Paus. 1, 30, 10, 8.— D/od. 4. 

Herois, a festival, celebrated every ninth year 
by the Delphians, in honour of a heroine. There 
\vere in the celebration a great number of mys- 
terious ritps, ^\ith a representation of something 
like Semele's resurrection. 

Heron, the name of two mathematicians, 
called by way of distinction, the elder and the 
younger. The fir.st was a native of Alexandria, 
and the disciple of Ctesibius. He was celebrated 
fur his skill in mechanics, and he was also a 
teacher of moral philosophy. Tliere are extant 
of his part of a treatise, " De Construetione et 
Mensura Manubalistse;" another, " De Telis 
Conficiendis Jaculandisque;" .snd one entitled 
''De Automatorum Fabrica.'* Heroa the younger 
flourished in the reign of Ileraclius, He wrote 
'* De Machinis Bellicis;" " Geodesia:" " Liber 
de Obsidione Repellenda et Toleranda;'' and 
" De Vocabulis Geometricis et Stereometricis," 

Heroopolis, a city of Egypt, about midway 
bet>veen Ptlusium and the head of the Red sea, 
where, according to Egyptian mythology, Ty- 
phon was struck dead by lis;htning. It gave 
name to tiie Heroopoliticus Sinus, or western 
arm of the Red sea, and appears to have been the 
same with Pithom, or Patumos, built for Pha- 
raoh by the children of Itrael, 

HerophTla, a Sibyl, who, as some suppose, 
came to Rome in the reign of Tarquin. Others 
suppose her more ancient, and fix her age before 
thf Trojan war, as she foretold that Helen would 
one day prove the destruction of Priam's king- 
dom. She composed several poems, some of 
wliich were said to be in possession of the people 
of Delos, so late as the reign of Antoninus. She 
gave oracles at Samos, Delphi, Delos, and Cla- 
ros. and died in Troas. where her monument was 
t« be seen in the age of Pausanias, in a grove 
sacred to Apollo Sraintheus. (^Vid. Sibyllie.) 
Pans. 10. 12. 

HerophTlus. an impostor in the reign of Ju- 
lius Ciesar, who pretended to be the grandson of 
Marius, He was banished from Rome by Caesar 
for his seditions, and was afterwards strangled in 

prison. A physician of Chalcednn, who lived 

about 3U(i B. C. He discovered the lacteals and 
the nerves, with their uses: besides which, he was 
the first v.ho wrote accurately on the pulse. 
G:i)en praises him highly as a physician and ana- 
tomiu. 

Herostratus. Fid. Erostratus. 

Kkrsk, a daughter of Ctfcrops, king of Athens, 



beloved b}' !V?t-rf-ci"y. The g<id disci d his love 
to Aglauros, iitrse's sister, in hope's oi procuring 
an easy adniis?ion to Herse;but Aglauros,through 
jealousy, discovered the amour Mercury was 
so offended at her behaviour, that he struck her 
with his caduceus and changed her into a sttme. 
Herse became mother of Cephalus by Mercury, 
and after death, she received divine honours at 

Athens. Ovid. Met. 2, 559, &c. A wife of 

Danaus. Apollod. 

Hersephorta, festivals celebrated at Athens 
in June, in honour of Minerva, or more probably 
of Herse, daughter of Cecrops. Young maidens 
between the age of seven and eleven, descended 
from the most illustrious families, were dressed 
in white habits, and carried in procession the 
sacred vases and other requisite utensils. Cakes, 
called vaatoi, were made for their entertainment. 

Hersilia, one of the Sabines carried aw ay by 
the Romans at the celebration of the Consualia. 
She was given and married to Romulus, though 
according to some she married Hostus, a youth 
of Latium, by whom she had Hostus Hostilius. 
After death she was presented with immortality 
by Juno, and received divine honours under the 
name of Ora or Horta, because she exhorted and 
invited h»^r votaries to virtue and morality. Liv. 
1, \\. — Qvid. Met. 14, 832. 

Hertha and Herta, a goddess among the 
Germans supposed to be the same as the earth. 
She had a temple and a chariot dedicated to her 
service in a remote island, and was supposed to 
visit the earth at stated times. No person, ex- 
cept her ministers, was permitted to touch her 
sacred chariot, but as soon as the priests declared 
that the goddess had entered into it, chosen hei - 
fers w ere harnessed to it, and it was conducted 
through the country, where rejoicings, and the 
acclamations of a venerating people marked the 
solemn procession. Tacit, de Germ. A[). 

HerCli, a barbarian race, who attacked the 
Roman empire on its decline. According to 
Jomandes and Procopius, they were originally a 
Gothic nation. The former writer affirms that 
they first dwelt in Scandinavia, and, being ex- 
pelled from thence by the Danes, they wandered 
eastward as far as the Palus Masotis, and settled 
in that neighbourhood. Procopius represents 
them as in ancient times inhabiting the countries 
that lie beyond the Danube. Here they con- 
tinued making frequent incursions into the em- 
pire, until the reign of Anastasius, when great 
numbers of them w ere cut off by the Lombards, 
an(i the rest migrated to the w est. They began 
to invadt^ the empire about A. D. 526. 

Hksiodus, a celebrated Greek poet, supposed 
by some to iiave been a contemporary with Ho- 
ni'T, though others have dated the era in which 
he flourished a century later. He was probably 
born at Cuma, in >3Eolia, but removed in his in- 
fancy with his father to Ascra, in Bceotla. Those 
w ho contend that he was a contemporary of Ho- 
mer, afiirm, that he even obtained a poetical 
prize in competition with him. He is, at any 
rate, the first that is known to have written a 
poem on agriculture. This is entitled *' The 
Works and Days," being a kind of calendar of 
rural occupations; but, besides the instructions 
which are given to the cultivator of the ground, 
the reader is gratified by a variety of moral "rr- 
flections, worthy of a Socrates or Plato. Hi.-? 
" Theogony " is a miscellaneous relation, exe- 
cuted without much art or judgment; ye( it has 
been highly esteemed for the faithful account it 



HES 



34) 



KES 



givps ..f the gnds of antiquity. " The Shield of, 
Heicuies ' is but iht fratnieat of a much larger 
pnem, iu which it is imagiiied the author gave an I 
account of the iiiost celebrated heroines among ' 
the ancients. Hesiod is said to have writ- 
ten several oiher works, which are lost. He is 
admired for the elegance of his diction, and the 
sw eetness of his poetry. Pausanias sa> s, that in 
his sge, the verses of Hesiod were written on 
tablets, in the temple ol the Muses, of "hieh the 
poet was a priest. Virgil, in hiS Georgics, has 
imitated the manner of He>iod, though he has 
gone far beyond the model in every kind of ex- 
cellence. The Greeks were so partial to the 
poetry and moral instructions of Hesiod, that 
they ordered their children to commit them to 
memory. Hesiod was murdered by the sons of 
Ganyctur, of Isaupactum, and his body thrown 
into the sea. The best editions of Hesiod are 
that o: Rjbinson, 4to, Oxon. 1737; that of 
Loesncr, bvo. Lips. 177S: and that of Zamagna, 
4U), Farm. 1755- There are English transla- 
tions by Chapman, Cooke, and Ellon. Cic. Fam. 
6, IS. ' Pans. 9, 3, &iC. — Qui?itU. JO, l.—Paterc. 

I, 7.— Vurro. — Plut. de 7. Sep. et de Anim. Sag. 
HESIOne, a daughter of Laomedon, king uf 

Troy, by Strymo, the daughter of the Scamander. 
It lell to her lot to be exposed to a sea monster, 
to whom tiie Trojans yearly presented a raar- 
riagable virgin, to appease the resentment of 
Apollo and Neptune, whom Laon:edon had 
offended ; but Hercules promised to deliver her, 
provided he received as a reward six beautiful 
horses. Laomedon consented, and Hercules 
attacked the monster just as he was going to de- 
vour Hesione, and he killed him with his club. 
Laomedon, however, refused to reward the hero s 
services ; and Hercules, incensed at his treachery, 
be.-ie^iea Troy, and put the king and all his fam- 
ily to the sword, except Podarces, or Priam, who 
had advised his father to give the promised 
horses to his sister's deliverer. The conqueror 
gave Hesione in marriage to his friend Telamon, 
who had assisted him during the war. and he 
established Priam upon his lather's throne. The 
removal of Hesione to Greece proved at last fa- 
tal to the Trojans ; and Priam, who remembered 
*i:h indignation that his sister had been lorcibly 
fiven to a i"oTeigner, sent his son Paris to Greece 
to reclaim the possessions of Hesione, or more 
probably to revenge his injuries upon the Greeks 
by carrying away Helen, which gave rise, soon 
After, to ihe Trojan war. Lycophron mentions, 
that Hercules threw himself, armed, from head 
to foot, into the mouth of the monster to which 
Hesione was exposed, and that he tore his belly 
to pieces, and came out safe only with the loss of 
hisuair, alter a confinement of three davs. Homer. 

II. 5, fci33. — Deod. i.—Apollod. 2, 5, 'Scc. — Ovid. 
Met. 11, 212. The wile of Nauplius. 

Hesperia, a large island of Africa, once the 

residence of the Amazons. Diod 3. A name 

c mraon to both Iraly and Spain. It is derived 
from Hesper or Vesper, the setting sun, or the 
evening, whence the Greeks called Italy Hes- 
peria, because it was situate at the setting sun, or 
in the w est. The same name, for similar reasons, 
wa^ ;Hppiied to Spain by the Latins. yi>g. vEn. 
1, 634. &.v.— HorQt. Od. J, 36, 4. 1, 27. 2^.- Sd. 7, 
Yu—Ovid. Met. 11. A daughter of the 

C. brenus Grid Met 1 1 , 76:). 

H ESPK rId ks, three celebrated nymphs, daugh- 
ters of Hesperus. Apo'.lodorus mentions lour, 
iEgle, Erythia, Ve-la, and Arcthusa ; a:;d Dio- ; 



, dorus confounds them with the Atlantides, and \ 
suppose! that they were ti;e same number. They | 
! uere appointed to guard the golden apples which ' 
' Juno gave to Jupiter on the day ■ I their nuptials ; | 
and the place of then- re - denco. placed be\ond the 
ocean by Hesiod, is more univeisaby believed to i 
be near mount Atlas in Alrica, according to j 
ApoUodorus. This celebrated place or garden i 
abounded with fruits of the most oeiicious kmd, i 
and was carefully guarded by a dreadful dragon i 
which never slept. It was one of the labours of 1 
Hercu'.es to procure some of the golden apples of 
the Hesperides. The hero, ignorant of the sit- 
uation of this celebrated garden, applied to the i 
nymphs in the neighbouri)ood of the Po for in- I 
formation, and was told that Nereus, the god of ; 
the sea, if properly managed, {lid. Nereus.) j 
would direct him in his pursuits. Herculesseiz- 
ed Nereus as he was asleep, and the sea god, un- ' 
able to escape from his grasp, answered all the < 
questions which he proposed. Some say that i 
Nereus sent Hercules to Prometheus, and that ■ 
from him he received all his information. When : 
Hercules came into Africa, he repaired to Atlas, j 
and demanded of him three of the golden apples. j 
Atlas unloaded himself, and placed the burden of 
the heavens on the should,;rs of Hercules, while ' 
he went in quest of the apples. At his return [! 
Hercules expressed his w ish to ease the burden 
by putting something on his head, and when At- 
las assisted him to remove his inconvenience, \ 
Hercules artfully leit the burden, and seized the | 
apples, whicii Atlas had throw n on ti:e ground. ! 
According to other accounts, Hercules gathered I 
the apples himself, without the assistance o( At- t 
las, and he previously killed the watchful dragon l 
w hich kept the tree. These apples w ere brought ' 
to Eurystheus, and afterwards carried back by 
Minerva into the garden of the Hespeiides. as 
they could be preserv^ed in no other phice. Her- 
cules is sometimes represented gathering ihe 
apples, and the dragon which gua:ded the tree i 
appears bowing down his head, as having receiv- 
ed a mortal wound. Tnis monster, as it is .-iup- 
posed, was the offspring ot Typhon, and it had • 
a hundred heads and as many voices. This num ' 
ber, however, is reduced by some to only one ' 
head. Those that attempt to explain mythology, { 
observe, that the Hesperides were ceitain per- j 
sons w ho had an immense number of flocks, and 
that the ambiguous word p.'rj\ov, which signifies 
a7i apple and a sheep, gave rise to the fable of the I 
golden apples of the Hesperides. Dupuis, who | 
makes Hercules to have been the sun, and refers I 
his twelve labours to the i)as?age of that lumin- I 
ary through the signs of the zcidiac. explains the I 
lable of the Hesperides as follows. In the twellth 1 
month, making the first coincide with Leo, the j 
sun enters the sign Cancer. At this period the 
constellation of Hercules Ingeniculus descends 
towards the western regions, called Hesperia, 
followed by the polar dragon, the gu.irdian of tl e 
apples of the Hesperides. On the celestia] j 
sphere Hercules tramples the dragon under foot, 
which falls towards him as it seis. Hence the 
fable. The gardens of the Hesperides are ' 
placed by geographical writers near the ancient ' 
Berenice, now Berigasi, in Cyrenaica, on the ; 
Mediterranean coast of Africa. Diod. 4. — Orid, 
Met. 4. (^37, &c. 9. 90.- Hygin. Jab. ZO.-Apollod. ; 
3, b.— Hesiod. Jheog. 2)5, &c. • 

HE.si'KRiui'M lNSUL.(E. are generally snp- 
pos'-d ;o an.-w er to the Qije Verde islands; but j 
I as theie are too far Ironi the toait, they possibly ' 



II ES 



341 



II I E 



may have been rather the small isi;inds called 
Bisagos, lying a little above Sierm Leone. 

KESPniils. Fid. Hesperus.— A town of Cyre- 
naica, now Beriiic or Bengasi^ where most 
authors have placed the gardens of the Hesper- 
ides. 

Hesperitis, a country of Africa. Diod, 4. 

HESPERiUM CORNU, a promontory on the 
western coast of Africa, now Cape Verde. 

HesperIus Sinus, a bay on the western 
coast ot Africa, now the bay or gulf of Bissago. 

Hesperus, a son of Japetus, brother to Atlas. 
He is said to have ascended mount Atlas to 
make observations on the stars, and as he never 
returned, the evening star was called after his 
name. According to the report of some authors 
he came to Italy, and the country received the 
name of Hesperia from him. He had a datighter 
called Hesperis, who married Atla*, and becains 
mother of seven daughters, called Atlantides 
or Hesperides. Diod. 4. The name of Hes- 
perus was also applied to the planet Venus, when 
it appeared after the setting of the sun. it was 
culled Phosphorus or Liidjer when it preceded 
the sun. Cic. de N it. D. 2, 2. — Senec. de Hippol. 
7 Ml Id. in Med. 7\. 

Hestia, one of the Hesperides. Apollod. 

Hesus, a deity among the Gauls, the same as 
the Mars of the Romans. Lucan. 1, 445. 

Hesychia, a daughter of Thespius. Apollod. 

HesychIus, a grammarian of Alexandria, of 
whom no particulars are known, nor even of the 
age when he lived. It appears that he was well 
acquainted with the Christian religion ; and it is 
supposed that he was a disciple oi' Gregory Nazi- 
anzen. His Lexicon is a very valuable work ; 
the best edition of which is that of Alberti, com- 
pleted by Ruhnken, 2 vols. fol. L. Bat. 1716- 

1/76. A native of Miletus, who flourished 

under the emperors Justin and Justinian. He 
composed an " Universal History" from the 
reign of Belus, king of Assyria, to the death of 
the Greek emperor, Anastasius, which is no 
longer extant ; but he wrote a treatife " De Viris 
Doctrina Claris," and another, " De Rebus pa- 
tsiis Constantinopoleos," which still remain. 
They were published together, by Meursius, 
Izmo. L. Bat. 1613. 

IIKTRICULUM, now Lattarico a town in the 
country of the Brutii. Liv. 30, 1:'). 

Hetruria and Ktruria, a celebrated coim- 
try of Italy, bounded on the north by the river 
Macra and the Apennines, on the east and south 
by the Tiber, and on the west by the Tyrrhenian 
sea. It included the duchy of Mussa and princi- 
pality of Carrara, the duchy of Lucca, the grand 
duchy of Tuscany, and that part of the Pupal 
tilates which is west of the Tiler. The inhabi- 
tants of Etruria were called Tyrrheni or Tyrseni 
by the Greeks, and Tusci or Etrusci by the Ro- 
mans. But the unity of these tw o people as v\ell 
aj their origin are points not gent rally agreed on : 
some bringing the Tyrrheni under the conduct 
of Tyrrhcnus, on the occasion of a great famine, 
from Lydia in Asia Minor to the shores of the 
Adriatic amongst the Umbri ; others, again, 
bringing them from the shores of Thrace and the 
northern islands of the iEgean Sea under the name 
of Pelasgi. Arriving in Ur.ibria they found iis 
aboriginal people at war with the Sieuli, and 
joined Hu m in the expulsion of the latter, whose 
territory (Etruria) was assigned to tlieni by ihe 
Umbri. Here they built their twelve great cities 
Volaterraj, Vetulouii, Arreliuui, Cortui.a, Ter- 



usia, Clusiurn, RuscHjj, Vulsinii, Falerii, Tar- 
quinii, Veii, and Caere, eacii of which had its 
separate governor under the title Lucumon, 
The Tusci, on the oiher h.ind, were, probably, 
an aboriginal people, dwelling at first near the 
Umbri ; they seem by degrees not only to have 
become masters of the country of the Tyrrheni, 
but also to have encroached on the territory of 
the Umbri, driving them from the banks of the 
Tiber, and wresting from them city after city, 
till their dominions extended beyond the Pu, and 
from the shores of the Adriatic to the Tuscan 
Sea. The Tuscans were remarkable for their 
superstirion, and for their belief in divination 
and augury ; then comic dancers, called Ludi'., 
were also in great reputation. Piin. 3, 5. — ■ 
Strab. b.~ Plut. in Rom. — Mela, 2, 4. 

Heurifpa, a surname of Diana. 

Hexapylum, a gate at Syracuse. The ad- 
joining place of the city, or the wall, bore the 
same name. Diod. 11 et 14:.— Liv. ^4, 21. 25, 24. 
32, 3'J. 

Hiarbas or Iarbas, a king of Gajtulia. Vid. 
larbas.-- — An African king, slain by Pompey. 
Eulr. 5, 6. — Liv. fj. 

Hiber, a nam.e applied to a Spaniard, as liv- 
ing near the river Hiberus, or Iberus. ?'id. 
Iberus. 

HiBERNIA and HYBERNIA, a large island at 
the west of Briiain, now called Ii eland. Vid. 
lerne. 

HiBRILDES, an Athenian general. Dicnys. 
Hal. 7. 

HiCETAON, a son of Laomedon, brother to 
Priam, and father of Menalippus. Horner. II. 

147. 15, 546. 20, 233 Tue father of Thymcetes, 

who came to Italy with iEneas. Virg. Mn. 10, 
123. 

Hicetas, a philosopher of Syracuse, who be- 
lieved that the earth moved, and that all the 
heavenly bodies were stationary. Diog. in Phil. 
A tyrant of Sjracuse. Vid. Icetas. 

Hiempsal, a king of Nuniidia. Cic. Vat. 5. 

Rull. 1, 4. A son oi Micipsa, cru.elly murdered 

by Jugurtha. Hallust. in Jug. 12. 

HiERA, a woman who married Telephus, king 
of Mysia, and who was said to surpass Helen in 

b;au;y. The mother of Pandarus and Bitias 

by Alcanor. Vi/g. jEn, 9, 673. One of tlie 

Li pari islands, called also Theresia, now Vul- 
cano. Fans. 10, 11. 

HieraP(5lis, a city of Syria near the Eu- 
phrates, south of Zeugma. It derived its Greek 
name {Holy City) from the circumstance of the 
Svii.sn goddess Atargatis being worshipped there. 
It was called Bambyce, or Mabog by the Syri- 
ans. It is now knoun as Bumbouch or Mambedj. 

A city in the south-western angle of Phry- 

gia, near the confines of Lydia, and north-west 
of Laodicea. It was celebrated for its warm 
springs. It was the birth-place «)f Epictetu<, the 
Stoic philosopher. Its modern name is Taluk 
Kalist. 

Hierax, a youth who awoke Argus to inform 
him tliat Mercury was stealing lo. Mercury 
killed him, and changed him into a bird of prey. 

Apollod. 2, 1." Anticchus king of Syria, and 

brother to Seleuctrs, received the surname of 

Ilierax Justin. 37, 3. An Egyptian philuso- 

j pher in the third century 

j HliCRTCKUS, {mitis) -jie name of Jericho in 
I the Holy Lnnd, Chlie.i t;:e < ity ul palm-trees, from 
i Us abounding in d.-Urs. Vid. Jerieho. Plin.b, 

1-1. Tacit, ft (• 

' -4 13 



HIE 



c42 



niv. 



HiKRO 1st, a king of Syracuse, after his bro- 
ther Gelon, who rendered himself odious in the 
befjinning of his reign by hi£ cruelty and avarice. 
Ha made war against Therun. the tyrant of Agri- 
gentum, and took Himera. He obtained three 
different crowns at the Olympic games, two in 
horse racss, and one at a chariot race, and from 
these victories, immortalized by the pen of Pin- 
dar, he has obtained greater celebrity than from 
tl'.e administration of government, or the succes- 
sive defeat of his jealous neighbours. In the lat- 
'er part ot his reign the conversation of Simoides, 
Epiciiarmus, Pindar, &c., softened in some mea- 
sure the roughness of his morals and the severity 
of his govei'nment, and rendered him the patron 
oi learning, genius, and merit. He died, after a 
reign ( f eighteen years, B. C. 467, leaving the 
cro -vn to his brother Thrasybulus, w ho disgraced 
himself by his vices and tvrannv. Herod. 7.— 

Athen. li.—Cic. de Nat. D.'l, 22.'— Diod. 11. 

The second of that name, king of Syracuse, was 
descended from Gelon. He was unanimously 
elected king by all the states o!' the inland of .Sicily, 
and appointed to carry on the war against the Car- 
thaginians. He joined his enemies in besieging 
Messana, which had surrendered to the Romans, 
but though brave and at the head of a valorous 
army, he was beaten by Appius Claudius, the Ro- 
man consul, and obliged to retire to Syracuse, 
vihore he wassoon blockedup. Sf sing all hope 
of victory lost, he made peace witli the Romans, 
and proved so faithful to his engagements during , 
the fifty-nine years of his reign, that the Romans ' 
never had a more firm, or more attached'aliy. He [ 
died in the ninety-fourth year of his age, about ■ 
225 years before the Christian era. He was uni- j 
versally regretted, and all the Sicilians showed, j 
by their lamentations, that they had lost in him i 
a comiBon father and a friend. He liberally pa- ' 
tronized the learned, and employed the talents of 
his relation Archimedes for the good and the 
ornament of his country. He wrote a book on 
a2:riculture, now lost. He was succeeded by 
Hieronymus. Julian. V. H. 4, 8.— Justin. 23, 4. 

— Fior. 2, 2.— Liv. 16. An Athenian, inti- j 

mate with Nicias the general. Plui. hi Xic- A 

Parthian, &c. Tacit. 

Hieroc^sarEa, a town of Lydia. Tacit. A. 
2, 47 3, 62. 

HiERJCLES. a Platonic philosopher of Alex- 
an iria, about A. D. 450. It is said that he was 
persecuted by the Christians, and yet he was suf- 
fered to deliver lectures on philosophy at Alex- ' 
aiiciria. He wrote a treatise on Providence, ex- i 
tracts from which are in Photius ; another on 
Fate ; and a commentary on tiie Golden Verses ; 
of Pythagoras, which last is extant. The best ! 
edition of his commentary is that of Warner, Svo. i 

Lond. 1742. A prefect of Bithynia, regarded \ 

as the .^uthor of the persecution of the Christians : 
un i^: Diocletian. He wrote a work on the Vet- I 
erinary Art, of which some fragments remain. ' 

A general in the interest of Demetrius. 
Po^]/<rn J. An officer. Vid. Heliogabalus. 

HieronTca lex, by Hiero, tyrant of Sicily, 
to settle the quantity of corn, the price and time 
of receiving it, between the farmers of Sicily and 
the collector of the corn tax at Rdrne. Tnis law, 
on account of its justice and candour, was con- 
tinued by the Romans when thev became mas- 
ters of Sicily. Cic. Verr. 2, 13 et GO. 

HiERONYMUS, a tyrant of Sicily, who suc- 
ceeded his grandfather Hiero, when only fifteen 
V ears old. He made himself odious by his ciuclty, 



oppression, and debauchery, and as if to render 
his reign more unpopular, he abjured the alb- ' 
ance of Rome, which Hiero had observed with j 
so much honour and advantage. He was as- i 
sassinated. and all his family v\as overwhelmed ! 
in his fall, and totally extirpated, B. C.-2I4. 

Sil. 14, 87. — Lu'. 24. 4, &c. An historian 

o Rh( des, who wrote an account of tlie actions ! 
of Demetrius Poliorcetes, by whom he was ■ 
appointed over Bceotia, B. C. 254. Plut. in ■ 

Dem. An Athenian set over the fleet, while [' 

Conon went to the king of Persia. A father 

of the church (St Jerome), born of Christian I 
parents, at Stridon, on the confines of Paononia 
and Dalmatia, A. D. 331. He studied at Rome [ 
under Donatus, and made a great proficiency in 
classical literature, as well as in Hebrew, divin- ; 
ity, and rhetoric. After travelling through 1 
France and Italy, he visited Jerusalem : and in [ 
his thirty-first year adopted the monastic life in . 
Syria; but suffered so much by hard study, and 
rigid abstinence, as to be under the necessity of 
going to Antioch, where he was ordained a pres- 
byter in 37i. Soon after this he went to Con- 
stantinople, whjre he lived with Gregory Nazi- i 
anzen, whom he called his master. In 382 he 
visited Rome, and was made secretary to pope i 
Damasus ; but three years afterwards he returned 
into the east, accompanied by several monks and i 
ladies, who wished to lead an ascetic life in the 
Holy Land. Here Jerome settled at Bethlehem, \ 
but his peace was disturbed by the progress of i 
Origen's opinions, against which he wrote with i 
great vehemence ; his principal opponent being [ 
Ruffinu.s, with whom he had formerly been on 
terms of friendship. He died A. D. 422. The [ 
first edition of the works of St Jerome was pub- 
lished by Erasmus, in 6 vols, folio, 1516 — 1526 ; 
but the best is that of the Benedictines, at Paris, 
in 5 vols, folio, 16J3— 17()G. 

HlEROPHiLls, a Greek physician. He in- 
structed his daughter Agnodice in the art of mid- 
wifery, &c. Vid. Agnodice. 

HiEROSOLY.MA. a celebrated city of Palestine, j 
the capital of Judcsa. According to Josephus it 
was founded by Melchiscdec, and it is supposed I 
to have been the same «ith the city of Salem, I 
mentioned by Moses. It was afterwards named i 
Jebjs, from Jebusaus, son of Canaan. The Je- 1 
busites held it until the time of David, when it | 
was taken possession of by the tribe of Benjamin, 
who allowed the ancient inhabitants to remain. j 
It was then called Ly the Hebrews lerushalaim . 
or lerushalem, ' ' thie people or dwelling of peace. ' ' | 
The name Hierosolyma was applied to it by the 
Greeks and Romans. It was built on several 
hills, the largest of which was mount Sion, which 
formed the southern part of the city. A valley j 
towards the north separated this from Acra, the 1 
second or lower city, on the east of which was 
mount Moriah, the site of the temple of Solomon. 
North-east of mount Moriah was the mount of ! 
Olive?, on the south was the valley of Hiimom, j" 
and, at the north, mount Calvai-y, the scene of p 
the crucilixion of our Lord. It was besieged by j 
Titus, and, after an obstinate defence, was taken I 
;!ndc(>mple!ely destroyed by him, according to the ) 
pii)pliec\ of lair Saviour, A. D. 70 : this occurred, 1 
accorduig to Josephus, 2, 177 years after its founda- ', 
tion. It is said that during" the siege, 1,100,000 
i persons perished, and that y7,0;0 more were ! 
I made prisoners, most of whom were afterwards 
either Svild for slaves, or exposed to the fury of j 
wild beasts. Tiie zeal of the Jew s, however, and I 



II I G 



P4S 



HIP 



*^heir veneration for the holy altar of their fathers, 
induced them to rebuild both the city and the 
temple, though without any of their former 
splendour ; but owing to an uproar amongst 
them, which took place under the reign of Had- 
rian, they were ail banished from the city upon 
pain of death, and their temple was wantonly 
profaned by the erection of an altar to Jupiter 
Capitolinui. The city was made a Roman col- 
ony, and called .^lia Capitolina, until the Christ- 
ian emperors ascended the throne. Joseph. Bell. 
Jud. 6, iO. Ajit. 1, U).— Gen. U, ]8.— Joshua, lb, 
63. 18, 28.— Czc. ad Att. 2, 9 Flacc. 28. 

HIGNATIA Via, a lar^e road, which led from 
the Ionian sea to the Hellespont, across Mace- 
donia, about 530 miles. Strab 7- 

HlLARlA, a daufihierof Leucippus and Phi- 
lodice. As she and her sister Phcebe were going 
to marry their cousins i.ynceus and Idas, they 
were carried away by Castor and Pollux, who 
married them. Ililaria had Anagon by Castor, 
and she, as well as her sister, obtained after death 
the honours which were generally paid to heroes. 
Apollod. ^.-Fropert. 1, 2, \Q. — Faus. 2, 22, 3, 19. 

Festivals at Rome in honour of the mother 

of the gods, observed on the 25th of March, when 
nature, over wlsich the goddess presided, seemed 
to resume the vigour of the returning year. Tiie 
city was then fUled for several days with gaiety 
and pleasure, the statue of the goddess was car- 
ried in procession through the streets, preceded 
by the most valuable possessions, which every 
votary was eager to produce on those occasions. 
Every appearance of sorrow and mourning was 
suspend' d or banished from the city, and indi- 
viduals were permitted to dress themselves in 
whatever attire they pleased, and even to assume 
the robes of magistrates. 

HlLARJus, a father of the church, was born at 
Poictiers in France, and educated in the Pagan 
religion, which he renounced when grown up to 
years qf judgment. In 355, he was made bishop 
of Poictiers, in which situation he distinguished 
himself by his zeal for the orthodox faith against 
the Arians; for which he was banished to Phry- 
gia, where he continued four years, and employed 
himself in writing his books on the Trinity, and 
other works. On his return to France he con- 
tinued to exert himself in vindication of the doc- 
trines of the church, till his death in 367. The 
best edition of his works is that of Paris, folio, 

1G93. A bishop of Aries, a semi-pelagian in 

his opinions, who wrote a life of St Honoratus, 
and some devotional tracts. He died in 449, 
and, like the former, enjoyed the honours of 
canonization. 

HiLLEVlONES, a people of Scandinavia. Fltn. 
4, 13. 

HiMELLA, now the Aja, a small river in the 
country of the Sabines. Virg. ^n. 7, 714. 

HiMERA, a river of Sicily, lalling into the Up- 
per or Tuscan sea, to the east of Panormus; now 
Fiume Grande. The city of Himera stood a 
short distance to the west of its mouth. An- 
other river of Sicily, larger than the former. It 
rises in the same quarter with it, but pursues avi 
opposite course, to the south, and falls into the 
Mediterranean near Phintia, and to the west of 

Gela, lis modern name is Fiume Salso. A 

city of Sicily, at the mouth of a river of the same 
name, on the northern coast. It is said to have 
been founded by a colony of Chalcidians from 
Zancle, about A. U. C. 10+. It was destroyed 
by the Carthaginians under llai.nibal, who took 



the place by assault, razed it to its foundation, 
and treated the inhabitants v\ith great cruelty, 
A. U. C. 330. Thucyd. 6, b.—Dicd. Sic. 11, 46. 

The ancient name of the Eurotas. Strab. 6. 

—Mela, 2, l.—Polyb. 

IIIMILCO, a Carthaginian sent to explore the 

western parts of Europe, Fest. Avien. A son 

of Amilcar, who succeeded his father in the coni- 
mand of the Carthagiiiian armies in Sicily. He 
died with his army by a plague, B. C. 338! Jus- 
tin. 19, 2. 

HlPPAGORAS, a man who wrote an account of 
the republic of Carthage. Athen. 14. 

HiPPALCiMUS, a son of Pelops and Hippoda- 
mia, who was among the Argonauts. Hygin. 
fab. 14. 

HiPPALUS, the first who sailed in open sea 
from Arabia to India. Arrian. in Perip. 

HiPPARCHIA, the wife of Crates the Cynic. 
Vid. Crates. 

HlFFARCHUS, a son of Pisi.stratus, who, toge- 
ther with his brother Hippias, succeeded his 
father as tyrant of Athens. He di.>>tinguished 
himself b) his patronage of literature andlearned 
men. An insult ottered by him to the si&ter of 
Harmodius so irritated the latter, that he formed 
a secret party against him, and in conjunct i(»n 
with Arist giton, a friend of his, slew Hipparchus 
in the public streets. Aristogiton for the mo- 
ment escaped the guards, from the concourse of 
people, but being afterwards apprehended, was, 
to use the language of Thucydides, "not very 
mildly dealt with." As to Harmodius, he was 

slain on the spot. Thucyd. 6, 54, &c. One of 

Antony's freedmen. The first person who w as 

banished by osti-acism at Athens. The (ather 

of Asclepiades. A celebrated astronomer, was 

born at Nicaea in Bithynia, and flonrishtd be- 
tween 160 and 125 B. C. He first reduced astro- 
nomy to a science, and prosecuted the study sjs- 
tematically. His catalogue of the fixed stars is 
in Ptolemy's Almagest, and he was the first who 
discovered the precession of the equinoxes. His 
observations were in the isle of Rhodes, whence 
he obtained the name of Rhodius; but afterwards 
he settled at Alexandria. His commentary upon 
the Phajnomena of Aratus is extant, and was 
printed at Florence, in 1567, folio. Plin. 2, 12 et 

26. 7, 6. An Athenian who conspired against 

Heraclides, who kept Athens for Demetrius, &c. 
Polyce?i. 5. 

HIPPARINUS, a son of Dionysius, who ejected 
Calippus from Syracuse, and seized the sovereign 

power for twenty-seven years, Polyan. 5. 

The father of Dion. 

HlPFASUS, a son of Ceyx, who assisted Her- 
cules against Eurytus. Apollod. 2, 7. A dis- 
ciple of Pythagoras, born at Metapontum in 
Italy. He is said to have excelled in the appli- 
cation of mathematical principles to music, sta- 
tics, and mensuration. In common with other 
Pythagoreans, he held that fire w as the originat- 
inn cause of all things. He taught also that the 
universe is finite, is always changing, and under- 
goes a periodical conflagration. Diog. Laert. H. 

A centaur, killed at the nuptials of Pirithous. 

Ovid. Met. 12, 352. One of the Argonauts, s<>n 

of Eurytus and father of Actor. Hygin. /ab. 14 

et 173. An illegitimate son of Priam. Hygin. 

fab. L'O. 

KlPPEUS, a son of Hercules by Procris, the eld- 
est of the fifty daugl-vters of Thestius. Apollod, 

2, 7. 

IIiPFiA, a lascivious woman, &c. Jui\ C, 82. 



HIP 



11 



A surname of Minerva, and also i.i" Jsuio 

Paus. :>, 15. 

HippIas. a philosopher of Elis, who main- 
tained that virtue consisted in not being in want 
of the fissistiince o! nun. At liie Olympic games, 
he boasted that he was master of ail the liberal 
and mechanical arts; and he said that the ring 
upon his finger, the tunic, cloak, and shoes, 
which he then wore, w ere all the w ork of his own 

ha^idsc Cic. de Orat. 3, 32. A son of Pisistra- 

tus, who bee me tyrant of Athens after the deaih 
of his fatlier, with his brother Hipparchus. He 
was willing to revenge the death of his brother, 
who had been assassinated, and for this violent' 
measure he was driven from his country. He 
fled to king Darius in Persia, and was killed at 
the battle of Marathon, fighting against the 
Athenians, B. C. 490. He had five children by 
Myrrhine, the daughter of Callias. Herod. 6. — 
Thitcyd. 7. 

HiPPis, an historian and poet of Rhcgium, in 
the reiirn of Xerxes. jElian. H. An. 8, 33. 

HlPPIUS, a surname of Neptune, irom his hav- 
ing raised a horse (IVTros,) from tlie earth in his 
c>)nlest with Minerva, concerning the giving a 
name to Athens. 

HIPPO Regi us, a city of Africa in that part of 
Numidia called the western province. It was 
situate near the sea. on a bay in the vicinity of 
the promontory of Hippi. It was called Hippo 
Regius, not only in contradistinction to Hippo 
Zarytiis mentioned below, but also from its hav- 
ing been one of the roj'al cities of the Numidian 
kings. Of this city St Augustine was bishop. 
Tlie ruins are spread at the present day over the 
neck of land between the rivers Boojemah and 
Seiboiise. Near the ancient site is a town named 

Boria. Zarytus, a town of Africa, on the coast 

to the west of Ucica. It w as thus termed to dis- 
tinguish it from the one above mentioned, and 
the name is said to have reference to its situation 
among artificial canals, w hich afforded the sea an 
entrance to a navigable lagune adjacent. It is 
now called Biserta. 

HiPPOBOTES, a large meadow near the Cas- 
pinn sea. where 50,000 horses could jfraze. 

HiPPOBOTUS, a Greekhistorian,«ho composed 
a treatise on philosophers. Diog. in Pyth. 

HiPPOCENTAURl, a r.'.ce of monsters who 
dwelt in Thessaly. Vid. Centauri. 

HippocooN, a son of CEbalus brother to Tyn- 
darus. He was put to death by Hercules, because 
he had driven his brother from the kingdom of 
Lacedaemon. He was at the chase of the Caly- 
donian boar. Diod 4. - ApoUod. 2, &c. 3, 10.— 

I'aus. Lncon.—Ovid. Met. 8, 314. A friend of 

/Eneas, son of Hyrtacus, who distinguished him- 
self in the funeral games of Sicily. Firg. ^n. 
3, 492, &c. 

HIPPOCORYSTES, a son of iEgyptus. of 

Hip;)v)eo«n. Apollod. 

HiPPOCRATE, a daughter of Thespius, Apol- 
lod. 

Hippocrates, a celebrated physician, born 
in the island of Cos. He studied physic, in w hich 
his grandfather Nebrus was so eminently distin- 
guished; and he improved himself by reading the 
tablets in the temples of the gods, where each in- 
dividual had written down the diseases under 
which he had laboured, and the means by which 
he had recovered. He delivered Atliens from a 
dreadful pestilence in the be;:iniiint; of (he Pelo- 
ponnesian war, and he wa.s poMkIv r'.'v.arded 
with a golden ci own, the piivilvyis uf a citizen ; 



I A ' rr,-, ar.d the iMiti-iTiun at the grand fest?- 
Sldiful and diligent in his profession, he 
openly declared the measures which he had taken 
to cure a disease, and candidly confesses that i f 
forty-two patients which were entrii.sted to his 
care, only seventeen bad recovered, and the re^t 
had fallen a prey to the distemper in spite of his 
medical applications. He devoted all his time 
to the service of his country; and when Arta- 
xerxes invited him, even by force of arms to come 
to his court, Hippocrates firmly and modestly an- 
swered, that he was born to serve his country- 
men, and not a foreigner. He enjoyed the re- 
wards which his well-directed labours claimed, 
and while he lived in the greatest popularity, he 
was carefully employed in observing the symp- 
toms and the growth of every disorder, and from 
his judicious remarks, succeeding physicians have 
received the most valuable advantages. The ex- 
periments which be had tried upon the human 
frame increased his knowledge, and from his 
consummate observations, he knew how to mo- 
derate his own life as well as to prescribe to 
others. He died in the rinety-ninth year of his 
age, BcC. 361, free from all disorders of the niind 
and body; and after death he received with the 
name oi Great, the same honours which were 
paid to Hercules. His writings, few of which 
remain, have procured him the epithetof divine, 
and show that he was the Homer of his profes- 
sion. According to Galen, his opinion is as re- 
spectable as the voice of an oracle. He wrote in 
the Ionic dialect, at the advice of Democritus, 
though he was a Dorian. His memory is still 
venerated at Cos, and the present inhabitants of 
the island sliow a small house, which Iiippo- 

. crates, a'^ they mention, once inhabited. The 
best edition of his works is that of Ftesius, Fran- 
cof. 15:<5, fol., reprinted at several subsequent 
periods, and, with the glossaries, at Geneva, in 
1657, fol. In 1815, M. de Mercy conunenced a 
valuable edition of select works of Hippocrates, 
w ith a French translation and commentary. The 
learned Coray al.so published a translation in 
French of the treatise on Airs, Waters, and 
Places, at Paris, 1801, in 2 vols. 8vo, enriched 
with critical, historical, and medic.il notes. Pliru 
7, 37.- C/c. de Orat. 3. A; D. 3, 3S. An Athen- 
ian general in the Peloponnesian war. Pint. 

An officer of Chalcedcn, killed by Alcibiades. 

Plut. in Alc- A Syracusan di-feated by Mar- 

ceilus. The father'of Pisi.-tra'.us. A tyrant 

of Gela. 

HiPPOCRATiA, a festival in honour of Neptune 
in Arcadia. 

HlPPOCRHNE^ a fountain of Boeotia, near 
mount Helicon, sacred to the muses. It first 
•rose from the ground, when struck by the feet of 
the horse Pegasus, whence the name iVn-ou «p»}fi7, 
the horse's fountain. Ovid. Mel. 5 , 256. 

HiPPODA.MEand HiPPODAMiA, a daughter of 
CEnom.ius, king of Pi.-^a, in Elis, who married 
Pelops son of Tan'a'us. Iler father, who was 
either enamoured oi her himself, or afraid lest 
he should perish by one of his daughter's children, 
according to an oracle, refused to marry her, e.x- 
cept to him who could overcome him in a chariot 
race. His dextrriiy in driving and the swiftness 
of his horses ensured the defeat of his rivals ; but 
to increase their danger, it is said, that he al- 
\^ays compelled his daujjhter to mount the char- 
iot (>f lu-i lover, either to delay by the charms of 
lo r 1 1 ri(,n, or to confound by her presence the 
pr^ babili'v of success. As the beauty of Hippo- 



nip 



HIP 



damia " as greatly Ci lohrated, many courted her, 
and accepted her faiher's conditions though death 
attended a defeat. Thirteen had already been 
conquered, and forfeited their lives, when Pelops 
came from Lydia and entered the lists. Pelops 
previously bribed Myrtilus, the charioteer of 
Qilnomaus, and ensured himself the victory. In 
the race, QEnomaus, mounted on a broken char 
iot, which the corrupted Myrtilus had purposely 
provided for him, was easily overcome, and was 
killed in the course ; and Pelops married Hippo- 
damia, and avenged the death of CEnomaus, by 
throwing into the sea the perfidious Myrtilus, 
who claimed for the reward of his treachery, the 
favour which Hippodamia could grant only to 
her husband. Hippodamia became mother of 
Atreus and Thyestes, and it is said that she died 
of grief for the death of her father, which her 
guilty correspondence with Pelops and Myrtilus 
had occasioned. Others suppose that she de- 
stroyed herself when she was discovered to be 
guilty of the murder of Chrysippus son of Pelops, 
though it is more probable that she was expelled 
by her revengeful husband, and that she died at 
Argos. Vhg. G. 3, T.—Hygin. fab. 84 et 253.— 
Fans. 5, 14, 8cc.—Diod. i. — Ovid. Hercid. 8 et 17. 

■ A daughter of Adrastus, king of Argos, who 

married Pirithous, king of the Lapilhie. The 
festivity which prevailed on the day of her mar- 
riage was interrupted by the attempts of Flurytus 
to offer her violence. (^JHd. Pirithous.) She is 
called Ischomache by some, and Deidamia by 

others. Ovid Met. 12 — Plut. in Thes. A 

daughter of Danaus. ApoUod. A mistre.ss of 

Achilles, daughter of Brises. A daughter of 

Anchises, who married Alcathous. Homer. II. 
13, 429. 

HippodAmus, a man of Miletus, who settled 
a republic without any previous knowledge of 

government. Aristot. Polit. 2. An Athenian 

who gave his house to his country when he 
knew such a concession would improve the port 
of the Piraeus. An Athenian archon. 

HlPFODiCE, one of the Danaides. Apollod. 

HiPPODROMUS, a son of Hercules. Jd. A 

Thessalian, who succeeded in a school at Athens, 

in the age of M. Antony. Philostr. A place 

wherein chariot and horse-races were performed, 
and horses exercised. 

HippolHchus, a son of Bellerophon, father to 
Glaucus, who commanded the Lycians during the 
Trojan war. A son of Glaucus also bore the 

same name. Homer. II. 6, 119. A son of 

Antimachus, slain in the Trojan war. Id.W, 122. 

HlPi'OL-yxE, a queen of the Amazons, given 
in marriage to Theseus by Hercules, who had 
conquered her, and taken away her girdle by or- 
der of Eurystheus. {Vid. Hercules.) She had 
a son by Theseus, called Hippolytus. Plut. in 

Thes.—Propert. 4, 3 The wife of Acastus, 

who fell in love with Peleus, who was in exile at 
her husband's court. She accused him of incon- 
tinence, and of attempts upon her virtue, before 
Acastus, only because he refused to gratify her 
desires. She is also called Astyochia. (T/cZ. Acas- 
tus.) A daughter of Cretheus. Apollod. 

Hippolytus, a son of Theseus and Hippolyte, 
famous for his virtues and his misfortune-. His 
step-mother Phaedra fell in love with him, and 
when he refused to pollute his father's bed, she 
accused him of off ering violence to her person 
before Theseus. Her accusation was readily 
believed, and Theseus entreated Neptune 
ssverely to punish the incontinence of his son. 



Hippoh lUs fifd ;u,m the resentment of his father, 
and, as he pur.sL!ed his way along ti.e sea-shore 
his horses were so frightened at the noise of 
sea-calves, which Neptune had purposely sent 
there, that they ran among the rocks till his 
chariot was broken and his body torn to pieces. 
Temples were raised to his memory. i)articularly 
at Troezene, where he received divine honours. 
According to some accoimts, Diana restored him 
to life, and he assumed the nam.e of Viibius. 
Ovid. Fast. 3, 268. Met. 15, 469. Virg, Mn. 7, 

761, &c. A son of Ropalus, king of Sicyon, 

greatly beloved by Apollo. Plut. in Num. A 

giant, killed by Mercury. A son of iEgyptus. 

Apollod, 1 et 2. A Christian martyr of tlie 

third century, who suffered under Severus in the 
fifth persecution, about the year 230. His works 
havelaeen edited by Fabricius, Hamb. fol. 1716. 

HIPPOMAchus, a musician, who severely re- 
buked one of his pupils because he was praised 
by the multitude, and observed that it was the 
greatest proof of his ignorance. A'lian. V. H. 2, 6. 

HlPPOMEDON, a son of Nisimachus and My- 
thidice, who was one of the seven chiefs who 
went against Thebes. He was killed by Ismarus, 
son of Acastus. Apollod. 3, 6. — Faus. 2, 36. 

HlPPOMEDUSA, a daughter of Danaus. Apol- 
lod. 

HiPPOMENES, an Athenian archon, who ex- 
posed his daughter Limone to be devoured by 
horses, because guilty of adultery. Ovid, in lb. 

459. A son of Macareus and Merope, who 

married Atalanta, (^Vid. Atalanta,) with the as- 
sistance of Venus. These two fond lovers were 
changed into lions by Cybele, whose temple they 
had profaned in their impatience to consummate 

their nuptials. Ovid. Met. 10, 685, &c. The 

father of Megareus. 

HlFPOMOLGl, a people of Scythia, who, as the 
name implies, lived upon the milk of horses. 
Dionys. Perieg. — Hippocr. de Acre, &c. 44. 

HiPPON and HlPPO, a town of Africa. Vid. 
Hippo. 

HiPPONA, a goddess w ho presided over horses. 
Her statues were placed in stables. Juv. 8, 157. 

HiPPONAX, a Greek poet, born 'at Ephesus, 
240 years before the Christian era. He culti- 
vated the same satirical poetry as Archilochus, 
and was not inferior to him in the beauty or vi- 
gour of his lines. His satirical raillery obliged 
him to fly from Ephesus. As he was natur- 
ally deformed, two brothers, Buphalus and An- 
thermus, made a statue of him, which, by the 
deformity of its features, exposed the poet to uni- 
versal ridicule. Hipponax resolved to revenge 
the injury, and he wrote such bitter invectives 
and such kern and satirical lampoons against 
them that they hanged themselves in despair. 
Cic. ad Fam. 7, 24. 

HIPPONIATES SINUS, a gulf in the country of 
the Brutii, near Hipponium. 

HlPPONiUM, a town of Italy, on the western 
coast of the territory of the Brutii, south-west 
from Scylacium. It was founded by the Locn- 
Epizephyrii, and destroyed by Dionysius, U 
was subsequently restored under Haimibal, and 
finally colonized by the Romans, who call('<l it 
Vibo Valentia. It is now named Mont- Leone, 
Strab. G.—Diod. Sic. 14, 107. 15, 2A.—Liv. 3.0, >l(i. 

HlPPONouSi the father of Peiibcc;i and Ca- 
paneus. He was killed by the thunderbolts of 
Jupiter before the w alls of Thebes. ApoUcd. 1, 8, 

3, 1. The first name of Bellerophon.— —A 

son of Priaxn. 



HiPPOPODES, a people of Scythia, who h«vp 
hoi scs feet. Tlie Hippopodes are menuo::td by 
Dionysius Perieffetes. Mela, and P.iny. But the 
ttiuh i?, that they r.ad this appellatinn given 
them on acc mnt of their swiftness of foot, 

KiPPOTADKS, the patronymic of ^olus, 
grandson to Hippntas, by Segesta, as a!-o of 
Amastrus, his son, « ho was killed in the R j'u- 
lian war. Virg. ^n. 1], filA.—Gcid. Met II, 
431. 

HiPPOTAS or HiPPoTES, a Trojan prince, 

chanscd into a river. {Vid. Crinisus.) The 

father of ^Eohis, w ho from thence is called Hip- 
potades. Homer. Od. JO, 2.— Ovid. Heroid. IS, 
4G. Met. J 4, 224. 

HirPOTHOE, a daughter of Mestor and Lysi- 
dice, carried a«ay to the islands called Echin- 
ades by Neptune, by whom she had a son named 

Taphius. ApoUod. 2, 4 One of the Nereides. 

Id. 1, 2. A daughter of Pelias. Id. 

HippothjOX, a son of Neptune and Alope, 
daughter of Cercyon, exposed in the woods by 
!iis mother, that her amours with the god might I 
be concealed from her father. Her shame was \ 
discovered, and her father ordered her to he put | 
to death. Neptune changed her into a fountain, | 
and the child was preserved by mares, v.hence j 
his name, and when grown up, placed on his : 
grandfather's throne bv the friendship of These- | 
us. Hy<{>n. fab. 1S7. -' Pjus. 1, 33. I 

HiPPOTHOONTIS, one of the twelve Athenian : 
tribes, which received its name from Hippothoon. 

HiPPOTHous, a son of Lethus, killed by Ajax ■ 
in the Trojan war. Homer. II 2, 347. 17, 2)7 et i 

£83. A son of Priam. ApoUod. 3, 12. A 

i-on of ^gyptus. Id. One of the hunters of 

the Calydonian boar, Ovid. Met. 1, 3f!7. 

HlPPOTioN, a prince who assisted the Trojans, 
and was killed by Merion. Homer. II. 13, 792. 
14 514. 

HIPPURIS, one of the Sporadesnow, Hermonesi, 
HiRA, or Alexandria, now Mesjid A!i, a \ 
t.->wn of Asia in Babylonia, near a lake, at some 
di-tance from the western bank of the Euphrates. 
It was the residence of a dynasty of princes, who 
s.>rv?d the Persians and Parth'ians against the 

IIiRPiNl, a people of Italy, who formed a part 
ol the Samnites, and were situate to the south of 
Samnium Proper. They are said to h.ave ob- 
tained their name from the word Hirpus d enot- 
ing a trolf in the Samnite dialect, o\^ ing to their i 
having followed the tracks of that animal in mi- ! 
grating to this quarter. It was towards the end i 
of the second Punic war. that they began to be 
distinguished from the rest of the Samnites. 
Th^eir territory comprehended the towns of Beu- 
iventuni, Ciiudium, Abellinum, and Compsa. 

Q, HiRPiNUS, a Roman, to whom Horace de- 
dicated his od. 2. 11. and also ep. 1, 16. 

HIRTIA LEX, dc magidratila'.s, by A. Hirtius, 
It required that none of Pompey's adherents 
should be raised to any office or dignity in the 
state. 

Hirtius Aulus, was an officer under Julius 
CzEsar, and wrote a supplementary part of the 
Commentaries published in his name. The 
books composed by Hirtius are the eighth of the 
Gallic war, and those of the Alexandrine and 
African wars. Of the t« o latter'he received his 
information in part from Cesar's own mouth. 
His style is good, but his narrative is reckoned less 
elenr ili;m that of Ciesar himself. He was made 
consul; together with C. Vibius ransa. R. C. 43, 



jm.l the conduct of the war .-igr.in--t Antony wag 
committed to them in conjunction with the young 
Octavianu*. He gave Antony a consid'rable 
check in the neighbuuvhoud of Mutina, but his 
ardour carrying him too far into the enemj's 
quarters, he received a wound which laid him 
dead on the spot. Suet, in Aug. 10. 

HlRTLS,ad. b.iuched fellow, &c. Juv. 10. 222. 

HiSBON a Rutuhan, killed by Pallas. Virg. 
.En. lii, 3i4. 

HiSPALls, a town of Spain, situate on the Bte- 
tis, and answering to the modern Seville. Its 
foundation has been asciibed to Hercules, to Bac- 
chus, to the Hebrews, the Chaldeans, and the 
Phoenicians. When it became a Roman colony, 
it \\as much frequented on account of its com- 
merce. It had the surname of Romulensis and 
the title of Conventus. Ccrs. B. Civ. 2, 18. B. 
Uisp. 27, 3.1, Scc.—Plin. 3, 1. 

HiSPANiA, an extensive country of Europe, 
bounded on the north by the Oceanus Cantabri- 
cus, or Brnj of Biscaij, and the Pyrenees, on the 
east and south by the Mediterranean Sea. and on 
the west by the Atlantic Ocean. It was called 
Iberia by the Greeks, from the Ibcrus or I-^iro, 
which was the first great river they reached in 
the peninsula, and Hesperia Ultima by the Ro- 
mans, from its extreme western situation. The 
name of Hispania was derived from the Phoeni- 
ci.ans, who, at an early period planted colonies 
along its southern shores. The Carthaginians 
invaded it next; they founded several cities oa 
the southern coast, and held it long in subjection. 
At the conclusion of the second Punic war it was 
wrested from them by the Homans, who, having 
also reduced the native tribes to obedience, di- 
vided it into two provinces, Citeriorand Ulterior. 
Hispania Citerior was afterwards called Terra- 
conensis, from Terraco, its capital, and extended 
from the foot of the Pyrenees to the mouth of the 
Durius, or Douro, on the Atlantic shore, com- 
pi-ehending all the north of Spain, together with 
the south as far as a line drawn below Carthago 
N.>va, or Carthjgena, and continued in an j 
oblique direction to Salamantica, or Sala»ianca, i 
on the Durius, Hispania Ulterior was subdi- T 
vided into two provinces ; Ba^tica, on the south of J 
Spain between the Anas, or Gaudiana. and Ci- . 
terior, and above it Lusitania, answering in a i, 
great degree, though not entirely, to modern j' 
Portugal: This change took place in the time of i 
Augustus. The inhabitants were naturally war- 
like, and they often destroyed a life wliicii was 
become useless and even burdensome by its in- [ 
firmities. Spain was famous for its rich mines of 
silver, which employed -10,000 workmen, and I 
daily yielded to the Romans no less than iO.OOO i 
drachms. The.se have long since failed, though, 
in the floin ishing times of Rome, Spain was said I 
to contain more gold, silver, brass, and iron, than 
the rest of the world. It gave birth to Quintilian, 
Lucan, Martial, Mela. Silius, Seneca, &c. Jus- 
tin. U.— Strab. 3.—Melu. 2, G. — Pliu. 3. 1 et 20. 

HlSPANUS, a native of Spain. Ti.e w ord Ilis- ' 
paniensis ivas also used, but generally applied to ' 
a person living in Spain and not "botn there. ' 
Marti :l. prcrf. 12- 

Hisio, a noted debatichee, &e. Juv. 2, jO. 

HiSPULLA, a lascivious woman. Jur. G. 74. 

HiSTASPES, a relation of Darius ill. kiiled 
in a battle, &c. Curt. 4, 4. 

HiSTER Pacu\ Tus, a man distinguished as 
much by his vices as bis immense riches. 
Juv. 2, 58. 



2-17 



HiSTi.-SA. Vid. Oi-eus. 

Hlsri^OTiS, a country of Thessaly, situate 
beiow mount Olympus and mount Ossa. anciently 
called Doris, from Uorus the son of Deucalion, 
and inhabited by the Pelasgi. The Pelasgi were 
driven from the country by the Cadmeans, and 
these last were also dispossessed by the Perrhse- 
beans, who gave to their newly acquired posses- 
sions the name of HistijBotis, or EstiiEotis, from 
Estiaea, or Histisea, a town of Euboea, which 
!hey had then lately destroyed, and whose inha- 
bitants they had carried to Thessaly with them. 

Strab.— Herod. 4. A small country of Eubcea, 

of which Histia3a, or Estiaea, was the capital. 

HISTI^US, a tyrant of Miletus, who, wiien the 
Scythians had almost persuaded the Ionian 
princes to destroy the bridge over the Ister, in 
order that the Persian army might perish, op- 
posed the plan, and induced them to abandon the 
design. His argument was, that if the Persian 
irmy was destroyed, and the power of Darius 
brought to an end, a popular government would 
bs establi.^ied in every Ionian city, and the ty- 
rants expidled. He was held in high estimation 
on this account by Darius, and rewarded with a 
grant of la.id in Thrace. But Megabyzus having 
convinced the king that it was bad policy to per- 
mit a Grecian settlement in Thrace, Darius in- 
duced Histi£eus, who was already founding a city 
there, to come to Susa, having allured him by 
magnilicent promises. Here he was detained 
under various pretences, the king being afraid of 
his influence and turbulent spirit at home. His- 
tiaeus, tired of this restraint, urged, by means of 
secret messengers, his nephew Aristagoras to 
effect a revolt of the lonians. This was done, 
and Histiyaus was sent by Darius to stop the re- 
volt. He put himself at the head of an army of 
lonians and ^Eolians, and attacked the Persians; 
but being made prisoner, was crucified by Arla- 
phernes at Sardis. Herod. 4, 137. 5, 11, &c. 

PIlSTRlA. Fid. Istria. 

HODIUS, a herald in the Trojan war. 

HOMKROMASTIX, a surname given to Zoilus 
the critic. 

HomErus, a celebrated Greek poet, the most 
ancient of all the profane wn'.ers. The age in 
wliich he lived is not known, though some sup- 
pose it to be about 168 years after the Trojan war, 
or, according to others, 160 years before the 
foundation of Rome. According to Paterculus, 
he flourished 968 years before the Christian era, 
or SS4, according to Herodotus, who supposes 
him to be contemporary with Hesiod. The 
Arandelian marbles fix his era 907 years before 
Christ, and make him also contemporary with 
HesiocL This diversity of opinions proves the 
antiquity of Homer; and the uncertainty prevails 
:Aso concerning the place of his nativity. No 
It-ss than seven illustrious cities disputed the 
\i'j.hr. of having given birth to the greatest oi 
p K'Ls, as it is well expressed in these lines: 

Smyr7ia, Chins, Colophon, Salamis, Rhodos, 
A)'!^f)s, Athence, 
Orbis de patria cerlal. Homere, tua. 

He was called Mele>;igcne<, because supposed 
to be born on the borders of the river Meles. 
There prevailed a report that he had established 
a school at Chios in the latter part of his life; and, 
indeed, this opinion is favoured by the present 
inhabitants of the island, who still glory in show- ^ 
ing to travellers the seats where the venerable i 
master and his pupils sat in the hollow of a rock, 
at the distance of about four miles from ti.e mo- j 



dern capital of tlie island. Ti-.ese difficulties and 
doubts have not been removed, though Aristotle, 
Herodotus, Piutarch, and others, have employed 
their pen in writing his life. In his two cele- 
brated poems called the Iliad and Odyssey, Ho- 
mer has displayed the most consummate know- 
ledge of human nature, and rendered himself im- 
mortal by the sublimity, the fire, sweetness, and 
elegance of his poetry. He deserves a greater 
share of admiration when we consider that he 
wrote without a model, and that none of his poe- 
tical imitators have been able to surpass, or, per- 
haps, to equal their gi-eat master. If there are 
any faults found in his poetry, they are to be at- 
tributed to the age in which he lived, and not to 
him; and we must observe that the world is hi- 
debted to Homer for his happy successor Virgil. 
In his Iliad, Homer has described the resentment 
of Achilles, and its fatal consequences in the 
Grecian army, before the walls of Troy. In the 
Odyssey, the poet has chosen fur his subject the 
return of Ulysses into his country, with the many 
misfortunes which attended his voyage after the 
fall of Troy. These two poems are each divided 
into twenty-four books, the same number as the 
letters of the Greek alphabet, aod, though the 
Iliad claims an uncontested superiority over the 
Odyssey, yet the same force, the same sublimity 
and elegance, prevail, though divested of its more 
powerful fire; and Longiims, the most refined of 
critics, beautifully compares the Iliad to the 
mid-day, and the Odyssey to the setting sun, and 
observes, that the latter still preserves its original 
splendour and majesty, lhoU{;h deprived of its 
meridian heat. The poetry of Homer was so 
universally admdred, that, in ancient times, every 
man of learning could repeat with facility any 
passage in the Iliad or Odyssey; and, indeed, it 
was a sufficient authority to settle disputed boun- 
daries, or to support any argument. The poems 
of Homer are the compositions of a man who 
travelled and examined with the most critical ac- 
curacy whatever deserved notice and claimed at- 
tsention. Modern travellers are astonished to see 
the different scenes which the pen of Homer de- 
scribed about 300(1 years ago, stdl existing in the 
same unvaried form, and the sailor who steers 
his course along the jJIgean, sees all the promon- 
tories and rocks wdrich appeared to Nestor and 
Menelaus, when they returned victorious from 
the Trojan war. Tiie ancients had such venera- 
tion for Homer, that they not only raised tem- 
ples and altars to him, but offered sacrifices, and 
worshipped him as a god. The inhabitants of 
Chios celebrated festivals every fifth year in his 
honour, and medals were stiuck, wiiich repre- 
sented him sitting on a throne, holding his Iliad 
and Odyssey. In Egypt his memory was conse- 
crated by Ptolemy Philopater, who erected a 
n'.aKnificent temple, within which was placed a 
statue of the pt^et beautifully surrounded with a 
representation of the seven cities which contended 
for the honour of his birth. The inhabitants of 
Cos, one of the Sporades, boasted that Homer 
was buried in their island; and the Cyprians 
claimed the same honour, and said that he was 
born of Themisto, a female native of Cyprus. 
Alexander was so fond of Homer, that he f;ener- 
ally placed his compositions under his pillow, 
with his sword; and he carefully deposited the 
Iliad in one of the richest and most v;i'.u,ible 
caskets of Darius, observing, that the most per- 
fect work of human genius ought to be presei ved 
in a box the most valuable and precious in tlic 



343 



HCR 



vovVl. ll i= Ih^t Pisi<tra!i!s, tyrant oi 

Athens. V". as the rtrst "ho cniiectetl mid Jiiraiigtd 
the Iliad and OJyssey in the manner in which 
ihey no'.v appear to u.-; and that it is to the well- 
directed pursuits of Lycurgus that we are indebted 
for their preservation. Many of the ancients 
have written the life of Homer, yet their inqui- 
ries and labours have not much contributed to 
prove the native place^ the parentage, and con- 
nt xions of a nian whom some have represented 
as deprived of sight. Besides the Iliad and 
Oayssey', Homer wrote, according to the opinion 
ot some authors, a poem upon Amphiaraus's ex- 
pedition against Thebes, besides the Phoceis, the 
Cercopes, the small Iliad, the Epicichlides, and 
the Batrachomyomachia, and many hymns to 
some of the gods. The merit of originality is 
taken very improperly, perhaps, from Homer, by 
those who suppose, with Clemens Alex. (^Strom. 
6,) that he borrowed from Orpheus, or that, ac- 
cording to Suidas (roce Corinnus), he took his 
plan of the Iliad from Corinnus. an epic poet, 
who «rote on the Trojan war, at the very time 
the Greeks besieged tnat famed city. Agathon, 
an ancient painter, according to ^lian, repre- 
sented the merit of the poet in a manner as bold 
as it was indelicate. Homer was represented as 
vomitiniT, and all other poets as swallo^^ing what 
he ejected. Of the numerous commentaries pub- 
lished on Hom,er, that of Eustathius, bishop of 
Thessalonica, is by far the most extensive and 
erudite. The best edition of the Iliad is that of 
Heyne, 8 vols. 8vo, Lips. 1S02. Next in value to 
it are the editions of Wolf, 4 vols. 12rno, Lips. 
1 04 7; and of ViUoison, fol. Venet. 1755. An 
edition of the Odyssey, which promises to be a 
valuable one, is now publishing in Germany, 
under the editorial care of Crusius. Clarke's 
edition, however, may still be regarded as the 
most popular one with a certain class of scholars. 
The principal English translations of the Iliad 
and Odyssev are those of Pope. Cowper, and 
Sothebv. Herod. 2. bS. — Tkeocrit. ]6.—Ariitof. 
Pnel.—Strab. \.—Dio. Chrys. Orat. 33. — Pans. 2, 
33 9, 30. 1(1, 2A.-HeUodor. S.—^lian. V. H. 13, 
14 et 2l.— Vai. Max. S, Q.— Quintil. 1, 5. 5, 11. 
10, 1. 12, \^. — Palerc. 1, 5. - Dionys. Hal.— Pint. 

in Alex. &c. A poet, surnamed, for distinc- 

tion s sake, the younger. He was a native of Ilie- 
rapolis in Caria, and flourished under Ptolemy 
Philadelphus. Homer the younger formed one 
of the tragic Pleiades. 

HoMoLK, a lofty mountain of Thessaly, once 
the residence of the Centaurs. Virg. ^n. 7, 675. 

HoMOLlPPUS, a son of Hercules and Xanthis 
Apollod. 

HomoloTdes, one of the seven gates of Thebes. 
Stat. Theb. 7, 252. 

HOMONADA, a strong fortress of Cilieia Tra- 
chea, on the confines of Isauria. The Homona- 
denses were a wild and plundering- people, and 
greatly infested the surrounding country. They 
were subdued, however, by the Roman com- 
mander Quirinus, who blocked up the passages 
of the mountains, and reduced them by famine. 
It is now Ermenak, and presents the appearance 
of a castle hewn out of a rock. Plin. 6 27. 

Honor, a virtue which received divine hom- 
age among the Romans. Her first temple was 
erected by Scipio Africanus, and ano'her was 
afterwards built by Claud. Marcellus, by the side 
of an edifice consecrated to virtue, through which 
it was necessary to pass before that of Honor 
could be approached a lesson noble and highly 



b. con ivg fhe fii st figeof Roin.on greatnops. when 
Viitue alone v-as the guide to distinctions and to 
public rewards. A third temple was raised to 
Honor bv Marius after the defeat of the Cimbri. 
Cic. de Nat. D. 2, 23.— Ta^. Max. J, \.—Ovid. 
Fast. 5, 474. — LiV. 29. 

HONORIUS, a Roman emperor of the west, 
second son of Theodosius the Great, who suc- 
ceeded to the throne of the west as Arcadi\is, his 
brother, to that of the east. The reins of go- 
vernment were, during his minority, placed in 
the hands of the illustrious general Stilicho, 
whose daughter he married in 39S. As his char- 
acter opened, he appeared ih adapted to his high 
station, addicted to puerile amusements, and void 
of talents. The revolt of the Goths, and the in- 
vasion of Italy by Alaric, so alarmed him that he 
Red to Liguria, and was for a time besieged in a 
town there by the Goths. Stilicho came to his 
relief, and, by the defeat of Alaric, also freed 
Italy from present danger. Alter this, he fixed 
his residence at Ravenna, and was completely 
governed by his ministers. He died of a dropsy 
in the thirty ninth year of his age. Under him 
and his brother the Roman pnuer was divided 
into two different empires. The successors of 
Honorius, who fixed their residence at Rome, 
were called emperors of the west, and the suc- 
cessors of Arcadius, who sat on the throne of 
Constantinople, were distinguished by the title of 
emperors of the eastern Roman empire. Hono- 
rius w as twice married, but left no issue. A 

Greek surname of Jupiter, the same as the Ter- 
minalis of the Latins. He was honoured under 
the form of a stone, over which, as separating 
■ fields and boundaries, the ancients swore in the 
most solemn manner. AuL Cell. 12, Q.—Diojiys. 
Hal. 2. 

HOPLEUS, an Argive slain by ^^ipvtus. Slat. 
Theb. 10, 4 Oil. 

HORA, a goddess at Rome, supposed to be Her- 
silia, who married Romulus. She was said to 
preside over beauty. Ovid. Met. 14, Sjl. 

HOR-i;, three .sisters, daughters of Jupiter and 
Themis, according to Hesiod. called Eunoniia, 
Dice, and Irene. They were the same as the 
seasons who presided over the spring, summer, 
and winter, and were represented by the poets as 
opening the gates of heaven and of Olympus, 
and yoking the horses of Phoebu>. Homer. 11. 5, 
749. — Pows. 5, 11.— Hesiod. Theog. 902. 

HORAFOLLO, a grammari.an, of Panoplus, in 
Egypt, who taught first at Alexandria, and next 
at Constantinople, about A. D. 3tO. There are 
extant, under his name, two books concerning 
the hieroglyphics of the Egyptians, printed in 
Greek by Aldus, in 1505. folio; and again by De 
Pauw, with a Latin version, at Utrecht, in 1727, 
4to. Their authenticity, however, is question- 
able. 

HORATIA, the sister of the Horatii, killed by 
her brother for mourning the death of the Curi- 
atii. Cie. de Jnv. 2. 20. 

HORATiUS C0CI.es. J'id. Codes. Q, Flac- 

cus, a celebrated poet, born at Venusia. His 
father, who was a treednian, adopted the name 
of Horatius, the master w ho granted him liberty; 
and, though poor in his circumstances, he lib' r- 
ally educated his son, and sent him to learn phi- 
losophy at Athens, after he had received the les- 
sons of the best masters at Rome. Horace fol- 
lowed Brutus from Athens, and the timidi'f 
which he betrayed at the battle of Philippi si>. 
effectually di.scouragcd him, that he for ever 



HOR 



349 



noR 



abandoned the profr-ssion of arms, and. at his re- 
turn to Rome, he applied himself to cultivate j 
poetry. His rising talents claimed the attention 
of Virgil and Varius, who recommended him to 
the protection of Mecaenas and Augustus, the 
most celebrated patrons of literature. Under the 
fostering patronage of the emperor and of his min- 
xster, Horjice gave himself up to indolence and 
refined pleasure. He was afoUovver of Epicurus, 
and while he liberally indulged his appetites, he 
neglected the calls of ambition, and never suf- 
fered himself to be carried away by the tide of 
popularity or public employments. He even re- 
fused to become the secretary of Augustus, and 
the emperor was not offended at his refusal. He 
lived at the table of his illustrious patrons as if 
he were in his own house; and Augustus, while 
sitting at his meals with Virgil at his right hand, 
and Horace at his left, often ridiculed the short 
breath of the former, and the watery eyes of the 
latter, by observing that he sat between tears and 
sighs, Ego sum intej- suspiria et lacrymas. Ho- 
race was warm in his friendship, and, if ever any 
ill-judged reflection had caused offence, the poet 
immediately made every concession which could 
effect a reconciliation, and not destroy the good 
purposes of friendly society. Horace died in the 
fifty-seventh year of his age, B. C 8. His gaiety 
was suitable to the liveliness and dissipation of a 
court; and his familiar intimacy with Mecfenas 
has induced some to believe that the death of 
Horace was violent, and that he hastened him- 
self out of the world to accompany his friend. 
The seventeenth ode of his second book, which 
was written during the last illness of Mecaenas, 
is too serious to be considered as a poetical rhap- 
sody, or unmeaning effusion; and, indeed, the 
poet survived the patron only three weeks, and 
ordered his bones to be buried near those of his 
friend. He left all his possessions to Augustus. 
The poetry of Horace, so much commended for 
its elegance and sweetness, is deservedly cen- 
sured for the licentious expressions and indeli- 
• cate thoughts which he too frequently introduces. 
In his odes he has imitated Pindar and Anacre- 
on; and if he has confessed himself to be inferior 
to the former, he has shown that he bears the 
palm over the latter by his more ingenious and 
refined sentiments, by the ease and melody of his 
expressions, and by the pleasing variety of his 
numbers. In his satires and epistles, Horace 
displays much wit, and much satirical humour, 
without much poetry, and his style, simple and 
unadorned, differs little from prosaical composi- 
tion. In his art of poetry he has shown much 
taste and judgment, and has rendered in Latin 
hexameters, what Aristotle had, some ages be- 
fore, delivered to his pupils in Greek prose. 
The poet gives judicious rules and useful pre- 
cepts to the most powerful and opulent citizens 
of Rome, who, in the midst of peace and enjoy- 
ment, wished to cultivate poetry and court the 
Muses The best editions of Horace wiil be 
found to be that of Basle, fol., 15S0, illustrated 
by eighty commentators; that of Baxter, im- 
proved by Gesner, and after him by Zeunius, 
Lips. 1815, in 8vo. A new edition of this last 
appeared in 18-^2, from the Leipsic press, edited 
by Bciihe, which is in many respects superior to 
the old one. The edition of Doering. Gotha, 
1824, is, however, di'oi<k'dly the best. It was re- 
printed at Glasgow, in 18J6, in one vol, Svo. 

Suet, in Aug. — Ol id. Trist. 4, 10, 49. Three 

brave Romans, born at the same birth, who 



fought against the three Curiatii, about €C7 ypars 
before Christ. This celebrated fight was tou-l.t 
between the hostile camps of the people of Aiba 
and Rome, and on their success depended ihe 
victory. In the first attack two of the Hcratii 
were killed, and the only surviving brother, by 
joining artifice to valour, obtained an honourable 
trophy. By pretending to fly from the field of 
battle, he easily separated his antagonists, and, 
in attacking them one by one, he was enabled to 
conquer them all. As he returned victorious to 
Rome, his sister reproached him with the mur- 
der of the Curiatii, to one of whom she v.as 
promised in marriage. He was incensed at the 
rebuke, aird killed his sister. This violence 
raised the indignation of the people; he was tried 
and capitally condemned. His eminent services, 
however, pleaded in his favour; the senteoce of 
death was exchanged for a more moderate, but 
more ijjnominious punishment, and he was only 
compelled to pass under the yoke. A trophy was 
i-aised in the Roman forum, on which he i^us- 
pended the spoils of the conquered Curiatii. Cic. 
de Inv. 2, 26. — Liv. 1, 24, &c. Dionys. Hal. 3, 

3. A Roman consul, who defeated the Sabincs. 

A consul, who dedicated the temple of Jupi- 
ter Capitolinus. During the ceremony he was 
informed of the death of his son, but he did not 
forget the sacred character he then bore for the 
feelings of a parent, and continued the dedication 
after ordering the body to be buried. Liv. 2. 

HORCIAS, the general of 3000 Macedonians, 
who revolted from Antigonus in Cappadocia. 
Polycpn. 4. 

HORESTI, a people of Scotland, supposed to 
have been the inhabitants of what is now Angus. 
Tacit. Agr. 38. 

HORMISDAS, or HORMOUZ, a king of Persia 
who succeeded to the throne A. D. 579, after the 
death of his. father, Chosroes the Great. While 
directed by the influence of prudent counsellors, 
he governed his dominions wisely, but when left 
to himself he became a cruel tyrant. He was 
deposed and put to death by his subjects. 

HORRATUS, a Macedonian soldier, who fought 
with another private soldier in sight o/ the whole 
army of Alexander. Curt. 9, 7. 

HORTA, or HoRTINUM, a town of the Sabines, 
on the confluence of tjie Nar and the Tiber. 
Virg. /iHn. 7, 716. A goddess among the Ro- 
mans, who presided over youth and excited them 
to virtue by her exhortations. Her temple was 
never shut, to admonish youth, so liable to be se- 
duced, that they should always be di-posed, with 
particular vigilance, to watch over themselves as 
regards the practice of virtue. 

HortensTa, a celebrated Roman lady, daugh- 
ter of the orator Hortensius, whose eloquence she 
had inherited in the most eminent degree. When 
the triumvirs had obliged 14,000 women to give 
upon oath an account of their possessions, to de- 
fray the expenses of the state, Hortensia under- 
took to plead their cause, and «"is so succes-ful 
in her attempt, that 1000 of her female fellow- 
sufferers escaped from the avp^-ice of the trium- 
virate. Fal. Max. 8, 3. 

Hortensia Lex, by Q. Hortensius, the dic- 
tator, A. U. C. S-67. It ordered the whole body 
of the Reman people to pay implicit obedience 
to the plebiscita, or laws enacted by the commons 
at the Comitia Tributa. The nobility, before 
this law was enacted, had claimed an absolute 

exemption. Another, that the nundincE or 

nnarket days, which used to be held as ferire, or 
2 G 



lioa 



c50 



KYA 



boli'Jay?, sbor.id be (a^fi or pr.iirt days, in order 
tb.tt tne (T.uiUn- peojile, Kh.» canie to tovrn for 
market, might then get ibeir lawsuits deter- 
mined. 

IIORTENSicSjQ. a distinguished Roman orator, 
born B. C. 115. He began ta j)lead at the aseof 
nineree:i. and with so much success,, tbat, as 
C;cero savs, "the genius of Hortensius, like the 
statue of Pnidias, was at once beheld and ap- 
proved.-' He afterwards entered the army and 
rose to the post of midiaT-y tribune: he then 
passed thr )Uih the usu^d course of civil otBces 
to the consuiihin, which he served with Csci- 
lius Metellus, B C. 70. At that period he had 
acquired so much power and distinction by his 
eloquence, that when the lot of the Cretan war 
fell upon him, he resig^ned it to his colleague, 
preferring the peaceable triumphs of the forum 
and senate-house. He continued to plead till h!s 
death, which happened in liis sixty-louvth year, 
B. C. j1. As an orator he was elegantly splen- 
did in his diction, apt in his composition, and 
copious in his matter. He embraced the whole 
subject in his menv.ry. divided it acutely, and 
omittetl noihing which the cause supplied, either 
for confirmation or rei'utatian. He «as aided 
with uncommon powers of memorj-. which en- 
abled him to repeat a whole oration in the words 
which he had previously conceived, "ithout com- 
mitting it to writing, and to go through ail the 
arguments of an opponent in their ord-^r. Though 
Hortensius died very rich, he lived in a very 
luxurious style: he possessed several magnificent 
country seats, furnished with parks, aviaries, 
fish-p >ndN ic, in ^^hich he very much delighted. 
He was ace-- ;;: jn.ed with his O'An hand to irrigate 
his fine piane-trees with wine, which may render 
credible the anecdote of his leaving to his heir 
10,000 c'lsks of that liqu-r. Cic. in Brut, ad At- 
tic de Orat. ^-c. — Fan o de R. R. 3, 5. A rich 

Roman, who asked the eider Cato his wife, to 
procreate children. Cato gave his wife to his 
friend, and took her again after his death. This 
behaviour of Cato was highly censured at Rome, 
and it was observed, that Cato's wife had entered 
the house of Hortensius very poor, but that she 
returned to the bed of Cato in the greatest opu 
ience. Plut. in Cat. A Reman, slain by An- 
tony on bis brother s tnmb. Id A praetor, 

V ho fave up Macedonia to Bru us. Id. One 

of Sylia's lieutenants. Id. A Roman, the first 

wh" intr- duced the eating of peacocks at Rome. 
This was at the feast he gave when he was cre- 
ated augur. 

Ko::ttna a town of Italv, on the confines of 
the .^qui. Liv 3, 30. 

Hoaus, a son of Isis and Osiris, and one of the 
deities of Ejjypt. 

Ko.SPlTALls, a surname of Jupiter among the 
R:inians, the same as the Xenius of the Greeks, 
befau>e the god presided over hospitality, and 
punished even- violation of its most sacred iaws. 
Virg. .^n ] , 735. 

HOSTILIA now Ostiglia, a village on the Pa- 
d!is, or Po, in the vicinity of Cremona. Tacit. 
Ann. 2. 40. 

HosTlLiA Lex. was enacted A. U. C. 5S3. 
By it such as were among the enemies of the re- 
pu")lic, or absent wl en the st^ite required their 
assistance, were guilty of rapine. 

Ho.stIus HostilTcs. a warlike Ruman, pre- 
sented with a crown of boughs by Romulu.^. for 
his intrepid behaviour in a battle. Dionys. Ilal. 
A consul A Latin poet in the age of J. 



C>*sar, who coiDp!-Si*d a u-.v.u an the tv.'.-.s iif Is- 

tri?!. Mucrob. Sal. 6, 3 et 5. A law\t-r. Cic. 

Or.it. 1, 57. ' . 

HUNNI, a nomadic race of the Uralianor Fin- 
nic family, whose original country is supposed to 
have been the Sarmatian plains bordering on the 
. 'liaroris Palus and the Tanais, or Don. In the 
■ fourth century, they beca.me m.asters of all the 
! country between the Tanais and the Danube, and 
I in the fifth, under Attila, threatened the Roman 
empire with destruction. In some respect*, thev 
seem to have resembied the Calmucks; and it is 
not improbable that Mongol a:-.d Finnic tribes 
may have been confounded under the same na- 
tional name of khu7i, people, which their eu;- 
mies, the Scandinavian and Sclavoni.-n tribes, 
corrupted into hunds, dogs. ihe Hungari-ms 
Proper, or Magiars, are supposed to be descended 
from the Avars, a branch of the Huns. 

Htaci.sthTa, an annual solemnity at Amv- 
cl:e. ia Laeonia, in honour of Hyacinthu.s a; d 
Ap i o. It continued for three days, during 
v-L :h time'the srief of ti.e people was so great 
for the death of Hyacinthus, that they did nut 
adorn their hair with garlands durins their festi- 
vals, nor eat bread, but fed only upon sweet- 
micats. They did not eveu sing paeans in honour 
of Apollo, or observe any of the 5olem.nities%^h:ch 
were usual at other s.^crifices. On the second 
day of the festival there were a number of diffe- 
rent exliibitions. Youths, with their garments 
girt about them, entertained the spectators, by 
playing sometimes upon the flute, or upon the 
harp, and by singing anapaestic songs, in ioud echo- 
ing voices, in honour of Apcdlo. Others passed 
across the theatre mounted upon horses richly 
adorned, and at the same time, choirs of young 
men came upon the stage singing their uncouth 
rustic songs, and accompanied by persons who 
danced at the sound of 'f-ocal and instrumental 
n.usic, according to the ancient custom. Some 
virgins were also introduced in chariots of wood, 
covered at the top and magnificently adorned. 
O-hers appeared in race chariot.*. The city be- 
aan then to be filled w ith joy. and immense num- 
bers of victims were offered on the altars of Apol- 
lo, and the votaries liberally entertained their 
friends and slaves During this latter part of 
the festivity, all were eager to be present at the 
games, and the citv was almost left wjihout in- 
habitants. A'.hen i.—Ovid. Met. 10, 2i9.-Faiis. 
3, 1 et 19. 

Hyacinthus, ason of Amycla.« and Diomede, 
greatly beloved by Apollo and Zephyrus. He 
returned the former s L ve, and Zephyius, in- 
censed at his coKmess and indifference, resolved 
to punish his rival. As Ap<.l!o, who was en- 
trusted with the education cf Hyacinthus, r nee 
played at quoit with his pupil, Zephyrus blew 
the quoit, as stton as it was thrown by Apollo, 
upon the head of HyacintiiUS, and he was killed 
with the blow. Apollo was so disconsolate at 
the death of Hyacinthus, that he changed his 
blood into a flower, which bore his name, and 
placed his body among the constellations. The 
Spaitans also established yearly festiv.als in 
honour cf the nephew of their king. {Fid. Hva- 
cinthia.) Paus. 3, I9.~0vid. Met. 10, li:5. Sec.— 
Ayr-Uod. 3. &c. 

Hyades, five d.iughters of Atlas, king of 
Mauritania, who were so dis'^.insolate at the 
death of their brother, Hyas, who had been killed 
by a w ild boar, that they pined away and died. 
They became stars after death, and were placed 



351 



near Taurus, one of the t>Vflve signs of the zo- 
diac Tney received the name of Hyades from 
their brother Hyas. Their names are Phaola, 
Ambrosia, Eudora, Corcnis, and Tolyxo. To 
these some have added Thione an(i Prodice, and 
they maintained, that they were daughters of 
Hyas and .-Eihra, one of the Oceanides. Euri- 
pides calls them daughters of Erechtheus. The 
ancients supposed that the rising and setting of 
the Hyades were always attended with much 
rain, whence the name (-J^j, pluo). Qvid. Fast. 
5. 165. Met. 3, 31h—Hygin. Jab. mi. — Eurip. in 
Ion. 1 loj. 

Hyagnis, a Phryffian, father of Marsyas. He 
invented the fiute. Pint de Mum:. 

Hyale. one of the nymphs of Diana. 

HYAMPEIA, one of the two lofty rocks which 
rise perpendicularly above Delphi, and obtaineu 
for Parnassus the epithet of SixSpvipui, or the two- 
headed. The other was called Naupleia. It 
was from these elevated crags that criminals 
were hurled by the Delrhians, and in this man- 
ner Jisop was barb;^.r()uslv murdered. Eurip. 
Phfsn. 231— Herod, d, od. — PUd. de Ser. Num. 
Find. 

Hyampolis, a city in the northern extremity 
of Phncis, and one of the most ancient places in 
that territory. It was said to have been foimded 
by the Hvantes, one of the earliest tribes in 
Greece. Slrab. 9. 

HVANTES, the name of an ancient people of 
Bojotia, who succeet'ed the Ectenes in the pos- 
session of that country, when the latter w ere ex- 
terminated by a plague. Cadmus is sometimes 
called Hy anthills, because he was king of Boeo 
tia. Ocid Met. 3, 147. 

Hyantis, an ancient name of Boeotia, 

Hyas, a son of Atlas, of Mauritania, by 
thra. His extrem.e fondness for shooting proved 
fatal to him, and in his attempts to rob a lion- 
ess of her whelps, he w as killed by the enraged 
animal. Some say that he died by the bite of a 
s;>i pent, and ofliers that he w as killed by a wild 
boar. His sisters mourned his death with such 
constant lamentations, that Jupiter, in compas- 
sion for their sorrow, changed them into stars. 
{rid Hvades.) Hi/gin. fab. 192. — Ovid. Fast. 5, 
170. 

riYBLA, the name of three towns in Sicily; 
Ilybla major, minor, and parva. The first was 
situated near and south of mount ^tna, on a 
hill nf the sanie name with ihe city. This was 
the Hybla so celebrated in antiquity for its bees 

and honey. Pam. 5, 23. The second place 

was called also Herjea ; it was situated in the 
soatliern part of Sicily, and is placed in the itin- 
• erary of Antonine on the route from Agrigentum 
'to Syracuse. This is now Calata Giro-'c. Liv. 
24, 30. — —The last place was a maritime one on 
the eastern coast of Sicily, above Syracuse. It 
was p.\«> denominated Galaotis, but more fre- 
quently Mpgara, w hence the gulf to the south of 
it was cftUed Megarensis Sinus. Piin. 3, 6.--Diod. 
Sic. 4. KO. 

IIY3REAS, an orator of Caria, &e. Sirab. 13. 

Hyccaro.v, (plur.-a), a town of Sicily, the na« 
tive place of I.;ii.s. 

nYD.^RNES, one of the seven noble Persi.ms 
who Conspired to destroy the usurper Srnerdis, 
&c Ilerod. 3 et 6 —Strab. 1 1. 

Hyda<pf.s, a river of India, and one of the 
tributaries of the Indus. It is now the Jhijlum. 
Upon its banks, Alexander defeated Poms, and 
f.>und<:d the t^jwa Nica:a to perpetuate his victory, 



as well as anoti;er called Bucephala, in menn ry 
of his favourite horse Bucephalus, that died here 
of old age. Strab. 15 — Arrian. 4, 8. 5. 3. Mela, 

3, 7. A friend of ^neas, killed in the Rulu- 

lian war. Virg. Ain. \Q, 1M. 

Hydra, a celebrated monster, which infested 
the neighourhood of the lake Lerna in Pelopon- 
nesus. It was the fruit ot Echidna's union with 
Typhon. It had a hundred heads, according to 
Diodorus; filty, according to Simonides; and 
nine, according to the more received opinion of 
Apollodorus, Hyginus. &c. As soon as one (.f 
these heads w as cut off, two immediately grew 
up, if the wound was not stopped by fire. It was 
one of the labours of Hercules to destroy this 
dreadful monster, and this he easily effected with 
the assistance of lolas, who applied a burning 
iron to the wounds as soon as one head was cut 
off. While. Hercules was destroying the hydra, 
Juno, jealous of his glory, sent a sea crab to bice 
his foot. This new enemy was soon dispatch(-d; 
and Juno, unable to succeed in her attempts to 
lessen the fame of Hercules, placed the crab 
among the constellations, where it is now called 
the Cancer. The conqueror dipped his arrows 
in the gall of the hydra, and, from that circum- 
stance, all ihe v.ounds which he gave proved in- 
curable and mortal, llefiod. Th'eog. ^'[b.—Apcl- 
kd. 2, b.~Paus 5, 17 — Grid. Met. 9, &J.— Horat. 
Od. 4, 4, Q\.— Virg. ^n. 6, 276. 1, 7. 658. 

Hydraotes, a tributary to the Indus. It is 
now the Ravee. 

HvdrophorTa, Ti festival observed at Athens, 
called ixTTO tov <pop£l.v vSwp, from carrying wafer. It 
was celebrated in commemoration of those w ho 
perished in the deluge of Deucalion and Ggvges. 

Hydruntum and Hydrl'S, a port and city of 
Calabria, fifty miles south of Brundisium. ' It 
was the nearest point of Italy to Greece, which 
induced Pyrrhus, and afterwards Varro. Pom- 
ppy s lieutenant, to think of joining the two 
countries by a bridge. Its modern name is 
Otranto. Cic. Ep. ad Att. 15, 2L — Plin. 3, 11. 

HyE-MPSAL, a son of Micipsa. brother to Ad- 
herbal, murdered by Jugurtha, after the death of 
his father, Sallust. de Jug. Bell. 

Hygeia or Hygiha, the goddess of health, 
daughter of .iEsculnpius. held in great veneration 
ariiong the ancients. Her statues rej resented 
her with a veil, and the matrons usually conse- 
crated their locks to her divinity. She was also 
represented on monuments as a young woman 
holding a serpent in one hand, and in the other 
a cup, out of which the serpent sometimes drank. 
According to some authors, Hygeia is the same as 
Minerva, who received that name from Pericles, 
who erected her a statue, because in a dream she 
had told him the means of curing an architect, 
whose assistance he wanted to build a temple. 
Plut. in Pericl.—Paus. 1. 23. 

Hyginus, C. Jul a grammarian, who lived 
in the time of Augustus. Suetonius says, that he 
was a freedman, and a native of Spain ; though 
others think that he was an Alexandrian. He 
was appointed keeper of the Palatine librarj-, and 
received pupils for instruction. He was intim- 
ately acquainted with Ovid and other literary 
characters of the day, and was said lo be the 
imitator of Cornrlius Alexander, a Greek gram- 
marian. He wrote the lives of illustrious men, 
referred to by Aulus Gelliu;, .-i copious treatise 
I on the cities of I;;;!y, <|iiot( d by Servms /md 
i Macrobius, and a work on genealogies. Otlier 
! works have been ;.t'.r)ti!:t« >d lo him ; but the only 
' 4 G 2 



HYP 



pieces ftiat h^vt- cotue do-An m ns are entitled, i 
I'oeticon AstroJiomicon, De Muiidi et spherce ac 
utriuiqae partium declaratioiie, and a book of fa- 
bles. The best edition of this writer is that of 
Munker, in tbe Mvthographi Latini, £vo, Amst. 
16S1. Suet, de Grarmn. 20. 

Hyla and Htlas, a rirer of Mysia, v^here 
Ilvlas was drowned. Virg. G. 3 6. A colonj' 

of PiiOCSS. 

Hi'LAcroR, one of AcUion's doss, from his 
barking (iXa«7-5, latrd). Ovid. Met. 3. 

a small town of Boeotia. Plin. 4, 7. 

Htl^US, a name given to some Centaurs, one 
of whom t^as killed by Hercules on mount Pho- 

la«. Firg. 8. 294. Another bv Theseus, 

at tlie nuptials of Pirithous. Stat. Theb. 7, -IQl.— 
Ovid. Met 12, 378 Another killed by Bac- 
chus. Stat. Tneb. 6, 530. - Virg. G. 2, 4j7. A 

fourth, killed by Aulanta. Apollod. 3. One 

of Actayjn's do-^s. 

Htlas, a son of Thiodamas, king of Mysia 
and Menodice, stolen awaj" by Hercules and car- 
ried on beard the ship Argo to Colchis. On the 
Asiatic coast the Argonauts landed to take a sup- 
ply of fresh water, and Hylas, following the ex- 
ample of his companions, went to the fountain 
with a pitcher, and fell into the water and was 
drowned. Tlie poets have embellished this tra- 
gic.il story, by saying, that the nymphs of the 
rive-r, enamoured of the beautiful Kyla?, carried 
him away: and that Hercules, disconsolate at the 
loss of his favourite youth, filled the w oods and 
mountains with his complaints, and. at last, 
abandoned the Arsonautic expedition to go and 
seek him. Apollod. 1, -Hygin. fah. 14, 271.— 

Virgil. Ed. 6, ^.—Pi opey-t. 1, 2U. A founuin 

of Bithynia, where Hylas was carried away by 
the Naiads The inhabitants of Prusias cele- 
brated yearlv a f-stival in commemoration of that 
event. Apoll. Arg. 1, \ibd.—Strab. 12. 

Hylas, a dog mentioned in Virgil, Ed. S. 

Hylias, a river of Magna Graseia. 

Hyllaicus, a part of Peloponnesus near 
Messenia. 

Hyllus, a son of Hercules and Dejanira, 
■who, soon after his father's death, married lole. 
He, as well as his father, was pf^rsecuted by the 
I'nvy of Eurystheus, and obliged to fly from tlie 
Peloponnesus. Tr,e Atheni.ins gave a kind re- 
ception to Hyllus and the rest of the Heraclidoi. 
and marched against Eurystheus. Hjllus ob- 
tained a victory over his enemies, and killed with 
his own hand Eurystheus, and sent his h^ad to 
Alcmena, his grandmother. Some time after he 
attempted to recover the Peloponnesu.*, w ith the 
Heraclids, and was killed in single combat by 
Eciicmus, king of Arcadia. (Fic/. Heraclidcc, 
Hercules.) Herod T, 204, &.c.-Sirnb. 9.— DioJ.. 
i. — Oi.-td. Met. 9. 279.-— ~A river o4 Lydia which 
£aiis into tlie Hermus. Strabo Suates that in his 
time it eommonlv bore thf name of Phrygius. 
He7od. 1, S(0 —Homey. IL. 20. 392. 

HylonOme, the wife oi Cyllarus, who killed 
herself the moment her nusband was murdered 
by the Ijipithae. Ond. Met. 12, 4(K). 

HYLOfHAor. a people <>f .?:tlijopia. Diod. 3. 

HVMKNiEUS and HyME.v, the gud of marringe 
amon;; the Greeks, wa^ eon of B:;ochus and Ve- 
nus, or according to ^-iners, of Apollo and one of 
tlie Muses Hymenajus, according to the more 
received opinions was a young Atlienian oi ex- 
traordiriary beauty, but ignoble origin. He be- 
came enamoured of the daughter of one of the \ 
richest and noblest of bis countrymen, and, as , 



1 the rank and elevation of his mistress removed 
him trom her presence and conversation, he con- 
tented himself to follow her wherever she went. 
In a certain procession, in which all the matrons 
of Athens went to Eleusis, Hymenaeus, to accom- 
pany his mistress, disguised himself in wonum's 
clothes, and joined the religious troop. His 
youth, and the fairness of his features, favoured 
his disguise. A great part of the procession was 
seized by the sudden arrival of some pirates, and 
Hymenaeus, w ho shared the captivity of his mis- 
tress, encouraged his female companions, and as- 
sassinated their ravishers w hile they were asleep. 
Immediately after tliis, Hymenjeus repaired to 
Athens, and promised to restore to liberty the 
matrons w ho had been enslaved, provided he was 
allowed to marn,' one among them who was the 
object of his passion. Tlie Athenians consented, 
and Hymenjtus experienced so much felicity in 
his marriage state, that the people of Ather>s in- 
stituted lestivals in his honour, and solemnly in- 
voked him at their nuptials, as the Latins did 
their Thalassius. Hymen was generally repre- 
sented as crowned wi;h flowers, chiefly with mar- 
joram or roses, and holding a burning torch in 
one hand, and in the other a vest of a purple 
colour. It was supposed that he always attended 
at nuptials; for, if not, matrimonial connexions 
were fatal, and ended in the most dreadful cala- 
mities; and hence the people ran about calling 
aloud, Hvmen! Hvmenl (S:c. Ovid. Medea. Met. 
12, 21:^.— Virg. ."En. 1, fkc.—Cutu i ep. 62. 

Hymettus, a mountain of Attica, south-east of 
Athens. It was celebrated for its fragrant flowers 
and excellent honey. It was also famous lor its 
marble. On its summit stood a statue of Jupiter 
Hymetlius, and the altars of Jupiter Pluvius, 
and Apollo Providus. It is now called Trello- 
vouni or Mcmie Matto. Strab. 9.— Ital. 14, 200. 
— P/m. Sfi. 'S.— Horat. Od. 2, IS, 3. Sat. 2, 2, 15. 
- Cic. Fin. 2, 34. 

Hyp^PA or iPEPiE, a town of Lydia, sacred 
to Venus, between moitnt Tmolus and the Cay- 
sfrus. Its ruins are to be seen near the modern 
Pirghe, or Birkhe. Slrub. ]3.-0vid. Met. 11, 152. 

Hyfanis, a river of Saumatia Europiea, rising 
in the Peueini Montes near Amadoca Palus, and 
flowing w ith a south easterly course into the sea, 
close to the mouth of the Borvsthenes. It is now 
the Boug. Herod. 4, 52, 8zc.- Odd. Met. 15, 285. 

A river of India, the same as the Hyphasis. 

Another rising on the northern side of the 

Cauca^us, and running into the Palus Maeotis. 

{Vid. Vardanus.) Ano'her of Pontus. Cie. 

Tusc. 2, 39. A Trojan who joined himself to 

..-Eneas, and was killed by his own people, who 
t.ook him for one of the enemy, in the night that 
Troy was burned by the Greeks. Virg. JEn. 2, 
428. 

HyparinL'S, a son of Dion, who reigned at 

Syracuse for two years after his father. The 

fa'ther of Dion. 

Hypata, the chief town of the ^EninneR, in 
Thes;aly, on the river Sperchius. Its wom^n 
were famed for their skill in magic. Its site 
bi>ars the name of Custritza. Liv. 3(3, 14 — Apul. 
Met 1. ' Theophr. H. Plant. 9. 2. 

Hypates, a river of Sicily, near Camarina. 
It(d. 14 231, 

HypatIa. the daughter of Theon. prfsider.t 
of the Platonic school at Alexandria, in the 
founh century. She succeeded her father in the 
i acadfniy. and excelled him in every branch of 
, science, particularly astronomy. Aniung hex 



EY? 



I! VP 



pupils wdi Syns-iiis, afterwards bishop of ?;tiie • 
inais, who ever held her in the highest esteem. 
Orestes, the governor of the cicy, also entcrtainf d 
the greatest resinct for Hypatia, which broujdit 
upon her the hatred of the bigoted nionks, wlio 
waylaid and raurdered her, in a mo?t hnrvibie 
manner, ab(>ut A. D. 415. 

HYPENOR, a Trojan killed by Diomed^H at 
Troy. Homer. U. 5, 144. 

Kypkrbatus, a praetor of the Achicans. B. C. 
22i. 

Hyperbics, a son of ..^^°:yptus. Apollod. 

HYPERBORi-.I, a nation in -he northern parts 
©f Europe and Asia, who were said to live tn an 
incredible age, even to a thousatid years, and in 
the enjoyment of all possible felicity. The snn 
was said Ui rise and set to them but once a-year, 
5ind, therefore, perhaps, they are placed by Vir- 
gil under the north pole. The word si^niiies 
people ivlio inhabit beyond the wind Boreas. 
Tnrace was the residence of Boreas, accordiivjjf to 
the ancients. Whenever the Hyperboreans made 
offerings, tliey always sent them towards the 
south, and the people of Dodona were the first nf 
the Greeks who received them. The word Hy- 
perboreans, is applied, in general, to all those 
who inhabit anv cold cUmato. Plin. 4, Vl. 6, 17. 
—Mela. 3, 5.— Virg. G. 1, 240. 3, 16J et 333. — 
Herod. 4, 13, 8cc.—Cic. N. D. 3, 23. 4, 12. 

Hyperea, a fountain of Thessaly, in tiie 
vicinity of Pherae. Strab. 9. 

HyperesIa, the more ancient name of ^gira 
in Achaia. 

HyperIdes, an eminent Grecian orator, the 
son of Glaucinpus, was born at Aihi'u?, and 
studied under Plato and Isocrates. He culti- 
vated the art of eloquence, became one of the 
most distinguished orators of his time, a.nd ac- 
quired that sway in state affairs whicli i>o;;ular 
oratorical talents never failed to obtain in the 
ancient democracies. He was the steady and 
zealous opponent of Philip of Macedon, and his j 
zeal caused him to be made commander of a gal- \ 
ley, in which capacity he gained much credit by | 
his promptness and zeal in succouvirg the By- 
zantians. When Philip threatened an invasion 
of Eubcea, Hyperides procured a tax to be levied 
for the equipment of forty galleys. a.nd set the 
example by contributing one for himself and an- 
other for his son. In the time of Alexander he 
was possessed of the chief influence in Athens, 
and w hen that prince demanded galleys and offi- 
cers from the Athenians, he opposed the grant of 
either. His life was fully devoted to his country. 
He moved distinguished honours to Demosthenes 
his great competitor in eloquence; but when this 
prince of orators was suspected of having taken a 
bribe from Harpalus, he was appointed to con- 
duct the prosecution against him. Hyperides 
was himself accused of having acted contrary to 
the laws, by procuring a decree for granting citi- 
zenship to foreigners, and liberty to the slaves, 
whose families he caused to be transported to the 
Piraeus, but he justified himself on the ground 
of state necessity, and proved that It wa5 not he 
who passed the decrees, but the alarm w ith which 
Athens was seized, and the defeat of Ci a3ronen. 
Hyperides continued his opposition to the Mace- 
donian power after the death of Alexander; and 
when Antipater sent deputies to Athens, who 
made a hissh eulogy up( n their master as the 
worthiest of men: " 1 know," replied Hyperides, 
" that he is a very worthy man, but we will have 
no master, however worthy he may be." The 



aj-proach ;, f Anri.-art r i Ijw-ed Hyj eri.-i s ar^<i the 
other leadinji charactt-rs to quit Aihrns, and he 
had an interview with Demosihenes, also a fugi- 
tive, at ^gina. Dt pariing thence, he was seek- 
ing for a safer place of refuge, v.htn he w as sn- 
prehendtd by Archias in tne ttmple where lie 
had taken sanctuary, and carried to Antipater hi 
Cleonae. He was put to the torture with the 
hope of obtaining from him some state secret-: 
to prevent this, lio is said to have bit off part (1 
l;ia tongue; but another account relates that his 
tongue was cue out by the tyrant as a punishmeiit 
due to his silence. His body w as left unbuii.^d 
till some of his relati' ns secretly committed it to 
the funeral pile, ard brought his ashes to Athen-. 
Quintilian characterizes (lie orator\ of H\ peride^ 
as sineulaily sweet and acute, better adapted to 
little than to great causes. In the time of riio 
tins, fifty-two of his orations w ere extant. I'lut. 
in Phoc. et Dement. — Cic. in Grat. 1, 31. 2, 5b. 3, 
U.— QidntiL lit, 1. 12, 10. 

Hyperion, a son of Cce'.us and Terra, who 
married Thea, by whom he had Aurora, the jcn 
and moon. Hyperion is often taken by the poets 
for the sun itself. Hesiod. Theog. Apollod. 1, 1 

et 2.— Homer. Hymn, ad Ap A son of Priam, 

Apollod. 1, 2. 

Hypermnestra, one of the fifty daughters of 
Danaus, who married Lynceus, son of iEgyptus. 
She disobeyed her father's bloody commands, 
who had ordered her to murder her husband the 
first night of her nuptials, and suffered Lynceus 
to escape unhurt from the biidai bfd. Her fa- 
ther summoned her to appear beibre a tribunal 
for her di<ob; dii-nce, but the people acquitted 
her, and Danaus was reconciled to her and her 
hu-band, to whom he h f t his kingdom at his 
death. S^^me say, th.-it Lynceus returned to Ar- 
gos with an army, and that he conquered and put 
to death his fsther-in-law, and usurped his crown. 
Fid. Dan.iides. Pans. 2, 19.— Apollod. 2, 1. - 

Odd. Heroid. 14. A daughter of Thestius. 

Apollod. 

Hypercchus, a man who wrote a poetical 
history of Cuma. Pows JO, 12. 

Hyph^US, a mountain of Campania. Plat, 
in SylU 

Hyphasis, a tributary of the Indus, now the 
Eeypanha, or, as it is more commonly written, 
Beyah. It was the lim.it cf Alexander's con- 
quests, and he built altars on its banks in me- 
mtiry of his expedition. 

Hyfsa, now the Belici, a riverof Sicily, falling 
into the Crinisus. and then into the Mediterra- 
nean near Selinus. Ital 14, 228. 

liYPSEA, a Roman niat)-on, of the family of 
the Plautii. She was blind, according to Ho- 
race; or, perhaps, was partial to some lovtr, who 
was recommended neither by personal nor n:en- 
tal excellence. Horat. Sat. 1, 2, 91. 

HYFSl.^OR, a priest of the Scam-ander, killed 
during the Trojan war. Homer. II. 5. 

Hyfseus, a son of the river Peneus. A 

pleader at the Roman bar before the age of Ci- 
cero. Cic. de Orat. 1, 36. 

IlYPSiCLES, an astronomer of Alexandria, who 
f}i urished under Ptolemy Physcon, about 146 
B. C. He was the author of a work entitled 
'Ava(popiKv, in which he gives a method, far from 
exacr, of calculating the risings of each sign or 
portion of the ecliptic. He is supposed to have 
been the author of the fourteenth and fi!r< enth 
books of the Klement.s of Geometry, wliicu are 
\ usualiv uttributtd to E';clid. 

2 (i 3 



HYP 



HYS 



Hypsicratea. the wife of Mithnuates, who 
accompanied her husband in man's eloihes, when 
he fled before Pompey. Plat iji Pomp. 

Hypsicrates, a Fbojnician, who wrote a his- 
tory of his country, in the Phoenician language. 
Tnis history was saved from the flames of Car- 
thage, when that cicy was taken by Scipio, and 
translated into Greek. 

HypsipIdes, a Macedonian in Alexander's 
army, famous for his friendship for M -nedemus, 
&c. Curt. 7, 7. 

Hypsipyle, a queen of Lemnos, daughter of 
Thoas and Myrine. During her reign, Venus, 
v^hose altars had been universally slighted, pun- 
ished the Lemnian women, and rendered their 
mouths and breaths so extremely offensive to the 
smell, that their husbands abandoned them and 
gave themselves up to some female slaves, whom 
they had taken in a war against Thrace. This 
contempt was highly resented by all the women 
of Lemnos, and they resolved on revenge, and 
all unanimously put to death theii male relations, 
Hypsipyle alone excepted, who si)ared the life of 
her father Thoas. Soon after this cruel murder, 
the Argonauts landed at Lemnos, in their expe- 
diti'jn to Colchis, and remained for some time in 
the island. During their stay the Argonauts 
rendered the Lemnian women mothers, and Ja- 
son, the chief of the Argonautic expedition, left 
Hypsipyle pregnant at his departure, and pro- 
mised her eternal fid-^lity. Hypsipyle brought 
twins, Euneus and Nebrophonus, whom some 
have called Deiphilus or Thoas. Jason forgot 
his vows and promises to Hypsipyle, and the un- 
f irtimate queen was soon after "forced to leave 
her kingdom by the Lemnian women, who con- 
spired against her life, still mindful that Thoas 
had been preserved by means of his daughter. 
Hypsipyle, in her flight, was seized by pirates, 
and sold to Lycurgus, king of Nemsa. She was 
intrusted with the care of Archemorus, the son 
of Lycurgus; and, when the Argives marched 
against Thebes, they met Hypsipyle, and obliged 
her to show them a fountain, where they mi^ht 
quench their thirst. To do this more expedi- 
tiously, she laid down the child on the grass, and 
in her absence he was killed by a serpent. Ly- 
curgus attempted to revenge the death of his son, 
but Hypsipyle was screened fiom his resentment 
by Adrastus, the leader of the Argives. Ovid. 
Heroid. d.—Apollon. I.— Stat. neb. 5 21.~FIac. 
2. M3.-Apollod. 1. 9. 3, ^. — Hy^in. fab. 15, 74, 
&e. Fid Archemorus. 

HYRCANIA. a country of Asia, touching to the 
north upon Scythia, to the east upon Margiana, 
to the s-)Uth upon Parihia, and to the west upon 
Media and the Caspian sea. It answered to the 
modern province oS Astrabad, and the north-west- 
ern portion of Khorasan. It was famous for its 
tigers and serpents, as well as for its vines, figs, 
olives, and honev. Virg. Mn. 4, 367. — Cic. Tusc. 
1. Ab. — Strab. 2 et 11. — Lu-. 37. 38. 

Hyrcanum Mare, the south-eastern part of 
the Caspian, lying along the shores of Hyrcania. I 
Vid. Caspium Mare. " I 

HyrcanUS, John, high priest and prince of i 
the Jewish nation, succeeded his father Simon 
Maccabeus, who had been treacherously slain by ! 
the orders of Ptolemn us, his son in law. Hyr- I 
canus commenced his reign by punishing the as- | 
s.issin, whereupon Ptolemajus' applied for aid to 
Antiochus, king of Syria, who laid siege to Jeru- j 
s.ilcm, and compelled Hvrcanus to pay him tri- 
bute. At the death of Antiochus, however, he 



profited by the troubles of Syria to effect the de- 
liverance of his country from this foreign yoke. 
He took several cities in Judea, subjugated the 
Idumasans, demolished the temple at Gerazim, 
and made himself master of Samaria. He died 

not long after, B. C. 106. The eldest son of 

Alexander I., succeeded his father in the high 
priesthood, B. C. 76. Arislobulus, his brother, 
disputed the crown with him, on the death of 
Alexandra their mother, and proved victorious, 
B. C. 66. Hyrcanus, reduced to the simple office 
of the priesthood, had recourse to Aretas, king of 
Arabia, who besieged Aristobulus in the temple. 
Scaurus, the lieutenant of Pompey, however, 
whom Aristobulus had engaged in his interests, 
compelled Aretas to raise the siege, and Hyrca- 
nus was forced to content himself with the ofiBce 
of high priest. He was put to death bv Herod, 
at the age of eighty years, B. C. 30, on his at- 
tempting to take refuge once more among the 
Arabians. 

Hyreium, a town of Apulia, also called Uria. 
Vid. Una. 

Hyria, a town built by the Cretans, who as- 
sumed the name of lapytres Messapii. It was 
situated in the interior of the country, between 
Brundusium and Tarentura. It is now Oria. 

Herod. 7, 170. A town of Isauria, on the Ca- 

lycadnus. 

Hyrieus or Hyreus, a peasant, or, as some 
say, a prince of Tanagra, son of Neptune and 
Alcyone, who kindly entertained Jupiter, Nep- 
tune, and Mercury, when travelling over Boeo- 
tia. Being childless, he asked of the gods to give 
him a son without his marrying, as he promised 
his wife, who was lately dead, and whom he ten- 
derly loved, that he never would marry again. 
The gods, to reward the hospitality of Hyreus, 
made water in the hide of a bull, w hich had been 
sacrificed the day before to their divinity, and 
they ordered him to wrap it up and bury it in the 
ground for nine months. At the expiration of the 
nine months, Hyreus opened the earth, and found 
a beautiful child in the bull's hide, whom he 
called Orion. Vid. Orion. Ovid. Fast. 5, 495 et 
bdb.-Hygin. A. P. 2, 34. Fab. \\jo. 

Hyrmina, a town oi Elis, in Peloponnesus. 
Strab. S. 

Hyrneto and Hyr.n'ETHO, a daughter of Te- 
menus, king of Argos, v. ho married Deyphon, 
son of Celeus. She was the favourite of her f;'.- 
ther, who greatlv enriched her husbaiid, Apol- 
lod. 2, 6— Paws. "2, 19. 

Hyrnithium, a plain of Argos, near Epidau- 
rus, fertile in olives. Strab. 6. 

Hyrtacus, a Trojan of mount Ida, father to 
Nisus, one of the companions of .^^neas. Virg. 

9, 177 et 406. Hence the patronymic of 
Hyrtacides is applied to Nisus. It is also applied 
to Hippocoon. Id. 5, 492. 

HysTa, a town of Boeotia, at the foot of Cithse- 
ron, and to the east of Platcva. It was in ruins 

in the time of Pausanias. Pans. 9, 2 A small 

town of Argolis. not far from the village of Cen- 
chrea;, and on the road fiom Argos to Tegea in 
Arcadia. It was di^stroyed by tlie Lacedaanoni- 
ans in the Peloponnesian war. Thucyd. 5, 63 

Hyspa, a liver of Sicily. Vid. Hypsa. Ital. 
14, 228. 

Hyssus and H YSSI, a port and river of Cappa- 
docia on tlie Euxine sea. 

Hystasphs, a noble Persian, of the family of 
the Achasmeiiides. His father's name was Ar- 
sauiea. His son Daiius reigned in Persia, after 



HYS 



355 



JAN 



the mu! der of the usurper Smerdis. Ic is said, 
bv Ctesias, that he wished to be carried to see the 
lu/al monument which his son had buili between 
two mountains. The priests who carried him, as 
reported, slipped the cord with which he was 
suspended in ascending the mountain, and he 
died of the fall. Hystaspes was the first who in- 
troduced the learning and mysteries of the Indian 
Brachmans into Persia, and to his researches in 
India the sciences were greatly indebted, partic- 
ularly in Persia. Darius is called Hystaspes, or 
son of Hystaspes, to distinguish him from his 
roval successors of the same name. Herod. 1, 
2119. f), b3 — Ctesias Fragm. 
Hystieus. Vid. Histiaeus. 



I & J 



I A, the daughter of Midas, who married Atvs, 
&c. 

lACCHUS, a surname of Bacchus, ab laxelv, 
from the noise and shouts which the Bacchanals 
raised at the festivals of this deity. Vtrg. Ed. 6 

G. 1, i6Q.— Ovid. Met. 4, 15. Some suppose 

him to be a son of Ceres, who accompanied his 
mother in her travels tiirough the world, and 
who assuaged her grief for the loss of Proserpine, 
by giving her to drink a liquor called Cyceon. In 
consequence of this, it is said, that in the celebra- 
tion of the Eleusinian mysteries, the word lac- 
chus was frequently repeated. Herod. 8, 65. — 
Pans. 1, 2. 

lALEMUS, a wretched singer, son of the muse 
Calliope, Athen. 14. 

lALMENUS, a son of Mars and Astyoche, who 
vpent to the Trojan war, with his brother Ascala- 
phus, with thirty ships at the head of the inhabi- 
tants of Orchoraenes and Aspledon, in Boeotia. 
Pans. 9, ^1.— Homer. It. 2, 19. 

lALYSUS, a town of Rhodes, built by lalysus, 
of whom Protogenes was making a beautiful 
painting when Demetrius Poliorcetes took 
Rhodes. The Telchines were born there. Ovid. 
Met. 7, fah. 9.—Plin. 35, 6.— Cic. ad Attic. 2, 21. 
—Flut. in Dem.—^lian. 12, 5. 

lAMBE, a servant-maid of Metanira, wife of 
Celeus, king of Eleusis, who tried to exhilarate 
Ceres when she travelled over Attica in quest of 
her daughter Proserpine. From the jokes and 
stories which she made use of, free and satirical 
verses have been called Iambics. ApoUod. 1, 5. 

lAMBLi'CHUS, a native of Chalcisin Syria, who 
flourished at the beginning of the fourth century 
of the Christian era. He was the disciple of Ana- 
toiius and Porphyry, from whom he learned the 
mysteries of the Plotinian system of philosophy, 
wliich he taught with reputation, though he 
clo hed it in obscure terms. He died about A. D. 
333. He wrote " The Life of Pythagoras," " An 
Exhortation to the Study of Philosophy," '• Three 
books on Mathematical Learning," "A Com- 
mentary upon Nicomachus," "A Treatise upon 
the Mysteries of the Egyptians," &c. The best 
edition of the last named work is that of Gale, 
Oxon. 1673, fol., and of the life of Pythagoras, 
that of Kuster, Amstel. 1707, 4to. 

lAMENUS, a Trojan killed by LeonteUs. Ho- 
mer. It. 12, 139 et 193. 

lAMiD.^, certain prophets annong the Greeks, 



descended from lamus, a son of Apollo, who re- 
ceived the gift of prophecy from his father, which 
remained among his posterity. Faus. 6, 2. 

JANICCLUM and JANICULARIUS MONS, one 
of the seven hills at Rome, joined to the city by 
Ancus Martins, and made a kind of citadel, to 
protect the place against an invasion. Tliis hill 
{Vid. Janus), which was on the opposite shore of 
the Tiber, was joined to the city by the bridge 
Sublicius, the first ever built across that river, and 
perhaps in Italy. It was less inhabited than the 
other parts of the city, on account of the grossne.^s 
of the air, though from its top, the eye could have 
a commanding view of the whole city. It is fa- 
mous for the burial of king Numa and of the poet 
Italicus. Porsenna, king of Etruria, pitched his 
camp on mount Janiculum, and the senators look 
refuge there in the civil wars, to avoid the reseni- 
mentof Octavius. Liv. 1, 33,&c.— Dto. AL — Ovid. 
Fast. 1, 246— Virg. ^n. 8, 358.— Mart. 4, 64. 7, 16. 

lANiRA, one of the Nereides. 

lANTHE, a girl of Crete, who married Iphis. 
(Fid. Iphis.) Ovid. Met. 9, 714, &c. 

lANTHEA,one of the Oceanides. One of the 

Nereides. Pans. 4, 30.— Homer. II. 8, 47. 

Janus, the most ancient king who reigned in 
Italy. He was a native of Thessaly, and son of 
Apollo, according to some. He came to Italy, 
where he planted a colony and built a small to« n 
on the river Tiber, which he called Janiculum. 
Some authors make him son of Coelus and He- 
cate; and others make him a native of Athens. 
During his reign, Saturn, driven from heaven by 
his son Jupiter, came to Italy, where Janus re- 
ceived him with much hospitality, and made him 
his colleague on the throne. Janus is represented 
with two faces, because he was acquainted with 
the past and the future; or, according to others, 
because he was taken for the sun who opens the 
day at his rising, and shuts it at his setting. Some 
statues represented Janus with four heads. He 
sometimes appeared with a beard, and sometimes 
without. In religious ceremonies, his name was 
always invoked the first, because he presides over 
all gates and avenues, and it is through him only 
that prayers can reach the immortal gods. From 
that circumstance, he often appears with a key in 
his right hand, and a rod in his left. Sometimes 
he holds the number 300 in one hand, and in 
the other 63, to show that he presides over the 
year, of which the first month bears his name. 
Some suppose that he is the same as the world, 
or Ccelus; and, from that circumstance, they call 
him Eanus, ab eundo, because of the revolution 
ofthe heavens. He was called by differentnames, 
such as Consivius, a conserendo, because he pre- 
sided over generation; Quirvius or Martialis, be- 
cause he presided over war. He is also called 
Fatulcius and Clausius, because the gates of his 
temples were opened during the time of war, and 
shut in time of peace. He was chiefly worshipped 
among the Romans, where he had many temples, 
some erected to Janus Bifrons, others to Janus 
Quadrifrons. The temples of Quadrilrons were 
built with four equal sides, with a door and three 
windows on each side. The four doors were the 
emblems of the four seasons of the year, and the 
three windows in each of the sides the three 
months in each season, and, all together, the 
twelve months of the year. Janus was generally 
represented in statues as a young man. The first 
day of the year was particularly devoted to him, 
v\hen incense and aromatic plants were turned 
on his altars, young bullocks fattened in the 



lAP C 

plains of Falisci were olTered in pjicnfioe. ai^d the 
v:it;\ri!'s appeared at tue capitol. each attired in 
i!"vv gainituts. Ja'.KJi v. as ranked among the 
Kods, tor the popularity of his povernmeni and 
I he civil izatiori which he had introduced amonsr 
ihe wild inhabitants of Italy. His temple, which 
was alvvay s open in times of war, wa.^ sliut only 
three times during above 700 years, under Nnnia, 
2j4 B C. and under Aagu-tas; and daring that 
hmg period of time, the Romans w ere continually 
<nnployed in war. As the statues of the god 
j'loked both ways, the word Janus i^ used to ex- 
press a passage or thoiouii!:rare which has an 
. !H->n!n-r at both ends. G'jid. Fast. 1, 65. &c. — 
n,--;. jEn. 7, 607.— ra;70 ds L. L. L - Mncrob. 

S it. I, 9. A street at Rome, near the temple 

of Janus. It was generaliy frequented by usurers 
and money brt>kers, and bodksellers also kept 
liieir shops there. Horal. 1, ep- 1, b\. 

lAPETiDES, a musician at the nuptials of Per- 
seus and Ancbomeda. Ovid. Islet. 5, Hi. 

lAPETUS, a son of Coelus or TiUn, by Terra, 
who married Asia, or according to others, Cly- 
mene, by wliom he had Atlas, Menoetius, Pro- 
metheus, and Epimetheus. The Greeks looked 
upon him as the father of all mankind, and there- 
fore from his antiquity old men v, ere frequently 
called lapeti. His sons received the patronymic 
of lapetionides. Ovid. Met. 4, 631. — Hesiod. 
'Iheog. 136, 50S ApoUod. 1.1. 

IAPI3, an ^lolian, who founded a citv upon 

the banks of the Timavus. firg. G. 3, 475. 

A Trojan, favourite of Apollo, from w hom he re- 
t-eivcd the knowledge oi the power of medicinal 
herbs. ^ Id. ^^n. 12, 391. 

lAPYDES, a people of Dalmatia, who dwelt 
contiguous to Istria, under the range of mount 
Albius, and whose country answers to a province 
of Croatia called Murlakia. 

lAPYDlA, a district of Illyricum, now Carniola. 
Liv. 43, b. — Tibidl. 4, 109. — C/c Bcdb. 14. 

IapygTa, a division of Italy, forming what is 
called the heel. It is said to have received its 
name from lapyx, the son of Diedalus. It was 
inhabited by the Calabri, who have Ifft their 
name in the modern Calabria; by the Messapii, 
Irom whom the whole of lapygia was sometimes 
called Messapia ; and by the Salentini, whose 
name is also used to denote the greater part of 
lapygia. Strab. Q. — Piin. 3. 11. 

IapygTum OV Sallentinum Promontori 
L'M, a fMmous promontory of Italy, at the south- 
ern extremity of lapygia, now Capo di Leuca. 

Iafygdm'Tria Promontoria, three capis 
on the coast of Magna Grescia, to the south of the 
I.acinian promontory. They are now called Capo 
delle Caste'! a, Capo Riisffuto, and Capo della Nave. 

Iapyx, a son of Daadalus, who conquered a 
part of lialy, which he called lapygia. Ovid. 

Met. 14, 45S. A name givrn to the west-noith- 

west wind. It -.vas .so called from lapygia, in 
I^ower ItalViW hicii country lay partly in the line 
of its direction. Ii i.-^ the s^anie with the 'Apysa- 
TJjy nf ihe Greeks, and was the most favourable 
wind for sailing from I?:undisium towards the 
southern parts of Greece. IIoi: Od. 1, 3, 4. 3, 
7, -0. 

l.i. K3AS,a sonof Jupiter and Garaniantis, king 
of Gai ulia, from whom Uido bought land to 
build Carthage. He coxirled Dido, but the ar- 
rival of .llneas prevented his success, and the 
queen, rarher than marry larbas, destroyed ho;- 
helf. r»./. Did,,. Virg..'En.A, iQ,&iC.^Jmtin. 
IS, 6.— Ovid. Fast. 3, 552, 



56 J AS 

j I.%RCIIAS and Jarchas, a celtbnt*od In.-lian 
j philo-xipher. His seven n!'.gs were famous for 
their power of resforin;^ old men to the bloom j 
and vigour of youth, according to the traditi«;n | 
of Pin odr. in Apoll. 

lARDAxNUS, a Lydian, father of Omphale, tiie 

mir- tress of Hercules. Herod. 1, 7. A river <>t 

Arcadia. Another in Crete. Homer, II. 7, 

135. 

IasTdes, a patronymic {riven t > Palinunis .is { 
descended from a person of the name of J.>sitis. 

Firg. .-En. 5 , 843. Also of Jasus. Id. 12. c9± 

lASION and IasIl s. a son of Jupiter and Eiec- 
tra, one of the Atlantides, who reigned over part ' 
of Arcadia, where he diligently applied himsel, ; 
to agriculture. He married the goddess Cybele f 
or Ceres, and all the gods were present at the 
; celebratic.'i of his nuptials. He had by Ceres 1 
j two sons, Pliilomeius and Plutus, to whom some i 
have added a third, Coi-ybas, who introduced tfie 1 
worship a,nil mysteries of his mother in Phrygi.i. 
I He had also a daughter, wh m he exp:)sed as soon j 
as born, saying that he would rais<^ only male ; 
children. Tne child wlio was suckled by a she- ■ 
bear and preserved, rendered herself famous af- ,• 
ter« ards under the name of Atalanta. lasion was | 
killed with a thunderbolt of Jupiter, and ranked j 
among the gods after death, by the inhabitants \ 
of Arcadia." Hesiod Trt£og. 970.— n'rg-. ^n. 3, 
IQ^'^. — IIygin. Poet. 2. 4. | 
lASls, a name given to Atalanta, daughter of | 

Iasius, a son of Abas, king of Ariios. A [ 

son of Jupiter. Ftd. lasion. r 

Jasox, a celebrated hero, son of Alcimede, [ 

daughter of Phylacu?, by .lEson tiie s-.-n of Cre- f 

ti;eus and Tyro tne -daughter of Salmoneus. i 

Tyro, before her connexion with Cretheus. the f 

son of ^olus, had two sons, Pelias ai'.d Neleus, j 

by Neptune. Cretheus was king of lolchos, and at I 

his death the throne was xjsurped by Pelias, and | 

.■Es n the lawful successor was driven to retire- 1 

ment and obscurity. The education of young i 

Jason was entrusted to the care of the Centaur [ 

Chiron, and he was removed from the presence I 

of the usurper, who had been informed by an 1 

oracle that one of the descendants of jEolus would i 

dethrone him. After he had made the most rapid I 

progress in every branch of science, Jason left the ( 

Centaur, and by his advice went to consult the 1 

oracle. He was ordered to go to lolchos his na- I 

five country, covered with the sp-oils of a leopard, I 

and dressed in the garments of a Ma^nesian. In ) 

his journey he was stopped by tne inundation of ; 

the river Evenus or Enipeus, over w hich he w.ns | 
carried by Jnno, w lio had changed herself into an 
old w oman. In crossing the stream he lost on" 

of his sandals, and at his anival at lolchos, the j 

singularity of his dress and the fairness of j 

complexion attracted the notice of the peoi>ie, I 
and drew a crowd around him in the m.arkct- 
place. Pelias came to see him with the rest, and 

as lie had been w arned by the oracle to bew are i-f ! 
a man who should appear at lolchos with ono 
font bare, and the otlier shod, ilie appearance of 

Jason, who h.ad l(>st one of his sandals, alarmed | 

him. His terrors were soon after augmented, i 

Ja>on, accon r-inied by his friends, repaired to ' 

the palace (u Pelias, and boldly demanded the i 
kingdom wliich he had unjustly usurped. The 
boldness and popularity of Jason intimidated Pe- 
lias; he was unwilling to abdicate the crown, and 
yet he feared the resentment of his advers.iry. 
As Jason was young and ambitious of glory, Pe- 



JAS 



S57 



IAS 



lias, at once to remove his immediate claims to 
the crown, reminded him that ^TEetes. king of 
Colchis had severely treated, and inhumanly 
murdered their common relation Phryxus. He 
observed that such a treatment called aloud for 
punishment, and that the undertaking would be 
accompanied with much glory and eternal fame. 
He farther added, that his old age had prevented 
him from avenging the death of Phryxus, and 
that if Jason would undertake the expedition, he 
would resign to him the crown of lolchos when 
he returned victorious from Colchis. Jason 
readily accepted a proposal which seemed to pro- 
mise such military fame. His intended expedi- 
tion was made known in every part of Greece, 
and the youngest and the bravest of the Greeks 
assembled to accompany him, and share his toils 
and glory. They embarked on board a ship 
called Argo, and after a series of adventures they 
arrived at Colchis. (^Vid. Argonautae.) .<Eetes 
promised to restore the golden fleece, w hich was 
the cause of the death of Phr^Tcus, and of the 
voyage of the Argonauts, provided they submit- 
ted to his conditions. Jason was to tame bulls 
which breathed flames, and which had feet and 
horns of brass, and to plough with them a field 
sacred to Mars. After this he was to sow in the 
ground the teeth of a serpent from which armed 
men would arise, whose fury would be converted 
against him who ploughed the field. He was 
also to kill a monstrous dragon which watched 
night and day at the foot of the tree on w hich the 
golden fleece was suspended. All were concerned 
for the fate of the Argonauts; but Juno, who 
watched with an anxious eye over the safety of 
Jason, extricated them from all these diflSculties. 
Medea, the king's daughter, fell in love with the 
Grecian hero, and as her knowledge of herbs, en- 
chantments, and incantations was uncommon, 
she pledged herself to deliver her lover from all 
his dangers if he promised her eternal 'fidelity. 
Jason, not insensible to her charms and to her 
promise, vowed eternal fidelity in the temple of 
Hecate, and received from Medea whatever in- 
struments and herbs could protect him against 
the approaching dangers. He appeared in the 
field of Mars, he tamed the fury of the oxen, 
ploughed the plain, and sowed the dragon's teeth. 
Immediately an army of men sprang from the 
field, and ran towards Jason. He threw a stone 
among them, and they fell one upon the other till 
all were totally destroyed. The vigilance of the 
dragon was lulled to sleep by the power of herbs, 
and Jason took from the tree the celebrated golden 
fleece, which was the sole object of his voyage. 
These actions were all performed in the presence 
of .iEetes and his people, who were all equally 
astonished at the boldness and success of Jason. 
After this celebrated conquest, Jason immediately 
set sail for Europe with Medea, who had been so 
instrumental in his preservation. Upon this, 
iEetes, desirous to revenge the perfidy of his 
daughter Medea, sent his son Absyrtus to pursue 
the fugitives. Medea killed her brother, and 
strewed his limbs in her father s way, that she 
might more easily escape, while he was employed 
in collecting the mangled body of his son. (^Vid. 
Absyrtus.) The return of the Argonauts into 
Thessaly was celebrated with universal festivity; 
but .^son, Jason's father, was unable to attend 
on account of the infirmities of old age. This 
obstruction was removed, and Medea, at the re- 
quest of her husband, restored JEson to the vigour 
and sprightliness of youth. (Fed. ^Eson.) Pe- 



lias the usurper of the crown of lolchos, wished 
also to see himself restored to the flower of youth, 
and his daughters, persuaded by Medea, who 
wished to avenge her husband's wrongs, cut his 
body to pieces, and placed his limbs m a ca.ldron 
of boiling water. Their credulity was severely 
punished. Medea suffered the flesh to be con- 
sumed to the bones, and Pelias was never restored 
to life. This inhuman action drew the resent- 
ment of the populace upon Medea, and she fled 
to Corinth with her husband Jason, where they 
lived in the enjoym.ent of undisturbed love dur- 
ing ten successive years. Jason's partiality for 
Glauce, the daughter of the king of the country, 
afterwards disturbed their matrimonial happi- 
ness, and Medea was divorced that Jason might 
more freely indulge his amorous propensities. 
This infidelity was severely revenged by Medea, 
{Vid. Glauce,) who destroyed her children in the 
presence of their father. {Vid. Medea.) After 
his separation from Medea, Jason lived an un- 
settled and melancholy life. As he was one day 
reposing himself by the side of the ship which 
had carried him to Colchis, a beam fell upon his 
head, and he was crushed to death. This trag ical 
event had been predicted to him before by Me- 
dea, according to the relation of some authors. 
Some say that he afterwards returned to Colchis, 
where he seized the kingdom and reigned in great 
security. Eurip. in Med.- Ovid. Met. 7, Jab. 2, 
3, &c — Diod. 4.— Pans. 2 et Z.— ApoUod. 1, 9— 

Cic. de Nat. D. 3.— Ovid Trist. 3. 9 Strab. 7.— 

ApoU. - Flacc. — Hygin. 5, &c. — Pindar. Nem. 3. 
— Justin. 42, 2,Sic.—Senec. in Med.— Teefs. ad 

Lycophr. 175, &c. — Athen. 13. A tyrant of 

Thessaly, born at Pherae, and descended from 
one of the richest and most distinguished families 
of that city. He usurped the supreme power in 
his native place, while still quite young, about 
375 B. C, reduced nearly all Thessaly under his 
sway; and caused himself to be invested with the 
title of generalissimo, which soon became in his 
hands only another name for monarch of the 
country. The success which attended his other 
expeditions also, against the Dolopes, the Pho- 
cians, &c. ; his alliances with Athens, Macedon, 
and Thebes; in fine, his rare military talents 
emboldened him to think of undertaking some 
enterprise against Persia; but before he could 
put these schemes into operation, he was assas- 
sinated whilst celebrating some public games at 
Pherse, in the third year of his reign. Jason was 
a popular tyrant among his immediate subjects. 
He cultivated letters and the oratorical art, and 
was intimate with Tsocrates, and Gorgias of Le- 
ontium. He had contracted a friendship also 
with Timotheus, the son of Conon, and went 
him.self to Athens to save him from a capital 

accusation. A native of Argos, who flourished 

during the second century. He wrote a work on 
Greece, in four books, comprehending the earlier 
times of the nation, the wars against the Per- 
sians, the exploits of Alexander, the actions of 
Antipater, and ending w ith the capture of Athens. 
He composed also a treatise on the Temples (or, 
as others render it. Sacrifices) of Alexander, nepl 

rZv ' KXtl^ivipov lepwv. A Rhodian, grandson of 

Posidonius, who succeeded his grandfather in the 
Stoic school of his native island. His works have 
not reached us. 

jASONlD.aE, a patronymic of Thoas and Eunp- 
us. sons ol JaBon and Hvi^sipvle. Slat. Theb. 6, 
34(1. 

lASrs, a king of Argos, \\\\o succeeded his 



I AX 



258 



TCA 



father Triopris. Pans. 2, 16. A son of Argus, 

father of Agenor. A son of Ara:us and Ismena. 

A son of Lycurgus of Arcadia. A city of 

Asia Minor, situate on a small island very near 
the coast of Caria, and giving to the adjacent guif 
the name of Sinus lassius. It was a rich and 
fionrishiug city, and the inhabitants were chiefly 
- ccupied with fisheries along the adjacent coasts, 
it is now in ruins, though many vestiges remain 
of it. The name of the place is Assem-kalessi. 
PUn. 5, 28.— Lii>. 32, 33. 37, 17, 

lAXARTES, a large river of Asia, rising in the 
chain of Mons Imaus, and running w ith a north- 
western course into the Aral sea. It was called 
Silis by the Scythians ; but the Macedonians 
named it Tanais out of compliment to Alexander, 
a confusion which was farther increased by .-one 
of the ancients asserting th.-it it ran into the C; s- 
pian s?a. It is now the Sihoii. Curt. 6 et 7.— PUn. 
6, Hh,—Arrian. 4, 15. 

lAZYGES, a people of Scythia. Of these there 
were the lazyges Msotae, who occupied the 
northern coast of the Palus Mteotis; the lazyges 
MetanastcC, who inhabited the angular territory 
fiormed by the Tibiscus, the Danube, and Dacia: 
they lived in the vicinity of Dacia, and are call d 
by Pliny Sarmates. The lazyges Basilii, or 
Royal, were a people of Sarmatia, joined by 
Strabo to the lazyges on the coast of the Eusine, 
between the Tyras and the Borysthenes. Pto- 
lemy speaks only of the Metanastaj, who were 
probably the most considerable of the three. The 
territory of this latter people was, toward* the 
decline of the empire, occupied by the Vandals, 
and afterwards became a p.irt of the empire of the 
Goths, About the year 3oO, they w ere expelled 
by the Huns. It has since formed a part of Eim- 

garij, and of the Bannat of Tcmeswar, Ptol 

Ovid. Ep. ex Pont. 1, 2, 79. Prist. 2. 191, 

IBKKIA, a country of Asia, bounded on the 
west by Colchis, on the north by mount C.'iuca- 
sus, on the east by Albania, and on the south by 
Armenia. It answers now to Iinerili, Georgia, 
the country of the Gwians, &c. The name of 
Imeriti is an evident derivation from the ancient 
one. The Cyrus, or Kur, flowed through this 
enuntr)'. Pt. lemy enumerates several towns of 
this country, such as Agiuna, Vasseda, Varica, 
&c. The iberians were allies of Mithridates, 
and were therefore attacked by Pompey, who 
defeated them in a great battle, and took many 
prisoners. Plutarch makes the number of s'ain 
to have been not less than 9,000, and that of the 
prisoners 10,00fl. The same writer states that the 
Iberians had never been subject to the Medes, or 
to the Persians; they had escaped even the Ma- 
cedonian yoke, because Alexander was oblii- ed to 
quit Hyrcania in haste. PUn. 6. 4. 10. 3. — Strab. 

a.— Ptol. 5, 11. One of the ancient names of 

Spain, derived from the river Iberus. 

lB£ni, a pow erful nation of Spain, situate along 
the Iberus, and who, mingling with Celtic tribes, 
took the name of Celtiberi. 

iBKRUS, a river of Spain, rising in the angle 
formed by the mountains Vinnius and Idubeda, 
and flowing w ith a south-eastern course into the 
Mediterranean sea. It is now the Ebro, and is 
in general very rapid and unfit for navigation, 
beinjr full of rocks and shoals. At the close of 
the first Punic war, the Iberus was made the 
boundary between the Roman and Carthngin.an 
possessions in Spain, the Romans agreeing not to 
p-i^s the right bank of the river, and obtaining the 
protection Saguntum, although it svas in tlie 



, 1: 



n 



Punic territorv, Luccn. ^, 33;").— P//??. 3, 3. — 

Mela., 2, 6.— Lib. 21, 5. A river ot Ih^-n;. in 

Asia, flowing from mount Caucasus into the Cy- 
rus, probably the modern lora. 

Ibis, a poem of the poet Callimachus, in which 
he bitterly satirizes the ingratitude of his pupil 
the poet Apollonius, Ovid has also written a 
poem w hich bears the same name, and «hich, in j 
the same satirical language, seems, acconiing to ! 
the opinion of some, to inveigh bitterly against i 
llyginus, the supposed hero of the composition, i 
Suida.s. j 

IBYCUS, a lyric poet of Rhegium, about 540 
years before Christ, Ke was murdered by rob- 
bers, and at the moment of death he implored the i, 
assistance of some cranes which were then flying r 
over his head. Some time after, as the murder- 
ers were in the market place, one of them ob- 
served some cranes in the air. and said to bis )' 
companions, al 'i,3uvuv s«^ivot Trapeitrt.-, there aie 
the birds that are conscious of the deat/i of Ibycus. 
These words and the recent murder of Ibycus 
raised suspicions in the people: the assassins w ere 
seized and tortured, and they confessed their 

guilt. Cic. Tusc. 4, 43.— ^lian. V. H The 

husband of Chloris, whom Horace ridicules, 
od. 15. 

ICADICS, a robber killed bv a stone, &c. Cic. 
Fat. 3. 

IcarTa, an island of the JEgean, west of Samos. 
It is said to have obtained its name from Icarus, 
son of Dajdalus, whose body was washed upon its 
shores after the unfortunate termination of his f 
flight. It was of small extent, being long but 
narrows In Strabo's time it was thinly inhab- 
ited, and the Samians used it principally for the 
pasturage of their cattle. Its modern name is 
Nigaria. Strab. 14. 

ICARIS and ICARIOTIS, a name given to Pe- f 
nelope, as daui;hter of Icarius. Proper t. 3, 13. 10, f 

ICARlu:vi Mare, a part of the .^I^gean sea near F, 
the islands of Mycone and Gyaros. The ancient 1^ 
mythologists deduce the name from Icarus, who 
fell into it and « as dr( wne>'!. J'id. Icarus. ¥ 

IcarTus, an Athenian, father of Erigone He r 
gave w ine to some peasants, who drank it "ith 
the greatest avidity, ignorant of its intoxicating: } 
nature. They were soon deprived of their rea- }' 
son, and the fury and resentment of their friends p 
and neighbours were immediately turned upon i 
Icarius, who perished by their hand.>. After l- 
death he was honoured w ith public festivals, and ' 
his daughter was led to discover the place ol his 
burial by means of his faithful dog Moera. Eri- f- 
gone hung herself in despair, and was changed 
into a constellation called Virgo. Icarius was l^" 
changed into the star Bootes, and the dog Moera || 
into the star Canis. Hygin. fab. loO.— ApoUod. 

3, 14. A son of Q^balus of Lacedaimon. He I; 

gave his daughter Penelope in marriage to Ulys- 
ses king of Ithaca, but he was so tenderly at- 
tached to her, that he w ished her hu.sband to set- " 
tie at Lacedasmon. Ulysses refused, and wlien 
he faw the earnest petitions of Icarius, he told [' 
Penelope as they were going to embark, that she 
might choose freely either to follow him to Itha- ' 
ca, or to remain with her father, Penelope 
blushed in the deepest silence, and covered her ; 
head with her veil, Icarius, upon this, peimit- 
ted his daughter to go to Ithaca, and immediately - 
erected a temple to the goddess of modesty, on 
the spot where Pmelope had covered her blushes 
with her veil. Homer. Od. 1(5, -!3:i. : 

1C.\RI'S, a ?on of D;cdalus, who, with his! 



fafhor, flew witli '.vin^s iV. m Crete to escape the 
n-sentnient of Miuos. liu llight being too high, 
prove<l fatal to him. tlie sun melted the wax 
which cemented his wind's, and he fell into ciiat 
l)art of the ^Egean sea which was called after his 
name. Vid. Daedalus. Odd. Mel. 8, 1/8, &c. 

A mountain of Attica. 

ICCIUS, a lieutenanr A^rippa in Sicily. Ho- 
race writes to him, 1 od. 'l-j, and ridicules him 
for abandoning the pursuits of philosophy and 

t ie muses for military employments. One of 

the Rhemi in Gaul, aaibassadur to C^sar. Cces. 
B. G. 2, 3. 

ICKLOS, one of the sons of Somnus, who 
changed himself into ail sorts of animals, whence 
the name (tlVsXos, similh). Ovid. Met. 11, 640. 

ICtNI, or CENIMAGNI, a people of Britain, 
who were situated to the north of the Trinobantes, 
and inhabited thatcuuntry, which is now divided 
i!!to the counties of Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridge, 
and Hunlingdon. They were a brave nation, 
who on being pillaged by the Romans, and their 
queen Boadicea, with her daughters, shamefully 
insulted, took up arms against them in conjunc- 
tion with their neighbours, defeated them in 
several engagements, and destroyed Camelodu- 
num and Verolamium; but they were conquered 
in their turn by Suetonius Paulinus, A. D. 61. 
Their capital was Venta Icenorum, now Caisler, 
near Noricich. Tacit. Ann. 12, 31.— Cces. B. G. 
5, 21. 

IcKtas, a man who obtained the supreme 
power at Syracuse after the death of Dion. He 
attempted to assassinate Timoleon, for which he 
was conquered, &c. B. C. 340. C. Nep. in Tim. 

ICHN^, a town of Macedonia, placed by He- 
rodotus in Bottiaea, and situated probably at the 
mouth of the Ludias, From other authors, cited 
by Steph. Byz., it appears that the name was 

sometimes written Achnae. Herod. 7, 123. A 

city of Thessaly, near Phyllus, and in the dis- 
trict of Phthiotis. The goddess Themis was 
especially revered here. Slrab. 9. — Horn. Hymn, 
in Apoll. 94. 

ICHNUSA, an ancient name of Sardinia, which 
it received from its lilceness to the print of a foot, 
C"xyos). Paus. 10, \1.—Flin. 3, 7.—SiL Ital. 12, 
S51. 

ICHONtJPHYS, a priest of Heliopolis, at whose 
house Eudoxus resided when he visited Egypt 
with Piato. Diog, 

ICHTHYOPHAGi, a name given by the Greek 
geographers to several tribes of barbarians in 
(iiflerent parts of the ancient world, and which 
indicates a people "living on fish." A people of 
Gedrosia, on the coast of the Mare Erythraeum. 

Plin. 6. 23. A people in the north-eastern 

part of Arabia Felix, along the coast of the Sinus 

Persicus. A people of Trogloditica, according 

to Strabo south-west of the island Tapozos; pro- 
bably near the straits of Dirae, or Bab-el- Ma7ideb. 

ICHTHYOPHAGORUM SiNUS, a bay on the 
north-eastern coast of Arabia Felix. 

IClLius, L. a tribune of the people who made 
a law, A. V. C. 3!)7, by which mount Aventine 
was given to the Roman people to build houses 

upon, Liv. 3, 54 A tribune who made a law, 

A. U. C. 261, that forbade any man to oppose or 
interrupt a tribune while he was speaking in an 
assembly. Liv. 2, 58. A tribune who signa- 
lized himself by his inveterate enmity against the 
Roman senate. He took an active part in the 
management of afiairs after the murder of Vir- 
ginia, lUc. 



IClUS. fid. Itius Portus. 

IcoNiUM, now Konsia, the chief city of Lycj- 
onia, in Asia Minor. It was fancied by the 
Greeks to have received its name from d^u.j-, 
imago, owing to a little statue, which was here set 
up by Prometheus or Perseus. It is rendered 
very interesting from the labours of St Paxil, as 
are also two cities to the south of it, called Derbe 
and Lystra. Plin. 5, 27-- Acts 14, 1—21. 

ICOS, a small island near Scyros, said to have 
been colonized by the Cretans. It is now Skyt o 
Poido. Strab. 9. 

ICTINUS, a celebrated architect, 430 years be- 
fore Christ. He built a famous temple to Apollo 
Epicurius at Phigalia, and to Minerva at Athens. 
This last was 100 feet on all sides, and was re- 
markable for its magnificence. Paus. 8, 42. — 
Strab. 9. 

ICULISNA, a town of Gaul, now Angoulinnc, 
on the Cliarente. 

Ida, a nymph of Crete, who went into Phry- 
gia, where she gave her name to a mountain of 

that country. Firg. Mn. 8, 177. The mother 

of Minos the II. A celebrated mountain, or 

more properly, a ridge of mountains in Troas, 
chiefly in the neighbourhood of Troy. The 
abundance of its waters became the source of 
many rivers, and particularly of the Simois, Sca- 
mander, ^sopus, Granicus, &c. It was on 
mount Ida that the shepherd Paris adjudged the 
prize of beauty to the goddess Venus. It was 
covered with green woods, and the elevation of 
its top opened a fine extensive view of the Hel- 
lespont and the adjacent countries, from which 
reason the poets say that it was frequented by the 
gods during the Trojan war. Strab. 13. — Melu, 
I, Homer. IL 14, 283.— Fni,'. JEn. 3, 5,&c.— 
Ovid. Fast. 4, "id.— Horat. 3, od. 11. A moun- 
tain of Crete, the highest in the island, where it 
was reported that Jupiter was educated by the 
Corybantes, who, on that account, were called 
Idaii. Strab. 10. 

IDMA, the surname of Cybele, because she was 
worshipped on mount Ida. Her worship was in- 
troduced into Italy, and received the firmest sup- 
port from the power which she exerted to vindi- 
cate the suspected innocence of Claudia. The 
Romans adopted the same ceremonies as were 
observed in Phrygia. and the goddess was served 
by a priest born at Troas. Apollon. Arg. 2, 1127. 

— Tibull. 1. el A.— Eurip. in Or est. UbG.— Virg. 
jEn. 10, 252.— Propert. 4, el li.—Dionys. Hal. 1. 

— Liv. 29.— Luciet. 2, 611. 

ID^US, a surname of Jupiter. An armour- 
bearer and charioteer of king Priam, killed dur- 
ing the Trojan war. Firg. ^7i. 6, 487. One 

of the attendants of Ascanius. Id. 9, 600. 

IdAlis, the country round mount Ida. Lu- 
can. 3, 204. 

IDALIUM, or IdalTa, a height and grove of 
Cyprus, near the promontory of Pedalium. It 
was the favourite abode of Venns, hence called 
Idalia, and here too Adonis was killed by tlu» 
tooth of the boar. Theocr. Idyl. 15, m.— Pirg 
Mn. 1, m\.—Catull. 61. 17. 

IDANTHYRSUS, a powerful king of Scythia, 
who refused to give his daughter in marri.age to 
Darius the I., king of Persia. This refusal v. a'^ 
the cause of a war between the two nations, anti 
Darius marched against Idanthyrsus, at Ih^ hcjul 

' of 700,000 men. He was defeated, and n t!i>-d t.) 

I Persia, after an inglorious campaigi!. i^lrub. 1.!. 

1 IDARNK.*;, an officer of Darius, by whose m y "i- 

I gencethe Macedonians ioi'k Miletus. Curt, -l, 



IDA 260 JER 



Idas, a son of Aphareus and Aiane. famous 
for his %'aloui- and iiiilit-ary glory. He was ."innong 
the Arjjonauts, and married Marpessa, the daugh- 
ter of Evenus king of ^tolia. Marpessa was 
carried away by ApoUo, and Idas pursued his 
wife's ravisher with bow and arrows, and obliged 
him to restore her. {Fid. Marpessa.) Accord- 
ing to ApuUodorus, Idas w ith his brother Lyu- 
ceus associated with Pollux and Castor to carry 
away some flocks; but when they had obtained a 
sufiBcient quantity of plunder, they refused to 
divide it into equal shares. This provoked the 
sons of Leda, Lynceus w as killed by Castor, and 
Idas to revenge his brother's death, immediately 
killed Castor, and in his turn perished by the 
hand of Pollux. According to Ovid and Pausa- 
nias, the quarrel between the sons of Leda and 
those of Aphareus arose from a more tender 
cause; Idas and Lynceus, as they say, were go- 
ing to celebrate their nuptials with Phoebe and 
Hilairathe two daughters of Leucippus; but Cas- 
tor and Pollux, who had been invited to partake 
the common festivity, offered violence to the 
brides, and carried them away. Idas and Lyn- 
ceus fell in the attempt to recover their wives. 
Homer. II. 9, 5i9.~Hygin. Jab. 14, iOO, &c.— 
Ovid. Fast. 5, 700.—ApcUod. 1 et 3.— Pans. 4, 2. 

5, 18. A son of .^:gyptus. A Trojan killed 

by Tumus. Firg. JEn. 9, 575. 

Idea or Idjea, a daughter of Dardanus, who 
became the second wife of Phineus king of Bi- 
thynia, and abused the confidence reposed in her 

by herhusband. ( Phineus.) Apollod. 3. 

The mother of Teucer by Scamander. Apollod. 

IDESSA, a town of Iberia on the confines of 
Colchis. Sirab. 11. 

IDEX, a small river of Italy, now IJice, near 
Bononia. 

IDISTAVISUS, a plain, now Hastenbach, where 
Germanicus defeated Arminius, near Oldendorp 
on the VVeser in Westphalia. Tacit. A. 2, 16. 

IDMON, son of Apollo and Asteria, or as some 
aay, of Cyrene, was the prophet of the Argonauts. 
He was killed in hunting a wild boav in Bithy- 
nia, where his body received a magnificent fun- 
eral. He had predicted the tinre and manner of 

his own death. Apollod. 1, 9. — Orpheus. A 

dyer of Colophon, father to Arachne. Ovid. 
Met. 6, 8. A man of Cyzicus, killed by Her- 
cules, tkc. Place. 3. A son of ^gyptus, killed 

by his wife. Fid. Danaides. 

IDOMENE, a daughter of Pheres, who married 
Amythaon. Apollod. 1, 9. 

IDOMENEUS, succeeded his father Deucalion 
on the throne of Crete, and accompanied the 
Greeks to the Trojan war, w ith a fleet of ninety 
ships. During this celebrated war he rendered 
himself famous by his valour, and slaughtered 
many of the enemy. At his return he made a 
vow to Neptune in a dangerous tempest, that if 
he escaped from the fury of the seas and storms, 
he would offer to the god w hatever living crea- 
ture first presented itself to his eye on the Cretan 
shore. This was no other than his ow n son, w ho 
came to congratulate his father upon his safe re- 
turn. Idomeneus performed his promise to the 
god, and the inhumanity and rashness of his sac- 
rifice rendered him so odious in the eyes of his 
subjects, that he left Crete, and mijirated in 
quest of a settlement. He came to Italy, and 
founded a city on the co.ist of Calabria, which he 
called Salentum. He died in an extreme old 
alter he had had the satisfaction of seeing 
his new kingdom flourish, and his subjects happy. 



According to the Greek scholiast of Lycwphron, ' 
ver.1217, Idnmeneus.during his absence in theTro- 
jan war, entrusted the management of his king- 
dom to Leucos. to whom he prom.ised his daugh- 
ter Clisithere in marriage at his return. Leucos, 
at first governed with moderation; but he was 
persuaded by Nauplius, king of Euboea, to put [ 
to death Meda the wife of his master, with het [ 
daughter Clisithere, and to seize the kingdom. [ 
After these violent measures, he strengthened i 
himself on the throne of Crete ; and Idomeneus, ' 
at his return, found it impossible to expel the F 
usurper. Ovid. Met. 13, 358.— Hygin. 92.— Ho- 
me? II. 11, &c. Od. \9. - Pans. 3, 25. — nv^-. ^ 

^n. 3, 122. A son of Priam. A Greek his- ,: 

torian of Lampsacus, in the age of Epicurus. I 
He wrote a history of Samothrace, the lile of So- 
crates, &c. ' 

IDOTHEA, a daughter of Proetus, kingof Argo*. f. 
She was restored to her senses with her sisters, ^ 
by Melampus. {Fid. Proetides ) Homer. Od. 11. ' 

A daughter of Proteu?:, the god who told 

Menelaus how he could return to his country in 

safety. Homer. Od. 4, 363. One of the , 

nymphs who educated Jupiter. 

iDRIEUS, the son of Euromus of Caria, brother f 
to Artemisia, who succeeded to Mausolus, and in- t 
vaded Cyprus. Diod. ]6.— Polycen 7. ' 

IDUBEDA, a range of mountains in Spain, | 
commencing among' the Cantabri, and tra- L 
versing with a w inding course the eastern part of ; 
Spain, till it reaches the Mediterranean coast, [ 
near Saguntum, which lay at its foot. Strab. 3. [ 

iBUMMA, a province of Arabia, which derives a 
its name from Edom, or Esau, w ho there settled 
in the mountains of Seir, in the land of the n 
Horites, south east of the Dead Sea. His 5 
descendants afterwrirds extended themselves & 
throughout Arabia Petraea, and south of Pa- ^ 
lestine, between the Dead Sea and the Merii- k, 
terranean. During the Babylonish captivity, I 
and when Judcca was almost deserted, they \f 
seized the south of Judah, and advanced to He- 
bron. Hence that tract of Juda^a, which they |j 
inhabited, retained the name of Idumaea in the ^ 
time of our Saviour. Under Moses and Joshua, '„ 
and even urder the kings of Judah, the Idumae-l 
ans w ere confined to the east and south of the i 
Dead Sea, in the landof Seir; but afterwards they I 
extended their territories more to the south o* L 
Judah. The capital of east Idumaea was Bozra, t 
or Bossra; and that of south Idumaga, Petra, ot\ 
Jactael. Idumaa was famous for its palm trees. !-, 
In general, however, the country was hot, dry, 
mountainous, and in some parts barren. It if' 
now inhabited by some tribes of wild Arabs. [ 
Firg, G. 3, 12. i 

IDYIA. one of the Oceanides, who married' 
iEetes king of Colchis, by whom she had Medea,) 
&c. Hygiyi.—Hesiod. Th. 960— Cjc. de Nat. D., 
3, 19. , 

JenTsus, a town of Arabia, near the PaluS; 
Sirbonis. 

Jera. one of the Nereides. Homer. II. IS, 42.i 
Jericho, a city of Judaea, in the tribe of Ben-1 
jamin, about .<even leagues from Jerusalem, and' 
two from the Jordan. Moses calls it the city of 
palm-ti'ees, because of the palm-trees grow ing in 
the plain of Jericho. Josephus says, that in the 
territory of this city w ere not only many palm- 
trees, but also the balsam-tree. Jericho was the 
first city of Canaan taken by Joshua, who de- 
stroyed it. A new city was afterwards built by, 
Hiei of Bethel, but it w ould seem that before thej 



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tirreof Hiel there was another Jericho built near 
the site of the old. Deut. 34, 3.~Josh. 2, 1, 2, &c. 
^Judges 3, 13. 

Iernb, now Ireland, a large island lying to 
the west of Britain, from which it is separated 
by the Mare Hibernicum, or St George's Chan- 
nel, and the Mare Vergivium, or the Irish Sea. 
It is otherwise called luverna, Iris, Ivernia, and 
Hibernia. Its greatest length is 260 miles, and 
its average breadth about 140; but, owing to the 
deep indentations of the coast, there is not a spot 
in the whole island that is fifty miles distant from 
the sea. Orpheus. — Aristot. — Juv. 2, 160. — Mela, 
3 6.~Diod. Sic. 1, Zod.-FLoI. 2, %. — Ccbs. Bell. G. 
5, 13.— PZm. 4, 16. 

Jeromus and Jeronymus, a Greek of Cardia, 

v.ho wrote a history of Alexander. A native of 

Rhodes, disciple of Aristotle, of whose composi- 
tions some few historical fragments remain. 
Dionys. Hal. \. 

Jerusalem, the capital of Judea. Vid. Hie-^ 
rosolyma. 

IqilgIlis, a town of Mauritania C^esariensis, 
west of the mouth of the river Ampsagas. It is 
now Zezeli. 

Igiltum, now Giglio, an island of Italy, near 
the coast of Etruria, off the promontory of Ar- 
gentarius. The thick woods of this island served 
as a place of refuge for a great number of Ro- 
mans, who fled from the sack of Rome by A'tila, 
Mela, 2, l.—Rutillus, It. 1, 325. 

Ignatius, an officer of Crassus in his Parthian 

expedition. One of the apostolical fathers, 

born in Syria. He was brought up under St John 
the Evangelist; and there are those who affirm 
that he was one of the children brought to our 
Saviour. He became bishop of Antioch, A. D. 
67, and continued there till 107, when Trajan 
entered the city in triumph, after having con- 
quered the Scythians and Daci. A persecution 
of the Christians followed, and Ignatius, after a 
long conference with the emperor, was sent to 
Rome, to suffer death in the amphitheatre. On 
his arrival there the Christians went out to meet 
him, with a mixture of joy and sorrow; and as 
the execution was not to take place till the Sa- 
turnalia, the interval was spent in holy rites and 
prayers for the church. He suffered with great 
fortitude, Dec. 20. of that or the following year, 
and his remains were gathered up and transported 
to Antioch, by the companions of his journey. 
Seven of his epistles were published by archbi- 
shop Usher, at Oxford, in 1645; but the best edi- 
tion is that of Cotelerius in the Patres Aposto- 
lici. They have been translated by archbishop 
Wake. The losser epistles, which pass under 
his nam.e, are spurious, though supported by 
Whiston. 

IgnigSna, a surname applied to Bacchus, as 
saved ftom the flames which consumed his mother 
Semele. Ovid. Met. 4, 12. 

IguvIum, a town of Umbria, on the Via Fla- 
minia, now Gubbio. Gets. D. CI, \2.—Sil. Ital. 
8, 460. 

Ilaira, a daughter of Leucippus, carried away 
with her sister Phoebe, by the sons of Leda, as 
she was going to be married, &c. 

Ilba or IJLVA, an island of the Tyrrhene sea, 
off the coast of Etruria, and about ten miles from 
tiie promontory of Populonium. It was famed 
for its iron mines. It was called .i^^thalia bv the 
Greeks. It is now Elba. Firg. Mii. 10, 173. 

ILKRCA ")NES. a Spanish tribe, east of the Eiie- 
tani, on both sides of the Iberui, near its mouth. 



Dertosa, now Tcriosa, and Terraco, now Tarra- 
gona, were two of their towns. 

Ilerda, the capital city of the Ilergetes in 
Spain, situate on the Sicoris, or Segre, a tribu- 
tary of the Iberus. its situation at the foot of tho 
Pyrenees, exposed it incessantly to the horrors of 
war, from the time that the Romans began to 
penetrate into Spain. Under Gallienus, it was 
almost entirely destroyed by the barbarians, 
who, migrating from Germany, ravaged the 
western parts of the empire. It is now Le?id.-t \n 
Catalonia. Strab. 3.~Ca's. B. C. 1, (il.- Fhr. 
4, V2.—Appian. B. C. 2, 42. 
Ilergetes. Vid. Ilerda. 
IlIa or Rhi^A, a daughter of Numitor, king^ 
of Alba, consecrated by her uncle Amulius to the 
service of Vesta, which required perpetual chast- 
ity, that she might not become a mother to dis- 
possess him of his crown. He was however dis- 
appointed ; violence was offered to Ilia, by the 
god Mars, and she brought forth Romulus and 
Remus, who drove the usurper from 'his throne, 
and restored the crown to their grandfather Nu- 
mitor, its lawful possessor. Ilia was buried alive 
by Amulius, for violating the laws of Vesta ; and 
because her tomb was near the Tiber, some sup- 
pose that she married the god of that river. 
Herat. Od. 1.2.— Virg. Mn. 1, 211.— Ovid. Fast. 

2, 598. A wife of Sylla. 

ILIACI LUDI, games instituted by Augustus, 
in commemoration of the victory which he had 
obtained over Antony and Cleopatra. They are 
supposed to be the same as the Trojani ludi and 
the Actia; and Virgil says, they were celebrated 
by .lEneas, not only because they were instituted 
at the time when he wrote his poem, but because 
he wished to compliment Augustus, by making 
the founder of Lavinium solemnize games on the 
very spot which was, many centuries after, to bo 
immortalized by the trophies of his patron. Dur- 
ing these games, were exhibited horse races, and 
gymnastic exercises. Virg. Mn. 3, 2S0. 

ILIACUS, an epithet applied to such as belong 
to Troy. Virg ^n. I, 101. 

ILIADES, a suraame given to Romulus, as son 

of Ilia. Ovid. A name given to the Trojan 

women. Virg. ^''-n. 1, 484. 

Ilias, a celebrated poem composed by Homer 
upon the Trojan war. It delineates the wra'h of 
Achilles, and all the calamities which befell the 
Greeks, from the refusal of that hero to appear 
in the field of battle. It finishes at the death of 
Hector, whom Achilles had sacrificed to the 
shades of his friend Patroclus. It is divided into 
twenty-four books. {Vid. Homerus.) A sur- 
name of Minerva, from a temple which she had 
at Daulis in Phocis. This sacred spot was re- 
markable for some dogs kept by the priests, which 
were said to bark only at such persons as were 
not natives of the country. The temple was 
erected, as some suppose, after the return of 
Ulysses from his embassy to Troy, by the Greeks, 
who had made a vow which they thus fulfilled in 
honour of the Trojan goddess. Xenoph. in Hell. 

Ilienses, a people of Sardinia, fabled to have 
been descended from some Trojans who came to 
that island after the fall of Troy. They were 
driven into the mountains by Libyan colonies, 
and here, according to Pausanias, the name Ili- 
eis existed even in his time. Pans. 10, 17- 

lLir;NR, the eldest daughter of Priam, who 
marvi-rt Pdymnestor, king of Thrace. Vn-;. 
.V.v. 1, 0."7. 

iLl.l.Nict s, a Tr< jar, son of Phorf.a<. He 



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rame into Italy wi;h ^^Ineas. Vhg. Mn. \, S'^S. 

A son of Artabi nu?, made prisoner by Par- 

nienio, near Damascus. Curt. 3, 13. One of 

Niobe's sons. Ovid. Met. 6, fah. 6. 

Ilipa, a town of Baetica. Liv. 35, 1. 

ILISSUS. a small river of Attica, falling; info 
the sea near the Piraeus. There was a temple on 
its banks, sacred to the Muses. Stat. Theb. 4, 52. 

ILITHYIA, a goddess called also Juno Lucina. 
Some suppose her to be the same as Diana. She 
presided over the travails of women; and in her 
temple at Rome, it was usual to carry a small 
piece of money as an offering-. This custom was 
first established by Servius TuUius, who, by en- 
forcing it, was enabled to know the exact num- 
ber of the Roman people. Hesiod. Th. 450.— 
Homer. II. 11, 263. Odijss. 19. ]S8.—Apollcd. 1 et 
2.~Horat. Carm. Sa-cuL—Ovid. Met. 9, 253. 

Ilium or Ilion, another name for the city of 
Troy, or, more properly, the true one, since 
Troja, the appellation given to the place by the 
Roman writers, was, strictly speaking, the name 

of the district. (Fzd. Troja.) Novum, a city 

of the Troad, originally a small village, but en- 
larged by the Macedonians, from the time of 
Alexander, and after them by the Romans. It 
Avas situated on the right bank of the Simois, 
aboTit thirty stadia lower down than Troy 

ILLIBERIS, or EliberrI, a town of Gallia 
Narbonensis, south of Ruscino, and in the terri- 
tory of the Sardones, the same probably with the 
Voicae Tecrosages. It was a flourishing place 
when Hannibal pnssed through on his march into 
Italy, and here he established a garrison. It 
sank in importance afterwards; until Constan- 
tine almost lebuilt it, and called it, in memory 
of his mother Helena, Heleneiisis civitas. In this 
place Magnentius slew Constans, and here Con- 
stantine died in a castle built by himself. It is 
now Elne. 

ILLICE: now Elche. a city of the Contestani in 
Spain, north-east of Carthago Nova. 3Iela, 2, 6. 
—Plin. 3, 3. 

ILLICITANUS SINU.S, a bay on the south-east 
coast of Spain, extending from Carthago Nova to 
the Dianium Promontorium. Jt is now the bay 
of Alicant. Mela, 2, 6. 

ILLITURGIS, ILITURGIS, or ILIRGIA, a cltv 
of Spain, near the modern Andujar, in Andalu- 
sia, on the river Baetis, destroyed by Scipio for 
hfving revolted to the Carthaginians. Liv. 23, 
49- 24. 41. 26. 17. 

Illyrtcum.Illyrts, and Illyria, a country 
bordering on the Adriatic sea, opposite Italy. It 
was wholly contained between the rivers Naro, 
or Narenta, and Drilo. Some authors, among 
whom are Pliny and Ptolemy, extend the limits 
of this country so as to include Liburnia and Dal- 
niatia. D'Anville has assigned to Illyricum the 
whole coimtry which lies between Istria and the 
small river Arsia, as far as the mouth of the Dri- 
lo; but he observes that the lllyric nations ex- 
tended much farther. They spread themselves 
.it a very early period along the eastern coast of 
Italy, to the south of the Padus. or Po, in which 
quarter traces of them were found even in the 
time of the Romans. They were very famous tor 
their early acquamtance with, and subsequent 
skill in, navigation; and the light Libumian gal- 
leys aided not a little in secui ing to Augustus the 
victory at Actium. Illyricum ans^^ers now in 
Vart t") modern ^/6ar??a. Slrab. 2 etl . — Paxis. 
3", _.Vr/a, 2, 2, 8cc.—Flor. 1, 1?. 4, 2. Ptd. 2, \1. 

li.LYUTUS, a son of Cadmus and Hermionc, 



from whom Illyricum received its name. Arol- 
lod. ; 

ILORCI, now Lorca, a town of Spain. Pliti. 3 3. I 

Iluro, now Gleron, a town of Gascony in 
France. f 

ILUS, the fourth king of Troy, was son of Tros 
by Callirhoe. He married Eurydice the daugh- ' 
ler of Adrastus, by whom he had Themis, who [ 
married Capys, and Laomedon the father of : 
Priam. He built, or rather embellished, the ' 
city of Ilium, called also Troy from his fa'her 
Tros. Jupiter gave him the Palladium, a cele- f 
brated statue of Minerva, and promised that as [ 
long as it remained in Troy, so long would the . 
town remain impregnable. When the ten:ple of r 
Minerva was in flames, llus rushed into the mid- ' 
die of the fire to save the Palladium, for which f 
action he was deprived of his sight by the god- [ 
dess: though he recovered it some time after. 
Homer. Il. — Stiab. Apollod. 3, \2.— 0vid. ^ 

Fast. 4, 33 6 -^19. A name of Ascanius, while . 

he was at Trov. Virg. Mn. 1, 272. A friend ? 

of Turnus, killed bv Pallas. Virg. ^n. 10, 400. 

ILVA. Vid. Ilba. 

ILYRGIS, a town of Hispania Baetica, now I 
Lor a. Polyb. 

lMANUE^TIUS, a king of part of Britain, '. 
killed by Cassivelaunus, &c. Cces. Bell. G. 5. ' 

Imaus, the name of a large chain of moun- ' 
tains, which in a part of its course divided, ac- [ 
cording to the ancients, the vast region of Scy- ) 
tt)ia into Scythia intra Imaum and Scythia extra I; 
Imaum. It is, in fact, merely a continuation vi 
the great Tauric range. That part of the Tauric 
chain over which Alexander crossed, and whrnce 
the Indus springs, was called Paropamisus. Far- 
ther on were the Emodi Montes, giving rise to 
the Ganges; and still farther to the east the range 
of Imaus, extending to the eastern ocean. Imaus 
is generally thought to answer to the Hitnal-ah 
mountains of Thibet j strictly speaking, however, 
this name belongs to the Emodi Montes; and 
Imaus, in the early part of its course, is the mo- 
dern Mtisiag, or the chain which branches off to 
the north-west from the centre of the Himalah 
range. All the names by which this chain is 
distinguished are derived from the Sanscrit term 
Hem, signifying "snow." Hence have arisen 
the names Imaus and Emodus AmoDg the ancients, 
and Himalah, Hmjurf? /, Hirnachal, and Himalaya, 
among the moderns. As the chain of Imaus pro- 
ceeds on to the east, it ceases to be characterized 
as snowy, and, in separating the region of Scy- 
thia into its two divisions, answ ers to the modern 
range of Altai. The highest summit in the Hima- 
lah chain is I>icalagheri, or, the White Mountain, 
which is 26.872 feet above the level of the sea. 
Plin. 6, ['J.— Strab. 1. 

IMBARUS, a part of mount Taurus in Armenia. 

iMBRACiDES, a patronymic given to Asius, as 
son of Imbracus. J'irg .E)i. 10. 123. 

IMBRAS1DE9, a patronymic given to Glaucus 
and Lades, as sons of Imbrasus. J'irg. ^E?i. 12, 
343. 

iMBRAsrs, or ParthenTus, arivercf Samrs. 
Juno, who was woishippcd there, received the 
surname of Imirasia, and the inhabitants boasted 
that the goddess was born on the banks under a 
willow-tree, which thev still showed in the ate 

of Pausanias. Pli7i. 5,' 2.— r«w5. 7, 4. The 

fa! her of Pirns, the leader of the Thracians dur- 
ing the Trojan war. Firg. .En. 10, 123. 12, 343. 

^ Homer. 11. 4. 520. 

IMBREUS, one of the Ct nlr.urs, killed by Diy- 



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as, at the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid. Met. 12, 

Jmbrex, C. Licinius, a poet. Vid. Licinius. 

Imbrius, a Trojan of Pedea, killed by Teu- 
cer, son of Mentor. He had married Medesi- 
caste, Priam s daughter. Homer. II. 13, 170. 

iMBROS, an island of the ^gean, twenty- two 
/niles east of Lemnos, and now called Imbro. 
Like Lemnos, it was at an early period the seat 
of the Pelasgi, who worshipped the Cabiri and 
Mercury by the name of Imbramus. Imbros is 
generally mentioned by Homer in conjunction 
with Lemnos. It was first conquered by the 
Persians, and afterwards by the Athenians, who 
derived from thence excellent darters and targe- 
teers. There was a town, probably of the same 
name with the island, the ruins of which are to 
be seen at a place called Castro. Plin. 4, 12.— 
Horn. Hymn, in Apoll. 3(j. — Herod. 5, 27. Thu- 
cyd. 4, 28. 

INACHI, a name given to the Greeks, particu- 
larly the Argives, from king Inachus. 

lNACHiA,a name given to Peloponnesus, from 
the river Inachus. A festival in Crete in hon- 
our of Inachus; or, according to others, of Ino's 
misfortunes. A courtezan in the age of Ho- 
race. Epod. 11, S. 12, 14. 

INACHID.E, the name of the eight first succes- 
sors of Inacims, on the throne of Argos. 

INACHILES, a patronymic of Epaphus, as 

grandson of Inachus. Ovid. Met. i, 701. 

Also of Perseus, descended from Inachus. Id 
4. Jub. ]J. 

INACHIS, a patronymic of To, as daughter of 
Inachus. Ovid. Fast. 1, 454. 

Inachus, a son of Oceanus and Tethys, father 
of lo, and also of Phoroneus and ^gialeus. He 
founded the kingdom of Argos, and was suc- 
ceeded by Phoroneus, B. C. 1807, and gave his 
name to a river of Argos, of which he became the 
tutelary deity. He reigned sixty years. Virg. 

G. 3, 151. — ipollod. 2, 3.—Paus. 2, 15. A river 

of Argolis, flowing past the foot of the Acropolis 
of Argos, and emptying itself into the bay of 
Naupha. Its source was in mount Lyrcajus on 
the confines of Arcadia; but the poets feigned it 
to be a branch of the Inachus of Amphiluchia, 
which, after joining the Achelous, passed under- 
giound and reappeared in Argolis. i t is now called 

the Xeria. Strab.det 8. A river of the Amphi- 

lochian district in Acarnania. It was said to ri^-e 
in that part of mount Pindus called Lacmon, and 
joining the Achelous, to pass under the sea till it 
reached the Peloponnesian Argos. Others, how- 
ever, affirmed, that the Peloponnesian Inachus 
was a different river from that of the Amphilo- 
chians. Strab. 6. 

In AM AM KS, a river in the east of Asia, as far 
as which Seniiraniis extended her empiie. Fo- 
iycen. 

INARIME, an i.sland near Campania, with a 
mountain under which Jupiter coutined the giant 
TyphcDus. It is now called Ischia, and is re- 
markable for its fertility and population. There 
was formerly a volcano in the middle of the 
island. Virg. Mn. 9, 716. 

InArus, a son of Psammeticus, king of that 
part of Libya which borders upon Egypt. Sal- 
lying forth from Marea, he drew over the greater 
part of E;i;ypt to revolt from Artaxerxes, the Per- 
sian emperor, and, becoming himself tlicir ruler, 
called in the Athenians to his assistance, who 
happened to be 6n;iage,i iu an expedition against 
Cyprus, Willi two hundred ships of their own and 



their allies. The enterprise a}, first was emi- 
nently successful, and the whole of Eg.ypt lell 
under the power of the invaders and their ally. 
Eventually, however, the Persian arms tri- 
umphed, and Inarus, being taken by treachery, 
was crucified. Thucyd. 1, 104. 101) et 110. 

INCITATUS, a horse of the emperor Caligula, 
made one of his priests, and intended also for the 
consulship. 

IND.ITHYRSUS. Vid. Idanthyrsus. 
India, an extensive country of Asia, divided 
by Ptolemy and the ancient geographers into 
India intra Gangem, and India extra Gangem, 
or India on this side, and India beyond, the 
Ganges. The first division corresponds with the 
modern Hinfioostan; the latter with the Birman 
Empire, and the dominions of Pegu, Siam, Laos, 
Cambodia, Cochin China, Tonquin, and Malacca. 
India derived its name from the river Indus, 
which formed its western boundary. The Greeks 
knew but little of India till its invasion by 
Alexander the Great, as may be inferred from 
none of their existing poets mentioning even its 
name. The fabled campaigns, which some of 
their mythologists represent Dionysius, or Bac- 
chus, and Hercules, to have undertaken against 
it, were invented after they had arrived at a con- 
siderable knowledge of the country: and the ac- 
counts which they received concerning the Indi- 
ans, may for the most part be classed amongst 
those fables, which were related on all sides of 
the people dwelling at the extremities of the then 
known world, ^^mongst these fables may be in . 
eluded that of the Pygmaei or nation of black 
dwarfs, who were so small that the tallest among 
them seldom exceeded two feet in height. They 
were admirable archers; their anintials were all 
of a proportionable stature with themselves, and 
upon these they went out to make war againsc 
certain birds, called cranes, which came annually 
from Scythia to plunder them. Later traditions, 
however, remove these Pygmies to the deserts of 
Africa, where they represent them to have at- 
tacked Hercules, when sleeping after his victory 
over Antssus. The campaign of Alexander was 
confined to the countries watered by the Indus 
and its branches. He entered India near Cabul, 
and crossed the Indus and Hydaspes, on the 
banks of which last, he defeated Porus, one of 
the Indian kings, whose dominions, however, 
he afterwards increased by the addition of seve- 
ral new provinces. Alexander then traversed the 
Punjaub as far as the banks of the Hyphasis, or 
Beyah, when his troops refused to proceed far- 
ther eastward. This disobedience was confirmed 
by the reports of the warlike preparations ni;:de 
against them by the king of the Gangaridse and 
Prasii, which filled even the veterans with sur-.h 
apprehension, that they declared openly they 
would follow their chief no farther in that diiec- 
tion. In this crisis of his affairs, Alexander 
yielded to the general wish; he accordingly nia(!e 
preparations for retreating, but first having en- 
larged the circuit of his encampment, he built 
twelve immense altars on the banks of the river, 
and ordered beds and other pieces of furniture to 
be left behind, of greater dimensions than cor- 
responded v%ith the ordinary proportions of man, 
intending them as a subject of w onder for all pos- 
terity. He then retreated to the Hydaspes, and 
descended the Indus to Patala, and subsequently 
to the sea. Having iicrlornied sacrifices to Nep- 
tune, he ascendtd the Indos to Xylcnopf)lis, 
which he had ordi red to be built iu his abs« i;ce; 
a li - 



IND 



8C4 



INT 



atxl finally set off at the head of his artiiv, t.-a 
M-ised the souiheru provinces of Persia, in the 
deserts of w hich he lost the greater part of his 
troops, and arrived at length at Babylon. India 
is said to have contained more than a hundred 
different nations ; its inhabitants were a fine, 
athletic race, and were divided anciently into 
seven castes. India vias reckoned by the an- 
cients amongst the most opulent of all the coun- 
tries of Asia; it was also exceedingly fertile, pro- 
ducing almost every kind of grain, as well as 
many sorts of spices in great abundance. Its 
elephants were especially famed for their size and 
strength, and were much preferred to the Afri- 
can; it was also greatly celebrated for its tigers 
and serpents. India produced many perfumes, 
as well as precious stones and gold; its wooas, 
and the trees in them, were of a vast magnitude 
and height, and its ebony was very famous; there 
is likewise some slight mention made of its in- 
digo and sugar-cane. Diod. l.—Strab. 1, &c. — 
iVela, 3, l.—PUn. 5, 2S.-Curt. 8, \V>.— Justin. ]. 
2. 12, 7. 

INDIBILIS, a princess of Spain, betrothed to 
Albutius. 

INDIGETEB, a name given to those dei;ieswho 
were worshipped only in some particular places, 
or who were become gods from men, as Hercules, 
Bacchus, &c. Some derive the word from inde 
et geniti, bom at the same place where they re- 
ceived their worship. Virg. G. 1, 498.— Ofzd. 
Met. 14, 608. 

Indus, a celebrated river of IruJia, falling, after 
a course of 1300 miles, into the InBian Ocean. Its 
sources are supposed to be situated in the nt.rth- 
ern declivity of the Cailas branch of the Himalah 
mountains, in about lat. 31 « 30' N., and long. 80" 
30' E., within a few miles of the sources of the 
Sutlege, its principal tributary. Its name in 
Sanscrit is Sindh or Hindh, an appellation which 
it obtains from its blue colour. Under the name 
Sindus it was known even to the Romans, be- 
sides its more common appellation of Indus. The 
indus receives the w aters of many large streams. 
The most rercaikableon the eastern side, are the 
five rivers of the Pmijaub, which unite in one 
stream called the Fuvjnud. For seventy miles 
above the point of junction with the Indus, the 
two rivers run parallel to each other, and the dis- 
tance between them is not more than ten miles. 
In July and August, the w hole intermediate tract 
is under water, and the villages are, for the most 
part, mere temporary erections. The five rivers 
of the Puvjaub, each of which is equal to the 
largest rivers of Europe, are, the Hydaspes or 
Jhylumj the Acesines or Chunab, which joins the 
flydaspes; the Hydraotes or liaree, the smallest 
of 'the five, which'joins the former two; the Hy- 
phasis or Beyah, which falls into the Zaradrus; 
and the mighty Zaradrus or Sutlege itself, which 
assumes, below the junction, the name of Ghara 
or Ghavrah. Although the Indus divides into 
several channels as it approaches the sea, it does 
not form a delta, the lateral streams being ab- 
sorbed by the sand, before they can reach the 
ocean. An easterly branch, called the Fullalee, 
rejoins the main stream, forming the island upon 
which Hyderabad is l.uilt. Below this point, the 
river is generally about a mile in breadth, and 
from two to five fathoms in depth; and it reaches 
the sea by one mouth. The tides are not percep- 
tible higher up than sixty or sixty -five miles; but 
from the sea to Lahore, a distance of / CO geogra- 
phical miles, the Indus, as well as the Ravee its 



tributnry, is navi£;.ble fcr vessels of 2C0 tons. 
Lie. A. 'D. 2, 'uZ.-' i^hub. i.";.- Liat. fc, ^j.— Diod, 

2.— Ovid. Fust. 3, 7::0.— P/m. 6, 5iO. A river uf 

Caria. Liv. 38, 14. 

INDCTIOMARUS, a Gaul, conquered bv Caesar, 
&c. CcEs. B. G. 

INFERUM Mare. Fid. Tyrrhenum Mare. 

I NO, a daughter of Cadmus and Harmon ia, 
who nursed Bacchus. She married Aihamas, 
king of Thebes, after he had divorced Nephele 
by whom he had two children, Phryxus and 
Helle. Ino became mother of Melicerta and 
Learchus, and soon conceived an implacable 
haired against the children of Nephele, because 
they were to ascend the throne in preference to 
her own. Phryxus and Helle w ere informed of 
Ino's machinations, and they escaped to Colchis, 
on a golden ram. {^J'id, Phryxus.) Juno, jeal- 
ous of Ino s prosperity, resolved to disturb her 
peace: and more particularly, because she was of 
the descendants of her greatest enemy, Venus. 
Tisiphone was sent, by order of the goddess, to 
the house of Athamas ; and she filled the whole 
1 alace w ith such fury, that Athamas, taking Ino 
to be a lioness and her children whelps, pursued 
her, and das-hed her son Learchus against a wall. 
Ino escai ed from the fury of her husband, and 
from a high rock she threw herself into the sea, 
with Melicerta in her arms. The gods pitied her 
fate, and Neptune made her a sea deity, which 
was afterwards called Leucothoe. Melicerta 
became also a sea god, known by the name of 
Palsmon. Homer. Od. 5, 333,- Cic. Tusc. De 
Nat. D 3, 4^.— Flut. Symp. 5.— Ovid. Met./ab. 
4, 13, Sic.—Paus. 1, 2, &:c.~ApcUod. 2, i.—Hygin. 
fab. 1-J, 14-, 15. 

INOA, festivals in memory of Ino, celebrated" 
yearly with sports and sacrifices at Corinth. An 
anniversary sacrifice was also offered to Ino at 
Megaia, where she was first worshipped, under 

the name of Leucolhoe. Another in Laconia, 

in honour of the same. It was usual at the cele- 
bration to throw cakes of flour into a pond, which, 
if they sank, were presages of prosperity ; but if 
they swam on the surface of the waters, they 
w ere inauspicious and very unlucky. 

INOUS, a patronymic given to the god Palse- 
mon, as son of Ino. Firg. /E??. 5, b2ii. 

INOPL'S, a river of Delos, which the inhabi- 
tants suppose to be the Nile, coming fiom Egypt 
under the sea. It was near its banks that Apollo 
and Diana were born. Plin. 2, 103. — Flacc. 5, 
Wo.— Slrab. 6.- Pavs. 2, 4. 

InsCbres, the inhabitants of Insubria, a coun- 
try near the Po, support d to be of Gallic origin. 
They were conquered by the Romans, and their 
country became a province, where the moderu 
tov.ns of Milan and Pavia were built. Strab. 5. 
— Tacit. A. 11, 2d.— Plin. 3, Vi.— Liv. 5, 34 — 
Ptol.d, 1. 

Insubria, a country of Cisalpine Gaul, at the 
north ol the Po, between the rivers Ticinus and 
Audua. J'id. h)*ubres. 

iKSt LA Sacra, an island formed at the mouth 
of the Tiber, by the sc paration of the two branch* s 
of that river. Procopius, Per. Got. l.— ButH. 
It in. 1, lb9. 

INTAPHERNES, one of the seven Persian no- 
blemen who conspired against Smerdis, whc 
usurped the crown of Persia. He was so disap- 
pointed at not obtaining the crown, that he 
fomented seditions against Darius, who had been 
raised to the throne after the death of the usur- 
per. When the king had ordered him and all his 



INT 



365 



lOL 



lamily to be put to death, his wife, by frequently 
visiting the palace, excited the compassion ot 
Darius, who pardoned her, and permitted her to 
redeem from death any one of her relations whom 
she pleased. She obtained her brother ; and 
when the king expressed his astonishment, be- 
cause she preferred him to her husband and 
children, she replied that she could procure ano- 
ther husband, and children likewise; but tha.t she 
could never have another brother, as her father 
and mother were dead. Intaphernes was put to 
death. Herod. 3. 

INTEMELIUM, a city of Liguria, on the coast. 
It was the capital of the Intemelii, ?md ans'.vers 
to the modern Ventimiglia. Strab 4. — Plin. 3, 5. 

INTERAMNA, an ancient city of Umbria, re- 
puted to have been the birth-place of the histo- 
rian Tacitus, and of the em.peror of the same 
name. It is situate between two branches of the 
Nar {inter amncs), whence its name. It is now 
called Terni. Varro L. L. 4, 5— Tacit. Hist. 2, 

84. A city of Picenum, in the territory of the 

Praetutii; hence called for distinction sake Prs- 
tutiana. Its modern name is Terarno, situate 
between the small rivers Viziola and Tiirdino. 

Ptol. A city of New Latium. situate on the 

Liris, and between that river and the small stream 
now called Sogne, but the ancient name of which, 
Strabo, who states the fact, has not mentioned. 
It was usually called Interamna ad Lirim, to 
distinguish itirom the other cities of similar 
name. Strah. o.—Liv. 9, 28. 10, 36. 26, 9. 27, 9. 

— Plin. 3, 5. A town of the Frentani, near the 

river Triniu-, now Termoli. 

IntercatTa, a town of Spain, now Quinta- 
nilla del Monte. 

iNTERREX, a supreme magistrate at Rome, 
who was intrusted with the care of the govern- 
ment after the death of a king, till the election of 
another. This office was exercised by the sena- 
tors alone, and none continued in power longer 
than live days, or, according to Plutarch, only 
twelve hours. The first interrex mentioned in 
Roman history, is after the death of Romulus, 
when the Romans quarrelled with the Sabines 
concerning the choice of a king. An interrex 
was often chosen under the republic, when from 
contention between the patricians and plebeians, 
or any other cause, the comitia for electing magis- 
trates could not be held in due time, or before 
the end of the year. He was chosen by the patri- 
cians out of their own number, and his authority 
continued for five days, afcer which, another was 
created to succeed him; and so on in succession 
new interreges were created every 5ve days, till 
consuls were elected. The comitia were hardly 
ever held by the first interrex, sometimes by the 
second, sometimes by the third, and sometimes 
not even till the eleventh. Liv. 1, 17.— Dionys. 
2, 15. • 

INUI Castrum. Vid. Castrum Inui. 

Inycum. a c itv of Sicily, now Menfrici. Paus. 
1. —Herod. 6. 23 

lo, a daughter of Inachus, or, according to 
others, of Jasus or Pirenes, was priestess of Juno 
at Argos. Jupiter became enamoured of her; 
but Juno, jealous of his intrigues, discovered the 
object of his affections, and surprised him in the 
company of lo, though he had shrouded himself 
in all the obscurity of clouds and thick mists. 
Jupiter changed his mistress into a beautiful hei- 
fer; and the goddess, who well knew the fraud, ob- 
tained from her husband the animal, w hose b aur y 
Ei.e had condescended to commend. Juno cuai- 



manded the hundred-eyed Argus to watch the 
heifer; but Jupiter, anxious lor the situation of 
lo, sent Mercury to destroy Argus and to restore 
her to liberty. {Vid. Argus.) lo, freed from 
the vigilance of Argus, was now persecuted by 
Juno; who sent one of the Furies, or rather a 
malicious insect, to torment her. She wandered 
over the greatest part of the earth, and crossed 
over the sea, till at last she stopped on the banks 
of the Nile, still exposed to the unceasing tor- 
ments o( Juno's insect. Here she intreated Jupi- 
ter to restore her to her aricient form; and when 
the god had changed her from a heifer into a 
woman, she brought foith Epaphus, Afterwards 
she married Telegunus king of Egypt, or Osiris, 
according to others, and she treated her subjects 
with such mildness and humanity, that after 
death she received divine honours, and was wor- 
shipped under the nam.e of Isis. According to 
Herodotu-, lo was carried away by Phoenician 
merchants, who wished to make reprisals for 
Europa, who had been stolen from them by the 
Greeks. Some suppose that lo never came to 
Egypt. She is sometimes called Phoronis. from 
her brother Phoroneus. Ovid. Met. 1, 7-i8. — 
Paus. 1, 25. 3, 18.— Moschus —ApoHod. 2, i.— 

Vi;g. JEn. 7,789. — Hygi7i. Jab. 145. ihewr.rd 

lo was used as an exclamation of joy among the 
Romans, and sometimes also of sorrow. Virg. 
jEn. 7, 400.- TibidL 2, 4, 6. Ovid. A. A. 2, ].— 
Horat. Od. 4, 2. Efod. 9. 

lOBATES and JOBATES, a king of Lycia, father 
of Stenoboea, the wile of Proetus, king of Argos. 
He w as succeeded on the throne by Bellerophon, 
to whom he had given one of his daughters, called 
Philonoe, in marriage. Tzd. Bellerophon. A.io!- 
lod. 2, 2. — Hygin. fub. 57- 

lOBES, a son of Hercules by a daughter of 
Thespius. He died in his youth. Apoliod. 2, 7. 

JOCASTA, a daughter of ilenoeceus, wiio mar- 
ried Laius, king of Thebes, by whom she bad 
CEdipus. She afterwards married her son CEiii- 
pus, without knowing who he was, and had by 
him Eteocles, Polynices, &c. {Vid. Laius, CEdi- 
pus.) When she discovered that she had mar- 
ried her own son, and had been guilty of incest, 
she hanged herself in despair. She is called Epi- 
cada by some m>thologists. Stat. Theb. 8, 42. — 
Scnec. et Sovfiocl. in CEdip.— Apoliod. 3, 5. — Hy- 
gin. fab. G6, Sec — Homer. Od. 11, 270. 

Johannes Damascenus, or John of Damas- 
cus, a saint of the Greek church, was born there 
about A. D. G76. He succeeded his father as 
counsellor of state to the caliph, but at the close 
of life he went into a monastery, and died about 
7(in. His works were printed at Paris in 2 vols, 
folio, 1712. 

lOLAlA, a festival at Thebes, the same as that 
called Heracleia. It was instituted in honour of 
Hercules and his friend lolas, who assisted l.im 
in conquering the hydra. It continued durina 
several days, on the first of which were ofiVred 
solemn sacrifices. Tiie next day horse races ai d 
athletic exercises were exhibited. The following 
day was set apart for wrestling; the victors were 
crowned with garlands of myrtle, generally u-ed 
at funeral solemnities. They were sometimes 
rewarded w ith tripods of brass. The place whei e 
the exercises were exhibited was called lolaion. 
where there were to be seen the monument ( f 
Ampliitryon, and the cenotaph of Iola<, who\%; s 
buried in Sardinia. These monuments were 
strew ed with garlands and floweis on ihe daj of 
the festival. 

2 11 3 



lOL 



JOP 



luLAS or lOLAUS, a son of Iphiclus, king of 
Thessaly, who assisted Hercules in conquering 
the hydra, and burned with a hot iron the place 
where the heads had been cut off, to prevent the 
growth of others. {Vid. Hydra.) He was re- 
stored to his youth and vigour by Hebe, at the 
request of his friend Hercules. Some time after- 
wards, lolas assisted the Heraclidas against Eu- 
rystheus, and killed the tyrant with his own 
hand. According to Plutarch, lolas had a monu- 
ment in Boeotia and Phocis, where lovers used 
to go and bind themselves by the most solemn 
oaths of fldelitj% considering the place as sacred 
to love and friendship. According to Diodorus 
and Pausanias, lolas died and was buried in Sar- 
dinia, where he had gone to make a settlement 
at the head of the sons of Hercules by the fiftv 
daughters of Thespius. Ovid. Met. 9, 399.— 
Apollod. 2, i. — Paus. 10, 17- A friend of .En- 
eas, killed by Catillus in the Rutulian wars. 
Virg. ^n. 11, 640 A son of Antipater, cup- 
bearer to Alexander. Plut. A shepherd men- 
tioned by Virgil, Ed. 2, 57. 3, 79. 

lOLCOS, a town of Thessaly, in the district of 
Magnesia, at the head of the Pelasgicus Sinus, 
and north-east of Demetrias. It was situate 
about seven stadia from the sea, on an eminence, 
and was the birth-place of Jason. Strabo reckons 
this city in the number of those which were de- 
otroved in order to people the town of Demetrias. 

Pam. 4, 2 Apoliod. 1, 9. — i7;a6. Q.— Mela, 2,3. 

—Lucan. 3. 192. 

I OLE, a daughter of Eurytus, king of CEchalia. 
Her father promised her in marriage to Hercu- 
les, but he refused to perform his engagements, 
and lole was carried away by force, (Fid. Eu- 
rytus.) It was to extinguish the love of Hercules 
for lole, that Dejanira sent him the poisoned 
tunic, which caused his death. CVid. Hercules 
and Dejanira.) After the death of Hercules, lole 
married his son Hyllus, by Dejanira. Avollod. 
2, 7.— Ovid. Met. 9, 279. 

lOK, a son of Xuthus and Creusa, daughter of 
Erechtheus, who married Helice, the daughter 
of Selinus, king of ^giale. He succeeded on 
the throne of his father-in-law, and built a city, 
which he called Helice, on account of his wife. 
His subjects from him received the name of lo- 
nians, and the country that of Ionia, {fid. lones 
and Ionia.) Apollod. 1, 7- — Pans. 7, 'i.— Strab. 7. 

— Herod. 7, 94. 8, 44. A tragic poet, a native 

of Chios, and surnamed Xuthus. He began to 
exhibit, 01. 82, 2, B. C. 451. The number of his 
dramas is variously estimated at from twelve to 
forty. Bentley has collected the names of eleven. 
The same great critic has also shown that this 
Ion was a person of birth and fortune, distinct 
from Ion Ephesius, a mere begging rhapsodist. 
Besides tragedies, Ion composed dithyrambs, 
elegies, &c., and several works in prose. Like 
Euripides, he was intimate with Socrates. Ion 
was so delighted with being decreed victor on one 
occasion, that he presented each citizen with a 
vase of Chian pottery. We gather from a joke 
of Aristophanes, on a word taken from one of his 
dithvrambs, that Ion died before the exhibition 
of the Pa.T, B. C. 419. Diog. Laert. 2, 23.— 
Athen. \.—Aristoph. Pax, 833, &c. 

lONB, one of the Nereides. Apollod. 1. 

loNES, a name originally given to tlie subjects 
of Ion, who dwelt at Helice. In the age of Ion 
the Athenians made a war against the people of 
Eleu.sis and implored his aicl against their ene- 
mies. Ion conquered the Eleusinians and Eu- 



molpus, who was at their head; and the Athe- 
nians, sensible of his services, invited him to 
come and settle among them ; and the more 
strongly to show their affection, they assumed 
the name of lonians. Some suppose'that, after 
this victory. Ion passed into Asia Minor, at the 
head of a colony. When the Achasans were 
driven from Peloponnesus by the Heraclidas, 
eighty years after the Trojan war, they came to 
settle among the lonians, who were then masters 
of ^gialus. They were soon dispossesst-d of 
their territories by the Achaans, and went to 
Attica, where they met w ith a cordial reception. 
Their migration from Greece to Asia Minor was 
about sixty years after the return of the Heracli- 
dffi, B. C. 1044, and eighty years after the de- I 
parture of the >Eoiians; and they therefore finally [ 
settled themselves, after a wandering life of about j 
thirty years. 

Ionia, a country of Asia Minor, bounded on j 
the north by ^olia, on the west by the JEge&n , 
and Icarian seas, on the south by Caria, and on i 
the east by Lydia and part of Caria. It was 
founded by colonies from Greece, and particu- 
larly Attica, by the lonians, or subjects of Ion. , 
Ionia was divided into tw elve small states, which | 
formed a celebrated confederacy, often men- : 
tioned by the ancients. These twelve states were 
Phocaea, Smyrna, Clazomenae, Erjthrae, Teos, I 
Lebedu?, Colophon, Ephesus. Priene, Myus, 
Miletus, Samos, and Chios. Th#inhabitants of . 
Ionia built a temple, which they called Panio- j 
niian, from the concourse of people that flocked | 
there from every part of Ionia, After they had i 
enjoyed their freedom for many years, they were \ 
conquered by Croesus, and subsequently paid . 
tribute to the Asiatic monarchs, until they were \ 
restored to independence by the assistance of the j 
Athenians. They, how ever, soon forgot this es- | 
sential service, as well as their relation to the k 
mother-country, by joining Xerxes in his inva- [ 
sion of Greece. They were afterwards delivertc' [ 
from the Persian yoke by Alexander; and at a ^ 
later period, the Romans, on their obtaining the 
sovereignty of the country, granted them at first i 
their full immunities, rather for the sake of ere- * 
ating a divided interest in the peninsula, than | 
out of respect for the institutions of the colony. 
Ionia was much celebrated for the genius of its 
inhabitants, who were accounted a solt and luxu- 
rious people; its climate was good, and its soil 
very productive. Herod. 1, 6 et •2S.—Strab. 14. 

— Mela, ], 2, 8ic.—Paus. 7, 1. An ancient 

name given to Hellas, or Achaia. because it was j 
for some time the residence of the lonians. ' 

Ionium Mare, a part of the Mediterranean | 
sea, at the bottom of the Adriatic, lying between | 
Sicily and Greece. That part of the iEgean se? I 
w hich lies on the coast of Ionia, in Asia, is callec | 
the sea of Io7iia, SLud not the Io?iia7i sea. Accord 
ing to some authors, the Ionian sea receives its 
name from lo, who swam across there, after she 
had been metamorphosed into a heifer. Strab ' 
7, &c. - Diotiys. Perieg. I 

loPAS, an African chieftain among the suitors I 
of Dido. He was an excellent musician, poet, { j 
and philosopher, and he exhibited his snperi> r [ 
abilities at the entertainment w hich Dido gave tv) ■ t 
^neas. Virg. /E71, 1, 744. ' ; 

JOPPA, now Yuffa, a city of Palestine, situate \ 
on the coast, about seventy-miles north-west of , \ 
Jerusalem. In the Old Testament it is called d 
Japho. It was the only port possessed by the i 
Jews, and the wood fci the temple, which was j j 



lOP 



367 



JOS 



cut on mount Lebanon, was brought in floats to 
Joppa, thence to be sent to Jerusalem. It was 
hither that Jonah fled and look ship for Tarshish: 
here, too, the apostle Peter raised Dorcas to life, 
and fell into his remarkable trance. Joppa is 
mentioned by the profane authors, as the spot 
where Andromeda is said to have been chained 
to a rock to be devoured by a sea monster, from 
which she was rescued by Perseus. Joshua, 19, 
46.-2 Chron. 2, Jonah, 1, 3.— Acts, 9, 36, &c. 
—Strab. 16.- A daughter of Iphicles, who mar- 
ried Theseus. Plut. 

loPHON, a son of Sophocles, who accused his 
father of imprudence in the management of his 
affairs. The old man repeated before his judges 
the tragedy of ffidipus Coloneus which he had 
just finished, and convinced his audience that 
the meanest passions of avarice and unnatural 
disrespect had given rise to the accusation. Sui- 
das. A poet of Gnossus, in Crete. Paus. 1,34. 

JORDANES, a river of Asia, forming the eastern 
boundary of Galilee and Judaja. It has a double 
source. According to Josephus, its true source 
was lake Phiala, so called from its being round 
like a bowl {<pid'\r,)', but, according to captain 
Mangles, this lake has no apparent discharge, 
and the connexion between it and the Jordan 
must be, if it exists, subterranean; which is what 
Josephus probably means, by saying, the water 
of the lake is carried to Paneum in an occult 
manner. The apparent source is near Paneas or 
Paneum, the modern Banias, and probably the 
Baal-Gad of the Hebrews, situated "under mount 
Hermon." It flows from under a cave at the foot 
of a precipice, in the perpendicular sides of which 
are several niches, adorned with pilasters, hav- 
ing Greek inscriptions. The hill, now called 
Tel-el- Kadi, is an hour and a quarter north-east 
of Banias. There are two springs, the waters of 
which unite immediately below, the larger source 
forming a rapid stream twelve or fifteen yards 
across. At the distance of about an hour and a 
half, it is joined by the river Hasbeia, flowing 
from the vale of that name, which is the larger 
head-stream of the two. Near this confluence 
was situated the Dan of the Scriptures. The 
united streams form the great Jordan of Jose- 
phus, which, flowing through the marshes of lake 
Sannaehonites and the district now called Ard 
Hoole, enters the lake of Tiberias at its northern 
extremity, and, passing through if, continues its 
course in a southerly direction till it falls into the 

ead Sea. At its mouth, it is deep and rapid, 
M id between 200 and 300 feet in width; rolling 
its turbid waters through a deep channel, the 
perpendicular banks of which are from six to fif- 
teen feet high, border?d with willows and reeds. 
Its appearance and volume vary, however, very 
considerably with the season, which will explain 
the contradictory accounts given by travellers. 
Between the end of January and the end of 
March, the Jordan, swelled by the rains, rises 
very rapidly nine or ten feet in perpendicular 
h. ight, but owing, apparently, to its having worn 
for itself a deeper channel, it no longer overflows 
its banks, as in ancient times. At the distance, 
however, of about a furlong, in some places, from 
the immediate bank of the stream, there is an 
outer bank, from which there is a descent of se- 
veral feet, and to which the inundations seem to 
have formerly reached. The intermediate bor- 
d=^rs of the river are so covered with a thicket of 
viillow, oleander, and other bushes and reeds, 
that the traveller cannot see the river till he has 



made his way throUi;h them; and this thictiet still 
furnishes covert, for wild animals, as when, of 
old, the leopard was driven up into the plain by 
the swelling of Jordan. The name of the river 
is supposed to mean "the river of Dan." Be- 
tween ^the lake Samachonites and the lake of 
Tiberias, it is still called Orden; but after its exit 
from the lake, it takes that of Sheriat, which it 
preserves till it reaches the Dead Sea. Strab. 16. 

JORNANDES, a Goth by birth, secretary to one 
of the kings of the Alans, and, as some believe, 
afterwards bishop of Ravenna. In the year 552 
of our era, he wrote a history of the Goths {De 
rebus Geticis). This is little more than an 
abridgment of a lost work on the same subject by 
Oassiodorns. He likewise composed a work, en- 
titled, De regnorum et temporum successione in 
which the account of Roman affairs is a tran- 
script from Florus. He is blamed for attributing 
to his countrymen all the great actions of the 
Scythians, and for suppressing whatever he 
thought discreditable to them. 

lOS, now Nio, an island in the Myrtoan sea, at 
the south of Naxos, celebrated as the place where 
Homer's mother was born, and where he himself, 
in the opinion of some, died on his voy age from 
Samos to Greece. Strab. lii. — Plin. 4,' 12. 

JOSEPHLS Flavius, an eminent Jewish histo- 
rian, was born at Jerusalem, A. D. 37, when Ca- 
ligula was emperor. His father, Mattathias, was 
descended from the ancient high priests of the 
Jews, and by his mother's side he was of the royal 
lineage of the Asmoneans, or Maccabees. He 
was educated in the know ledge of the Jewish law, 
and at the age of sixteen was induced to join the 
Essenes, but afterwards became a strict and zea- 
lous member of the sect of Pharisees. At the 
age of twenty-six, he visited Rome, and by means 
of an introduction to Poppaia, afterwards the wile 
of Nero, procured the release of some priests 
whom Felix had sent prisoners to that capital. 
On his return to Judaea, he was made governor of 
the two Galilees, in which capacity he bravtly 
defended lotapata against Vespasian. He was, 
however, taken prisoner, but his life was spared 
at the intercession of Titus, w ho became his pa- 
tron, and whom he accompanied to the siege of 
Jerusalem. He was sent to his countrymen with 
offers of peace, but was treated with great con- 
tumely as a deserter. At the capture of the city 
he was enabled to deliver his brother and several 
of his friends without ransom. He accompanied 
Titus back to Rome, where he was rewarded 
with the freedom of that city, and received a pen- 
sion and other marks of favour from Vespasian 
and his son, as a mark of gratitude to whom he 
assumed their family name of Flavius. He em- 
ployed his leisure in drawing up those works 
which have perpetuated his name. These are, 
his " History of the Jewish War," in seven books; 
his " Antiquities of the Jews," in twenty books; 
" Two Books against Apion of Alexandria," a 
great adversary of his nation; a " Discourse on 
the Martyrdom of the Maccabees; ' and a " Trea- 
tise on his Own Life." All these are written in 
Greek, in which language his style is judged by 
Photius to be easy, pure, and even eloquent. 
Few works are more interesting than his account 
of the Jewish war, of the incidents of which he 
was a spectator. With respect to his fidelity, 
very different opinions have prevailed. In his 
Jewish Antiquities, he frequently diff'ers from the 
Scriptural accounts, and manifiestly avoids shock- 
ing the prejudices of his Gentile readers, ii: his 



JOV 



S6S 



IPH 



other nnrration?, a spirit of exag^geration, and a 
desire of exalting the honour of bis nation, may 
be discerned, as well as the party spirit of a sec- 
tary. Upon the whole, however, his works rank 
among the most valuable remains of that age. 
The best editions of Josephus are those ot Hud- 
son, 2 vols. I'ol. Oxon. J'^-iO: and of Havercamp, 
2 vols. fol. Amst. 1726. There are English trans- 
lations of his works, by L' Estrange and 'WhisCon, 
Sueton. in Vesp. §-c. — f'ossii Hid. Gr<vc. 

Jovian US, Flavius Cla\idius, a native of Pan- 
nonia, elected emperor of Rome by the soldiers 
after the death of Julian. He at first refused to 
be invested with the imperial purple, because his 
subjects followed the religious principles of the 
late emperor; but they removed his groundless 
apprehensions, and, when they assured him that 
they were sincerely attached to Christianity, he 
accepted the crown. He made a disadvantageous 
treaty with the Persians, against whom Julian 
was marching with a victorious army. Jovian 
died seven months and twenty days after his as- 
cension, and was found in his bed suffocated by 
the vapours of charcoal, which had been lighted 
in the room, A. D. 364. Some attribute his death 
to intemperance, and say that he was the son ol 
a b.iker. He burned a celebrated library at An- 
tioeh. MarceVin. 

IPHIANASSA. a daughter of Prcetus king of 
Argos, who, \%ith her sisters Iphinoe and Lysip- 

pe, ridiculed Juno, &c. {^Vid. PrcEtides.) The 

wife of Endymion. 

IPHJCLUS, or IphTcles, a son of Amphitryon 
and Alcmena, born at the same birth with Her- 
cules. As these two children were together in 
the cradle, Juno, jealous of Hercules, sent two 
large serpents to destroy him. At the sight of 
the serpents, Iphicles alarmed the house; but 
Hercules, though not a year old, boldU seized 
them, one in each hand, and squeezed them to 

death. Apollod. 2, ^.— Theocrit. A king of 

Phylace, in Phthiotis, son of Phylacus and Cly- 
mene. He had bulls famous for their bignes=, 
which were kept by a monster of terrible appear- 
ance. Melampus, at the request of his brother 
(^Vid. Melampus"), attempted to steal them away, 
but he was caught in the (act, and imprisoned. 
Ijihiclus soon received some advantages from the 
prophetical knowledge of his prisoner, and not 
only restored him to libert3% but also presented 
him with the oxen. Iphiclus, who was cliildles?, 
learned from the soothsayer how to become a 
father. He had married Automedusa; and after- 
wards a daughter of Creon, king of Thebes. He 
was father to Podarcp and Protesilaus. Homer. 

Od. 11. II. 13 — Apollod. 1, 9.— Paws. 4. 36. A 

son of Thesiius, king of Pleuron. Apollod. 2, 1. 

IPHIC RATES, a celebrated general of Athens, 
who, though son of a shoemaker, rose from the 
lowest station to the highest ofBces in the state. 
He made war against the Thracians, obtained 
some victories over the Spartans, and assisted 
the Persiart king against Egypt. He changed 
the dress and arms of his soldiers, and rendered 
them more alert and expeditious in using their 
weapons. He married a daughter of Cot\ s, king 
of Thrace, bv whom he had a son called Mnes- 
theiis, and died 3S0 B. C. When he was once 
reproached for the meanness of his origin, he ob- 
served, that he would be the first of his family, 
but that his detractor would be the last ot his 

own. C. Nep. in Iphic. A sculp'or of Athens. 

An Athenian, sent to Darius the third, king 

of I'cMsia, &c. Curt. J, 13. 



Iphida?.ius. a son of Antenor and Theano, 
killed by Aaan.emnon. Homer. II. 10, 

IphigenIa, called also li^hianassa, a daugh- 
ter of Agamemnon a; d Clytemnestra. When 
the Greeks, going to the Trojan war, were de- 
tained by contrary inds at Auli>, they were in- 
formed by Calchas the priest of Apollo, and the 
soothsayer of the army, that to appease the god.*, 
they must sacrifice Iphigenia, Agamemnoi.'s 
daughter, to Diana. (JVcL Agamemnon.) The 
father, who had provoked the goddes.s by killing 
her iavourite stag, heard this with the greatest 
horror and indignation, and rather than shed the 
blood of his daughter, he commanded one of his 
heralds, as chief of the Grecian forces, to ordt r 
all the assembly to depart each to his respective 
home. Ulysses and the other generals inter- 
fered, and Agamemnon consented to immolate 
his daughter for the comm.cn cause of Greece. 
As Iphigenia was tenderly loved by her mother, 
the Greeks sent for her on pretence of giving her 
in marriage to Achilles. Clytemnestra gladly 
permitted her departure, and Iphigenia came to 
Aulis: here she saw the bloody preparations for 
the sacrifice; she implored the forgiveness and 
protection of her father, but tears and entreaties 
were unavailing. Calchas took the knife in his 
hand, and, as he was going to strike the fat^l 
blow, Iphigenia suddenly disappeared, and a goat 
of uncommon size and beauty was found in ht-r 
place ready for the sacrifice. This supernatural 
change ani'ma'ed the Greeks, the wind suddenly 
became favourable, and the om.bined fleet set 
sail from Aulis. Iphigenia s inno; ence had raised 
the compassion of the goddess on whose altar slie 
was going to be sacrificed, and she carried her to 
Taurica, where she entrusted her with the cai e 
of her temple. In this sacred office Iphigenia 
was obliged by the command of Diana, to sacri- 
fice all the strangers who came into that coimtry. 
Many had already been offered as victims on the 
bloody altar, when Orestes and Pylades came to 
Taurica. Their mutual and imparalleled friend- 
ship (^Vid. Pylades and Orestes.) disclosed to 
Iphigenia that one of the strangers w horn she was 
going to sacrifice was her brother; and, upon this, 
she conspired with the two friends to fly from the 
barbarous country, and carry awaj the statue of 
the goddess. They successfully effected their 
enterprise, and murdered Thoas, who enforced 
the human sacrifices. According to some authors, 
the Iphigenia, who was sacrificed at Aulis, was 
not a daughter of Agamemnon, but a daughter of 
Helen by Theseus. Homer does not speak of the 
sacrifice of Iphigenia, though very minute in the 
description of the Grecian forces, adventures, &c. 
The statue of Diana, which Iphigenia brought 
awav, was afterwards placed in the grove of 
Ariciain Italv. Pints. 2, 22. 3, 16. — Oivd. Met. 
1-2, 31.— TiV"-.' /En. 2, U&.—^schyl. in Agam — 
Euripid. in Iphig. Aul. et Taur. 

IPHIMEDIA, a daughter of Trio vis, who msr- 
ried the giant Aloeus. She fled frcm her hus- 
band, and had two sons. Otus and Ephialtes. by 
Neptune, her father's father. Homer. Od. 11, 
124. — Pans. 9, 22. — Apollod. 1, 7. 

IPHIMP.DON, a son of Eurystheus, killed in a 
war against the Athenians and HoraclidiE. Apd- ■ 
lod. 

IPHIMEDVS.^. one of the daughters of Danaus, 
who married Etichenor. Vid. Danaides. 

lPHlNr>K, one of the principal women of Lem- 
nos. w h.i conspired to destroy all the males of the , 
island wfa r their return from a Thracian expedi- I 



IPH 



369 



IRI 



don. Flacc. 2, 163. One of the daughters of 

Proetus. She died of a disease while under the 
care of Melampus. Fid. Proetides. 

Ifhinous, one of the Centaurs. Ovid. 

IPHIS, son of Alector, succeeded his father on 
the throne of Argos. He advised Polynices, who 
wished to engage Amphiaraus in the Theban war, 
to bribe his wife Eriphyle, by giving her the 
golden collar of Harmonia, This succeeded, and 
Eriphyle betrayed her husband. Apollod. 3. — 

Flacc. 1, 441. 3, J35. 7, 342. A beautiful youth 

of Salamis, of ignoble birth. He became ena- 
moured of Anaxarete, and the coldness and con- 
tempt he met with rendered him so desperate 
that he hung himself. Anaxarete saw him car- 
ried to his grave without emotion, and was in- 
stantly changed into a stone. Ovid. Met. 14, 703. 
A daughter of Thespius. Apollod. A mis- 
tress of Patroclus, given him by Achilles. Ho- 
mer. II. 9. A daughter of Ligdus and Tele- 

thusa, of Crete. When Telethusa was pregnant, 
Ligdus ordered her to destroy her child, if it 
proved a daughter, because his poverty could not 
afford to maintain an useless charge. The severe 
orders of her husband alarmed Telethusa, and 
she would have obeyed, had not Isis commanded 
her in a dream to spare the life of her child. 
Telethusa brought forth a daughter, who was 
given to a nurse, and passed for a boy under the 
name of Iphis. Ligdus continued ignorant of the 
deceit, and, when Iphis was come to the years of 
puberty, her father resolved to give her in mar- 
riage to lanthe, the beautiful daughter of Teles- 
tes. A day to celebrate the nuptials was ap- 
pointed, but Telethusa and her daughter were 
equally anxious to put off the marriage; and, 
when all was unavailing, they implored the assis- 
tance of Isis, by whose advice the life of Iphis had 
been preserved. The goddess was moved, she 
changed the sex of Iphis, and, on the morrow, the 
nuptials were consummated with the greatest re- 
joicings. Ovid. Met. 9, 666, &c. 

Ifhition, an ally of the Trojans, son of Otryn- 
theus and Nais, killed by Achilles. Homer. II. 
20, 382. 

IPHITUS, a son of Eurytus, king of QJchalia. 
When his father had promised his daughter lole 
to him who could overcome him or his sons in 
drawing the bow, Hercules accepted the chal- 
lenge, and came off 'victorious. Eurytus refused 
his daughter to the conqueror, observing, that 
Hercules had killed one of his wives in a fury, 
and that lole might, perhaps, share the same fate. 
Some time after, Autolycus stole away the oxen 
of Eurytus, and Hercules was suspected of the 
tlieft. Iphitus was sent in quest of the oxen, and 
in his search, he met with Hercules, whose good 
favours he had gained by advising Eurytus to give 
lole to the conqueror. Hercules assisted Iphitus 
in seeking the lost animals; but, when he recol- 
lected the ingratitude of Eurytus, he killed Iphi- 
tus by throwing him down from the walls of Ti- 

rynthus. Homer. Od. 21, U.— Apollod. 2, 6. 

A Trojan, who survived the ruin of his country, 
and fled with .^neas to Italv. f'irg. ^n. 2, 340, 

&c.- Homer. II. 8, 128. A king of Elis, son of 

Praxonides, in the age of Lycurgus. He re- 
established the Olympic games 33S years after 
their institution by Hercules, or about 884 years 
before the Christian era. This epoch is famous 
in chronological history', as every thing previous 

, to it seems involved in fabulous obscurity. Pa- 

I terc 1, Q.—Paus. 5, 4. 

j IPHTHlMl-:, a sidter of Penelope, who m.irrie(l 



Eumelus. She appeared, by the power of Mi- 
nerva, to her sister in a dream, to comfort her in 
the absence of her son Telemachus. Horn. Od. 
4, 795. 

Ipsea, the mother of Medea, Ovid. Heroid. 
17, 23-2. 

IPSUS, a place of Fhrygia, celebrated for a 
battle which was fought there about 301 years 
before the Christian era, between Antigonus and 
his son, and Seleucus, Ptolemy, Lysimachus, 
and Cassander. The former led into the field an 
army of above 70.000 foot and 10,000 horse, with 
75 elephants. The latter's forces consisted of 
above 64,000 infantry, besides 10,500 horse, 4^0 
elephants, and 120 ai-med chariots. Antigonus 
and his son were defeated. Antigonus lost his 
life in the action; Demetrius fled into Greece. 
The conquerors divided tlieir possessions between 
them. Plut. in Demetr. 

Ira, a city of Messenia, in the north, towards 
the confines of Elis, and near the river Cyparis- 
sus, commonly supposed by some to have been 
one of the cities promised by Agamemnon to 
Achilles, if the latter would become reconciled 
to him. This is incorrect, as Homer names the 
place to which Agamemnon alludes "ipri and not 
El'pa. Agamemnon promised Achilles seven 
cities of Messenia., of which Ire (not Ira) was one, 
and the poet describes all seven as lying near the 
sea, whereas Ira was inland. This place is fa- 
mous in history as having supported a siege of 
eleven years asainst the Lacedcemonians. Its 
capture, B. C. 671, put an end to the second Mes- 
senian war. Homer. II. 9, 150 et 292.— Strab. 8. 

iRKNiEUS, bishop of Lyons, was a native of 
Greece, and the disciple of Polycarp, by whom 
it is supix)sed he was sent into Gaul. He was at 
first a priest in the church of Lyons, and on the 
martyrdom of Photinus, in 174, succeeded him 
in that bishopric. He had a disputation with 
Valentinus at Rome, and held a council at Ly- 
ons in which the Gnostic heresy was condemned. 
Irenaeus was a great lover of peace, and laboured 
to allay the controversy respecting the time of 
celebrating Easter. He was beheaded at Lyons 
in the persecution under Severus, about A. D. 
202. The best edition of his works is that of 
Grabe, Oxon. fol. 1702. 

Irene, a daughter of Cratinus the painter. 

Plin. 35, 11. One of the seasons among the 

Greeks, called by the modems Horae. Her two 
sisters were Dia and Eunomia, all daughters of 
Jupiter and Themis. Apollod. 1, 3. 

IRESUS, a beautiful country in Lybia, not far 
from Cyrene. When Battus, in obedience to the 
oracle, was seeking a place for a settlement, the 
Lybians, who were his guides, managed so as to 
lead him through it by night. Milton calls the 
name Irassa, for which he has Ihe authority of 
Pindar. Find. Pyth. 9. lJ^5.- Herod. 4, 158, &c. 

Iris, a daughter of Thaumas and Electra, one 
of the Oceanides, messenger of the gods, and 
more particularly of Juno. Her office was to cut 
the thread which seemed to detain the soul in the 
body of those that were expiring. She is the 
same as the rainbow, and, from that circum- 
stance, she is represented with wings, with all 
the variegated and beautiful colours of the rain- 
bow, and appears sitting behind Juno ready to 
execute her commands. She is likewise described 
as supplying the clouds with water to deluge the 
world. The Greek term for the rainbow, Tpir, is 
supposed by some to be derived from alpto, / 
I speak, I tell, as being an appearance in the hca- 



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370 



ISI 



■vens that is supposed to foretell, or rather to de- 
clare, rain. The fable of Iris toeing the particu- 
lar messeng-er of Juno may have relation to the 
circumstance of the latter goddess being liie same 
as the air, according to some. Hesiod. Theog. 
M%&. — Orid. Met. I, 271 et seqq. 4, 4aO. 11 585. 
— f'irg. .Sn. 4, 694. A river of Pontus, flow- 
ing from the mountains on the frontier of Cap- 
padocia, and after receiving the Lycus, and other 
smaller streams, falling into the sea near Amisus. 
It ia now called the Tokatlu. Val Place. 5, 121. 

IRUS, a beggar of Ithaca, who executed the 
commissions of Penelope's suitors. When Ulys- 
ses returned home, disguised in a beggar's dress, 
Irus hindered him from entering the gates, and 
even challenged him. Ulysses brought him to 
the ground with a blow, and dragged him out of 
the house. From his poverty originates the pro- 
verb, Iro pauperior. Homer. Od, 1 et bo. — 
Ovid. Trist. 3, 7, 42. 

Is, a town about eight days' journey from Ba- 
bylon, near which flows a river of the same name, 
which fails into the Euphratts. With the cur- 
rent of this river, particles of bitumen descended 
towards Babylon, by means of which its walls 
were constructed. Herod. 1, 179. 

ISADAS, a Spartan, who, upon seeing the The- 
bans entering the city, stripped himstU naked, 
and with a spear and sword engaged the enemy. 
The Ephori honoured him with a chaplet for his 
gallant achievement, but at the same time fined 
him 1000 drachmas for having dared to appear 
without his armour. Flut. Fit. Ages. 

Is^EA, one of the Nereides. 

IS.i;cs, an orator of Chalcis, in Euboea, who 
flourished about the end of the Peloponnesian 
war, the fourth century before the Christian era. 
When he came to Athens, he put himself under 
the instructions of the orator Lysias, from whom 
be obtained the same purity, accuracy, concise- 
ness, and perspicuity of style, w hich distinguished 
his master, with more force and vigour. He was 
celebrated for popular eloquence, and had the 
honour of being the instructor of Demosthenes. 
It has been said that he was dissipated in early 
life, but that as he attained to years of maturity, 
he became illustrious by the practice of the op- 
posite virtues. He lived to the time of king 
Philip. He was author of sixty-nine orations, of 
which ten only are now remaining, which are 
published in the Corpus Oratorum Grcecorum of 
Reiske, Lips. 1770, 12 vols. 8vo. An excellent 
translation of them bv Sir William J mes, was 
given in 1779. Jur. a, 'A. — Plut. de 10. Orat. 

Dem. — Quintil. 12, 10. A native of Assyria. 

likewise an orator, who came to Rome. A. D. 17. 
He is greatly recommended by Pliny the younger, 
who observes that he always spoke extempore, 
and wrote with elegance, unlaboured ease, and 
great correctness. PLin. Ep. 2, 3. 

ISANDER, a son of Bellerophon, killed in the 
war which his father made against the Sulvmi. 
Homer. II. 6. 

ISA PIS, a river of Unibria Ltican. 2, 406. 

ISAR and ISARA, the I.wre, a river of Gaul, 
where Fabius routed the AUobroges. It rose in 
tlie Graian Alps, and fell into the Rhndanus, 
near Valentia, the modern Faience. Piin. 3, 4. 

— Lucan. 1, 3:)9. .\nother called the Oiae, 

which falls into the Seine below Paris. 

IS.\RCHrs, an Athenian archon, B. C. 424. 

1S.A.RGUS, a river ni Vuidt licia. which, after a 
northern cur-e. (;i!ls into tlie Danube. Njw, 
tiie hei: Slr-.tb. 4. 



ISAURA or -orum), now Bei Shear, the , 
capital of Isauria, near the confines of Phrygia. 
It was attacked by the Macedonians under Per- , 
diccas, but the inhabitants set it on fire, and [ 
rushed into the flames to prevent their falling 
into their enemies' hands. They rebuilt it after- 
wards, but their robbery and piracy drew dov^n 
upon them the vengeance of the homans, who, 
during the age of Mithridates, sent P. Servilius 
against them: he conquered them and reduced ' 
tneir city to ashes, for which service he was sur- 
named Isauricus, and honoured with a triumph. 
In the age of Augustus, however. Am>ntas, king 
of Gaiatia, built them a new city, hence called ! 
Isaura Nova, now Sidi Shehr, where he himself 
took up his residence; it was here that the pirate 
Trebellianus proclaimed himself emperor of ( 
Rome, A. D. 264, but was shortly after defea'cd 
and slain bv the lieutenants of Gallienus. Diod. 
Sic. IS.— Slrab. Vl.—Amin. Marcell. 14, 8. 

ISAURlA, a country of Asia Minor, north of, 
and adjacent to Pisidia. The inhabitants were 
a fierce and lawless st^ of robbers, who annoyed 
the whole country round, and, in conjunction 
«ith their neighbours the Cilicians, carried on a 
bold system of piracy till they were checked by 
the Romans under P. Servilius, and finally by 
Pompey. They were, however, never completely 
subdued by the latter people, but continued to 
make inroads on the neighbouring provinces, 
especially on the Roman possessions in Cilicia 
Trachea, the inhabitants of which at last joined 
them, and thus caused their province to be called 
Isauria. Strab. 12. - Flor. 3. 6 — Entrap. 6, 3.— 
Cic. ad Fam. 15, 2. 

ISACRICUS, a surname of P. .Servilius. from T 
his conquests over the Isaurians. Ovid. Fast. 1, 
594.— ac. Att. 5, 21. 

ISCHENIA, an annual festival at Olympia, in 
honour of Isehenus, the grandson of Mercury, 
and Hierea, who, in a time of famine, devoted ' 
himself for his country, and was honoured with j; 
a monument near Olympia. 

ISCHOMACHUS a 'noble athlete of Crotona, 
about tlie consulship of M. Valerius and P. Pos- 
ihumius. f' 

ISDEGERDES, a king of Persia, appointed by 
the will ol Arcadius, guardian to Theodosius tlie [ 
S'^cond. He died in his thirtv-first year, A. D. ' 
408. ■ !■ 

IselastTca, a name applied to the athletic 
games among the Greeks, because the victors at 
them were conducted w ith great pomp into their |; 
respective cities, through a breach made in the ' 
walls for that purpose; intimating, says Plutarch, 
that a city which produced such biave citizens , 
had little occasion for the defence of walls. The ; 
name comes from e\<riXavyeiv. to enter. ' 

ISIA, certain festivals observed in honour of ' 
Isis, which continued nine days. It was usual ' 
to ?arry vessels full of wheat and barley, a> the ' 
goddess was suppose 1 to be the first who tauuht , 
mankind the use of corn. These festivals w ere ; 
adopted by the Romans, among whom they soon ' 
degenerated into licentiousness. They were - 
abolished by a decree of the senate, A.U. C. C36. \ 
They were introduced again, about 20il } ears' 
after, by Commodus. Juv. 6, 4 ST. 

IsiAci, the priests of Isis in Egypt. Their life 
was tinctured with austerity, they passe<l the ;[ 
night in pra>er before the statue of the go<ldess, ^ 
and after singing hymns in her honour at the ris- 
ing of the sun, they were permitted to M;u;der in 
quest of relief. Their heads were shavtd; tht y 



ISI 



371 



ISM 



clothed them3elves in fine linen, and their feet 
were covered with the thin bark of the papyrus. 
They were not permitted to taste salt, nor the 
flesh of either sheep or hogs, and they were like- 
wise forbidden to eat certain fishes, such espe- 
cially as were ctught with a line, and also onions, 
because, as they believed, they only grew during 
the ill-omened wane of the moon. Cic de Div. 
1, 133. — FaZ. Max. 7, 3. -^Plut. de Isid. et Os. 

ISIACORUM PORTUS, a harbour on the shore 
of the Euxine, in the north eastern part of Moe- 
sia Inferior, near the mouth of the Danube. 

ISIDORUS, a native of Charax, who published 
in the reign of Caligula a " Description of Par- 
thia." It is contained in the Geograpki Grceci 
Minores of Hoeschel and Hudson An epi- 
grammatic poet, some of whose productions are 
preserved in the Anthology. An epigram- 
matic poet, a native of Bolbitine in Egypt. A 

Ne-v-Platonist, a native of Gaza, who succeeded 
lieJias in the chair of Athens, in the fifth cen- 
tury, or rather at the beginning of the sixth. He 
was a zealous follower of Proclus, but deficient 
in talent and erudition, and consequently soon 

made way for Zenodotus as his successor. A 

native of Pelusium, a saint in the Roman Catho- 
lic calendar, and one of the most celebrated of 
the disciples of Chrysostom. He lived in the 
filth century, professed the monastic life from his 
youth, and composed some thousand epistles, of 
I which two thousand and twelve remain, in five 
books, and are deemed valuable, especially for 
the information which they contain in relation to 
i points of discipline and for practical rules. The 
' best edition is that of Schottus, Paris. 1638, fol. 

I Another saint in the Roman Catholic calen- 

■ dar, born at Carthago Nova, of which city his 
father was governor. He succeeded his brother 
in the bishopric of Seville, A. D. 601, and died 
A. D. 636. His works are numerous, and among 
them is a Chronicle, ending at A. D. 626. The 
editions of his Missal and Breviary are very 
scarce. In his treatise on Divine Offices are 
some curious observations on music. 

Isis, a celebrated deity of the Egyptians, 
daughter of Saturn and Rhea, according to Dio- 
dorus of Sicily. Some suppose her to be the same 
as lo, who was changed into a cow, and restored 
to her human form in Egypt, where she taught 
agriculture, and governed the people with mild- 
ness and equity, for which reasons she received 
divine honours after death. According to some 
traditions mentioned by Plutarch, Isis married 
ner brother Osiris, and was pregnant by him even 
before she had left her mother's won;b. These 
two ancient deities, as some authors observe, 
comprehended all nature, and all the gods of the 
heathens. Isis was the Venus of Cyprus, the 
Minerva of Athens, the Cybele of the Phrygians, 
the Ceres of Eleusis. the Proserpine of Sicily, 
the Diana of Crete, the Bellona of the Roman*, 
(^c. Osiris and Isis reigned conjointly in Egypt; 
but the rebellion of Typhon, the brother of Osi- 
ii.<;, proved fatal to this sovereign. {Fid. Osiris 
and Typhon.) The ox and cow were the symbols 
of Osiris and Isis, because these deities, while on 
earth, had diligently applied themselves in cul- 
tivating the earth. (Fid. Apis.) As Isis was 
supposed to be the moon, and Osiris the sun, she 
was represented as holding a globe in her hand, 
with a vessel full of ears of corn. The Egyp- 
tians believed that the yearly and regular inun- 
dations of the Nile proceeded from the abundant 
tears which Isis shed for the loss of Osiris, who.n 



Typhon had basely murdered. The word /<;/>, 
according to some, signifies ancient, and, on that 
account, the inscriptions on the statues of the 
goddess were often in these words; I am all that 
has been, that shall be, and none among mortals 
has hitherto taken off my veil. The worship of Isis 
was universal in Egypt; the priests were obliged 
to observe perpetual chastity, their head was 
closely shaved, and they always walked bare- 
footed, and clothed themselves in linen garments. 
As the goddess was often represented with a sis- 
trum in her right hand, with which she was sup- 
posed to inflict diseases; her priests also were 
adorned with the same instrument. In their 
meals they never ate onions, they abstained from 
salt with their meat, and were forbidden to eat 
the flesh of sheep and of hogs. During the night 
they were employed in continual devotion near 
the statue of the goddess, Cleopatra, the beauti- 
ful queen of Egypt, was wont to dress herself like 
this goddess, and affected to be called a second 
Isis. Cic. de Div. 1. — Flut. de Isid. et Osirid. — 
Diod. l.—Dionys. Hal. l.—Hejod. 2, b'J.~ Lucan, 
I, 831. 

ISM ARUS, (Tsmara. p^ur.) a mountain of Thrace 
near the mouth of the Hebrus, covered with vine- 
yards. This pa.rt of Thrace was famous for good 
wines. Ulysses, in the O lyssey, is made to speak 
in commendation of some wine given him by 
Maron, the priest of Apollo at Ismarus. Homer. 

Od. 1, \97.— Virg. Georg. 2, 37. A Theban, 

son of Astacus. A son of Eumolpus. Apollod. 

A Lydian, who accompanied ,.^^neas to Italy^ 

and lought with great vigour against the Rutuli. 
Virg. Mn. 10, 139. 

ISMKNE, a daughter of CEdipus and Jocasta, 
who, when her sister Antigone had been con- 
demned to be buried alive by Creon, for giving 
burial to her brother Polynices, against the ty- 
rant's positive orders, declared herself as guilty 
as her sister, and insisted upon being equally 
punished with her. This instance of generosity 
was strongly opposed by Antigone, who wisheci 
not to see her sister involved in her calamities 
She was betrothed to Atys, a youth of Cyrra, who 
was slain by Tydeus before the celebration of the 
nuptials. Slat. Theh. 8, 555.— Sophocl. in Antig. 

— Apollcd. 3, 5. A daughter of the river Asf)- 

pus.' who married the hundred-eyed Argus, by 
whom she had Jasus. Apollod 2, 1. 

ISMENIAS, a celfbrated musician of Thebes. 
"When he was tnken prisoner by the Scythians, 
Atheas, the king of the country, observed, that 
he liked the music of Ismeiuas better than the 

braying of an ass. Plut. in Apoph. A Theban, 

bribed by Timocrates of Rhodes, that he might 
u?e his influence to prevent the Athenians and 
some other Grecian states from assisting Lace- 
dnemon, against which Xerxes was engaged in 

war. Pans. 3, 9. A Theban general, sent to 

Persia with an embassy by his countrymen. As 
none were admitted into the kind's presence 
without prostrating themselves at his feet, Isme- 
ni^s had recourse to artifice to avoid doing an 
action which would have proved disgraceful ro 
his country. When he was introduced he drop- 
ped his ring, and the motion he m<ide to recover 
it from the ground was mistaken for the most 
submissive homage, and Ismenias had a satis- 
factory audience of the monarch. A river of 

Boeotia, falling into the Euripus, whfro Apo llo" 
had a temple, from w hich he was called hmenius. 
A youth was yearly chosen by tlie Ba-otians to 
i be the priest of the god, an oiiice to which Her- 



ISM 



S72 



1ST 



rules was once appointed. Fans. 9, 10. Ovid. 

Met. 2.~Sfrab. 9. 

ISMENiDES, an epithet applied to the Tbeban 
vomen, as being near the Ismenus, a river of 
Bosoiia. Ovid. Met. 4, 31. 

ISMENlus, a surname of Apollo, at Thebes, 
where he had a temple on the borders of the Is- 
menus, 

Ismenus, a son of Apollo and Melia, one of 
the Nereides, who gave his name to the Ladon, 
a river of Bosotia, near Thebes, falling into the 
Asopus, and thence into the Euripus. Paus. 9, 

10. A son of Asopus and Metope. Apollod. 

3, 12. A son of Amphion and Niobe, killed by 

Apollo. Id. 3, b.— Ovid. Met. &, fab. 6. 

IsocrAtes, a celebrated orator, S'„n of Theo- 
dorus, a rich musical instrument maker at Athens. 
He was taught in the schools of Gorgias, of Ti- 
sias, of Theramenes, and Prodicus, but his ora- 
torical abilities were never displayed in public; 
and Isocrates was prevented by an unconquerable 
timidity from speaking in the national assem- 
blies. He opened a school of eloquence at 
Athens, where he distinguished himself by the 
number, character, and fame, of his pupils, and 
by the immense riches which he amassed. He 
was intimate with Philip of Macedon, and regu- 
larly corresponded with him; and to his famil- 
iarity with that monarch, the Athenians were in- 
debted for some of the few peaceful years which 
they passed. The aspiring ambition of Philip, 
however, displeased Isocrates, and the defeat of 
the Athenians at Cheronasa had such an effect 
upon his spirits, that he did not survive the dis- 
grace of his country, but died, after he had been 
four days without taking any aliment, in the 
ninety-ninth year of his age, about 33S years be- 
fore Christ. Isocrates has always been much 
admired for the sweetness and graceful simpli- 
city of his style, for the harmony cf his expres- 
sions, and the dignity of his language. The re- 
mains of his orations extant inspire the world 
with the highest veneration for his abilities as a 
moralist, an orator, and above all, as a man. 
His merit, however, is lessened by those who 
accuse him of plagiarism from the works of Thu- 
cydides, Lysias, and others, seen particularly in 
his panegyric. He was so studious of correct- 
ness, that his lines are sometimes poetry. The 
severe conduct of the Athenians against Socrates 
highly displeased him, and, in spite of all the 
undeserved unpopularity of that great philoso- 
pher, he put on mourning the day of his death. 
About thirty-one of his orations are extant. Iso- 
crates was honoured after death with a brazen 
statue by Timotheus, one of his pupils, and 
Aphareus his adopted son. The best editions of 
the Ciitire works of Isocrates, are, that of Lanse, 
Halae, 8vo, 1803. and that of Coray, Paris, Svo. 
1807. Among the editions of separate works of 
his may be mentioned that of the Panegyricus by 
Morus, Lips. 1504, Svo; reprinted, with new ob- 
servations by Spohn. Lips. 1S17, Svo. Pint, de 
10. -Oral. Sic—Cic. Orat. 20. de Inv. 2, 126. in 
Brut. 15. de Orat. 2, G.— Quintil. 2, Scc.—Palerc. 

1, 16. One of the officers of tlie Peloponnesian 

fleet, &c. Thucyd. One of the disciples of 

Isocrates. A rhetorician of Syria, enemy to 

the Romans. &c. 

IssA, one of the smallest of the Dalmatian 
islands, but the best known in history. It w.ns 
colonized by the S\racusans. and subsequently 
by The Romans. It is now Lism. Polyb. 2, 11. 
— Lir. 43, 9.-C(rs. B. Alex. A?.- PUn. 3, 21. 



IssE, a daughter of Macareus, the son of Ly- i 
caon. She was beloved by Apollo, who, to ob- I 
tain her confidence, changed himself into the form , 
of a shepherd to whom she was attached. Thss ; 
metamorphosis of Apollo was represented in the , 
web of Arachne. Ovid. Met. 6, 12i. \ 

ISSEDONES, the principal nation in Serica, 
whose metropolis was Sera, now Kant-cheon, in j, 
the Chinese province of Shefi-Si, without the 
great wall. This city has been erroneously con- 
founded with Pekin, the capital of China, which 
is 300 leagues distant. Ti-.ey had also two towns, ' 
both called Issedon, btit distinguished by the epi-i 
thets of Serica and Scythica. ^, 

Issus, now Aisse, a town of Cilicia. on the con- 
fines of Syria, famous for a battle fought tht re 
between Alexander the Great and the Persians !, 
under Darius their king, in October, B C. 333, 
in consequence of which it was called Nicopolis. y 
In this battle, the Persians lost, in the field of ■ 
battle, 100,000 foot and 10,000 horse, and the 
Macedonians only 300 foot and 150 horse, accord- 
ing to Diodorus Siculus. The Persian army, (! 
according to Justin, consisted of 400,000 foot, and ^ 
100,000 horse, and 61,000 of the former and 10,000 ^ 
of the latter, w ere left dead on the spot, and 
40,000 were taken prisoners. The loss of the 
Macedonians, as he farther adds, was no more 
than 130 foot and 150 horse. According to Cur- E 
tins, the Persians slain amounted to 100,000 foot 
and 10,000 horse; and those of Alexander to 32 P 
foot and 150 horse killed, and 504 wounded. This '* 
spot is likewise famous for the defeat of Niger by ' 
Severus, A. D. 194. Phit. in Alex.— Justin. IJ, 9. 
— Curt. 3, l.—Arrian. — Diod. 17 Cic. Att. 5, 20. \ 

ISTER, a native of Cyrene, who flourished f 
under Ptolemy III. of Egypt. Suidas makes him J 
to have been a disciple of Callimachus. Besides ^ 
his "Attlku, in sixteen books, he left a number of '' 
other works, cn Egypt, Argolis, Elis, &c. A few [• 
fragments only remain, which were collected and r 
pubiished with those of Demon, another histori- f 

an, by Siebelis and Lenz, Lips. 1812, Svo. 

The name of the eastern part of/he Danube, after [ 
its junction with the Savus, or Saave. j' 

ISTHMiA, sacred games among the Greeks, f*^ 
which received their name from the isthmus of|'' 
Corinth, where they were observed. They were j' 
celebrated in commemoration of Melicerta, who 
was changed into a sea deity, when his mother I' 
Ino had thrown herself into the sea w ith him in ^' 
her arms. The body of Melicerta, according to C 
some traditions, when cast upon the sea shore, F 
received an honourable burial, in memory ofj; 
which the Isthmian games were instituted, B. C. i 
1326. They were interrupted after they had[' 
been celebrated with great regularity during: 
some years, and Theseus at last re-instituted r 
them in honour of Neptune, whom he publicly f 
called his father. These games were ob-erved " 
every third, or rather fifth, year, and held so ' 
sacred and inviolable that even a public calamity j 
could not prevent the celebration. When Co-' 
rinfh was destroyed by Mummius, the Roman 
general, they were observed with the usual so- w 
lemnity, and the Sicyonians were entrusted with ' 
the superintendence, which had been before onCj "f 
of the privileges of the ruined Corinthians. Com-l' P« 
bats of every kind were exhibited, and the y\c-\\ 
tors were rewarded with garlands of pine leaves.!: ^ 
Some time after the custom was changed, and '''if 
the victor received a crown of dry and withered! 'Iif 
parsley. The years were reckoned by the cele- ' tie 
br.^tion of the Istlmiian games, ns among the; for 

'- tr 



I-.T 



R rr.Ans Trom the consular govemrrn nt. Paus. 
i, -14. 2, 1 et 2.—Plin. 4, b.—Plut. in Thes. 

i Isthmus, a small neck of land which joins 

j nne country to another, and prevents the sea 
from making them separate, such as that of Co- 

' rinth. called often the Isthmus by way of emi- 
nence, which joins Peloponnesus to Greece. Vid. 
Corinlhi Isthmus. 

IsTl^OTIS, a country of Greece, near Ossa, 
P^id. Histiaeotis. 

ISTRIA, or HiSTRiA, a peninsula lying to the 
west of Liburnia, and bounded on the south and 
west by the Adriatic. The inhabitants, said to 
be of Thracian origin, were pirates, and lived on 
plunder. They were not subjected to Rome till 
six centuries after its foundation. Strab. 1. — 

' Mela, 2, 3.— Liu. 10, 8cc.—PUn. 3, i9.— Justin. 

I 9,2. 

I ISTROPOLIS. a city of Thrace situate on the 
I coast of the Euxine, below the mouth of the Ister, 
; where a lagune, or <alt lake, called Halmyris, 
} formed by an arm of the Danube, has its issue 

Into the sea. It appears to be succeeded at the 
I present day by a place called Kara- Kermon, or, 
I the black fortress. Istrnpolis is said to have been 

founded by a Milesian colony, Pliji. 4, 11. 
Isus and AntIphus, sons of Priam, the latter 

by Hecuba, and the former by a concubine. 
I They were seized by Achilles, as they fed their 
1 father's flocks on mount Ida; but they were re- 
' deemed by Priam, and fought against the Greeks. 

They were both killed by Agamemnon. Homer. 

Z/. 11, 102. 

ItabyrTUS, a mountain of Galilcea Inferior, 
near the southern limits of the tribe of Zeoulon, 
and south-east from Carmel. According to Jose- 
I phus, it was thirty stadia high, and had on its 
summit a plain of twenty-six stadia in extent. 
Its modern name is Thabor. It is supposed to 
have been the mountain on which our Saviour s 
transfiguration took place. Joseph. BcU. Jud. 4, 6. 

Italia, a celebrated country of Europe, 
bounded on the north and north west by the Alps; 
on the east by the Mare Superum, or Hadriati- 
cam; on the west by the Mare Inferum, or Tyr- 
rhenum; and on the south by the Mare Ionium. 
In form, it has been compared to the shape of a 
boot, lying in an oblique direction from north- 
west to south-east. Its length from north to 
south is about 600 miles, and its breadth varies 
from 100 to 300 miles or more. It has borne at 
different periods very different names. One of 
its most ancient names was Italia, either from 
Italus, a chief of the country, or from 'iraXof, a 
Greek word signifying an ox, an animal very 
common in that part of Europe. It was called 
Hesperia, on account of its western situation in 
respect to Greece; Saturnia, from Saturn; Lati- 
um, from the Latini; Ausonia, from the Auso- 
nes ; and CEnotria, from the CEnotri. These 
names were originally appropriated to particular 
provinces, but, in process of time, were applied 
to the whole country, which has been denomi- 
nated the garden of Europe. The ancient in- 
habitants called themselves Aborigines, offspring 
of the soil; and the country was, at a very early 
period, peopled by colonies from Greece. The 
Pelasgi and Arcadians made settlements there, 
and the whole country was divided into as many 
different g^overnments as there were towns, till 
the rapid increase of the Roman power changed 
the face of Italy, and united all the states in sup- 
port of one common cause. {Vid. Roma.) Un- 
der the dominion of the Gauls and Greeks, Italy, 



o ITA 

in reference to its inhabitants, was divided in!o 
Gallia Cisalpina, Italia Propria, and MaiP.:t 
Graecia: the first comprehended the provinces 
lying between the Alps, and the Rubico; the se- 
cond included the intermediate provinces; and 
the third those adjacent to Sicily and Greece, 
and inhabited chiefly by Grecian colonies. It 
was divided into eleven small provinces or regions 
by Augustus; but, according to the common and 
most approved division, it consisted of two parts, 
namely, Gallia Cisalpina, and Italia Propria: 
the former, likewise, calied Gallia Italica, and 
sometimes Gallia, was boundefl on the north by 
Rhaetia. and on the south by the Sinus Ligusti- 
cus, or Gulf of Genoa. This province, while un- 
der the Roman dominion, contained several 
tribes, which are noticed in their places. Italia 
Propria was on all sides surrounded by the sea, 
except on the north where it was bounded by an 
imaginary line, extending from the mouth t f the 
Macra to that of the Rubico. It contained, among 
others, the following provinces, namely, Etruria, 
Sabinum, Latium, Campania, Samnium, Apu- 
lia, Messapia, Lucania, and Bruttium. During 
the middle ages, Italy underwent many revolu- 
tions, and frequently changed its masters. In 
the reign of Honorius, the Visigoths, under the 
command of Alaric, penetrated into that fertile 
country, which they plundered from the foot of 
the Alps to the strait of Sicily. The reign of the 
Goths in Italy ended in Tela, Totila's son, who 
was defeated and slain by Narses, A. D. 553. 
Italy now became a province of the Greek em- 
pire. The Lombards were a fierce nation, first 
discovered between the Elbe and the Oder, from 
thence they descended to the south and the Da- 
nube. They afterwards passed the Danube, 
wandered along the coast of the Adriatic, and in 
the year 566, aided by the Avari, a Scythian 
horde, they undertook the conquest of Italy. 
Many provinces were added to their dominions, 
as a large portion of the Venetian territory, Ty- 
rol, Milanese, Piedmont, the coast Genoa, Man- 
tua, Parma, and Modena, the grand duchy of 
Tuscany, together with a considerable portion of 
the ecclesiastical state. Ptol. 3, 1. — Dionys. Hal. 

1, ] Justin. 4, 1. 12, 1. 28, 2. 43, 1.- Virg. Mn. 

1, 534. 3, 166. 6, 6. 7, 3 Varro de R. R. 2, 1 et 

b.—Polyb. 2.-Flor. 2.—mian. V. H. 1, 16.— 
Lucan. 2, 397, &.c.—Plin. 3, 5 et 8. 

Italica, the capital of the Peligni in Italy. 

(Vid. Corfinium ) A city of Spain, north of 

Hispalis, and situate on the western side of the 
river Baetis. It was founded by Publius Scipio 
in the second Punic war, who placed here the old 
soldiers whom age incapacitated from the per- 
formance of military service. It was the birth- 
place of the emperors Trajan and Hadrian, and 
according to some, of the poet Silius Italicus. It 
is supposed to answer to Sevilla la Vieja, about a 
league distant from the city of Seville. Strab. 3. 
—Appian. B. Hisp. 38.— Crt?.-;. B Civ. 2, 20. 

Italtcus, a popt. Vid. Silius. 

Italus, a son of Telegonus. Hygin. fab. 127. 

An Arcadian prince, who came to Italy, 

where he established a kingdom called after him. 
It is supposed that he received divine honours 
after death, as ^^neas calls upon him among the 
deities to whom he paid his adoration, when ho 

entered Italy. Virg. /En. 7, 178. A prince, 

whose daughter Roma, by his wife Leucaria. is. 
said to have married iEneas or Ascanius. Pint. 

in Rom. A king of the Cherusci, &c. Tacit, 

Ann. 1, IG. 

I \ 



ITE 



S74 



JUG 



ITKA. a daughter of Danaus, By gin. fub. 170. 

Itemales. an old man who expused G^^dipus 
on mount Cithteron, &c. Hygin, fab. 65. 

Ithaca, an island in the Ionian sea, north- 
east ol Cephallenia, famous for being the birth- 
place of Ulysses, the son of Laertes. It had a 
city of the same name. It is, generally speak- 
ing, a rugged and mountainous island, contain- 
ing about forty-one square miles. Its modern 
name is Teaki, or Ithaca. Horn. II. 2, 13i). 

Odyss. 1, lb6. 4. 601. 9, 20 Virg. JEn. 3, 272. - 

Strab. I et Q.—Mela, 2, 7. 

ITHACESI^, three islands opposite Vibo, on 

the coast of the Bruiii. Baije was called also 

Ithacedce, because built by Baius the pilot of 
Ulysses. StY. 8, 540. 12, 113. 

ITHOBALUS, a king of Tyre, who died B. C. 
595. Jo^ephus. 

ITHOIAIA, a festival in which musicians con- 
tended, observed at Ithome, in honour of Jiipi- 
ter. w ho had been nursed by the nymphs Ithome 
and Neda, the former of whom gave her name to 
a mountain, and the latter to a river. 

Ithome, a town of Thessaly, in the vicinity of 
Metropolis. It is now Hassan KeuL Homer- II. 

2, 729. A fortress of Messenia, on a mountain 

of the same name. It was celebrated for the ob- 
stinate defence which the Messenians there made 
against the Spartans. It and Acrocorinthus were 
deemed the two strongest places in the Pelopon- 
nesus, fur which reason, Philip, the son of De- 
metrius, when planning his attack on the penin- 
sula, was advised to make himself master of 
them, as he would thus seize the heifer by the 
horns. Strab. 9. — Polyb. 7, 11. 

ITHY PHALLUS, an obscene surname of Pria- 
jv.is. From this word obscene verses were called 
I hyphallica, or Priapeia, such as were under 
this name attributed to Catullus, Virgil, Mar- 
tial, and Petronius. Diod. l.— Columell. 10. 

Itics Portus, a harbour of Gaul, whence 
Cse^^ar set sail for Britain. Some have referred 
this harbour to Boulogne, others to JVissant, and 
others to Calais. Ccfs. B. Gall. 5, 2 et 5. 

ITONIA, a surname of Minerva, from a place 
i 1 Boeotia, where she was worshipped. 

ITONUS, a king of Thessaly, son of Deucalion, 
who first invented the manner of polishing me- 
tals, and of coining money. Lucan. 6, 402. 

ITUNA .iESTUARlUM, now Solway Firth, in 
Scotland. 

1tur.^:a, a country of Palestine, so called 
from Itur or Jetur, one of the sons of Ishmael, 
who settled in it, but whose posterity were either 
driven out or subdued by the Amorites; when it 
is supposed to have formed a part of the kingdom 
of Bashan, and subsequently of the half tribe of 
Manasseh east of Jordan; but as it was situated 
beyond the southern spur of mount Hermon, 
called the Djebel Heish, this is doubtful. It lay 
on the north-eastern side of the land of Israel, 
betwee.n it and the territory of Damascus, or Sy- 
ria; and is supposed to have been the same coun- 
try at present known by the name of Djedour, on 
the east of the Djebel Heish. between Damascus» 
and the lake of Tiberias. The Ituraeans being 
subdued by Aristobulus, the high priest and go- 
vernor of the Jews, B. C. 106, were forced by him 
to embrace the Jewish religion, and were at. the 
same time incorporated into the slate. Philip, 
one of the sons of Herod the Great, was tetrarch 
or governor of this country when John the Bap- 
tist commenced his ministry. 

iTVLt'S, a son of Zeth< it? and .Edon, kiiltd 



by his mother. (Vid. Mdon.) Homer. Od IP, 

462. 1^ 

Itts, a son of Tereus, king of Thrace, by I' 

Procne, daughter of i andion, king of Athens, i' 

He was killed by his mother when he was about '■ 

six years old, and served up as meat belore his e 

father. He was changed into a pheasaist, his j' 

mother into a swallow, and his father into an 1' 

owl. (Fid. Philomela.) Ovid. Met. 6, 620, p 

Amor. 2, 14, 29.—Horat. Od. 4, 12. A Tr. jiin M 

who came to Italy with iEneas, and was killed H 
by Turnus. Virg. ^n. 9 574. 

JUBA, a king of Numidia and Mauritania, who |' 

succeeded his father Hiempsal, and favoured the i'- 

cause of Pompey against Julius Caesar. He de- A 

feated Curio, whom Cagsar had sent to Africa, jJ 

and after the battle of Pharsalia, he joined his ' 
forces to those of Scipio. He was conquered in 
a battle at Thapsus, and totally abandoned by 

his subjects. He killed himself with Petreius, I' 

who had shared his good fortune and his adver- .}- 

sity. His kingdom became a Roman province, \' 

of which Sallustwas the first governor. Plul. in ^ 

Pomp, et Cces.—Flor. 4, 12.— Suet, in Ccvs. 35.— 1^ 

Dion. 41.— Mela, 1, 6.— Lucan. 3. &.c.— C(tsar. de ,- 

Bell. Civ. 2.~Paterc. 2, 54. The second of tliat - 

name was the son of Juba the first. He was led '= 

among the captives to Rome, to adorn the tri- - 

umph of Caesar. His captivity was the source of ^ 
the greatest honours, and his application to study 

procured him more glory than he could have ob- - 
tained from the inheritance of a kingdom. He 

gained the hearts of the Romans by the cout- ' 

teousness of his manners, and Augustus rewaided i' 
his fidelity by giving him in marriage Cleopatra, 

the daughter of Antony, and conferring upon (' 

him the title of king, and making him master of P 

all the territories which his father once possessed. H 

His popularity was so great, that the Mauritani- (■' 
ans rewarded his benevolence, by making him 
one of their gods. The Athenians raised him a 
statue, and the Ethiopians worshipped him as a 

deity. Juba wrote a history of Rome in Greek, |! 

which is often quoted and commended by the ' 

ancients, but of which only a few fragments re- v 

main. He also wrote on the history of Arabia j 
and the antiquities of Assyria, chiefly collected 

from Berosus. Besides these, he composed some r 

treatises upon the drama, Roman antiquities, j 
the nature of animals, painting, grammar. &c. 

now lost. Strab. 17 — Suet, in Cal. •Id. — Plin. 5, i 

25 et 32.— Dion. 51, &c. Ii 

JUD^A, a province of Palestine, bounded on I 

the north by Samaria, on the east by the Dead j 
Sea, on the sou'h by Arabia Petraaa, and on the 

west by the Mediterranean Sea. It compre- ' 

bended the territories of Judah. Bt njamin, Dan, I 

and Simeon. It is often taken in a more ex- i 

tended sense, by Josephus and the ecclesiastical I 

writers, as denoting all Palestine. Hence, the j 

word Jews or Judaeans has come to signify the } 

whole Israelitish nation. Phd de Osir.— Strab. \ 

16.—Dinn. ZQ — Tacit. Hisf. 5, 6. — Lwcan. 2, 593. j 

JUGALls, a surname of Juno, because she pre- 
sided over marriage, in the celebration of which ' 
it was usual for the husband and the wife to pass 
under the yoke (jugum). The goddess had an 
altar in one of the streets of Rome, which from | 
this circumstance received the name of Vicus | 
Jugarius. Fci,tus de V. Sig. I 

Jug.'VNTES, a people of Britain, supposed to be ' 
the same with the Brigantes. Tacit. Ann. 12 3i 

Jt'GARiUS, a street in Rome, below the capitol. { 

jLGuaTHA, the illegitinmte son of Manasta- 



JUL 



375 



JUL 



bal. the brother of Micipsa. Micipsa and Mana 
stahal v.ere the sons of Masinissa. king of Nu- 
niicUa. Micipsa, who had inherited his father's 
Ivingdom, educated his nephew with his two sons, 
I Adherbal and Hiempsal; but, as he was of an 
I aspiring disposition, he sent him with a body of 
I troops to the assistance of Scipio, who was be- 
sieging Numantia, lioping to lose a youth whose 
ambition seemed to threaten the tranquillity of 
his children. His hopes were frustrated; Ju^ui- 
tha showed himself brave and active, and after 
endearing himself to the Roman general, he re- 
turned to Africa loaded with military honours. 
Micipsa, now anxious to convert the abilities of 
this artful youth to the safety of his family, ap- 
I pointed him successor to his kingdom, conjointly 
! with his two sons, hoping that gratitude would 
make him respect, in their inferior talents, the 
memory of his benefactor, but the kindness of the 
father proved fatal to the children. Jugurtha 
giving way to his ambitious projects, cut off lii- 
empsal, and stripped Adherbal of his possessions, 
and obliged him to fly to Rome for safety. Ti e 
Romans listened to the well grounded complaints 
of Adherbal, but Jugurtha's Kold prevailed among 
the senators, and the suppliant monarch, for- 
saken in his distress, perished by the snares of 
his enemy. The Roman characier, however, 
though ob.scure by the lieentiouNness of the times, 
reassumed its wonted dignity, the wrongs of Mas- 
sinissa's wretched family were contemplated 
with compassion, and Caecilius Metellus marched 
at the head of an army against Jugurtha, who, no 
longer secure in his artful evasions and proffered 
terms of submission, fled in di^may to solicit 
support among his savage neighbours. Marius 
and Sylla succeeded Metellus in the conduct of 
the war, and fought with equal success. Jugur- 
tha was at last betrayed by his father in-law 
Boechus, from whom he claimed assistance, and 
he was delivered into the hands of Sylla, after 
carrying on a war of various success for five 
years, and displaying in the cabinet and in the 
field talents worthy better times and a better 
cause. He was exposed to the view of the Ro- 
man people, and dragged in. chains to adorn the 
triumph of Marius. He w as afterwards put in a 
prison, where he died six days after of hunger, 
B. C. 106. The name and the wars of Jugurtha 
have been immortalized by the pen of Sallust. 
Snllusf.. in Jug. — Flm:3. l. — Paterc. 2, 10, &c — 
IHut. in Mar. et Syll. — Eutrop. 4, 3. 

JulTa I. tlx, prima de provinciis, by J. Caesar. 
A. U. C. 691. It confirmed the freedom of all 
Greece; it ordained that the Roman magistrates 
should £ct there as judges, and that the towns 
and villages through which the Roman magis- 
trates and ambassadors passed should maintain 
them during their stay; that the governors, at 
the expiration of their olSce, should leave a 
scheme of their accounts in two cities of their 
province, and deliver a copy of it at the public 
treasury; that the provincial governors shi uld 
not accept.of a golden crown unless they were 
honoured with a triumph by the senate; that no 
supreme commander should go out of his pro- 
> inc-e, enter any dominions, lead an army, or 
engage in a war, w ithout the previous approba- 
tion and command of the Roman senate and 

I>eo)>le. Another, c/e SM?np?i6ws, in the age of 

Augustus. It limited the expense of provisions 
on the dies profesli, or days appointed for the 
trrtnsacf ion of tiiisiness, to iCfl sesterces, on com- 
mon calendar festivals to 3(JC; and on all extra- 



ordinary occasions, such as marriages, births, &c 
to 100(*. By a subsequent edict of Augustus, or 
Tiberius, the allowance for an entertainment w as 

raised from 300 to 2000 sesterces. Another, de 

provinciis, by J. Caesar Dictator. It ordain- d 
that no pr£Etorian province should be held m.ore 
than one year, and a consular province more than 

two years. Another, called also Campana 

agraria, by the same, A. U. C. 691, for distribut- 
ing the lands of Campania and Stella to 20.0li0 
poor citizens, who had each three children or 
more. Another, de civitate, by L. J. Ca:sar, 

A. U. C. 664. It rewarded with the name and 
jirivileges of citizens of Rome all such as, during 
the civil wars, had remained the constant friends 
of the republican liberty. When that civil war 

I was at an end, all the Italians w ere admitted as 
free denizens, and composed eight new tribes. 
Another, de judicibus, by J. Caesar. It con- 
firmed the Pompeian law in a certain manner, 
requiring the judges to be chosen from the rich- 
est people in every century, allowing the sena- 
j tors and knights in the number, and excluding 

i the tiibuni cerarii- Another, de ambitu, by 

j Augustus. It restrained the illicit measures 
I used at elections, and restored to the comitia 
their ancient privileges, which had been de- 
stroyed by the ambition and bribery of J. Caesar. 

Another, by Augustus, de adullerio et pudi- 

citid. It punished adultery with death. It was 
afterwards confirmed and enforced by Domitian. 

Juvenal, Sat. 2, 30, alludes to it.- Another, 

called also Papia, or Papia Poppcca, which was 
the same as the following, only enlarged by the 

consuls Papius and Poppaius, A. 13. C. 762. 

Another, de marilandis ordinibus, by Augustus. 
It proposed rewards to such as engaged in matri- 
mony, of a particular description. It inflicted 
punishment on celibacy, and permitted the patri- 
cians, the senators and sons of senators excf^ptcd, 
to intermarry with the liberiini, or children of 
those that had been libeiii, or servants manumit- 
ted. Horace alludes to it when he speaks of lex 

marita. Another, de majestate, by J. Cae.»ar. 

It punished with aquce et ignis interdictio all such 
as were found guilty of the critnen majestatis, or 
treason against the state. 

Julia, a daughter ol J. Caesar, by Corrielia, 
famous for her personal charms and for her vir- 
tues. She married Corn. Caspio, whom her 
faiher obliged her to divorce to m.arry Fompey 
the Great. Her amiable disposition more strongly 
cemented the friendship of the lather and of the 
son in-law; but her sudden death in childbed, 

B. C. 53, broke all ties of intimacy and relaticiu- 
ship, and soon produced a civil war. I'lut — 
Suet. CcBs. I, 21 et 26.~Lucan. 1, \25.— Pot ere. 

2, 47. The mother of M. Antony, whose 

humanity is greatly celebrated in saving her 
brother-m-law J. Ciesar from the cruel prosecu- 
tions of her son. An aunt of J. Caesar, who 

married C. Marius. Her funeral on.tion was 
publicly pronounced by her nephew The only 

I daughter of the emperor Augustus, remarkable 
for her beauty, genius, and debaucheries. She 
was tenderly loved by her father, who eeve her 
in marriage to Marceilus; after w hose death she 
was given to Agrippa, by whom she had five 
children. She became a second time a widow, 
and was m.irried to Tiberias. Her lascivious- 
ness and debaucheries so disgusted her hu.sbani), 
that he retired from the court of the cmpeior; 
and Augustus, informed of her lustful i>ropeT si- 
ties and infamy, banished her from his sight, mvJ. 



376 



JUL 



confined her in a small islanil en the coast of 
Campania. She was starr ed to death, A. D. 14, 
by order of Tiberias, who had succeeded to 
Augustus, as emperor of Rome, Tacit. A?in. 1, 

bS — Plut. A daughter of the emperor Titus, 

who married her relation Sabinu?, and, at last, 
alier his murder, prostituted herself to her bro- 
ther Domitian. A daughter of Julia, the wife 

of Agrippa, who married Lepidus, and was ban- 
ished for her licentiousness. A daughter of 

Germanicus and Agrippina, born in the island of 
Lesbos, A. D. 17. She married a senator called 
M. Vinucius, at the age of sixteen, and enjoyed 
the most unbounded favours in the court of her 
brother Caligula, who is accused of being her 
first seducer. She was banished by Caligula rn 
suspicion of conspiracy. Claudius recalled her; 
but she was soon after banished by the powerful 
intrigues of Messalina, and put to death about 
the twenty-fourth year of her age. She was no 
stranger to the debaucheries of the age, and she 
prostituted herself as freely to the meanest of the 
people as to the nobler companions of her bro- 
ther's extravagance. Seneca, as some suppose, 
w as banished to Corsica for having seduced her. 
A celebrated woman, born at Emesa in Sy- 
ria. She is also called Domna. She applied 
herself to the study of geometry and philosophy, 
&c., and rendered herself conspicuous, as much 
by her mental as by her personal charms. She 
came to Rome, w here her learning recommended 
her to all the literati of the age. She married 
Septimius Severus, who, twenty years after this 
matrimonial connexion, was invested with the 
imperial purple. Severus was guided by the 
prudence and advice of Julia, but he was blind 
to her foibles, and often punished with the great- 
est severity those vices which were enormous in 
the empress. She is even said to have conspired 
against the emperor, but she resolved to blot out 
by patronising literature, the spots which her 
debauchery and extravagance had rendered inde- 
lible in the eyes of virtue. Her influence, after the 
death of Severus, was for some time productive of 
tranquillity and cordial union between his two 
sons and successors. Geta, at last, however, fell 
a sacrifice to his brother Caracalla, and Julia was 
even wounded in the arm while she attempted to 
screen her favourite son from his brother s dag- 
ger. According to some, Julia committed incest 
with her son Caracalla, and publicly married 
him. She starved herself when her ambitious 
views were defeated by Macrinus, who aspired 
to the empire in preference to her, after the death 
of Caracalla, A town of Gallia Togata, 

JULlAcu.M, a town of Germany, now Juliers. 

JULIANUS, a son of Julius Constantius, the 
brother of Constantine the Great, born at Con- 
stantinople. The massacre which attended the 
elevation of the sons of Constantine the Great to 
the throne, nearly proved fatal to Julian and to 
his brother Gallus. Tiie two brothers were pri- 
vately educated together, and taught the doc- 
trines of the Christian religion, and exhorted to 
be modest, temperate, and to despise the gratifi- 
cation of all sensual pleasure.*. Gallus received 
the instructions of his pious teachers with defe- 
rence and submission, but Julian showed his dis- 
like for Christianity by secretly cherishing a de- 
sire to become one of the votaries of Paganism. 
He gave sufficient proofs of this propensity when 
he went to Athens in the twenty-fourth year of 
his age, where he applied himse'.f to the study of 
magic and astrology. He was some time after 



appointed over Gaul wifh the title of Cai-ar, by j 

Constans, and ihi-ie he showed himself worthy of | 

the imperial dignity by his prudence, valour, and i 

the numerous victories which he obtained over ' 

the enemies of Rome in Gaul and Germany. ' 
His mildness, as well as his condescension, gained 

him the hearts of his soldiers; and when Con- ' 

stans, to whom Julian was become suspected, j 

ordered him to send him part of his forces to go , 

into the east, the army immediately mutinied, j 
and promised immortal fidelity to their leader, by 

refusing to obey the order of Constans. They • 

even compelled Julian, by threats and entreaties, i 

to accept of the title of independent emperor and j 
of Augustus; and the death of Constans, which 

soon after happened, left him sole master of the \ 
Roman empire, A. D. 361. Julian then disclosed 

his religious sentiments, and publicly disavowed ' 
the doctrines of Christianity, and offered solemn 

sacrifices to all the gods of ancient Rome. This [ 
change of religious opinion was attributed to the 

austerity with which he received the precepts of j 

Christianity, or, according to others, to the lite- j 

rary conversation and persuasive eloquence of { 
some of the Athenian philosophers. From this 

circumstance, therefore, Julian has been called ' 
Apostate. After he had made his public entry at 
Constantinople, he determined to continue the 
Persian war, and check those barbarians, who had 

for sixty years derided the indolence of the Ro- j 
man emperors. When he had crossed the Ti- 

gris, he burned his fleet, and advanced with bold- [ 
ness into the enemy's country. His march was 

that of a conqueror, he met w ith no opposition I 

from a weak and indigent enemy; but the conn- i, 

try of Assyria had been left desolate by the Per- [ 
sians, and Julian, without corn or provisions, 

was obliged to retire. As he could not convey ■ 

his army again over the streams of the Tigris, he [, 
took the resolution of marching up the source of 

the river, and imitate the bold return ot the ten [ 

thousand Greeks. As he advanced through the ^ 
country, he defeated the officers of Sapor, the 
king of Persia; but another engagement proved 

fatal to him, and he received a deadly wound as ( 

he animated his soldiers to battle. He expired i 

the following night, the 27th of June, A. D. iiCa, , 
in the thirty-second year of his age. His last 

moments were spent in a conversation with a [ 
philosopher about the immortality of the soJil. 

and he breathed his last without expressing the ( 

least sorrow for his fate, or the suddenness of his i 

death. Julian's character has been admired Ly |" 

some, and censured by others, but the malevo- | 

lence of his enemies arises from his apostasy. I 

As a man and as a monarch he demands our I 

w armest commendations; but we must blame his [ 
idolatry, and despise his bigoted prnu ip.U's. i. e 

was moderate in his successes, merciful to his | 
enemies, and ami.able in his character. He.-ibol- 

ished the luxuries which reigned in the court of j 

Constantinople, and dismissed with contempt the ; 
numerous officers who waited upon Constiintius, 

to anoint his head or perfume his body. He was ' 
frugal in his meals and slept little, reposing him- 
self on a skin spread on the ground. He awoke 

at midnight and spent the rest of the night in • 

reading or writing, and issued early from his j 

tent to pay his daily visit to the guards around | 

the camp.' He was not fond of public amuse- | 

ments, but rather dedicated his time to stuvly and i 

solitude. When he passed througii Antioch in ' 

his Persian expedition, the ir.habitants of the i 
place, offended at his religious sentiments, ridi- 



JUL 



S77 



JUN 



xUled his person, and lampooned him in satirical 
Verses. The emperor made use of the same arms 
for his defence, and rather than destroy his ene- 
mies by the sword, he condescended lo expose 
them to derision, and unveil their follies and de- 
baucheries in a humorous work, which he called 
Misopogon, or beard-hater. He imitated the vir- 
tuous example of Scipio and Alexander, and laid 
no temptation for his virtue by visiting some fe- 
male captives who had fallen into his hands. In 
his matrimonial connexions, Julian rather con- 
suited policy than inclination, and his marriage 
with the sister of Constantius arose from his un- 
willinsness to offend his benefactor, rather than 
to obey the laws of nature. He was buried at 
Tarsus, and afterwards his body was conveyed to 
Constantinople. He distinguished himself by 
his writings, as well as by his military character. 
IJesides his Misopogon, he wrote the history of 
Gaul. He also wrote two letters to the Athe - 
nians; and, besides, there are now extant sixry- 
four of his le'ters on various subjects. His Cai- 
sars is the most famous of all his compositions, 
being a satire upon all the Roman emperors from 
Julius Ctesar to Cojistantine. It is written in 
the form of a dialogue, in which the author se- 
verely attacks the venerable character of M. 
Aurelius, whom he had proposed to himself as a 
pattern, and speaks in scurrilous and abusive 
language of his relation Constantine. It has 
been observed of Julian, that, like Caesar, he 
could employ at the same time his hand to write, 
his ear to listen, his eyes to read, and his mind 
to dictate. The best edition of his works is that 
of Spanheim, fol. Lips. 161)6; and of the CjEsars, 
that of Heusinger, 8vo. Gothae, 1/41. .luiiaii. — 

Socrat. — Kuhop.— Ainm. — Libaii. ^c. A son 

of Constantine A maternal uncle of the em- 
peror Julian - A Roman emj/eror. (F?'cZ. Di- 

dius.) A Roman, who proclaim.ed himself em- 
peror in Italy during the reign of Dioclesian, &c. 

A governor of Africa. A counsellor of the 

emperor Adiian. A general in Dacia, in Do- 

mitian's reign. 

JULil, a patrician family of Alba, brought by 
Romulus or Tullus to Rome, where they soon 
rose to the greatest honours of the state, Julius 
Caesar and Augustus wfere of this family; and it 
was said, perhaps through flattery, that they were 
lineally descended from ^neas, the founder of 
Lavinium. 8uet. in Ccrs. 6 — Dio. 41, 34. 43, 22. 
— Liv. 1, 30.- Tacit. Ami. 4, 9 — l irg. ^M. 1, 

JULIOMAGUS. a city of Gaul, the capital of the 
Andecavi, situaie at the junction of the Meduana 
or Maxjcnne with the Liger or Loire, and to the 
north-east of Namnetes or Nantes. It was after- 
wards called Andecavi, from the name of the 
people, and is now Angers. 

JULIOFULIS, acity of Galatia. Vid. Gordium. 

lULlS, the chief town of the island of Ceos, 
sittiale on a hill about twenty-five stadia from 
the sea, and which is probably represented by the 
modern Zea. which gives its name to the island. 
It was the birth-place of the lyric poets Simonides 
and Kacchylides, of Erasistratus the physician, 
and Ariston the peripatetic philosopher. Slrub. 
10. 

JU!.n:s. C.^ SAR. {rid. Ca?sar.) Agricola, 

a uc.\ernur of Britain, {fid. Aericola.) Ob- 

.sequens. {lid. Obsequens.) Agrippa, ban- 
ished from Rome by Nero, alter the discovery of 

the I'isonian oonspiraoy. Tacit. Ann. 1.5.71. 

Soliiius, a writer, {l id. Solinus.) Titianus, 



a writer. {Vid. Tiiianus.)— — Africaniis, a chro- 

nologer. {Vid. Africanus.) Cpnstantius, the 

father of the emperor Julian, was killed at the 
acce.ssion of the sons of Constantine to the throne, 

and his son nearly shared his fate. Poliux, a 

grammarian of Naucratis, in Egypt. {Vid. Pol- 
lux.) Canus, acelebrated Roman, puttodeath 

by order of Caracalla. He bore the undeserved 
punishment inflicted on him with the greatest 

resignation, and even pleasure. Proculus, a 

Roman, w ho solemnly declared to his country 
men, after Romulus had disappeared, that he had 
seen him above human shape, and that he had 
ordered him to tell the Romans to honour him as 

a god. Julius was believed. Pint, in Bom.- 

Florus. {Vid. Florus.)- L. Cajsar, a Roman 

consul, uncle to Antony the triumvir, the father 
of Caesar the dictator. He died as lie was put- 
ting on his shoes. Celsus, a tribune impris- 
oned for conspiring against Tiberias. Tacit. Ajin. 

6, 14. .Maximinus, a Thracian. who, from a 

shei'herd, became an emperor of Rome. J'id. 
Maximinus. 

lULUS, the nam.e of Ascanius, the son of .^"ne- 

as. {Vid. Ascanius.) A son of Ascanius, born 

in Lavinium. In the succession to the kmgdom 
of Alba, Mneas Sylvius, the son of ^Eneas and 
Lavinia, was preferred to him. He w.^s, how- 
ever, made chief priest. Dionys. 1. — Virg. Mn. 

1, 271. A son of Antony the triumvir, and 

Fulvia. Vid. Antonius Julms. 

JUNiA Lex, a law, passed A. U. C C27, which 
excluded all foreigners Irom enjoying the privi- 
leges or names of Roman citizens. Another, 

I passed A. U. C. 771, that all persons freed by the 
I less formal mode of manumission should not ob 
i tain the full rights of Roman citizens, but remain 
i in the condition of the Latins who weie trans- 
' planted to colonies. 

! JUNIA, a niece of Cato of Utica, who married 
Cassius, and died in the reign of Tiberius, sixty- 
four years after her husband had killed himself 

i at the battle of Philippi. Tacit. Ann, 2, 4. 

Calvina, a beautiful Roman lady, accused of in- 
cest with her brother Silanus. She was de- 
scended from Augustus. She was banished by 
; Claudius, and recalled by Nero. Tacit. Ann. 2, 4. 
I Junius, BL^iiSUS. a proconsul of Africa under 

' the emperors. Tacit. Ann. 3. 35. Lupus, a 

senator who accused Vitellius of aspiring to the 
sovereignty, &c. Tacit. Ann. 12, 42. D. Si- 
lanus, a Roman who committed adultery with 
Julia the grand-daughter of Augustus, &c. Tacit. 

Ann. 3, 24. Brutus. Vid. Brutus. 

JC'NO, a celebrated deity among the ancients, 
daughter of Saturn and Ops. She was sister to 
Jupiter, Pluto, Neptune, Vesta, Ceres, &c. 
She was born at Argos, or, according to others, 
in Samos, and was intrusted to the care of the 
seasons, or, as Homer and Ovid mention, to 
Oceanus and Tethys. Sfime of the inhabitants 
! of Argolis supposed that she had been brought up 
! by the three daughters of the river Asterion; and 
j the people of Stjmphalas, in Arcadia, m.aintain- 
1 ed, that she had been educated under the care of 
j Temenus, the son of Felasgus. Juno was de- 
voured by Saturn according to some twytholo- 
gi>ts; and accordinj? to Apollodorus she was 
again restored to the world by means of a potion 
which Metis gave to Saturn, to make him give 
up the stone which his wife had given him to 
swallow instead of Jupiter. {Vid. Saturnus.) 
Jupiter v.asnot insensible to the charms of his 
sister; and the more powerfully to gain her con- 
i I i 



INT 



378 



J UN 



fi<l8nce he changed himself into a cuckoo, and 
raised a great storm, and made the air unusually 
chill and cold. Under this form he went to the 
fiiddess, all shivering. Juno pitied the cuckoo, 
and took him into her bosom. When Jupiter 
bad gained these advantages, he resumed his 
original form, and obtained the gratification of 
his desires, after he had made a solemn promise 
of marriage to his sisrer. The nuptials of Jupi- 
ter and Juno were celebrated with the greatest 
solemnity; the gods, all mankind, and all the 
brute creation, attended. Chelone, a young 
woman was the only one who refused to come, 
find who derided the ceremony. For this im- 
piety Mercury changed her into a tortoise, and 
condemned her to perpetual silence; from which 
circumstance the tortoise has always been used 
as the symbol of silence among the ancients. 
By her marriage with Jupiter, Juno became the 
queen of all the gods, and mistress of hpaven and 
earth. Her conjugal happiness, however, was 
frequently disturbed by the numerous amours of 
her husband, and she showed herself jealous and 
inexorable in the highest degree. Her severity 
to the mistresses and illegitimate children of 
her husband was unparalleled. She persecuted 
Hercules and his descendants with the most in- 
veterate fury; and her resentment against Paris, 
who had given the golden apple to Venus in pre- 
ference to herself, was the cause of the Trojan 
war, and of all the miseries which happened to 
the unfortunate house of Priam. Her severities 
to Alcmena, Ino, Athamas, Semele, &c., are 
also well known. Juno had some children by 
Jupiter. According to Hesiod she was mother 
of Mars, Hebe, and Ilithya, or Lucina; and be- 
sides these, she brought forth Vulcan, without 
having any commerce with the other sex, but 
only by smelling a certain plant. This was in 
imitation of Jupiter, who had produced Minerva 
from his brain. According to others, it was not 
Vulcan, but Mars, or Hebe, whom she brought 
forth in this manner, and this was after eating 
some lettuces at the table of Apollo. The daily 
and repeated debaucheries of Jupiter at last pro- 
voked Juno to such a degree, that she retired to 
Euboea, and resolved for ever to forsake his bed. 
Jupiter produced a reconciliation, after he had 
applied to Cithaeron for advice, and after he had 
obtained forgiveness by fraud and artiSce. (^Vid. 
Dasdala.) This reconciliation, however cordial 
it might appear, was soon dissolved by new of- 
fences; and, to stop the complaints of the jealous 
Juno, Jupiter had often recourse to violence and 
blows. He even punished the cruelties which 
she had exercised upon his son Hercules, by sus- 
pending her from the heavens by a golden chain, 
and tying a heavy anvil to her feet. Vulcan was 
punished for assisting his mother in this degrad- 
ing situation, and he was kicked down from 
heaven by his father, and broke his leg by the 
fall. This punishment rather irritated than pa- 
cified Juno. She resolved to revenge it, and she 
engaged some of the gods to conspire against 
Jupiter and to imprison him, but Thetis deliver- 
ed him from this conspiracy, by bringing to his 
assistance the famous Briareus. Apollo and 
Neptune were banished from heaven for joining 
in the conspiracy, though some attribute their 

exile to different causes. The worship of Juno 

was universal, and even more than that of Jupi- 
ter, according to some authors. Her sacrifices 
wore ofTered with the greatest solemni y. She 
was particularly wor.shipprd at Arj^os, Sanios, 



Carthage, and afterwards at Rome. The anci- ' 
ents generally offered on her altars a ewe lamb r 
and a sow the first day of every month. No cows ' 
were ever immolated to her, because she assum- ' 
ed the nature of that animal when the gods fled i 
into Egypt in their war with the giants. Among 
the birds, the hawk, the goose, and particularly 
fhe peacock, often called Junonia avis, {Fid. \ 
Argus.) were sacred to her. The dittany, the 
poppy, and the lily, were her favourite flowers. | 
The latter flower was originally of the colour of i 
the crocus; but, when Jupiter placed Hercules I 
to the breasts of Juno while asleep, some of her j 
milk fell down upon earth, and changed the col- : 
our of the lilies from purple to a beautiful white. 
Some of the milk also dropped in that part of the 
heavens, which from its whiteness still retains i 
the name of the milky way, via lactea. As ; 
Juno's power was extended over all the gods, she . 
often made use of the goddess Minerva as her 
messenger, and even had the privilege of hurl- r 
ing the thunder of Jupiter when she pleased. ' 
Her temples were numerous, the most famous of 
which were at Aigos, Olympia, &c. At Rome ' 
no woman of debauched character, was permit- 'i 
ted to enter her temple, or even to touch it. 
The surnames of Juno are various; they are de- ; 
rived either from the function or things over '' 
which she presided, or from the places where her 
worship was established. She was the queen of ' 
the heavens; she protected.cleanliness, and pre- 
sided over marriage and childbirth, and particul- ' 
arly patronised the most faithful and virtuous of 
the sex, and severely punished incontinence and ' 
lewdness in matrons. She was the goddess of all (' 
power and empire, and she was also the patron- 
ess of riches. She is represented sitting on a \' 
throne with a diadem on her head and a golden i', 
sceptre in her right hand. Some peacocks gen- , 
erally sat by her, and a cuckoo olten perched i 
on her sceptre, while Iris behind her displayed 
the thousand colours of her beautiful rainbow. \. 
She is sometimes carried through the air in a 
rich chariot drawn by peacocks. The Roman con- 
suls, when they entered upon office, were always 
obliged to offer her a solemn sacrifice. The Juno 
of the Romans was called Matrona or Romana. 
She was generally represented as veiled from j,' 
head to foot, and the Roman matrons always t 
imitated this manner of dressing themselves, L 
and deemed it indecent in any married woman 
to leave any part of her body but her face un- 
covered. She has received the surname of Olym- 
pia, Samia, Laceda^monia, Argiva, Telchinia, ' 
Candrena, Rescinthes, Prosymna, Imbrasia, 
Acrea, Cithasroneia, Bunea, Ammonia, Fluonia, 
Anthea, Migale, Gemelia, Tropeia, Boopis, 
Parthenos, i'eleia, Xera, Egophage, Hyperchi- r 
nia, Juga, llithyia. Lucina, Pronuba, Caproti- 
na, Mena, Populonia, Lacinia, Sospita, Moueta, I 
Curis, Domiduca, Februa, Opigenia, &c. Cic, \ 

de \at. D. 2.—Paus. 2. Sic.—Afollod. I. 2, 3 I 

AfoUon. Argon. I.— Horn. 11. 1, &c. — T'irg. Ain. 
], &c.- Herod. 1. 2, 4, 8ic.— Sil. \.— Dionys. Hal. i 
l. — Liv. 23. 24, 27- Sic— Ovid. Met. 1, &c. Fast. 
5. — Pint. Qucpst. Rom.— Tibull. 4, 13. Atheiu 
Id.-Plin. 34. r 

JL'NO.nalTa and JunonTa. festivals observed j 
by tlie Romans in hoiKiur of Juno, the same »s |j 
the Heraja of the Greeks. (Fid. Heraea ) Lie. 
27,37. : 

Jl' NONES, a name of the protecting genii of the ' 
women nmong fhe Romans. They generally ' 
s« ore by t!.t ni, as the nu n by their genii. There ! 



JUN 



c79 



ti'ere altars often erected to their honour, Plin, 
2, 7. — Seneca, ep. 110. 

JUNONIA, one of the Canary islands, or Insu- 
la Fortunatae. It is now Ferro. A name 

which Gracchus gave to Carthage, when he went 
with 6000 Romans to rebuild it. 

JUNONIGENA, a surname of Vulcan, as son of 
Juno. Ovid. Met. 4, 173. 

JUNONIS Promontorium, a promontory of 
Si)ain, on the Atlantic side of the Straits of Gib- 
rahar. It is now Cape Trafalgar. A promon- 
tory of Peloponnesus. Laciniee templum, a 

temple of Juno in Italy, between Crotonaand the 
Lacinian promontory. 

Jupiter, the most powerful of all the gods of 
the ancients. According to Varro, there were 
no less than 300 persons of that name; Diodorus 
mentions two, and Cicero three, two of Arcadia, 
and one of Crete. To that of Crete, who passed 
fnr the son of Saturn and Ops, the actions of the 
I rest have been attributed. According to the 
I opinion of the mythologists, Jupiter was saved 
j from destruction by his mother, and intrusted to 
j the care of the Corybantes. Saturn, who had re- 
] ceived the kingdom of the world from his brother 
Titan, on condition of not raising male children, 
I devoured all his sons as soon as born; but Ops, 
I offended at her husband's cruelty, secreted Jupi- 
ter, and gave a stone to Saturn, which he de- 
voured on the supposition that it was a male 
child. Jupiter was educated in a cave on mount 
I Ida, in Crete, and fed upon the milk of the goat 
I Amalthsea, or upon honey, according to others. 
He received the name of Jupiter, quasi juvans 
pater. His cries were drowned by the noise of 
cymbals and drums, which the Corybantes beat 
at the express command of Ops. (Fid. Coryban- 
tes.) As soon as he was a year old, Jupiter found 
himself sufficiently strong to make war against 
j the Titans, who had imprisoned his father be- 
cause he had brought up male children. The 
Titans were conquered, and Saturn set at liberty 
by the hands of his son. Saturn, however, soon 
after, apprehensive of the power of Jupiter, con- 
spired against his life, and was, for this treachery, 
driven from his kingdom, and obliged to fly for 
safety into I.atium. Jupiter, now become the 
sole master of the empire of the world, divided 
it with his brothers. He reserved for himself the 
kingdom of heaven, and gave the empire of the 
sea to Neptune, and that of the infernal regions 
to Pluto. The peaceful beginning of his reign 
was soon interrupted by the rebellion of the 
giants, who were sons of the earth, and who 
wished to revenge the death of their relations the 
Titans. They were so powerful that they hurled 
rocks, and heaped up mountains upon moun- 
tains, to scale heaven, so that all the gods to avoid 
their fury fled to Egypt, where they escaped from 
the danger by assuming the form of different ani- 
mals. Jupiter, however, animated tliem, and by 
tiie assistance of Hercules, he totally overpowered 
lh»' gigantic race, which had proved such tre- 
trt»'ndous enemies. {Fid. Gigantes.) Jupiter 
now freed from every apprehension, gave him- 
gfir up to the pursuit of pleasures. He married 
Metis, Themis, Eurynome, Ceres, Mnemosyne, 
Lntona, and Juno. {Fid. Juno.) He became a 
Proteus to gratify his passions. He introduced 
himself to Danae in a shower of gold; he cor- 
rupted Antiope in the form of a satyr, and Leda 
ill the form of a swan; he became a bull to seduce 
Enrcpa, and he enjoyed the C(!mp;;ny of .^^gina 
in the form of a flame of fire. lie assumed the 



habit of Diana to corrupt Callisto, and became 
Amphitryon to gain the affections of Alcmena. 
His children were also numerous as well as his 
mistresses. According to Apoilodorus, 1, 3, he 
was father of the Seasons, Irene, Eunomia. tne 
Fates, Clotho, Lachesis» and Atropos, by The- 
mis; of Venus, by Dione; of the Graces, Aglaia, 
Euphrosyne, and Thalia, by Eurynome, the 
daughter of Oceanus; of FVoserpine, by Styx; ot 
the nine Muses, by Mnemosyne, &c. {Fid. Ni- 
obe, Laodamia, Pyrrha, Protogenia, Electra, 
Maia, Semele, &c.) The worship of Jupiter was 
universal; he v.as the Anrnion of the Africans, 
the Belus of Babylon, the Osiris of Egypt, &c. 
His surnames were numerous, many of w hich he 
received from the place or function over which 
he presided. He was severally called Jupiter 
Feretrius, Inventor, Elicius, Capitolinus, Lati- 
alis, Pistor, Sponsor, Herceus, Anxurus, Victor, 
Maximus, Optimus, Olympius, Fluvialis, &c. 
The worship of Jupiter surpassed that of the other 
gods in solemnity. His altars were not like those 
of Saturn and Diana stained with the blood of 
human victims, but he was delighted with the 
sacrifice of goats, sheep, and white bulls. The 
oak was sacred to him because he first taught 
mankind to live upon acorns. He is generally 
represented as sitting upon a golden or ivory 
throne, holding, in one hand, thunderbolts just 
ready to be hurled, and in the other, a sceptre of 
cypress. His looks express majesty, his beard 
flow.s long and neglected, and the eagle stands 
with expanded wings at his feet. He is some- 
times represented with the upper parts of his 
body naked, and those below the waist carefully 
covered, as if to show that he is visible to the 
gods above, but that he is concealed from the 
sight of the inhabitants of the earth. Jupiter had 
several oracles, the most celebrated of which 
were at Dodona, and Ammon, in Libya. As Jupi- 
ter was (he king and father of gods and men, his 
pow*r was extended over the deities and every 
thing was subservient to his will, except the 
Fates. From him mankind received their bless- 
ings and their miseries, and they looked upon 
him as acquainted with every thing past, present, 
and future. He was represented at Olympia 
with a crown like olive branches; his mantle was 
variegated with diff"erent flowers, particularly by 
the lily, and the eagle perched upon the top of 
the sceptre which he held in his hand. The Cre- 
tans represented Jupiter without ears, to signify 
that the sovereign master of the world ought not 
to give a partial ear to any particular person, but 
be equally candid and propitious to all. At La- 
cedaemon he appeared with four heads, that he 
might seem to hear with greater readiness the 
different prayers and solicitations which were 
daily poured to him from every part of the earth. 
It is said that Minerva came all armed from his 
brains when he ordered Vulcan to open his head. 
Pans. 1, 2, &c.— ill'. 1, 4, 5, &c.— Dzorf. 1 et 3.— 
Homer. II. 1, 5, &c, Od. 1, 4, 8ic.~Hymn ad Jov. 
— Orpheus. — Callimac. Jov.— Pindar. Olymp. ], 
3, 5. — Apollon. 1. &:c. — Heswd. Theog. in Scut. 
Here. Oper. et Dies. — Lycophron. in Cass. — Fi7g. 
^n. 1, 2, &c. G 3.— Ovid. Met. 1, fab. 1, &c.— 
Horat. 3, od. 1, &c. 

Jura, a chain of mountains, which, extending 
from the Rhodantis, or Rhone, to the RhenuS; or 
Bhine, separates Helvetia from the territory of the 
Sequani. The most elevated peaks are abotit 
5200 feet above the level of the sea. Cces. B. G 
1. 2. 



sso 



JUV 



JUSTINIANUS, a R ■niin emperor, who suc- 
ceeded his uncle, Ju^tinus 1., A. D. 527. He was 
a zealous Christian, and enacted some severe 
laws against heretics. After settling the affairs 
of the empire, and defeating the Goths, lie col- 
lected the Koma.n laws into one body, called 
'• The Code," to which he gave his own name. 
The emperor next caused the judicial decisions 
and opinions in difficult cases to be reduced, and 
arranged in order; which labour v\as chiefly in- 
trusted to Tribonian, an eminent lav\yer; and, at 
the expiration of ten years, was completed. These 
collections were called " The Digests, or Pan- 
dects:' after which Justinian ordered a summary 
of the whole to be drawn up in four books, termed 
" The Isistitutes-,"' and, lastly, the modem laws 
w ere brought into one volume, to which the name 
of Novell*, or " New Code," was given. In the 
time of this emperor the consular dignity was 
aboiisht-d. Ke also built a number of churches, 
pjirticularly that of St Sophia at Constantinople. 
He died A. D. 565, at the age of eighty-three. 

JUSTINUS. M. JUNIANUS, a Latin historian, 
suppiised to have lived in the second century un- 
der Antoninus Pius. Nothing is knov^n con- 
cerning his family or condition, but one of the 
manuicripts of his work calls him M. Junianus 
Justinus. Kis history is merely an abridgment 
o. that of Trogus Pompeius in forty-four books. 
Justin writes with considerable purity; his re- 
flections, although obvious, are sensible, and his 
style occasionally rises to eloquence. He can, 
however, only be regarded as a minor historian, 
and his book is chiefly used as an elegant com- 
pendium for the youthful Latin student. The 
best editions of Justin are that of Gronovius, 8vo, 
L. Bat. 1719; of Hearne, 8vo, Oxon. 1705; of 
Fischer, 8vo, Lips. 1757; and of Wetzel, 8vo, 

Leign. 1SU6. Sumamed the Martyr, a father 

of the church, was born at Fiavia Neapolis, the 
ancient Sichem of Samaria, towards the close of 
the first century. He was brought up in the 
Pagan religion, and, after studying in Egypt, 
embraced the Platonic system, from which, in 
the year 132, he was converted to Christianity, 
though he still retained the dress of a philoso- 
pher. At the beginning of the reign of Antoninus 
Pius he vi>itcd Rome, where he w rote ag<"inst the 
heresy of Marcion, and presented his first Apo- 
logy for the Christian relijiion to the emperor, 
who, in consequence of it, adopted milder mea- 
sures. Not long alter this, Justin w ent into the 
east, and at Ephesus he had a conference wiih 
Tryphon, an eminent Jew, of which he has left 
an interesting account in his works. On his re- 
turn to R ime he engaged in a controversy with 
Crescens, a philosopher; and he also presented 
another Apology for Christianity" to Marcus An- 
tonio us Philosophus; but in this he was not so 
successful as in the former. At the instance of 
Crescens he was arrested, with six of his com- 
panions, and beheaded, A. D. 165. Justin, who 
stands at the head of the Christian Platonists, 
was a man of brilliant talents, of great virtue, 
and ardent zeal. The best editions of his works 
are that of Maran, fol. Paris. 1742, and that of 
tvbertiiur, 3 vols. 8vo. Wurtzburgh, 1777. His 
Apologies have been translated into English by 

Reeves. 2 vols. bvo. The first, also called the 

" Elder," an emperor of the east, born A. D. 450, 
of Thracian origin. He abandoned the employ- 
ment of a shepherd for the profession of arms, 
atid, passing through the several military grada- 
tions, attained eventually to the highest dignities 



of the empire. On the death of Anastasius 
(A. D. 516), he was commissioned by Amautiua 
to distribute a sum of money among the soldiers; 
in order to secure the elevation of one of ihti 
creatures of the former. Justin did this, but in 
I his own name, and was in consequence himseJf 
; proclaimed emperor. At the close of his reign 
he associated with him in the empire his nephewj 
Justinian. He died A. D. 5^7, after a leign ol 

eleven years. The second, sumamed the 

"Younger, " an emperor of the east, succeeded 
his uncle Justinian, A. D. 565. The beginning o^ 
liis reign gave rise to the most favourable hopess 
but these soon disappeared, and Justin showe4 
himself a feeble, voluptuous, and cruel prince.i 
His w eaknesses and failings appear to have beeui 
the result of a disease which affected the organs oi. 
his brain and impaired the faculties of his mind.l 
He abdicated in favour of Tiberius, (he capiain'j 
of his guards, A. D. 578. ; 

JUTURNA, a sister of Turnus, king of theli 
Rutuli. She heard with contempt the addressts,; 
of Jupiter, or according to others, she w a.s not'l 
uniavourable to his passion, so that the god re-t' 
warded her love with immortality. SOe was af-k 
terwards changed into a fountain of the same} 
name near the Numicus, falling into the Tiber. ; 
The waters of that fountain were used in sacri- ' 
fices, and particularly in those of Vesta. Tliey i 
had the power to heal diseases. Varro de L. L. I 
1, 10.— Of?d. Fast. 1, 70S. 2, b%, — Virg. JEn. 12,!i 
\Z^.—Cic. Cluent. 36. 

Jlvenalis, Df.cius Junius, a celebratedi' 
Roman satirist, born at Aquinum in Campania,' 
about the beginning of the reign of Claudius. j* 
He was either the son by birth or adoption of a' = 
rich freedman, who gave him a liberal education,} 
and bred him up to the study of eloquence. He ji 
passed about half his lile in the pursuits of iheji 
bar, when, as appears from some of Martial's k 
epigrams, he acquired considerable reputation. 
His first essay in poetical satire was directed i'- 
against the player Paris, a great favourite withi: 
Domitian on which account the satirist was sentp 
into honourable banishment, under pretence of 
being nominated to the command of a cohort in 
the army quartered at Pentapolis, on the fron- \ 
tiers of Egypt and La bia. On the death of Domi- }. 
tian, he returned to Rome; and his thirteenth:, 
satire, addressed to Calvinus, appears to have (' 
been written in the third year of Adrian, when ,, 
the poet was above seventy years old. He is u 
supposed to have died about A. D. 128, at the ! 
age of eighty. Sixteen satires of Juvenal have I* 
reached posterity, and stand pre-eminent in the' 
class of those which castigate vice in preference 
to folly. Many of his maxims are delivered with 
great force and elevation, but the moral indeli- i 
cacy of his age renders him extremely gross in ; 
much of his portraiture, a defect which risks the 
contagion of vice from the very indignation ol 
virtue. As a poet, he has more point and ani- 
mation than taste; and in style he is occasionally i 
inflated and negligent, retaining, however, a rich j 
vein of poetry and picturesque expression. Of 
Juvenal the best editions are that of Henninius, - 
•Ito, Ultraj. 16S5, and that of Ruperti, 2 vols, bvo. 
Lips. 1819. This poet has been ably translated ' 
into English by Dryden, Gifford, Hodgson, and f 
Badham. 

JuVENTAS or JUVENTUS, a goddess at Rome 
who presided over youth and vigour. She is the 
same as the Hebe of the Greeks, and represented ' 
as a beau iful nymph, arrayed in variegated gar- | 



JUV 



3S1 



LAB 



ments. Lie. 5, 54. -^l, b.. 36, 6Q.~0vid. ex Pont. 

1, ep. 9, 12. 
JUV'ERNA. Vid. lerne. 

Ixiox, a king of Thessaly, son of Phlegas, or, 
according to Hyginus, of Leonles, or, according 
to Diodorus, of Antion by Perimela, daughter of 
Amylhaon. He married Dia, daughter of Eio- 
neus or Deioneus, and promised his father-in-law 
a valuable present for the choice he had made of 
him to be his daughter's husband. His unwil- 
Ungness, however, to fulfil his promises, obliged 
Jeioneus to have recourse to violence to obtain 
it, and he stole away some of his horses. Ixion 
concealed his resentment under the mask of 
friendship: he invited his father-in-law to a feast 
at Larissa, the capital of his kingdom, and when 
Deioneus was come according to the appoint- 
ment, he threw him into a pit which he had pre- 
viously filled with wood and burning coals. This 
I premeditated treachery so irritated the neigh- 
I bouring princes that all of them refused to per- 
! forna the usual ceremony, by which a man was 
j then purified of murder, and Ixion was shunned 
1 and despised by all mankind. Jupiter had com- 
passion upon him, and he carried him to heaven, 
j and introduced him at the tables of the gods. 
' Such a favour, which ought to have awakened 
gratitude in Ixion, served only to inflame his 
lust; he became enamoured of Juno, and at- 
tempted to seduce her. Juno was willing to gra- 
I tify the passion of Ixion, though according to 
I others, she informed Jupiter of the attempts 
which had been made upon her virtue. Jupiter 
made a cloud in the shape of Juno, and carried it 
to the place where Ixion had appointed to meet 
Juno. Ixion was caught in the snare, and from 
his embrace with the cloud, he had the Centaurs, 
I or according to others, Centaurus. {Vid. Cen- 
I tauri.) Jupiter, displeased with the insolence of 
Ixion, banished him from heaven; but when he 
; heard that he had seduced Juno, the god struck 
him with his thunder, and ordered Mercury to 
tie him to a wheel in hell which continually 
whirls round. The wheel was perpetually in 
motion, therefore the punishment of Ixion was 
eternal. DiodA. — Hygin.fab. Pindar. Pyth. 

2, 2.— Virg. G. 4, 484. ^n. 6, m.—Ovid. Met. 
\-Z, 210 et 33S.— Philostr. Ic. 2, d.— Lactant. in 

Tlieb. 2. One of the Heraclidas who reigned at 

Corinth for fifty-seven or thirty-seven years. He 
was son of Alethes. 

IxxoNlDES, the patronymic of Pirithous, son 
of Ixion. Propert. 2, 1, aS. 



T 



LAB ARUM, the sacred banner or standard, 
borne before the Roman emperors in war, from 
the time of Constaniine. It is described as a long 
pike intersected by a transverse beam. A silken 
veil, of a purple colour, hung down from the 
beam, and was adorned with precious stones, and 
curiously inwrought with the images of the reign- 
ing monarch and his children. The summit of 
the pike supported a crown of gold, which in- 
closed the mysterious monogram at once expres- 
sive of the figure of the cross, and the two initial 
letters (X and P) of the name of Christ. The 
safety of the Laburum was intrusted to fi;ty 



guards of approved valour aui fidelity. Their 
station was marked by honours and emoluments; 
and some fortunate accidents soon introduced an 
opinion, that as long as the guards of the Laba- 
rum were engaged in ihe execution of their office, 
they were secure and invulnerable amid the dans 
of the enemy. In the second civil war Licinius 
felt and dreaded the power of this consecrated 
banner, the sight of which, in the distress of bat- 
tle, animated the soldiers of Constantine with an 
invincible enthusiasm, and scattered terror and 
dismay through the ranks of the adverse legions. 
Eusebius introduces the Labarum before the 
Italian expt^ition of Constantine; but his narra- 
tive seems to indicate that it was never shown at 
the head of an army, till Constantine, above ten 
years afterwards, declared himself the enemy of 
Licinius, and the deliverer of the church. The 
Christian emperors, who respected the example 
of Constantine, displayed in all their military 
expeditions the standard of the cross; but when 
the degenerate successors of Theodosius had 
ceased to appear in person at the head of their 
armies, the Labarum was deposited as a vener- 
able but useless relic in the palace of Constan- 
tinople. Its honours are still preserved on the 
medals of the Flavian family. Their grateful 
devotion has placed the monagram of Christ in 
the midst of the ensigns of Rome. The solemn 
epithets of "safety of the republic," "glory of 
the army," "restoration of public happiness," 
are equally applicable to the religious and mili- 
tary trophies; and there is still extant a medal of 
the emperor Constantius, where the standard of 
the Labarum is accompanied with these memo- 
rable words, "By this sign thou shalt conquer." 
The etymology of the word Labaj um has given 
rise to many conflicting opinions. Some derive 
the name from labor; others, from siXd^tia, "reve- 
rence;" others, from Xa/M^avetv, "to take;"' and 
others again, from Xa(pvpa, "spoils." Lipsim de 
Cruce, 3, 15.—Euseb. Fit. Const. 2, 7, &c. 

Labda, a daughter of Amphion, one of the 
Bacchiadae, born lame. She married Ection, by 
whom she had a son whom she called Cypselus, 
because she saved his life in a cofTer. Vid. Cyp- 
selus. This coffer was preserved at Olympia. 
Herod. 5, 92.—Aristot. Polit. 5. 

Labdacides, a name given to (Edipus, as de- 
scended from Labdacus- 

LabdAcus, a son of Polydorus by Nycteis, the 
daughter of Nycteus, king of Thebes. His father 
and mother died during his childhood, and he 
was left to the care of Nycteus, who, at his death 
left his kingdom in the hands of Lycus, with or- 
ders to restore it to Labdacus as soon as of age. 
He was father to Laius. It is unknown whether 
he ever sat on the throne of Thebes. According 
to Statins his father's name was Phoenix. His 
descendants were called £ai>rfac2c/e5. Stat. Theb. 
6, ibi.—Apollod. 3, b.~Paus. 2, 6, 9, 5. 

LabdALON, a hill near Syracuse, forming part 
of Epipolae. It was foi'tified by the Athenians in 
their contest with Syracuse. Thucyd. 6, 97. 

LABEATES, a people of Dalmatia, in the lower 
part, whose territory constituted the principal 
portion of the dominions of Gentius. His capital 
was Scodra. In the country of the Labeates was 
the Labeatis Palus, now the Lake of Scutari. 

Labeo, Antistius, a celebrated lawyer in the 
age of Augustus, whose views he opposed, and 
whose offers of the consulship he refused. He 
was wont to enjoy the company and conversation 
of the learned fur six months, and the rest ol tlie 



Lab 



882 



LAC 



year was spent in writing and composing. His 
works were said to amount to 500 volumes, all of 
which are lost, though some were extant in the 
age of Justinian. His father, of the same name, 
was one of Ccesar's murderers; and after sharing 
the dangers of Brutus at the battle of Philippi, 
he caused himself to be slain by one of his freed- 
nien, not to survive public liberty. Horace (^Sit. 
1, 3, 82,) has unjustly taxed Labeo with insanity, 
because no doubt he inveighed against his pa- 
trons. Appian. Alex. 4:.— Suet, in Aug. 45. A 

tribune of the people at Rome, viho condf mned 
the censor Metellus to be thrown down from the 
Tarpeian rock, because he had expelled him from 
the senate. This rigorous sentence was slopped 

by the interference of another of the tribunes. 

Q. Fabius, a Roman consul, A. U. C. 571, who 
obtained a naval victory over the fleet of the 
Cretans. He assisted Terence in composing his 
comedies, according to some. Actius, an ob- 
scure poet, who recommended himself to the 
favour of Nero by an incorrect translation of 
Homer into Latin. Schol. ad Pers. Sat. 1, 4, 

LaberiuS, J. Decimus, a Roman knight, fa- 
mous for his talent in writing pantomimes. He 
was sixty years of age when Julius Cassar, in the 
plenitude of his power, urged him, by the pro- 
mise of a liberal reward, to appear on the stage, 
in one of his own pieces. The poet consented 
with great reluctance, and showed his resent- 
ment during the acting of the piece, by throwing 
severe aspersions upcn Julius Caesar, and by 
broadly hinting at the tyranny and despotism ( f 
which he was guilty. In pronouncing the fol- 
lowing line, he fixed the eyes of the whole as- 
sembly upon the usurper: 

Necesse est multos timeat quern multi timent. 
Cae.sar restored him to the rank of knight, which 
he had lost by appearing on the stage, but he 
CDuld not so easily restore him to the good opin- 
ion of his friends. When he went to take his 
seat among the knights, no one offered to make 
him room, even his friend Cicero sarcastically 
said Recepissem te nisi anguste sederem; to which 
Laberius replied, Mirum si anguste sedes, qui 
soles duabus sellis sedere; alluding to the orator's 
meanness and duplicity, during the civil wars 
between Caesar and Pompey. Laberius died 
B. C 44. The titles of several of his pieces are 
preserved by A. Gellius, and a few fragments of 
him are given in Mattaire's Corpus Poetarum 
Macrob. Sat. 2, 3 et 7.—Horat. Sat. 1. 10. - S€7iec. 
de Control'. i8,— Suct. in Cces. 39.— A. Gell. 3, 7. 

10, 17. Q. Durus, a tribune of the soldiers in 

Caesar's legions, killed in Britain. Cces. Bell. G. 

Labicum, a town of Italy, about fifteen miles 
from Rome, betweeen the Via Fraenestina and 
the Via Latina. It is now Colonna. Virg. ^n. 
7, 796.— L/i'. 2, 39. 4. 47. 

Labienus, one of Cajsar's lieutenants in the 
Gallic war. In the beginning of the civil war, 
he left CfBsar for Pompey, escapf^d from the 
battle of Pharsalia, and was killed in that of 
Munda. Labienus appears to have parted with 
almost all his former success, on abandoning the 
side of his old commander. Cccs. B. Civ- 3, 13. 
B. Hisp. 31. A son of the preceding, who in- 
herited all his father's hatred to the party of 
Cxsar. After the defeat of Brutus and Cassius, 
he refused to submit to the triumvirs, and re- 
tired to Parthia, where he was invested with a 
military command, and proved very serviceable 
to his new allies in their contests with the Ro- 
nians. He was made prisoner in Cilicia and put 



to death. An individual, whose writings were ' 

condenuied by Augustus tube burned on accc ur.t ' 
of their seditions and defamatory character. lie 
shut himself up in the tomb of his anct stor.-;, de- 
termined not to survive the loss of his produc- 
tions. Senec. 

Labinetus or Labynetus, a king of Bal.y- i 
Iom, &c. Herod. 1, 74. 

LabrADEUS, a surname of Jupiter in Caria. [ 
The name was derived, according to Plutarch, j 
from Xa/Spwf, the Lydian term for a hatchet, \< Inch ' 
the statue of Jove held in its hand, and which jj 
had been offered up by Arseiis of Mylassa lii.oi ,r 
the spoils of Candaules, king of Lydia. Hut. i 
QucEst. Gr. J 

Labronis Portus, or Portus Herculis ir 
LlBURNl, a harbour of Etruria, below the mou h jj 
of the Arnus. It is now Livorno or Leghorn. ■ 
Cic. ad Q. Fratr. 2, 6. u 

Labyrinthus, a building whose numerous \' 
passages and perplexing windings render the ,( 
escape from itdiliicult, and almost impracticable. , 
There were four very famous among the an- 
cients, one near the city of Crocodiles or Arsi- • 
noe, another in Crete, a third at Lemnos, and a , 
fourth in Italy built by Porsenna. That of Eg} pt i 
was the most ancient, and Herodotus who saw it, '{ 
declares that the beauty and the art of the build- 
ing w ere almost beyond belief. It was built by 
twelve kings, who at one time reigned in Eg) pt, Ij 
and it was intended for the place of their burird, • 
and to commemorate tlie actions of their reign. ^ 
It was divided into twelve halls, or, according to . 
Pliny, into sixteen, or. as Strabo mentions, into if 
twenty-seven. Tiie halls were vaulted according , 
to the relation of Herodotus- They had each six ; 
doors, opening to the north, and the same num- l( 
her to the south, all surrounded by one wall. 
The edifice contained 30U0 chambers," 1500 in the ' 
upper part, and the same number below. Tf.e 
chambers above were seen by Herodotus, and 
astonished him beyond conception, but lie was ■ 
not permitted to see those below, where w» re |; 
buried the holy crocodiles and the monarcbs i 
whose munificence had raised the edifice. The I. 
roofs and walls were encrusted with m;irble, and i 
adorned w ith sculptured figures. The halls were j; 
surrounded with -stately and polished pillars of,, 
white stone, and according to some authors, the I 
opening of the doors was artfully attended with 
a terrible noise like peals of thunder. The laby- ij 
rinth of Crete was built by Daedalus, in imitation I 
of that of Egypt, and it is the most lan.uus of all L 
in classical history. It w as the place of confiiie- 
ment lor Da;dalus himself, and the prison of the L 
Minotaur. According to Pliny, the labyrinth of ., 
Lemnos surpassed the others in grandeur and I 
magnificence. It w as supported by forty columns i: 
of uncommon height and thickness, and equ.illy I 
admirable for their beauty and splend(.ur. Mo- | 
dem travellers are still a>tonishtd at the m.ble i 
and magnificent ruins which appear of the Es>p- \. 
tian labyrinth, at the south of the lake Wa-ris, | 
about thirty miles trom the ruins of Ar.^inoe. 
Mela. 1, d.-Flin. 36 ]^.—Stn:b. iO.- Died. 1.— 
Herod. 2, 148.- f 'irg. Mn. 5. 5S8. 

I,AC.t:NA, an epithet applied to a female n.i- 
tive of Laconia, and among others, to Helen. | 
Virg. A' 11.(5, bW. I 

LaceO-EMON, a son of Jupiter and Taygeta i 
the d.'ui^hter of Atlas, who married Sparta the 
daiijjhtt r of Eurotas, by whom he had Amyclas 
and Eus ydice the w ife of Acrisius. He was the j 
first who introduced the worship of the Graces 



I.AC 



LAC 



ii Laconia, and who first built them a temple. 
From Lacedoemon and his wife, the capital of 
Jwit-onia was called Lacedsemon and Sparta, 

Apnllod. 3. m—Hygin.jfab. 155 — Pans. 3, 1. 

A noble city of Peloponnesus, the capital of l>a- 
c nia called also Sparta. It has been severally 
kmwn by the name of Lelegia, from the Leleges 
the first inhabitants of the country, or from Le- 
lex one of their kings; and CEbalia from CEbalus 
the sixth king from Eurotus. It was also called 
Hecatompolis, from the hundred cities which the 
whole province once contained. Lelex is sup- 
posed to have been the first king. His descen- 
dants, thirteen in number, reigned successively 
after him, till the reign of the sons of Orestes, 
when the Heraclidse recovered the Peloponnesus, 
about eighty years after the Trojan war. Pio- 
cles and Eur>:sthenes, the descendants of the He- 
raclidae, enjoyed the crown together, and after 
them it was decreed that the two families should 
alwaj's sit on the throne together. {Vid. Eurys- 
thenes.) These two brothers began to reign 
B. C. 1102, their successors in the family of Pro- 
cles were called FrodidcB, and afterwards Euri- 
pontidcEy and those of Eurysthenes, Eurystheni- 
dcB: and afterwards Agidce. The successors of 
Procles on the throne began to reign in the fol- 
lowing order: Sous, 1060 B. C. after his father had 
reigned forty-two years: Eurypon, 1028: Pryta- 
nis, 1021: Eunomus, 986: Polydectes, 907: Lv- 
curgus, 898: Charilaus, 873: Nicander, 809: Theb- 
pompus, 770 : Zeuxidamus, 723 : Anaxidamus, 
6;J0: Archidamus, 631: Asrasicles, 605: Ariston. 
564: Demaratus, 526; Leotychides, 491: Archi- 
damus, •469: Agis, 4^7: Agesilaus, 397: Archida- 
mus, 361: Agis second, 338: Eudamidas, 3.10: Ar- 
chidamus, 295: Eudamidas second, 268: Agis, 
244: Archidamus, 230: Euclidas, 225: Lycurgus, 
219. — The successors of Eurysthenes were Agis, 
1059: Echestratus, 1058: Labotas, 1023: Dorvs- 
sus, 986: Agesilaus, 957: Archelaus, 913: Tele- 
clus, 853: Alcamenes, 813: Polydorus, 776: Eu- 
ryerates, 724: Anaxander, 687: Eurycrates second, 
644: Leon, 607: Anaxandrides, 563: Cleomenes, 
530; Leonidas, 491: Plistarchus, under guardian- 
ship of Pausanias, 480: Plistoanax, 466: Pausa- 
nias, 408: Agesipolis, 397: Cleombrotus, 380: 
Agesipolis second, 371: Cleomenes second, 370: 
Aretus or Areus, 309: Acrotatus, 265: Areus se- 
cond, 264 : Leonidas, 257 : Cleombrotus, 243 : 
Leonidas restored, 241: Cleomenes, 233: Agesi- 
pf)lis, 219. Under the two last kings, Lycurgus 
and Agesipolis. the monarchical power was abo- 
lished, though Machanidas the tyrant made him- 
self absolute, B. C. 210, and Nabis, 206, for four- 
teen years. In the year 191, B. C. Lacedajmon 
joined the Achaean league, and about three years 
after the walls were demolished by order of Phi- 
lopoemen. The *erritories of Laconia shared the 
fate of the Achaean confederacy, and the whole 
was conquered by Mummius, 147 B. C. and con- 
verted into a Roman province. The inhabitants 
of Lacedaemon have rendered themselves illus- 
trious for their courage and intrepidity, for their 
1 ive of honour and libertj', and for their aversion 
to sloth and luxury. They were inured from 
their yrmth to labour, and their laws commanded 
thj'm to make war their profession. They never 
applied themselves to any tradr, but their only 
employment was arms, and they left every thing 
else to the care of their slaves. {Vid. Helotae.) 
They hardened their body by stripes, and other 
mnnly exercises; and accustomed themselves to 
undergo hardships., and even to die without fear 



or regret. From their valour in the field, and 
their moderation and temperance at home, they 
were courted and revered by all the neighbour- 
ing princes, and their assistance was severally 
implored to protect the Sicilians, Carthaginians, 
Thracians, Egyptians, Cyreneans, &c. They 
were forbidden by the laws of their country, {Fid. 
Lycurgus,) to visit foreign states, lest their mo- 
rals should be corrupted by an intercourse with 
effeminate nations. The austere manner in 
which their children were educated, rendered 
them undaunted in the field of battle, and from 
this circumstance, Leonidas with a small band 
was enabled to resist the millions of the army of 
Xerxes at Thermopylae. The women were as 
courageous as the men, and many a mother has 
celebrated with festivals the death of her son who 
had fallen in battle, or has coolly put him to 
death, if, by a shameful flight or loss of his arms, 
he brought disgrace upon his country. As to 
domestic manners, the Laceda;monians as widely 
differed from theirneighbours as in political con- 
cerns, and their noblest women were not ashamed 
to appear on the stage hired for money. In the 
affairs nl Greece, the interest of the Lacedaemo- 
nians was often powerful, and obtained the supe- 
riority for 500 years. Their jealousy of the power 
and greatness of the Athenians is well known. 
The authority of their monarchs was checked by 
the watchful eye of the Ephori, who had the 
power of imprisoning the kinefs themselves if 
guilty of misdemeanors. {Vid. Ephori.) The 
Lacedemonians are remarkable for the honour 
and reverence which they paid to old age. The 
names of Lacedcemon and Sparta, are promiscu- 
ously applied to the capital of Laconia, and often 
confounded together. The latter was applied to 
the metropolis, and the former was reserved for 
the inhabitants of the suburbs, or rather of the 
country contiguous to the walls of the city. This 
propriety of distinction was originally observed, 
but in process of time it was totally lost, and both 
appellatives were soon synonymous, and indis- 
criminately applied to the citv and country. 
( Vid. Sparta, Laconia.) Liv. 34, 33.45. 28.- Stra'b. 
Q.—Thucyd. I.— Pans. 3.— Justin. 2, 3. &:c.—He- 

rod.l,8cc.~Plut. in Lyc.Scc.—Diod.— Mela, 2.' 

There were some festivals celebrated at Lacedas- 
m,on, the names of which are not known. It was 
customary for the women to drag all the old 
bachelors round the altars, and beat them with 
their fists, that the shame and ignominy to which 
they were exposed might induce them to marry, 
&c. Athen. 13. 

Laced^monTi and Lackd.5:m5nes, the in- 
habitants of Lacedaem.on. Vid. Lacedaemon. 

l.ACED^MONius, a son of Cimon by Clitoria, 
He received this name from his father's regard 
for the Lacedaemonians. Plut- 

Lacerta, a soothsayer in Domitian's age, 
who acquired immense riches by his art. Juv. 
7, 114. 

Lacetania, a district at the north of Spain, 
Liv. 21, 23. 

Laches, an Athenian general in the age of 

Epaminondas. Diod. 12. An Athenian sent 

with CariHs at the head of a fleet in the first ex- 
pedition undertaken against Sicily in the Pelo- 

ponnesian war. Justin. 4, 3 An artist who 

finished the Colo-sus of Rhodes. 

LACHtSlS one of the Parcse, whose name is 
derived from Xaxeiy, to measure out by lot. She 
presided over futurity, and was repiesentf^^d as 
spinning the thread of life, or according to others, 



LAC 



384 



LAC 



holding the spindle. She generally appeared 
covered with a garment variegated with stars, 
and holding spindles in her hand. {Vid. Parcse.) 
Stat. Tkeb. 2, 249. —Martial. 4, ep. 54. 

Lac IDAS. Vid. Lafcj-des. 

Lacides, a village near Athens, which de- 
rived its naoie from Lacius, an Athenian hero, 
whose exploits are unknown. Here Zephyrus 
had an altar sacred to him, and likewise Ceres 
and Proserpine a temple. Paus. 1,37. 

Lacinia, a surname of Juno from her temple 
at Lacinium in Italj'. 

Lacinium PRoiMONTORiUM, a celebrated 
promontory of Magna Graecia, in the territory of 
the Brutii, a few miles to the south of Crotona. 
It runs out for some distance into the sea, and 
with the opposite lapygian promontory incloses 
the gulf of Tarentum. Its modern names are 
Capo delle Colonne (Cape of the Columns), and 
Capo Aao (Cape of the Temple), from the remains 
of the temple of Juno Lacinia, which are still 
visible on its summit. This celebrated edifice, 
remarkable for its great antiquity, the magnifi- 
cence of its decorations, and the veneration w ith 
which it was regarded, was surrounded by a thick 
grove of trees, in the midst of which were spa- 
cious meadows; here numerous herds and flocks 
were pastured in perfect security, as they were 
accounted sacred. From the profits accruing 
out of the sale of these cattle, which were des- 
tined for sacrifices, it was said that a column of 
solid gold was erected and consecrated to the 
goddess. On the festival of Juno, which was 
celebrated annually, an immense concourse of 
the inhabitants of all the Italian Greek cities as- 
sembled here, and a grand display of the most 
rare and precious productions of art and nature 
was exhibited. On one of these occasions Alcis- 
thenes, a Sybarite, is said to have produced a 
purple robe exquisitely embroidered, and adorned 
with feathers of every colour, on w hich w ere re- 
presented the city of Sybaris and the twelve prin- 
cipal deities. This costly dress having come into 
the possession of the elder Dionysius, was sold 
by him to some Carthaginian merchants for the 
enormous sum of 120 talents. Among other 
splendid pictures with which this temple was 
adorned, the famous Helen of Zeuxis was more 
particularly admired. The artist was said to 
have conceived his idea of that celebrated beauty, 
from a selection of the fairest women which Cro- 
tona could present to his view. History has not 
acquainted us with the founders of this conse- 
crated pile, but its great antiquity is attested by 
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, who affirms that 
.^neas on his arrival there presented to the god- 
dess a brazen vase. According to Diodorus Si- 
culus, some ascribed its origin to Hercules. This 
sanctuary was respected by Pyrrhus, as well as 
by Hannibal; the latter caused an inscription in 
Greek and Punic characters to be deposited there, 
recording the number of his troops, and their 
several victories and achievements. But several 
years afterwards it sustained great injury from 
Fulvius Flaccus, a censor, who caused a great 
portion of the roof, which was covered with mar- 
ble, to be removed, for the purpose of adorning 
a temple of Fortune constructed by him at Rome. 
Such an outcry was raised against this act of im- 
piety, that orders were issued by the senate that 
everything should be restored to its former state; 
but this could not be effected, no architect being : 
found of sufficient skill to replace the marble tiles ' 
according to their original position. From the [ 



ruins of this celebrated edifice it is evident that r 
it was of the early Doric style, with fluted pil- [ 
iars, broader at the base than at the capital. It 
measured about 132 jards in length and sixty-six 'i 
in breadth; and. as it faced the east, its principjil , 
entrance opened to the west, iiirnb. 6. — Liv. 2i, 
3. 42, d.—Cic. dc Div. I, 24. de hiv. 2, 2.—Aris- l' 
tot. de Mirab. — Dio7i. Hal. 1, b2.—Diod. Sic. 4, fc! 
24 — Polyb. 3, 33 et 56.— Val. Max. 1, 1 . [i 

Lacmon, a part of mount Pmdus where the (i 
Inachus flows. Herod. 9, 93. f' 

LacobrTga, a town of Spain near the Sacrum I' 

Promontorium, now Lagoa. Mela, 3, 1. A 1- 

town of Spain, among the Vaccaei, now Lobera. 
Plin. 3, 4. 

LaconIa, a country of Peloponnesus, situate |i 
at its southern extremity, having Messenia on the 
west, and Arcadia and Argolis on the north. The , 
extent of Laconia from east to west, where it 1 
reached farthest,, was 1° 45', but it became nar- ^ 
rower towards the north, and its extent from ? 
north to south was about fifty miles. As thrf 
southern parts w ere encompassed by the sea, and i 
the east and north-east parts by the Sinus Argo- 
licus, it had a great number of promontories, the 
chief of which were those of Malea and Tsenarus, ' 
now Cape Malio and Cape Matapan. The sea- » 
coast of Laconia was furnished with a consider- • 
able number of sea- ports, towns, and commodious • 
harbours, the chief of which were Trinassus, ' 
Acria, Gythium, and Epidaurus. The Laconian i- 
coasts were famous for yielding a shell-fish, 
whence was obtained a beautiful purple^ye, in- ; 
ferior only to that which was brought from (he • 
Red Sea. The mountains of Laconia were nu- - 
merous: the most famous was Taygetus. Its j 
principal river was the Eurotas, on which stocd 
the capital Lacedasmon or Sparta. The soil was | 
very rich, especially in the low grounds, and, be- 
ing well watered, was excellent for pasture; but 
the number of its mountains and hills prevented 
its being tilled so well as it might otherwise have 
been. Among the animals of the country may ' 
be enumerated wild and tame goats, wild boars, ( 
deer, and excellent hounds. A blackish green i 
m.arble (probably basalt,) was obtained at Tasna- ' 

rus. Cic. Alt. 4, \\).—Strab. 8 Plol. 3, 16.— ' 

Mela, 2, 3. I 

Lacrates, a Theban, general of a detach- ■ 
ment sent by Artaxerxes to the assistance of the 1. 
Egyptians, &c. Diod. 16. ' 

Lacrines, a Lacedaemonian, ambassador to i 
Cyrus. Herod. 1. 152. ! 

LACTANTIUS, Lucius CCELIUS (or CfflCILI- I 
us), an eloquent father of the church, was, ac- [ 
cording to some, an African; while others, with I 
more probability, say that he was a native of Fir- 
mum, in Italy. He studied rhetoric at Sicca, a I 
city of Africa, under Arnobius; after which, he 
became tutor to Crispus, the son of Constantine, j 
He formed his style upon the model of Cicero, 
and wrote several works, the principal of which ,^ 
are Inslitutiones Dii ince, in seven books, and a 
treatise De Persecuticiie. The best edition of ' 
Lactantius is that t-f the Abbe Langlet, 2 vols. J 

4to, Paris, 1/46. Placidus, a grammarian, who 

flourished about 550 A. D. He was the author [' 
of Argumenta Metamorphoeeon Ovidii, in prose. j - 

LaCiDES, a Greek philosopher, and native of i; 
Cyrene, was a disciple of Arcesilaus, whom he ' 
succeeded in the academic chair. He was brought 
up in very humble circumstances, but acquired 
great reputfltion by intense application to liis 
studies, and a graceful elocution. He w as highly 



LAC 



3S3 



LMT 



esteemed by kin^ Attalus, who gave him a gar- 
den where he might devote himself to study, and 
to the instruction of others: this was afterwards 
known by the name of the Lacydean garden. 
Attalus wished Lacydes to come and reside at 
his court, to which he respectfully replied, that 
the portraits of king-s should be viewed at a dis- 
tance. He taught his disciples never to be hasty 
in their judgments, and never to speak positively. 
Having taught philosophy twenty-six years, he 
resigned the employment to his scholars Tele- 
cles and Evander, in the second year of the 141st 
Olympiad. In old age he disgraced himself by 
giving a favourite goose a most magnificent fune- 
ral, and he fell a victim to excessive drinking. 

Dtog. Laert. 4, 59, 8LC.—Mlian. V. H. 2, 41 

At/ien. 10, 50. 

Lacvdus, an effeminate king of Argos. 

Lada, a small island lying at a moderate dis- 
tance from Miletus, and opposite that town. It 
is now joined to the main land. Herod. 6, 7'— 
Strab. 17. 

Ladas, a celebrated courier of Alexinder, 
born at Sicyon. He obtained a crown at Olym- 
pia, and was honoured with a brazen statue, 
which represented him in the attitude of a wrest- 
ler full of confidence and eager for victory. It 
was the work of Myron, and was still seen and 
admired on the br.nks of the Eurotas in the age 
of Pausanias. CatulL 55.— Pans. 2, 19. 3, 21. 8, 
U.— Martial. JO, ep. 10.— Juv. 13, 97. 

Lades, a son of Imbrasus, killed by Turnus. 
Firg. Mn. 12, 343. 

Ladon, a small stream of Elis, flowing into 
the Peneus. It is now the Derviche or Tcheliber. 

Paus. 6, 22. A river of Arcadia, rising near 

the village of Lycuria, between Pheneus and 
Glitor. It was accounted the most beautiful 
stream in Greece. It is called Kephalo-Brusi, a 
general name in Romaic for any abundant source 
of water. Paus. 8, 20. — Dionys. Perieg. 417.— 

Ovid. Met. 1, 702. Fast. 5, 89. An Arcadian 

who followed .lEneas into Italy, where he was 

killed by Halesus. Virg. Mn. 10, 413. One of 

Actason's dogs. Ovid. Met. 3, 216. 

LiMCA, M. Porcius, one of Catiline'.^ accom- 
plices in his conspiracy. He is called Lecca by 
Cicero. Cat. 1, 4 — Sail. Cat. 

luML ATS. Fid. Lelaps. 

LiELlANUS, a general, proclaimed emperor in 
Gaul by his soldiers, A. D. 26S, after the death 
of Gallienus. His triumph was short; he was 
conquered and put to death after a few months' 
reign by another general called Posthumus, who 
aspired to the imperial purple as well as himself. 

L.«:lius, C. a Roman consul, A. U. C. 614, 
surnamed Sapiens, so intimate with Africanus the 
younger, that Cicero represents him in his trea- 
tise De Amicitia, as explaining the real nature of 
friendship, with its attendant pleasures. These 
two illustrious characters, it is said, often re- 
moved themselves from the turbulence and in- 
trigues of Rome, to enjoy the sweets of retire- 
ment, and frequently amused themselves in pick- 
ing up shells and pebbles on the sea-shore. The 
virtues of Laslius, however, were not always 
buried in seclusion. Like the bravest of his con^ 
temporaries, he shone in war, and distinguished 
himself in his expedition in Spain against Viria- 
thus. It is said that he assisted Terence in the 
composition of his comedies. His modesty, hu- 
manity, and the manner in which he patronised 
letters, are as celebrated as his greatness of mind 
and inie^iity in the eharaeter of a statesman. 



Cic. de Oral. Off. 2, 11. 3. ^. — Horat.Sd. 2, 1, 
72. His father commanded the Roman fleet in 
the second Punic war, and was rewarded for liis 
valour with a golden crown and thirty oxen. Liv. 

26, 42. 27, 7. 29, 1, &c. Another consul who 

accompanied Scipio Africanus the elder in his 
campaigns in Spain and Africa. 

L-^NA and LE.ENA, the mistress of Harmo- 
dius and Aristogiton. Being tortured because 
she refused to discover the conspirators, she bit 
off her tongue, totally to frustrate the violent 

eff'orts of her executioners. A man who was 

acquainted with the conspiracy formed against 
Caesar. 

L^NAS, a surname of the Popilii, which they 
received from Marcus Popilius, who rushed from 
the altar where he was offering a sacrifice, in his 
sacerdotal robe (Laena), to appease a sedition. 
Cic. Br. 14. 

L^FA, a town of Spain. Mela, 3, 1. 

Laertes, a king of Ithaca, son of Arcesius 
and Chalcomedusa, who married Anticlea, the 
daughter of Autolycus. Anticlea was pregnant 
by Sisyphus when she married Laertes, and 
eight months after her union with the king of 
Ithaca, she brought forth a son called Ulysses. 
{Fid. Anticlea.) Ulysses was treated with pater- 
nal care by Laertes, though not really his son, 
and Laertes ceded to him his crown and retired 
into the country, where he spent his time in gar- 
dening. He was found in this mean employment 
by his son at his return from the Trojan war, after 
twenty years' absence, and Ulysses, at the sight 
of his father, whose dress and old age declared 
his sorrow, long hesitated whether he should 
suddenly introduce himself as his son, or whe- 
ther he should, as a stranger, gradually awaken 
the paternal feelingsof Laerte.s, who had believed 
that his son was no more. This last measure 
was preferred, and when Laertes had burst inio 
tears at the mention which was made of his son, 
Ulysses threw himself on his neck, exclaiming, 
" O father, I am he for whom you weep.'^ This 
welcome declaration was followed by a recital of 
all the hardships which Ulysses had suffered, and 
immediately after, the father and son repaired to 
the palace of Penelope the wife of Ulysses, whence 
all the suitors who daily importuned-the princess, 
were forcibly removed. Laertes was one of the 
Argonauts, according to Apollodorus, 1, 9.- Ho- 
mer. Od. 11 et24.— Owd. Met. 13, 32. Heroid. 1, 
98. A town and harbour of Cilicia, on the con- 
fines of Pamphylia, and west of Selinus. It was 
the birth place of Diogenes Laertius. Strab. 14. 

Laertius, Diogenes, a writer born at La- 
ertes. Fid. Diogenes. 

LiESTRYGONES, the most ancient inhabitants 
of Sicily. Some suppose them to be the same as 
the people of Leontium, and to have been neigh- 
bours to the Cyclops. They fed on human flesh, 
and when Ulysses came on their coasts, they sunk 
his ships and devoured his companions, (^Fid. 
Antiphates.) They were of a gigantic stature, 
according to Homer, who, however, does not 
mention their country, but only speaks of Lamus 
as their captain. A colony of them, as some sup- 
pose, passed over into Italy, with Lamus, at their 
head, where they built the town of Formias, 
whence the epithet of Lcestrygonia is often used 
for that of Formiana. Plin. 3, 5.— Ovid. Met. 14, 
2.33, &c. Fast. 4. ex Pont. 4 ep. lO.—Tgetz. in Ly 
cophr. 662 et 818. -~ Homer. Od. 10, 81. -&7. 7, 
276. 

LiETA, the wife of the emperor Giatian, c<^le 
2 K 



L.ET .^C 
bratcd for her humanity and generous senti- 

I.j^torTa Lex, o dered that the plebeian 
mHgistrates should be created at the Comuia 

Tributa: passed A.U.C. 292. Another, A.U.C. 

4i;0, against the defrauding of minors. By this 
law the j ears of minority were limited to twenty- 
five, and no one below that age could make a 
legal bargain. 

L^VINUS, P. Valerius, a Roman consul sent 
against Pyrrhus, A. V. C. 471. He informed the 
monarch !hat the Romans would not accept him 
as an arbitrator in the war with Tarentum, and 
ft^arpd him not as an enemy. He was defeated 

by Pyrrhus. Marcus, a Roman general in the 

Sf cond Punic war. He behaved with great valour, 
a::d drove the Carthaginians from Sicily. Liv. 

5i3, 24 et 30. 24, 40. &e.— C/c. Verr. 3, 54. P. 

Val., a man despised at Rome for his vices. He- 
rat. Sat. 1, 6, 12. 

Lagia, a name of the island Delos. Fid. De- 
los. 

LagTdes. Fid. Lagus. 

Lagus, a Macedonian of mean extraction. He 
received in marriage Arsinoe the dauahter of 
Meleager, who was then pregnant by king Philip, 
and being \\illing to hide the disgrace of his wife, 
he exposed the child in the woods. An eagle 
preserved the life of the infant, fed him with her 
prey, and sheltered him with her wings against 
the inclemency of the air. This uncommon pre- 
servation was divulged by Lagus, who adopted 
the child as his own, and called him Ptolemy, 
conjecturing that as his life had been so miracu- 
lously preserved, his days would be spent in 
grandeur and affluence. This Ptolemy became 
king of Egypt after the dearh of Alexander. Ac- 
cording to other accounts Arsinoe was nearly re- 
lated to Philip king of Macedonia, and her mar- 
riage with Lagus was not considered as dishon- 
CTU-able, because he was opulent and powerful. 
The first of the Ptolemies is called Lagus, to dis- 
tinguish him from his successors of the same 
, name. Ptolemy, the first of the Macedrnian 
kings of Egypt,'wished it to be believed that he 
was the legitimate son of Lagus, and he preferred 
the name of Lagides to all other appellations. It 
is even said, that he established a military order 
in Alexandria, which was called Lageion. The 
surname of Lagides was transmitted to all his 
descendants on the Egyptian throne till the reign 
of Cleopatra. Antony's mistress. Plutarch men- 
tions an anecdote which serves to show how far 
the legitimacy of Ptolemy was believed in his 
age. A pedantic grammarian, says the historian, 
( nee displaying his great know ledge of antiquity 
in the presence of Ptolemy, the king suddenly 
mterrupted him with the question of. Pi-ay tell 
me sir, who teas the father o f Peleus f Tell me, 
replied the grammarian, without hesitation, tell 
me, if you can, O king .' who the father of Lagus 
WIS? This reflection on the rneanness of the 
monarch s birth did not in the least irritate his 
resentment, though the courtiers all glowed with 
indignation. Ptolemy praised the humour of the 
grammarian, and showed his moderation and the 
mildness of his temper, by taking him under his 
patronage. Paus. Aft —Plut. de ira cohib — Lu- 

cf!n. 1, 6'i4. A Rutulian. killed by Pallas son 

of Evander. Firg. .^n. 10. 3S1. 

Lagusa, an island in the Sinus Glaucus, near 
the northern coast of Lycia, now Panagia di 
Cordv'Uxsn, or, according to some, Christiana. 
Or I.aru-s.x. an island, or more properly, a 



cluster of islands, on the coast of Troas, to the 
north of Tenedos, now Taochun Adasi. Puji. b, 
31. 

Laiades, a patronymic of CEdipus son of Lai- 
us. Ovid. Met. \i,Jab. IS. 

Lais, a celebrated courtezan, daughter of Ti- ; 
mandra the mistress of Alcibiades, bom at H3C- | 
cara in Sicily. She was carried away from ht-r ' 
nadve country into Greece, when Nicias the 1 
Athenian general invaded Sicily. She first be- | 
gan to sell her favours at Corinth, and the im- i 
mense number of princes, noblemen, phdoso- i 
phers, orators, and plebeians, who courted her 
embraces, show how much commendation is ow ed 
to her personal charms. The expenses which 
attended her pleasures, gave rise to the proveib 
of Non cuivis homini contmgit adire Corintuuin. 
Even Demosthenes hin;seU' visited Corinth for 
the sake of Lais, but when he was informed by 
the courtezan, that admittance to her bed was to 
be bought at the enormous sum of 10,(jOiJ drach - 
mas, or about SOOr English money, the orator de- 
parted, and observed, that he would not buy re- 
pentance at so dear a price. The charms w hich 
had attracted Dem-osihenes to Corinth, had no 
influence upon Xenocrates. %yhen Lais saw the 
philosopher unmoved by her beauty, she visited 
his house herself; but there she had no reason to 
boast of the licentiousness or easy .-ubmission of 
Xenocrates. Diogenes the cynic was one of her 
warmest admirers, and though filthy in his dress 
and manners, yet he gained her heart and en- 
joj-ed her most unboimded favours. The sculp- 
tor Mycon also solicited the favours of Lais, but 
he met with coldness; he, however, attributed 
the cause of his ill reception to the whiteness of 
his hair, and dyed it of a brown colour, but to no 
purpose: Fool that thou art, said the courtezan, 
to ask what I refused yesterday to thy father. Lais 
ridiculed the austerityof philosophers, and laughed 
at the weakness of those who pretend to have 
gained a superiority over their passions, by ob- 
serving that the sages and philosophers of the age 
were not above the rest of mankind, for she found 
them at her door as often as the rest of the Athe- 
nians. The success w hich her debaucheries met 
at Corinth, encouraged Lais to pass into Thes- 
saly, and more particularly to enjoy the company 
of a favourite youth called Hippostratus. She 
was, however, "disappointed: the women of the 
place, jealous of her charms, and apprehensive of 
her corrupting the fidelity of their husbands, as- 
sassinated her in the temple of Venus, about 340 
years before the Christian era. Some suppose 
that there were tw o persons of this name, a mother 
and her daughter. Cic. ad Fam. 9, 26. — Ovid, 
Amor. 1, 5.— Plut. in Alcib.—Paus. 2, 2. 

Laius, a son of Labdacus, who succeeded to 
the throne of Thebes, which his grandfather Nyc- 
teus had left to the care of his brother Lycus, till 
his grandson came of age. He w as driven from 
his kingdom by Amphion and Zefhus, who were 
incensed against Lycus for the indignities which 
Antiope had suftered. He wks afterwards re- 
stored, and married Jc-casta tl:e daughter of Cre- 
nn. An oracle informed him that he should per- 
ish by the hand of his son, and in consequence of 
this dreadful intelligence he resolved never to 
approach his wife. A day spent in debauch and 
intoxication made him violate his vow, and Jo- 
casta brought forth a son. The child as soon as 
born was given to a servant, w ith ordrrs to put 
him to death. The servant was moved with com- 
passion, and < nl\ exposed him on mount Cithic- 



S87 



LAM 



von, where his life was preserved by a shepherd. 
Tne child, called CEdipus, was educated in the 
court of Poljbus, and an unfortunate meeting 
with his father in a narrow road proved his ruin. 
0':dipus ordered his father to make way for him 
without knowing who he was; Laius refused, and 
was instantly murdered by his irritated son. His 
armour-bearer or charioteer shared his fate. 
{Vid. (Edipus.) Sophocl. in (Edip —Hygin.fab.- 
9et66. — dpollod. 3, 5.— Pans, y, 5 eizd.- Hul. 
de Curios, 

LAL/Age, one of Horace's favourite mistresses. 
Horat. 1. od. 'iZ, Hic— Proper t. 4, 7. 

LamachUS, a oon of Xenophanes, sent into 
S.cily with Nicias. He was killed B. C. 414, be- 
fore Syracuse, where he had displayed much 

courage and intrepidity. Plut. in Alcib. A 

governor of Heraclea in Pontus, who betrayed 
his trust to Mithridates, aUer he had invited all 
the iiihabitants to a sumptuous feast. 

LAMBRUS, or Lamber, a river of Cisalpine 
Gaul, issuing from theEupilis Lacus, and falling 
into the Olona one of the tributaries of the Po. 
It is now the Lambro. 

Lamia, a town of Thessaly situate inland from 
the head waters of the Sinus Maliacus. and about 
thirty stadia from the Sperchius. It is celebrated 
in history as the principal scene of the war waged 
by the Athenians and other Greeks, at the insti- 
gation of their orators, against the Macedonians, 
under Antipater. {Fid. Lamiacum Bellum.) 
According to Dr Holland there is very little doubt 
that the site ot Ze2toitn corresponds w ith that of the 

ancient Lamia. Slrab. 9. >Elius, a Roman of 

distinguished family, claiming descent Irom La- 
mus, the most ancient monarch of the Laestry- 
gones. He signalized himself in the war with 
the Cantabri as one of the lieutenants of Augus- 
tus. Horat. Od. 3, 17 A famous courtezan, 

daughter of Cleanora, mistress to Demetrius Po- 
liorcetes, at whose court she became particularly 
known by her extravagance, her intrigues, and 
her ascendency over her lover's affections. She 
also distinguished herself as a player on the flute, 
and the admiration she gained was paid no less 
to her personal charms, than to her wit, to the 
accomplishments of her mind, and her superior 
skill in music and poetry. Plut. in Demetr.— 
Athen. 13.- ^Hnn. V. H. 13, 9. 

Lamiacum Bellum happened after the death 
of Alexander, when the Greeks, and particularly 
the Athenians, incited by their orators, resolved 
to free Greece from the garrisons of the Macedo- 
nians. Leosthenes was appointed commander of 
a numerous force, and marched against Antipa- 
ter, who then presided over Macedonia. Anti- 
pater entered Thessaly at the head of 13,000 foot 
and 600 horse, and was beaten by the superior 
force of the Athenians and of their Greek confe- 
derates. Antipater after this blow fled to Lamia, 
B. C 323, where he resolved, with all the courage 
and sagacity of a careful general, to maintain a 
siege with about the 8 or SjOOO men that had 
escaped from the field of battle- Leosthenes, 
unable to take the city by storm, began to make 
a regular siege. His operations were delayed by 
the frequent sallies of Antipater; and Leosthenes 
being killed by the blow of a stone, Antipater 
made his escape out of Lamia, and soon after, 
with the assistance of the army of Craterus brought 
from Asia, he gave the Athenians battle near 
Cranon, and though only 500 of their men v\ere 
slain, yet they became so dispirited, that they 
sued for peace from th^ conqueror. Antipater 



at last with difBculty consented, provided they 
raised taxes in the usual manner, received a iSaa^ 
cedonian garrison, defrayed the expenses of the 
war, and lastly, delivered into his hands Demos- 
thenes and Hyperides, the two orators, whose 
prevailing eloquence had excited their country- 
men against him. These disadvantageous terms 
were accepted by the Athenians, yet Demosthenes 
had time to escape and poison himself. Hyperi- 
des was carried before Antipater, who ordered 
his tongue to be cut off, and afterwards put him 
to deatli. Plut. in Demost. — Diod. 11. — Justin. 
11, &c. 

LamJ.*;, small islands in the .^gean, opposite 

Troas. Piin. 3, 31. A celebrated family at 

Rome, said to be descended from Lamus, the 

king of the Laestrygones. Certain monsters of 

Africa, who had the face and breast of a won an, 
and the rest of their body like that of a serpent. 
They allured strangers to come to them, that 
they might devour them, and though they weu? 
not endowed with the faculty of speech, yet their 
hissings were pleasing and agreeable. Some be- 
lieved them to be witches, or rather evil spirits, 
who, under the form of a beautiful woman, en- 
ticed young children and devoured them. Ac- 
cording to some, the fable of the Lamiae is de- 
rived from the amours of Jupiter with a certain 
beautiful woman called Lamia, whom the jea- 
lousy of Juno rendered deformed, and whose 
children she destroyed; upon which Lamia be- 
came insane, and so desperate, that she eat up all 
the children that came in her way. Thev are 
also called Lemures. (Fid. Lemures.) Philostr. 
in Ap.— Horat, Art. Poet. 340. — Plut. de Curios. 

LAMPEDO, a woman of Lacedaemon, who was 
daughter, wife, sister, and mother of a king. She 
lived in the age of Alcibiades. Agrippina, the 
mother of Claudius.could boast the same honours. 
Tacit. Ann. 12, 22 et 37. 

Lampetta, a daughter of Apollo and Ne,-pra. 
She with her sister Phaetusa guarded her father s 
fl icksin Sicily when Ulysses arrived on the coasts 
of that island These flocks were fourteen in 
number, seven herds of oxen, and seven flocks of 
sheep, consisting each of fifty. They fed by night 
as well as by day, and it was deemed unlawful 
and even sacrilegious to touch them. The com- 
panions of Ulysses, impelled by hunger, paid no 
regard to their sanctity, or to the threats aiul in- 
treaties of their chief; but they carried away and 
killed some of the o^en. The watchful keeprrs 
complained to their father, and Jupiter, at (he 
request of Apollo, punished tl)e offence of the 
Greeks. The hides of the oxen appeared to walk, 
and the flesh which was roasting by the fire began 
to bellow, and nothing was heard but dreadful 
noises and loud lowings. The companions of 
Ulysses embarked on board their ships, but here 
the resentment of Jupiter followed them. A 
storm arose, and they all perished except Ulys- 
ses, who saved himself on the broken piece of a 

mast. Homer. Od. 12 M9.—Propert. 3, 12 

According to Ovid (Met. 2. 3^9), Lampetia is 
one of the Heliades, who was changed into a 
poplar tree at the death of her t.-rother Phaeton. 

I-AMPETO and LAMPEDO, a queen of the 
Amazons, who boasted herself to be the daughter 
of Mars. She gained many conquests in Asia, 
where she four ded several cities. She was sur- 
prised afterwaids by a band of barbarians, and 
destroyed with her female attendants. Justin. 
2,4. 

Lampon, Lampos, or Lampus, one of the 
2 M 2 



388 



LAO 



horses of Diomedes. Of Hector. Of Auro- 
ra. Homer. II. 8, 185. Od. 23, 246. A horse 

mentioned by Italicus as swifter than the wind. 

Ital. 16, 367. A son of Laomedon father of 

Dolops. Homer. II. 5, b'ib. A soothsayer of 

Athens in the age of Socrates. Plut. in Pericl. 

LamponIus, an Athenian general, sent by his 
countrymen to attempt the conquest of Sicily. 
Judin. 4, 3. 

Lampridius jElius, a Latin historian, who 
lived in the fourth century, under Diocletian and 
Constantine the Great. He is supposed to have 
been the author of the lives of Commodus, An- 
toninus, Diadumenus, Heliogabalus, and Alex- 
ander Severus. The style and arrangement of 
Lampndius will not allow him a place among 
historians of a superior class, yet he is valuable 
for his facts. His lives make a part of the His- 
toricB Augustce Scn'ptores, 2 vols. 8vo, 1671. 

Lampsacus. now Lamsaki, a city of Mysia in 
Asia Minor, situate on the Hellespont, where it 
begins to open into the Propontis, and north-east 
of Abydos. The early name of the spot where 
Lampsacus stood, was Pityusa, from the number 
of pine-trees which grew there. A Phociean co- 
lony is said to have founded this city, and given 
it its name, being directed by the oracle to settle 
wherever they saw lightning first. This took, 
place in the district Pityusa, and hence the name 
of the city from Xa^7ra<, luceo. Strabo calls 
Lampsacus a Milesian colony: very probably it 
was only enlarged by a colony from Miletus. 
Another account, however, makes the city to 
have existed prior to the arrival of the Phocajans, 
and merely the name to have been changed by 
them. They aided, it seems, Mandro, king of 
the Bebryces, against the neighbouring barbari- 
ans, and were persuaded by him to occupy a part 
of his territory. Their successes in war, how- 
ever, and the spoils they had obtained, excited 
the envy of the Bebrycians, and the Phocaeans 
would have been secretly destroyed, had not 
Lampsace, the king's daughter, apprized them 
of the plot. Out of gratitude to her, they called 
the city Lampsacus, having destroyed the former 
inhabitants. The neighbouring country was 
termed Abarnis or Abarnus, because Venus, who 
here was delivered of Priapus, was so disgusted 
with his appearance, that she disowned (ottw- 
vtiTo) him for her offspring. Priapus was the 
chief deity of the place. His temple there was 
the asylum of lewdness and debauchery; and 
hence the epithet Lampsacius is used to express 
immodesty and wantonness. Alexander resolved 
to destroy the city on account of the vices of its 
inhabitants, or more probably for its firm adhe- 
rence to the interest of Persia. It was, however, 
saved from ruin by the artifice of Anaximenes. 
{Fid. Anaximenes.) Mela, 1, 19. — Strab. 14. — 
PolycBTi. 8, 37. 

Lamftera, a town of Phocaea in Ionia. Liv, 
S7, 31. 

LampterTa, a festival at Pellene, in Achaia, 
in honour of Bacchus, who was surnamed Lamp- 
ter, from Xo/xTretv, to shine, because, during this 
solemnity, which was observed in the night, the 
worshippers went to the temple of Bacchus, with 
lighted torches in their hands. It was also cus- 
tomary to place vessels full of wine in several 
parts of every street in the city. Pans. 4, 21. 

Lamus, a king of the Ltestrygones, who is 
supposed by some to have founded Formiae in 
Italy. The family of the Lamiae at Rome, was, 
according to the opinion of some, descended from 



him. Herat. Od. 3, 17. A son of Hercuks ' 

and Omphale, who succeeded his mother on the 1 
throne of Lydia, but afterwards was banishtd f 

and retired to Caria. Ovid. Heroid. 9, 54. A ,' 

Latin chief killed by Nisus. Virg. /En. 9, 331. 

A river in the western part ot Cilicia Cam- i' 

pestris, now the Lamas. It gave to the adjacent t 
district the name of Lamotis. |; 

Lamyrus, buffoon, a surname of one of the I 

Ptolemies. One of the auxiliaries of Turnus, I 

killed by Nisus. Virg. JEn. 9, 334. j' 

Lanassa, a daughter of Cleodaeus, who mar- jj 
ried Pyrrhus, the son of Achilles, by whom she 
had eight children. Justin. Vi,^. 

Lancia, the name of two towns in Lusitania, i 
distinguished by the appellations of Oppidana 
and Transcudana. The first was on the frontiers 
of the Lusitani, near the sources of the river |^ 
Munda, or Mondego. It is now Guarda. The r 
latter lay to the east of the former, and is now 
Ciiidad Rodrigo. It was called Transcudana, r 
because it lay beyond the Cuda. I" 

Langobardi,' a people of Germany, seated 1^ 
on the Albis, or Elbe, and the Viadrus, or Orfer, ' 
in part of what is now called Brandenburg. They ' 
were famed for their bravery, though few in ' 
number. They are said to have migrated from " 
Scandinavia, where their original name was Vi- 
nili, which they exchanged for one denoting j^ 
their long beards. Tacit. Ann. 2, 45. G. 40. 

Lanuvium, a town of Latium, about sixteen f' 
miles from Rome on the Appian way. Juno had 
there a celebrated temple which was frequented j' 
by the inhabitants of Italy, and particularly by 
the Romans, whose consuls on first entering I;' 
upon office offered sacrifices to the goddess. The j 
statue oi ihe goddess was covered with a goat's j' 
skin, and armed with a buckler and spear, and I 
wore shoes which were turned upwards in the 
form of a cone. Cic. pro Mur. de Nat. D. 1, 29. 
pro Milon. 10.— Liu. 8, U.~Ital. 13, 364. 

Laobotas, or Labotas, a Spartan king, of !, 
the family of the Agidse, who succeeded his father : 
Echestratus, B. C. 1023. During his reign, war [; 
was declared against Argos, by Sparta, He sat |" 
on the throne for thirty-seven years, and was • 
succeeded by Doryssus, his son. Pans. 3, 2. . 

LAOCOON, a son of Priam and Hecuba; or, 
according to others, of Antenor, or of Capys. As 
being priest of Apollo, he was commissioned by I', 
the Trojans to offer a bullock to Neptune to 
render him propitious. During the sacrifice two 1^; 
enormous serpents issued from the sea, and \[ 
attacked Laocoon's two sons who stood next to j: 
the altar. The father immediately attempted to L 
defend his sons, but the serpents falling upon him |; 
squeezed him in their complicated wreaths, so 
that he died in the greatest agonies. This pun- 
ishment was inflicted upon him for his temerity \. 
in dissuading the Trojans to bring into the city ^ 
the fatal wooden horse which the Greeks had (, 
consecrated to Minerva, as also for his impiety 
in hurling a javelin against the sides of the horse I* 
as it entered within the walls. Hyginus attri- j.. 
butes this to his marriage against the consent of ; 
Apollo, or according to others, for his polluting 
the temple, by his commerce w ith his wife Anti- 
ope before the statue of the god. The sons of ! 
Laocoon are called Antiphas and Thymbraaus by \. 
Hyginus, and by Thessander, quoted by Servius, I 
iEthron and Melanthus. This dreadful fate of the 
priest of Apollo described in so masterly a style i_ 
by Virgil and by Petroniu?, is still mv\e familiar 
to the moderns, by a celibrated marble statue, 



LAO 

r.ie •Mjtk of Polydorus, Athenodorus, and Ajjes- 
in<ier, which has survived the rawiges of time 
and barbarism. This famous monument, found 
in the baths of Titus during; the pontificate of 
Julius II., and preserved in the Vatican, repre- 
sents Laocoon at the very moment when the two 
serpents writhe themselves around him, and de- 
stroy tlic powers of life by their mortal venom. 
The art of the sculptors has here excelled, and 
the features of the lather express the agonizing 
feelings of parental anxiety as if it were animated 
nature.— FiV"-. ^n- 2, 41 et 2Q\.— Hygin. fab. 
nb.-Flin. 36, 5. Servius in ^n. 2, 5:01 et 211. 
— Tzetses in Lycoph. 3 47, 

Laodamas, a son of Alcinous, kinop of tlie 
Pha;:icia!is, who offered to wrestle with Ulysses, 
while at his father's court, Ulysses, mindful of 
the iiospitality of Alcinous, refused the challenge 
of I.aodamas. Horner^ Od. 7, 170. 

Laodamia, a daughter of Acastus and Asty- 
damia, who married Protesilaus, the son of Iphi- 
cius king of a part of Thessah . The departure 
of her husband for the Trojan war was the 
source of grief to her, but when she heard that 
he had fallen by the hand of Hector, her sorrow 
was increased. To keep alive the memory of 
her husband whom she had tenderly loved, she 
ordered a wooden statue to be made and regularly 
placed in her bed. 1 his was seen by one of her 
servants, who informed Iphiclus that his daugh- 
ter's bed was daily defiled by an unknown stran- 
ger. Iphiclus watched his daughter, and when 
he found that the intelligence was false, he 
ordered the wooden image to be burned, in hopes 
of dissipating his daughter's grief. He did not 
succeed. Laodamia threw herself into the flames 
with tl..'» image and perished. This circumstance 
has given occasion to fabulous traditions related 
by the poets, which mention that Protesilaus was 
restored to life, and to Laodamia, for three 
hours, and that when he was obliged to return to 
the infernal regions, he persuaded his wife to 
accompany him. Virg. Mn. 6 447. — Ovid. Her. 

13. Bygin. fab. 101. Fropert. 1, 19. A 

daughter of Bellerophon by Achemone the 
daughter of king lobafes. She had a son by 
Jupiter, called Sarpedon. She dedicated herself 
to the service of Diana, and hunted with her; 
Vmt her haughtiness proved fatal to her, and she 
perished by the arrows of the goddess. Homer. 

II. 6, 197. 12. 305. 16. 419. A daughter of 

Alexander, king of Epirus, by Olympia the 
daughter of Pyrrhus, She was assassinated in 
the temple of Diana, where she had fled for 
safety during a sedition. Her murderer, called 
Milo, soon after turned his dagger against his 
own breast and killed himself. Justin. 28, 3. 

LaodIck, a daughter of Priam and Hecuba, 
who became enamoured of Acamas, son of The- 
seus, when he came with Diomedes from the 
Greeks to Troy with an embassy to demand the 
restoration of Helen. She obtained an interview 
and the gratification of her desires at the hous« of 
Philebia, the wife of a governor of a small town 
of Troas which the Greek ambassador had visit- 
ed. She had a son by Acamas, whom she called 
Munitus. She afterwards married Helicaon, son 
of Antenor. and Telephus, king of Mysi,i. Some 
call her Astyoche. According to the Greek 
scholiast of Lycophron, Laodice threw herself 
down from the top of a tower and was killed 
when Troy was sacked by the Greeks, and Irom 
iliis circumstance she is nowhere mentioned 
auioiig the captives, tho»)j;h, according to Pau- 



sanias, the famous painting of the fall of Trry by 
Poljgnotus, represented her near an altar, at 
some distance from the captive princesses of 
Troy. Dictys Cret. I —Paus. 13, i6.~ Hoiier. 

II 3 et 6. One of the Oceanides. A 

daughter of Cinyra«, by whom Elatus had some 

children. Apollod. 3, 14. A daughter of 

Agamemnon, called also Electra. Homer. 11. 9, 

145. A sister of Mithridates who married 

Ariarathes king of Cappadocia, and afterwaids 
her own brother Mithridates, During the secret 
absence of Mithridates she prostituted herself to 
her servants, in hopes that her husband was 
dead; but when she saw her expectations frus- 
trated, she attempted to poison Mithridates, for 

which she was put to death. A queen of Cap- 

padocia, put to death by her suVijects for poison- 
ing five of her children.- A sister and wife of 

Antiochu< IL She put to death Berenice, 
whom her husband had married. {Vid. Antio- 
chus II.) She v, as murdered bv order of 

Ptolemy Evergetes, B C. 2-16. Adaoghter of 

Demetrius, shamefully put to death by Arrmon- 
ius the tyrannical minister of the vicious Alex- 
ander Bala, king of Syria. A daughter of 

Seleucus. The mother of Seleucus. Nine 

months before she brought forth she dreamt that 
Apollo had introduced himself into her bed, and 
had presented her with a precious stone, on 
which was engraved the fijiure of an anchor, com- 
manding her to deliver it to her son as soon as 
born. This dream appeared the more wonderful, 
when in the morning she discovered in her bed a 
ring answering the same description. Not only 
the son that she brought forth, called Seleucus, 
but also all his successors of the house of the 
Seleucidas, had the mark of an anchor upon their 
thigh. Justin. 

I>AODiCEA. a city of Phrygia, in the south- 
we:5tern ar gle of the country. It was situate on 
the river Lycus, (hence surnamed Ad Lycum.) 
and stood on the borders of Phrygia, I-ydia, and 
Caria. It was formerly cal cd Diospolis pnd 
Rhous, but was named Laodicea bv Antiochns, 
son of Stratonice, after his wife l aodice. Thfivgh 
constantly suffering from destructive earth- 
quakes, it became much celebrated for its exten- 
sive commerce, and for the fine soft wool of its 
sheep. Its memory is consecrated in Scripture, 
being one of the seven churches mentioned in the 
Revelation of St John. Its ruins occupy the site 

termed Eskihissar. Strab. 'i2.~Plin. b, 29. 

Scabiosa, a city of Syria, south- west of Emesa 
and of the Orontes, It is sometimes, though er- 
roneously, styled Cabiosa. The surname Sca- 
biosa must have reference to the leprosy, or some 
cutaneous complaint very prevalent here in the 
time of the Roman power. Its previous name 
under the Greeks was Laodicea ad Libanum. 

Strab. 16.— Plin. 5, 23. A maritime city of 

Syria, on an eminence near the coast, called, for 
distinction's sake, Laodicea ad Mare. It was 
built by Seleucus Nicator, who named it after 
bis mother. Its modern name is Ladkeyah. 

Strab. '[Q.—Plin. 21, 5. Combusta, a city of 

Lycaonia, north-west of Iconium. It is said to 
have received its epithet from the volcanic nature 
of the district in which it was situated. It is n( w 

lorgan Lndik. Strab. 12. A city of Media, on 

the confines of Persia. Plin. 6, 26 A city of 

Mesopotamia, near Seleucia. Plin. 4, 2C. 

Laodicsne, a province of Syria, which re- 
ceives its name from Laodicea, its capital. 

Laodochls, a son of Antenor, whose form 
2 K 3 



J. AO 



330 



LAP 



Minerva borrowed to auvise Paadarus to break 
the treaty which subsisted between the Greeks 

and Troj&ni. Homer. II. 4, 87. An attendant 

of Antilochus. Homer, II. 17, 699. A son of 

Priam. Apollod. 3, 12. A son of Apollo and 

Pythia. Id. 1, 7. 

Laogonus, a son of Bias brother to Dardanus, 
killed by Achilles at the siege of Troy. Homer. 

II. 20, 461. A priest of Jupiter, killed by 

Merion in the Trojan war. Homer. II. 16, 604. 

LaoGuRAS, a king of the Dryopes, who accus- 
tomed his subjects to become robbers. He 
plundered the temple of Apollo at Delphi, and 
was killed by Hercules. Apollod. 2, 7. — Died. 4. 

Laogore, a daughter of Cinyras a«d Methar- 
me, daughter of Pvgmalion. She died in Egypt. 
Apollod. 3. 14. 

Laomeoon, son of Ilus king of Troy, married 
Srrymi), called by some Placia, or Leucippe, by 
whom he had Podarces, afterwards known by the 
name of Priam, and Hesione. He built the walls 
of Troy, and was assisted by Apollo and Nep- 
tune, w hom Jupiter had banished from heaven, 
and condemned to be subservient to the will of 
Laomedon for one year. When the wails were 
finished, Laomedon refused to rew ard the labours 
of the gods, and soon after his territories' were 
laid waste by the god of the sea, and his subjects 
were visited by a pestilence sent by Apollo. 
Sacrifices were offered to the offended divinities, 
but the calamities of the Trojans increased; and 
nothing could appease the gods, according to the 
w ords of the oracle, but annually to expose to a 
sea monster a Trojan virgin. Whenever the 
monster appeared the marriageable maidens 
were assembled, and the lot decided which of 
them was doomed to death for the good of her 
country. When this calamity had continued for 
five or six years, the lot fell upon Hesione, Lao- 
medon's daughter. The king was unw illing to 
part with a daughter whom he loved with un- 
common tenderness, but his refusal would i rri tate 
more strongly the wrath of the gods. In the midst 
of his fears and hesitation, Hercules came and 
offered to deliver the Trojans from this public 
calamity, if Laomedon promised to reward him 
w ith a number of fine horses. The king consent- 
ed, but- when the monster was destroyed, he re- 
fused to fulfil his engagements, and Hercules 
was obliged to besiege Troy and take it by force 
of arm?. Laomedon was put to death after a 
reigti of twenty-nine years, his daughter Hesione 
was given in marriage to Telamon, one of the 
conqueror's attendants, and Podarces was ran- 
somed by the Trojans, and placed upon his 
father s throne. According to Hyginus, the 
wrath of Neptune and Apollo was kindled 
against Laomedon, because he refused to offer on 
their altars, as a sacrifice, all the first born of his 
cattle, according to a vow which he had made. 
The meaning of the fable appears to be simply 
thi-: - Laomedon employed in erecting the walls 
of Troy certain sums of money consecrated to 
the use of Apollo and Neptune, and which had 
been delivered to him by the priests of these 
deities on his promising to restore the amount. 
This promise he never fulfilled; he.ice he was said 
to h.ive defrauded the gods. Homer. II. 21. — T'irg. 
Mn. 2et9.— Ovid. Met. 11. fab. 6.— Apollod. 2, 5. 
— Puiis. 7. 2(\.-Horat. 3, od. Z. — Hyoin. 89. 

Laomedontkus, an epithet applied to the 
Trojans from their king Laomedon. I'irg. 
4, r^A-'. 7- 105. 8, J 8. 

L.^i)3lED0NTI An.-li. .T p.itronyniic given to the 



Tr{)ja.>'.s num Laomedon their kiiig. Fir'r. yCji, 
3, 248. 

Laonomene, a daughter of Thespias, by 
whom Hercules had U\o sons Teles and Menip- 
pides, and two daughters, Lysidice and Stende- 
dice. Apollod. 2, 7. 

Laothoe, a daughter of Altes, a king of the 
Leleges, who married Priam, and became 
mother of Lycaon and Polydorus. Homer. II. 

21, 85. One of the daughters of Thespius, 

mother of Antidus, by Hercules. Apollod. 2, 7. 

Lathria, a surname of Diana at Patras, in 
Achaia, where she had a temple w ith a statue or 
gold and ivory, which represented her in the 
habit of a huntress. The statue was made by 
Menechmus and Soidas, two artists of celebrity. 
This name was given to the goddess from Laph- 
riu5, the son of Delphus, who consecrated the 
statue to her. There was a festival of the god- 
dess there, called also Laphria, of which Faus- 
anias (7 18) gives an account. 

Laphystium, a mountain in Bceotia, where 
Jupiter had a temple, whence he was called 
L iphystius. It was here that Athamas prepared 
to immolate Phryxus and Helle, whom Jupiter 
saved by sending them a golden ram, w hence the 
surname, and the homage paid to the god. 
Paus. 9, 34. 

Lapideus, a surname of Jupiter among the 1 
Romans, either in allusion to the stone which 
Rhea gave to Saturn, and which he devoured i 
instead of Jupiter, or from the stone which those 
w ho made an oath by Jupiter held in their hand, i 
The god was on those occasions invoked w ith the | 
greatest solemnity, and he who swore intreated , 
him to banish him from his possessions just as he 
threw aw.iv the stone (rom his hand. Aul. GelL 
], 2\.-Hygin.fab. 139. 

LAPiTHiE, a people of Thessalv. (Ttd Lapi- 
thus.) 

Lapithus, a son of Apnllo, by Siilbe. He ! 
w as brother to Centaurus, and married Orsinome, [ 
daughter of Euronymus, by whom he had Phor- | 
bas and Periphas. The name of Lapithcp was i 
given to the numerous children of Phorbas and ] 
Periphas, or rather to the inhabitants of the [ 
country, of which they had obtained the sove- ^ 
reignty. The chief of the Lapithse assembled to i 
celebrate the nuptials of Pirithous, one of their j 
number, and among them were Theseus, Dryas, y 
Hopleus, Mopsus, Phalerus, Exadius, Prolochus, { 
Tiiaresius, CEneus, &c. The Centaurs were also, 
invited to partake the common festivity, and the 
amusements would have been harmless and in- 
nocent, had not one of the intoxicated Centaurs i 
offered violence to Hippodamia, the w ife of Piri- 
thous. The Lapithje resented the injury, andt 
the Centaurs supported their companions, uponi 
which the quarrel became universal, and ended' 
in blows and slaughter. Many of the Centaursf 
were slain, and they at last were obliged to re-| 
tire. Theseus among the Lapithae showed hinri-i 
self brave and intrepid in supporting the cause of[ 
his friends, and Nestor also w as not less active in 
the protection of chastity and innocence. This; 
quarrel arose from the resentment of Mars, whom, 
Pirithous forg< tor neglected to invite among the 
other gods, at the celebration of his nuptials, andi 
therefore the divinity punished the insult by sow- 
ing dissension among the festive assfmbly. ( Vid.] 
Centauri.) Hesiod has described the battle of; 
the Centaurs and Lapithw, as also Ovid, in a 
more copious manner. The invention of bits and! 
bridUs Ibr horses is attributed to tJ:e Lapithae.. 



LAR 



391 



LAR 



Virg. G. 3, 115. JBn. 6. 601 7, ^Qo.— Ocid. Met. 
12, 530. 14, mO.—Hesiod. in Scut.—Diod. 4. — 
Pmd. Pyth. 2.—Strab. 9.— Stat. Theb. 7, 304. 

Lar or Lars, a name applied to the kings of 
Etniria, probably to express their rank and dig- 
nity. Liv. 2, 9. 4, ]7.~Cic. Phil. 9, 9. 

Lara or Laranda, one of the Naiads, dav^h- 
ter of the river Almon in Latium, famous for her 
beauty and her loquacity, which her parents k)ng 
endeavoured to correct, but in vain. She re- 
vealed to Juno, the amours of her husband Jupi- 
ter with Juturna, for which the god cut ofif her 
tongue, and ordered Mercury to conduct her to 
the infernal regions. The messenger of the gods 
fell in love with her by the way, and gratified his 
ya.ssion. Lara became mother of two children, 
to whom the Romans have paid divine honours, 
according to the opinion of some, under the name 
of Lares. Ovid. Fast. 2, 599. 

Larentia and Laurentia, a courtezan in 
the liist ages of Rome. Vid. Acca. 

Lares, gods of inferior power at Rome, who 
presided over houses and families. They were 
two in number, sons of Mercury by Lara. (^Vid. 
Lara.) In process of time their power was ex- 
tended not only over houses, but also over the 
country and the sea, and we find Lares Urbani to 
preside over the cities, Familiares over houses, 
Rustici over the country, Compitales over cross 
roads, Marini over the sea, Viales over the roads, 
Paiellarii, &c. According to the opinion of some, 
the worship of the gods Lares, who are supposed 
to be the same as the manes, arises from the an- 
cient custom among the Romans and other na- 
tions of burying their dead in their houses, and 
from their belief that their spirits continually 
hovered over the houses for the protection of the 
inhabitants. The statues of the Lares resem- 
bling monkeys, and covered with the skin of a 
dog, were placed in a niche behind the doors of 
the houses, or around the hearths. At the feet 
of the Lares was the figure of a dog barking, to 
intimate their care and vigilance. Incense was 
burned on their altars, and a sow was also offered 
on particular days. Their festivals were observed 
at Rome in the month of May, when their sta- 
tues were crowned with garlands of flowers, and 
offerings of fruit presented. The word Lares 
seems to be derived from the Etruscan word Lar, 
which signifies a prince or leader. Ovid. Fast. 5, 

\29.—Juv. 8, 8 Plut. in Qucest. Rmn.— Varro 

de L. L. 4, \0.—Horat. 3, od. 2^.— Plant, in Aul. 
el Cist. 

Larga, a well known prostitute in Juvenal's 
age. Juv. 4, 25. 

Largus, a Latin poet «ho wrote a poem on 
the arrival of Antenor in Italy, where he built 
the town of Padua. He composed with ease and 
eleaance. Ovid, e.v Pont. 4, 16, 17. 

Larides, a son of Daucus or Daunus, who as- 
sisted Turnus against .^neas, and had his hand 
cut off with one blow by Pallas the son of Evan- 
der. Virg. ^n. 10, 891. 

Larina, a virgin of Italy, who accompanied 
Camilla in her war against .^neas. Virg. jEji. 
11. 655. 

Larinum, a town of Apulia, which appears to 
have belonged once to the Frentani, from the 
name of Larinates Frentani attached to its in- 
habitants by Pliny. It was situate on the road 
which led from Picenum into Apulia. Its ruins, 
which are said to be considerable, occupy the 
site called Larrino Vecchio. Piin. 3, \2.—Liv. 
22, 18. 



IvARlssA, a town of Syria, on the western side 
of the Orontes, south-east of Apamea, It was 
either founded or else re-established by Seleucus 
NicatOT. Pliny calls the inhabitants Larissjei. 

Appian. B. Syr. bl —Plin 5, )>3. A town of 

Lydia, on the left bank of the Cuystrus, lo(J stadia 
from Ephesus. It had a famous temple of Apollo. 

Strab. 13. A town on the coast of Trocts., north 

of Colonae and Alexandria Troas Whether it is 
the same with the place assigned by Homer to 
the Pelasgi is uncertain. Strabo, however, de- 
cides in favour of the Larissa below Cumte, 

Horn. II. 2, 841.— S^rofe. 13. A town ^olis, in 

Asia Minor, to the south-east of Cumse, and on 
the northern bank of the Hermus. Xenophon 
styles it the Egyptian Larissa, because it was said 
to have been one of the towns which Cyrus the 
elder gave to the Egyptians who had fought 
against him in the army of Croesus. Strab. 13. — 

Xeri. Cyrop. 7, 1, 45. A city of Assyria, on the 

banks of the Tigris. The ten thousand found it 
deserted and in ruins. Xenophon states that it 
had been once inhabited by the Medes. Anab. 

3, 4, 7. An ancient and flourishing city of 

Thessaly, on the river Peneus, to the north-east 
of Pharsalus. Acrisius retired to this city, in 
order to avoid the death with which an oracle 
had menaced him; but taking part in the games 
here celebrated, he was killed by a blow from 
the discus of Perseus. Strab, 9.— Thucyd. 2, 

32.— Herod. 9, 58— Pelyb. 18, 16. Cremaste, 

so called from the steepness of its situation, a 
city of Thessaly in the district Phthiotis, and 
south of Phthiotic Thebes. It lay in the domains 
of Achilles, and it is probably from that circum. 
stance that Virgil gives him the title of Laris- 
scBus, unless this epithet is a general one for 

Thessalicus. Strab. 9.— Liv. 31, 46. 42, 56. 

An old town of the Pelasgi in Attica, near moua 

Hymettus. Strab. 9. A town on the confines- 

of Elis and Achaia. Xen. Hist. Gr. 3, 2, 17. 

The acropolis of Argos, deriving its name from 
Larissa daughter of Pelasgus. Plut. Vit. Cleom. 

Larissa us. Vid. Larissa. 

Larissus, a river of Achaia, forming the line 
of separation between that country and Elis. It 
descends from mount ScoUis, called by Homer 
the " Olenian rock." Its modern name is Risso. 
Pans. 7, \7.— Homer. II. 11, Id!.— Strab. 8. 

LarIus, a lake of Cisalpine Gaul, north of th« 
Po, and east of the Lacus Verbanus. Polybius, 
as Strabo reports, estimated its length at 3(f0 
stadia, and its breadth at thirty, or thirty-eight 
miles by four. Servius says, Cato reckoned sixty 
miles from one extremity to the other, and the 
real distance, including the lake of Chiavenna, 
is not short of that measurement; so that Virgil 
seems justified in saying, Anne lacus tantos? 
te, Lari maxime.^'' — This lake receives the Ad- 
dua, or Adda, which again emerges from it, and 
pursues its course to the Po. The modem name 
is Lago di Como, from the modern Coma, the an- 
cient Comum. Throughout its whole extent, the 
banks of the lake are formed of precipitous 
mountains from two to three thousand feet in 
height, in some places dotted with luxuriant wood, 
and studded with hamlets and villas; in others, 
bare and craggy, and presenting the most varied 
and picturesque scenery. Strab. 4.— Virg. G. 2, 
159. 

LaRONIA, a shameless courtezan in Juvenal's 
age. Juv. 2, '^{^. 
Lars. Vid Lar. 

Laus Tolumnius, a king of the Vi icntes, 



LAR 



392 



LAT 



conquered bv !he Romans, and put to dozith, i 
A. U. C. d^U. Liv. 4, 17 et 19. 

Lartius Florus, T. a consul, who appeased 
a sedition raised by the poorer citizens, and \m\s 
the first dictator ever chosen at Rome, B. C. 498. 
He made Spurius Cassius his master of horse. 

Lio. 2, 18. Spurius, one of the three Romans 

who alone withstood the fury of Porsenna's arniy 
at the head of a bridge, while the communication 
was cutting down behind them. His compan- 
ions were Codes and Herminius. (^Vid. Codes.) 
Lio. 2, 10 et \o. — Dw7njs. Hal. 5. ral. Max. 3, 

2 The name of Lai tius has been common to 

m.-my Romans. 

i/ARV^, a name given to the v.icked spirits 
and apparitions, which, according to the notions 
of the Romans, issued from their graves in the 
night, and came to terrify the world. As the 
word larva signifies a mask, whose horrid and un- 
couth appearance often serves to fiighten chil- 
dren, that name has been given to the ghosts or 
spectres, which superstition believes to hover 
around the graves of the dead. Some call them 
Lemures. Senius in Virg. JEn. 3, 64. 5, 152. 

JjASUS, a celebrated dithyrambic poet, born at 
Hermione in Argolis, and, according lo some 
authorities, the instructor of Pindar. He was 
contemporary with Simonides, and flourished in 
the reign of Hipparchus at Athens, and in the 
reign of Darius. He w as the first that introduced 
the dithyrambic measure into the celebrstions at 
the Olympic games. The poet Archilochus, 
however, who was much older than La^us, uses 
the word dithyrambus in two verses cited by 
Athenaeus, so that Lasus could not h.ive been 
the inventor of this species of me-isure. Thorn. 
Mag. Fit. Find. — Aristoph. Vesp. ^m.— Herod. 

7, Q —Athen. 10. 
Latagus, a king of Pontus, who assisted 

.(Eetes against the .Argonauts, and was killed by 

Darapes. Flacc 5, 5j4 One of the eompan- 

iv)ns of -Eneas, killed by Mezentius. Virg. j3<'.n. 
10. 6j7. 

Lateranus Plautus, a Roman consul elect, 
A. D. t)5. A conspiracy with Piso again.^t the 
emperor Nero proved fatal to him. He was led 
to execution, where he refused to confess the 
associates of the conspiracy, and did not even 
frown at the executioner who was as guilty as 
himself. When a first blow could not sever his 
head from his body, he looked at the executioner, 
and shaking his head he returned it to the hatchet 
with the greatest composure and it was cut off. 

Latersnsis, M. a friend of Cicero's, of strong 
republican principles. He bore some of the 
< ffices of the state, and killed himself rather than 
join the party of Antonv with Lepidus. Cic. Fara. 

8, a."10, 21 et23. Att. 2, 18. 
LATERIUM, the villa of Q. Cicero at Arpinum 

near the Liris. Cic ad Attic. 10, 1. 4, 7. Ad. fr. 
3, i. — Plin. 15, 15. 

Latialis. a surname of Jupiter who was wor- 
shipped by the inhabitants of Latium upon mount 
Albanus at stated times. The festivals, which 
were first instituted by Tarquin the Proud, lasted 
fifteen days. {Fid. Ferias Latinae.) 

Latini, the inhabitants of Latium. {I'id. 
Latium.) 

LatinTus Latiaris, a celebiated informer, 
in the court of Tiberius. To gratify the passions 
of Sejanus, he procured the destruction of Sabi- 
nus, and on the fall of his 'nfamous patron, he 
met the punishment which liis perfidv deserved. 
Tucit. Ann. 4, C3. C, 4. 



LaTINUS, a son of Faunus by Marica, king of 
the Aborigines in Italy, who from him were 
called Latini. He married Amata by whom he 
had a son and a daughter. The son died in his 
infancy, and the dau;;hter, called J.iavinia, was , 
secretly promised in marriage by her mother to ' 
Turnus king of the Ruiuli. one of her most 
powerful admirers. The gods opposed this union, 
and the oracles declared that Lavinia must be.. ! 
come the wife of a foreign prii ce. The arrival j 
of .-Eneas in Italy seemed favourable to this pre- ! 
diction, and Latinus by offering his dau; htcr to !. 
the fureisn prince, and making him his friend i 
and ally, seemed to have lulflUed t!ie commands J 
of the oracle, Turnus, however, di-approved of! 
the conduct of Latinus, he claimed Lavinia as |^ 
his lawful w ife, and prepan d to support his ! 
cause by arms, ^neas took up arms in his own : 
defence, and Latium was the seat of the war. j 
After mutual losses it was agreed, that the quar- , 
rel should be decided by the two rivals, in s:ngle ; 
combat, and Latinus promised his daughter toj. 
the conqueror. iEneas obtained the victory ai d!; 
married Lavinia. Latinus soon aft.-^r died and ] 
was succeeded by his son-in law. Virg. ^7i. y, , 
&.c.— Ovid. Met. 13, 613. 14, 449. Fast. 2, 544. U, ' 
%{)].— Dio7iys. H. 1, 13. — Liv. 1, 1, &c. Jusii}i. \ 

43, 1. A son of Sylvius .iEneas. surnamed al.-o 

Sylvius. He was the fifth king ( f the La ins andf 
succeeded his father. He wa.« father to .Alba hiSj^ 

successor. Dionijs. H. 1, 15.- Lio. 2. 3. Aj. 

son of Ulvsses and Circe also bore this name.;* 
Seri-ius. ^n. 7. 47. 12. iG4. l 
LatIum, a country of Italy, lying south of" 
Etruria, from v^hich it was separated by the Ti- C 
ber. It comprehended the Campagna di Roma, ^ 
and a considerable part of Terra di Lavoro. The l 
appellation Latium has been said to have been | 
derived from the word lateo, because Saturn lay ^ 
hid there from the pursuit of his son; but others G 
deduce it, probably with as little justice, from ai) 
prince of the country called Latinus. It «as att 
first only applied to that part of Italy which was? 
inhabited by the Latini and Rutuli; but subse- f 
quently, in the time of the consuls, it extended |, 
trorn the mouth of the Tiber to Sinuessa beyond L 
the mouth of the Liris. The earliest inhabi-? 
tants of Latium are said to have been the Sicani;j!, 
they migrated from the banks of the Sicanus in;j 
Spain, and after having traversed certain parts] 
of Italy, were driven from it into Sicily by the', 
.Aborigines, as were also the Siculi, who were ofl 
Ligurian origin and had been beaten out of Etru-f 
ria by the Umbri and Tyrrheni- Pelasgi. Thet 
Aborigines intermixing with colonies of the latter 
people occupied Latium, and from them sprungj, 
the various communities of Latini, Rutuli, Vol-.' 
sci, and Hernici: the colony under iEneas which | 
landed on this coast was of a later date. The 
northern part of Latium was inhabited by the 
Latini, Rutuli, and Hernici; the southern part' 
by the Volsci and Ausones. Ond. Fast. 1, 238., 
— Strab. b.—Plin. 3, b—Firg.jEn. 8, 328.11,1 

317. 

Latmvs, a mountain of Caria near Miletus. - 
It is famous for the residence of Endjniion,! 
whom Diana regularly visited in the nlKht. 
whence he is often called Z-a/y/witj Hcros. {^Fid. 
Endymion.) Mclu, 1, 17. 

Latobils, the god of health among the Cor- 
inthians. ' 

LatourTci, a people of lielgic Gaul, in ihej 
vicinity of the Tulingi, Rauraci, and Helveiii, ' 
wliose counti y lay on the banks ol the Rhin^, ' 



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about ninety miles to tiie west of the Lacus 
Brigantinus, or Lake of Constance. If they are 
the nation called by Ptolemy Latobiei, they 
must have changed their settlements before that 
geographer wrote, as he includes their territories 
in Pannonia near Noricum. 

Latois, a name of Diana, as being the daugh- 
ter of Latona. 

LATOMliE. Vid. Lautumias. 

Latona, a daughter of Coeus the Titan and 
Phoebe, or, according to Homer, of Saturn, She 
was admired for her beauty, and celebrated for 
the favours which she granted to Jupiter. Juno, 
always jealous of her husband's amours, made 
Latona the object of her vengeance, and sent the 
serpent Python to disturb her peace and to per- 
secute her. Latona wandered from place to 
place in the time of her pregnancy, continually 
alarmed for fear of Python. She was driven 
from heaven, and Terra, influenced by Juno, 
refused to give her a place where she might find 
rest and bring forth. Neptune, moved with com- 
passion, struck with his trident, and made im- 
movable the island of Delos, which before 
wandered in the ^gean, and appeared sometimes 
above, and sometimes below, the surface of the 
sea, Latona, changed into a quail by Jupiter, 
came to Delos, where she resumed her original 
shape, and gave birth to Apollo and Diana, lean- 
ing against the trunk of a palm or olive tree. 
Her repose was of short duration, Juno discover- 
ed the place of her retreat, and obliged her to 
fly from Delos. She wandered over the greatest 
part of the world, and in Caria, where her fatigue 
compelled her to stop, she was insulted and ri- 
diculed by peasants of whom she asked for water, 
while they were weeding a marsh. Their refusal 
and insolence provoked her, and she intreated 
Jupiter to punish their barbarity, upon which 
they were all by the avenging god changed into 
frogs. She was exposed to repeated insults by 
Niobe, who boasted herself greater than the 
mother of Apollo and Diana, and ridiculed the 
presents which the piety of her neighbours had 
offered to Latona. (Firf. Niobe.) Her beauty 
proved fatal to the giant Tifyus, whom Apollo 
and Diana put to death. (Fid. Tityus.) At last, 
Latona, though persecuted and exposed to the 
resentment of Juno, became a powerful deity, 
and saw her children receive divine honours. 
Her worship was generally established where 
r.er children received adoration, particularly at 
Argos, Delos, &c. where she had temples. She 
had an oracle in Egypt, celebrated for the true 
decisive answers which itgave. Diod. b.— Herod. 
8, \5D.~Paus. 2, 21. 8, bZ.— Homer. E. 21. Hrjm. 

in Ap. et Dian.— Hesiod. Theog. 405 Apollod. 3, 

5 et 10 — Ovid. Met. 6, 160 et l^o.—Hygin. fah. 
140. 

LATOP;jLis, a city of Egypt in the Thebaid, 
between Thebes and Apollonopolis Magna. It 
derived its name from the fish Latos, which was 
found there in great abundance, and was the 
largest amongst all the fishes of the Nile. Its 
site is occupied by the modern Esneh. Athen. 7, 
17.— Strab. 17. 

Latous, a name given to Apollo as son of 
Latona. Ovid. Met. 6, fab. 9. 

Latreus. one of the Centaurs, who, after 
killing Halesus, was himself slain by Cffineus. 
Orid. Met. 12, 463. 

LaudAmia, a daughter of Alexander king of 
Epirus and Olympias, daughter of Pyrrhus, killed 
in a temple of Diana, by the enraged populace. 



Jmtin.2S,3. The v.ife of Protcsilaus. Fid. 

Laodamia. 

La UREA TuLLius, a freedman of Cicero, 
whose learning and genius the orator encouraged 
and admired. He wrote epigrams and other 
small pieces, commended for their ease and ele- 
gance, in which he did not fail to celebrate the 
liberality and the praises of his patron. Only ten 
verses are preserved of his compositions. Cic. in 
Epist. — PLin. 

Laureacum, a fortified town of Noricum 
Ripense, the station of a Roman fleet on the 
Danube, and the headquarters of the second 
legion. It lay to the east of the junction of the 
iSSnus and Danube. 

LaurentalIa, certain festivals celebrated at 
Rome in honour of Laurentia, on the last day of 
April, and the 23d of December. They formed, 
in process of time, part of the Saturnalia. Ovid. 
Fast. 3, 57. 

Laurentes Agri, the country in the neigh- 
bourhood of Laurentum. Tibul. 2, 5, 41. 

LiiURENTIA. Vid. Acca. 

LaurentIni, the inhabitants of Latium. 
They received this name from the great number 
of laurels which grew in the country. King 
Latinus found one of uncommon largeness and 
beauty, when he was going to build a temple to 
Apollo, and the tree was consecrated to the god, 
and preserved with the most religious ceremon- 
ies. Virg. Mn. 7, 69. 

Laurentius, belonging to Laurentum or 
Latium. Virg. Mn. 10, 709, 

Laurentum, the capital of Latium, about 
sixteen miles below Ostia, following the coast, 
and near the spot now called Paterno. It derived 
its name from its groves of bay-trees. It was 
once the residence of Latinus, Picus, and Faun- 
us.—Strab. 5.— Mela. 2, 4:.— Virg. .Mn. 7, 59 
et 171. 

Laurion, a range of hills, extending from that 
part of the Attic coast which lay near Azenia, 
below the Astypalea Promontorium, to the pro- 
montory of Sunium, and from thence to the 
neighbourhood of Prasias on the eastern coast. 
This tract was celebrated for its silver mines. 
The produce of these was shared among the 
Athenians, but at the advice of Themistocles, 
and during a war with .^gina, they applied it to 
the construction of 200 galleys, a measure 
which was the chief cause of their naval ascen- 
dancy. Herod. 7, 144 Thucyd. 2, bj.—raus. 

1, v.- Strab. 9. 

Lauron, a town of Spain, towards the eastern 
limits of Baetica, and not far from the sea, pro- 
bably among the Bastitani. It has been sup- 
posed by some to be the mo{iern Liria, five 
leagues from Valentia. It was this city of which 
Sertorius made himself master in the face of 
Pompey s army; and in its vicinity at a subse- 
quent period, Cn. Pompeius, son of Pompey the 
Great, was slain after the battle of Munda. Plut. 
Vit. Sert.-Flor. 4, 2.- Cces. Bell. Hisp. 37. 

Laus, a river of Lucania, flowing into the 
Sinus Laus, or gulf of Policastro, at the southern 
extremity of the province. It is now the Lao. 

A town at the southern extremity of Lucania, 

at the mouth of the river Laus, and on the gulf 
of the same name. It was founded by the Syba- 
rites. Its site seems to answer to that of 
Scalea.— Herod. G, iO. — Strab. 6. 

Laus Pompeia, a town of Cisalpine Gaul, 
situate to thf south-east of Medinlanum, near the 
Lambrus. It wa-s founded by the Boii, and 



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afterwards colonized by Pompeius Strabo, father 
ol Pompey the Great. Plin. 3, 17. 

Lausus, a son of Numitor and brother of Ilia. 
He was put to death by his uncle Amulius, who 
usurped his father's throne. Ovid. Fust. 4, 54. 

A son of Mezentius, king of the Tyrrhenians, 

killed by /Eneas in the war which his father and 
Turnus made against the Trojans. Virg. ^n. 
7, 64y. 10, 4v6. &C-. 

LAUTUMI.S: OK LATOMiiE, a name properly 
signifying a quarry, and derived from the Greek 
Aaaf, lapis, and tImvo), seco. These were an- 
ciently used as gaols for criminals. Dionysius 
had a place of this kind dug in a rock near Syra- 
cuse, where a great number of people were shut 
up. {Vid. Dionysius.) Cicero reproaches V'er- 
res withimprisonir.g Roman citizens in Latomiae. 
Latomia became in time a general name for a 
prison, and the prisoners inclosed in tiiem were 
called latomarii. 

Lavern A, the goddess of thieves and dishon- 
est persons at Rome. She did not only preside 
over robbers, called from her Laverniones, but 
she protected such as deceived others, or per- 
(ormed their secret machinations in obscurity 
and silence. Rer worship was very popular, and 
tiie Romans raised her an altar near one of the 
{;ates of the city, which from that circumstance 
was called the gate of L.iverna. She was gene- 
rally represented by a head without a body. 
Horat. 1, ep, 16. eo.— Varro de L L. 4. 

Lavernium, a temple of Laverna, near 
Formiae. Cic. Att. 7, 8. 

Lavinta, a daughter of king Lafinus and 
Amata. She was betrothed to her relation king 
Tumus, but because the oracle ordered her 
father to marry her to a foreign prince, she was 
{iiven to ^15neas after the death of Turnus. (T/c/. 
Latinus.) At her husband s death she was left 
pregnant, and being learful of the tyranny of 
Ascanius her son-in-law, she fled into the woods, 
where she brought forth a son called /Eneas 
Svlvius. Dionys. Hal. \.— Virg. JEn. 6, 760. 7, 
bi.—Ovid. Met. 14. 507. Liv. 1, 1. 

LAVINIum, a town of Latium, situate on the 
river Numicus, near the coast, and to the west 
i)f Ardea. It was said to have been- founded by 
.•Eneas, on his marriage w ith Lavinia. Plutarch 
notices it as the place w here Tatius, the colleague 
ol Romulus, was murdered. Dion. Hal. 1, 45. — 
Lir. 1.1. Pint. Fit. Rom. 

Lk^NA, an Athenian harlot. Fid. Laina. 

Leandeu. a youth of Abydos, famous for his 
amours with Hero. Fid. Hero. 

LEAyDRIAS, a Lacedaemonian refugee of 
Thebes, who declared, according to an ancient 
oracle, that Sparta would lose the superiority 
over Greece when conquered by the Thebans at 
Leuctra. Died. 15. 

Learchus a son of Athamas and Ino, crushed 
to death against a wall bv his father, in a fit of 
ma.iness. (^Fid. Athamas'.) Ovid. Fast. 6. 490. 

Lkeadea. now Livadia. a city of Boeotia, west 
of C 'Toiiea, built on a plain adjacent to the 
bm H river Hereyne. It derived its name from 
1.1 b id\is an Atht nian, bavins previou-ly been 
called Midia. li was celebrated lor the oracle of 
Trophonius, situated in a cave, into which those 
who sought responses were obliged to descend. 
It is remarkable for having given the modern 
name of Lirndin to a great part ol northern Greece. 
J'-ius. 9, 39. Ilerod. 1, -iil 8, lo-J, Died. Sic. 
1.-), -.3. 

LliRtDL'S, one of tlie t-Aelve cities of lunia, 



north-west of Colophon, on the coast. It was at 
first a flourishing city, but upon the removal ( f 
a large portion of its inhabitants to Ephesus by 
Ljsimachus, it sank greatly in importance, in 
the time of Horace, it was deserted and in ruins. 
Its site is called Ecclesia, or Xingi. Fans. 1, 9. 
— Strab. U.— Horat. 1, ep, 1, 1, 7. 

Lebena, a commercial town of Crete, with a 
temple sacred to .lEsculapius. Paus. 2, 26. 

LEBlNTHUS,an island in the iEgean sea, m ar 
Patmos. Strut. 10. Ovid. Met. 8, 222. 

Lech^UM, that port of Corinth which was 
situated on the Sinus Corinthiacus, being distant 
from the city about twelve stadia, and connecii d 
with it by means of two long walls. It was the 
great emporium of Corinthian trafiic with the 
w estern parts of Greece, as w ell as w ith Italy and 
Sicily. Strab. S.~Liv. 32, 23. 

LectisterNIA, festivals at Rome observed 
in times of public calamity. The gods were 
solemnly invited, and their images were placed 
on beds round the tables, whence their name. 
Those of the goddesses were seated in chairs with- 
out cushions underneath, to intimate the frugal- 
ity and self-denial of the matrons of ancient times. 
The first time this festival was observed, was 354 
A. U. C. in consequence of the pestilential dis- 
temper which had visited Rome. It lasted eigist 
days, and the gods particularly honoured were 
Neptune, Mercury, Hercules, Apollo, Latona, 
and Diana. During the celebration, the citizens 
kept open tables, each according to his ability, 
and in the temples of the invited divinities a pro- 
fusion of meats was served up at the expense of 
the republic for the ministers and officers of the 
Rods. Liv. 5, 13. 7, 2. 27, 4. 40, 19. — Fal. Max. 
2, 1. 

Lectum, a promontory of Troas below the 
island of Tenedos, now Cape Baba It foimed 
the northern limit, in the time of the eastern 
empire, of the province of Asia as it was terme d, 
which commenced near the Maeander, and ex- 
tended along the coast upwards to Lectum. 
Herod. 9, 1 14.— 77iucr/d, 8, 101.— L?'i'. 37, 37. 

Leda, a daughter ol king Thespius and Eury- 
themis, who married Tyndarus, king of Sparta. 
Stie was seen bathing in the river Eurolas by 
Jupiter, when she was some few days advanced 
in her pregnancy, and the god, struck wi h her 
beauty, re.-.olved to deceive her. He persuaded 
Venus to change herself into an eagle, while he 
assumed the torm of a swan; and, after this me- 
tamorphosis, Jupiter, as il fearful of the tyranni- 
cal cruelty of the bird of prey, fled through the 
air into the arms of Leda, who willingly shel- 
tered the trembling swan against the assaults of 
his superior enemy. The caresses with wh ch 
the naked Leda received the swan, enabled Ju- 
piter to avail himsel! of his situation and nine 
months after this adventure, the wile of Tyndarus 
brought !orth two eggs, of one of which sprang 
Pollux and Helena, and of the other Castor ai;d 
Clytemnestra. The two former were deemed 
the olTxpring of Jupiter, and the others claimed 
Tyndarus for their father. Some nnthologists 
attribute this amour to Nemesis, and not to Le- 
da; and they further mention, that Leda was in- 
trusted with the education of the children which 
sprang from the eggs brought forth by Nemesis. 
(Fid. Helena.) To reconcile this diversity of 
opinions, others maintain that Leda received the 
name of Nemesis after death. Homer and Ile- 
siod make no mention of the metaniori)hosis of 
Jujiiter into a swan, whence home havt; imaijiued 



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that the fable was unknown to these two ancient 
poets, and probably invented since their age. 
Apollod. I, 8. 3, \Q. — Oiid. Met. 6, im. — Hesiod. 
17, o5. — Hygin. fab. 77. — Isocr. in Hel.— Homer. 

Od. W. — Euiip. in Hel. A. famous dancer in 

the age of Juvenal, Sat. 6, 63. 

Lrd^a, an epithet given to Hermione, &c. as 
related to Leda. Virg. ^n. 3, 3^8 

Ledus, now Les, a river of Gdul-near the 
modern Montpelier. Mela, 2, 5. 

Legio, a body of forces, of a number of which 
the Roman armies were chiefly composed. The 
word comes from the Latin legere, to i hoose, be- 
cause, when Romulus instituted this body of 
troops, he chose a certain number from each 
tribe for that purpose. The number of soldiers 
of which the legion consisted was different at dif- 
ferent times, but it is impossible to determine 
the precise time and manner of their alteration. 
In the time of Romulus, the institutor of this 
corps, each legion contained 3O0O foot and 300 
horse. These were divided into three bodies, 
which made so many lines of battle, each body 
consisting of ten companies. Under the c<'nsuls, 
the legion consisted of 4000 or 4200 foot and 300 
horse. About the year of Rome 412. it was com- 
posed of 5000 foot, which was the number of a 
legion during Julius Caesar's wars with the G;.uls. 
I'nder Augustus, each legion consisted of 6100 
foot and 726 horse. After his death they were 
reduced to 5000 foot and 600 horse. Under Ti- 
berius, the legion was raised again to 600O foot 
and 600 horse. In the time of Septimius Seve- 
rus, the legion was composed of 5000 men: under 
the following emperors, it was the same as it had 
been under Augustus. Under Constantine a 
great reduction took place, and the legion ap- 
pears to have contained no more than 1000 or 
l.'.OO men. The legion was generally divided, in 
the days of the republic, into ten cohorts, each 
cohort into three maniples, and each maniple 
into two centuries. The different kinds of in- 
fantry which composed it were the hastnti, who 
V ere young men, and formed the first line, de- 
r.ving their name from the hasta or spear with 
"hich they were at first armed; the prtncipes, 
who were men in the vigour of life, and occupied 
the second line, being so called because they 
were originally the first line; and the triarii, who 
were old soldiers of approved valour, and sta- 
tioned in the third line. These last were also 
called pilani from the pilum or j.avelin which 
they used, and the hastnti and pnncipes. who stood 
before them, anler.ilani. The velifes or light- 
armed soldiers, ulio fought in front, formed a 
fourth kind of troops. In the description of Cas- 
sar s battle, however, there is no mention made 
of the soldiers being thus named and arranged, 
but only of a certain number of legions and co- 
horts which Caesar generally drew up into three 
lines. In the battle of Pharsalia he formed a 
body of reserve, which he calls a fourth line, to 
oppose the cavalry of Pompey, which indeed de- 
termined the fortune of the day. In the time of 
Ctesar, too, the bravest troops were generally 
placed in front, contrary to the ancient custom"; 
an alteration which is ascribed to Marius. The 
constitution of the imperial legion may be de- 
scribed as follows: The heavy-armed infantry, 
which composed its principal strength, was di- 
vided into ten cohorts and fifty-five companies, 
under the orders of a correspondent number of 
tribunes and centurions, 'i'he first cohort, w hich 
w.iys claimed ilie post of lionour ;ind the cust:,(i\ 



j of the eagle, was fbrm^ed of 1105 soldiers, the mi st 
approved for valour and fidelity. The remaining 
cohorts consisted each of 555; and the whole body 
of legionary infantry amounted to 6100 men. In 
the first agi s of the republic, four legions for the 
most part were annually raised, two to each con- 
sul; for two legions composed a consular army. 
But often a greater number was raised. Augus- 
tus maintained a standing army of twenty-three 
or twenty-five legions, and this number was sel- 
dom diminished. In the reign of Tiberius there 
were twenty-seven legions, exclusive of the troops 
in Italy, and the forces of the allies; and the peace 
establishment of Adrian maintained no less than 
thirty of these formidable brigades. They were 
distributed over the Roman empire, and their 
stations were settled and permanent. The peace 
of Britain was protected by three legions; sixteen 
were stationed on the banks of the Rhine and > 
Danube, namely, two in Lower, and three in 
Upper Germany; one in Noricum, one in Rhae- 
tia, three in Moesia, four in Pannonia, and two 
in Dacia. Eight were stationed on the Euphra- 
tes, six of which remained in Syria, and two in 
Cappadocia ; while the remote provinces of 
Egypt. Africa, and Spain, were guarded each by 
a single legion. Besides these, the tranquillity 
of Rome was preserved by 20,000 soldiers, who, 
under the titles of city cohorts and of praetorian 
guards, watched over the safely of the monarch 
and of the capital. The legions were distin- 
guished by different appellations, and generally 
borrowed their name from the ( rder in which 
they were first raised, as prima, secunda, tertia, 
quarta, &c. Besides this distinction, another 
more expressive was generally added, as from 
the name of the emperor who embodied them, as 
Augusta, Claudiana, Galbiana, Flavia, Ulpia, 
Trajana, Antoniana, &c.; from the provinces or 
quarters where they were stationed, as Britan- 
nica, Cyrenaica, Gallica, &c.; from the provinces 
which had been subdued by their valour, as Por- 
thica, Scythica, Arabica, Africana, &c. ; from the 
names of the deities whom their generals partic- 
ularly worshipped, as Minervia, Apollinaris, &c. ; 
or from more trifling accidents, as Martia, Ful- 
minatrix, Rapax, Adjulrix, &c. Each legion was 
divided into ten conorts, each cohort into three 
manipuli, and every manipulus into two centu- 
ries or ordines. The chief commander of the le- 
gion was called legatus, lieutenant. The stan- 
dards borne by the legions were various. In the 
first ages of Rome a wolf was the standard, in 
honour of Romulus; after that a hog, because 
that animal was generally sacrificed at the con- 
clusion of a treaty, and, therefore, it indicated 
that war is undertaken for the obtaining of peace. 
A minotaur was sometimes the standard, to inti- 
mate the secrecy with which the general was to 
act, in commemoration of the labyrinth. Some- 
times a horse or boar was used, till" the a?e of 
Marius, who changed all these for the ea^le, a 
bird whose superior strength and greater size 
d.^bervedly claims sovereignty over the feathered 
r;ice. The standard, therefore, supported a re- 
presentation of that bird in silver, holding some- 
times a thunderbolt in its claws, and the Roman 
ea^le ever after remained in use, though Trajan 
made use of the dragon. 

LegTo SkptIma Gemtna, a Roman military 
colony in Spain among the Aslures. northeasf'f 
.\sturica. It is now the modern Leon. I'iol 2, G. 

LiilTUS or Letcs. a conunandi r of the 'int'o- . 
ti.iii.s at the siege Tioy. He was syv,,i lu.u, 



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the victorious hand of Hector and from death by 

Idomeneus. Homer. 11. 2, 6 el 17. One of the 

Argonauts, son of Alector. ApoUod. 1. 

Lelaps, a dog that never failed to seize and 
conquer whatever animal he was ordered to pur- 
sue. It was given to Procris by Diana, and 
Procris reconciled herself to her husband by pre- 
senting him with that valuable present. Accord- 
ing to some, Procris had received it from Minos, 
as a reward for the dangerous wounds of which 
she had cured him. Hygin. fab. 128.— Orzrf. 

Met 7, 771.— Prtws. 9, 19. One of Actaeon's 

dogs. Ovid. Met. 3, 211. 

Lelegeis, a name applied to Miletus, because 
once possessed by the Leleges. Pliti. 5, 29. 

Leleges, a collection of people from different 
nations, as the supposed etymology of their name, 
derived from Xiya,, to gather, imports. They an- 
ciently occupied the territory adjoining to that of 
the people called by Homer Cilices or Cilicians; 
and "hen Achilles ravaged their country, which 
lay north-west of the gulf of Adramyttium, they 
passed over into Caria, and took possession of 
the environs of Halicarnassus. Their town was 
the metropolis of Caria, near Mylasa. They 
were a kind of robbers and vagabonds, who re- 
sembled the Cilicians in their disposition and 
manners. The first king of Laconia, according 
to Pausanias, was I^elex; and the country took 
the name of Lelegia from these people. Strab. 

7 et 8. Homer. 11. 21, 85 Virg. .-En. 8, 725.— 

Faus. 3, i . 

Lelex, an Egyptian, who came with a colony 
to Megara, where he reigned, about 2tJ0 years 
before the Trojan war. His subjects were called 
from him Leleges. and the place Lelegeia mcenia,. 

Pans. 3, 1. A Greek, who was the first king of 

Laconia in Peloponnesus. His subjects were 
also called Leleges, and the country where he 
reigned Lelegia. Id. 

Lemanis Portus, or Lyme, a harbour of 
Britain, a little below Dover, where Cassar is 
thought to have landed on his first expedition to 
this island, having set out from the Portus Itius 
in Gaul, a little south of Calais. 

Lemannus, a lake in the country of the AUo- 
broges. Its shape is nearly that of a crescent, 
the concave side of which is upwards of forty-five 
miles long. Its extreme breadth is about twelve 
miles, and its greatest depth about 1000 feet. 
Besides the Rhone, which traverses its whole 
length, it receives the waters of forty other 
streams. It is now called the lake of Geneva or 
Lausanne. Cces. B. G. 1, 2 et Q.— Lucan. 1, 396. 
^Mela, 2, 5. 

Lemnos, an island in the ^gean sea, between 
Tenedos, Imbros, and Samothrace. It was sacred 

Vulcan, called Lemnius pater, who fell there 
when kicked down from heaven by Jupiter. 
( Fid. Vulcanus ) It was celebrated for two hor- 
rible massacres; that of the Lemnian women 
murdering their husbands, {Vid. Hipsipyle.) and 
that of the Lemnians or Pelasgi, in killing all the 
children they had had by some Athenian women, 
whom they had carried away to become their 
w ives. These two acts of cruelly have given rise 
to the proverb of Lemnian actions, w hich is ap- 
plied to all barbarous and inhuman deeds. The 
first inhabitants of Lemnos were the Pelasgi, or 
rather the Thracians who were murdered by their 
wives. After them came the children of the 
Lemnian widows by the Argonauts, whose de- 
scendants were at last expelled by the Pelasgi, 
about 1100 years before the Christian era. Lem- 



nos is about 112 niiles in ciscumference, accord 
ing to Pliny, who says, that it is often shadowed ' 
by mount Athos, though at the distance of eigh- ' 
ty-seven miles. It has been called Hipsipyle, ! 
from queen Hipsipyle. It is lamous for a certam i 
kind of earth or chalk, called te7ra Lem?na or 
terra sigillata, from the seal or impression which | 
it can bear. As the inhabitants were blacksmiths, i 
the poets have taken occasion to fix the forges of ' 
Vulcan in that island, and to consecrate the w hole | 
country to his divinity. Lemnos is also cele- | 
brated for a labyrinth, which, according to som.e I 
traditions, surpassed those of Crete and Egypt, i 
Some remains of it were still visible in the aye ' 
of Pliny. The island of Lemnos, now called ' 
Stalimene, was reduced under the power of Athens j 
by Miltiades, and the Carians, who then inbab- | 
ited it, were obliged to emigrate. Vi7g. Mn. b, 
VoL— Homer. II. 1, 593.— C. Nep. in Milt.— Strab. ' 

1, 2 et 7 Herod. 6, m.—Mela, 2, l.—Ayollcn. , 

Arg. \.—Flacc 2, 78.— Ovid. Art. Am. 3, 572.— I 
Stat. Theb. 3, 274. 

Lemovices, a people of Gaul, whose territory : 
corresponded to the modern Limousin and Limo ' 
ges. C(ts. B. G. 7, 4. 

LemCres. the manes of the dead. The an- , 
cients supposed that the souls, after death wan- 
dered all over the world, and distuibed the peace 
of its inhabitants. The good spirits v^ere calied 
Lares familiares, and the evil ones were known 
by the name of LarvcB, or Lemures. They ter . , 
rified the good, and continually haunted the 
wicked and impious; and the Romans had the i 
superstition to celebrate festivals in their hon- 
our, called Lemuria, or Lemuralia, in the month j 
of May. They were first instituted by Romulus 
to appease the manes of his brother Remus, from j 
whom they were called Remuria, and, by cor- | 
ruption, Lemuria. These solemnities continued . 
three nights, during which the temples of the I 
gods were shut, and marriages prohibited. It was 
usual for the people to throw black beans on the 
graves of the deceased, or to burn them, as the 
smell was supposed to be insupportable to them. , 
They also muttered magical words, and, by beat- , 
ing kettles and drums, they believed that the | 
ghosts would depart and no longer come to ter- { 
rifv their relations upon earth. Ovid. Fast. 5, > 
421, &c.— Herat. 2, ep. 2, 209.— Femus, 5, 185. 

Lemuria and LemuralIa. Vid. Lemures. | 

LENiEUS, a surname of Bacchus, from Ajyvij, ' 
a wine- press. There was a festival, called Le- i 
ncea, celebrated in his honour, in which the cere- ' 
monies observed at the other festivals of the god i 
chiefly prevailed. There were, besides, poetical I 
contentions, &c. Pans.— Virg. G. 2, 4. y*"//. 4, j 

207 — Ovid Met. 4, 14. A kmg of Pontus, said 

to have been left naked on the island of Leuce. I 
Ovid. lb. 331. j 

Lenius, e. and M., two brothers, who hospi- I 
tably received Cicero at Brundusium on his ban- 
ishment. Marcus is supposed to be the first who 
invented an aviary. Farr. R. R. 3, 5.— Cic. Fam. 
13, ep. 63. Att. 5. ep. 20et21. 

Lento C^sen. one of the seven persons ap- ' 
pointed over Etruria by Antony. Cic. Phil. 12, 9. i 

LentClus, a celebrated family at Rome, 
w hich produced many great men in the common- \ 
wealth. The most illustrious were L. Corn. j 
Lentulus, a consul, A. U. C. 427, who dispersed 

some robbers who infested Umbria. Batiatis | 

Lentulus, a man who trained up some gladiators ' 

at Capua, who escaped from bis school. 

Corn. Lentulus surnamed Sura., joined in Cati- 



1 laie-g conspiracy, and assisUti in ci.rrupt'n.' the 
Allobroges. He was convicted in iull senate by 
i Cicero, and put in pris< n, and nfierwards exe- 

I cuted. A consul who triumphed < ver the 

I Samnites. Cn. Lentulus, surnamed 

was made consul. A. D. 2(3, and was, some time 
after, put to death by Tiberius, who was jealous 
I of his great popularity. He wrote a history men- 
j tioned by Suetonius (^Calig. 8.) and attempted 

also poetry. L. Lentulus, a friend of Pompey, 

put to death in Africa P. Corn. Lentulus, a 

I i)raetor, defeated by the rebellious slaves in Sici- 
ly. Lentulus Spinther, a senator who strongly 

i promoted the recall of Cicero. He had the pro- 
i vince of Cilicia, and endeavoured to be appointed 
i i,o the resloring of Ptolemy to his throne. He 
was slain during the civil wars. Cic. Off. 2, 16. 

' Ad Quit: 5. In Senat. 4. Fam. 6, ep. 21. His 

j ; son of the same name was engaged in Asia in the 
i : service of the republic. Two of his letters are 

extant. Cic. Fam, 12, ep. 14 et 15 Cneius 

I Corn, a tribune at the battle of Cannae. After that 
I fatal day, he observed in his flight the consul P. 
I .ffimylius, sitting on a stone, covered with blood, 
j| and he offered him his horse; which that illustri- 
;j ous warrior refused, enjoining him to hasten his 
return to Rome, and charge the senators to make 
1 a vigorous resistance against the victorious ene- 
I my. Lentulus was afterwards engaged in Spain, 
where his services entitled him to the honour of 

an oration. Liv. 22, 49. 25, 17. 31, 50. 33, 27. 

Lucius, a Roman officer in Spain, afterwards 

I made consul, A. U. C. 655. Liv. 23, &c 

I Publius, a prince of the senate, was wounded in 
I the insurrection made by Caius Gracchus. He 
became unpopular and retired to Sicily, where 
he died. Val. Max. 5, 3.— Cjc. Ph. 8, 4. Cat. 4, 

6. P. Lentulus, a friend of Brutus, mentioned 

by Cicero (rfe Orat. 1, 48.) as a great and consum- 
mate statesman. Besides these, there are a 

I few others, whose names are only mentioned in 
history, and whose lives were not marked by any 
uncommon event. The consulship was in the 
family of the Lentuli in the years of Rome 4.;?, 
479, 517, 518, 553, 555, 598, &c. Tacit. Ann.— 
Liv. — Flor. — Plin. - Plut. — Eutrop. 

Leo, a native of Byzantium, who flourished 
350 years before the Christian era. His philoso- 
phical and political talents endeared him to his 
countrymen, and he was always sent upon every 
important occasion as ambassador to Athens, or 
to the court of Philip king of Macedonia. This 
monarch, well acquainted with the abilities of 
Leo, was sensible that his views and claims to 
Byzantium would never succeed while it was 
protected by the vigilance of such a patriotic 
citizen. To remove him he had recourse to arti- 
fice and perfidy. A letter was forged, in which 
Leo made solemn promises of betraying his 
country to the king of Macedonia for money. 
This was no sooner known than the people ran 
enraged to the house of Leo, and the philoso- 
pher, to avoid their fury, and without attempting 
his justification, strangled himself. He wrote 
some historical works, which are lost. Phavo- 
rinus ascribes to him the dialogue entitled Alcy- 
on, found among the works of Lucian. Plut. in 

Nicia. - Athen. \2.- Suidas. Surnamed the 

j Great, bishop of Rome, was born in Tuscany, 
and raised to the papacy A. D. 440. He distin- 
guished himself by his zeal against the Maniche- 
ans. Pelagians, and Priscillianists. When At- 
tila marched against Rome, Leo met him, and 
prevailed upon him to return home. This pope 



afterwards saved the city also from being de- 
stroyed by Genserie. He died A. D. 4t)l 

LhocorIon, a monument and temple erected 
by the Athenians to Pasithea, Theope, and Eu- 
bule, daughters of Leos, who immolated them- 
selves when an oracle had ordered that, to stop 
the raging pestilence, some of the blood of the 
citizens must be shed. Mlian, 12, 28. Cic. N. 
D. 3, 19. 

Leodamas, a son of Eteocles, one of the seven 
Theban chiefs who defended the city against ihe 
Aigives. He killed ^Egialeus, and was himself 
killed by Alcmaei m. Apollod. 3. A son of Hec- 
tor and Andromache. Dictys Cret. 6. 

Leon, a king of Sparta. Herod. 7, 204. A 

town of Sicily, near Syracuse. Liv. 24, 25. 

LeonATUS, one of Alexander's generals. His 
father's name was Eunus. He di.stinguished 
himself in Alexander's conquest of Asia, and 
once saved the king's life in a dangerous battle. 
After the death of Alexander, at the general 
division of the provinces, he received for his por- 
tion that part of Phrygia which borders on the 
Hellespont. He was empowered by Perdiccas 
to assist Eumenes in making himself master of 
the province of Cappadocia, which had been al- 
lotted to him. Like the rest of the generals of 
Alexander he was ambitious of power and domin- 
ion. He aspired to the sovereignty of Macedo- 
nia, and secretly communicated to Eumenes the 
different plans which he meant to pursue to exe- 
cute his designs. He passed from Asia into 
Europe to assist Antipater against the Athenians, 
and was killed in a battle which was fought soon 
after his arrival. Historians have mentioned, as 
an instance of the luxury of Leonatus, that he 
employed a number of camels to procure some 
earth from Egypt to wrestle upon, as in his opin- 
ion, it seemed better calculated for that purpose. 
Plut. in Alex.— Curt. 3, 12. 6, 8.— C. Nep. in 
Bum. 

Lkonidas, a celebrated king of Lacedsemon, 
of the family of the Eurysthenidae, sent by his 
countrymen to oppose Xerxes, king of Persia, 
who had invaded Greece with about five millions 
of souls. He was offered the kingdom of Greece 
by the enemy, if he would not oppose his views; 
but Leonidas heard the proposal with indigna- 
tion, and observed, that he preferred death for 
his country, to an unjust though extensive do- 
minion over it. Before the engagement Leoni- 
das exhorted his soldiers, and told them all to 
dine heartily as they were to sup in the realms ot 
Pluto. The battle was fought at Thermopylte, 
and the 300 Spartans who aUme had refused to 
abandon the scene of action, withstood the enemy 
with such vigour, that the latter were obliged to 
retire wearied and conquered during three suc- 
cessive days, till Ephialtes, a Trachinian, had 
the perfidy to conduct a detachment of Persians 
by a secret path up the mountains, whence they 
suddenly fell upon the rear of the Spartans and 
crushed them to pieces. Two of the 300 Spar- 
tans, are said by Herodotus to have been afflicted 
with a violent disorder of the eyes, and with the 
permission of Leonidas to have left the camp 
previous to the day of the battle, and remained 
at Alpenus. One of them, Eury tus, having heard 
of the circuit made by the Persians, called for 
his arms, met the enemy and was slain. The 
other one, Aristodemus, pusillanimously staid 
where he was, and after the battle returned to 
Sparta. Some assert that he was sent on busi- 
ness from the army, and might, if he had pleasejJ^ 



LEO 



398 



LEP 



have been present at the battle, but that he saved 
himself by lingering by the way. They add that 
his companion, employed on the same business, 
returned to the battle, and there fell. Aristode- 
mus, on his return, was branded with infamy, no 
one would speak with him, no one would supply 
him with fire, and the opprobrious epithet of 
trembler (o rpsaa^) was annexed to his name; but 
he afterwards, at the battle of Plataea, effectu- 
ally atoned for his conduct. This celebrated 
battle, which happened 460 years before the 
Christian era, taught the Greeks to despise the 
number of the Persians, and to rely upon their 
own strength and intrepidity. Temples were 
raised to the fallen hero, and festivals, called 
Leontdea, yearly celebrated at Sparta, in which 
freeborn youths contended. Leonidas, as he 
departed for the battle from Lacedaemon, gave 
no other injunction to his wife, but, after his 
death, to marry a man of virtue and honour, to 
raise from her children deserving of the name 
and greatness of her first husband. Herod. 7, 120, 
&c.— C. N" in Thern.— Justin. 2.— Val. Max. 1, 

6.—Pam. 3, .—Plut. in Lyc. et Cleom. A king 

of Sparta after Areus II. 257 years before Christ. 
He was driven from his kingdom by Cleombro- 
tus, his son-in-law, and afterwards re-established. 

A preceptor to Alexander the Great. A 

friend of Parmenio, appointed commander, by 
Alexander, of the soldiers who lamented the 
death of Parmenio, and who formed a separate 

cohort. Curt. 7, 2. A native of Tarentum, 

who flourished about 275 B. C. He has left be- 
hind a hundred epigrams, in the Doric dialect, 
and which belong to the best of those that have 
been preserved for us. 

Leontini, a town of Sicily, situate about five 
miles from the sea-shore, on the south of Catana, 
between two small streams, the Lissus and Te- 
rias. It was built at the same time w ith Catana, 
by the Chalcidians, under the conduct of Theo- 
cles, an Athenian, in the first year of the 13th 
olympiad. The adjacent territory was so fruit- 
ful, that it yielded, according to Pliny, crops of 
corn an hundred fold, and Cicero calls it the 
grand magazine of Sicily. Its wines were the 
most delicious of the whole island, but the in- 
habitants perverted the benefit into an occasion 
of intemperance, so that it became a proverbial 
saying, "the people of Leontini are always at 
their cups." This was the birth-place of the 
celebrated Gorgias. Its quarrel with Syracuse 
led to the unfortunate expedition of the Athe- 
nians, whose aid the people of Leontini had soli- 
cited. The city at length fell under the Syra- 
cusan power. Thucyd. Q. — Plin. 18, 10.— Cie. in 
Verr. 5. 

Leontium, an Athenian courtezan, at one 
time noted for the licentiousness of her life, and 
afterwards distinguished by her application to 
the study of the Epicurean philosophy. It is 
pretended that she did not desist from her in- 
trigues after she commenced an attendant on 
Epicurus^ but prostituted herself to the disciples 
of his school, and even to the philosopher him- 
self. It is not improbable, however, that she has 
been calumniated by these reports. She became 
the wife of Metrodorus, one of the chief disciples 
of Epicurus, and had a son by him, whom Epi- 
curus commended to the notice and regard of his 
executors. Leontium applied with great dili- 
cence to the study of philosophy, and wrote, in 
defence of the Epicurean doctrines, against Theo- 
phrastus, one of the principal of the Peripatetic 



sect. The book is acknowledged by Cicero to ! 

have been written in a polite and elegan-t style, ! 
Cic. de Nat. D. 1, 33. 

Leonton or LeontopQlis, a town of Egypt, 
where lions were worshipped. Julian. H. An. 
12, l.—Plin. 5, 10. 

Leos, a son of Orpheus, who immolated his 
three daughters for the good of Athens. Vid. 
Leoeorion. 

Leosthenes, an Athenian general, who, after 
Alexander's death, drove Antipater to Thessaly, 
where he besieged him in the town of Lamia. 
The success which for a while attended his arms 
was soon changed by a fatal blow which he re- 
ceived from a stone thrown by the besieged, B.C. 
323. The death of Leosthenes was followed by 
the total defeat of the Athenian forces. The 
funeral oration over his body was pronounced at 
Athens by Hyperides, in the absence of Demos- 
thenes, who had been lately banished for taking ■. 
a bribe from Harpalus. (F/d. Lamiacum Bel- |, 
kim.) Diod. 17 et 18. ' 

Leotychides, a king of Sparta, son of Me- [ 

nares, of the family of the Proclidae. He was ! 

set over the Grecian fleet, and, by his courage [; 
and valour, he put an end to the Persian war at 

the famous battle of Mycale^ It is said that he ' 

cheered the spirits of his fellow soldiers at My- ^ 

cale, who were anxious for their countrymen in ' 

Greece, by raising a report that a battle had been '. 

fought at Plataea, in which the barbarians had f 

been defeated. This succeeded^ and though the } 

information was premature, yet a battle was { 

fought at Plataja, in which the Greeks obtained j 

the victory the same day that the Persian fleet f 

was destroyed at Mj'cale. Leotychides was ac- ' 

cused of a capital crime by the Ephori, and, to f 

avoid the punishment which his {iuilt seemed to r 

deserve, he fled to the temple of Minerva at Te- f 

gea, where he perished, B. C. 469, after a reign f 
of twenty-two years. He was succeeded by his 

grandson Archidamus. Pans. 3, 7 et 8. A son P 

of Agis, king of Sparta, by Timaea. The legiti- ? 

macy of his birth was disputed by some, and it P 

was generally believed that he was the son of Al- ' 

cibiades. He was prevented from ascending the f 

throne of Sparta by Lysander, though Agis had [ 

declared him upon his death-bed his lawful son i' 

and heir, and Agesilaus was appointed in his ^ 

place. C. Nep. in Ages.—Paus. 3, 8. i 

Lepida, a noble woman, accused of attempts ■ 

to poison her husbandj from whom she had been ( 

separated for twenty years. She was condemned ' 

under Tiberius. Tacit. Ann. 3, 22. Domitia, H 

a daughter of Drusus and Antonia, great niece to f 

Augustus, and aunt to the emperor Nero. She F 

is described by Tacitus as a common prostitute, f 

infamous in her manners, violent in her temper, ^ 

and yet celebrated for her beauty. She was put 'j 

to death by means of her rival Agrippina, Nero's \ 

mother. Tacit. A " ife of Galba the emperor, t 

LepIdus, M. ^3IILIUS, a Roman, celebrated [ 

as being one of the triumvirs with Augustus and [ 

Antony. He was of an illustrious family, and ^ 
like the rest of his contemporaries, he was re- 

markable for his ambition, to which were .idded a i- 

narrowness of mind, and a great deficiency of ' 

military abilities. He was sent against Caisar's C 

murderers, and some time after he leagued with t 

M. Antony, who had gained the hearts of his • 
soldiers by artifice, and that of their commander 

by his address. When his influence .md power 1' 

among the soldiers had made him one of the tri- j 

um virs, he showed his cruelty, like his colleagues r 



LEP 



399 



LES 



by his proscriptions, and even suffered his own 
br')ther to be sacrificed to the duff^er ol' the tri- 
umvirate. He received Africa as his portion in 
the division of the empire. In dividing the 
Roman world between the men>bers of the tri- 
umvirate, Lepidus was allowed a place chiefly 
by way of a connecting medium between the 
other two. After he had received Africa as his 
share, he brought a large force to Sicily, to aid 
Augustus in the war with Sextus Pompey, and 
shared in the victory obtained against that com- 
mander. The confidence he felt at being at the 
head of a large army, induced him to treat his 
colleague with haughtiness and neglect, but he 
had the mortiScation to see himself deserted by 
all his troops, who joined Augustus. He now 
supplicated his life of his rival, which being 
granted him, he retired into a kind of exile at 
Circeii, where he passed the remainder of bis 

days in obscurity. P. ^milius, brother to 

the triumvir, placed at the head of the list which 
contained the names of those proscribed by the 
triumvirate. He was pardoned, however, and 
retired to Miletus, where he passed the rest of 
his days. Veil. Pat. 2, 67 Son of the trium- 
vir, who engaged in a conspiracy against Octa- 
vius. Maecenas discovered the plot and had him 
put to death. Servilia, his wife, destroyed her- 
self by swallowing burning coals. Fell. Pat. 2, 88. 
. M., a Roman officer, who obtained from Ti- 
berius the command of a body of troops in the war 
j against the Dalmatians, and distinguished him- 
j self by his military skill and his valour. Veil. Pat. 

' 2, 114, &c. V. M., a companion of Caligula in 

his career of debauchery. The prince made him 
marry his sister Drusilla, and gave him hopes of 
being named as successor to the empire. Lepi- 
dus, however, who would seem to have reckoned 
but little after all on the promises of the emperor, 
I conspired against liim. The conspiracy was de- 
tected, and cost its author his life. He is sup- 
; posed by some to have been the son of Julia, grand- 
: daughter of Augustus, and consequently cousin- 
; german to Caligula. Tacit. Ann- 14, 2. 

Lepontii, a people of the Alps, near the 
j source of the Rhone, on the south of that river. 
The Lepontine Alps separated Italy from the 
Helvetii. Cces. B. Gall. 4, 10.— Plin. 3, 20.— 
i Sfrab. 4. 

Leptines, a son of Hermocrates, and brother 
of Dionysius the elder. He was sent against 
Mago, general of the Carthaginians, with the 
whole fleet of the tyrant, B. C. 396. At first he 
gained some advantages, but having separated 
himself too much from the main body of the 
fleet, he was surrounded by the enemy, and lost 
a large number of his vessels. After having re- 
mained for some time in a state of disgrace, he 
recovered the favour of the tyrant, and married 
his dauirhter. He commanded the left wing at 
the battle of Cronium (B. C. 3S3.), where he fell 
fighting valiantly. His fall occasioned the defeat 

of the army. Plut. A Syracusan, who, in 

conjunction with Callipus, took the city of Rhe- 
gium, occupied by the troops of Dionysius the 
younger. (351 B. C ) He was subsequently 
in the number of those who massacred this same 
Callipus, to avenge the death of Dion. Diod. 

Sic. 16, 45. A tyrant of Apollonia and other 

cities of Sicily, taken by Timoleon (B. C. 342) 

and exilpd to' Corinth, An Athenian orator, 

who proposed that certain immunities from the 
burdensome offices of chorauus, gymnasiarch, 
and hestiator, which used to be allowed to meri- 



torious citizens, should be taken away. A law 
was passed in accordance with this. Demosthenes 

attacked it and procured its abrogation. A 

Syrian, general of Demetrius, who put to death, 
at Laodicea, Octavius, a commissioner whom 
the Romans had sent into the east to arrange {he 
affairs of Syria. He was sent to Rome to be de- 
livered up, along with Isocrates, who was also a 
party to the murder, but the senate refused to 
receive him. Diod. Sic, frag. 31. 

Leptis, the name of two cities in Africa, dis- 
tinguished by the epithets of Magna and Parva. 
The first was situate towards tlie Great Syrtis, 
at the south-east extremity of the district of Tri- 
polis. It was founded by some Sidonians, who 
quitted their native city during a cabal, and it 
rose in the course of time to such importance, as 
to pay the Carthaginians, in whose territory it 
stood, a talent a day for tribute. It was the 
birth-place of the emperor Severus, and it was 
through him that, in later years, it obtained 
much of the favour bestowed upon it. It was 
destroyed about the seventh century, by the in- 
cursions of the Arabs, and it is now nothing but 
a heap of ruins. Its modern name is Lehida. 
The latter was in the district of Byzacium, <.r 
Emporiae, about eighteen miles below Hadrume- 
tum, on the coast. It is now Lempta. Lucaii. 
2, 25\,— Plin. b, \9. — Sallust. Jug. V.— Mela, 1, 8. 

Lerina, or PlanasIa, a small island in the 
Mediterranean, on the coast of Gallia Narbo- 
nensis, south of Nicaea. It is now St Marguerite. 

Lerna, a country of Argolis, celebrated for a 
grove and a lake, where, according to the poets, 
the Danaides threw the heads of their murdered 
husbands. It was there al.so that Hercules killed 
the famous hydra. Virg. Mn. 6, 803. 12, 517.— 
Mela, 2, d.—OvH. Met. 1, 597. -Stat. Th. 4, 638. 

— Apollod. 2, 15 There was a festival, called 

Lerncea, celebrated there in honour of Bacchus;, 
Proserpine, and Ceres. The Argives used to 
carry fire to this solemnity from a temple upon 
mount Crathis, dedicated to Diana. Paus. 2, 37. 

Lebos, a small island off tiie coast of Caria, 
and forming one of the cluster called Sporades. 
It was peopled from Miletus, and very probably 
belonged to that city, Strabo gives its iniiabi"- 
tants a character for dishonesty. Plin. 5,31.— 
Sir ah. 14. 

LesboNAX, a philosopher of Mitylene. in the 
first century of the Christian era. A treatise as- 
cribed to Lesbonax, *' De Figuris Grammaticis," 
was printed at Leyden in 1739; and there are two 
Greek orations bearing his name, printed by 
Aldus in 1513. 

Lesbos, now Metelin. an island of thc^Egean, 
lying off the coast of Mysia, at the entrance ( f 
the gulf of Adramyttium. It has been severallj 
called JEgira, Lasia, Mthiope, and Felasgia, from 
the Pelasgi by whom it was first peopled, Maca- 
ria, from Macareus who settled in it, and Lesbos, 
from the son-in-law and successor of Macareus, 
who bore the same name. The chief cities of 
Lesbos were Methymna and Mitylene. Lesbos 
was originally governed by kings, but it was 
afterwards subjected to the neighbouring powers. 
The wine which it produced was greatly esteem- 
ed by the ancients, and still is in the same repute 
among the moderns. The Lesbians were cele- 
brated among the ancients for their tkill in 
music, and their women for their beaury, \;ut the 
general character of the people was so diss pated, 
that the ej>ithet Lesbian was frecjui-ntly appl ed 
to licentious extravagance. Lesbos has given- 



LES 



■100 



LEU 



birth to many ilhistrious persons, such as Arion, 
Terpander, &c. The best verses were by way of 
eminence often called Lesboum carmen, from Al- 
cajus and Sappho, who distinguished themselves 
for their poetical compositions, and were also 
natives of the place. Diod. 5.— Slrab. 13 — Firg. 
G. 2. 90.— Homf. \, ep. 11, 1.- Herod. 1, 160. 

Lesbus, or Lesbos, a son of Lapithas, grand- 
son of ^olus, who married Mythymna daughter 
of Macareus. He succeeded his father-in-law, 
a;:il gave his name to the island over which he 
n i^ned. 

Lesches, a Greek poet of Lesbos, who flou- 
riiilied B C. 600. Some suppose him to be the 
ail hor of the little Iliad, of which only few 
Vffses remain, quoted by Pansonias, JO, 25. 

Lethe, one of the rivers uf hell, whose waters 
the souls of the dead drank after they had been 
confined for a certain space of time in Tartarus. 
It had the power of making them forget whatever 
they had done, seen, or heard before, as the 
name implies A^e??. oblivion. There was also ai 
river of that name in Spain. Its true name, how- 
ever, was the Belio, according to Strabo, or, ac- 
cording to Ptolemy, the Limius. It was in the 
territory of the Caliiaci, a little below the Minius. 
Its name Lethe, (or, as it should be rather termed 
•o TTis X-ndrjg, the river of forgetfulness,') was given 
to it from the circumstance of the Celtae and 
Turduli, who had gone on an expedition with 
united forces, losing here their common com- 
mander, becoming disunited, forgetting the ob- 
ject of their expedition, and returning to their 
respective homes. There was so much supersti- 
tious dread attached to this stream, that Brutus, 
in his expedition against the Caliiaci, could with 
great difficulty induce his soldiers to cross. 

Leuca, a town of Italy, in the country of the 
Salentini, and in the vicinity of the lapygian 
promontory. Lucan. 5, 376. 

Leuc^, a town of Ionia, west of the mouth of 
the Hermus, at the entrance of the Smyrnaeus 
Sinus. It was situate on a promontory, which, 
according to Pliny, was anciently an island. 
Near this place, Aristonicus, the pretender to 
the crown of Pergamus, was defeated by the 
Roman consul Perperna. Plin. 5, 29. — Mela, 
1, 17. 

Leucas, or Leucadia, an island in the 
Ionian sea, now called Santa Maura, off the 
coast of Acarnania, famous for a promontory 
called Leucate, where desponding lovers threw 
themselves into the sea. Sappho had recourse 
to this leap to free herself from the violent pas- 
sion which she entertained for Phaon. The word 
is derived from Xsvwoj, white, on account of the 
whiteness of its rocks. Apollo had a temple on the 
promontory, whence he is often called Leucadius. 
The island was formerly joined to the continent 
by a narrow isthmus, which the inhabitants dug 
through after the Peloponnesian war. Ovid. 
Heroid. 15, m.—Strab. 6, 8zc. — Ital. 15, 302.— 
Firg. Mn. 3, 274. 8, 677. 

Leucaspis, a Lycian, one of the companions 
of .(Eneas, drowned in the Tyrrhene sea. Firg. 
Mn. 6, 334. 

Leucate Fid. Leucas. 

Leuce, an island in the Euxine sea, near the 
mouth of the Borysthenes. According to the 
poet.-*, the souls of the ancient heroes were 
placed there as in the Elysian fields, where they 
enjoyed perpetual felicity, and reaped the repose 
to which their benevolence to mankind, and 
their exploits during life, seemed to entitle them. | 



From that circumstance it has often been called 
the island of the blessed, &c. According to some i 
accounts Achilles celebrated there his nuptials 
with Iphigenia, or rather Helen, and shared the 
pleasures of the place with the manes of Ajax, i 

&c. Mela, 2, 7. Q. Calub. 3, 773. One of | 

the Oceanides whom Pluto carried into his king- ( 
dom. She died there, and the god to preserve 
her memory, raised a poplar tree in the Elysian 
fields, to which he gave her name. Servius ad 
Firg. Ed. 7, 61. 

Leuci, a people in the south-eastern quarter 
of Gallia Belgica, and to the south of the Medio- 
matrici. They are much commended for their 
skill in darting and shooting. Their principal 
town was Tullum, now Tout, on the Moselle. 
CcBS, B. G. 2, 14.- Tacit. Hist. 1, 6i. — Plin. 4, 17. 

-Mountains in the western part of the island 

of Crete, appearing at a distance like white 
clouds whence tlie name. Strab. 10. 

Leucippe, one of the Oceanides. 

Leucippides, the daughters of Leucippus- 
Fid. Leucippus. I 

Leucippus, a philosopher of considerable 
eminence in the fifth century, B. C. The an- 
cients are not agreed upon the place of his birth, ' 
but according to Diogenes Laertius, it took place ' 
at Elea. All accounts, however, concur in at- I 
tributing to him the first idea of the system of 
atoms, which was improved by his disciple De- 
mocritus, and adopted by Epicurus, He wrote j 
a treatise concerning nature, now lost; and dis- ' 
satisfied with the metaphysical subtleties of the j 
Eleatic school, resolved to examine the real con- , 
stitution of the material world, and inquire into i 
the mechanical properties of bodies. His great I 
object was to restore the alliance between reason i 
and the senses, for which purpose he suggested 
the doctrine of indivisible atoms, having within 
themselves a principle of motion. By the help 
of this principle, a feeble and fanciful effort was 
made to account for the production of all natural | 
bodies from physical causes, without the inter- 
vention of Deity, although it is not certain, that 
either he or his disciples intended to discard the I 
notion of a divine nature from the universe. j 
Diog. Laert. 9, 30.— Qc. N. D, 1, 42.— Plut. de 

Plac. Phil. 2, 7. 3, 12. A son of Perieres and J 

Gorgophone. He was brother of Tyndareus king j 
of Sparta, and married Philodice daughter of j 
InachuSjby whom he had two daughters, Hilaira i ' 
and Phoebe, known by the patronymic of Leu- | 
cippides. They were carried away by their | I 
cousins Castor and Pollux, as they were going to | ' 
celebrate their nuptials with Lynceus and Idas. | I 

Ovid. Fast. 5, 701 Apollod. 3, 10, &c. - Paws. 3, | ] 

17 et 26. A son of Xanthus, descended from ' 

Bellerophon. He became deeply enamoured of ! 
one of his sisters, and when he was unable to re- ' 
strain his unnatural passion, he resolved to gra j ' 
tify it. He acquainted his mother with it, and i ' 
threatened to murder himself if she attempted to t 
oppose his views or remove the object of his af- { t 
fection. The mother, rather than lose a son t 
whom she tenderly loved, cherished his passion, I i 
and by her consent her daughter yielded herself ' 
to the arms of her brother. Some time after the > 
father resolved to give his daughter in marriage i 1 
to a Lycian prince. The future husband was in- I ^ B 
formed that the daughter of Xanthus secretly i 
entertained a lover, and he communicated the gi 
intelligence to the father. Xanthus upon this | ^ 
secretly watched his daughter, and when Leucip- i M 
pus had introduced himself to her bed, the father, j ■ 



LEU 



401 



in his eagerness to discover the seducer, occa- 
sioned a little noise in the room. The daughter 
was alarmed, and as she attempted to escape, she 
received a mortal wound from her father, who 
took her to be the lover. Leucippus came to her 
assistance, and stabbed his father in the dark, 
without knowing who he was. This accidental 
parricide obliged Leucippus to fly from his coun- 
try. He came to Crete, where the inhabitants 
refused to give him an asylum, when acquainted 
•with the atrociousness of his crime, and he at 
last came to ICphesus, where he died in the great- 
est misery and remorse. Hermesianax apud 

Parthen. 5. A son of CEnomaus, who became 

enamoured of Daphne, and to obtain her confi- 
dence disguised himself in a female dress, and 
attended his mistress as a companion. He gained 
the affections of Daphne by his obsequiousness 
and attention, but his artifice at last proved fatal 
through the influence and jealousy of his rival 
Apollo; for when Daphne and her attendants 
were bathing in the Ladon, the sex of Leucippus 
was discovered, and he perished by the darts of 
the females. Parthen. Erotic. 15. — Paus, 8, 20. 

A son of Hercules by Marse, one of the 

daughters of Thespius. Apollod. 3, 7. 

Leucon, a tyrant of Bosphorus, who lived in 
great intimacy with the Athenians. He was a 
liberal patron of the useful arts, and greatly en- 
couraged commerce. Diod. 14. 

Leuconoe, a daughter of Lycambes. The 
Leuconoe to whom Horace addresses his 1 od. 

11, seems to be a fictitious name.- A nymph 

who relates the amours of Sol, &c. Ovid. Met. 
4, 168. 

Leucopetra, a cape of Italy, in the territory 
of the Brutii, and regarded by all ancient writers 
on the geography of that country, as the termi- 
nation of the Apennines. Its modern name is 
Capo dell' Armi. Strab. 6.—Plin. 3, 10. 

LEUCuPHRYS, a temple of Diana, with a city 
of the sanie name, near the Maeander. The god- 
dess was represented under the figure of a woman 
with many breasts, and crowned with victory. — 
An ancient name of Tenedos. Paus. 10, 14. 

LeucosIa, a small island in the Sinus Paesta- 
nus. It was said to have derived its name from 
one of the Sirens. Dionysius calls it Leucasia. 
It is now known by the name of Licosa, and 
sometimes by that of Isola piana. Lycophr. 722, 
Slc — Strab. 6.— Dion. 1, 53. 

LeucosyrTi, the Greek form of a name ap- 
plied by the Persians to the Cappadocians, and 
signifying White Syrians. The Persians called 
the Cappadocians by this appellation, because 
they considered them to be a branch of the great 
Syrian nation from the resemblance of their lan- 
guage, customs, and religion, and because they 
found that they possessed a fairer complexion 
than their swarthy brethren of the south. The 
Greek colonies on the coast of Pontus received 
this name from the Persians, and expressed it by 
the forms of their own language, but, in its ap- 
plication, restricted it to the inhabitants of the 
mountainous country, lying along the coast from 
the Promontorium Jasonium in the east, to the 
mouth of the Halys in the west, while they called 
the people in the interior of the country by the 
name of Cappadocians. The Leucosyrii became 
in time blended into one people with the Paphla- 
gonians. Herod. 1. li. 5, 45. 7, 12.— Strab. 12. 

Leucothoe or Leucothea, the name of Ino 
the wife of Athamas, changed into a sea deity. 
(Vid. Ino.) She was called Matuta by the Pto- 



mans, who raised her a temple, where all uie 
people, particularly women, olTc'red vows f. r 
their brother's children. They did not iiiueat 
the deity to protect their own children, because 
Ino had been unfortunate in hers. No female 
slaves were permitted to enter the temple; or if 
their curiosity tempted them to transgress this 
rule, they were be.iten away with the greatest 
severity. To this supplicating for other people's 
children, Ovid alludes in these lines; Fast. 6. 
Non tamen hanc pro stirpe sua pia mater adorat. 

Ipsa parumfelix l isafuisse parens. 
Her divinity was also implored by sailors, to 
protect them against storms and the perils of the 
sea. Homer. Od. 5, 333.— C/c. de Nat. D. 3, 15 
et 19. Tusc. 1, U.— Ovid. Fa^t. 6, 545.- Plut. 

Symp. 5, Qucest. 3.— Paus. 1, 42. A daughter 

of king Orchamus by Eurynome. Apollo be- 
came enamoured of her, and to introduce him- 
self to her with greater facility, he assumed the 
shape and features of her mother. Their happi- 
ness was complete, when Clytia, who tenderly 
loved Apollo, and was jealous of his amours with 
Leucothoe, discovered the whole intrigue to her 
father, who ordered his daughter to be buried 
alive. The lover, unable to save her from death, 
sprinkled nectar and ambrosia on her tomb, 
which penetrating as far as the body, changed it 
into a beautiful tree which bears the frankin- 
cense. Ovid. Met. 4, 1S6. 

Leuctra, a small town of Eoeotia, south-east 
of Thespiae, and west of Plata;a3, famous for the 
victory which Epaminondas the Theban general 
obtained over the superior force of Cleombrotus, 
king of Sparta, on the 8th of July, B. C. 371. In 
this famous battle, 4000 Spartans were killed with 
their king Cleombrotus, and no more than 300 
Thebans. From that time the Spartans lost the 
empire of Greece, which they had obtained for 
near 500 years. Paus. 9, \3.~Strab. 9.— Xen. 
Hist. Gr. 6, 4.~Plut. Vit. Epam. 

Leuctrum, a town of Messenia, on the coast, 
sixty stadia from Cardtimyle. It was said to 
have been founded by Pelops. Its site still re- 
tains the name of Leutro. Paus. 4, 2G.— Strab. 8. 

A small tov^n of Achaia, on the Sinus Corii - 

thiacus, above ^^ium, and in the vicinity of 
Rhypae, on which latter place it was dependent. 
Paus. 7, 24. A town of Arcadia, below Mega- 
lopolis. Paus. 8, 27. 

Leucus, one of the companions of Ulysses, 
killed before Troy bv Antiphus son of Priam. 
Homer. II. 4, 491. 

LeucyanIas, a river of Peloponnesus, flow, 
ing into the Alpheus. Paus. 6, 21. 

L.EVANA, a goddess of Rome, who presided 
over the action of the person who took up from 
the ground a newly born child, after it had 
been placed there by the m.idwif^e. This was 
generally done by the father, and so religiously 
observed was this ceremony, that the legitimacy 
of a child could be disputed without it. 

Levinus. Vid. Lfcevinus. 

LexovIi, a people of Gaul in Lugdunensis 
Secunda, near the mouth of the Sequana, and on 
its left banks. Their capital was Noviomagus 
now l.isieux. Ccrs. B. G. 3. 9. 

JviBANlus, a celebrated Greek sophist or rhe- 
torician, was born of an ancient family at A '- 
tioch, about A. D. 314. From his youth be 
devoted himself to literature, and pursued his 
studios at Athens. After he had fini^l^ed his 
education, he collected disciples, ard n.,'uip him- 
seif known by various rhptorical compisiiions^ 
2 L 3 



LIB 



402 



LIB 



His reputation was high, both at Constantinople 
and Nicomedia, in which latter eity he attracted 
the attention of Julian, who became acquainted 
with his writings, and imitated his style and man- 
ner. The jealousy of his rivals pursued him 
from place to place, until he finally returned to 
Antioeh, when, about A. D. 560, he became pre- 
ceptor to Basil and John Chrysostom, afterwards 
so celebrated in the Christian church. On the 
accession of Julian, ha was invited by that empe- 
ror to a station near his person, which w ith true 
philosophic dignity he declined, but necessarily 
became warmly attached to a prince, who paid 
him so much attentinn. Julian admitted him to 
the equality of a literary friend, and is thought 
to have had his assistance in some of his own 
compo.>itions. The death of that emperor was, 
therefore, a severe stroke upon Libanius, who 
had flattered himself w ith the restoration of the 
heathen worship and philosophy fiom his exer- 
tions. He survived to an advanced age, endan- 
gered by supposed disaffection to the succeeding 
emperor, and annoyed by the jealousy of rivals. 
The time of his death is not known, but he men- 
tions the seventy-sixth year of his age. A, D. 390. 
The writings of Libanius are numerous, and 
many of them have reached posterity. They are 
characterized by Gibbon as "for the most part 
tlie vain and idle compositions of an orator who 
cultivated the science of words; the productions 
of a recluse student, whose mind, regardless 
of his contemporaries, was incessantly fixed on 
the Trojan war, and the Athenian common- 
wealth." Of the works of Libanius, tw o vols, 
folio, Gr. and Lat. were published at Paris, 
lt)06— 1627. These contain his declamations, 
orations, and dissertations, with his life, a vain 
and prolix narrative, written by himself. The 
best collection of his epistles is that of Wolf, 
Amsterdam, folio, 173?. 

LiBANUS. a chain of mountains in Syria, de- 
riving their name from their white colour, the 
eastern part in particular being covered with per- 
petual snow. Some make the range commence 
from Mons Amanus, on the confines of Cilicia, 
and give the general name of Libanus to the en- 
tire chain of mountains running thence to the 
south; it is more accurate, however, to make it 
begin near Aradus in Phoenicia, and, after form- 
ing the northern boundary of that country, run 
to the south, and end near Sidon. The western 
part of this chain of mountains is properly called 
Libanus; the eastern part is Antilibanus, and 
the valley between is Coelosyria. Libanus con- 
sists of four ridges of mountains, which rise one 
above the other; the first of these is very fertile 
in grain and fruit; the second is barren and rocky, 
producing notliing but briers and thorns; the 
third, though still higher, is said to enjoy a con- 
stant verdure and spring, its gardens and orchards 
producing such a variety of herbs, fruits. &c. that 
it hath been styled an earthly paradise; the last 
and loftiest is uninhabitable, by reason of its ex- 
cps<iive coldness, beiog covered with deep snow 
rloiost all the year. Libanus was celebrated for 
its cpdars. Strab. 6- 

LiBENTlN'A, a surname of Venus, who had a 
temple at Rome, where the young women used 
to dedicate the toys and cluldish amusements of 
th"ir vouth, w hen arrived at nubile vears. Varro 
de L L. 5, 6. 

Libp;r, a surname of BTCchus, which siffnifies 
frre lie received this name from his delivering 
some cities of Boeotia from slavery, or according 



to others, because wine, of which he was the 
patron, delivered mankind from their cares, and 
made them speak with freedom and unconcern. 
The w ord is often used for wine itself. Senec. de 
Tranq. Anim. 

LiBKRA, a goddess, the same as Proserpine. 
Cicero speaks of Liber and Libera as children of 
Ceres, to whom the Romans paid every mark of 
adoration. Cic. in T'er. 4, 43 tt 53. 5, 14. A'. D. 

2, 24 A name given to Ariadne by Bacchus, 

or Liber, when he had married her. Odd. Fast. 
3,513. 

LlBERALiA, festivals yearly celebrated in 
honour of Bacchus the 17th of March. Young 
men (hen put on the toga virilis, and slaves were 
permit ed to speak with freedom, and every thing 
bore the appearance of independence. They 
were much the same as the Dionvsia of the 
Greeks. Ovid. Fast. 3, 713.— C«c. Ep. ad Fam 
12, 25. Ep. ad Att. 14, 10. 

LiBERTAS, a goddess of Rome, who had a 
temple on mount Aventine, raised by T. Grac- 
chus, and improved and adorned by Pollio w ith 
many elegant statues and brazen columns, and a 
gallery in which w ere deposited the public acts 
of the state. She w as represented as a woman in 
a light dress, holding a rod in one hand, and a 
cap in the other, both signs of independence, as 
the former was used by the magistrates in the 
manumission of slaves, and the latter was worn 
by slaves, who were soon to be set at liberty. 
Sometimes a cat was placed at her feet, as this 
animal is very fond of liberty, and impatient 
when confined' Liv. 24, 16. 25, 7. — Ovid. Trist. 

3, 1, 72.- Pint, in Grac. 

LlBiTHRA, a town of Macedonia, situate on 
the declivity of Olympus, and not far from the 

tomb of Orpheus. Pans. 9, 30. A foimtain of 

Thessaly, on mount Homole, in the district of 
Maarnesia, at the northern extremity. Flin. 4, y. 
—Mela, 2, 3. 

LibethrTdes, a name given to the Muses. 
Fid. Libethrius. 

LibethrIus, a mountain of Boeotia, forty 
stadia to the south of Coronea. and forming one 
of the summits of Helicon. It was sacred to the 
Muses and the nymphs called Libethrides. Pans. 
9, 34:.— Strab. 9. A fountain on mount Libeth- 
rius. 

LlBiTiNA, a goddess at Rome, who presided 
over funerals. According to some, she is the 
same as Venus, or rather Proserpine. She had 
a temple at Rome, where was lodged a certain 
piece of money for every person who died, whose 
name was recorded in a register called LibitincB 
ratio. This practice was established by Servius 
TuUius, in order to obtain an account of the 
number of annual deaths in the city, and conse- 
quentlv the rate of increase or decrease of its in- 
habitants. Dionys. Hal. 4.— Liv. 40, 19. — Fal. 
Max. 5, 2. - Pint QiicFst. Rom. 

LiBON, a Greek architect who built the famous 
temple of Jupiter Olympius. He flourished 
about 450 years before the Christian era. 

LIBOPHCENICES, the inhabitants of the dis- 
trict Byzacium, in Africa Propria. Their name 
indicates that they were a mixture of Libyans 
and Phoenicians. Diod. Sic. 20, 55.— P/m. 5, 4. 

LiburnTa, a province of lllyricum, along the 
Adriatic sea, over against Italy, between Dalma- 
tia on the south, and Istria on the north. Zara, 
anciently I."dera, and afterwards Diodora, was 
once its capital. The ruins of Burnum, the Li- 
bumia of Slrabo, are to be seen on the right bank 



LIB 



403 



Lie 



of the Titius, or Kerka, in the desert of Bukovisa. 
The Liburnians were an Illyrian tribe, and their 
country now answers to part of Croatia. They are 
supposed to have sent forth a part of their number 
to Italy, and to have descended as far south as 
lapygia, dividing into three tribes, the lapyges, 
the Peucetii, and the Calabri. Some make 
them the most ancient inhabitants of Italy. The 
galleys of the Liburnians were remarkable for 
their light construction and swiftness, and it was 
to ships of this kind that Augustus was in a great 
measure indebted for his victory over Antony at 
Actium. Hence, after that time, the name of 
naves Liburnce was given to all quick-sailing 
vessels, and few ships were built but of that con- 
struction. The Liburnians were a stout, able- 
bodied race, and were much employed at Rome 
as porters, and sedan, or litter-carriers. Hence 
Martial, in describing the pleasures of a country 
life, exclaims, " procul horridus Liburnus." 
Strab. 6 et l.—PUn. 3. \Z.—Dio Cass. 29, 32.— 
Horat, Epod. 1, l.—Mart. 1, 50, 33.— Jw. 4, 75. 

LlBURNiDES, islands off the coast of Libur- 
nia, said to amount to the number of forty. 
Strab. 7. 

I LiBURNUM MARE, the sea which borders on 
j the coasts of Liburnia. 

Liburnus, a chain of mountains near Apulia, 
crossed by Hannibal in his march from Samnium 
and the Peligni into Apulia. Folyb. 3, 101. 

Libya, a dauj^hter of Epaphus and Cassiopea, 
who became mother of Agenor and Belus by 

I Neptune. Apollod. 2, 1. 3,1— Pans. 1, 44. Tile 

name given by the Greek and Roman poets to 
what was otherwise called Africa. In a more 
restricted sense the name has been applied to- 
that part of Africa which contained the two coun- 
tries of Cyrenaica and Marmariea, together with 
I a very extensive region in the interior, of w hich 
little, if any thing, was known, and which was 
generally styled Libya Interior. From the 
word Libya, are derived the epithets of Libys, 
Libyssus, Libysis, Libystis, Libycus, Libysticus, 
Libystinus, Libystceus. Virg. JEn. 4, 106. 5, 37. 
Lucan ^.—Sallust, &c. 

Libycum mare, that part of the Mediterran- 
ean which lies on the coast of Cyrene. 

LiBYSSA, a small village of Bithynia, west of 
Nicomedia, on the northern shore of the Sinus 
Astacenus. It is rendered memorable for con- 
taining the tomb of Hannibal; whence, no doubt, 
its name. It is supposed to correspond with the 
modern Maldysem, a few miles to the south of 
Ghebse. Flut, Fit. Flamin. — Ammian. Marcell. 
32,9. 

LiCATES, a people of Vindelicia, on the 
eastern bank of the Licus, in the modern Ober 
donaukreis, to the north-east of Fiissen. Plin. 
3, 20. 

LiCHADES, small islands near Caeneum, a pro- 
montory of Euboea, called from Lichas. Vid. 
Liehas. Ovid. Met. 9, 155 et 218. 

LiCHAS, a servant of Hercules who brought 
him the poisoned tunic from Dejanira. He was 
thrown by his master into the sea with great 
violence, and changed into a rock in the Eu- 
bnean sea, by the compassion of the gods. Odd. 
Met. 9. 211. 

LiciNTA LEX, was enacted by L. Licinius 
Crassus, and Q. Mutius, consuls, A. U. C. 657. 
It oi-dered all the inhabitants of Italy to be 
enrolled on the list of citizens in their respective 

cities. Another, by C. Licinius Crassus the 

tribune, A. U.C 008. It transferred the right 



of choosing priests from the college lo the people 

It was proposed, but did not pass. Another, 

by C. Licinius Stolo, the tribune. It forbade 
any person to possess 500 acres of land, or keep 
more than 100 head of large cattle, or 500 of 

small. Another, by P. Licinius Varus, A. U. 

C. 545, to settle the day for the celebration of the 
Ludi ApoUinares, which was before uncertain. 

Another, by P. Licinius Crassus Dives B. 

C. 110. It was the same as the Fannian law, 
and farther required that no more than thirty 
asses should be spent at any table on the calends, 
nones, or nundinas, and only three pounds of 
fresh and one of salt meat, on ordinary days. 
None of the fruits of the earth were forbidden. 
Another, de sodalitiis, by M. Licinius the con- 
sul A. U. C. 692. It imposed a severe penalty on 
party clubs, or societies assembled or frequented 
for election purposes, as coming under the defi- 
nition of ambitus, and of offering violence in 
some degree to the freedom and independence of 

the people. Another; called also jF,butia, by 

Licinius and iEbutius the tribunes. It enacted, 
that when any law was proffered with respect to 
any office or power, the person who proposed the 
bill, as well as his colleagues in office, his friends 
and relations, should be declared incapable of 
being invested with the said office or power. 

LiClNiA, the wife of C. Gracchus, who 
attempted to dissuade her husband from his 
seditious measures by a pathetic speech. She 
was deprived of her dowry after the death of 
Caius. A vestal virgin accused ol inconti- 
nence, but acquitted, A. U. C. 636. Another 

vestal, put to death for her laseiviousness under 

Trajan. The wife of Mascenas, distmguished 

for conjugal tenderness. She was sister to Pro- 
culeius, and bore also the name of Terentia. 
Horat. Od. 2, 12, 13. 

Licinius, C. a tribune of the people, cele- 
brated for the consequence of his family, for his 
intrigues and abilities. He was a plebeian, and 
was the first of that body who was raised to the 
office of a master of horse to the dictator. He 
was surnamed Stolo, or useless sprout, on account 
of the law which he caused to be enacted during 
his tribuneship. By this law no person was per- 
mitted to hold more than 500 acres of land, it be- 
ing alleged, that when more was held by one 
proprietor, he would not have leisure to pull up 
the useless sprouts which gre\y from the roots of 
the trees. He afterwards carried a law which 
permitted the plebeians to share the consula- 
dignity with the patricians, A. U. C. 388. He 
reaped the benefit of this law, and was one of the 
first plebeian consuls. This law was proposed 
and passed by Licinius, as it is reported, at the 
instigation of his ambitious wife, daughter of M. 
Fabius Ambustus, who was jealous of her sister, 
who had married a patrician, and who seemed to 
be of a higher dignity in being the wife of a con- 
sul. Liv. 6, 34. — Piwf. C. Calvus, a cele- 
brated orator and poet in the age of Cicero. He 
distinguished himself by his eloquence in the 
forum, and his poetry, which some of the an- 
cients have compared to Catullus. His orations 
are greatly commended by Quintilian. Some 
believe that he wrote annals quoted by Diony- 
sius of Halicarnassus, He died in the thirtieth 

year of his age. Qidntil — Cic. in Brut. 81. 

Macer, a Roman accused by Cicero when pra-tor. 
He derided the pow er of his accuser, but w lien 
he saw himself condemned he grew so desperate 
that he killed himself. Plut, P. Crai^blls, a 



Lie 



404 



LIM 



Roman, sent against Perseus kin? of Macedonia. 
He «as at first defeated, but afterwards repaired 
his losses and obtained a complete victory, &c. 

A consul sent against Annibal. Another, 

who defeated the robbers that infested the Alps. 

Caius Imbrex, a comic poet in the age of 

Alricanus, preferred by some in merit to Ennius 
and Terence. His Naevia and Neeera are quoted 
by ancient authors, but of all his poetry only two 

verses are preserved. Aul. Cell. -Crassus. 

{Vid. Crassus.) Mucianus, a Roman who 

wrote about the history and geography of the 
eastern countries, often quoted by Pliny. He 

lived in the reign of Vespasian. P. Tegula, a 

comic poet of Rome, about 200 years before 
Christ. He is ranked as the fourth of the best 
comic poets which Rome produced. Few lines 
of his compositions are extant. He wrote an ode 
which was sung all over the city of Rome by nine 
virgins during the Macedonian war. Liu. 31, 12. 

Muraena. {Vid. Muraena.) C Flavins 

Valerianus, a celebrated Roman emperor. His 
father was a poor peasant of Dalmatia. and him- 
st-lf a common soldier in the Roman armies. 
His valour had recommended him to the notice 
of Galerius M.ixiraianus, who had once shared 
with him the inferior and subordinate offices of 
the army, and had lately been invested with the 
imperial purple by Diocletian. Galerius loved 
him for his friendly services, particularly during 
the Persian war, and he showed his regard for 
his merit by taking him as a colleague in the 
empire, and appointing him over the province of 
Pannonia and Rhcetia. Constantine, who was 
also one of the emperors, courted the favour of 
Licinius, and made his intimacy more durable 
by giving him his sister Constanlia in marriage, 
A. D. 313. The continual successes of Licinius, 
particularly against Maximinus, increased his 
pride, and rendered him jealous of the greatness 
of his brother-in-law. The persecutions of the 
Christians, whose doctrines Constantine followed, 
soon caused a rupture, and Licinius had the 
mortification to lose two battles, one in Panno- 
nia, and the other near Adrianopolis. Treaties 
of peace were made between the contending 
powers, but the restless ambition of Licinius soon 
broke them; and after many engagements a de- 
cisive battle was fought near Chalcedonia. Ill 
fortune again attended Licinius, he was con- 
quered, and fled to Nicomedia, where the con- 
queror soon obliged him to surrender, and to re- 
sign the imperial purple. The tears of Constan- 
lia obtained a doubtful forgiveness for her hus- 
band, but Constantine knew what a turbulent 
and active enemy had fallen into his hands, 
therefore he ordered him to be strangled atThes- 
salonica, A. D. 324. His wretched family shared 
his fate. The avarice, licentiousness, and cruelty 
of Licinius, are as conspicuous as his misfor- 
tunes. He was an enemy to learning, and this 
aversion totally proceeded from his ignorance of 
letters, and the rusticity of his education. His 
son by Constantia bore also the same name. He 
was honoured with the title of Ca?sar, when scarce 
twenty months old. He was involved in his 
fatlier's ruin, and put to death by order of Con- 
stantitie. 

LiClNUS, a barber and freedman of Augustus, 
raised by his master to the rank and dignity of a 
senator, merelv because he hated Pompey's fa- 
mily, Horat. 'Art. P. 301. 

LiCYMNiUS, a son of Electryon and brother 
of * Icmeua, He was so infirm in his old age, 



that when he walked, he was always supported 
by a slave. Triptolemus, son of Hercules, see- 
ing the slave inattentive to his duty, threw a 
stick at him, which unfortunately killed Licym- 
nius. The murderer fled to Rhodes. Apollod. 2, 7. 

LlGARTUS, Q. a Roman deservedly popular as 
pro-consul of Africa, after Confidius. In the 
civil wars he followed the interest of Pompey, 
but by the interest of his friends he was pardoned 
when Caisar had conquered his enemies. Caesar, 
however, and his adherents were determined 
upon the ruin of Ligarius, and Tubero was en- 
gaged to criminate him^ but Cicero, by an elo- 
quent oration, still extant, defeated his accusers, 
and he was acquitted. He became afterwards 
one of Cjesar's murderers. Cic. pro Lig. — Piut. 
in CcEsar. 

LiGER, a Rutulian killed by .^Eneas. Virg. 
^n. 10, 576. 

LlGER or LIGERIS, now La Loire, the largest 
river of Gaul, rising in Mons Cebenna, or Cc- 
vennes, and running first north, and then west, 
into the Sinus Aquitanicus, or Bay of Biscay, 
Cess. B. G. 3, 9. 7, o. — Lucan. 1, 439. 

Ltglres, the inhabitants of Liguria. Vid. 
Liguria. 

LiGURiA. a country of Italy, bounded on the 
south by the sea, on the west by the Alps as far 
as the source of the Po, on the north by the Po, 
and on the east by the country of the Anamani, 
and by the little river Macra. It comprehended 
Genoa, that part of Piedmont which is south of 
the Po, and the greater part of the Imperial Fiefs 
ofPontremoli. The Ligures, called by the Greeks 
Ligyes and Ligustini, were probably of Celtic 
origin ; they were a vain, unpolished, and de- 
ceitful people, although possessed of sufficient 
courage to resist the invasions of the Romans for , 
a long period of years. Their dominions ex- 
tended at one time" from the Arnus to the Rho- j 
danus, and in an earlier age as far westward as 
Spain. Strab 4. -Polyh. 2, 16. 3, m. — Thucyd. 

6. 2.—Liv. 40, 33. 4], 12.— Cic. Agr. 2, 35 Virg. 

G. 2, aeS. JEn. 11, 701.— P/m. 3, 5. 

LlGURlNUS, a p et. Martial. 3, ep. 50. A 

beautiful youth in the age of Horace. Od. 4, 1, | 
33. 

LigustTc^ Alpes, a part of the Alps which | 
borders on Liguria, sometimes called Maritimas. ' 

LiGUSTJCUM MARE, the north part of the i 
Tyrrhene sea, now the Gulf of Genoa. 

LiGYES. a people of Asia, east of the Marian- i 
dyni and Cappadocians, and north-east of the 
M.'xtieni. Herod. 7. 72. 

LiLiEA, a town of Achaia near the Cephissus 
Stat. Theb. 7. 343. 

LiLYB^DUM, a city of Sicily on the western 
coast south of Drepanum, and near a famous 
cape called also Lilybasum. now Cape Boeo. It . 
was the principal fortress of the Carthaginians iit | 
Sicily, and the only city which resisted Pyrrhus, | 
when he passed into the island. It had a port, 
which the Romans, in one of their sieges, endea- 1 
voured vainly to stop up. Its modern name is 
Marsala. Diod. Sic. 13,54. 22, \i.—Polyb. 1,41. ' 

Sec— Cic. in Ver. 5. The western one of the 

three famous capes of Sicily, now Cape Boeo. 
Strab. 6, 

LlMN^UM, a temple of Diana at Limnae, j 
from which the goddess was called Limnaea, i 
and worshipped under that appellation at Sparta 
and in Achaia. The Spartans wished to seize I 
the temple in the age of Tiberius, but the emperor \ 
interfered and gave it to its lawful possessors the i 



LIM 



405 



LIT 



Messenians. Paus. 3, 14. 7, %(), —Tacit. Ann. 
4, 43. 

LiMNATIDiA, a festival in honour of Diana, 
surnamed lArnnatis, from Limnae, a school of 
exercise at Troezene, where she was worshipped ; 
or from xlfMvat, ponds-, because she presided over 
fishermen. 

LiMNiAcE, the daughter of the Ganges, 
mother of Atys. Ovid. Met. 5, 48. 

LiMNOREA, one of the Nereides. Hom.7i.l8,41. 
LiMON, a place of Campania between Neapo- 
lis and Puteoli. Stat. Sijlv. 3, 1. 

LiMONUM, a town of Gallia Aquitanica. in 
the territory of the Pictones. It was subse- 
quently called Pictavi, and is now Poitiers, Cces. 
h. G 8, 26. 

LiMYRA, a town of Lycia at the mouth of the 
Limyrus. Ovid. Met. 9, 645. - Veil. 2, 102. 

LiNDUM, a town of Britain, the capital of the 
Coritani, and on the main road from Londinum 
to Eboracum. It is now Lincoln. 

LlNDUS, now Linda, a city on the eastern 
! coast of the island of Rhodes, founded by Cerca- 
j phus son of Sol and Cydippe. Hercules had 
I there a celebrated temple, and likewise Minerva,' 
which last had been built by the Danaides. 
Lindus is not only famed for the foundation of 
Gela in Sicily, by one of its colonies, but it gave 
birth to Gieobulus, one of the seven wise men, 
and to Chares and Laches, who were employed 
in making and finishing the famous Colossus of 
Rhodes. Strab. Homer. II. 2, Mj3.— Mela, 

2,7.— Plin. 3i.~ Herod. 7, 153. A grandson 

of Apollo. Cic. de Nat. D. 3, 21. 

LiNGONES, a people of Gaul whose territories 
included Vogesus, Vosges, and consequently the 
sources of the rivers Mosa, or Meuse, and Ma- 
trona, or Marine. Their chief city was Andoma- 
dunum, afterwards Lingones, now Langres, Cess, 

B. G. 1, 26. A Gallic tribe in Gallia Cisal- 

pina, occupying the extreme eastern portion of 
Gallia Cispadana. They were a branch of the 
Transalpine Lingones. Their capital was Ra- 
venna. Polyb. 2, 17. 

Linus, a native of Chalcis, a son of Apollo 
and Terpsichore; according to others, of Amphi- 
marus and Urania; and, according to others 
again, of Mercury and Urania. ApoUodorus 
makes him a brother of Orpheus. The age of 
Linus is fixed by Archbishop Usher 1280 years 
before the Christian era. Eusebius speaks of 
him as having flourished before Moses. Hero- 
dotus represents him as being celebrated among 
the Egyptians from still more remote periods. 
He is mentioned by Homer, in the eighteenth 
book of the Iliad, or, at least, is understood to be 
• commemorated by a bard introduced among the 
'pictures on ihe shield of Achilles; and is said to 
,have added the string lichanos to the Mercurian 
^lyre. Diodorus Siculus represents him as being 
the inventor of music and of poetry, or, at least, 
as having first introduced these arts into Greece. 
He is said also to have written treatises on reli- 
gious rites, and to have composed a work in hon- 
our of Bacchus. The most common report of 
his death is that he taught Hercules to play upon 
the lyre, and was so enraged at the dulness or in- 
attention of his pupil, that he struck him, which 
so incensed the youthful hero that he seized the 
\\ re, and beat out the brains of his master. Ac- 
corling to Diogenes Laertius, however, he was 
killed by Apollo for presuming to boast of equal 

merit with that deity. A son of Lycaon. 

Apollod. 3, 8, 1. 



LlODES, one of Penelope's suitors, killed by 
Ulysses. Homer. Od. 21, 144. 22, 310. 

LiPARA, the largest of the ^olian islands on 
the coast of Sicily, now called the Lipari. It had 
a city of the same name, which according to 
Diodorus it -received from Liparus the son of 
Auson, king of these islands, whose daughter 
Cyane was married by his successor ^olus, 
according to Pliny. The inhabitants of this 
island were at one time powerful by the sea, and 
long withstood the attacks of the Etrurians. 
From the great tributes which they paid to 
Dionysius, the tyrant of Syracuse, they may be 
called very opulent. The island was celebrated 
for the variety of its fruits, and its raisins are 
still in general repute. It had some convenient 
harbours, and a fountain whose waters were 
much frequented on account of their medicinal 
powers. According to Diodorus, iEolus reigned 
at Lipara before Liparus, Liv. 5, 28.— Plin. 3, 9. 
-Ital. 14, bl.— Virg. /En. 1, 56. 8, 417.— AMa, 

2, 7. - Strab. 6. 

LiPARis, a river of Cilicia, whose waters were 
like oil. Plin. 5, 27.— Vitruv. 8, 3. 

LIQUENTIA, now Livenm, a river of Cisal- 
pine Gaul, falling into the Adriatic sea. Plin. 

3, 18. 

LiRC^US, a fountain near Nemaea. Stat. 
Theb. 4, 71 1. 

LiRiopE, one of the Oceanides, mother of 
Narcissus by the Cephissus. Ovid. Met. 3, 311. 

A fountain of Boeotiaon the borders of Thes- 

pis, where Narcissus was drowned according to 
some accounts. 

LIRIS, now Garigliano, a river of Carnpania, 
which it separated from Latium. It rises in the 
country of the Marsi, and flows thence with a 
southerly course into the Tuscan sea at Mintur- 
nae. According to Strabo, its more ancient name 
was KXovts: according to Pliny, Glanis. Strut. 5. 
—Plin. 3, 5.—Horat. Od. 1, -dl — Sil. Ital. 4, 350. 

A warrior killed by Camilla, &c. P'irg. Mil. 

11, 670, 

LISINIAS, a town of Thessaly. Liv. 32, 14. 

LISSUS, now Alessio, a town of lUyria, near 
the mouth of the Drilo. It was founded by 
Dionysius of Syracuse. Diod. Sic. 15, 13. — 
Polyb. 2, 12. 8, \5.—Liv. 44, 3Q.— Cces. B. C. 3, 

29. A small river of Thrace, falling into the 

.^gean sea, between Thasos and Samothraoia. 
It was dried up by the army of Xerxes, when he 

invaded Greece, Strab. 7 Hetod. 7, 109. — 

Juv. 10, 177. 

I.iSTA, the capital of the Aborigines, in the , 
country afterwards settled by the Sabines. Diott. 
Hal. 1, 14. 

LiTABRTJM, now Buitrago, a town of Hispania 
Tarraconensis. Liv. 32. 14. 35, 22. 

LiTANA, a wood in Gallia Togata, where L. 
Posthumius Albinus and his army weredestroyt-d 
by the Boii. Liv. 23, i;4. 

LITAVICUS, one of the Mdu\, who assistt-d 
Cffisar with 10,000 men. Cois. Bell. G. 7, 37. 

LITERNA Palus, now Lago di Patria, a lake 
of Campania near Liternum. Sil. Ital. 7, 278. 

LiTERNUM, now Patria, a town of Campania, 
west of Atella, and north of Cumae. It was a 
Roman colony, improved and enlarged by Augus- 
tus. Hither Scipio Africanus withdrew from the 
accusations of his enemies, and here he spent tho 
remainder of his days in retirement. Liv. 3-1, 
45. - Cic. Alt. 10, Vd.-Ovid. Met. 15, 713. 

LlTHOBOLiA, a festival celebrated at Tta;- 
zene in honour of Lamia and Auxesia, \^ho came 



LIT 41 

frrm Ci ete, and were sacrificed by the fury of tlie 
seditious populace, and stoned to death. Hence 
the name oi t;;e snlt-mnity, Xi9j^j\ta-, lapidation 

LiTHUBiUM, a town ot Liguria. Lio. 32, 29. 

LiTYERSAS, an illegitimate son of Midas king 
of Phrygia. He made strangers prepare his 
harvest, and afterwards put them to death. He 
was at last killed by Hercules. Theocrit. Id 10. 

LlVlA, DrcSILLA, a celebrated Roman lady, 
daughter of L. Drusus Calidianus. She mar- 
ried Tiberius Claudius Nero, by whom she had 
the emperor Tiberius and Drusus Germanicus. 
The attachment of her husband to the cause of 
Antony was the beginning of her greatness. 
Augustus saw her as she fled from the danger 
which threatened her husband, and he resolved 
to marry her, though she was then pregnant. 
He divorced his wife Seribonia, and, with the 
approbation of the augurs, he celebrated his nup- 
tials with Livia. Si;e now took advantage of 
the passion rf Augustus, in the share that she 
enjoyed of his power and imperia' dignity. Her 
children by Dfu^us were adopted by the comply, 
ing emperor; and. that she might make the suc- 
cession of her son Tiberius more easy and undis- 
puted, Livia is accused of secretly involving in 
one common ruin, the heirs and nearest relations 
of Augustus. Her cruelty and ingratitude are 
still more strongly marked, when she is charged 
with ha\ ing murdered her own husband, to has- 
ten the elevation of Tiberius. If she was anxious 
for tlie aggrandizement of her son, Tiberius 
proved ungrateful, and hated a woman to \ihom 
he owed his life, his elevation, and his greatness. 
Livia died in the eighty sixth year of her age, 
A. D. 29. Tiberius showed himself asundutiful 
after her death as before, for he neglected hit 
funeral, and expressly commanded that no hon- 
ours, either private or public, should be paid to 
her memory. Tacit. Atm. 1, 3. — Suet, in Aug, 
et Tib. — Dio?i. Cass. Another. Vid. Drusilla. 

LlVl-E Lkges, proposed by M. Livius Dru- 
sus, a tribune A. U. C. 662, about transplanting 
colonies to different places in Italy and Sicily, 
and granting corn to poor citizens at a low price; 
also, that the judices should be chosen indiffer- 
ently from the .senators and equites, and that the 
allied states of Italy should be admitted to the 
freedom ot the city. Drusus was a man of great 
eloquence, and of the most upright intentions; 
but, endeavouring to reconcile those whose inte- 
rests were diametrically opposite, he was crushed 
in the attempt, being murdered by an unknown 
assassin at his own house, upon his return from 
the forum, amidst a number of clients and friends. 
No inquiry was made about his death. The 
states of Italy considered this event as a signal 
of revolt, and endeavoured to extort by force 
what they could not obtain voluntarily. Above 
300,000 men fell in the contest in the space of two 
years. At last the Romans, although upon the 
whole they had the advantage, were obliged to 
grant the freedom of the city, first to the allies, 
and afterwards to all the states of Italy. Ap- 
pian. de Bell. Civ. 1, 373, Sec — Fell. Pat. 2, 13, 
8zc.-Flor. 3, 13. 

Linus, AXDRONICUS, a dramatic poet, who 
flourished at Rome about 240 years before the 
Christian era. He was the first who attempted 
to compose a drama in verse, which he himself 
sang and acted, while a player on the flute ac- 
companied him in unison to keep him in tune. 
He was encored and obliged to repeat his pieces 
so often, that he lost his voice; and being unable 



(y LIV ' 

to Fing or declaim any longer, he was allowed to i 
have a slave to sing, while he only acted the p;irt 
behind him. Hence came the custom of divid- 
ing the declamation or melody oi the piece, with 
which the Roman people were extremely de- 
lighted. Liv. 7, 2,— C/c Br. iS.— Horat. Ep. 2, ' , 

1. M. Salinator, a Roman consul sent against 

the Illyrians. The success with which he finished 
the campaign, and the victory which some years 
after he obta<ned over Asdrubal, who w as passing 
into Italy with a reinforcement lor his brother 
Annibal, show how deserving he w as to be at the 
head of the Roman armies. His surname of Sa- [ 
linator arose from his imposing an odious tax on | 

salt while censor. Liv. 27, 46, &c Drusus, a , 

tribune. (TicZ. Liviae Leges.) Titus, an emi- 
nent Roman historian, w as a native of Patavium, 
and sprang from a family which had given seve- ' 
ral consuls to the Roman republic. He came to t 
Rome in the reign of Augustus, and appears to I 
have shared in the society of several persons of , 
rank, including the emperor himself. He first i 
made himself known by some lit; rary dialogues; 
but his reputation is principally built upon his [ 
history of Rome, from the foundation of the city ^ 
to the death of Drusus, in one hundred and for- \ 
ty-two books. It was received w ith extreme ap- , 
plause, and so great was the fame of the author, jj 
during his lile-time, that Pliny the younger men- i' 
tions the journey of a Spaniard from Gades to [ 
Rome, in order to see Livy, and who, having f 
gratified his curiosity, immediately departed. k 
On the death of Augustus, he returned to Pata- jj 
vium, where he was received with every testi- , [ 
mony of honour and respect, and where he died 5 
in the fourth year of the reign of Tiberius, at the | 
as e of seventy-six. Of Livy's history, unfortun- 
ately, only thirty-five books are extant, consist- 
ing of the first, third, fourth, and half of the fifth 
decades; but an epitome of the whole, with the 
exception of tw o books, is preserved, w hich, how- 
ever, gives no more than the heads of the matter. 
The history of Livy is highly praised by all the 
posterior Roman writers, and especially by Se- 
neca, Pliny the elder, and Quintilian. His de- 
scriptions are singularly lively and picturesque; 
and there are few specimens of oratory superior 
to that of many of the speeches with which his 
narratives are copiously interspersed. He pos- 
sesses not the philosophic spirit of Tacitus, and 
has been charged with credulity in recording the 
vulgar prodigies of every year, which, however, 
there is reason to believe, was merely in compli- 
ment to a prevailing custom. His style has been 
censured by Asinius Pollio as not entirely free 
from Patavinity, by which phrase it is presumed 
was meant the provincialism of his native conn- 
try; and some modern critics have very uselessly 
employed themselves in endeavouring to detect 
the vestiges of this defect. Ti)e deep regret of 
men of letters, for the loss of so great a portion 
of his history, has instigated to much imposture 
in the way of pretended discovery, all oi which 
has been ultimately detected. The best editions 
of his remains are, that of Crevier, 6 vols. 4to, 
Paris, 1735-41; that of Drakenborch, 7 vols. 4to, 
Amst. I'iSS-'lti: that of Ruddiman, 4 vols. 12mo, 
Ellin. 1751; tha.t of Ernesti, 4 vols. 8vo, Lips. 
1769-1504; that of Homer, 8 vols. 8vo, Lond. 
1791; and that of Slroth, improved by Doering, 
7 vols. 12mo. Goth. 17v6-l;13. Livy has been 

i translated into English bv Baker. Senec. Epist. 

' m.-Suet. Claud. 41. —Fii)i. Ep. 2,3et S.~ Tacit. 

1 Ann. 4, Sl — Quiniil. 2, 5, 6; 1, 10, I, &c A 



Liy 



407 



LON 



sovtrnor of TArentum who delivered his trust to 

Aiiiiibai, !ki:. A lii^h priest who devoted De- 

ciui to the Dii Manes. A commander of a 

Roman fleet sent against Antiochus in the Hel- 
lespont, 

Lixus, a river of Mauritania, with a city of 
the same name. Antaeus had a palace there, 
and, according to some accounts, it was in the 
neighbourhood that Hercules conquered him. 

Ital. 3, 2bS.—Mela, 3, iQ.- Strab. 2. A son of 

^gyptus. Apollod. 

LoCEUS, a man who conspired against Alexan- 
der with Dymnus, &c. Curt. 6, 7- 

LOCRI, a people of Greece. The Greeks com- 
prehended under the name of Locri three dis- 
tinct tribes, surnaraed Ozolae, Epicneraidii, and 
Opuntii, who were all descended from the Le- 
leges. The Locri Osolce occupied a narrow tract 
of country, situated on the northern shore of the 
Corinthian gulf, commencing at the JStolian 
Rhium, and terminating near Crissa. To the 
west they touched upon ^tolia, to the north 
upon Doris, and to the east upon Phocis. They 
are said to have been a colony from their more 
eastern brethren, and to have derived their name 
from the Greelc word ajou o/eo, owing to the waters 
issuing from mount Taphiassus having been ren- 
dered fetid, in consequence of the centaur Nessus 
having been buried there. They are charac- 
terized as a wild and uncivilized race, addicted 
to theft and rapine. The Locri Epicnemidii and 
Opuntii are generally classed under the common 
name of Locri. They occupied a small district 
between mount Cnemis and the Eubcean sea, 
from Thermopylae to the southern shores of the 
Sinus Opuntius now the Gidf of Talanda. They 
touched to the west on Phocis, and to the south 
on Boeotia. The Epicnemidii derived their 
name from their situation under mount Cnemis, 
and they alone of all the Locrians were permit- 
ted to send members to the Amphiclyonic coun- 
cil. The Locri Opuntii were so called from 
Opus, their metropolis. Strab. 7 et 9. — Plut. 
QucEst. Grcec. Ib. — Thucyd. 1, 5.— Horn. 11. 2, 

536. A people of Magna Graecia, originally a 

colony of the Locri Opuntii from Greece. They 
first settled near the promontory Zephyrium, at 
the lower extremity of Brutium, on the Ionian 
sea, and hence obtained the appellation of Epi- 
zephyrii, by which they were distinguished from 
the Locri of Greece. Here they built the city of 
Locri. They removed, however, from this posi- 
tion, three or f(mr years afterwards, and built 
another city on a height, named mount Esopis. 
Strabo, however, makes the Locri who settled in 
Brutium to have been a division of the Ozolas 
from the Crissaean gulf, and remarks, that Epho- 
rus was incorrect in ascribing the settlement to 
the Locri Opuntii; but it is certain that this 
opinion of Ephorus seems to be supported by the 
testimony of many other writers, and, therefore, 
is generallv preferred by modern critics. Virg. 

^n. 3, 399. Polyb. Fragm. 12, b. — Pind. 

Oli/mp. JO, 17. 11, Ib.-Thucijd. 3, 99. 8, 91.— 
Died. Sic. 14, 107 .—Aristot. Rhet. 2, Vj.—Liv. 29, 
17, &c. 

LOCUSTA, a celebrated woman at Rome in 
favour with Nero. She poisoned Claudius and 
Britannicus, and at last attempted to destroy Nero 
himself, for which she was executed. 2'acit. Ann. 
12, &e. —Suet, in Ner. 33. 

LOCUTIUS. Fid. Aius, 

LollIa Paulli.na, a beautiful woman, 
daughter of M. Lollius, who married C. Mem- 



mius Regains, and afterwards, after being foici- 
bly divorced, Caligula. She was again divoicf tl 
by the capricious monarch, and when proposed 
for wife to the emperor Claudius she was thrcu-ih 
envy put to death by means of Agrippina. 'lacit. 
Ann. 12, 1, &c(i.—PLin. 9, 35. 

LOLLIANUS Spurius, a general proclaimed 
emperor by his soldiers in Gaul, and soon aiter 
murdered, &c. 

LOLLlUS, M. a companion and tutor of C. 
Cffifar the son-in-law of Tiberius. He was cun- 
sul A. U. C. 733, and offended Augustus by his 
rapacity in the provinces. Horace has addressed 
two of his epistles to him, but the partiality and 
regard of the poet seem to have been ill bestowed 
on a man, who, to a great violence of temper, 
united traitorous designs against the honour of 
his country. Lollius died a natural death, though 
Pliny mentions that he poisoned himself. Hor. 
Ep. 1, 2 et \9,.—Dio. 54, 20.— Paterc. 2, 97 et 102. 
—Plin. 9, 35. 

LOiNDlNUM, or Londiniura, called also Au- 
gusta, a city of the Trinobantes, in Britain, now 
London. The place appears to have had a very 
remote antiquity, and already existed in the time 
of Caesar, though, in consequence of his march 
being in a different direction, it remained un- 
known to him. Tacitus speaks of it as a place 
of great commerce, and, indeed, its favourable 
situation for trade must have given the place a 
very early origin. Ancient Londinum is thought 
to have occupied that part of the modern city 
which lies on the north of the Thames, near the 
tower of London. As, however, Ptolemy as- 
signs it to the Cantii, many have been led to de- 
cide in favour of the borough of Southwark, on 
the south side of the river, or rather to the part 
immediately west of this, especially as here many 
remains of antiquity have been found. It is most 
probable, however, that Londinum lay on both 
sides of the river. Amm. Marc. 27, 18.— Tacit, 
Ann. 14, 33. 

LONGARfiNUS, a man guilty of adultery with 
Fausta, Sylla's daughter. Herat. Sat. 1, 2, 67. 

LONGIMANUS, a surname of Artaxerxes the 
I., in Greek UuKpSxeip. Plutarch states that this 
appellation was given him because his right hand 
was longer than his left, but Strabo says that he 
was so called from the extraordinary length of 
his arms, which on his standing straight could 
reach his knees. St7-ab. 15, 

LONGINUS, Dionysius, a celebrated Greek 
philosopher and critic of Athens. After residing 
for some time in this seat of literature, he was 
invited to assume the honourable office of pre- 
ceptor of the Greek language, to the children of 
Zenobia, the famous queen of Palmyra, whose 
secretary and confidential minister he soon be- 
came, but his ardent zeal and spirited activity in 
her cause, proved, at last, fatal to him, Wi < n 
the emperor Aurelian approached victorious tl i- 
gates of Palmyra, Longinus returned to his sism- 
mons a spirited letter which roused his sevrK i 
indignation. The fortune of Rome preva!l< (l, 
but when the city at last opened her gates, Z> tn>- 
bia and her secretary endeavoured to escjijie, hut 
in vain. Dragged into the presence of the con- 
queror, the unfortunate queen forgot the hero- 
ism of her former character, and revealed tl:;it 
I^onginus was the author of the letter which de- 
rided the attempts of the Roman arms. Aure- 
lian could conquer but not forgive, and Longinus 
was immediately led to execution, and shame-^ 
fully sacrificed to the fury of the Roman sol- 



LON 



40S 



LUC 



diers, A. D. 273. At the moment of death he 
showed himself great and resolute, and with a 
philosophical and unparalleled firmness of mind, 
he even repressed the tears and sighs of the spec- 
tators who pitied his miserable end. Among the 
r.umerous writings of Longinus, his treatise nspi 
"r-^ovs (" Oji the Subiime,") is the only one re- 
maining, and that in a mutilated state. It has 
always been greatly admired for its elevation of 
language and of sentiment; and Pope character- 
izes its author as being "himself the great sub- 
lime he draws." Much obscurity, however, 
dwells on his precepts, and he is rather to be 
praised lor a lively sensibility to literary beau- 
ties, than for accuracy of investigation into their 
nature and causes. He is one of the few ancients 
who appear to have been acquainted with the 
Jewish Scriptures. The best editions of the trea- 
tise nect ='r ./'otis are, that of Toup, Oxon. 177S, 8vo, 
and that of Weiske, Lips. 1S09. Svo, re- printed at 
London, 1S20. Dr Smith has translated it faith-' 

fully into English. Cassius, a tribune driven 

out of the senate for favouring the interest of J. 
Caesar. He was made governor of Spain by Cae- 
sar, &c. A lawyer «hom, though blind and 

respected. Nero ordered to be put to death, be- 
cause he had in his possession a picture of Cas- 

sius, one of Caesar's murderers, Juv. 10. 16 

A friend of the orator Antonius, well skilled in 
the history, politics, and jurisprudence of his 
country. Cic. Orat. 1,60. 

LONGOB.4RDI. rid. Langobardi. 

LONGULA, a town of Latium on the borders of 
the Volsci. Liv. 2, 33 et 39. 9.. 39. 

LONGUNTiCA, a maritime city of Hispania 
Tarr'ic mensis. Liv. 22, 20, 

LoNGUS, author of a romance in Greek prose, 
entitled Uomeyma. (" Pastorals and relating the 
loves of Daphnis and Chloe, is supposed to have 
lived as late as the reign of Theodosius the Great; 
but nothing is known of him, nor is he men- 
tioned by any of the ancients. His work is a 
curious specimen of that kind of composition in 
its simplest form, and contains many descriptive 
beauties; but some of its scenes are such as the 
lowest modern writer would scarcely venture to 
paint. The best editions are. that of Villoison, 
Paris, 1773, 2 vols. 6vo, and that of Schaefer, 
Lips. 1503. i8mo. 

LORYMA, a town of Doris. Liv. 37, 17. 

LoTis or Lotos, a beautiful nymph, daughter 
of Neptune. Priapus offered her violence, and 
to save herself from his importunities she im- 
plored rhe gods, who changed her into a tree 
called Lotus, consecrated to Venus and Apollo. 
Ovii. Met. 9, 3+3. 

LOTOPHAGI, a people on the coast of Africa 
near the Syrtes. They received this name from 
their living upon the lotus. Ulysses visited 
their country at his return from the Trojan war. 
Homer says that whoever ate of the lotus lost all 
wish of returning home, and became desirous of 
remaining in the land that pmduced it. Homer. 
Od. 9. 94 Herod. 4, V.I.-PUn. 7. 13, 17. 

Lua, a goddess at Rome, who presided over 
tuings which were purified by lustrations, w hence 
the name (a luendo). She is supposed to be the 
same as Ops or Rhea. Liv. S, 1. 45, 33. 

Lc'CA, a city of Etruria, north-east of Pisae, on 
the river Auser, or Serchio. It still preserves its 

situation and name. Liu. 21, 59. 41, 13 Cic. 

Ep. ad Fam. 1, 9. 

Ll cagus, one of the friends of Tumus, killed 
by .tineas. Firg. JEn. in, 575. 



LUCA NI, a people of Italy, descended from the 
Samnites. 

LucanTa, a country of Italy, bounded on the 
north by Campania, Samnium, and Apulia, on 
the east by the Sinus Tarentinus, on the south 
by Brutium, and on the west by the Tuscan sea. 
It contained the Basilicata. the greater part c^f 
Principato Cifra, and a small portion c f Cnlalri:i 
Citra. Strnb. Q. — Plin. 3, 5. - Mtl i. 2, 4. — Lij. 
S, 17. 9, 2t;. 10, U.-^Horat. Ep. 2. 2, 178. 

LucanIus, Q. a centurion in Ciesar's avmv, 
&c. Ccts. Bell. G.5. 

Lucanus, M, ANN.EVS, a native of Corduba 
in Spain. His father, AnucEus Mela, a Roman 
knight, %\as the youngest brother of Seneca, the 
philosopher. He was early removed to Rome, 
where his rising talents and more particularly 
his lavished praises and panegyrics, recom- 
mended him to the emperor Nero. This int\ 
macy was soon productive of honour, and Lucan , 

1 was raised to the dignity of an augur and quaestor I 
before he had attained the proper age. The poet | 
had the imprudence to enter the lists against his 
imperial patron; he chose for his subject Or- 
pheus, and Nero took the tragical story of Niobe. 
Lucan obtained an easy victory, but Nero became 
jealous of his poetical reputation, and resolved 
upon revenge. The insults to which Lucan was 
daily exposed, provoked at last his resentment, 
and he joined Piso in a conspiracy against the 
emperor. The whole was discovered, and the 
poet had nothing left but to choose the manner 
of his execution. He had his veins opened in a 
warm bath, and as he expired he pronounced 
with great energy the lines which, in his Phar 
salia, (3, 639-642,) he had put into the mouth 

of a soldier, who died in the same manner a? 
himself. Some have accused him of pusillanim 
ity, at the moment of his death, and say that, to 
free himself from the punishment which threat- 
ened him, he accused his own mother, and in- 
volved her in the crime of which he was guilty. 
This circumstance, which throws an indelible 
blot upon the character of Lucan, is not men- i 
tioned by some writers, who observe that he ex- | 
pired with all the firmness of a philosopher. He 
died in his twenty-sixth year, A. D. 65. Of the 
various poems of Lucan, the Pharsalia alone has i 
reached modern times. This is an imfinished i 
piece, relating the causes and events of the civil j 
war between Caesar and Pompey. Its title to i 
the name of an epic poem has been disputed by , 
some critics, who deem a supernatural agency j 
essential to that species of composition. As to | 
the merits of the poetry itself there are various j 
opinions. Lucan certainly possesses neither the i 
fire of Homer, nor the melodious numbers of 
Virgil. If he had lived to a maturer age. his ! 
judgm.ent as well as his genius would have been i 
improved, and he might have claimed a more 
exalted rank among the poets of the Augustan ) 
age. His expressions, however, are bold and ' 
animated, his poetry entertaining, and it has 
been asserted that he was never perused without i 
the warmest emotions, by any whose minds were 
in unison with his own. The best editions of 
Lucan are, that of Cortius, Lips. 1726, Svo, re- 
edited and completed bv Weber, Lips. 1S2S, 2 
vols. 8vo-. that of Oudendorp, Lugd. Bat. 172^, 

2 vols. 4to: that of Burmann, Lugd. Bat. 17-30, j 
4to; and that published at Glasgow. 1S16, with j 
the notes of Bentley and Grotius. He has beeri ; 

translated into English verse by Rowe. Ocel- , 

lus, a Lucanian philosopher. Vid. Ocellus. 



LUC 



LUC 



i LucarTa or LucERlA, festivals at Rome, 
I celeb: a ed in a large grove between the Via Sa- 
j laria and the Tiber, where the Romans hid them- 
selves when besieged by the Gauls. Tacit. Ann. 
\ 1, 77. 

j Lucceius, L. a celebrated historian, author 
j of a history of the Marsic war, and of the civil 
wars of Marius and Sylla. Cicero, who knew 
and admired his abilities, requested him to give 
to the world a history of his consulship. He 
favoured the cause of Pompey, but was after- 
wards pardoned by J. Ca>.sar. Norhing of his 
compositions remains besides a consolatory letter 
to Cicero on the death of his daughter. Ccbs. B. 

C. 3, \S.— Cic. ad Fam. 5, 12, &c. Albinus, a 

governor of Mauritania after Galba's death, &c. 
! Tacit. Hist. 2, 58. 

I LuCERES, the third of the three original tribes 

; nt Rome. These three original tribes were the 

I Ramnenses, or Ramnes, the Tatienses, or Titi- 

j eiises, and the Luceres. It included all foreign- 
ers except the Sabines. 

LuCERiA, now Lucera, a city of Apulia, about, 
twelve miles to the west of Arpi. It was famed 
for its wool. Lie. 9, 2. 27, 10.— Horat. Od. 3, 15, 
li.— Lucan. 2, 473. 

LucETius, a Rutulian killed by Ilioneus. 

I Virg. Mn. 9, 570. 

LUCIANUS, a distinguished Greek writer, was 
a native of Samosata, the capital of Comagene, 
on the banks of the Euphrates. He was born in 
the reign of Trajan, or, as some think, early in 
that of Adrian. His birth was lowly, and his 
father not being able to educate him, placed him 
under his brother-in-law, to be brought up a 
sculptor. Having contracted a disgust for this 
employment, he withdrew from his master, and 
went to Antioch, where he engaged in literary 

I studies, and embraced the profession of a pleader. 
Wearied, however, with the contention of the 

; bar, he confined himself to the practice of elo- 
quence as a sophist or rhetorician, in which capa- 
city he visited several foreign countries, particu- 

i larly Greece, Italy, Spain, and Gaul. The em- 
peror M. Aurelius was sensible of his great merit, 
and appointed him register to the Roman gover- 
nor of Egypt. He died about the year A. D. 180, 
when he had attained the great age of ninety. 
The works of Lucian, which are numerous, and 
written in the Attic dialect, consist partly of dia- 
logues, in which he introduces differentcharacters, 
with much dramatic propriety. His style is easy, 
simple, elegant, and animated, and he has stored 
his compositions with many lively sentiments, 
and much of the true Attic wit. His frequent 
obscenities, and his vulgar manner of exposing 
to ridicule almost every kind of religion, have 
drawn upon him the censure of moralists in all 
ases. The best editions of Lucian are that of 

I Hemsterhuys, completed by Reitz, Amst. 1730-36, 
4 vols. 4t'>, edited in a nioi o complete manner by 

j Gesner, Amst. 1743, 3 vols. 4to, and to which 
must be added the Lexicon Lucianeum of C. R. 
Reitz, brother to the former, Ultraj. ]7'l6, 4to; 
that of the Bipont editors, 178J-93, 10 vols. 8vo; 
and that of Lehman, Lips. lfc)22-25, of which five 
volumes have appeared. Lucian has been trans- 

j lated into English, by Carr, Franklin, and Tooke. 

' Lucifer, the name of the planet Venus, or 
morning star. It is called Lucifer, when ap- 
pearing in the morning before the sun; but when 
it follows it, and appears some time after its set- 
ting, it is called Hesperua. According to some 
niythologists, Lucifer was sou of Jupiter and 



Aurora, and he had the care of harnessing the 
horses of Apollo. Hesiod. Th. dHL— Virg. Ain. 
2, 80i.— Ovid. Heroid. 18, 112. Trist. 3 et 5, 56.— 

Lucan. 1, 232. 2, 725. 10, 434. A bishop of 

Cagliari, the ancient Caralis, in Sardinia. He 
refused to join in communion with those Arian 
bishops who renounced their errors; and being 
followed in this resolution by some other pre- 
lates, he formed a sect of Separatists, who were 
called by his name. Yet the church of Rome 
has enrolled him in the catalogue of saints. He 
died A. D. 370. His works were printed at Pa- 
ris, in 1568; and at Venice, in V.8Q, folio. 

LUCILIUS, C. a Roman poet, was born at 
Suessa in the country of the Aurunci, about B.C. 
148. He was of a good family, and was grand- 
uncle to Pompey the Great. In the Numantine 
war he bore arms under Scipio Africanus the 
younger, with whom and his friend LeeUus he 
lived upon familiar terms. He is looked upon as 
the founder of satire, and as the first considerable 
writer of satires among the Romans. From Ho- 
race, i\ho refers to them several times in his own 
satires, it appears that he imitated the old Greek 
comedians in marking out by his censure indi- 
viduals notorious for their vices, even those of 
the very highest rank. Though superior to his 
poetical predecessors at Rome, and though he 
wrote with great roughness and inelegance, he 
gained many admirers. By Horace he is codj 
pared to a river which rolls upon its waters pre- 
cious sand, accompanied with mire and dirt. O' 
his thirty books of verses only a few scattered 
fragments are come down to modern times. He 
died at Naples about B. C. 103. His fragments 
have been collected and published with notes by 
Fr. Dousa, 4to, Lugd. Bat. 1593, and lastly by 
the Vulpii, 8vo, Patav. 1713. Veil. Patcrc- 2, 9.— 
Quiniil. 10, 1.- Cic. de Orat.—2.—Horat. Sat. 1, 

10. 2, 1 Lucinus, a famous Roman, w ho fled 

with Brutus after the battle of Philippi. They 
were soon after overtaken by a party of horse, 
and Lucilius suffered himself to be severely 
wounded by the darts of the enemy, exclaiming 
that he was Brutus, He was taken, and carried 
to the conquerors, whose clemency spared his 

life. Plut. Bassus, the admiral of Vitellius's 

fleet, which he betrayed to Vespasian. Tacit. 

Hist. 2, 100. A poet of mean capacity. Cic. 

Att. 12, 3. Balbus, the preceptor of Serv. Sul- 

picius. Cic. Br. 42 A tribune who attempted 

in vain to elect Pompey to the dictatorship. Cic. 
Att. 5, 20. 

LUCILLA, a daughter of M. Aurelius, cele- 
brated for the virtues of her youth, her beauty, 
debaucheries, and misfortunes. 

LuciNA, a goddess, daughter of Jupiter and 
Jimo, or according to others, of Latona. As her 
mother brought her into the world without pain, 
she became the goddess w hom women in labour 
invoked, and she presided over the birth of chil- 
dren. She receives this name either from tucus, 
or from lux, as Ovid explains it: 

Gratia Lucince, dedit htvc tibi nomina lucus; 
Ant quia principium tu, Dea, lucis habes. 
Some suppose her to be the same as Diana and 
Juno, because these two goddesses were also 
sometimes called Lucina, and presided over the 
labours of women. She is called Ilithya by the 
Greeks. She had a famous temple at Rome, 
raised A. U. C. 396. Varr. de L. L. 4.— Cic. de 
Nat. D. 2, 27. - Odd. Fast. 2, 44d.— Horat. Carm. 
Sec. 

LucTus, The word Lucius is a prsenomeli 

2 M 



ICC 



410 



LUC 



common to mnny R v.Tjans, of Hhom an account 
is sivpii ur.fler their family names. 

LucRiiTlA, a celebiatp'd Roman l;idv. daugh- 
ter of Lucretius, and wife of Tarquiuius Coi'hi- 
tiiiUs. Her accomplishments unhappily proved 
fatal to her, and the praises which a number of 
young- nobles at Ardea, among whom were Col- 
latinus and the sons of Tarquin, bestowed upon 
the domestic virtues of their wives at home, were 
productive of a revolution in the state. While 
every one was warm with the idea, it was univer- 
sally agreed to leave the camp and to go to Rome, 
to ascertain the veracity of their respective asser- 
tions. Collatinus had ttie pleasure to see his ex- 
pectations fulfilled in the highest degree, and, 
while the wives of the other Romans were in- 
volved in the riot and dissipation of a feasr, Lu- 
cretia was found at home, employed in the mid>[ 
of her female servants, and easing their labour 
by sharing it herself. The beauty and innocence 
of Lucretia inflamed tlie passion of Sextus, the 
son of Tarquin, who w as a w itness of her virtues 
and industry. He cherished his flame, and he 
secretly retired from the camp, and came to the 
house of Lucretia, w here, as the friend of her 
husband, he met with a kind reception. He 
soon, however, sho\^ed himself unworthy of such 
a treatment, and, in the dead of night, he intro- 
duced himself to Lucretia, w ho refused to his in- 
treaties what her fear of shame at last granted to 
his threats. She yielded to her ravisher, when 
he threatened to murder her, and to slay one of 
her slaves, anrl put him in her bed, that this ap- 
parent adultery might seem to have met with the 
punishment it deserved. Lucretia, thus dishon- 
oured, in the morning, sent for her husband and 
her (a her, and, after she had revealed to them 
the indignities she had suff"ered from the son of 
Tarquin, and intreated them to avenge her 
wrongs, she stabbed l.erself w ith a dagger which 
she had previouslv concealed under her clothes. 
This fatal blow was the signal of rebellion. The 
body of the virtuous Lucretia was exjiosed to the 
eyes of the senate, and of the people, and the 
violence and barbarity of Sextus. joined with the 
unpopularity and oppression of his father, so irri- 
tated the Roman populace, that that moment 
Ihfcy expelled the Tarquins for ever from Rome. 
Brutus, who was present at the tragical death of 
Lucretia, kindled the flames of rebellion, and 
the republican or consular government was estab- 
lished at Rome, A. U. C 244. Liv. 1, 57, &c.— 
Dionys. Hal. 4, \D. — Ovid. Fast. 2. 741— Vol. 

Max. 6. 1. -Plut — August, de Civ. D. 1, 19. 

The wife of Numa, Plut. 

LT-'CRETTlis. now Libretti, a mountain in the 
country of the Sabines. hangin? over a plea.^ant 
vallev, near which the house and farm of Horace 
were situate. Horat. OJ. 1, 17. 1. 

Lucretius Carus. T. an eminent Latin po^t 
and philosopher, was a Roman, but whether of 
the an^'innt Lucretian family, is uncertain. He 
was born about B. C. 96, and being sent early to 
Athens, studied under Zenn, a noted Epicurean. 
His celebrated poem, *' De ierum Xatara.''' was 
written during the intervals of reason, w hich al- 
levi;^;ted an insanitv to which he was subjected, 
by the administration of an amatory philtre by 
his wife. It forms the first account of the Epi- 
curean philosophy in the Latin language, and 
affords a striking example of the great freedom 
with which opinions contradictory to the estab- 
lished religioa were at that time maintained, as 
no writer has more pointedly controverted the 



popular notions of heathenism, or even the Tith- 
damenial points of ali other religion, such as the 
existence of a Creator, a p.-ovi;it nr e, and a;: :m- 
mortal state. His lar.guase and versification 
partake of the rudeness of an early period of 
literature; but when the subject admits of t le- 
vated sentiment, or descriptive beauty, no Latin 
poet has taken loftier flights, or exhibited greater 
sublimity. His morality is also generally pure, 
although he is sometimes descriptively licen- 
tious. The inconsistency of his system being 
now no longer injurious, the gravest characters 
in modern times have not scrupled to become 
his editors and commentators. He is said to 
liave died by his own hand, at the age of forty- 
four. The best editions of his poem are, that of 
Creech, Oxon. 1695, 8vo ; that of Wakefield, 
Lond. ir96, 4to, 3 vols., and Glasg. 1813, 8vo, 4 
vols.; and that of Eichstadt, Lips. 1801, Svo. It 
has been translated into English, by Creech and 

Good. Quintus, a Roman w ho killed himself 

because the inhabitants of Sulmo, over which he S 
was appointed with a garrison, seemed to favour ' 
the cause of J. Caesar. Ccfs. Bell. Civ. I, IS. 

He is also called Vespillo. Sp. Tricipitinus, 

father of Lucretia, chosen colleague, in the ccn- 
sulship, to Poplicola, to supply the place of Bru- ,, 
tus. He died soon after his election, and M. it 
Horatius was named to finish the year. Liv. 1, ;} 

58. Osella, a Roman, put to death by Sylla, 

because he had applied for the consulship with- a 
out his permission. Plut. 13 

LUCRINUS, a lake in Italy near Cumaa, on the m 
coast of Campania. According to Dio Cassius |/ 
there were three lakes in this quarter lying one ■■ 
Dehind the other. The outermost was called |? 
Tyrrhenus, the middle one Lucrinus, and the ji 
innermost Avernus. The Lucrine was shut in • 
from the outermost lake or bay by a dike raised |: 
across the narrow inlet. This work, according 
to Strabo, was eight stadia in length, and of a £1 
chariot's breadth: tradition ascribed it to Her- lA 
cules. Agrippa cut a communication between h 
these lakes and the sea, and built at the opening, k 
cut between and uniting the Lucrine and Aver- fi 
nian lakes, the famous Julian harbour. The )• 
object in doing this chiefly was to procure a place pi 
along the coast fit for exercising and training a ' 
body of seamen previous to the contest with Sex- I 
tus Pompeius. The woods, also, which sur- 
rounded Avernus in particular, were cut down, i 
and the stagnant vapour being thus dissipated, ■ 
the vicinity was rendered healthy. By this I 
operation much land was reclaimed, which be- i 
fore had been covered by the.>e lakes, an outlet j 
being afforded to their w aters into the sea. The 
shorts of the Lucrine lake were famous for thnir k 
oysters. In the year J. 538, an earthqu.ake formed c 
a hill, called Monte Nuovo. near two miles in I 
circumference, and 200 feet high, consisting ofl 
lava, burned stones, scoria, &c., which left no, 
appearance of a lake, but a morals, filled with 
grass and rushes. Din. Cass. 48, bO. — Stiab. 5.— 
Suet. Aug. \6.— rell. Paterc 2, 79. 

LUCTATIUS CatClus, C. a Roman, consu ? 
with Marius. He assisted his colleague in con- >j 
quering the Cimbrians. (T/t/. Cimbricnrn Bfd-it 
lum.) He was eloquent as well as valiant, Midj^ 
the hiitory of his consulship, w hich he w rote wltJij-f 
great ver;icitv, convinces us of his literarv r.iler-ls. 
That history is lost Cic. de Oral. Va'rro de LJ\ 

L. -Flor. 2, 2. C. C.itulus, a Roman .-f^nsul, 

who destroyed the Carthaginian fleet, l id. Cat !' 

UlU3. 



LUC 



4i] 



LUN 



LucullEa, a festival established by the 
Greeks, in hoi;curof Lucullus, who had behaved 
with great prudence and propriety in hii pro- 
vince. P!ut. in Luc. 

LUCULLI HORTI, gardens of Lucullus situate 

near Neapolis, &o. Tacit. Ann. IJ, 1, Villa, 

a country-seat near mount Misenus, where Tibe- 
rius died. Tacit. Ann. 6, 50. 

Lucullus, Lucius Licinius, a Roman 
celebrated for his fondness of luxury and for his 
military talents. He was born about 115 years 
before the Christian era, and soon distinguished 
himself by his proficiency in the liberal arts, 
particularly eloquence and philosophy. His 
first military campaign was in the Marsian war, 
where his valour and cool intrepidity recom- 
m.ended him to public noiice. His mildness and 
constancy gained him the admiration and confi- 
dence of Sylla, and from this connexion he de- 
rived honour, and during his quaestorship in 
Asia, and prastorship in Africa, he rendered 
himself more conspicuous by his justice, mode- 
ration, and humanity. He was raised to the 
consulship A. U. C. 6S0, and intrusted with the 
care of the Mithridatic war, and first displayed 
his military talents in rescuing his colleague 
Cotta, whom the enemy had besieged in C'halce- 
donia. This was soon followed by a celebrated 
victory over the forces of Mithridates, on the 
borders of the Granicus, and by the conquest of 
all Bithynia. His victories by sea were as great 
I as those by land, and Mithridates lost a po\\erlul 
i fleet nera- Lemnos. Such considerable losses 
weakened the enemy, and Mithridates retired 
with precipitation towards Armenia, to the court 
of king Tigranes, his father-in-law. His flight 
was perceived, and Lucullus crossed the Eu- 
phrates with great expedition, and gave battle to 
tne numerous forces which Tigranes had already 
! assembled to support the cause of his son-in-law. 
According to the exp.ggerated account of Plu- 
tarch, no les5 than 100,00(1 foot, and near 55,000 
horse, of the Armenian?, lest their lives in that 
celebrated battle- All this carnage was made 
by a Roman army amountin"' to no more than 
j 18,0i;0 men, of whom only five were killed and 
; lliO wounded during the combat. The taking of 
j Tisranocerta, the capital of Armenia, was the 
consequence of this immortal victory, and Lu- 
cullus there obtained the greatest part of the 
royal treasures. This continual success, how- 
ever, was attended with serious consequences. 
The severity of Lucullus, and the haughtiness of 
his commands, offended his soldiers, and dis- 
pleased his adherents at Rome. Pompey was 
soon after sent to succeed him, and to continue 
the Mithridatic war, and the interview which he 
had with Lucullus began with acts of mutual 
• kindness, and ended in the most inveterate re- 
I proaches, and open enmity. Lucullus was per- 
' miffed to retire to Rome, and only 1600 of the 
soldiers who had shared his fortune and his 
glories were suffered to accompany him. He 
was received with coldness at Rome, and he ob- 
tained with difficulty a triumph which was de- 
servedly claimed by his fame, his successes, and 
his victories. In this ended the daj sof his glory; 
he retired to the enjoyment of ease and peaceful 
society, and no longer interested himself in the 
eommotions which disturbed the tranquillity of 
Rome. He dedicated his time to studious pur- 
suits, and to literary conversation. His house 
w as enriched with a valuable library, which was 
opened for the service of the curious, and of the 



learned. Lucullus fell into a delirium in the 
last part of his life, and died in the sixty-seventh 
or sixiy-eighih year of his age. The people 
showed their respect for his merit hy their wiih 
to give him an honourable burial in the Campjis 
Martins; but their offers were rejected, and he 
was privately buried, by his brother, on his estate 
at Tusculum. Lucullus has been admired for 
his many accomplishments, but he has been cen- 
sured for his severity and extravagance. The 
expenses of his meals w ere immoderate, his halls 
were distinguished by the different names of the 
gods; and when Cicero and Pon pey attempted 
to surprise him, they w ere astonished at the cost- 
liness of a supper w hich had leen prepared upon 
the w ord of Lucullus, who had merely said to his 
servant that he would sup in the hall of Apolio. 
In his retirement Lucullus was fond of artificial 
variety; subterraneous caves and passages were 
dug unrier the hills on the coast of Campania, 
and the sea water was conveyed round the house 
and pleasure grounds, where the fishes flocked in 
such abundance, that not less than 25,000 pounds' 
worth were sold at his death. In his public 
character Lucullus was humane and compas- 
sionate, and he show ed his sense of the vicissi- 
tudes of human affairs by shedding tears at the 
sight of one of the cities of Armenia, which his 
soldiers reduced to ashes. He was a perfect 
master of the Greek and Latin languages, and 
he employed himself for some time in writing a 
concise history of the Marsic war in Greek hexa- 
meters. Such are the striking characteristics of 
a man who meditated the conquest of Parthia, 
and, for a w hile, gained the admiration of all the 
inhabitants of the east, by his justice and mode- 
ration, and who might have disputed the empire 
of the world with a»Cassar or Pompey, had not, 
at last, his fondness for retirement withdrawn 
him from the reach of ambition. Cic. pro Arch. 
4. Qu(Est. Ac. 2, \.~Plut. in vita.-Flor. 3, 5.— 
Strab. — Appian. in Mithr. Sfc. — Orosius, 6, &c. 

LUCtMO, the first name of Tarquinius Pris- 
cus, afterwards changed into Lucius. The word 
is Etrurian; it signifies prince or chief, and was 
generallv applied to the twelve kings of Etruria. 
Plut. in Rom. 

LUGDUNENSIS GALLIA, a partof Gaul, which 
received its name from Lugdunum, the capital 
city of the province. It was anciently called 
Celtica, Vid. Gallia. 

LUGDtJNUM, now Lyons, a city of Gaul situate 
near the confluence of the Rhodanus, or Rhone, 
and the Arar, or Saone. Under Augustus, Mu- 
natius Plancus assembled at Lugdunum the in- 
habitants of Vienna, or Vienne, who had been 
driven from their country by the Allobrogf s. It 
became subsequently the metropolis of Lugdu- 
nensis, the second city in Gaul (Narbo Martius, 
or Narbonne, being the first,) and the place where 
the governors of the whole country resided. The 
emperor Claudius was born here. Plin. 4, 1 

- Bio Cass. 46, 50 — Strab. 4. A city of the 

Ratavi, in Germania Inferior, now Lcyden. The 
modern namie is said to be derived from that of 
Leithis, which it took in the middle ages. 

LtJNA, {the Moon,) was the daughter of Hype- 
rion and Terra, and was the same, according to 
some mythologists, as Diana. She was wor- 
shipped by the ancient inhabitants of the earth 
with many superstitious forms and cei-emonies. 
It was supposed that m.'n;ician5 and enchanters, 
particularly those of Thessaly, had an uncon- 
trollable power over the ii oun, ai;d that they " 



LUP 



412 



LYJE 



could draw her down from heaven at plt^asure by 
trie mere force of their incantations. Her eclipses, 
according to their opinion, proceeded from thence; 
and, on that account, it was usual to beat drums 
and cymbals to ease her labours, and to render 
the power of magic less effectual. The Arca- 
dians believed that thev were older than the 
moon. Ovid. Met. 12. 263, 8cc.~Tibull. 1, 8, 21. 
— Hesiod. Theog.— Virg. Ed. S, 6i). 

LUPA, (a she-wolf.) was held in great venera- 
tion at Rome, because Romulus and Remus, ac- 
cording to an ancient tradition, were suckled and 
preserved by one of these animals. This fabulous 
story arises from the surname of Lupa, prostitute, 
which was given to the wife cf the shepherd Faus- 
tulus, to whose care and humanity these children 
owed their preservation. Ovid. Fast. 2, 415.- — 
PLul. in Romid 

LUPERCAL, a cave at the footof mount Aven- 
tine, sacred to Pan, where festivals called Lu- 
percalia were yearly celebrated, and where the 
she-wolf was said to have brought up Romulus 
and Remus. Virg. jEn. 8, 343. 

LUPERCALIA, a yearly festival observed at 
Rome the 15th of February, in honour of the god 
Pan, It was usual first to sacrifice two goats and 
a dog, and to touch with a bloody knife the fore- 
heads of two illustrious youths, who always were 
obli;;ed to smile while they were touched. The 
blood was wiped away with sclt wool dipped in 
milk. After this the skins of the victims were 
cut into thong*, with which whips were made for 
the youths. With these whips the youths ran 
about the streets all naked except the middle, 
and whipped freely all those whom they met. 
Women in particular were fond of receiving the 
lashes, as they superstitiously believed that they 
removed barrenness, and eased the pains of child- 
birth. This excursion in the streets of Rome 
was performed by naked youths, because Pan is 
always represented naked, and a goat was sacri- 
ficed because that deity was supposed to have the 
feet of a goat. A dog was added, as a necessary 
and useful guardian of the sheepfold. This fes- 
tival, as Plutarch mentions, was first instituted 
by the Romans in honour of the she-wolf w hich 
suckled Romulus and Remus. This opinion is 
controverted by others, and Livy, with Diony- 
sius (if Halicarnassus, observes that they were 
introduced into Italy by Evander. The name 
seems to be borrowed from the Greek name of 
Pan. Ly casus, from Xv/«-oj, a wolf; not only be- 
cause these ceremonies were like the Lycaean 
festivals observed in Arcadia, but because Pan, 
as god of shepherds, protected the sheep from the 
rapacity of the wolve,*. The priests who offi- 
ciated ac the Lupercalia were called Lupeici. 
Augustus forbade any person above the age of 
fourteen to appear naked, or to run about the 
streets during the Lupercalia. Cicero, in his 
Philippics, reproaches Antony for having dis- 
graced the dignity of the consulship by running 
naked, and armed with a whip, about the streets. 
It was during the celebration of these festivals 
that Antony offered a crown to J. C£Esar. which 
the indignation of the populace obliged him to 
refuse. Ovid. Fast. 2, 427.~Farro L. L. 5, 3- 

LUPERCI, a number of priests at Rome, who 
assisted at the celebration of the Lupercalia, in 
honour of the god Pan. to whose service they 
were dedicated. This order of priests was the 
most ancient and respectable of all the sacerdotal 
offices. It was divided into two separate col- 
leges, called Fabiani and Quintiliani, from Ea- 



bius and Quintilius, two of their high priests. 
The former were instituted in honour of Romu- 
lus, and the latter of Remus. To these two sa- 
cerdotal bodies J. Csesar added a third, called, 
from himself, the Jidii, and this action contri-^ 
buted not a little to render his cause unpopular,-;, 
and to betray his ambitious and aspiring viens.' 
(^Vid. Lupercalia.) Plut. in Eom. — Dio, Cass, 
i'j.— Virg. ^n. 8, 663. 

LUPERCUS, a poet, who appears to have liveu i 
during the later periods of the western empire. 
He has left an elegy " On Cupidity,'' and a sap- 
phic ode " On Old Age.'' 

LUPIA, or LiPPlA, a small river in Germany, 
flowing into the Rhine, now the Lippe. Melt, 

3, 3. — Veil. Paterc. 2, 105. A town near the 

confluence of the Lupia and Rhine. 

LUPU.S, a general of the emperor Severus. . 

A governor of Britain. A comic writer of Si- 
cily, who wrote a poem on the return of Mene- 
laus and Helen to Sparta, after the destruction of 

Troy. Ovid, ex Font. 4, 16, 26. P. Rut. a | 

considerable man in the Roman state, but noted 
for his wickedness and impiety, and severely 
lashed, in consequence, by the poet Lucilius. 

LusitanTa, a part of ancient Hispania, on the j 
Atlantic coast. It was bounded on the south and \ 
west by the Atlantic; on the north by the Du- ' 
rius; and on the east by an irregular line stretch- ' 
ing from the north-eastern extremity of Portugal 
to the western limits of New Casfife. whence to 
the ocean the Anas separated it from Bajtica. It > 
anciently extended from the Tagus to the North.- * 
em Ocean, but under Augustus its limits were as 
above. It contained the Portuguese provinces of I 
Beira, Estremadura, Alentejo, and Algarve, toge- \ 
ther with the northern half of Spanish Estrema- > 
dura and Southern Leon. The Lusitani, pro- I 
perly so called, were cantoned in the north-west- i 
em part of Lusitania. They extended from the ' 
Tagus to the Durius, and occupied parts of Beira ' 
and Portuguese Estremadura. The Vettones oc- I 
cupied eastern Lusitania from the Durius to the i 
Anas, and dwelt in parts of Leon, Beira. and 1 
Spanish Estremadura. The Celtici inhabited | 
southern Lusitania, and dwelled in Algarve, I 
Alentejo, and parts of both Estremaduras. Tha \ 
inhabitants of Algarve and southern Alentejo were f 
termed Cunei, from the Latin word cuneus, sig- \ 
nifying a wedge, owing to the shape of their ! 
country. Strab 3. 

Lusius, ari7erof Arcadia. Cic. de Nat. D. 3,22, | 

LUSONKS, a people of Spain, near the Iberus. ' 

LUTETTA, a town of Belgic Gaul, on an island [ 
in the Sequana, or Seitie, which received its f 
name, as some suppose, from the quantity of clay, 
Zufum, which is in its neighbourhood. J.Caesar 
fortified and embellished it. from which circum. I 
stance some authors call it Julii Civitas. Julian ^ 
the Apostate resided there some time. It is now i 
Paris, the capital of France, Cces. B. G. 6 et 7. | 
— Strab. 4.— Ammian. 20. j 

LUTORICS Priscus, C. a Roman knight, put ' 
to death by order of Tiberius, because he had i 
written a poem in which he had bewailed the 
death of Germanicus. who then laboured undei ' 
a se%'ere illness. I'acit. Ann. 3, 49, &c. 

LY-EUS, a surname of Bacchus. It is derived 
from Xve.iv, solvere, because wine, over which ) 
Bacchus presides, gives freedom to the mind, j 
and delivers it from all cares and melancholy, i 
The word is often used for w ine. Horat. Od. i, ' 
8. 8. 3, 21, 14. 5, 9, ■6S.~Firg. ^n. 1, 690.— 
can 1, C75. 



LYC 



413 



LYC 



LycAbas, an Etrurian, who had been ban- 
ished from his country for murder. He was one 
of those who offered violence to Bacchus, and 
who were changed into dolphins. Ovid. Met. 4, 

62i. One of the Lapithee, who ran away from 

the battle which was fought at the nuptials of 

Pirithous. Id. 12, 302. An Assyrian-killed by 

Perieus. Id. 5, 60/ 

Lycabettus, a mountain near Athens. Stat. 
Theb. 12, 631. 

Lyc^a, festivals in Arcadia, in honour of Pan, 
the g'ld of shepherds. They are the same as the 

Lupercalia of the Romans. A festival at Ar- 

gos in honour of Apollo Lycseus, who delivered 
the Argives from wolves, &c. 

Lyc/eus, now Diaforti, a mountain in the 
south-western angle of Arcadia, where the Arca- 
dians contended that Jupiter was born. Here an 
altar was erected to the god, and sacrifices were 
performed in the open air. The temenus, or 
sacred enclosure, was inaccessible to living crea- 
tures, since if any crossed its precincts, they d'.ed 
within the space of a year. It was also sacred to 
Pan, whose temple was surrounded by a thick 
grove. Pans. 8, 28.—Strab. 8.— Plat, de Rep. 8. 
-- Theocr. Idyl. 1, 123.— Firg. G. 1, 16. ^n. 8, 
344. 

Lycambes, the father of Neobule. He pro- 
rr.ised his daughter in marriage to the poet Ar- 
chilochus, and afterwards refused to fulfil his en- 
gagement when she had been courted by a man 
whose opulence had more influence than the for 
tune of the poet. This irritated Archilochus; he 
I wrote a bitter invective against Lycambes and 
his daug-hter, and rendered them both so despe- 
rate by the satire of his composition, that they 
hanged themselves. Horat. Ep. 6, 13 — Ovid, in 
lb. b-2.~Aristot. Rhet. 8. 

Lycaon, the first king of Arcadia, son of Pe- 
. lasgus and Meliboea. He built a town called 
I Lycosura on the top of mount Lyr-aeus, in honour 
of Jupiter. He had many wives, by whom he 
' had a daughter, called Callisto, and fifty sons. 
He was succeeded on the throne by Nyctimus, 
the eldest of his sons. He lived about 1820 years 
; before the Christian era. Apollod. 3. — Hygin. 

fab. 176 — Catull. ep. 76 Pans. 8, 2, &c An- 

I other king of Arcadia, celebrated for his cruel- 
ties. He was changed into a wolf by Jupiter, be- 
cause he offered human victims on the altars of 
the god Pan. Some attribute this metamorphosis 
to another cause. The sins of mankind, as they 
relate, were become so enormous, that Jupiter 
visited the earth to punish their wickedness and 
impiety. He came to Arcadia, where he was an- 
nounced as a god, and the people began to pay 
proper adoration to his divinity. Lycaon, how- 
ever, who used to sacrifice all strangers to his 
wanton cruelty, laughed at the pious prayers of 
his subjects, and to try the divinity of the god, ' 
I he served up human flesh on his table. This im- 
piety so irritated Jupiter, that he immediately 
destriived the house of Lycaon, and changed him 

into a wolf. Ovid. Met. 1, 198, &c. These 

two monarchs are often confounded together, 
though it ai)pears that they were two different 
char;>c'eis, and that not less than an age elapsed 

between their reigns. A son of Priam and 

Lao'.hoe. He was taken by Achilies and carried 
to L«»irinos, whence he escaped. He was after 
ward> killed bv Achilles in the Trojan war. Ho- 
mer, a. 21, 34.' 23, 746. The father of Panda- 

ru^;. killed by Diome&es before Troy. Homer 
II, i, 333. 5; '^76. A Gnossian artist, who made 



the sword which Ascanius gave to Eiiryalu. 
Virg. JEii. 9. 304. 

LycaoniA, a district of Asia Minor, forming 
the south eastern quarter of Phrygia. The ori- 
gin of its name is lest in the daikness of anti- 
quity. The Greeks derived it from Lycaon of 
Arcadia, who is said to have set out hither with 
a band of colonists, and founded a city to which 
he communicated his name. Its first limits va- 
ried considerably from those which were after- 
wards assigned to it, extending originally into 
Cappadocia, as far as the district of Cataonia, but 
stopping on the west at Iconium. When these 
boundaries were altered, the territory, which 
Lycaonia lost on the eastern side, was made up 
to it by a large accession to the north and west, 
so that it touched upon the province of Galatia; 
its size, therefore, was probably altered but lit- 
tle, how much soever its limits may have been 
changed. The whole district was an elevated 
plain, and well adapted for the feeding of sheep; 
it suffered much from the want of fresh water, 
the greater pars of the springs being salt, Strnb. 

12.— Mela, \, 2.—Liv. 37, 54. 38, 39. Arcadia 

bore also that name from Lycaon, one of its 
kings. Dionys. Hal. — Justin. 27, I. - Quint. 
Curt^ 4, 5. 

Lycas, a priest of Apollo in the interest of 
Turnus. He was killed by JSneas. Virg. JEn. 

10, 315. Another officer of Turnus. Id. 10, 

561. 

Lyca.stOS, an ancient town of Crete, in the 
vicinity of Gnossus, by the inhabitants of which 
place it was destroyed, Strab. IQ.— Homer. 11. 
2, 647. 

Lycastus, a son of Minos I. He was father 
of Minos II. by Ida, the daughter of Corybas. 

Diod, 4. A son of Minos and Philonome, 

daughter of Nyctimus. He succeeded his father 
on the throne of Arcadia. Paus. 8, 3 et 4, 

Lyces, a town of Macedonia. Liv. 31, 33. 

Lyceum, a sacred enclosure at Athens, dedi- 
cated to Apollo, and ornamented with foimtains, 
plantations, and buildings. It vi'as the usual 
place of resort for the Athenian youths, who de- 
voted themselves to military pursuits, as well as 
for philosophers, and such as addicted them- 
selves to study. It was the favourite walk of 
Aristotle and his followers, who thence obtained 
the name of Peripatetics. It was situated on the 
right bank of the Ilissus, and nearly opposite to 
the church of Petros Stauromenos,'Ah\Q.\\ is thought 
to answer to the temple of Diana Agrotera, on 
the other side of the river. Paus. 1, 19.— Xen. 
Hipparch.-- Cic. Acad. Qucvst. 1, 4. 

LycHNIDUS, a city of lUyria, situate at the 
foot of mount Bermius, on the eastern shor? of 
the Palus Lychnitis, a few miles to the south of 
the modern Ochrida. Liv. 43, 9. 

Lychnitis Palus, a lake of Illyria, on which 
Lychnidus was situate. It was formed princi- 
pally by the waters of what is now the black 
Drino, and was a considerable expanse of water 
about twenty miles in length and eight in breadth. 
It abounded in fish, which were cured by the in- 
habitants of the surrounding country. Diod. 16, 
%.—Slrab. 7. 

Lycia, a country of Asia Minor, bounde i on 
the east by Pisidia and Pamphyli.i, on the north 
by Phrygia, on the west by Caria, and on the 
south by the Mediterranean. It was the small- 
! est amongst the provinces of Asia Minor. It is 
! first mentioned under the .name of Milya."?, md 
i its inhabitants the Solymi were accounted abori- 
' 2 M 3 



LYC 



414 



I.YC 



ginal. Rut when Sari)edon was driven from 
Crete, by his brother Mino^, he and his imriy 
are stated to have (led hither, and taking pos- 
session ol tlie coasts of Lycia, to have com- 
pelled the Solymi to retire inland. These Cre- 
tans wi-re called Termd;c, "a name wiiich they 
preserved anioni^st the Carians and neighbouring: 
nations for many ages; they themselves changed 
it for that of Lycii, which they derived from lly- 
cus, the son of the Athenian king, f'andion, who 
took rcfu:re amongst them with some of his fol- 
lowers. Tlie I'luenicians formed settlements at 
a very early period on tlie coasts of the province. 
After the Cretan invasion, the name of Milyas 
was confuied to the mountain district on the bor- 
ders of I.ycia, Pamphylia, Thrygia, and Caria, 
and it is here tliat the dwellings of the Solymi 
must be sought until their name disappears irom 
history: their territory was invaded on the east- 
ern side by the I'iiida?, who there created their 
princii)ality of Cabalia. The Lycians were ad- 
mirable archers, and are much commended for 
their sobriety and love of j ustice; their country 
was very mountainous, but toleratily fertile, and 
famous lor its cedars, w hich almost efpialled those 
ol I.fbanon. l!',„i. 11. 6. ISO. U), -13ii. VZ, JoO.— 
Hernd I. I7J. 7, 'M. — Sirnh. 14. 

LVCIDAS, a centaur, killed bv the Lapithaj at 
the nuptials of Pinihuus. Or't<l. Met. IJ, 310. 
A siHM'lu'rd s nanii". lul. A beau- 
tiful youth, the admiration of K ime in the age of 
Horace. Ih.rut. (hi. I, 4. 

J..VC1MN1A, a slave, mother of Helenor by a 
Lydi.'iii prince. 'V/ir. . y, /)16. 

I.YCISCLS, an Athenian archon. .-^ Mos- 

senian of the family of the .-Kpytid.x'. When his 
daughters were doomed by lot to be sacrificed for 
the good of their country, he fled with them to 
Sjjarta, and Aristodenuis upon this cheerfully 
gave his own children, and soon alter succeeded 

to the throne. I'tius. 4, 9. .\ youth of whom 

Horace was enamoured. Fp. II, oU. 

LyciL'S, a son of Lycaon. An epithet given 

to Apollo from his temple in I.ycia, where he 
gave oracles, particularly at I'atara, where the 
appellation of Lyciiv ivories was given to his an- 
swers, and even to the will of the Fates. Virg. 
4, JI6. A surname of Danaus. 

Lycomkdes, a king of Scyros, an island in 
the .Kgean sea, son of .Apollo and Parthenope. 
lie was secretly intrusted with the care of young 
Achilles, whom his mother Thetis had disj;uised 
in woman's clothes, to remove him from the Tro- 
jan war, where she knew he must unavoidably 
perish. L>comedes has remlereil himsell infa- 
mous for his treachery to Theseus, who had ini- 
jilored his protection w hen driven from the throne 
of Athens by the usurper Mnestheus. Jivco- 
niedes, as it is reported, either envious of the 
fame of his illustrious guest, or bribed by the 
emissaries ot Mnestheus, led Theseus to an ele- 
vated place, on pretence of showing him the ex- 
tent of his ilominions, and perfidiou?ly threw him 
down a precipice, where he was killed. /-"/((/. in 

'n„-s — 1, 17. 7, ■^. — Aj.ollod. d, 13. An 

Atcadian, who, with .'ino chosen men put to flight 
lOOil Spartans, and :iOil Argives, Scq. Diud. 1.=). 

An Athenian, the first who took one of the 

enemy's ships at the battle of Salamis. I'lut. 

I.YCON, an .Athenian, who flourished about 
405 H. C, and who, toi;ether with Anytus and 
Melitus, was concerned in the prosecution insti- 
tuted against Socrates A peripatetic philo- 
sopher a native of Troas, and the pupil and suc- 



cessor of Strato of l.ampsacus. lie flourished 
about 270 B. C, and was for forty years at tlie 
head of the peripatetic school at Athens. He 
was greatly esteemed by Attains and kumencs, 
and distinguished himself so much by his elo- 
quence that he received the surname of Glycon, 
expressive of the sweetness and power of his 
words. He appears to have been the author of a 
treatise on tthp sovereign good. Diog. Lant.b, 
06.— C/c. Tusc. J, o"2. 

I.YCu.VE, a mountain of Argolis, between .Ar- 
gos and Tegea. fans. 2, 24. 

LycoI'H Uu.v, a son of I'eriander, king of Co- 
rinth, The murder of his mother Melissa by his 
father had such an effect upon him, that he re- 
solved never to speak to a man who had been so 
wantonly cruel against his relations. This reso- 
lution was strengthened by the advice of Procles, 
his maternal uncle, and Periander at last ban- 
ished to Corcyra a son whose disobedience and 
obstinacy had rendered him odious. Cypselus, 
the eldest son of Periander, being incapable of 
reigning, Lycophron was the only surviving child 
who had any claim to the crow n of Corinth. lUit, 
when the infirmities of Periander obliged him to 
look for a successor, Lycophron refused to come 
to Corinth while his father was there, and he was 
induced to leave Corcyra, only on promise that 
Periander would come and dw ell there while he 
remained master of Corinth. This exchange, 
however, was prevented. The Corcyreans, who 
were apprehensive of the tyranny of Periander, 
murdered Lvcojihron before he left that island. 

Hurod. S. — Aristot. A hrotlier of Thebe, the 

wife of Alexander, tyrant of Pherae. He assisted 
his sister in murdering her husband, and he af- 
terwards seized the sovereignty. He was dis- 
possessed by Philip of Macedonia. Pint.— Diod. 

10. .A general of Corinth, killed by Nicias. 

I'lnt. in AVc. A native of Cythera, son of Kas- 

tor. He went to the Trojan war with .Ajax, the 
son of Telamon. after the accidental murder of 
one of his citizens. He was killed, &c. Homer. 

11. l.T, 4oU. A famous Greek poet and gram- 
marian, born at Chalcis, in Kuboea. He was one 
of the poets, who flourished under Ptolemy Plii- 
ladelphus, and who, from their number, obtaine*' 
the name of Pleiades. Lycophron died by the 
wound of an arrow. He wrote tragedies, the 
titles of twenty of which have been preserved. 
The only remaining composition of this poet is 
called Cassandra or Alexarutra. It contains 1474 
verses, whose obscurity has procured the epithet 
of Tenebrnsns to its author. It is a mixture Oi 
projihetical effusions, w hich, as he supposes, were 
given by Cassandra during the Trojan war. The 
best editions of Lycophron are that of Basil 
1.t4G, fol., enriched with the Greek commentary 
of Tzetzes; that of Canter, 8vo. apud Commelin, 
1^96; and that of Potter, fol. Oxon. 1702. Since 
the edition of archbishop Potter, two others have 
appeared, that of Reichard, bvo, Jjips. 1768; and 
that of Sebastian, 4to, Rom. Ib04. Odd. tn Ih. 
yjJ. — Stdt. Sylv. 5, 3. 

LYCOPi'il-ls, a town of Upper Egypt, on the 
western side of the Nile, north-west of Antajo- 
polis. It derived its name from the worship here 
paid to the nol/ (.Xv<o{). <>r from a number of these 
animals, which were said to have repelled an 
army ol Kthiopians, who invaded Egypt. It is 
thouu'ht to correspon<l w ith the modern Suit or 
(J.sioi. Diod. l.— Sl)ob. 17. 

LvcoKF.A, one of the earliest names of Par- 
nassus, The modern name of the mountain is 



LYC 



415 



LYC 



Lynkoiira. A small town on one of the high- 
est summits ol Parnassus. It appears to have 
oeen a place of the higiiest antiquity, since it is 
stated by the Aruiulelian marbles to have been 
once the residence of Deucalion. Strabo also 
atiirras that it was more ancient than Delphi. 
Among other etymologies, I'ausanias states, that 
the neighbouring people fled to it during the de- 
luge of Dfucalion, being led thither by the howl- 
ing of u-nlrrs (A6^«.0. St) ah. 9.— Pans. 10, 6. 

Lycukkus, the supposed founder of Lyciirea, 
on mount Parnassus, was son of Apollo and Co- 
rycia. lly^iii.fnb. IGl. 

LvcoulAs, one of the attendant nymphs of 
Cyrene. / V? -. (i. 4, So^. 

LycoRIS, a freed woman of the senator Vo- 
lumnius, also called Cylheris, and I'ohunnia, 
from her master. She is celebrated for her beauty 
and intrigues. The poet Gallus was greatly 
enamoured of her, and his friend Virgil in his 
tenth eclogue comforts him for the loss of the 
favours of Cytheris, who followed M. Antony's 
camp, and was become the Aspasia of Rome. 
The charms of Cleopatra, however, prevailed 
over those of Cytheris, and the unfortunate cour- 
tezan lost the favours of Antony and of all the 
world at the same time. Lycoris was originally 
a comedian. Ed, lO. — Uvid. A. A. 3, 637. 

Tt iit. 2, 445. 

Lycor.mas, a river of /"Etolia, whose sands 
were of a golden colour. It was alterwards called 
Evenns from king Kvenus, who threw himself 
into it. Ovid. Met. 2, 2)5. 

LVCOKTAS, the lather of Polybius, who flour- 
ished B. C. Ib4. He was chosen general of the 
Achiean league, and he revenged the death of 
Philopoemen, Sec. I'lnt. 

LVCOSURA, a town of Arcadia, on the slope of 
mount Lycjcus, said by Pausanias to be the old- 
est city in the world. Its site seems to agree 
with that of Ai^ins Giori^ios, near the village of 
Slala. I'uHS. 8. 3:->. 

LVCTUS, now llieraki, a city of Crete, situate 
to the north-east of Pra;sus, and at no great dis- 
tance from the sea. It was the country of Ido- 
meneus, who led its inhabitants to the Trojan 
war. It was colonized by the Spartans, and 
stood at the foot of mount -Egajus, where Hesiod 
represents Jupiter to have been brought up. It 
was engaged in fretpient hostilities with the 
Cinossians, and was at length destroyed by them. 
Sirab. \0. — l'iri;. /Jot. 3, Homer. 11. 2. U47. 

17, {)\\.— Hesiod. Thi'o^. m.—Amtot. I'olU. 2, 8. 
— I'olijh. 4, .W et j4. 

LycuroIdrs, annual days of solemnitj', ap- 
pointed in honour of the lawgiver of Sparta. 

.\ patronvmic of a son of Lycurgus. Ovid, m lb. 
503. 

LYCUKOfJS.akingof Nemaea, in Peloponnesus. 
He was rai»ed from the dead by /Ksculapius. 

Stf,'. Theb. b. 638. A giant killed by Osiris in 

Thrace. Died. I. A king of Thrace, son of 

Dry.as. He has been represented as cruel and 
impious, on account of the violence which he 
offered to Bacchus, He, according to the opin- 
ion of the mythologists, drove Bacchus out of 
his kingdom, and abolished his worship, for which 
impiety he was severely punished by the gods. 
He put his own son Dryas to death in a fury, and 
he cut off his own legs, mistaking them for vine 
boughs. He was put to death in the greatest 
torments by his subjects, who had been informed 
by the oracle that they should not taste wine till 
Lycurgus was no more. This fable is explained 



by observing, that the aversion of Lycurgus for 
wine, over which Bacchus presided, arose from 
the fllthiness and disgrace of intoxication, and, 
therefore, the monarch wisely ordered all the 
vines of his dominions to be cut down, that him- 
self and his subjects might be preserved Irom the 
extravagance and debauchery which are produced 
by too free an use of wine. Hytrin, fab, 132. — 
Homer. 11. (i. 180. - A/wKod. 3. b.— Ovid. Met. 4, 

22.— I'irif. 3, N. Horat. Od. 2, 10 A 

son of Hercules and Praxithea, daughter of Thes- 

pius. AjioUod. 2, 7. A son of IMieres, the son 

of Cretheus. /(/. 1, 9. An Athenian orator, 

who was the contemporary of Demosthenes, and 
died about 32b B. C. He studied under Plato 
and Isocrates, and, as a magistrate, was distin- 
guished by the severity of his administration. He 
was one of the thirty orators, whom the Athe- 
nians refused to deliver to Alexander. One ora- 
tion of his against Leocrates is extant. Dtod. l(j. 

-A king of Tegca, son of Aleua, by Nea?ra, 

the daughter of Pereus. He married Cleophile, 
called also Kurynome, by whom he had Amphi- 

damas, &c. Apollod. 3, \).— Homer. II. 7, 1 12. 

A celebrated lawgiver ol Sparta, son of king 
Eunomus, and brother to Polydectes. He suc- 
ceeded his brother on the Spartan throne; but 
when he saw that the widow of Polydectes was 
pregnant, he kept the kingdom not for himself, 
but till Charilaus, his nephew, was arrived to 
years of maturity. He had previously refused 
to marry his brother's widow, who wished to 
strengthen him on his throne by destroying her 
own son Charilaus, and leaving him in the peace- 
ful possession of the crown. The integrity with 
which he acted, when guardian of his nephew 
Charilaus, united with the disappointment and 
the resentment of the queen, raised him many 
enemies, and he at last yielded to their satire 
and malevolence and retired to Crete. He tra- 
velled like a philosopher, and visited Asia and 
Egypt without suffering himself to be corrupted 
by the licentiousness and luxury which prevailed 
there. The confusion which followed his de- 
parture from Sparta, hail now made his presence 
totally necessary, and he returned home at the 
earnest solicitations of his countrymen. The 
disorders which reigned at Sparta induced him 
to reform the government; and the more effec- 
tually to execute his undertaking he had recourse 
to the oracle of Delphi. He w as received by the 
priestess of the gOd with every mark of honour, 
his intentions were warmly api)roved by the di- 
vinity, and he was called the friend of gods, and 
himself rather god than man. After such a re- 
ception from the most celebrated oracle of Greece, 
Lycurgus found no difficulty in reforming the 
abuses of the state, and all were equally anxious 
in i)romoting a revolution which had received 
the sanction of heaven. This hajii)ened S81 years 
before the Christian era. Lycurgus first estab- 
lished a senate, which was composed of twenty- 
eight senators, whose authority preserved the 
tranipiillity of the state, and maintained a due 
and just equilibrium between the kings and the 
people, by watching over the intrusions of the 
former, and checking the seditious turbulence 
of the latter. All distinctions were destroyed, 
and by making an equal and impartial division 
of the land awiong the members of the common- 
wealth, Lycurgus banished luxury, and en- 
couraged the useful arts. The use of money, 
either of gold or silver, was totally forbidden, 
and the introduction of heavy brass and iron 



LYC 



416 



LYD 



coin, brought no temntations to the dishonest, 
and left every individual in the possession of his 
effects without any fears of robbery or violence. 
All the citizens dined in common, and no one 
had greater claims to indulgence or luxury than 
another. The intercourse of Sparta with other 
natif)ns was forb dden, and few w ere permitted to 
travel. The youths w ere intrusted to the public 
master, as soon as they had attained their seventh 
year, and their education was left to the wisdom 
of the laws. They were taught early to think, 
to answer in a short and laconic manner, and to 
excel in sharp repartee. They were instructed 
and encouraged to cairy OiT things by surprise, 
but if ever the theft was discovered they were 
subjected to a severe punishment. Lycur^:u5 
was happy and succe.-sful in establishing and 
enforcmg these laws, and by his prudence and 
administration the face of affairs in Lacedaemon 
was totally changed, and it gave rise to a set of 
men distinguished for tlieir intrepidity, their 
Airtitude, and their magnanimity. After this, 
Lycurgus retired from Sparta, to Delphi, or ac- 
cording to others, to Crete, and b:-fure his de- 
parture he bound all the citizei\s of Lacedaemon 
by a solemn oath, that neither they nor their 
posterity would alter, violate, or abolish the laws 
which he had established, before his return. He 
soon after put himself to death, and he ordered 
hi? ashes to be thrown into the sea, fearful lest if 
they were carried to Sparta, the citizens would 
call themselves freed from the oath which they 
had taken, and empowered to make a revolution. 
The wisdom and tlie g od effect of the laws of 
Lycurgus have been firmly demonstrated at 
Sparta, where for 70'! years they remained in full 
f.irce, but the le;:ishitor has been censured as 
cruel and impolitic. He has shown himself in- 
humane in ordering mothers to destroy such of 
their children, whose feebleness or deformity in 
ti'.eir youth seen^.ed to promise incapability of 
action in maturer years, and to become a burden 
to the state. His regulations about marriage 
must necessarily be censured, and no true con- 
jugal felicity can be expected from the union of 
a man with a person whom he perhaps never 
knew before, and whom he was compelled to 
choose in a dark room, where all the marriage- 
able women in the state assembled on stated oc- 
casions. The peculiar dress w hich was appointed 
for the females, might be termed improper; and 
the law must, for ever, be called injudicious, 
vmieh ordered them to appear naked on certain 
days of festivity, and wrestle in a puhlic assem- 
bly, promiscuously with boys of equal age with 
themselves. These things indt ed contributed as 
^ much to corrupt the m.orals of the Laceda2mo- 
nians, as the other regulations seemed to be cal- 
culated to banish dissipation, riot, and debauch - 
ery. Lycurgus has been compared to Solon, the 
celebrated legislator of Athens, and it has been 
jti;liciously observed, that the former gave his 
citizens morals conformable to the Ir ws which he 
had established, and that the latter had given the 
Athenians laws, which coincided with their cus- 
toms and manners. The office of Lycurgus de- 
manded resolution, and he showed himself inex- 
orable and severe. In Solon artifice was requi- 
site, and he show od himself mild and even volup- 
tuous. The moderation of Lycurgus is greatly 
commended, particularly when we recollect that 
he treated with the greatest humanity and confi- 
dence Al'-ander, a youth who had put out one of 
hi.<! eyes in a seditious tumult. Lycui'gus had a 



son called Antiorus, who left no issue. The 
Lacedemonians showed their respect for their 
great legislator, by yearly celebrating a festival 
in his honour, called Lycurgidre or Lycurgides. 
The introduction of money into Sparta in the ,i 
reign of .\gis the son of Archidamus, was one of / 
the principal causes which corrupted the inno- j, 
cence of the Lacedaemonians, and rendered them h 
the prey of intrigue and of faction. The laws ot u 
Lycurgus were abrogated by Philopoemen, B. C. j" 
L^S, but only for a little time, as they were soon I 
alter re-established by the Romans. Pint, m 1: 
J iia. — Justin. 3, 2. Scc.—Slrab. 8, 10, 15, &c.— 
DioJiys. Hal. 2. — Paiis 3, 2. 

Lycus, a king of Boeotia, successor to his 
brother Nycteus, who left no male issue. He 
w as intrusted with the government only during 
the minority of Labdacus the son of the daughter 
of Nycteus. He was farther enjoined to make 
war against Epopeus, who had carried away by 
lorce Antiope the daughter of Nycteus. He was 
successful in this expedition. Epopeus was 
killed, and Lycus recovered Antiope and mar- 
ried her though she was his niece. This new 
connexion highly displeased his first wife Dirce, 
and Antiope was delivered to the unfeeling queen 
and tortured in the most cruel manner. Antiope 
at last escaped, and intreated her sons Zethus 
and Amphion, to avenge her wrongs. The chil- 
dren, incensed on account of the cruelties which 
their mother had suffered, besieged Thebes, 
killed Lycus, and tied Uirce to the tail of a wild 
bull which dragged her till she died. Pans. 9, 5. 

— Apollod. 3. 5. A king of Libya, who sacri- 
ficed whatever strangers came upon his coast. 
When Diomedes, at his return from the Trojan 
war, had been shipwrecked there, the tyrant 
seized him and confined him. He, however, 
escaped by means of Callirhoe, the tyrant's 
daughter, who was enamoured of him, and who 

hung herself when she saw herself deserted. • 

A son of Neptune by Celreno, made king of a 
part of Mysia by Hercules. He offered violence 
to Megara. the wife of Hercules, for which he 
was killed by the incensed hero. Lycus gave a 
kind reception to the Argonauts. Apollod. '3, 10. 

— Hijunn.fab. 1-. 31, 32, 137. One of the com- 
panions of .tineas. Apollod. 2, 3. — Paus. 1, Sec. 

— />■/-'. 1, 8ic.~Hyi,nn. Jnb. 97 et 

One of the Centaurs One of the friends of 

iEneas, killed by Turnu>. rirt,'. Ain. 9, 51.^. 

A youth beloved by Alcaeus. Hornt. Ud. 1, 

32. A river of Pontus, joining the Iris below 

Amasia. It is now the Carahissar. A river of 

Phrygia, which disappeared near Coloss:«, and 
after remaining concealed for five stadia, reap- 
peared again and joined the Ma;andcr. Its mo- 
dern name is DJok-boioiai, or Sultaii Emir-tchai. 
Herod. 7. 30. 

LydIa, a country of Asia Minor, bounded on 
the south by the Masander, on the west by the 
jEsaean sea, on the north by a range of hills 
di%iding the waters of the Hermus from the Cai- 
cus, and on the east by an irregular line from 
the source of the latter river to Hierapolis on the 
Majander. To the north it bordered on Mysia, 
to the east on Phrygia, and to the south on Caria. 
According to <c nie oi the Greek writers, it was 
divided between two nati ns, the Majonians and 
Lydians ; the former inhabiting the northern 
part of the province about the Hermus and mount 
Tmolus, while the latter occupied the district 
watered by the Caystrus. It appears, however, 
that they "were one and the same peop.le, and 



LYD 



417 



LYS 



i that the name of Lydians was first assumed by 
I them undei' their king Lydus. Lydia was go- 
verned by monarchs, who after the fabulous ages 
: reigned for 249 years in the following order: 
Ardysus began to reign, 797 B. C; Alyattes, 7C1; 
Meles, 747; Candaules, 735; Gyges, 718; Ardysus 
second, 680; Sadyattes, 631; Alyattes second, 619, 
and Croesus, 562, who was conquered by Cyrus, 
B. C. 548, when the kingdom became a province 
of the Persian empire. There were three dif- 
ferent races that reigned in Lydia, the Atyadae, 
HeraclidiE, and Mermnadae. The history of the 
first is obscure and fabulous, the Heraclidce began 
to reign about the Trojan war, and the crown 
remained in their family for about 505 years, 
and was always transmitted from father to son. 
Candaules was the last of the Heraclidse; and 
Gyges the first, and Croesus the last, of the 
Mermnadai, The Lydians were anciently brave 
and warlike, being accounted the best horsemen 
in the known world. They were celebrated for 
their skill in music, and other arts. They are 
said to have invented games, and to have been 
the first to coin money. Herod. 1 et 6. 3, 90. 7, 
7\.~Slrab. 2, 5, et U.—Mela, 1, 2.—Plm. 3, 5.— 

l)io7iys. Hid. i.— Diod. ^.—Justin. 13, 4. A 

mistress of Horace, &c. 1, Od. 8. 

Lydius, an epithet applied to the Tiber be- 
cause it passed near Etruria, whose inhabitants 
were originally a Lydian colony. Virg. Mn. 2, 
781. 8, 479. 

Lydus, a son of Atys, and Callithea, king of 
Majonia, which from him received the name of 
Lydia. His brother Tyrrhenus led a colony to 
Italy, and gave the name of Tyrrhenia to the 
settlement which he made on the coast of the 
Mediterranean. Herod. 7, 74. 

Lygdamis or Lygdamus, a Naxian who 
aided Pisistratus in recovering his authority at 
Athens, and received as a recompense the go- 
vernment of his native island. Herod. 1, 61 et 
64.— — The father of Artemisia, the celebrated 
queen of Haliearnassus. Herod. 7, 99. A ty- 
rant of Caria, son of Pisindelis, who reigned in 
the time of Herodotus at Haliearnassus. He put 
to death the poet Panyasis. Herodotus fled from 
his native city in order to avoid his tyranny, and 
afterwards aided in deposing him. fid. He- 
rodotus. 

Lygodesma, a surname of Diana at Sparta, 
because her statue was brought by Orestes from 
Taurus, shielded round with osiers. Pans. 3, 16. 

Lymire, a town of Lycia. Ol uI. Met. fab. 12. 

LyncestIus, a river of Macedonia, whose 
waters were of an intoxicating quality. Ovid. 
Met. 15. 329. 

Lynceus, son of Aphareus, was among the 
hunters of the Calydonian boar, and one of the 
Argonauts. He was so sharp-sighted that, as it 
is reported, he could see through the earih, and 
distinguish objects at the distance of above nine 
miles. He stole some oxen with his brother 
Idas, and they wpre both killed by Castor and 
Pollux, when they were going to celebrate their 
nuptials with the daughters of Leucippus. Apol- 
lod. 1 et 3.—H)/iri,i. fab. 4.— Pans. 4, 2.— Ovid. 

Mel. 3, 'd03.—ApoUon. Arg. 1. A son of iEgyp- 

tus, who married Hypermnestra, the daughter 
of Danaus, His life was sj)ared by the love and 
humanity of his wife. (^I'id. Danaides.) He 
made war against his father-in-law, dethroned 
him and seized his crown. Some say that Lyn- 
ceus was reconciled to Danaus, and that he suc- 
ceeded him after his death, and reigned forty-one 



years. Apollod. 2, I.— Pans. 2, 16, 19 et 25,— 

Ovid. Heroid. 14. One of the companions of 

Aineas killed by Turnus. f 'irg. Ain. 9, 768. 

Lyncidks, a man at the court of Cepheus. 
Ovid. Met. 4, fab. 12. 

Lyncus, LYNCiEUS, or Lynx, a cruel king 
of Scythia, or according to others, of Sicily. He 
received, with feigned hospitality, Triptolemus, 
whom Ceres had sent all over the world to teach 
mankind agriculture, and as he was jealous of 
his commission he resolved to murder this fav- 
ourite of the gods in his sleep. As he was going 
to give the deadly blow to Triptolemus, he was 
suddenly changed into a lynx, an animal which 
is the emblem of perfidy and ingratitude. Ovid. 
Met. 5, 650. 

Lyncus, a town of Macedonia, of which the 
inhabitants were called Lyncestaj. Pli7i. 2, 103. 
4, 10. 

Lyrnessus, a city of Cilicia, the native coun- 
try of Briseis, called from thence Lyr7iesseis. It 
was taken and plundered by Achilles and the 
Greeks at the time of the Trojan war, and the 
booty divided among the conquerors. Homer. II. 
2, m.~Ovid. Met. 12, 108. Heroid. 3, 6. Trial. 
4, 1, 15. 

Lysander, a celebrated general of Sparta, in 
the last years of the Peloponnesian war. He 
drew Ephesus from the interest of Athens, and 
gained the friendship of Cyrus the younger. He 
gave battle to the Athenian fleet, consisting of 120 
ships, at ^^gospotamos, and destroyed it all, 
except three ships, with which the enemy's 
general fled to Evagoras king of Cyprus. In 
this celebrated battle, which happened 405 years 
before the Christian era, the Athenians lost 3000 
men, and with them their empire and influence 
among the neighbouring states. Lysander well 
knew how to take advantage of his victory, and 
the following year, Athens, worn out by a long 
war of twenty-seven years, and discouraged by 
its misfortunes, gave itself up to the power of the 
enemy, and consented to destroy the Piraeus, to 
deliver up all its ships, except twelve, to recall 
all those who had been banished; and in short to 
be submissive in every degree to the power of 
Lacedaemon. Besides these humiliating condi- 
tions, the government of Athens was totally 
changed, and thirty tyrants were set over it by 
Lysander. This glorious success, and the honour 
of having put an end to the Peloponnesian war, 
increased the pride of Lysander. He had already 
begun to pave his way to universal power by 
establishing aristocracy in the Grecian cities of 
Asia, and now he attempted to make the crown 
of Sparta elective. In the pursuit of his ambi- 
tion he used prudence and artifice; and as he 
could not easily abolish a form of government 
which ages and popularity had confirmed, he had 
recourse to the assistance of the gods. His at- 
tempts, however, to corrupt the oracles of Del- 
phi, Dodona, and Jupiter Ammon, proved inef- 
fectual, and he was even accused of using bribes 
by the priests of the Libyan temple. The sud- 
den declaration of war against the Thebans saved 
him from the accusations of his adversaries, and 
he was sent together with Pausanias against the 
enemy. The plans of his military operations 
were discovered, and the Haliartians, whose ruin 
he secretly meditated, attacked him unexpect- 
edly, and he was killed in a bloody battle, w hich 
ended in the defeat of his troops, 394 years before 
Christ. His body was recovered by his colleague 
Pausanias, and honoured with a magnificent 



LYS 



418 



LYS 



funeral. Lysander has been commended for his 
bravery, but his ambition deserves the severest 
censure, and his cruelty and his duplicity have 
greatly stained his character. He was arrogant 
and vain in his public as well as private conduct, 
and he received and heard with the greatest 
avidity the hymns which his courtiers and flat- 
terers sung to his honour. Yet in the midst of 
all his pomp, his ambition, and intrigues, he died 
extremely poor, and his daughters were rejected 
by two opulent citizens of Sparta, to whom they 
had been betrothed during the lite of their father. 
This behaviour of tlie lovers was severely pun- 
ished by the Lacedaemonians, who protected 
from injury the children of a man whom they 
hated for his sacrilege, his contempt of religion, 
and his perfidy. The father of Lysander, whose 
n.ime was Aristoclites or Aristocrates, was de- 
scended from Hercules, though not reckoned of 
the race of the Heraclidas. Plut. et C. Xep. in 

vit'i. A Trojan chief, wounded bv Ajax son of 

Telamon befc re Troy. Homer. IL M, 491. 

One of the Ephori in the reign of Agis, &c. 

Plut. A grandson of the great Lysander. 

Paus. 

Lysandra, a daughter of Ptolemy Lagus, 
who married Agafhocles the son of Lysimachus. 
She was persecuted by Arsinoe, and fled to Se- 
leucus for protection. Paus. 1, 9, &c. 

LysTas, a celebrated orator, son of Cephalus, 
a native of Syracuse. His father left Sicily and 
went to Athens, where Lysias was born and care- 
fully educated. In his fifteenth year he accom- 
panied the colony which the Athenians .sent to 
Thurium, and after a long residence there he 
returned home in his forty-seventh year. Though 
possessed of great abilities, he was not engaged 
in the service of the state through the hatred or 
jealousy of the thirty tyrants, but his powers ot 
oratory rendered hinn truly illustrious. As the 
friend and companion of Socrates he attended 
him in his imprisonment, and wrote an elegant 
oration in his defence, which the philosopher 
read with satisfaction but declined to use, nobly 
sensible that if public services and innocence of 
manners cannot delend life, no efforts of art or 
persuasion will prevail. Lysias, known to the 
Grecian states by his eloquence, and by the sim- 
plicity, correctness, and purity of his diction, 
wrote no less than 425 orations according to 
Plutarch, though the number may with more 
probability be reduced to 230. Of these thirty- 
four are extant, the best editions of which are 
that of Taylor. Svo. Cantab. 1740; that of Auger, 
2 vols. Svo, Paris, 1783; that of Reiske, in the 
Corpus Oratorum Grcecorum. 2 vols. Svo, Lips. 
1772; and that of Dobson, in the Oratores Attici, 
2 vols. Svo, Lond. 1S23. He died in the eighty- 
first year of his age. 373 years before the Chris- 
tian era. Plut. de Orat.— Cic. de Or at. 2, 52. In 

Brut.n. — Quintil. 3, 8. 10, 1.— D/o^. 2. An 

Athenian genpral, &.c. A town of Phrygia. 

Slrab. .\nother of Syria, now Bersiech, near 

Emesa A tyrant of Tarsus, B. C 267. 

Lysimachia, a city in the Thracian Cherso- 
nese, built by Lysimachus, who transferred 
hither the inhabitants of Cardia and Pactya. In 
a much later age it obtained the name Hexa- 
milium, corrupted now into Ecsemil, from the 
width of the isthmus on which it stood. Diod. 

Stc. 20, 29 Piin. 4, 11.— Anu7u Marcell. 22, S. 

A town of .Etolia, near a lake named Hydra, 

and between Arsinoe and Pleuron. Strab. 10. 

Lysimachus, king of Thrace, one of the cap- 



tains of Alexander the Gre.at. rose from a mean 
condition to the favour of th c prince. At liie 
partition of the empire of Alexander. B. C 3ici, 
Thrace, the Chersonese, and the countries adja- 
cent to the Euxine, were allotted to Lysimachus. 
When Antigonus had rendered himself formid- 
able to the other sharers, Lysimachus joined in 
the league against him, with Seleucus, Ptolemy, 
and Cassander. By a subsequent treaty, Thrace 
was confirmed to him; and in imitation of other 
captains, he took the title of king. He founued 
the city of Lysimachia, B. C. 30.), and made it 
his capital. In conjunction with Seleucus, he 
gained the great battle of Ipsus. He aiterwards 
seized upon Macedonia, having first expelled 
Pyrrhus from the throne; but his cruelly ren 
dered him truly odious, and the murder of his 
son Agathocles so offended his subjects, that the 
most opulent and powerful revolted from him, 
and abandoned the kingdom. He pursued them 
into Asia, and declared war against Seleucus, 
who had given them a kind reception. He was 
killed in a bloody battle, B. C. 231, in the eighti- 
eth year of his age. His body was found in the 
heaps of slain by the lidelity of his do^^, w hich 
had carefully watched near it. With great 
courage and abilities, he was characterized by a 
cruel and ferocious di^po5ition, which rendered 
him unworthy of his high fortune. Justin men- 
tions a curious fact concerning him, vis. that ' 
having offended Alexander, he was, as a punish- 
ment, thrown into the den of a furious lion; and 
when the ravenous animal darted upon him, he 
wrapped his hand in his mantle, and boldly 
thrust it into the lion's mouth, and by twisting / 
his tongue, killed an adversary ready to devour 
him. This act of courage in self-defence recom- 
mended him to the monarch, w ho pardoned and 
took him into his favour. Justin. 15, 3, &c.— 
Paus. 1, 10. 

Lysi.V'lE, a town of Pisidia. Liv. 33, 15. 

LYSIFFU5, a celebrated sculptor and statuary, 
was born at Sicyon, and flourished in the time of 
Ale.xander the Great. He w as originally a worker 
in bra-s. and then appliea himself to painting, 
till his talents and inclination led him to fix on 
the profession of a sculptor. He w orked with 
such extraordinary diligence and facility, that 
he is said to have' left 1500 performances, all of 
such excellence, that any one of them singly 
might have conferred celebrity on him as an 
artist. He attained to so high a reputation, that 
Alexander forbade any .=culptor but Lysippus to 
make his statues. Lysippus improved the art of 
statuary by a better imitation of the hair, and by 
an attentive study of symmetry, in which he 
considered how the human figure appeared to the 
eye, not what were its exact proportions. The 
rnost admirable of his works were the statues of 
Alexander, of which he executed a series, begin- 
ning from his childhood; and one of a man com- 
ing out of a bath, placed by Agrippa before his 
public baths, and which, being removed by Ti- 
berius to his own chamber,'caused such great 
clamours on the part of the populace, that the 
emperor thought it prudent to return it to its . 
- former situation. A chariot of the sun at Rhodes 
was one of his great w orks, which was, how ever, 
surpassed by a colossus at Tarentum, forty cubits \ 
high. His "statue of Socrates, and those of the 
twenty-five horsemen who were drowned in the 
Granicus, were so highly valued, that, in the age 
of Augustus, thev were sold for their weight in 
gold. Plut. in Alex.—Cic. in Brut. 164. Ad Hen 



LY3 



419 



MAC 



4, U8.—Plin. 37, l.—Puterc. 1,1]. i?07r</. 
^, 1, 24!''. - A coniic poet, some of whose pl.ijs 
are mentioned by Athenaeus. Flin. 7, 37. — A 
gt-nerrii of the Achaean league. 

Lysis, a Pythagorean philosopher, preceptor 
to Epaminondas. He flourished about 3SS years 
bt fore the Christian era. He is supposed by 
some to be the author of the golden verses which 
are attributed to Pythasoras. C. Nep. in Epam. 
2.-GIC. Oral. 3, 34. Off. 1, 44. 

Lysistratc'S, a brother of Lysippus. He 
was the first artist who ever made a statue with 
wax. PLin. 34, 8. S6, 12. 

LYSO, a friend of Cicero, deservedly com- 
mended for his kindness and hospitality. He 
was born at Patrae, in Achaia. Cic. Fam. 18, 19. 

Lystra, a city of Asia Minor, placed by 
Ptolemy in Isauria ; but, according to Pliny, 
Hierocles, and St Luke, it belonged to Lycaonia. 
It was in the vicinity of Derbe. 



M 

MAC^E, a people of Africa who occupied the 
coast to the north-west of and near the Greater 
Syrtis. They are thought to have been the same 
with those named Syrlireshy Pliny. Herodotus 
stares that they had a curious custom of leaving 
only a tuit of hair in the centre of their head, 
carefully shaving the rest, and that when they 
went to war, they used the skins of ostriches 
instead of shields. The river Cinyps flo^^ed 

through their territory. Herod. 4, 175. A 

people of Arabia Deserta, on a projection of land 
wheiethe Sinus Persicus is narrow est. Ptolemy 
calls the promontory Assabo : its modern name, 
however, cape Mussendom, bears some faint 
resemblance to that of the Macse. 

Macareus, a son of .Eolus, who debauched 
his sister Canace, and had a son by her. Tlie 
father being informed of the incest, ordered the 
child to be exposed, and sent a sword to his 
daughter, and commanded her to destroy her- 
self. Macareus fled to Delphi, w here he became 
priest of Apollo. Ovid. Met. Heroid. 11. In lb. 

563.- One of the companions of Ulysses, left at 

Caieta in Italy, where jEneas found him. Ovid. 
Met. 14, 159. 

Macarta, a daughter of Hercules and De- 
janira. After the death of Hercules, Eurys- 
theus made w ar against the HeracliOae, w hom the 
Athenians supported, and the oracle declared 
that the descendants of Hercules should obrain 
the victory if any one of them devoted himseif to 
death. This was cheerfully accepted by Macaria, 
who refused to endanger the life of the children 
of Kt rcules by suffering the victim to be drawn 
by lot, and the Athenians obiained a victory. 
Great honours w ere paid to the patriotic Macaria, 
and a fountain of Marathon was called by her 
name. Pam, 1, 33. An ancient name of Cy- 
prus. 

Macaris, an ancient, name of Crete. 

Mackdo, a son of Osiris, who had a phare in 
the divine honours which w ere paid to his father. 
He was represented clothed in a wolf's skin, for 
which reason the Eg>ptians held that animal 
in great veneration. Diod. l. — Plut. in hid. el 
Ot. A man who gave his name to Macedonia. 



Some supposed him to be the same as the son or 
general of Osiris, whilst others consider him as 
the grandson of Deucalion by the mother's side. 
Diod. 1 . 

Macedonia, a country of Europe. Its limits 
varied exceedin^^ly at diffVrent periods of its 
history. In the'tinies of Philip and Alex>;ii- cr 
they were, to the north the chain of Oibclus 
and Scomius, to the east the river Nestus, to the 
south the ^gean sea and the Cambunian moun- 
tains, and to the west a chain of mountains known 
by the names of Bermius and Canalovii. The 
I river Strymon was the eastern boundary of Ma- 
cedonia before the time of Philip, who added 
the territory between it and the Nestus to his 
dominions. On its conquest by the Romans 
these boundaries remained for some time un- 
altered ; but at length the western frontier was 
extended to the Adriatic, and it then included 
what was before known as Graecian lUyria, and 
named in a much later age Epirus Nova. Ma- 
cedonia considered under these limits touched to 
the north on Illyricum and Mcesia, to the east 
on Thrace, and to the south on Thessaly and 
Epirus. It included the northern part of Alban- 
ia, and Macedonia. The Macedonians are said 
in mythology to have obtained their name from 
Macedo, a son of Jupiter, and the founder of 
their nation. But they probably derived both 
their name and their origin from the descendants 
of Japhet, though the learned are not agreed as 
to w hich of his sons may be looked upon as their 
ancestor. Some trace their origin to the Kittim, 
who were the grandsons of Japhet, observing that 
Macetia is not unfrequently used to denote this 
country, and Macetae its inhabitants : others, 
however, are of opinion that they derived their 
name from Madai, a son of Japhet, and think 
this the more probable from Emathia having 
been the ancient name of Macedonia. 'I he Ma- 
cedonian dynasty is said by the Greek authors 
to have derived its origin frcm Perdiccas, the 
youngest of three brothers, who were descended 
from Temenus, son of Hercules. They left their 
native city Argos in company with a body of 
colonists, and went in quest of fortune amongst 
the Illyrians, who, though they allowed them at 
first to dwell in their country, became jealous of 
their increasing strengtli, and drove them into 
Macedonia. Here they seized upon the district 
of Emathia, and its capital Edessa, then governed 
by Midas, and founded the Macedonian kingdom 

B. C. 814, the first ruler of which was Perdic- 
cas ; it continued in existence 646 years, till the 
defeat of its last king, Perseus, by the Romans at 
Pydna, when it became subject to that ambitious 
people. The Macedonians were naturally brave 
and warlike ; under the reigns of Philip and 
Alexander they siiinalized themselves b^ their 
valour and extensive conquests; their phalanx 
was famed for its irresistib e strength. Mace- 
donia is sometimes mentioned under the names 
of Emathia. Pteonia, Mysfdonia, vEmonia, Edo- 
nia. and Bistonia. Judin. 7, 1.— P/m. 4, 10. 
-^■Gen. 10. ■i.— haioh. z^. — Aid. Cell. 9, 3.— 
Herod. 8, 131 .— Thncyd. 2, 99. 

MAChDONicU.M EELLUM, was undertaken by 
the Romans against Philip, king of Macedonia, 
some few months after the secoi'.d Punic w,',r, B. 

C. lOO. The cause of this war originated in the 
hostilities which Philip had exercised against ihe 
Achbeans, the friends and allies of Rome The 
consul Fiaminius had the care of the war, and 
he conquered Philip on the confines of Epirus^ . 



MAC 



420 



MAC 



and afterwards in Thessaly. The Macedonian 
fleets were also defeated; Euboeawas taken; and 
Ptiilip, after continual losses, sued for peace, 
which was granted him in the fourth year of the 
war. The ambition and cruelty of Perseus, the 
son and successor ot Philip, soon irritated the 
Romans. Another war was undertaken, in 
which the Romans suffered two defeats. This, 
however, did not discourage them ; Paulus 
^milius was chosen consul in the 60th year of 
his age, and intrusted with the care of the war. 
He came to a general engagement near the city 
of Pydna. The victory sided with the Romans, 
and 20,000 of the Macedonian soldiers were left 
on the field of battle. This decisive blow put an 
end to the war, which had already continued for 
three years, 168 years before the Christian era. 
Perseus and his sons Philip and Alexander were 
taken prisoners, and carried to Rome to adorn 
the triumph of the conqueror. About fifteen 
years after, new seditions were raised in Mace- 
donia, and the false pretensions of Andriscas. 
who called himself the son of Perseus, obliged 
the Romans to send an army to quell the com- 
motions. Andriscus at first obtained many con- 
siderable advantages over the Roman forces, till 
at last he was conquered and delivered to the 
consul Metellus, who carried him to Rome. After 
these commotions, which are sometimes called 
the third Macedonian war, Macedonia was finally 
reduced into a Roman province, and governed 
by a regular proconsul, about 14S years before 
the Christian era. 

Macedonicus, a surname given to Metellus, 
from his conquests in 'ZMacedonia. It was also 
given to such as had obtained any victory in that 
province. 

Macella, a town of Sicilv, taken bv the con- 
sul Duillius, Liv. 26. 21. 

Macer, a Latin poet, a native of Verona. 
He was the author of a poem on birds, entitled 
Ornithogoiiia. and of another on snakes, under the 
title of Theriaca. This last was an imitation, in 
some degree, of the Theriaca of Nicander. We 
have no remains ( f either of the>e work«. The 
poem De Herbarum Virtutibus, commonly as- 
cribed to him. is now regarded as a production of 

the middle aires. Quintil. 10, 1. A friend of 

Ovid s who wrote a continuation of the Iliad, 
and also an Antehomerica. He has been fre- 
quently confounded with the preceding, but 
flourished in truth at a later period. The former 
died in Asia. B. C. 17- 

Mach.era, a river of Africa. A common 

crier at Rome. Juv. 7, 9. 

MachanTdas, a man who made himself ab- 
solute at Sparta. He was killed by Philopcemen. 
after being defeated at Mantinea, B. C. 20S. 
Nabis succeeded him. Plut. — Liv^ 27, 30. 28, 5 
et 7. 

• MACHAON, a celebrated physician, son of 
.^Esculapius and brother to Podalirius. He went 
to the Trojan war with the inhabitants of Trica, 
Ithome, and CEchalia- According- to some he 
was king of Messeuia. As physician to the 
Greeks, he healed the wounds which they re- 
ceived during the Trojan war. and was one of 
those concealed in the wooden horse. Some sup- 
pose that he wa* killed before Troy by Eurypy- 
lu>. the son of Telephus. He received divine 
honours after death, and had a temple in Mes- 
senia. Homer. II. 2, 239. 4, 192. — - Ovid, ex 
Pont. 3, ^. — Qtuint. Smyr. 6, 409. — Virg. JEn, 2, 
263 et 426. 



Macra, a river flowing from the Apennines, 
and dividing Liguria from Etruria, now the 
yiagra. Lucnn. 2, 426.— in-. 39, 32. 

Macri campi, a plain in Cisalpine Gaul, near 

the river Gabellus. Liv. 41, 18. 45, 12. A, 

plain near Mutina bears the same name. Col. 
7, 2. 

Macri ANUS, Titus Fulvius Julius, an Egyp-|- 
tian of obscure birth, who, from a private sol- 
dier, rose to the highest command in the army, 
and proclaimed himself emperor of Rome, when 
Valerian had been made prisoner by the Per- 
sians, A. D. £60. His liberality supported hisj 
usurpation ; his two sons Macrianus and Quietusj 
were invested with the imperial purple, and triei 
enemies of Rome were severally defeated, either,! 
by the emperors or their generals. When he had] 
supported- his dignity for a year in the eastern 
parts of the world, Macrianus marched towards 
Rome, to crush Gallienus, who had been pro-u 
claimed emperor. He was defeated in lllyri-p 
cum by the lieutenant of Gallienus, and put to, 
death with his son, at his own express request, A. 
D. 262. 

MacrInus, M. Opilius Severus, a native ofi? 
Africa, who rose from the most ignominious con*,? 
dition to the rank of praefect of the praetorian 
guards, and at last of emperor, after the death 
of Caracalla, whom he inhumanly sacrificed to 
his ambition, A. D. 217. The beginning of his^ 
reign was popular; the abolition of the taxes, and. 
an affable and complaisant behaviour endeared 
him to his subjects. These prom.ising appear-'l 
ances did not long continue, and the timidityc; 
which Macrinus betrayed in buying the peace ofiJ 
the Persians by a large sum of money, soon ren-: 
dered him odious; and while he affected to imi-': 
tate the virtuous Aurelius, without possessing thd 
good qualities of his heart, he became contemp-p 
tibleand insignificant. This affectation irritated' 
the minds of the populace, and «hen severe pun-.' 
ishments had been inflicted on some of the dis- 
orderly soldiers, the whole army mutinied; and^ 
their tumult was increased by their c nsciousnessF 
of their power and numbers, which Macrinus hadf 
the imprudence to betray, by keeping almost al|i 
the military force of Rome encamped together^; 
in the plains of Syria. Heliogabalus was pro-l 
claimed emperor, and Macrinus attempted tou 
save his life by flight. He was however, seized! 
in Cappadocia. and his head was cut off and sentu 
to hi.s successor, June 7rh. A. D. 213. Macrinus' 
reigned about two months and three day.-;. His 
son, called Diadumenip.nuv shared his father's^ 

fate. A friend of the poet Persius, to whonnj; 

his second satire is inscribed. p 

Macro, a favourite of the emperor Tibtriusi:. 
celebrated (or his intrigues, perfidy, and cruelty.'< 
He destroyed Sejaniis, and rai-ed himself upon 
the ruins of that unfortunate favourite. He was 
accessary to the murder of Tiberius, and con-) 
ciliated the good opinion of C.ilii;ula. by prosti-'; 
tuting to him his own wife called Ennia. He' 
soon after became unpopular, and w as obliged by! 
Caligula to kill himself together with his wife,- 
A. D. 38. Tacit. Ann. 6, 15 et 23, &c — Suelon.'\ 
Tib. 73. Cal. 26. 

Macrobii, a people of .^Ethiopia, celebrated^ 
for their justice and the innocence of their rnan-fe 
ners. The\ generally lived to their 120th year,^ 
some say to a thousand: and, indeed, from their' 
longevity they have obtained their name {uaxpot 
ffloi, long life), to distinguish them more particu- ■• 
larly from the other inhabitants of .Ethiopia, " 



MAC 



421 



After so long a period spent in virtuous actions, 
I and freed Irom the indulgences of vice, and 
■ from maladies, they dropped into the grave as to 
! sleep, without pain and without terror. Orph. 
: Argon. \m. — Herod. 3, 11.— Mela, 3, d.—Plin. 
; 7.48 Fal. 3Iax.8,3. 

j Macrobius, a Latin writer and eminent 
j critic, who flourished towards the close of the 4th 
century. He is supposed to have been a Greek, 
but the place of his birth is not known. He is 
I claimed, indeed, by the people of Parma, who 
j show his tomb, but he refers his birth-place to a 
-! country in which the Latin language was not 
vernacular. He undoubtedly lived at Rome; but 
i whether he was the same Macrobius who was 
grand chamberlain under Honorius and Theodo- 
sius II. is uncertain. The supposition that he 
i held that office has probably been the only 
! ground for imagining him to have been a Chris- 
I tian, since the language of his writings, and the 
interlocutors in the dialogues are entirely 
i; heathen. He wrote a commentary on Cicero's 
;! Somniam Scipionis, from which it appears he was 
Ij- a Platonist; and a dialogue entitled Satwnalia, 
F supposed to have been held at the festival of 
Saturn by a company of learned persons, whose 
! names are those of some of the most eminent 
' scholars of that time. The questions treated of 
relate to topics of antiquity, mythology, history, 
and poetry, discussed in a miscellaneous way, 
I with many references to the works of ancient 
I authors, and to the laws and customs of the 
; Romans; and although the style is by no means 
pure, and the composition is without skill, yet 
the work is of much utility as a help to classical 
erudition. The best edition of this author is that 
of Gronovius, 8vo. Lugd. Bat. 1679. 

Macrochir, a Greek name of Artaxerxes, 
I the same as Longimanus. Fid. Longimanus. 
' Macrones, a nation of Asia, occupying the 
northern parts of Armenia, probably between the 
town of Arze and the coast of the Euxine. They 
are mentioned in the Anabasis as one of the 
nations through whose territories the Greeks 
marched. They were afterwards, according to 
Strabo, called Sanni or Tanni. Xen. Anab, 4, 8, 
I. 5, 5, 18. 7, 8, 25. 

Maculonus, a rich and penurious Roman, 
&c. Juv. 7, 40. 

Madaura, a town of Numidia, near Tagaste, 
and north-west of Sicca. It was the birth-place 
of Apuleius. Apul. Met. 11. 

Madete-S, a general of Darius, who bravely 
defended a place against Alexander. The con- 
queror resolved to put him to death, though 
j thirty orators pleaded for his life. Sisygambis 
, prevailed over the almost inexorable Alexander, 
i and Madetes was pardoned. Curt. 5, 3. 
I Maduateni, a people of Thrace. Uv. 38, 40. 
I Madyes, a Scythian prince who pursued the 
Cimmerians in Asia, and conquered Cyaxares, 
B. C. 623. He held, for some time, the supreme 
power or Asia Minor. Herod. 8, 103. 

MiEANDER, a son of Oceanus and Tethys 

A river of Asia Minor, risin? near Celaenae in 
Phrygia, and, after forming the common boun- 
I dary between Lydia and Caria, falling into the 
] ^^gaean below the promontory of Mycale. It is 
I celebrated for its innumerable windings, from 
i which all sinuosities have received the name of 
Maeander, and which are said to have furnished 
j Daidalus with the first idea of his labyrinth. It 
j is a narrow, but a deep and fertilizing river, 
! "arrying down with it .so much mud, as to have 



completely changed the face of the country 
towards its niouih, and to have rendered tliose 
cities inland, which once stood upon the seii- 
shore. Ovid. Met. 8, 145, 8cc. — Virg. A£ti.. "i, 
25i.—Lucan. 3, 208. 6, 475.— Homer, il. 2. 370.— 
Herod. 2, 29,— Cic. Pis. 22.— Strab. 12, &c.— 
Mela, 1, 17. 

MiEAT/E, a people in the north of Britain, 
near the vallum Set:eri, or wall of Sever.is, ccri:- 
prising the Otadeni, Gadeni, Selgovae, Novanue, 
and Damnii. Dio. Cass. 76, 12. 

M^CENAS. Fid. Mecasnas. 

Mjedi, a people of Thrace, above the Palus 
Bistonis. Thucyd. 2, 9S. 

M./EL1TJS, a Roman slain by Ahala, master of 
the horse to the dictator Cincinnatus, for aspir- 
ing to supreme power. Liv. 4, 13, &c, 

iVIiEMACTERlA, sacrifices offered to Jupiter, 
at Athens in the winter month Masmacterion. 

M^NAdeS, a name of the Bacchantes, or 
priestesses of Bacchus. The word is derived 
from fMalvo/xai, to be furious, because in the cele- 
bration of their festivals, their gestures and 
actions were those of mad women. Odd. Fast. 
4, 458. 

MjENALUS, (plur. Msenala,) a mountain in the 
south-south-eastern part of Arcadia, sacred to 
Pan, and the favourite haunt of that rural deity. 
It was lofty, and covered with pine trees, the 
echoes and shady retreats of which were much 
commended. Its modern name is Roino. Theocr. 
Idyl.l, 12i.— Firg. Georg. 1, \7.— 0vid. Met. 1, 

216. A town of Arcadia, in the vicinity o. 

mount Maenalus, which took its name from one 
of the sons of Lycaon, its founder. Faus. 8, 3. 

M^NIUS Caius, a Roman consul who con- 
quered the Antiates, Aricini, Lavinii, and was 
honoured with a column to commemorate his 
services to the state. Near this column, thieves 
and disorderly slaves were generally punished. 

Liv. 8, 13.— P/m. 34, 5.—Cic. Ccec. 16. A pise- 

tor, appointed to hold inquisitions concerning 

sorceries and poisonings. Liv. 40, 35 et 43. 

Lucius, a tribune at Rome, who proposed to re- 
duce the interest of money to one per cent. Liv. 

7, 16. Marcus, the author of an agrarian law. 

Liv. 4, 53. A spendthrift at Rome. Horat. 

Ep. 1, 15. 26. 

M^NUS, a river of Germany, falling into the 
Rhine at Moguntiacum {Mayns; or Mentz), and 
now the Mayn. 

M^ONIA. {Fid. Lydia.) The Etrurians, as 
being descended from a Lydian colony, are often 
called Mceonidre, {Firg. JSn. 11, 759.) and even 
the lake Thrasymenus in their country is called 
McEonius lacus. Sil. Ital. 15, 35. 

M.^ONiD.^, a name given to the Muses, be- 
cause Homer, their greatest and worthiest favour- 
ite, was supposed to be a native of Maeonia. 

M^ONIDES, a surname of Homer, because, 
according to the opinion of some writers, he was 
born in Maeonia, or because his father's name 
was Mseon. Ovid. The surname is also ap- 
plied to Bacchus, as he was worshipped in 
Masonia. 

')NIS, an epithet applied to Omphale as 
queen of Lydia or Masonia. Ovid. The epi- 
thet is also applied to Arachne as a native of 
Lydia. Id. Met. 6. 

M^OT^, a general name for the tribes dwell- 
ing along the Palus Maeotis. Plin.4, \2.^Strab. 
11. 

M^OTis Palus, or Sea of Aaov, a large 
marshy lake, between Europe and Asia, north- 
2 N 



MAG 



east of the Euxine, and connected ■.^ith it by the 
Cimmer-ian B i->iJoru<, oi s.rait^ of Caffa. It 15 
formed byilie Tanais {Don) and oiher rivers. lis 
greatest length is alu.ur, -JOO miles, its greatest 
breadth 90 niiUs. From its waters constantly 
flowing into the Euxine, the Scythians called it 
Temerinda, or Mater Miiis, Ike Mother of the Sea. 
The people who dwelled upon it were called 
Mseotai, and some of thera are said to have w or- 
shipped it as a god. Strab. 1 et l\.—Mela, 1, 1, 
See — Justin. 2, 1. — Curt. 5, 4.— Luca^i. 2. 641. — 
Ovid. Fast. 3, 12. Ep. Sab. 2, 9.—Firg. JEn. 6, 
739. 

MiESiA SYLVA, a forest in Etruria, south- 
west from Veii. It originally belonged to this 
city, but was taken by Ancus Martiu.?. Liv. 1, 33. 

M^VIA, an immodest woman. Juv. 1, 22. 

M^EV'IUS, a poet of inferior note in the Aug- 
ustan age, who made himself known by his illibe- 
ral attacks on the character of the first writers of 
his time, as well as by his affected compositions. 
His name would have sunk in oblivion if Virgil 
had not ridiculed him in his third eclogue, and 
Horace in his tenth epode. 

Magas, a king of Cyrene in the age of Ptol- 
emv Pniladelphus. He reigned fifty years, and 
died B. C, 2j7. Polya-n. 2. 

Magi, a religious sect, among the eastern na- 
tions of the world, and particularly in Perfia. 
They had great influence in the political as well 
as religious aff'airs of the state, and a monarch 
seldom ascended the throne without their pre- 
vious approbation. Zoroaster was founder of 
their sect. They paid particular homage to fire, 
which they deemed a deity, as pure in itself, and 
the purifier of all things. In their religious 
tenets they had two principles, one good, the 
source of every thing good; and the other evil, 
from whence sprang all manner of ills. Their 
professional skill in the mathematics and philo- 
sophy rendered every thing familiar tothera.and 
from their knowledge of the phenomena of the 
heavens, the word Magi was applied to all 
learned men; and in process of time, the Magi, 
from their experience and profession, were con- 
founded with the magicians who impose upon the 
superstitious and credulous. Hence the word 
Magi and Magicians became synonymous among 
the vulgar. Smerdis, one of the Magi, usurped 
the crown of Persia after the death of Cambyses, 
and the fraud was not discovered till the seven 
noble Persians conspired against the usurper, 
and elected Darius king. From this circumstance 
there was a certain day on which none of the 
Magi were permitted to appear in public, as the 
populace had the privilege of murdering whom- 
soever of them thev met. Strab. — Cic. de Div. 1, 
23 ^-tn. — Herod. 3,(32, &c. 

P. MagIu? Chilo, a Roman who murdered 
his friend Marcellus at Athens, and afterwards 
destroyed himself in a f.t of insanity. Cic. Att. 

13. 10. Fam. 4, 12 Luciu?, an adherent of 

Marius, who revolted to Mithrid^.te?, and asain 
was reconciled to the Romans, and lived at Myn- 
dus. Cic. Verr. 1..34. Decius, a man of con- 
sequence at Capua, know n lor his strong a' d un- 
shaken attachment to the Romans during the 
second Punic war. Liv. 23, 7 et 10. — Cic. Bull. 
2. 34. Pis. 11. 

Magxa Gr.^:cTa, a part of Ita'y. Fid. 
GrjBcia Ma?na. 

M.A^GNA Mater, a name given to Cybele. 

Magxentics. a German by birth, but who, 
from being a private soldier, rose to the chief 



employments in '.he Ri;man empire. He owed 
his di.-.tii-.gui.shed st.ntion to the circumstance of 
his having been njade a prisoner of war. To free 
himself from ciiains he joined the Roman troo>;s. 
and became distinguished for valour. He was 
commander of the Jovian and Herculean bands 
stationed to guard the banks of the Rtiine, at the 
time when Constans I. had incurn-d tlie con- 
tempt of the army on account of his inuolet^Le 
and voluptuou.-ness. In 35 ) A. D. he a-cendeu 
the throne, and, on the murder of Const^ins, Mas 
left without a rival in the Gallic and Iia:ian pre- 
fectures. At Rome he acted w ith great tyranny, 
and by his e.xtortions was enabled to levy a very 
powerful army to maintain his usurped autho- 
rity. So lormidable did he appear, that Con- 
stantius, emperor of the east, and brother of the 
deceased Constans, sought a peace, on the terms 
of leaving him in possession of Gaul, Spain, and 
Britain, but his proposals were rejected'. A war 
ensued, and Magnentius was totally defeated. He 
fled to Aquileia, and afterwards obtained a vic- 
tory over the van of the pursuing army at Tici- 
num. Another defeat, however, soon followed, 
and Magnentius took refu^^e in Lyons, where he 
despatched himself with his own sword. 

M.4.GXES, a shepherd of mount Ida, who found 
himself detained by the iron nails which were 
under his shoes as he walked over iron-ore. This 
.vas no other than the magnet, which received its 
name from the person who had been first sensi- 
ble of its power. Some say that Magnes was a 
slave of Medea, whom that enchantress changed 

into a magnet. Orph. de Lapid. 10, 7- A son 

of iEolus and Anaretta, who married Nais, by 

whom he had Pierus, &c. Apollod. 1, 7 A 

poet and musician of Sm3rna, in the age of Gyges, 
king of Lydia. 

Magnesia, a city of Lydia, described by 
Strabo as situate in a plain, at the foot of a moun- 
tain called Thorax, and not far from the Maean- 
der. Hence, for distinction sake from Magnesia 
near mount Sipylus, it was usually styled Mag- 
Jiesia ad Mceandrum. In its immediate neigh- 
bourhood flowed the small stream Lethaeus, 
which issued from mount Pactyas lying to the 
north, and joined the Maeander net far from this 
place. Magnesia, according to Piiny, was fifteen 
miles, and according to Artemidorus, l^Ostadi.T, 
from Ephesus. Strabo makes it a city of Ji^oiian 
ori^nn, w hich is not contradicted by another state- 
ment of the same writer, when he m;fkes the 
Magnetes to have been descended from the Dei- 
phians who occupied the Monies D;dymi of 
Thessaly. Magnesia was sacked by the Cim- 
merians during their inroads into Asia Minor. It 
was afterwards held by the Milesians, and was 
one of the cities assigned, for his support, to 
Themistocles, by the king of Persia. The site 
of Magnesia answers to that of Inekbasar. Strab. 

14. - Plin. 5, 29. A city in the northern part 

of Lydia, south-east of Cumee, and in the im.me- 
diate vicinity of the Hermus. It lay close to the 
foot of mount Sipylus, and hence for di.-tinetion 
sake from the other Magnesia, was called Mag- 
nesia ad Sipylum. Its founder is not known, n^.r 
its earlier history. It was first brou-iit into 
notice by the battle fonght in its neigt;b urhood 
between Antiochus and the Romans. (1S7 B.C.) 
It was not a place of much importance under the 
Roman dominion, as the main road from Perga- 
mus to Sardis passed on one side of ic. At the 
close of the Mithvidalic war the Romans gave it 
its freedom. It was frequently injured by 



MAG 



423 



MAL 



earthquakes, and was one of the twelve cities de- 
stroyed by the earthquake in the reign of Tiber- 
ius, which that emperor, however, quickly re- 
built. It became afterwards the seat of a 
bishopric. The modern name is Mmiissa. Tacit. 

Ann. 2, Al.—Plin. 2, 84. A district of Thes- 

saiy. The Greeks gave the name of Ma^,'nesia 
to that narrow portion of Thessaly which is con- 
fined between the Peneus and the Pagasaean bay 
to the north and south, and between the chain 
of Ossa and the sea on thu west and east. The 
people of this distrif r were called Magnetes, and 
appear to have been in possession of it from a 
! verv remote period. Strab 9. — Plin. 4, 9. 
— Homer. 11.2, Tjd.— Pind. Pyth. 4, 140. iVem. 

5, 5!l. A city of Magnesia, on the coast, 

: opp >site the island of Seiathus. It was con- 
i qupifd by Philip, son of Amyntas. Demosth. 
Oiunth. i. 

I ivlAGo, a Carthaginian general sent against 
I Diofiv^ius tyrant of Sicily. He obtained a vic- 
I torv and granted peac-e to the conquered. In a 
j b -1:16 which soon after followed this treaty of 
I peace, Mago was killed. His son of the same 
name succeeded to the command of the Cartha- 
I ginian army, but he disgraced himself by flying 
I at the approach of Timoleon, who had come to 
a-sist tbe Syracusans. He was accused in the 
Carthaginian senate, and he prevented by suicide 
the execution of the sentence justly pronounced 
I against him. His body was hung on a gibbet, 

I and exposed to public ignominy. A brother of 

I Annibal the Great. He was present at the battle 
of Cannas, and was deputed by his brother to 
carry to Carthage the news of the celebrated 
victory which had been obtained over the Roman 
armies. His arrival at Carthage was unexpected; 
and more powerfully to astonish his countrymen 
I on account of the victory of Cannas, he emptied 
in the senate-house the three bushels of go'den 
; riniss which had been taken from the Roman 
knights slain in battle. He was afterwards sent 
to .^pain, where he defeated the two Scipios, and 
was himself, in another engagement, totally 
ruined. He retired to the Baleares, which he 
conquered; and one of the cities there still bears 
his name, and is called Portus Magonis {^Port 
Makon.) Alter this he landed in Italy with an 
army, and took possession of part of Insubria. He 
was defeated in a battle by Quintilius Varus, and 
died of a mortal wound 203 years before the 
Christian era. Liv. 22,, 46. 23, 12.30,18. C. 
Nepo? {Ann. 8.) gives a very different account of 
his death, and says, he either perished in a ship- 
wrpck, or was murdered by his servants. Perhaps 

Aanibal had two brothers of that name. A 

Carthaginian more known by the excellence of 
his writings than by his military exploits. He 
wrote twenty-eight volumes upon husbandry; 
j these were preserved by Scipio, at the taking of 
Carthage, and presented to the Roman senate. 
They were translated into Greek by Cassius 
! Dionysius of Utica, and into Latin by order of 
' the Roman senate, though Cato had already 
written so copiously upon the subject; and the 
Romans, as it has been observed, consulted the 
writings of Mago with greater earnestness than 
the books of the Sibylline verses. Cic. Or. 1,58. 

' — Plin. 18, 3. — Columella. A Carthaginian 

sent by his countrymen to assist the Romans 
against Pyrrhus and the T.irentines, with a fleet 
of 120 sail. This offer was politely refused by 
the Roman senate. This Mago was father of 
A.sdrubal and Hamilcar. Vol. Max, 



Magon, a river of India falling into the 
Ganges. It is now the Ramgonga. Arrian. 

Magontiacum. Vid. Mogontiacum. 

Magus, an officer of Turnus, killed by^Eneas. 
Virg. JSn. 10, 522. 

Maherbal, a Carthaginian who was at the 
siege of Saguntum, and who commanded the 
cavalry of Annibal at the battle of Cannae. He 
advised the conqueror immediately to march to 
R !me, but Annibal required time to consider on 
so bold a measure; upon which Maherbal ob- 
served, that Annibal knew how to cor.quer, but 
not how to m.ake a proper use of victory. Liv. 
21, 12. 22, 51. 23, 18. 

Maia, a daughter of Atlas and Pleione, 
mother of Mercury by Jupiter. She was one of 
the Pleiades, the most luminous of the seven 
sisters. {Fid. Pleiades.) Apollod. 3, 10. - Virg. 
.3Ln. 1, 301 A surname of Cybele. 

Majrstas, a goddess among the Romans, 
daughter of Honour and Reverence. Ovid, Fast. 
6, 25. 

Majorca. Vid. Baleares. 

Majorianus, Jul. Valerius, an emperor of the 
western Roman empire, raised to the imperial 
throne, A. D. 457. He signalized himself by his 
private as well as public virtues. He was mas- 
sacred after a reign of thirty-seven years by one 
of his generals, who envied in his master the 
character of an active, virtuous, and humane 
emperor. 

Mala Fortuna, the goddess of evil foi une, 
was worshipped among the Romans. Cic. de 
Nat. D. 3. 

Malea, a promontory in the south-eastern 
part of the island of Lesbos, now Cape St Marie. 

A promontory in the Peloponnesus, forming 

the extreme point to the south-east, and separat- 
ing the Laconic from the Argolic gulf. Strabo 
reckons 670 stadia from thence to Taenarus, in- 
cluding the sinuosities of the coast. Cape Malea 
was accounted by the ancients the most danger- 
ous point in the circumnavigation of the penin- 
sula, even as early as the days of Homer. Hence 
arose the proverbial expression, '• After doubling 
Cape Malea forget your country." It is now 
usually called Cape St Angela, but sometimes 
Caie Malio. Strab. 8. — Horn. Od. 1, SO. 3, 
2b7. A city of Phthiotis. Vid. Malia. 

Maleventum, the ancient name of Beneven- 
tum. Liv. 9, 27 

Malta, the chief city of the Malienses in 
Thessaly, and from whence they probably 
derived their name. It was near the head 
waters of the Sinus Maliacus, now the gulf of 
Zeitoun. 

Maliacus Sinus, a gulf of Thessaly, running 
up in a north-west direction from the northern 
shore of Eubcea, and on one side of which is the 
pass of Thermopylaj. It now takes its name 
from the neighbouring city of Zeitoun. Herod. 
4, 33.- Thucyd. 3, ^6.— Strab. 9. 

Malienses, or Malii, the most southern 
tribe of Thessaly. They occupied principally 
the shores of the gulf to which they communicat 
ed their name, extending as far as the nanowest 
part of the straits of Thermopylce, and to the 
valley of the Sperchius, a little above its entrance 
into the sea. Herod. 7, 198 et 132. 

Malleolus, x man who murdered his mother, 
for which crime he was tied in a sack and 
thrown into the sea, a p unishment first inflicted 

upon him, Liv. OS. - Cic. nd He? en. 1, 13. 

Cneus, the questor of Dolabella in Asia. His son 
2 N 2 



MAL 



424 



MAN 



was plundered by his guardian V'erres. Cic. Verr. 
1, 15 et 36. 

Malli, a people in the south-western part of 
India intra Gangem, along the banks of the Hy- 
draotes. It was in attacking a citadel of the 
Main that Alexander was severely wounded. 
Strah. lb. — Pint. Fit. Alex. 

Mallophjra, (^lariayn ferens) a surname 
under which Ceres had a temple at Megara, be- 
cause she had taught the inhabitants the utility 
of w ool, and the means of tending sheep to advan- 
tage. This temple is represented as so old in 
the age of Pausanias, that it was falling into de- 
cay. Pans. 1, 44. 

Mallos, a town of Cilicia Campestris, east- 
ward from the river Pyramus. Mela, 1, 13. — 
Cu7 t. 3, 7. — Lucan. 3, 225. 

Malthixus, a name under which Horace has 
lashed some one of his friends or enemies. Sat. 
1, 2, 27. 

Mamercinus, Luc. iEM. a Roman appointed 
twic-e consul and dictator. Liv. 8, 1, 16, 20. 5», 21. 

Mamercus, a tyrant of Catana, who surren- 
dered to Timoleon. His attempts to speak in a 
public assembly at Syracuse were received with 
groans and hisses, upon which he dashed his head 
atiainst a wall, and endeavoured to destroy him- 
self. The blows were not fatal, and Mamercus 
was soon after put to death as a robber, B. C. 

340. Polycen. 5.—C. Xep. in Tim. A dictator 

at Kome, B. C. 437. A consul with D. Brutus. 

Cic. Br. 47. 

Mamerthrs, a Corinthian who killed his 
brother's son in hopes of reigning, upon which he 
was cruelly mutilated by his brother, Ovid, in 
lb. 549. 

Mamertina, a name of Messana in Sicily. 
T'id. Mamertini. Martial. 13, ep. l\7.— Sfrab.7. 

Mamertini, a mercenary band of soldiers 
which passed from Campania into Sicily, at the 
request of Aijathocles. When they were in the 
service of Agathocles, they claimed the privilege 
of voting at the election of magistrates at Syra- 
cuse, and had recourse to arms to support their 
unlawful demands. The sedition was appeased 
by the authority of some leading men, and the 
Campaniaiis were ordered to leave Sicily. In 
their way to the coast they were received with 
great kindness by the people of Messana, and 
soon returned perfidy for hospitality. They con- 
spired against the inhabitants, murdered all the 
males in the city, and married their wives and 
daughters, and rendered themselves masters of 
the place. After this violence they assumed the 
name of Mamertini, and called their city Mamer- 
tina, from a provincial word, which in their lan- 
guage signified martial or ivarlike. The Mamer- 
tines were afterwards defeated by Hiero, and 
totally disabled from repairing their ruined 
affairs. Pint, in Pyrrh.Szc. 

Mamilia Lex, de limilibus, A. U. C. 642, 
whence the author of it, C. Mamilius, a tribune, 
got the surname of Limetanus. It ordained that 
there should be an uncultivated space of five feet 
broad left between farms, and if any dispute hap- 
pened about this matter, that arbiters should be 
appointed by the praator to determine it. The 
law of the twelve tables required three. 

Mamilii, a plebeian family at Rome, de- 
scended from the Aborigines. They first lived at 
Tusculum, from whence they came to Rome. 
One of them, Octavius, was dictator of Tusculum, 
and was slai n at the battle of Regillus, in his 
attempts to restore Tarquin, his father-in-law, to , 



the throne. Liv. 2, 20.— C/c. .V. D. 2, 2. 

Lucius, another dictator of Tusculum, honoured 
with the freedom of the city of Rome, for assist- 
ing the Romans when Herdonius seized the 

Capitol. Liv. 3, 18 et 29. Mancinus, a tribune 

who proposed to appoint Marius to supersede 
Metellus in the Jugurthine war. Sallust. J. 73. 

C. Limetanus, another tribune who proposed ; 

to punish those who had been bribed bv Jugur- 

tha. Sail. J. 40. — Cic. Br. 33. C. Vit'ulus, the i 

first plebeian made Curio Maximus. Liv. 27, 8. 
Marius, a consul, A. U. C. 603, who compos- 
ed forms to the arrangement and settlement of 
sales and bargains. Varr. R. R. 2, 3 et 11. — 

Cic. Orat. 58. The Mamilii are sometimes 

called Manilii. 

Mammea, the mother of the emperor Severus, i 
who died A. D. 235. 

Mamurius VeturTus, a worker in brass in 
Numa's reign. He was ordered by the monarch 
to make a number of ancilia or shields, like the 
one which had fallen from heaven, that it might 
be difficult to distinguish the true one from the 
others. He was very successful in his undertak- 
ing, and he asked for no other rewai'd, but that 
his name might be frequently mentioned in the 
hymn3 which were sung by the Salii in the feast 
of the Ancilia. This request was granted. Ovid. 
Fast. 3, 392.— Varro L. L. 5, 6. 

Mamurra, a Roman knight born at Formije. 
He followed the fortune ol J. Caesar in Gaul, 
where he greatly enriched himself. He built a 
magnificent palace on mount Coelius, and was 
the first who incrusted his walls with marble. 
Catullus has severely attacked him in his epi- 
grams. Formiae is sometimes called il/awwrran^/n 
urbs. Plin. 36, 6. — Cic Att. 7, ep. 7. 13, ep. 
52. — Catull. 55.- Horat. Sat. 1, 5. 37. ; 

Manastabal, son of Masinissa, who was 
father to the celebrated Jugurtha. Sallust. Jug. 
Bell. 

Mancinus, C. a Roman general, who, though 
at the head of an army of 30,000 men, was de- 
feated by 40OO Numantians, B. C. 133. He m.ade 
a truce with the enemy which was disapproved at j 
Rome, in consequence of which he was at his , 
own request delivered up to the Numantians, who ;' 
refused to receive him. Cic. in Orat, 1, 40. Off. ' 
3, 30. CcEc. 34. 1 

Mandane, a daughter of king Astyages, 
married by her father to Cambyses, an ignoble j 
person of Persia. The monarch had dreamed 
that his daughter's urine had drowned all his city, i ' 
which had been interpreted in an unfavourable | 
manner by the soothsayers, who assured him !- 
that his daughter's son would dethrone him. The i; 
marriage of Mandane with Cambyses would in r 
the monarch's opinion prevent the effects of the 
dream, and the children of this connexion would, || 
like their father, be poor and unnoticed. The . 
expectations of Astyages were frustrated. He I 
was dethroned by his grandson. {Vid. Cvrus.) ' 
Herod. 1, 107. 

Mandela, a village in the country of the Sa- 
bines, near Horace's farm. Horat. Ep. 1, 18, 105. 

Mandonius, a prince in Spain, who for some 
time favoured the cause of the Romans. When 
he heard that Scipio the Roman commander was 
ill, he raised commotions in the provinces, for 
which he was severely reprimanded, and at last, 
after repeated provocations, he destroyed himself. 
Liv. 22, 21. 26, 49. 27, 19. 2S, 24. 2f), 2 et 3. 

Mandubii, a people of Gaul, whose country 
lay near the jurces of the Sequana, or Seine, 



MAN 



4'- 



'■.25 



MAN 



■ Their chief town was Alesia, or Alise. Cces. B. 
I G. 7, 7S. 

' MandubratTus, a younsr Briton who came 
I over !o Cajsar in. Gaul.j His father immanuentius 
was kin^ in Britain, and had been put to death 
by order oT Cassivelaunus. Cces. B. G. 5, 20. 

'MandurIa, a city of Apulia, between Taren- 
ttim and Brundusium, where Archidanias, the 
i S.-ai-tan king,wa> killed in abattle, wiiilff a-sist- 
I iii;< the Tarentines against the Lucanians. It 
I still retains its ancient name. Plut. Vit. Agid. — 
I Afien. \2,9.~Strab. H. 

I MANES; a name generally applied by the 
: ancients to the souls when separated from the 
I b.)dy. They were reckoned among the infernal 
I deities, and generally supposed to preside over 
the burying places, and the monuments of the 
I dead. They were worshipped w ith great solem- 
.' nity, particularly by the Romans, and the num- 
I ber three was considered as sacred to them, in 
consequence of which all invocations to them 
I were repeated three times and with becoming 
I solemnity. The augurs always invoked them 
l| when they proceeded to exercise their sacerdotal 
' offices. Virgil introduces his hero as sacrificing 
j to the infernal deities, and to the Manes, a victim 
j whose blood was received in a ditch. The word 
: manes is supposed to be derived from Mania, w ho 
was by some reckoned the mother of those tre- 
mendous deities. Others derive it from mannre, 
quod [.er omnia cetherea tcrrenaque manabajU, 
because they filled the air, particularly in the 
night, and were intent to molest and disturb the 
peace of mankind. Some say, that manes comes 
from manis, an old Latin word which sign fied 
good or propitious. The word manes is differently 
u-^ed by ancient authors; sometimes it is taken 
i'.ir the infernal region^, and sometimes it is 
I n!ii)lied to the deities of Pluto's kingdom, whence 
' the epitaphs of the Romans were always super- 
sr;ribed with D. M. Dis Manibus, to remind the 
sacrilegious and profar.e, not to molest the monu- 
ments of the dead, w hich were guarded w ith such 
sanctity. Propert. 1, 19. — Firg. G. 4, i69. ^n. 
3, Sec— -Herat. Sat. i, 8,28. 

Manetho, an ancient Egyptian historian, who 
was high priest of Heliopolis, in the reign of 
Ptolemy Philadelphus, about B. C. 304. He 
wrote in Greek a history of Egypt, from fhe 
earliest times to the last year of Nectanebis, and 
pretended that he had taken it from the sacred 
pillars of the first Hermes Trismegistus; the in- 
scriptions on which, after the flood, were trans- 
lated into Greek, but written in the sacred cha- 
racters, and deposited in the sacred recesses of 
Eaypt. The manifest absurdity of this preten- 
sion induces several writers to think, that some 
mistake or corruption has taken place in the 
pnssage of Eusebius which relates it. The work 
of Manetho, which is lost, consisted of three 
parts, the first of which contained the history of 
the gods or heroes, and the second and third that 
of twenty dynasties of kings, which, having been 
epitomized by Julius Africanus, are recorded by 
Eusebius. Several fragments of Manetho are 
preserved by Josephus, in his work against Apion. 

ManTa. a goddess, supposed to be the mother 
of the Lares and Manes. 

Manilia lex, by Manilius the tribune, A. 
U. C. C78. it required that all the forces of 
LucuUus and his province, together with Bithy- 
nia which was then under the command of Gla- 
brir>, should be delivered to Ponipey, and that 
I'r-' gf-neral should, without any delay, declare 



war aeainst Mithridates, and still retam the cnni- 
mand of the Roman fleet, and the empire of the 
Mediterranean, as before Another, which per- 
mitted all those whose fathers had not been 
invested with public offices, to be employed in 
the management of affairs. — A woman notori- 
ous lor her deb.iucheries. Juv. 6. 2-42. 

MamlTIjS, Marcus, a Latin p(iet and astrono- 
mer, supposed to have liveii in the first century of 
the Chriitian era. Nothing is known, with cer- 
tainty, of his family or country, but it is proba- 
ble that he was a iiative of Rome. He wrote a 
poem, entitled Astroiiomicon, of which five books 
are extant, treating of the fixed stars: and there 
appears to have been a sixth, relating to the 
planets. The best editions ol this work are, that 
of Bentley, 4to, Lond. 1739, and that of Pingre, 2 
vols. 8vo, Paris, r/86. Creech gave a translation 

of it into English verse. An epigrammatic 

poet, one of whose epigrams is cited by Varro. 

Marcus, a Rcmian consul, A, U. C. 605. He 

left a work on the Civil Law, and another entitled 
Manila Monumenta. 

Manlia lex, by the tribune P. Manlius, A. 
U. C. 557. It revived the office of treviri epulc- 
nes, first instituted by Numa. The epulonts 
were priests, who prepared banquets for Jupiter 
and the gods at public festivals, &c. 

Manlil'S Torquatus, a celebrated Roman, 
whose youth was distinguished by a lively and 
cheerfnl disposition. These promising talents 
were, however, impeded by a difficulty o( speak- 
ing; and the father, unwilling to expose his son's 
rusticity at Rome, detained him in the country. 
The behaviour of the father was publicly cen- 
sured, and Marius Pomponius the tribune cited 
him to answer for his untatherly behaviour to his 
son. Young Manlius was informed of this, and 
with a dagger in his hand he entered the house 
of the tribune, and miade him solem.nly promise 
that he would drop the accusation. This action 
of Manlius endeared him to the people, and soon 
after he was chosen military tribune. In a war 
against the Gauls, he accepted the challenge of 
one of the enemy, whose gigantic stature and 
ponderous arms had rendered him terrible and 
almost invincible in the eyes of the Romans. The 
Gaul was conquered, and Manlius stripped him 
of his arms, and from the golden chain [torques) 
which he took from the enemy's neck, he was 
ever after surnamed Torquatus. Manlius was 
the first Roman w ho was raised to the dictator- 
ship, without having been previously consul. 
The severity of Torquatus to his son has been 
deservedly censured. This father had the cour- 
age and heart to put to death his son, because he 
had engaged one of the enemy, and obtained an 
honourable victory, without his previous permis- 
sion. This uncommon rigour displeased many 
of the Romans; and though Torquatus was hon- 
oured with a triumph, and commended by the 
senate for his services, yet the Roman youth 
showed their disapprobation of the consul's 
severity, by refusing him at his return the hom- 
ai;e which every other conqueror received. Some 
time after the censorship was offered to him, but 
he refused it, observing-, that the people could 
not bear his severity, nor he the vices of the peo- 
ple. From the rigour of Torquatus, all edicts, 
and actions of Sf^verity and justice have been 
called Manliana edicta. Liv. 7, iO.— Val. Max. 

6, 9. Marcus, a ceUbrated Roman, wht-se 

valour was displayed in the field of battle, even 
at the early a^e of sixteen. When Ri.'nie was 



MAN 



42G 



MAR 



taken by the Gauls, Manlius with a body of his 
countrymen fled into the Capitol, which he de- 
fended when it was suddenly surprised in the 
night by the enemy. This action gained him the 
surname of CapttoHniis, and the geese, which by 
their clamour had awakened liim to arm himself 
in his own defence, were e%er a.'ter held sacred 
among the Romans. A aw which Manlius propos- 
ed, to abolish the taxes on the common people, 
raised the senators against him. The dictator C. 
Cossus, seized him as a rebel, but the people put 
on mourning, and delivered from prison their 
common father. This did not, in the least, check 
his ambition; he continued to raise factions, and 
even secretly attempt to make himself absolute, 
till at last the tribunes of the people themselves 
became his accusers. He was'tried in the Cam- 
pus Martins; but when the distant view of the 
Capitol which Manlius had saved, seemed to in- 
fluence the people in his favour, the court of 
justice was removed, and Manlius was condemn- 
ed. He was thrown down from the Tarpeian rock, 
A. U. C. 371, and toi render his ignominy still 
greater, none of his family were afterwards per- 
mitted to bear the surname of Marcus, and the 
place where his house had stood was deemed un- 
worthy to be inhabited. Liv. 5, 31.6, b.—Flor. 1, 13 

ef26.— Val. Max. 6. 3.— Virg. /En. 6, S2-3. 

Imperiosus, faiht-r of Manlius Torquatus. He was 
accused for detaining his son at home. He was made 

dictator. {J'id. Manlius Torquatus.) Vulso,a 

Roman consul who received an army of Scipioin 
Asia, and made war against the Gallo-grecians, 
whom he conquered. He was honoured with a tri- 
umph at his return, though it was at first slronglv 

opposed. Flor. 3, U. — Liv. 3S, 12. &c. Caius, 

or Aulus, a senator sent to Athens to collect the 
best and wisest laws of Solon, A. U. C. 300. Liv. 

2, 54. 3, 31. Another, called also Cincinnatus. 

He made war against the Etrurians and Veientes 
with great success. He died of a wound which 

he had received in a battle. Another, who in 

his prajtorship reduced Sardinia. He was after- 
wards made dictator. Another, who was de- 
feated by a rebel army of slaves in Sicily. 

Another, w ho conspired with Catiline against the 
Roman republic, and was slain in the battle 
against Petreius. Cic. Cat. 3. 6.— Sail. Cat. 27, 
32, 59 et 60. A Roman appointed judge be- 
tween his son Silanus and the province of Mace- 
donia. When all the parties had been heard, the 
father said, " It is evident that my son has 
suffered himself to be bribed, therefore I deem 
him unworthy of the republic and of my house, 
and I order him to depart from my presence." 
Silanus w as so struck at the rigour of his father, 
that he hanged himself. P'al. Max. 5, 5. 

Mannus, the son of the German god Tuiston, 
of whom that nation believed themselves to be 
the descendants. Tacit. G. 2. 

Manscetus, J., a friend of Vitellius, who 
entered the Roman armies, and left his son, then 
very young, at home. The son was promoted by 
Galba, and soon after met a detachment of the 
partisans of Vitellius in which his father 
was. A battle was fought, and Mansuetus was 
wounded by the hand of his son, &c. Tacit. Hist. 

3, 25. 

Maxtinea, one of the most ancient and cele- 
brated cities of Arcadia, said to have received its 
name from Mantineus, the son of Lycaon. It 
was situated at the foot of mount Artemisius on 
the borders of Argolis, and on the banks of the 
little river Ophis. It is famous for the battle 



which was fought there between Epaminondas at 
the head of the Thebans, and the combined 
forces of Lacedasmon, Achaia, Elis, Athens, and 
Arcadia, about 363 years before Christ. The 
Theban general was killed in the engagement, 
and from that time Thebes lost its power and 
consequence among the Grecian states. Paus. 8, 

I 8. - Xen. Hell. 7, 5, li.-. Diod. Sic. ib.—Polyb.i, 

' 33, S. 

Mantinorum oppiduh, a town of Corsica, 
now supposed to be Bastia. 

Manto, a daughter of the prophet Tiresias, 
endowed with the gift of prophecy. She was 
made prisoner by the Argives when the city of 
Thebes tell into their hands, and as she was the 
worthiest part of the booty, the conquerors sent 
Iter to Apollo, the god of Delphi, as the most 
valuable present they could make. Manto, often 
called Daphne, remained for some time at 
Delphi, where she officiated as priestess, and 
where she gave oracles. From Delphi she came 
to Claros in Ionia, where she established an ora- 
cle of Apollo. Here she married Rhadius the 
sovereign of the country, by whom she had a son 
called Mopsus. Manto afterwards visited Italy, 
where she married Tiberinus the king of Alba, 
or, as the poets mention, the god of the river 
I Tiber, From this marriage sprang Ocnus, who 
1 built a town in the neighbourhood, which, in 
1 honour of his mother, he called Mantua. Manto, 
I according to a certain tradition, was so struck at 
[ the misfortunes which afflicted Thebes, her 
i native country, that she gave way to her sorrow, 
and was turned into a fountain. Some suppose 
her to be the same who conducted .^neas into 
hell, and who sold the Sibylline books to Tarquin 
the Proud. She received divine honours after 
death. Virg. ^n. 1, 199. 10, 199. — Ovid. Met.6, 
\bl.~Diod. A.—Apollod. 3, 7.-Strah. 14 et 16.— 
Pans. 9, 10 et 33. 7, 3. 

Mantua, a city of Gallia Cisalpina, situate on 
an island in the Mincius. south-east of Brixia, 
and south of the lake Benacus. It was of Tuscan 
origin, and «as founded by Ocnus, the son of the 
prophetess Manto in honour of whom it received 
its name. When Cremona, w hich had followed 
the interest of Brutus, was given to the soldiers 
of 'Octavius, Mantua also, which was in the 
neighbourhood, shared the common calamity, 
though it had favoured the party of Augustus, 
and many of the inhabitants were tyrannically 
deprived of their possessions. Virgil, who was 
among them, and a native of the town, and from 
thence often called Mantuanus, applied for 
redress to Augustus^ and obtained" it by means of 
his poetical talents. Strab. 5. — Virg. Eel. 1, &c. 
G. 3, 12. J?7i. 10, m.—Ovid. Amor. 3. 15, 7- 

Marathon, a village of Attica, ten miles 
from Athens, celebrated for the victory which 
the 10,01:0 Athenians and 1000 Plataeans, under 
the command of Miltiades, gained over the Per- 
sian army, consisting of 100,000 foot and lO.iJOO 
horse, or," according to Val. Maximus, of 300,000, 
or, as Justin says, of 6fi0 000, under the command 
of Datis and Artaphernes, on the 28th of Sept. 
490, B. C. In this battle, according to Herodo- 
^.is, the Athenians lost only 192 men, and the 
Persians 6,300. Justin has raised the loss of the 
Persians, in this expedition and in the battle, to 
200.000 men. To commemorate this immortal 
victory of their countrymen, the Greeks raised 
small columns, with the names inscribed on the 
tombs of the fallen heroes. It was also in the 
plains of Marathon that Theseus overcame a 



MAR 



427 



MAR 



celebrated bull, which ravaged the neighbouring 
cotintry. Erigone is called Marathonia Virgo, as 
being born at Marathon. Stat. Sijlv. 5, 3, 74. — 
C. Nep. in Milt— Herod, 6, &c. Justin. 2, 9.— 
Val. Max. 5, 3.—Plut. in Parall. \ 

Marcella, a daughter of Octavia the sister 
of Augustus by Marcellus, She married Agrippa. 

Marcellinus Ammianus, a Roman histo- | 
rian of the fourth century, but of Greek paren- 
tage, and, as appears by a letter addressed to 
him by Libanius, born at Antioch. In his youth | 
he followed the profession of arms, and was en- 
rolled among the Protectores Domeslici, or house- 1 
hold guards, consisting chiefly of young men of j 
family. He served in the East, in Gaul, and in 
the Persian expedition of Julian. In the year 
374 he visited Rome, where he wrote his history 
jf Roman affairs, from Nerva to the death of 
Valens in 378. The whole consisted of thirty- 
eight books, of which eighteen alone remain, and 
begin at the seventeenth year of Constantius, 
A. D. 353. The style of Ammianus is deemed 
rude; which is not extraordinary, considering 
that he was a Greek who wrote in the Latin lan- 
guage, and one who had passed much of his life 
in active pursuits. The candid manner in which 
he speaks of Christianity has induced some 
writers to deem him a christian; but the emperor 
Julian and Paganism are treated of by him in 
terms which would be still more extraordinary 
in a christian. The probability is, that Ammi- 
anus was zealous in neither belief, and address- 
ing himself to all parties, spoke with moderation 
on religious points of difference, which a sensible 
pagan might readily do. His general accuracy 
and honesty have received the unqualified suf- 
frage of Gibbon, and, indeed, of most other 
writers. The best editions of Ammianus are that 
of Ernesti, Lips. 1773, 8vo; and that of Wagner, 
completed by Erfurdt, Lips. 1808, 3 vols. 8vo. 

Marcellus, Marcus Claudius, a famous Ro- 
man general, who, after the first Punic war, had 
the management of an expedition against the 
Gauls of Insubria, where he obtained the Spolia 
opima, by killing with his own hand Viridomarus 
the king of the enemy. Such success rendered 
him popular, and soon after he was intrusted to 
oppose Annibal in Italy. He was the first Ro- 
man who obtained some advantage over this 
celebrated Carthaginian, and showed his coun- 
trymen that Annibal was not invincible. The 
troubles which were raised in Sicily by the Car- 
thaginians at the death of Hieronymus, alarmed 
the Romans, and Marcellus, in his third consul- 
ship, was sent with a powerful force against Sy- 
racuse. He attacked it by sea and land, but his 
operations proved ineffectual, and the invention 
and industry of a philosopher {Vid. Archimedes) 
were able to baffle all the efforts, and to destroy 
all the great and stupendous machines and mili- 
tary engines of the Romans, during three suc- 
cessive years. The perseverance of Marcellus 
at last obtained the victory. The inattention of 
the inhabitants during their nocturnal celel.ra- 
tion of the festivals of Diana, favoured his opera- 
tions ; he forcibly entered the town, and made 
himself master of it. The conqueror enriched 
the capital of Italy with the spoils of Syracuse, 
and when he was accused of rapaciousness, for 
stripping the conquered city of all its paintings 
and ornaments, he confessed that he had done it 
to adorn the public buildings of Rome, and to 
introduce a taste for the fine arts and elegance of 
the Greeks among his countrymen. After the 



conquest of Syracuse, Marcellus was called upon 
by his country to oppose a second time Annibal. 
In this campaign he behaved with greater vigour 
than before; the greatest part of the towns of the; 
Samnites, which had revolted, were recovered by 
force of arms, and 3000 of the soldiers of Annibal 
made prisoners. Some time after an engagement 
with the Carthaginian general proved unfavour- 
able; Marcellus had the disadvantage; but on 
the morrow a more successful skirnnsh vindi- 
cated his military characier, and the honour of 
the Roman soldiers. Marcellus, however, was 
not sufficiently vigilant against the snares of his 
adversary. He imprudently separated himself 
from his camp, and was killed in an ambuscade 
in the sixtieth year of his age, in his fifth consul- 
ship, A. U. C. 546. His body was honoured w ith 
a magnificent funeral by the conqueror, and his 
ashes were conveyed in a silver urn to his son. 
Marcellus claims our commendation for his pri- 
vate as well as public virtues; and the humanity 
of the general will ever be remembered, who, at 
the surrender of Syracuse, wept at the thought 
that many were going to be exposed to the ava- 
rice and rapaciousness of an incensed soldiery, 
which the policy of Rome and the laws of war 
rendered inevitable. Virg. /En. 6, 855. — Patoc 
2, 3Q.—Plut. in Vita, &c. One of his descen- 
dants, who bore the same name, signalized him- 
self in the civil wars of Caesar and Ponipey, by 
his firm attachment to the latter. He w as ban- 
ished by Ceesar, but afterwards recalled at the 
request of the senate. Cicero undertook his de- 
fence in an oration which is still extant ■ The 

grandson of Pompey s friend rendered himsel. 
popular by his universal benevolence and affa- 
bility. He was son of Marcellus by Octavia the 
sister of Augustus. He married Julia that em- 
peror's daughter, and was publicly intended as 
his successor. The suddenness of his death, at 
the early age of eighteen, was the cause of much 
lamentation at Rome, particularly in the family 
of Augustus, and Virgil procured himself great 
favours by celebrating the virtues of this amiable 
prince. \Vid, Octavia.) Marcellus was buried 
at the public expense. Virg. ^n. 6, 883. — Suet, 
in Aug. — Plut. in Mar cell. — Senec. ConsoL ad 

Marc. 2. — Paterc. 2, 93. The son of the great 

Marcellus who took Syracuse, was caught in the 
ambuscade which proved fatal to his father, but 
he forced his way from the enemy and escaped. 
He received the ashes of his father from the con- 
queror. Plut. in Marcell. The husband of 

Octavia the sister of Augustus. A native of 

Pamphylia, who wrote an heroic poem on physic, 
divided into forty-two books. He lived in the 

reign of Marcus Aurelius. A Roman, sent as 

ambassador to Masinissa after being honoured 
with the consulship. He perished in a ship- 
wreck, an event which it is said he had foretold. 
Liv. 43, 11, &c.— CTc. Pis. 19. Div. 2, 5. Fat. 14. 

MarciA Lex, by Marcius Censorinus. It 
forbade any man to be invested with the office of 
censor more than once. 

Marcia, the wife of Regulus. When she 
heard that her husband had been put to death at 
Carthage in the most excruciating manner, she 
retorted the pimishment, and shut up some Car- 
thaginian prisoners in a barrel, which she had 
previously filled with sharp nails. The senate 
was obliged to stop the wantonness of her cruelty. 

Diod. 24. A favourite of the emperor Com- 

modus, whom he poisoned. A vestal virgin, 

punished for her incontinence.— —A daughter of 



428 



MAR 



Philip, who married Cato the censor. Her hus- 
band gave her to his friend Hortensius for the 
s ike of procreating children, and after his death 
h-^ t ir>k her again to his own house A daugh- 
ter (if C rn of Utica. 

Ma nc I ANA, a sister of the emperor Trajan, 
who, cn account of her public and pri%'ate vir- 
tues and her amiable disposition, was declared 
Augusta and empress bv her brother. She died 
A. D. 1 13. 

MarcianopoLIS, a city of Moesia Inferior, to 
the west of O^'-essus, founded by Trajan, and 
named in hnnour of his sister Marcia. It is now 
Prm^adi. Ammian. Maicell. 27, 4. 

MarciAnus, a native of Thrace, bom of an 
o'o>cure family. After he had for some time 
served in the army as a common soldier, he was 
made private secretary ro one of the oflScers of 
Ttseodosiu*. His w inninic address and uncom- 
mon talents raised him to higher stations; and on 
the death of Theodosius the second, A. D. 450, 
he was invested ^^ith the imperial purple in the 
ea-t. The subjects of the Roman empire had 
reason to be satisfied w.th their choice. Marci- 
anus showed hii-.!;tlf active and resolute, and 
wht-n Attila, the barbarous king of the Huns 
a-ked of the emperor the annual tribute, which 
the indolence and cowardice of his predecessors 
had regularly paid, the successor of Theodosius 
firmly said, that he kept his gold for his friends, 
hut that iron was the metal which he had pre- 
pared for his enemies. In the midst of universal 
popularity Marcianu; died, after a reign of six 
years, in the sixty-ninth year of his age, as he 
was making warlike preparations against the 
barbarians that had invaded Africa. His death 
•vi'as lamented, and indeed his merit was great, 
since his reiu'n has been distinguished by the 
appellation of the golden age. Marcianus mar- 
ried Puicheria, the sister of his predecessor. It 
is said, that in the years of his obscurity he found 
a mail " ho had been murdered, and that he had 
ihe hiin-.anity to give him a private burial, for 
V hich circumstance he w as accused of the homi- 
c! .e and imprisoned. He was condemned to lose 
hi : life, and the sentence would have been exe- 
rvi'ed. had not the real murderer been discovered, 
r.nd convinced the world of the innocence of 
M;trci3'ius. Capella. a writer. Fid. Capella. 

Marcius, Sabincs, M. was the progenitor cf 
the Marcian family at Rome. He came to Rome 
with Numa, and it was he who advised Numa to 
accept of the crown which the Romans ofifered to 
h'm. He attempted to mn'ke himself king of 
Rome, in opposition to Tullus Hostiiius, and 
when his efforts proved unsuccessful, he killed 
himself. His son, who married a daughter of 
Numa, was made high priest by his father-in- 
l.T-v. He was father of Ancus Marcius. Plut. in 

Xuma.~Liv, 1, 32. A Roman who accused 

Ptolemv Auletes, king of Ejypt, of misdemean- 
our, in the Roman senate. A Roman consul, 

(iefeated by the Samnitps. He was more suc- 
cessful against the Carthag nians, and obtained 

a victory, &c. Rutilus, a consul who obtained 

p. victory over the Etrurians, and triumphed 
without the authority of the senate. He was 

fi ur times consul. Liv. 7, 17. &c. Lucius, a 

Romin knight, who, after the murder of the 
Sr'ipios. took ihe command of the armies in Spain, 
Hnd distinsuished him-elf by his v dour and great 
prudence of mind. Scipio the vounger, who 
superseded him, highly esteemed him, though 
the Romans were jealous of his success and of 



, his services. Liv. 25 et 26, &c. Q, Rex, a 

j consul with Metellus, A. U. C. 686, who married ^ 
: the sister of Clodius. He was appointed over U 
Cilicia, but eisher through resentment or disaf- !r" 
fection, he did not second the efiforts of LueuUus V 
in the Mithridatic war, and in vain claimed a 
triumph on his return to Rome. During Cati- ,^ 
line's conspiracy, he went to Fesulae to support j' 
the authority of the senate. Dio. 35, 4, &c.— Cic. ^ 

Pis. A.—Sailust. Cat. 30. &c. A praetor, who 

built a famous aqueduct called aqua Marcia, 
which conveyed excellent salubrious waters to 
the city from the rriountains of the Peligni, about 
sixty miles from. Rome. From Tibur to the city 
this celebrated aqwechict was raised on arches 
for nine miles, and long remained a monument 
of Roman ingenuitv and national perseverance. 
Plin. 3], 3. 36, Ij.—Dio. 49, i2.— Stat. Sylv. 1, 5, I 

25. Another, who defeated the Hernici. 

MarcomaNjNI, a nation of Germany, in the ; 
south-eastern part of the country. According to I' 
some authorities their original seats were in Mo- 
ravia, whence, on being hard pressed by the Ro- 
mans, they retired into what is now Bohemia, p 
0:her writers, however, such as Cluver, Ade- 
lung, Ma?cov, &c., make them to have lived be- | 
tween the Maine and Neckar, previous to their 
departure for Bohemia. Tliey were subdued by 
the emperors Trnjan and Antoninus. Their • 
name denotes " bordermeyi,'' i. e. men of the 
marches, fell. Paterc. 2. lOS.—Tacif. Ann. 2, ! 
46 et 62. G. 42. 

Marcls, a praenomen common to many of the 
Romans. Vid. .lEmilius, Lepidus, &e. 

Mardi, a people nf Asia, near the northern i* 
frontiers of Media or rather of Matiene, which - 
formed part of Media. Strab. \1. — Qid7it. Curt. \ 

5. 5. A tribe of the Persians, accoiding to i 

Herodotus, but, according to other writers, a 
distinct race in cheir imm.ediate neighbourhood, l' 
They are represented as a plundering race. 
Herod. 1, 125. — Arrian. Hist. hid. 40. — --A na- 
tion dwelling to the south of Bactriana, and to 
the north of the chain of Paropamisns. Pliny , 
says the} extended from Caucasus to Bactriana, r 
in which he evidently followed the historians of 1' 
Alexander, Avho, out of flattery to that prince, ' 
called the jParopamisus by the name of Caucasus. 
Plin. 6, 16. 

MardTa, a place of Thrace, fam.ous .''or a battle !' 
betw een Constantine and Licinius, A. D. 315. 

Mardonius, a general of Xerxes, who, after |- 
the detVat of his master at Thermopylae and Sa- '= 
lami.*;, was left in Greece with an army of 300,010 |' 
chosen men, to subdue the country, and reduce i' 
it under the power of Persia. His operations ■ 
were rendered useless by the courage and vigi- j 
lance of the Greeks; and, in a battle at Plataea, ' 
Mardonius was defeated and left among the slain, , 
B. C. 479. He had been commander of the I- 
armies of Barius in Europe, and it was chiefly [- 
by his advice that Xerxe.s invaded Greece. He \] 
was son-in-law of Darin -. Plut. in Arist.— Herod. '•■ 

6. 7 et S. — Diod. 11.- Justin. 2, 13. &c. [ 
Mardus a river of Media, laliiiig into the ^ 

Caspian sea. 

Mare Mortuum. a salt lake in Judea. into : 
which the Jordan discharges itself, together with ' 
some smaller streams. On the east and west it I' 
is inclosed betwepn two ranges of mountains. I' 
According to the ancient authorities it is spven- !; 
ty-two miles in leni.Mh, and between eighteen ' 
and nineteen in brpfifith at the widest part; but, ■ 
if modern oliserv.ttious may be depended uj oii. 



1 



MAR 



429 



MAR 



j it has not at present half that extent, it rises 
and falls at different seasons of the year, accord- 
; ing to the greater or smaller volume of water 
. which the Jordan and the other streams bring 
' down from the mountains; and its dimensions 
I undergo a corresponding change; but it would 
j seem never now to reach its ancient limit, a sandy 
; wall which traverses the vailey at its southern 
extremity, and prevents the waters from flowing, 
I as they are supposed originally to have done, 
into the Red sea. The water of the lake is trans- 
j parent, but extremely bitter, saline, and pungent, 
; being impregnated with the muriates of soda, 
j magnesia, and lime, in the proportion of twenty- 
four to a hundred grains of the water; a degree 
of density not to be found in any other natural 
water, and which renders it remarkably buoyant 
' to the swimmer. Bitumen is continually thrown 
: up to the surface of the sea, which floats and is 
I driven ashore by the winds : the Arabs then 
j gather it for medicinal use or sale. We learn 
I from the Mosaic history, that the vale of Siddim, 
I which is now occupied by the lake, was full of 
I pits of bitumen. The surrounding plain is 
strewed with large fragments of rock-salt, nitre, 
I and fine sulphur, brought down by the rains from 
' the hills, which are composed partly of salt and 
partly of a soft sandstone. The very materials 
are thus at hand, which were employed as the 
instrument of the miraculous destruction of 
I Sodom and Gomorrah; and it would appear that 
I the whole plain underwent a convulsion, the 
effect, perhaps, of a bituminous explosion, simul- 
taneous with the shower of inflamed sulphur 
poured upon the cities, to which the lake owes 
its formation. In Scripture, it is called the Sea 
of the Plain, the Salt Sea, and the East Sea; by 
Josephus and the classic writers, the Asphaltic 
I (or Bituminous) lake; by the Arabs, it is still 
called Bahr Louth and Bahr el Amout (the sea of 
! Lot or of the dead). Plin. 5, 6.— Joseph. Bell. 
Jud. 4, 27. — Strab. IQ.— Justin. 36, 3. 

Mareotis, a lake of Egypt, to the south of 
Alexandria, now called Mairout. It had been 
for ages dried up, when, in 1801, the English cut 
the walls of the old canal which formed a dike, 
separating the low ground from the lake of 
Aboukir on the east, when the Mareotic lake 
was re-produced, the water in the former basin 
falling six feet, and more than forty villages 
were overwhelmed by a flood of salt-water rush- 
ing in from the sea. Virg. G 2, 9\. -Horat. 
Od. 1, 38, 14, -iMcan. 9, 154, 10, 117 et 161.— 
Slrab. 17. 

Margiana, a country of Asia, touching to 
the south on Aria, to the east on Bactriana, to 
the north on Sogdiana and Scythia, and to the 
west upon Hyrcania and Parthia. It derived its 
name from the river Margus, which rises in the 
'. range of Paropamisus, and flows into the Oxus. 
Though surrounded by deserts, it was exceed- 
ingly fertile; its vines were said to grow to such 
an uncommon size, that two men could scarcely 
grasp one stem, and the clusters of grapes mea- 
sured more than two feet long. Margiana was 
formerly considered as a district of Hyrcania, 
and was first raised into a province by the suc- 
cessors of Alexander. The Romans who were 
taken prisoners after the defeat of Crassus, were 
sent hither and dispersed over the country, where 
many of them settled and intermarried with the 
inhabitants; hence they were unwilling to return 
home, and several of them even hid themselves 
from those who were sent, during the reign of 



Augustus, to take them back to Rome. Jt^ol, &. 
—Plin. 6, m.-Strab. 11 Horat- Od.'d, 5, 5. 

Margites, a man against whom, as some 
suppose. Homer wrote a poem, to ridicule his 
superficial knowledge, and to expose his affecta- 
tion. When Demosthenes wished to prove 
Alexander an inveterate enemy to Athens, he 
called him another Margites. 

Margus, a river of Moesia Superior, which 
rises in mount Scoraius, and after receiving the 
waters of the Angrus, falls into the Danube to 
the M est of Viminacium. It is now the Morava. 

A river of Margiana, rising in the range of 

Paropamisus, and flowing into the Oxus north- 
west of Nisasa. 'Now the Murghab. Plin. 6 16. 

Mariaba, a city of the Calingii, in the south- 
eastern part of Arabia Felix, thirteen mihs 
north-east of Muza. It is now Mareb. — -A city 
of the Sabaei, in Arabia Felix. Plin. 6, 28. 

Maria Lex, by C. Marius, the tribune, 
A, U. C. 634. It ordered the planks called 
pontes, on which the people stood up to give 
their votes in the comitia, to be narrower, that no 
other might stand there to hinder the proceed- 
ings of the assembly by appeal, or other distur- 
bances. Another, called also Porcia, by L. 

Marius and Porcius, tribunes, A. U. C. 691. 
It fined a certain sum of money such comman- 
ders as gave a false account to the Roman senate 
of the number of the slain in a battle. It obliged 
them to swear to the truth of their return when 
they entered the city, according to the best com- 
putation. 

Mariana Fossa, a canal cut by Marius from 
the river Rhone, through the Campus Lapideus, 
into the lake Mastramela. It was probably near 
the modern Martigues. Mela, 2, 5. — Plin. 3, 4. 

Mariandyni, a people of Bithynia, to the 
east of the river Sangarius. In the north-eastern 
part of their district was the powerful city of 
Heraclea Pontica, and to the north-west of this 
was a small peninsular promontory, called Ache- 
rusia Chersonesus. Through a cavern in this 
promontory Hercules was fabled to have dragged 
Cerberus from hell. Mela, 1, 19.— Ta/. Flacc^ 
Arg. 4, m.— Herod. 1, 28. 7. 72. 

Marian us, a surname given to Jupiter from 
a temple built to his honour by Marius. It was 
in this temple that the Roman senate assembled 
to recal Cicero, a circumstance communicated to. 
him in a dream. Val. Max. 1, 7. 

Marica, a nymph of the river Liris, near 
Minturnje. She married king Faunus, by whom 
she had king Latinus, and she was afterwiinis 
called Fauna and Fatua, and honoured as a god- 
dess. The nymph Marica had a grove and tem- 
ple near Marica; hence the words Maricce liftora 
are used by Horace as a designation for iho 
region round the city itself. Some suppose the 
nymph Marica to have been the same with Circ-e, 
Virg. jEn. 7, H.—Lucan. 2, 424.— 27, 37.— 
Horat. Od. 3, 17, 7. 

Maris, a river of Scythia. A son of Armi- 

sodares, who assisted Priam against the Greeks, 
and was killed by Antilochus. Horn. II. 16, 317. 

Marita Lex. Fid. Julia Lex de Maritan- 
dis. 

Marisus, a river of Dacia, falling into the 
Tibiscus. It is now the Maros. Strab. 7. 

Marius, C. a celebr-ated Roman, who, from a 
peasant, became one of the most powerful and 
cruel tyrants that Rome ever beheld during her 
consular government. He was born at Arpinum, 
of obscure and illiterate parents. His father 



MAR 



ilAR 



bore the same name as himseif, and his motiicr 
yMis cailfd Fulcioia. He forsook the nieF.ner 
occupations of the cruntry lor ihe cam:<, ami 
signalized himself under Scipio at the siege cf 
Nuraaniia. Tiie Roman general saw thecourafre 
and intrepidity of young Marius, and foretold 
the era of his future greatness. By hi£ seditions 
and intrigues at Rome, while he exercised the 
inferior offices of the state, he rendered himself 
);i own; and his marri.ige with Julia, who was of 
thrt family of tne Caesars, contributed in some 
tiv asure to raise him to consequence. He passed 
into Africa as lieutenant to the consul Metellus 
itnst Jugurtha. and after he had there ingra- 
i .(ted himself «ith the soldiers, and raised one- 
iines to his friend an.l benefactor, he retumf .i to 
i\ome, and canvassed for the consulship. The 
••xtravagant promises which he made to the peo- 
ple, and his malevolent insinuations about the 
conduct o! Metellus, proved successful He w as 
elected, and appointed to linish the war againsi 
Juguriha. He showed himself capable in every 
degree to succeed to Metellus. Jugurtha was 
defeated and afterwards betrayed into the hands 
of the Romans by the perfidy of Bocchus. No 
sooner was Juguitha conquered than new hon- 
ours and frerh trophies aw.iited Marius. The 
provinces of Rome were suddenly invaded by an 
army of 30i'l,0(l0 barbarians, and Marius was the 
only man whose activity and boldness cGiild 
resist so powerful an enemy. He was electen 
consul, and sent against the Teutones. The war 
was i)rolonged, and Marius was a third and fourth 
time invested w ith the consulship. At List t ^ o 
engagements were fought, and not less than 
i;nO,OtlO of the baibirian forces of the Ambrones 
and Teutones were sImmi in the field of bs.ttle, 
and i;0,ilOO made prisoners. Thj following year 
was also marked by a total overthrow of the 
Cimb-i, another horde of barbarians, in which 
1-iO.OOO were slaughtered by the Romans, and 
6!l.0i taken prisoners. After such honourable 
victories. Marius, with his colleague Catulus, 
entered Rome in triumph, and for his eminent 
services, he deserved the appellation of the third 
founder of Rome. He was elected consul a sixth 
time; and, as his intrepidity had delivered his 
country from its foreign enemies, he sought em- 
ployment at home, and his restless ambition 
began to raise seditions and to oppose the grow- 
ing power of Sylla. This was the cause and 
the foundation of a civil war. Sylla refused to 
deliver up the command of the forces with which 
he was empowered to prosecute the Mithridatic 
war, and he resolved to oppose the authors of a 
demand which he considered as arbitrary and 
improper. He advanced to Rome, and Marius 
Mas obliged to save his life by flight. The un- 
favourable winds prevented him from seeking a 
safer retreat in Africa, and he was left on the 
coasts of Campania, where the emissaries of his 
enemy soon discovered him in a marsh, where 
he had plunged himself in the mud, and left only 
his mouth above the surface for respiration. He 
was violently dra^scd to the neighbouring town 
of Mint<arnae. and the magistrates, all devoted to 
the interest of Sylla, passed sentence of imme- 
diate death on their magnanimous prisoner. A 
Gaul was commanded to cut off his head in the 
dungeon, but the stern countenance of Marius 
disarm^xl the cournge of the executioner, and, 
when he hoard the exclamation of Tune homo, 
audes occidere Caium Maiiuyn, the dagger dropped 
from his hand. Siich an uncommon adventure 



awakened the cooipaisitTi of the inhabitants of 
Minturnae. They released Marius from prison, 
and favoured his escape to Africa, o here he joined 
his son Marius, who had been arming the princes 
of thecounii7 in his cause. M;irius l.mded near 
the walls ol Carthage, and he received no smail 
consolation at the sight of the venerable ruins ol 
a once powerful city, which, Kke himself, had 
been exposed to calamity, and felt the cruel 
vicissitude of fortune. This place of his retreat 
was soon known, and the governor of Africa, to 
conciliate the favours of Sylla, compelled Marius 
to fly to a neighbouring island. He soon alter 
learned that L'inna had emb'aced his cause at 
Rome when the Roman senate had stripped him 
of his consular dignity and bestowed it upon one 
of his enemies. This intelligence animated Ma- 
rius; he set sail to assist his friend, only at the 
head of a thousand men. His arrriy, however, 
gradually increased, and he entered Rome like a I; 
ferocious conqueror. His enemies were inhu- 
manly sacrificed to his fury, Rome was filled •■ 
with blood and he who had once been called the , 
fatherof his country, marched through the streets ; 
of the city, attended by a number of assassins, 
who immediately slaughtered ail those whose ; 
salutations were not answered by their leader. , 
Such were the signals for bloodshed. AVhen 
Marius and Cinna had sufP.ciently gratified their 
resentment, they made them.selves consuls, but 
Marius, already worn out with old ase and infir- 
mities, died sixteen days after he had been hon- , 
oured with the consular disnity for the seventh 
time, B. C. £6. His end was probably hastened 
by the uncommon quantities of wine which he I 
drank w hen labouring under a dangerous dis- , 
ease, to remove, by intoxication, the stings of a ■ 
guilty conscience. Such was the end of Marius, 
who rendered himself conspicuous by his victo- t 
ries, and by his cruelty. As he was brought up 
in the midst c f p',verty and among peasants, it 
will not appear wonderful that he alw ays betrayed 
rusticity in his behaviour, and despised in others ; 
those polished manners and that studied address i 
which education had denied him. He hated the I 
conversation of the learned only because he was [' 
illiterate, and, if he occasionally appeared an 
example of sobriety and temperance, he owed n 
these advantages to the years of obscurity which ; 
he had passed at Arpinum. His countenance 
was stern, his voice firm and imperious, and his j 
disposition untractable. He always betrayed the |, 
greatest timidity in the public assemblies, as he, 
had not been early taught to make eloquence 
and oratory his pursuit. He was in the seven- 1 
tieth year of his age when he died, and Rome) 
seerried to rejoice at the fall of a man w hose am- i 
bition had proved fatal to so many of her citizens. '~ 
His only qualifications were those of a greati 
general, and with these he rendered himself the) 
most illustrious and powerful of the Romans, | 
because he was the only one whose ferocity, 
seemed capable to oppose the barbarians of the 
north. The manner of his death, according to 
some opinions, remains doubtful, though some ; 
have charged him with the crime of suicide. 
Among the instances w hich are mentioned of his 
firmness this may be recorded: a swelling in the 
leg obliged him to apply to a physician, who 
,urged the necessity of cutting it cflf. Marius 
gave it. and saw the operation performed w ithout 
a distortion of the face, and without a groan. 
The phvsician asked the other, and Marius gave 
it w ith equal composure. Pint, in VUa. — Faiere^ 



M.IR 



431 



MAR 



i 2, 9.—J^or 3, 3. - Juv. 8, 245, &c.— Licea7i w\ tx). 

' -C.^Jus, ihe son of the great Marius, vxas as 

! cruel as his father, and shared his goud and his 
I adverse fortune. He made himself consul in the 
I twenty-fifth year of his age, and murdered all the 
j senators who opposed his ambitious views. He 
I was defeated by Sylla. and fled to Prasneste, where 
; he was siain in atteniptins; to escape, or as others 

say, he Itilled himself. Plut. in Mario. Pris- 

I CU3, a governor of Africa, accused of extortion in 

his province by Pliny the younger, and banished 

'! from Iia y. Plin. 2, ep. l\. — Jav. 1, 43. One 

' of the Greek fathers of the fifth century, whose 
I works were eiited by Garner, i vols. fol. Paris, 

i| 1673; and by Baluze, Paris, 1634. M, Aure- 

, lius, a native of G;iul, who, from the mean em- 
i ploymen', of a blacksmith, became one of the 
' generals of Gallienus, and at last caused himself 

to be saluted emperor. Three days after this 
I elevation, a man who had shared his poverty 

■ without partaking of his more prospeious for- 
'! tune, publicly assassinated him, and he was 
I killed by a sword which he himself had made in 
I the time of his obscurity. Marius has been often 

celebrated for his great strength, and ic is confi- 
! dently reported that he could stop with one of his 
' fingers only the wheel of a chariot in its most 

rapid course. Maximus, a Latin writer, who 

published an account of the Roman emperors 
from Trajan to Alexander, now lost. His com- 
j positions were entertaining, and executed with 
! great exactness and fidelity. Some have accused 
: him of inattention, and complain that his writ- 
ings abounded with many fabulous and insignifi- 
cant stories. Celsus, a friend of Galba, saved 

from death by Otho, &c. Tacit. Hist. 1, 45 

] Sextus, a rich Spaniard, thrown down from the 
Tarpsian rock, on account of his riehes, &c. 
I Tadt. Ann. 6, 19. 

Marm.^rica, a country of Africa, to the east 

■ of Cyrenaica, lying along the Mediterranean 
shore. It corresponded with the central part of 
Barca. The inhabitants were much famed as 
swift runners, and for cert.ain antidotes to the 
bites of the most poisonous serpents. Sil. Ital. 
3, 300. 

MarmarTdjE, the inhabitants of that part of 
Africa called Marmarica, 

Marmarium, a place in the immediate vicin- 
ity of Carystus, in Euboea, which furnished the 
beautiful marble for which Carystus was famed. 
Slrab. 10. 

Maro. Vid. Virgilius, 

Ma RON, a priest of Apollo in Thrace, near 

Maronea. Homer. Od. 9, 179. A follower of 

I Osiris, well acquainted with the art of rearing 
1 the vine. Athenaeus makes him a follower of 
; Bacchus. He was fabled to have been the foun- 
' , der of Maronea in Thrace. Diod. Sic. 1, 18. — ■ 
{ Alhen. 1, 25. 

' Maronea, now Maro na, a town of Thrace, 
] south-east of the Bistonis Palus, on the coast. 
] It is said to have been founded by Maron, a fol- 
' lower of Bacchus. It was famous for its wine, 
i Herod. 7, m.—Diod. Sic. 1, 18.— Plin. 14, 4. 

Marpesia, a celebrated queen of the Ama- 
' zons, famed for her conquests. Justin. 2, 4. 
I Marpessa, a daughter of the Evenus who 
I married Idas, by whom she had Cleopatra, the 
I wife of Mtfleager. M.irpessa was tenderly loved 
' by her husband; and when Apollo endeavoured 

to carry her away, Idas followed the ravisher 
■ with a bow and arrows, resolved on revenge. 

Apollo and Idas were separated by Jupiter, who 



perniiiced Marpessa to go with l.he one of the tv\o 
lovers whom she mo^t appro vt-d of. She leturnt-d 
to her husband. Homer. 11. 9, 5iy. Gt id. Met. 
8, 305. -Apollod. 1, 1.— Falls. 4, 2. 5, 13. 

Marf£sus, a town of Troas, to the north of 
the Scamander, and to the west of Troja Vetu*. 

TibidL 2, 5, 67. or Marpessa, a mountain ia 

the island of Paros, contain ing the quairies 
whence the famous Parian maib e was ( biained. 
Hence the expiession of Virgil, Xarpesia cuutes. 
This mountain wa?; situate t>> the wpst of the 
harbour of Maimora. Firg. jE71. 6, ■iJi.— Plin. 
36, 4 et 19. 

MarRUCINI, a people of Italy, occupying a 
narrow slip of territory, on the riglit bank of the 
river Aternus, between the Veslini to the north, 
and the Frentani to the south, and between the 
Peligni and the sea towards the west and east. 
They were said to be descended from the Mai si. 
Their chief town was Teate, now Chieti, a popu- 
lous and flourishing place. Polyb. 2, 21. — Sil. 
Ital. 8, 522. 

MarruvIum. a town of the Sabines, corres- 
ponding with the modern Morro Vecchio. The 

chief city of the Marsi, situate on the eastern 
shore of the Lacus Fucinus, and answering to 
the modern San Benedetto. Strab, 5. — Plin. 3, 
12. 

Mars, the god of war among the ancients, was 
the son (;f Jupiter and Juno, according to Hesiod, 
Hom.er, and all the Greek poets, or of Juno alone, 
according to Ovid. This goddess, as the poet 
mentions, wished to become a mother without 
the assistance of the other sex, like Jupiler, who 
had produced Minerva all armed from his head, 
and she was shown a flower by Flora in the plains 
near Olenus, whose very touch made women 
pregnant. {Vid. 5 nno.i) The education of Mars 
was intrusted by Juno to the god Priapus, who 
instructed him in dancing and in every manly 
exercise. His trial before the celebrated court of 
the Areopagus, according to the authority of some 
authors, for the murder of Hallirhotius, forms an 
interesting epoch in history. {Vid. Areopagita;.) 
1 he amours of Mars and Venus are greatly cele- 
brated. The god of war gained the affections of 
Venus, and obtained the gratification of his de- 
sires; but Apollo, who was conscious of their 
familiarities, informed Vulcan of his wife's de- 
baucheries, and awakened his suspicions. Vul- 
can secretly laid a net around the bed, and the 
two lovers were exposed, in each other's arms to 
the ridicule and satire of ail ihe gods, till Nep- 
tune prevailed upon the husband to set them at 
liberty. This unfortunate discovery so provoked 
Mars, that he changed into a cock his favourite 
Alectryon, whom he had stationed at the door to 
watch against the approach of the sun, {Vid. 
Alectryon) and Venus also showed her resent- 
ment by persecuting with the most inveterate 
fury the children of Apollo. In the wars of Ju- 
piter and the Titans, Mars was seized by Otus 
and Ephialtes, and confined for fifteen months, 
till Mercury procured him his liberty. During 
the Trojan war Mars interested himself on the 
side of the Trojans, but whilst he defended these 
favourites of Venus with uncommon activity, he 
was wounded by Diomedes, and hastily retreated 
to heaven to conceal his confusion and his resent- 
ment, and to complain to Jupiter that Minerva 
had directed the unerring weapon of his antago- 
nist. The worship of Mars was not very uni- 
versal among the ancients; his temples were not 
I numerous in Greece, but in Rome h« received. 



MAR 



432 



MAR 



the most unbounded honours, and the warlike 
Humans were proud of paying homage to a deity 
whom they esteemed as the patron of their city, 
and the lather of the first ot their monarchs. 
His most celebrated temple at Rome was built 
by Augustus after the battle of Philippi. It was 
dedicated to Mars ultor, or the avenger. His 
priests among the Romans were called Salii; 
they were first instituted by Numa, and their 
chief office was to guard the sacred ancilia, one 
of which, as was supposed, had fallen down from 
heaven. Mars was generally represented in the 
naked figure of an old man, armed with a hel- 
met, a pike, and a shield. Sometimes he ap- 
peared in a military dress, and with a long flow- 
ing beard, and sometimes without. He gene- 
rally rode in a chariot drawn by furious horses 
which the poets called Flight and Terror. His 
altars were stained with the blood of the horse, 
on account of his warlike spirit, and of the wolf, 
on account of his ferocity. Magpies and vultures 
were also offered up to him. on account of their 
greediness and voracity. The Scythians gene- 
rally offered him asses, and the people of Caria 
dogs. The weed called dog grass was sacred to 
him, because it grows, as it is commonly re- 
ported, in places which are fit for fields of battle, 
or where the ground has been stained with the 
effusion of human blood. The surnames of Mars 
are not numerous. He was called Gradivus, 
Mavors, Quirinus, Salisubsulus, among the Ro- 
mans. The Greeks called him Ares, and he was 
the Enyalus of the Sabines, the Camulus of the 
Gauls, and the Mamers of Carthage. Mars was 
father of ("upid, Anteros, and Harmonia, by the 
goddess Venus. He had Asealaphus and lalme- 
nus by Astyoche; Alcippe by Agraulos; Cyenus 
by Pelopeia; Tereus by Bostonis; Molus, Pylus, 
Evenus, and Theslius, by Demonice, the daugh- 
ter of Agenor. Besides these, he was the reputed 
father of Romulus, (Enomaus. Bythis, Thrax, 
Diomedes of Thrace, Lycus, &c. He presided 
over gladiators, and was the god of hunting, and 
of whatever exercises or amusements have some- 
thing manly and warlike. Among ihe Romans 
jt was usual for the consul, before he went on an 
expedition, to visit the temple of Mars, where he 
offered his prayers, and in a solemn manner 
shook the spear which was in the hand of the 
statue of the god, at the same time exclaiming, 
•* Mars vigila! god of war, watch over the safety 
of this city.'' Ovid. Fast. 5, 231. Trist. 2, 925.— 
Hygin.fab. US.— Virg. G. 4, 346. Mn. 8, /Ol.— 
Lucian. in Alectr. — Varro de L. L. 4, 10. — Ho- 
mer. Od. 1, &c. //. 5.~Flacc. 6.—Apollod. 1, &c. 
— Hesiod. Theog.— Pindar. Oa. 4. Pyth.— Quint. 

Smyr. M.-Pans. 1, 21 et 28. — Juv. 9, 102. 

The planet Mars was supposed to portend wars 
and tumults, and it ruled the winds and thunder 
according to ancient writers. Cic. N. D. 2, 2.— 
Lucan. 1, 660. 10, 2G6. 

MarsAci, a people of Gallia Belgica, of Ger- 
man origin, and belonging to the great tribe of 
the Istasvones. Their territory is supposed to 
answer to the modern province of Utrecht. Tacit, 
Hist. 4, 56.— P/m. 4, 29. 

Mars^us, a Roman, ridiculed by Horace, 1 
Sat. 2, 35, for his prodigality to courtezans. 

Marsi, a people in the north-western part of 
Germany, belonging to the great tribe of the 
Istaevones. They appear to have been originally 
settled on both banks of the Lippe. whence they 
spread south to the Tenctheri. Weakened by 
the Roman arms, they retired into the interior ! 



of Germany, and from this period disappearec 
from history. A nation of Italy, whose terri- 
tory lay to the north-east of Latium, and sou;h- 
east ot the country of the Sabini. They were, 
probably, descended from the Sabini, although 
Marsus, the son of Circe, or Marsyas, a Phry- 
gian, is said to have been the founder of their 
race. They at first proved very inimical to the 
Romans, but, in process of time, they became 
their firmest supporters. They are particularly 
celebrated for the civil war in which they were 
engaged, and which from them has received the 
name of the Marsian war. The large contribu- 
tions which they made to support the interest ol 
Rome, and the number of men which they con- 
tinually supplied to the republic, rendered themi 
bold and aspiring, and they claimed, with thel 
rest of the Italian states, a share of the honours 
and privileges which were enjoyed by the citi-! 
zens of Rome, B. C. 91. This petition, though 
supported by the interest, the eloquence, and^ 
the integrity of the tribune Drusus, was received' 
with contempt by the Roman senate; and the' 
Marsi, with their allies, showed their dissatisfac-'- 
tion by taking up arms. Their resentment was 
nicreased when Drusus, their friend at Rome, ; 
had been basely murdered by the means of the 
nobles; and they erected themselves into a re- 
public, aud Corfinium was made the capital of 
their new empire. A regular war was now begun,' 
and the Romans led into the field an army of, 
100,000 men, and were opposed by a superior 
force. Some battles were fought in which the' 
Roman generals were defeated, and the allies!' 
reaped no inconsiderable advantages from their, 
victories. A battle, however, near Asculum,' 
proved fatal to their cause, 4000 of them were'' 
left dead on the spot, their general, Francus, a} 
man of uncommon experience and abilities, was, 
slain, and such as escaped from the field perished; 
by hunger in the Apennines, where they had 
sought a shelter. Alter many defeats, and the 
loss of Asculum, one of their principal cities, the I; 
allies, grown dejected and tired of hostilities 
which had already continued for three years, 
sued for peace one by one, and tranquillity was 
at last re-established in the republic, and all the 
states of Italy were made citizens of Rome. The 
armies of the allies consisted of the Marsi, Pe- 
ligni, Vestini, Hirpini, Pompeiani, Marrucini, 
Picentes, Venusini, Frentani, Apuli, Lucani, 
and Samnites. The Marsi were greatly addicted ,.' 
to magic. Horat. ep. 5, 76. ep. 27, 29 -—Appian. ^ 
— Val. Max. S.—Paterc. 2,—Plut. in Sert, Mario, 
&c.— CiC. pro Balb. — Strab.— Tacit. Ann. 1, 50 et ' 
56. G. 2. 

Marsyas, a celebrated piper of Celaenae. in 
Phrygia, son of Olympus, or of Hyagnis, or CEa- i. 
grus. He was so skilful in playing on the flute, 
that he is generally deemed the inventor of it. [ 
According to the opinion of some, he found it 
when Minerva had thrown it aside on account of 
the distortion of her face when she played upon l, 
it. Marsyas was enamoured of Cybele, and he 
travelled with her as far as Nysa, where he had 
the imprudence to challenge Apollo to a trial of 
his skill as a musician. The god accepted the 
challenge, and it was mutually agreed that he 
ho was defeated should be flayed alive by the 
conqueror. The Muses, or according to Diodo- 
rus, the inhabitants of Nysa, were appointed 
umpires. Each exerted his utmost skill, and 
the victory, with much difficulty, was adjudged 
to Apollo. The god, upon this, tied his antago- 



MAR 



C3 



MAR 



nist to a tree, and flayed him alive. The death 
Ji of Marsyas was universally lamented; the Fauns, 
Satyrs, and Dryads, wept at his fate, and from 
their abundant tears, arose a river of Phrj'gia, 
1 well known by the name of Marsyas. It seems, 
'I according to the ancient mythological writers, 
y that in the contest above alluded to, Apollo 
5 played at first a simple air on his instrument, 
cj but Marsyas, taking up his pipe, struck the 
ji audience so much with the novelty of its tone, 
and ttie art of his performance, that he seemed 
to be heard with more pleasure than his rival. 
,j Having agreed upon a second irial of skill, it is 
; said that the performance of Apollo, by his ac- 
I companying the lyre with his voice, was allowed 
,i greatly to excel that of Marsyas upon the flute 
,1 alone. Marsyas with indignation protested 
I against the decision of his judges, urging that 
1 he had not been fairly vanquished according to 
,| the rules stipulated, because the dispute was 
I concerning the excellence of tlieir respective 
ij instruments, not their voices ; and that it was 
I unjust to employ two arts against one. Apollo 
.:' denied that he had taken any unfair advantage, 
'. since Marsyas had employed both his mouih and 
j fingers in performing on his instrument, so that 
1: if he was denied the use of his voice, he would 
be still more disqualified for the contention, 
j On a third trial, Marsyas was again vanquished, 
I and met with the fate already mentioned. A 
jj statue of Marsyas, representing him in the act 
!; of being flayed, stood in the Roman forum, in 
front of the" rostra. The story of Marsyas pre- 
sents a remarkable instance of well-merited pun- 
! ishment inflicted on reckless presumption; and 
as this feeling is nearly allied to, if not actually 
identified with that arrogant and ungovernable 
. spirit which formed the besetting sin of the 
I ancient democracies, we need not wonder that, 
in many of the cities of antiquity, it was custom- 
ary to erect a group of Apollo and Marsyas, 
in the vicinity of their courts of justice, both to 
indicate the punishment which such conduct 
merited, and to denote the omnipotence of the 
law. Hy-Jin. fab. 165. — Orjrf. Fast. 6, 707. Ex. 
Ponto, 3, el. 3. Met 6. fab. 7. Diod. 6, b'S.— ltal. 
8, 503. — Pans, 10, Z\) — Apollod. 1, i. — Plin. 5, 29. 

7, 56. — Serrius in Mn. 4. 58. A, river of 

Phrygia, rising in a cave under the Acropolis of 
Celaenae, and falling into the Meeander, Here 
Apollo contended with Marsyas, and hung up the 
skin of his vanquished antagonist in the cave 
whence the river flowed. Xenoph. Anab. 1, 2. 

A river of Caria, flowing from the district of 

Idrias into the Maeander. Idrias v/as one of the 
earlier names of the city which, under the Ma- 
cedonians, assumed the name of Stratonicea. 
The Marsyas is supposed therefore to be the 
I same with the modern China. Herod. 5, 118. 

A native of Fella, brother of Antigonus who 

was subsequently king. He wrote, in ten books, 
; a History of the kings of Macedon, f rom the origin 
of the monarchy to the founding of Alexandria, 
and also a work on the Education of Alexander, 
with which prince he had been brought up. 
The loss of both these works, but particularly 
the latter, is much to be regretted. An Egyp- 
tian, who commanded the armies of Cleopatra 
against her brother Ptolemy Physcon, whom she 
attempted to dethrone. 

MARTHA, a celebrated prophetess of Syria, 
I whose artifice and fraud proved of the greatest 
service to C. Marius in the numerous expedi- 
tions which he undertook. Pint, in Mario. 



MartIa aqua, water at Rome, celebrated 
for its clearness and salubrity. It was conveyed 
to Rome at the distance of above 30 miles, from 
the lake Fucinus, by Ancus Martins, whence it 
received its name. TiOuli. 3, 7, 'Z&.—Plin, 31, o. 
36. 15. 

Martiales LUDI, games celebrated at Rome 
in hon(mr_<)f Mars. 

Martialis, Marcus Valerius, a native of 
Bilbilis, in Spain, where he was educated, and 
remained till he had arrived at man's estate, 
when he came to Rome. He was sent thither 
to study the law, but he was too much adaicipiJ 
to poetry to settle to a profession that requir j 
great labour and severe study. His fine talents 
and taste for polite literature ingratiated him 
with the principal literary characters then in 
Rome, and even procured for him imperial pa- 
tronage. Flattered with the notice taken of 
him, he became the panegyrist of the emperors, 
and in his turn gained the greatest honours, and 
was rewarded in the most liberal manner. 
Domitian gave him the tribuneship, but tho 
poet, unmindful of the favours which he had 
received, after the death of his benefactor, ex- 
posed to ridicule the vices and cruelties of a 
monster, whom, in his lifetime, he had extolled 
as the pattern of virtue, goodness, and excel- 
lence. Trajan treated the poet with coldness; 
and Martial, after he had passed 35 years in the 
capital of the world, in the greatest splendour 
and affluence, retired to his native country, 
where he had the mortification to be the object 
of malevolence, satire, and ridicule. He re- 
ceived some favours from his friends, and his 
poverty was alleviated by the liberality of Pliny 
the younger, whom he had immortalized in hia 
poems. Martial died in the 104th year of the 
Christian era, and in the 75th year of his age. 
He is unquestionably the most eminent of the 
epigrammatists, and is looked to as the sole 
model of that species of composition. He wrote 
fourteen books of epigrams, which are described 
by himself as '-some good, some middlirg, and 
more bad;" 

Sunt bona, sunt qucedam mediocria, stmt mala 
plura:' 

this is tnought by the best judges of composi- 
tions of the kind as sufficiently modest. The 
licentiousness of many of his epigrams deserves 
the strongest censure: the poet has in many 
instances shown himself a declared enemy to 
decency, and the book is to be read by young 
persons with the utmost caution, as its tendency 
is often to corrupt the purity of morals, and 
initiate the votaries of virtue into the mysteries 
of vice. The best editions of Martial are, that 
of Raderus, Ingolst. 1602, 1611, fol. et Mogunt. 
1627; that of Scrjverius, Lugd. Bat. 12mo. 1619; 
and that of Smidsius, Amst. 8vo. 1701. A good 
edition, however, is still a desideratum. 

Martina, a woman skilled in the knowledge 
of poisonous herbs, &c. Tacit. Ann. 2, 79- &c. 

Martinianus, an officer, made C^sar by 
Linicius, to oppose Constantine. He was pwt 
to death by order of Constantine. 

Marullus, a tribune of whom Plutarch 
makes mention in his life of Julius Cassar. 
Marullus and another of his colleagues, named 
Flavius, when the statues of Cresar were seen 
adorned with royal diadems, went and tore them 
off". They also fouml out the persons who had 
saluted Cajsar king, and committed them to 
prison. The people followed with joyful accla* - 
2 O 



MAR 



434 



MAT 



mations. calling the tribunes Brutuses. Csesar, 
highly irritated, deposed them from office. Hut. 
ru. CcBs. 

Makus, {the Morava,) a river of Germany, 
which separates modem Hungary and Moravia. 
Tacit. A7in 2. 63. 

Massa b^bius, an informer at the court of 
Djrnitian. Juv. 1. 35. 

MASiESYLll, or MASSiESYLl, a people in the 
western part of Numidia. on the coast, between 
the river Mulucha and the promontory Masyli- 
bum, or Musulubium. They were under the 
dominion of Syphax. The promontory of Tre- 
tum, now Sebda-Kus, or the seven capes, separated 
this nation from the Mas-syli, or subjects of 
Masinissa. Folyb. 3, b3. ~ Diomjs. Perieg. 5, 187. 
—Sallust. Jugurth. 92. 

Masinissa son of Gala, was king of a small 
part of Africa, and assisted the Carthaginians in 
their wars against Rome. He proved a most 
indefatigable and courageous ally, but an act of 
generosity rendered him amicable to the inter- 
ests of Rome. After the defeat of Asdrubal, 
Scipio, the first Africanus, who had obtained the 
victory, found, among the pri.soners of war, one 
of the nephews of Masinissa. He sent him back 
to his uncle loaded with presents, and conducted 
him with a detachment for the safety and pro- 
tection of his person. Masinissa was struck w ith 
the generous action of the Roman general, he 
forgot all former hostilities, and joined his troops 
to those of Scipio. This change of sentiments 
was not the effect of a wavering or unsettled 
mind, but Masinissa showed himself the most at- 
tached and the firmest ally the Romans ever had. 
It was to his exeriions they owed many of their 
victories in Africa, and particularly in that bat- 
tle which proved fatal to Asdrubal and Syphax. 
The Numidian conquerer, charmed with the 
beauty of Sophonisba, the captive wife of Sy- 
phax, carried her to his camp and married her; 
but when he perceived that this new connexion 
displeased Scipio, he sent poison to his wife, and 
recommended her to destroy herself, since he 
could not preserve her life in a manner which 
became her rank, her dignity, and fortune, w ith- 
out offending his Roman allies. In the battle 
of Zama, Masinissa greatly contributed to the 
defeat of the great Annibal, and the Romans, 
who had been so often spectators of his courage 
and valour, rewarded his fidelity with the king- 
dom of Syphax, and some of the Carthaginian 
territories. At his death Masinissa showed the 
confidence which he had in the Romans, and the 
esteem he entertained for the rising talents of 
Scipio JEmilianus. by intrusting him with the 
care of his kingdom, and empowering him to 
divide it among his sons. MiiSinissa died in the 
97th year of his age, af'.er a reign of above sixty 
years, 149 years before the Christian era. He ex- 
perienced adversity as well as prosperity, and, in 
the first years of his reign, he was exposed to 
the greatest danger, and obliged often to save his 
life by seeking a retreat among his savage 
neighbours. But his alliance with the Romans 
was the beginning of his greatness, and he ever 
after lived in the greate-t affluence. He is re- 
markable for the health which he long enjoyed. 
In the last years of his life he was seen at the 
head of his armies, behaving with the most inde- 
fatigable activity, and he often remained for 
many successive days on horseback, without a 
s.id Ue under him, or a covering upon his head, 
ami vii(tiout showing the least mark of fatigue. 



This strength of mind and body he ehitfly owed 
to the temperance which he observed. He was 
seen eating brown bread at the door of his tent, 
like a private soldier, the day after he had ob- 
tained an immortal victory over the armies o( 
Carthage. He left fifty-four sons, three of w honi 
were legitimate, Micipsa, Gulussa, and Manas- 
tibal. The kingdom was fairly divided among 
them by Scipio, and the illegitimate children 
received, as their portion, very valuable presents. 
The death of Gulussa and Manastabal soon after 
left Micipsa sole master of the large possessions 
of Masinissa. Strab. 17. — Polyb. — Afpian. Lij- 
bic— Cic. de Senec. 10. - Val. Max. 8.— Sollust. 
in Jug.-Liv. 25, 34. 28. 16. 29, 4. 30, 5. 31, 19. 
34, 61. 42, 23. 45, 13.— Ovid. Fast. 6, 769.- Justin. 
33, 1. 38. 6. 

MassageT-E, a nation of Scythia, placed by 
the ancient writers to the east of the river laxar- 
tes. Their country is supposed to answer to the 
modern Turkestan. The Macedonians sought 
for the Massagetie in the northern regions of 
Asia, judging from the history of Cyrus's expe- 
dition against these barbarians, by which some 
definiteness was given to the position which they 
occupied. They missed, indeed, the true Mas- 
sagetae, but the term became a general one for 
the northern nations of Asia, like that of Scythia. 
Larcher considers the term Massagetae equiva- 
lent probably to " Eastern Getas."' According 
to Herodotus the Massageta; occupied a level 
tract of country to the east of the Caspian. Ho- 
rat Od. 1. 3j, 40.- Dionys. Per. 738.- Herod. 1, 
Strab. l.— MeLr, 1, 2.—Lncan. 2, 50.— 
Justin. ], 8. 

MasS-ESYLI. Vid. Masaesylii, 

Masstcus. a range of hills in Campania, fa- 
mous for the wines produced there. {Vid. Fa- 

lernus.) An Etrurian prince, who assisted 

^neas against Turnus with 1000 men. Virg. 
.En. 10. 166, &c. 

Massilia, a maritime town of Gallia Narbo- 
nensis, now called Marseilles, founded B. C. 539, 
by the people of Phoczea, in Asia, who quitted 
their country to avoid the tyranny of the Per- 
sians. It is celebrated for its laws, its fidelity to 
the Romans, and for its being long the seat of 
literature. It acquired great consequence by its 
commercial pursuits during its infancy, and even 
waged war against Carthage. By becoming the 
ally of Rome, its power was established; but in 
warmly espousing the cause of Pompey against 
Caesar, its views were frustrated, and it was so 
much reduced by the insolence and resentment 
cf the conqueror, that it never after recovered its 
independence and warlike spirit. Herod. 1, 164. 

— Plin. 3. 4.- Justin. 37. 1. 43, 3. - Strab. 1 et 4. 

— Liv. 5, ^.—Horat. ep. 16, \7.—Flor. 4, 2.~Cic. 
Flac. 26. OiT, 2, 8.— Tacit. Ann. 4, 44. Agr. 4. 

MASSiLl, a people of Numidia, to the east of 
the Massffisyli and Cape Tretum. They were 
the subjects of Masinissa. Liv. 24, 48. — Polyb. 
3, 33. — Sa. Ital. 16, 170. 

Matin UM, a city of Messapia or lapygia, 
south-east of Callipolis. Near it w as the Mons 
Matinus. It was here that the philosopher Ar- 
chytas was buried, when cast on shore after ship- 
wreck. This region was famed for its bees and 
honev. Horat. Od. 1, 28. 3. 4, 2, 27. Epod. 16, 
2S.— Lucan. 9, 184. 

Matisco, a town of the .^dui in Gaul, novr 
called Maco7i. 

MatralTa. a festival at Rome, in honour of 
I Matuta or Ino. Only matrons and freeborn 



MAT 



405 



MAX 



women were admitted. They made c fft^riiig^ of 
flowers, and carried their relations' children in 
their arms, recommending them to the care and 
patronage of the goddess in preference to their 
own, in remembrance of the history of Ino and 
Melicerta, a custom which indirectly tended to 
introduce harmony and friendship in private 
families. Farro de L. L. 5, 22. - Ovid. Fast. 6, 
47. — nut. in Cam. et Qucest. R. 16 et 17. 

Matrona, a river of Gaul, now the Marne, 
which formed part of the ancient boundary be- 
tween Gallia Belgica and Gallia Celticau It 
) ises near Langres, flows by Chalons and Meaux, 
and frills into the Seine at Charenton. Its course 
is about 240 miles, Cces. B. C, 1, \.— Auson. 
MosH. 4'j]. — A?nmian. Marceil. 15, 27. 

Matronalia, festivals at Rome in honour of 
Mars, celebrated by married women, in com- 
memoration of the rape of the Sabines, and of 
ihe peace which their intreaties had obtained 
between their fathers and husbands. Flowers 
vere then offered in the temples of Juno. Ovid. 
Fast. 3, 22:).— Plut. in Rom. 

MattUci, a nation in the western quarter of 
Germany, between the Lahn and Mayn. They 
were a branch of the Catti. The Pontes Mat- 
tiaci answer to the modern Wisbaden. Ammian. 
Marceil. 29, 20. 

Matuta, a deity among the Romans, the 
same as the Leucothee of the Greeks. She was 
originally Ino, who was changed into a sea deity, 
{Vid. Ino and LeucothOe,) and she was wor- 
shipped by sailors as such at Corinth, in a tem- 
ple sacred to Neptune. Only married women 
and freeborn matrons were permitted to enter 
her temples at Rome, where they generally 
brought the children of their relations in their 
arms. Liv. 5, 23. 6, 33. 15, 7. -Pans. 2, 1.— 
Ovid. Fast. 6. 455, 480 et 545.— Cic. de Nat. D. 3, 
19. Tusc. 1, Vi. 

Mayors, a name of Mars. Vid. Mars. 

MavortIa, an epithet applied to every conn- 
try whose inhabitants were warlike, but espe- 
cially to Rome, founded by the reputed son of 
?Javors, Virg. ^n. 1, 280, and to Thrace, Id. 
3. 13. 

Mauri, the inhabitants of Mauritania. Bo- 
chart derives the name from Mahur, or, as an 
elision of gutturals is very common in the ori- 
ental languages, from Maur, i. e. one from the 
west, or an occidental ist, Mauritania being west 
of Carthage and Phoenicia. 

Mauritania, a country of Africa, on the 
Mediterranean, now the empire of Fes and Mo- 
rocro. It was bounded on the north by the straits 
ol Gibraltar and the Mediterranean, on the east 
by Numidia, on the south by Gsetulia, and on 
the west by the Atlantic. It was, properly 
speaking, in the time of Bocchus, the ally and 
betrayer of Ju;:urtha bounded by the river Mo- 
lucha, or Molochath, .now Malva, and corre- 
sponded nearly to the present kinjjdom of Fes; 
but, in the time of the emperor -Claudius, the 
western part of Numidia was added to this pro- 
vince under the name of Mauritania Caesariensis, 
the ancient kingdom of Mauritania being called 
Tingitana, from its principal city Tingis, or Old 
Tangier, on the west o the straits. Plin. 5, 1. — 
Crrs. Bell. Civ. 1. 6. Bell. Afric. 22. -Mela, I, 5. 
3, 111. Vid. Mauri and Maurusii. 

Maurus. Vid. Terentianus. 

Maurusii, a poetical name for the people of 
Mauritania. 

MaUcsOLUS. a king of Caria. His wife Arte- 



misia WHS SO disconsolate at his death, which 
happened B. C. 353, that she drank up his asiies, 
and resolved to erect one of the grandest and 
noblest monuments of antiquity, to celebrate the 
memory of a husband whom she tenderly loved. 
This famous monument, which passed for one of 
the seven wonders of the world, was called 
Mausoleum, and from it all other magnificent 
sepulchres and tombs have received the same 
name. It was built by four different architects. 
Scopas erected the side which faced the east, 
Timotheus had the south, Leochares had ihe 
west, and Bruxis the north. Pi this w as also 
employed in raising a pyramid over this stately 
monument, and the top w as adorned by a chariot 
drawn by four horses. The expenses of this edi- 
fice were immense, and this gave an occasion t ) 
the philosopher Anaxagoras to exclaim, when he 
saw it, How much money changed into stones.' 
{Vid. Artemisia.) Herod. 7, bi). — Strah '4. - 
Diod. la.—Pam. 8, \6.—Flor. 4. U.~Gell. 10, 
IS.- Propert. 3, 2, 2].— Suet. Aug. 100. 

Maxentius, Marcus Aurelius Valerius, a se n 
of the emperor Maximianus Hercules. Some 
suppose him to have been a supposititious chihi. 
The voluntary abdication of Diocletian, and of 
his father, raised him in the state, and he de- 
clared himself independent emperor, or Augus- 
tus, A. D. 306. He afterwards incited his father 
to re-assume his imperial authoriiy, and in a 
perfidious manner destroyed Severus, who had 
delivered himself into his hands, and relied upon 
his honour for the safety of his life. His victo- 
ries and successes were impeded by Galerius 
Maximianas, who opposed him with a powerful 
force. The defeat and voluntary death of Gale- 
rius soon restored peace to Italy, and Maxentius 
passed into Africa, where he rendered himself 
odious by his cruelty and oppression. He soon 
after returned to Rome, and was informed that 
Constantine was come to dethrone him. He 
gave his adversary battle near Rome, and, after 
he had lost the victory, he fled back to the city. 
The bridge over which he crossed the Tiber was 
in a decayed state, and he fell into the river and 
was drowned, on the 24th of September, A. D. 
31i. The cowardice and luxuries of Maxentius 
are as conspicuous as his cruelties. He op- 
pressed his subjects with heavy taxes to gratify 
the cravings of his pleasures, or the avarice of 
his favourites. He was debauched in his man- 
ners, and neither virtue nor innocence were safe 
whenever he was innlined to vcluptuous pur- 
suits. He was naturally deformed, and of an 
unwieldy body. To visit a pleasure ground, or 
to exercise himself under a marble portico, or to 
walk on a shady terrace, was to him a Herculean 
labour, which required the greatest exertions of 
strength and resolution. 

Corn. Maxim iliana, a vestal virgin buried 
alive for incontinency, A. D. 92. 

Maximianus, Herculius Marcus Aurelius 
Valerius, a native of Sirmium, in Pannonia, who 
served as a common soldier in the Roman armies. 
When Diocletian had been raised to the impe- 
rial throne, he remembered the valour and cour- 
age of his fellow-soldier Maximianus, and re- 
warded his fidelity by making him his colleague 
in the empire, and by ceding to him the com- 
mand of the provinces of Italy, Africa, and Spain, 
and the rest of the western territories of Rome. 
Maximianus showed the justness of the choice of 
Diocletian by his victories over the barbarians. 
In Britain success did not attend his arms; but" 



MAX 



4S6 



MAX 



in Africa he defeated and put to death Aurelius 
julianus, who had prociaimeJ himseli emperor. 
Soon after Diocletian abdicated the imperial 
purple, and obliged Maximianus to follow his 
example, on the 1st of April, A. D. oOi. Maxi- 
mianus reluctantly complied « ith the command 
of a man to whom he owed his greatness; but, 
before the Srst year ol his resignation had elapsed, 
he was roused from his indolence and retreat by 
the ambition of his son Maxentius. He re-as- 
sumed the imperial dignity, and showed his in- 
gratitude to his son by wishing him to resign the 
sovereignty, and to sink into a private person. 
This proposal wai not only rejected with the 
contempt which it deserved, but the troops mu- 
tinied against Maximianus, and he fled for safely 
to Gaul, to the court of Constantine, to whom he 
gave his daughter Faustina in marriage. Here 
he again acted a perfidious character, and re-as- 
sumed the imperial power which his misfortunes 
had obliged him to relinquish. This offended 
Constantine. But, when upen violence seemed 
to frustrate the ambitious views of Maximianus, 
he had recourse to artifice. He prevailed upon 
his daughter Faustina, to leave the doors of her 
chamber open in ttie dead of night; and, when 
she promised laithfullj to execute his commands, 
he secretly introduced himself to her bed, where 
he stabbed to the heart the man who slept by the 
side of his daughter. This was not Constantine; 
Faustina, faithlul to her husband, had apprized 
him of her father s machinarions, and a eunuch 
had been placed in his bed. Constantine watched 
the motions of his father-in-law, and, when he 
heard the fatal blow given to the eunuch, he 
rushed in with a band of soldiers, and secured 
the assassin. Constantine resolved to destroy a 
man who was so inimical to his nearest relations, 
and nothing was left to Maximianus but to choose 
his own death. He strangled himself at Mar- 
seilles, A. D. 310, in the sixtieth year of his age. 
His body was found fresh and entire in a leaden 
ct-ffin about the middle of the eleventh century. 

Galerius Valerius, a native of Dacia. who, 

in the first years of his life, was employed in 
keeping his fathers floeks. He entered the 
army, where his valour and bodily strength re- 
commended him to^the notice of his superiors, 
and particularly to i^iocletian, w ho invested him 
w ith the imperial purple in the east, and gave 
him his daughter Valeria in marriage, Galerius 
deserved the confidence of his benefactor. He 
conquered the Goths, and Dalmatians, and 
checked the insolence of the Persir.ns. In a 
battle, however, with the king of Persia, Gale- 
rius was defeated; and, to complete his igno- 
miny, and render him more sensible of his dis- 
grace, Diocletian obliged him to walk behind 
his chariot arrayed in his imperial robes. This 
humiliation stung Galerius to the quick; he as- 
sembled another army, and gave battle to the 
Persians, He gained a complete victory, and 
took the wives and children of his enemy. This 
success elated Galerius to such a degree, that he 
claimed the most d goiQed appellations, and 
ordered himself to be called the son of Mais. 
Diocletian himself dreaded his power, and even, 
it is said, abdicated the imperial dignity by means 
of his threats. This resignation, however, is at- 
tributed by some to a voluntary act of the mind, 
and to a desire of enjoying solitude and retire- 
ment. As soon as Diocletian had abdicated, 
Galerius was proclaimed Augustus, A. D. 30-1, 
but his cruelty soon rendered him odious, and 



the Roman people, ofiVnded at his oppression, 
raised Maxentius to the miperial dignity the fol- 
lowing year, and Galerius was obliged to yield 
to the t II rent of his unpopularity, and to fly 
befi>re his more fortunate adversary. He died 
in the greatest agonies, A. D. 311. "The bodily 
pains and suff"erings which preceded his death, 
were, according to the Christian writers, the 
effects of the vengeance of an offended Prov;-) 
dence for the cruelty which he had exercised- 
asainst the followers of Christ. In his character^ 
Galerius was wanton and tyrannical, and he 
often feasted his ej'es with the sight of dying 
wretches, whom his barbarity had delivered to 
bears and other wild beasts. His aversion to 
learned men arose from his ignorance ot letters; 
and, if he was deprived of the benefits of educa- 
tii n, he proved the more cruel and the n-.ore 
inexorable. Lactant. de M. P. 33, — Eu^cbius 
8, 16. 

Maxim IN US, Caius Julius Verus, the son ot 
a peasant in Thrace, He was originally a shep- 
herd, and, by heading his countrymen against 
the frequent attacks of the neighbouring barbar- 
ians and robbers, he inured himself to the 
labours and to the fatigues of a camp. He 
entered the Roman armies, where he gradually 
rose to the first offices; and on the death of Alex- 
ander Severus he caused himself to be pro- 
claimed emperor, A. D. 235. The popularity 
which he had gained when general of the armies, 
was at an end w hen he ascended the throne. He 
was delighted with acts of the greatest barbarity, 
and no less than 400 persons lost their lives on 
the false suspicion of having conspired against 
the emperors life. They died in the greatest 
torments, and, that the tyrant might the better 
entertain himself with their sufferings, some 
were exposed to wild beasts, others expired by 
blows, some were nailed on crosses, while others 
w ere shut up in the bellies of animals just killed. 
The noblest of the Roman citizens were the 
objects of his cruelty; and, as if they were more 
conscious than others of his mean origin, he re- 
solved to spare no means to remove from his 
presence a number of men whom he looked 
upon with an eje of envy, and who, as he 
imagined, hated him for his oppression, and 
despised him for the poverty and obscurity of 
of his early years. Such is the character of the 
suspicious and tyrannical Maximinus. In his 
military capacity he acted with the same ferocity; 
and, in an expedition in Germany, he not only 
cut dow n the corn, but he totally ruined and set 
fire to the whole country, to the extent of 4jO 
miles. Such a monster of tyranny, at last pro- 
voked the peoile of Rome. The Gordians 
were proclaimed emperors, but their innocence 
and pacific virtues were unable to resist the 
fury of Maximinus. After their fall, the Roman 
senate invested twenty men of their number 
with the imperial dignity, and intrusted into 
their hands the care of the republic. These 
measures so highly irritated Maximinus, that, at 
the first intelligence, he howled like a wild 
beast, and almost destroyed himself by knocking 
his head against the walls of his palace. When 
his fury was abated, he marched to Rome, re- 
solved on slaughter. His bloody machinations 
were stopped, and his soldiers, ashamed of ac- 
companying a tyrant who.<e cruelties had pro- 
cured him the name of Busiris, Cyclops, and 
Phalaris, assassinated him in his tent before the 
walls of Aquileia, A. D, 236, in the 65tb year o. 



MAX 



437 



MAX 



his age. The news of his death was received 
with the greatest rejoicings at Rome, public 
thanksgivings were offered, and whole heca- 
tombs flamed on the altars. Maximinus has 
been represented by historians as of a gigantic 
I stature, he was eight feet high, and the bracelets 
of his wife served as rings to adorn the fingers 
' of his hand. His voracity was as remarkable as 
his corpulence, he generally ate forty pounds of 
I flesh every day, and drank eighteen bottles of 
wine. His strength was proportionable to his 
I size; he could alone draw a loaded wagon, 
i and, with a blow of his fist, he often broke the 
j teeth in a horse s mouth; he crushed the hardest 
stones between his fingers, and cleft trees with 
I his hand. Herodianus. — Jornand. de Reb. Get. 

— Capitol. Maximinus made his son of the same 
I name, emperor, as soon as he was invested with 
the purple, and his choice was unanimously 
I approved by the senate, by the people, and by 

I the army. Galerius Valerius, a shepherd of 

I Thrace, who was raised to the imperial dignity 
j by Diocletian, A. D. 305. He was nephew to 
Galerius Maximianus, by his mother's side, and 
I to him he was indebted for his rise and conse- 
i quence in the Roman armies. As Maximinus 
I vi&s ambitious and fond of power, he looked with 
an eye of jealousy upon those who shared the 
dignity of emperor with himself. He declared 
war against Licinius, his colleague on the 
I throne, but a defeat, which soon after followed, 
on the 30th of April, A. D. 313, between Hera- 
' clea and Adrianopolis, left him without re- 
sources and without friends. His victorious 
enemy pursued him, and he fled beyond mount 
Taurus, forsaken and almost unknown. He 
attempted to put an end to his miserable exis- 
tence, but his efforts were ineffectual, and, 
I though his death is attributed by some to despair, 
! ii is more universally believed that he expired 
in the greatest agonies, of a dreadful distemper 
which consumed him, day and night, with inex- 
pressible pains, and reduced him to a mere 
skeleton. This miserable end, according to the 
ecclesiastical writers, was the visible punishment 
of heaven, for the barbarities which Maximinus 
had exercised against the followers of Christian- 
ity, and for the many blasphemies which he had 

uttered. Lactant. — Euseb. A minister of the 

emperor Valerian. One of the ambassadors of 

young Theodosius to Attila, king of the Huns. 

Maximus, Magnus, a native of Spain, who 
proclaimed himself emperor, A. D. 383. The 
unpopularity of Gratian favoured his usurpation, 
and he was acknowledged by his troops. Gra- 
tian marched against him, but he was defeated, 
and soon after assassinated. Maximus refused 
the honours of a burial to the remains of Gra- 
j tian; and, when he had made himself master of 
I Britain, Gaul, and Spain, he sent ambassadors 
into the east, and demanded of the emperor 
Theodosius to acknowledge him as his associate 
on the throne. Theodosius endeavoured to 
amuse and delay him, but Maximus resolved to 
support his claim by arms, and crossed the Alps. 
Italy was laid desolate, and Rome opened her 
pates to the conqueror. Theodosius now de- 
termined to revenge the audaciousness of Maxi- 
I mus, and had recourse to artifice. He began to 
' make a naval armament, and Maximus, not to 
appear inferior to his adversary, had already 
embarked his troops, when Theodosius, by secret 
and hastened marches, fell upon him, and be- 
sieged him at Aquileia. Maximus was betrayed 



by his soldiers, and the conqueror, moved with 
compassion at the sight of his lallen and dejectt^d 
enemy, granted him life; but the multitude re- 
fused him mercy, and instantly stiuck off his 
head, A. D. 3S8. His son Victor, who shared 
the imperial dignity with him, was soon after 

sacrificed to the fury of the soldiers. Petro- 

nius, a Roman, descended of an illustrious 
family. He caused Valentinian III. to be as- 
sassinated, and ascended the throne ; and to 
strengthen his usurpation, he married the em- 
press, to whom he had the weakness and impru- 
dence to betray that he had sacrificed her hus- 
band to his love for her person. This declara- 
tion irritated the empress; she had recourse to 
the barbarians to avenge the death of Valentin- 
ian, and Maximus was stoned to death by his 
soldiers, and his body thrown into the Tiber, 
A. D. 455. He reigned only seventy-seven days. 

Tyrius, a native of Tyre, distinguished for 

his eloquence, and who obtained some degree of 
celebrity also as a philosopher of the New- Pla- 
tonic school. According to Suidas, he lived 
under Commodus ; but, according to Eusebius 
and Syncellus, under Antoninus Pius. The ac- 
counts of these chronologers may be reconciled, 
by supposing that Maximus flourished under 
Antoninus, and reached the time of Commodus. 
Although he was frequently at Rome, he pro- 
bably spent the greater part of his time in 
Greece. Several writers suppose him to have 
been the preceptor, of whom the emperor Marcu* 
Antoninus speaks under the name of Maximus; 
but it is more probable, that this was some other 
philosopher of the Stoical sect. That Maximus 
Tyrius possessed the most captivating powers of 
eloquence, sufficiently appears from his elegant 
Dissertations. They are for the most part written 
upon Platonic principles, but sometimes lean 
towards scepticism. The best edition of them is 
that of Davies, Lond. 1740, 4to, enriched with 
some excellent observations by Markland. It 
had been preceded by a smaller edition in 8vo, 
Cantab. 1703, also by Davies. The larger edi- 
tion was reprinted at Leipsic in 1774, in 2 vols. 

8vo, under the editorial care of Reiske. A 

native of Ephesus, and philosopher of the New- 
Platonic school. According to Eunapius, he was 
appointed by the emperor Constantius preceptor 
to Julian, surnamed the Apostate; but according 
to the Christian historians, he introduced him- 
self to that emperor at Nicomedia, either while 
he was pursuing his studies there, or during his 
expedition into the east. Whichever account be 
true, it is certain he was a great favourite with 
Julian, and had such an influence over his mind, 
as to excite io him the most determined hatred 
to Christianity, while he inspired him with an 
ardent attachment and enthusiasm in favour of 
heathen superstitions, and the practice of pre- 
tended magical arts. Such, at length, was tlif 
folly of the deluded emperor, that he seemed to 
place an entire confidence in the predictions of 
Maximus. When the emperor designed to make 
war against Persia, he had recourse to his divi 
nations, which flattered him with the idea, that 
he was born to rival Alexander in the glory of 
conquest. The event showed the vanity of the 
prophet, and the emperor fell a sacrifice to liis 
credulity. During the reign of Jovian, Maximus 
was treated with respect; but under the govern- 
ment of Valentinian and Valens he was seized 
and prosecuted for the crime of magic, of which 
he was convicted and sentenced to a long iui- 
i 2 0^ 



438 



MED 



prisonitient. In 373, he was put to death by the 
jirocdnsul Festus, the distinguished minister ut 
the emperor Valens' cruellies. Amm. Marcell. 
29, i.~Socrat. Wat. Eccles. 3, 1- An eccle- 
siastical writer, at first chief secretary to the 
emperor Heraclius, and afterwards abbot of a 
monastery at Chrysopolis, near Constantinople. 
The Greek church have numbered him among 
the confessors, from his having resisted all the 
attempts that were made to draw him over to the 
Monothelites, for which he was banished to Col- 
chis, where he died A. D. ti62. Among other 
works, we have from him a species of Antliology, 
divided in;o seventy-one chapters, and entitlea 

Kt(pa.\uL3. Qs'jXoyiKa. tjtoi ixXoyai in haipopaiv ^i^Xituf 
riay ts kuO rjua; rSiv dvpaesv. It differs from 

the Anthology of Stobaeus, in containing selec- 
tions also Irom the scriptures and from ecclesias- 
tical writers. Tne works of Maximus were 

edited by C tmbefis, 2 vols. fol. Paris, 1675. 

An ecclesiastical writer, a bishop of Turin (Au- 
gusta Taurinorum), who died subsequently to 
•i&o A. D. He was one of the most eloquent 
speakers of the western church. Many of his 

homilies remain. Paulus Fabius, a consul 

with M. Antony's son. Horace speaks of him. 
O, od. 1, 10,) as of a gay handsome youth, lond 
of pleasure, yet iniiustrious and indelaiigable. 

An epithet applied to Jupiter, as being the 

greatest and most powerful of all the gods. A 

native ot Sirniium, in Pannonia. He was ori- 
ginally a gardener, but, by enlisting in the Ro- 
man army, he became one of the military tri- 
bunes, and his marriage with a woman of rank 
and opulence soon rendered him independent. 

He was father to the emperor Frobus A 

gt'neral ot Trajan, killed in the eastern pro- 
vinces. 

Mazaca rid. Caesarea ad Argseum. 

MAZAC.5i, a people of Sarmatia, in the vicin- 
ity of the Paulus Maeotis. Plin. 6, 7. 

Mazakes, a satrap of Media, who reduced 
Priene under the power of Cyrus. Herod. 1, 

Mazices. a people of Mauritania Caesarien- 
sis, also called by some wrirers, Mazyes, and 
Machmes. Ammian. M.ircsll. '29, 25. Suet. 
\er. 31. 

Mecenas or Meccenas, C. Ciluius, a cele- 
brated Roman kuight. descended from the kings 
i)f Etruria. He has rendered himself immortal 
by his liberal patronage of learned men and of 
letters; and to his prudence and advice Augus- 
tus acknowledged himself indebted for the secur- 
ity which he enjoyed. His fondness for pleasure 
removed him from the reach of ambition, snd 
he preferred living, as he was bom, a Roman 
knight, to all the honours and dignities which 
either the friendship of Augustus or his own 
popularity, could heap upon him. It was from 
the result of his advice, against the opinion of 
Agrippa, that Augustus resolved to keep the 
supreme power in his hands, and not by a vol- 
untary resignation to plunge Rome into civil 
commotions. The emperor received the private 
admonitions of Maecenas in the same friendly 
manner as they were given, and he was not dis- 
pleased with the liberty of his friend, who threw 
a paper to him with these words. Descend from 
fJie tribunal, thou butcher! while he sat in the 
judgmei t seat, and betrayed revenge and im- 
patience in his countenance. He was struck 
with the admonition, and left the tribunal 
without passing sentence of death on the 
criminals. To the interference of Meccenas 



Virgil owed the restitution of his lands, and 
Horace was proud to boast that his learned 
friend had obtained his forgiveness from the 
emperor, for joining the cause of Brutus at the 
battle of Philippi. Meccenas was himself fond 
of literature, and, according to the most received 
opinion, he w rote a history of animals, a journal 
of the life of Augustus, a treatise on the different 
natures and kinds of precious stones, besides the 
two tragedies of Octavia and Prometheus, acl 
other things, all now lost. He died eight yeara 
before Ciiriit; and, on his death-bed he particii- 
larly recommended his poetical friend Horace to 
the care and confidence of Augustus. Seneca, 
who has liberally commended the genius and 
abilities of Meccenas, has not withheld his cen 
sure from his dissipation, indolence, and effemi- 
nate luxury. From the patronage and encour- 
agement which the princes of heroic and lyric 
poetry among the Latins, received from the 
favourite of Augustus, all patrons of literature 
have ever since been called yjecceiiaies. Virgil 
dedicated to him h:s Georgics, and Horace his 
odes Suet, in Aug. 66, ^ c.—Plut. in Aug. — 
Herodian. 7 — Soicc. ep 19 et 9J. 

Mechaneus, a surname ot Jupiter, from his 
patronizing undertakmg>. 

Mecistels. son of Echius, or Talaus, was 
one of the companions of Ajax. He was killed 
by Polydamas. Homer. 11. G, 28. 8, 333. 15, 339. 
A son of Lycaoii. ApoUod. 

Medea, a celebrated magician, daughter of 
^Setes, king of Colchis. Her mother's name, 
according to the more received opinion of Hesiud 
and Hyginus. was Idyia, or according to others, 
Ephyre, Hecate, Asterodia, Antiope, and Neraea. 
She was the niece of Circe. When Jason came 
to Colchis in quest of the golden fleece, Medea 
became enamoured of him, nv.d it was to her 
well-directed labours that the Argonauts owed 
their preservation. Fid. Jason and Arjro- 
nautae.] Medea had an interview w ith her lover 
in the temple of Hecate, where they bound 
themselves by the most solemn oaths, and mutu- 
ally promised eternal fidelity. No sooner had 
Jason overcome all the diflficulties which ^etes 
had placed in his way, than Medea embarked 
with the conquerors for Greece. To stop the 
pursuit of her father, she tore to pieces her 
brother Absyrtus, and left his mangled limbs in 
the way, through which ^eies was to pass. 
This act of barbarity some have attributed to 
Jason and not to her. When Jason reached 
lolchos, his native country, the return and vic- 
tories of the Argonauts were celebrated with 
universal rejoicings; but ^i^son, the father of 
Jason, was unable to assist at the solemnity, on 
account of the infirmities of his age. Medea, at 
her husband's request, removed the weakness of 
Mson, and by drawing away the blood from his 
veins, and filling them again with the juice of 
certain herbs, she restored him to the vigour and 
sprightliness af youth. This sudden change in 
^son astonished the inhabitants of lolchos, and 
the daughters of Pelias were also desirous to see 
their father restored, by the same power, to the 
vigour of youth. Medea, willing to revenge the 
injuries w hich her husband's family had suflfered 
from Pelias, increased their curiosity, and by 
cutting to pieces an old ram and making it 
again, in their presence, a young lamb, she 
totally determined them to try the same experi- 
ment upon their father's body. They accord- 
ingly killed him of their own accord, and boiled 



MED 



4S9 



MED 



his flesh in a caldron, but Medea refused to per- 
form the same friendly offices to Peiias which she 
had done to ^son, and he was consumed by the 
heat of the fire, and even deprived of a burial. 
This action greatly irritated the people of lol- 
chos, and Medea, with her husband, fled to Co- 
rinth to avoid the resentment of an offended 
populace. Here they lived for ten years with 
much conjugal tenderness; but the love of Jason 
for Glauce, the king's daughter,, at last inter- 
rupted their mutual harmony, and Medea was 
divorced. Medea revenged the infidelity of Jasou 
by causing the death of Glauce, and the destruc- 
tion ot her family. (Fid. Glauce.) This action 
was followed by another still more atrocious. 
Medea killed two of her children in their father's 
presence, and, when Jason attempted to punish 
the barbarity of the mother, she fled through the 
air upon a chariot drawn by winged drajjons. 
From Corinth Medea came to Athens, where, 
alter she had undergone the necessary purifica- 
tion of her murder, she married king iEgeus, or, 
according to others, lived in an adulterous man- 
ner with him. From her connexion with ^'Egeus 
Medea had a son, who was called Medus. .Soon 
after, when Theseus wished to make himseli 
known to his father, (Firf. ^Egeus,) Medea, jea- 
lous of his fame, and fearful of his power, at- 
tempted to poison him at a feast which had beexi 
prepared for his entertainment. Her attempts, 
however, failed of success, and the sight of the 
sword which Theseus wore by his side, convinced 
iEgeus that the stranger against whose life he 
had so basely conspired was no other than his 
own son. The father and the son were recon- 
ciled, and Medea, to avoid the punishment which 
her wickedness deserved, mounted her fiery 
chariot, and disappeared through the air. She 
came to Colchis, where, according to some, she 
was reconciled to Jason, who had sought her in 
her native country after her sudden departure 
from Corinth. She died at Colchis, as Justin 
mentions, when she had been restored to the 
confidence of her family. After death she mar- 
ried Achilles in the Elysian fields, according to 
the traditions mentioned by Simonides. The 
murder of Mermerus and Pheres, the youngest 
of Jason's children by Medea, is not attributed 
to their mother, according to ^lian, but the 
Corinthians themselves assassinated them in the 
temple of Juno Acraea. To avoid the resentment 
of the gods, and to deliver themselves from the 
pestilence which visited their country after so 
horrid a massacre, they engaged the poet Euri- 
pides, for five talents, to write a tragedy, which 
cleared them of the murder, and represented 
Medea as the cruel assassin of her own children. 
And besides, that this opinion might be the better 
credited, festivals were appointed, in which the 
mother was represented with all the barbarity of 
a fury murdering her own sons. {Fid. Hersea.) 
Apollod. 1, 9.— Hijgin. fab. 21, 22, 23, 8ic.~Plut. 
in Thes.— /Elian. V. H 5, 2\.—Eurip. in Med.— 
Ovid. Met. 7, fab. 1. in Med.— Cic. de Nat. D. b, 
I'J. 

Medesicaste, a daughter of Priam, who 
mariied Imbrius son of Mentor, who was killed 
by Tencer during the Trojan war. Homer. II 
13. 1/ 2. - Apollod. 3. 

Media, an ex«:ensive country of Asia, bounded 
on the south by Susiana and Persis, on the west 
by Assyria, on the north by Armenia and the 
Caspian sea, and on the east by Hyrcania and 
Parthia. It corresponded nearly with the modern 



province of Iraky or as it is sometimes called 
Irak Ajemi, in contradistinction to Irak Arabi. 
It is thought to have derived its name from Ma- 
dai, a descendant of Shem, though the Greeks 
asserted that it was called Aria, till Medus, the 
son of the enchantress Medea, gave ii the name 
of Media. The province of iViedia was first 
raised into a kingdom by its revolt from the As- 
syrian monarchy, B. C. 820; and after it had for 
some time enjoyed a kind of republican govern- 
ment, Deioces, by his artifice, procured himself 
to be called king, 7U(J B. C. After a reign of 
fifty-three years he was succeeded by Phraortes, 
B. C. 647; ^vho was succeeded by Cyaxares, B. C. 
625. His successor was Astyages, B. C. 583, in 
whose reign Cyrus became master of Medi.i, 
B. C. 551; and ever after the empire was trans- 
ferred to the Persians. The Medes were war- 
like in the primitive ages of their power; they 
I encouraged polygamy, and were remarkable for 
I the homage which they paid to their sovereigns, 
I who were styled kings of kings. This title was 
; alterwards adopted by their conquerors, the Per- 
sians, and it was still in use in the age of the 
Roman emperors. Justin. 1, 5. — Herod. 1, &c. 
— Polyb. 5 et IQ.—Curt. 5, 6ic.~Diod. Sic. 13. — 
Ctesias. 

Mediolanl'M, a city of Cisalpine Gaul, 
among the Insubres, now Milan. It was situate 
on a small river, now the Olona, in a beautiful 
■ plain between the Ticinus, or Ticino, and the 
Addua, or Adda. It was a flourishing city in 
the time of Strabo; towards the end of the fourth 
century, it ranked as the sixth town in the Ro- 
man empire; and a century and a half later, was 
considered inferior only to Rome in population 
and extent. Liv. 5, 34.— F/m. 3, \1.—Strab. 6. 

A city of the Santones in Gallia Aquitanica, 

now Saintes. A city of the Aulerci Eburovices, 

in Gallia Lugdunensis, now Evreux. A town 

of the Ordovices in Britain, near the present 
town of Ellesmeere. 

MEDiOMATRicES, a people of Gallia Belgica 
on the Mosella, or Moselle. The Treviri were 
their neighbours on the north. Their chief city 
was Divodurum, afterwards Mediomatrici, now 
Mets. Cces. B. G. 4, 10.- Plin. 4, \7.— Taat, 
Ann. 1, 63. Hist. 4, 70. 

Mediterrankum Mare, a sea which divides 
Europe and Asia Minor from Africa. It is 2300 
miles long, and between 4UU and 500 broad, and 
contains about 852,000 square miles. It receives 
its name from its situation, medio tetrce, situate 
in the middle of the land. It has a communica- 
tion with the Atlantic by the columns of Her- 
cules, and with the Euxine through the ^gean. 
The word Mediterraneum does not occur in the 
classics; but it is sometimes called internum, or 
nostrum, and is frequently denominated in Scrip- 
ture the Great Sea. The first naval power that 
ever obtained the command of it, as recorded in 
the fabulous epochs of the writer Castor, is Crete, 
under Minos. Afterwards it passed into the 
hands of the Lydians, B. C. 1179; of the Pelasgi, 
1058; of the ihracians. 1000; of the Rhodians, 
916; of the Phrygians, 893; of the Cyprians, 868; 
of the Phoenicians, 826; of the Egyptians, 787; of 
the Milesians, 753; of the Carians, 734; and of 
the Lesbians, 676, which they retained for sixty- 
nine years. According to the learned Buffon, 
the Mediterranean Sea was originally a lake of 
small extent, and had received, in remote ages, 
a sudden and prodigious increase, at the time 
Hhen the Black Sea optned a passage lor itself' 



MED 



440 



MEG 



throiish the Bosporus and at that period when 
the sinking of the land which united Europe to 
Africa, in the part that is now the straits of 
Gibraltar, permitted the water of the ocean to 
rush in. It was also his opinion that most of the 
islands of the Mediterranean made part of the 
continent, before the great convulsions that have 
taken place in this quarter. Sonnini, at his re- 
quest, and with a view to ascertain the correct- 
ness of this opinion, sounded the depth of the sea 
between Sicily and Malta, and found it from 
twenty-five to thirty fathoms, and, in the middle 
of the channel where the water is deepest, never 
exceeding a Imndred fathoms. On the other 
hand, between the island of Malta and Cape Bon 
in Africa there is less water, the lead indicating 
no more than from twenty-five to thirty fathoms 
throughout the whole breadth of the channel 
which separates the two lands. Horai. Od. 3, 3, 
A6.—Plin. t, 6S.~-Sallust. Jug. 17. — Cess. B G. 
5, 1 — Liv. 26, 42. 

MEDITRINA, the ffoddess of healing, whose 
festival, called Meditrinclia, was celebrated at 
Rome and throuahout Latium on the 5th day 
before the Ides of October. On this occasion 
new and old wine were poured out in libation, 
and tasted, " 3/edica;m?n/i cai/sa." Varrode L. 
L. 5, 3. 

MedoAci, a people of Venet;a, in Cisalpine 
Gaul. Stra',. 5. 

MEDOACUS, or Meduacus, Major, a river of 

Venetia, now the Brenla. Minor, a river of 

Venetia, now the BacchigUone, Both these 
rivers rise in the territory of the Euganei, and 
flow into the Adriatic below Venice. 

Medobriga, a city of Lusitania, south-west 
of Norba Caesarea, now Marvao. on the confines 
of Portugal. Cces. Bell. AJric. 48. 

Medon, son of Codrus, the 17th and last king 
of Athens, w as the first of the perpetual nrchons. 
( Fid. Codrus.) In the election Medon was pre- 
ferred to his brother Neleus, by the oracle of 
Delphi, and he rendered himself popular by the 
justice and moderation of his administration. 
His successors, twelve in number, were called 
from him Medonlidce, and the office of archon 
remained for above 200 years in the family of 

Codrus. Paus. 7, 2. — Paterc. 2, 2. A man 

killed in the Trojan war. ^neas saw him in 

the infernal regions. Firg. /En. 6, 483. A 

statuary of Lacedasmon, who made a famous 

statue of Minerva. Paus. 7, 17. One of the 

Centaurs, &c. Odd. Met. 12. 303. One of the 

Tyrrhene sailors changed into dolphins by Bac- 
chus. Id. Met. 3, 671. One of Penelope's 

suitors, whose life was spared by Ulysses, at the 
interference of Telemachus. Homer, Odyss. 22, 
3-56. 24, 433— Oi-?rf. Heroid. 1. 

Meduacus. P'id. Medoacus. 

MEDUANA, a river of Gallia Bel?ica, flowing 
into the Lijeris, or Loire, Now the M'lyenne. 
Lucan. 1, 438. 

Mrdcs, a river of Persis. falling into the 
Rogomanes; now the Abkuren, By the Mcdum 
fluinen in Horace is meant the Euphrates. Strab. 

'l6 — Cu)t. 5, A. — Herat. Od. 2, 9, 21. A son 

of .(Egeus and Med^a, who gave his name to a 
country of Asia. Medus. when arrived to years i 
of maturity, went to seek his mother, whom the ! 
arrival of Theseus in Athens had driven away, j 
[F/d. Medea.] He came to Colchis, where he, 
was seized by his uncle Perses, who usurped I 
the throne of I'Eetes, his mother's father, because 
the oracle had declared that Perses should be 



murdered by one of the grandsons of .Eetes. f 
Medus assumed another name, and called him- ' 
self Hippotes, son of Creon. Meanwhile Medea j 
arrived in Colchis, disguised in the habit of a I 
priestess of Diana, and when she heard that one 
of Creon's children was imprisoned, she resolved 
to hasten the destruction of a person whose j 
family she detested. To effect this with more ! 
certainty, she told the usurper, that Hippotes j 
was really a son of Medea, sent by his mother to 
murder him. She begged Perses to give her [ 
Hippotes, that she might sacrifice him to her 
resentment. Perses consented. Medea dis- ■ 
covered that it was her own son, and she in- I 
stantly armed him with the dagger which she 
had prepared against his life, and ordered him 
to stab the usurper. He obeyed, and, Medea 
discovered who she was. and made her son 
Medus sit on his grandfather's throne. Hesiod, 
Theog. 99i.— Paus. 2, S.—Apol'.od. \.— Justin. 42, | 
2 et 3. — Sencc. in Med.— Died. 4. 

Medusa, one of the three Gorcrons, diughter 
of Phcrcys and Ceto. She was the only one of ' 
the Gorgons who was subject to mortality. She ;. 
is celebrated for her personal charms and the 
beauty of her locks. Neptune became ena- 
moured of her, and ob'ained her favours in the 
temple of Minerva. This violation of the sanc- 
tity of the temple provoked Minerva, and she 
changed the beautiful locks of Medusa, which 
had inspired Neptune's love, into serpents. 
According to ApUodorus and others. Medusa i 
and her sisters came info the world with snakes 
on their heads, instead of hair, with yellow ^ 
wings and brazen hands. Their bodies were 
also covered with impenetrable scales, and their 
very looks had the power of killing or turning j 
to stones. Perseus rendered his name immortal 
by his conquest of Medusa. He cut off her head, j 
and the blood that dropped from the wound 
pr.iduced tne innumerable serpents that infest 
Africa The conqueror placed Medusa's head 
on the aegis of Minerva, which he had used in 
his expedition. The head still retained the ' 
same petrifying power as before, as it was fatally I 
known in the court of Cepheus. [Fid. Andro- \ 
meda.] Some suppose, that the Gorgons were 
a nation of women, whom Perseus conquered. 
[F/d. Gor^ones.] Apollod. 2, 4. — Hesiod. Theog. , 
278.- Olid. Met. 4. b]S.— Lucan. 9, 624.— Apol- 
Ion. 4 Hygin. fab. 151. et 164. A daugh- 
ter of Priam. A daughter of Sthenelus. 

Apollod. 

MegabIZUS, one of the noble Persians who 
conspired against the usurper Smerdis. He was 
set over an arm\; in Europe by kitig Darius, 
where he took Perinthus and conquered all 
Thrace. He was greatly esteemed by his sove- 
reign. Herod. 3, &c. A son of Zopyrus, 

satrap to Darius. He conquered Egypt, &c. ! 

/d. 3, 160 A satrap of Artaxerxes. He re- i 

volted from his king, and defeated two larjre ' 
armies that had been sent against him. The 
interference of his friends restored him to the 
king's favour, and he showed his attachment to 
Artaxerxes by killing a lion which threatened 
his life in hunting. This act of affection in 
Meffabyzus was looked upon with envy by the 
kin?. He was. discarded and afterwards recon- ' 
ciled to the monarch by means of his mother. I 
He died in the 7tith year of his age, B- C. 447, 
greatly regretted. Ctesias. 

MegacIvKS, an Athenian archon who in- 
volved the greatest part of the Athenians in the 



MEG 



441 



MEG 



snerilege which was commited in the conspiracy 
of Cylon. Plut. in Sol. 

MegaclIdes, a peripatetic philosopher in 
the age oi' Protagoras. 

Meg^RA, one of the Furies, daughter of Nox 
4nd Acheron. The word is derived from ^e- 
yaCpe.iv, inndere, odisse, and she is represented as 
employed by the gods like her sisters to punish 
the crimes of mankind, by visiting them with 
.diseases, with inward torments, and with death. 
Firg. ^n. 12, 846. Vid. Eumenides. 

MEGALE, the Greek name of Cybele, the 
mother of the gods, whose festivals were called 
Megalesia. 

MegalesIa, games in honour of Cybele, in- 
stituted by the Phrygians, and intioduced at 
Rome in the second Punic war, when the statue 
of the goddess was brought from Pessinus. Liv. 
29, 14.- Ovid. Fast. 4, 337. 

Megalta, or Megaris, a small island in the 
Bay of Naples, near Neapolis, on which the 
castle del Ovo now stands. Plin. 3, 6. — Colum. 
li. R. 10. 

Megalopolis, a town of Arcadia in Pelopon- 
nesus, built by Epaminondas, as a cheek upon 
the Spartans. It joined the Achaean league B. 
C. 232, and was taken and ruined by Cleo- 
nienes, king of Sparta. The inhabitants there- 
upon retired to Messenia. They afterwards re- 
turned to Arcadia, and, by the advice and urg- 
ing of Philopoemen, they rebuilt their city. 
Polybius states that next to Athens, it was the 
most splendid city of Greece. It is now Sinano. 
Pans. 8, 25, 27. et 32.-Diod. Sic. Vo.—Polyb. i, 
40. 2, 55. 10, 24. 24. 9. 

MegaNIRA, the wife of Celeus, king of Eleu- 
sis in Attica. She was mother to Triptolemus, 
to whom Ceres, as she travelled over Attica, 
taught agriculture. She received divine hon- 
ours after death, and had an altar raised to her 
near the fountain where Ceres had first been 
seen when she arrived in Attica. Paus. 1, 39. 

MEGAPENTHES, an illegitimate son of Mene- 
laus, who, after his father's return from the Tro- 
jan war, was married to a dau;shter of Alector, 
a native of Sparta. His mother's name was 
Teridae, a slave of Meneiaus. Homer. Ojyss. 4, 
8. - ApoUod. 3- 

MegaRA, a daughter of Creon, king of 
Thebes, given in marriage to Hercules, because 
he had delivered the Thebans from the tyranny 
of the Orchomenians. [Vid. Erginus.] When 
Hercules went to hell by order of Eurystheus 
violence was offered to Megara by Lycus. a 
Theban exile, and she would have yielded to 
her ravisher, had not Hercules returned that 
moment and punished him with death. This 
murder displeased Juno, and she rendered Her- 
cules so delirious, that he killed Megara and the 
three children he had by her in a fit of madness, 
thinking them to be w ild beasts. Some say that 
Megara did not perish by the hand of her hus- 
band, but that he afterwards married her to his 
friend Tolas. The names of Megara's children 
by Hercules were Creontiades, Therimachus, 
and Deicoon. Hyqin. fah. ^2. — ApoUod. 2, 6. 

Megara, {cb, and pi. orum,) a city of Greece, 
the capital of a district called Megaris, not far 
from the shores of the Sinus Saronicus, with 
which it communicated by means of its port 
Nisaea. It possessed considerable splendour, | 
and was defended by two citadels on the hills i 
above it the walls of which were destroyed by 
Mmos, but restored by Alcathous, the son of^ 



j Pelops, with the arsistance of Apollo. Its im- 
j portance gradually diminished with that of the 
neighbouring cities, till at last, in the days of 
Alaric, its destruction was completed. It was 
equidistant from Athens and Corinth, and was 
the only Grecian city which Hadrian did not re- 
store, in consequence of its inhabitants having 
murdered an Athenian herald. It was cele- 
brated for the Megaric school of philosophy 
founded by Euclid, a disciple of Socrates, who, 
when the Athenians had forbidden all the in- 
habitants of Megara on pain of death to enter 
their city, disguised himself in women's clothes 
that he might attend the lectures of his master. 
Slrub. 9. — Cic. Orat. 3, 17. Acad. 2, 42.— P«ms. 

1, 46. A city of Sicily, founded by a colony 

from Megara in Greece. Vid. Hybla. 

Megareus, the father of Hippomenes, was 
son of Onchestus. According to Hyginus he was 
son of Neptune and OEnope, and he married 
Merope. Ovid. Met. 10, 605 — Hygin. fab. 157 

et 185. A son of Creon, who defended Thebes 

against Adrastus and the Argives. Msch. ante 
Theb. 3, 1. A son of Apollo, 

Megaris, a small territory of Greece, lying 
to the west and north-west of Attica. It is said 
to have obtained its name from Megareus, a son 
of Apollo, or Neptune, who was buried there. 
It is represented as an existing kingdom at a very 
early period. Pjlas, one of its sovereigns, abdi- 
cated his crown in favour of Pandion, son of 
Cecrops, king of Athens, by which event Me- 
garis became annexed to the latter state, and is 
therefore not mentioned by Homer, who includes 
its inhabitants under the general title of lonians. 
The government of Megaris, w as, by the advice 
of an oracle, changed to a republican form, but 
still dependent on the Athenians, from whom, 
however, il was wrested in itie reign of their last 
king Codrus, by a Peloponnesian force; and a 
colony having been established there by the Co- 
rinthians and Messenians, it ceased to be con- 
sidered as of Ionian origin, assuming the lan- 
guage and political institutions of a Dorian 
republic. Some time after this, it was engaged 
in a war with Athens about the possession of 
Salamis, which, alter an obstinate c< ntest, it was 
obliged to resign to the latter power. During 
the Peloponnesian war, and in the times ante- 
rior to it, it was exposed to the intrigues and 
tumultuous factions engendered by such a strug- 
gle, but yet maintained its affected independence 
amidst them all. The cause of this was no doubt 
to be found in the jealous rivalry of the powerful 
rations by whom it was surrounded; this en- 
abled it to retain its independence and to live in 
peace, though possessing but an insignificant 
force, and constantly threatened by the armies 
of Peloponnesus, Athens, and Thebes. Paus. 1, 
39. 4(1 et — Strut. d. — Phucijd. 4, 66, &c.— 
Isocr. de l ace. 

Megasthenes, a Greek historian and geo- 
graphical writer in the age of Seleucus Nicator, 
king of Syria, about 300 years before Christ. He 
was sent by Seleucus to Palibothra in India, to 
renew and confirm a previous treaty with San- 
drocottus, monarch of the Prasii. He remained 
there many years, and after his return, he wrote, 
under the title of Indica {'UUku), an account of 
whatever he had seen or heard during his travels. 
His work is lost; but Strabo, Josephus, Arrian, 
and Lilian, have preserved some fragments of 
it. He was the first who niade the western na- 
tions acquainted with the countries beyond the 



MEG 



442 



MEL 



(ianges, and with the mannt^is ( f their iiihnbi- 
tasits. Strabo has decrej^d biro as a fabulous 
writer, but often unjustly; and Robertson, on the 
other hand, has acknowledged the utility and 
justice of many of the ob;ervations made by 
Mt^gasthenes. 

Megks, one of Helen's suitors, governor of 
Dulichlum and of the Echinades He went with 
forty ships to the Trojan war. Homer. II. 2. 

Megilla, a native of Locris. remarkable for 
her beauty, and mentioned bv Horace, Od. 1, 
27, 11. 

MegiSTA, an island of Lycia, with a har- 
bour of the same name. Liv. 37, 22. 

Megistias, a soothsayer who told the Spar- 
tans that defended Thermopylse, that they all 
should perish. See. Herod. 7, 219, &c. 

Mela Pompontus, a geographical writer, 
was a native of Spain, and flourished A. D. 45. 
His great work, entitled *'£)e Situ Orbis," di- 
vided into three books, is written with elegance, 
great perspicuity, and brevity. The best edi- 
tions are, that of Gronovius, Svo, Lugd. Bat. 
1748, and that of Tzschucke, 7 vols. 8vo, Lips. 
1807. 

Mel^EN^, a village of Attica. Stat. Theb. 
12, 619. 

Melampus, a celebrated soothsayer and phy- 
sician of Argos. son of Amyth^ion and Idomenea, 
or Dorippe. He lived at Pylos in Peloponne- 
sus. His servants once killed two large ser- 
pents which had made their nests at the bottom 
of an oak, and Melampus paid so much regard 
to these two reptiles, that he raised a funeral 
pile and burned them upon it. He also took 
particular care of their young ones, and fed them 
w i;h milk. Some time after this the young ser- 
pents crept to Melampus as he slept on the grass 
near the oak, and. as il sensible of the favours of 
their benefactor, they wantonly played around 
him, and softly licked his ears. This awoke 
Melampus, who was astonished at the sudden 
charge which his senses had undergone. He 
found himself acquainted with the chirping of 
the birds, and with all their rude notes, as they 
flew around him. He took advantage of this 
supernatural gif , and soon made himself perfect 
in the knowledge of futurity, and Apollo also 
instructed him in the art of medicine. He had 
S">on after the happiness of curing the daughters 
of Proelus, by giving them, hellebore, which from 
this circumstance has been called ynelampodium, 
and as a reward for his trouble he married the 
eldest of these princesses. {Vid. Proetides.) 
The tyranny of his uncle Neleus. king of Pylos, 
obliged him to leave his native country, and 
PrcEtus, to show himself more sensible of his 
services, gave him part of his kingdom, over 
which he established himself. About this time 
the personal charms of Pero. the daughter of 
Neleus. had gained many admirers, but the 
father promised his daughter only to him who 
brought into his hands the oxen of Iphiclus. 
This condition displeased many; but Bias, who 
was also one of her admirers, engaged his brother 
Melampus to steal the oxen, and deliver them to 
him. Melampus was caught in the attempt, 
and imprisoned, and nothing but his services as 
a soothsayer and physician to Iphiclus would 
have saved him from death. All this pleaded 
in favour of Melampus, but when he had taught 
the childless Iphiclus how to become a father, 
he not only obtained his liberty, but also the 
oxen, and with them he compelled Neleus to 



give Pero in marriage to Bias. A severe dis- i 
temper, which had rendere 1 the women of Argos ' 
insane, was totally removed by Melampus, and 
Anaxagoras who then sat on the throne, rewarded 
his merit by giving him part of his kingdom, 
where he established himseif, and where his 
posterity reigned during six successive genera- \ 
tions. He received divine honours after death, 
and temples were raised to his memorv. Homer. 
Od. 11. 2S7. 1.^), 223. -Herod. 2 et 9'—ApoUod. \ 

2, 2.- Pans. 2, IS. 4, d.-Virg. G. 3, 530 1 

The father of Cisseus and Gyas. Virg. ^n. 10. j 

A son of Priam. ApoUo'd. 3. One of Ac- 

taeon's dogs. Ovid. Met. 3, '^07- ; 

Melanch.s;tes, one of Aeta»on's dogs, so 
called from his black hair. Ovid. Met. 3. 

MELANCHLiENI, a people near the Cimme- j 
rian Bosporus, so called from their black gar- < 
ments. 

Melanippr, a daughter of ^olus who had | 
two children by Neptune, for which her father 
put out both her eyes, and confined her in a 
prison. Her children, called Boeotus and ^Eolus, 
who had been exposed and preserved, delivered 
her from confinement, and Neptune restored 
her to her eyesight. She afterwards married 
Metapontus, whose wife Theano had wished to 
adopt her two sons, and afterwards attempted to 
murder them. This story employed the pen of 
Euripides, and likewise that of Accius. who both 
made it the subject of a tragedy. Hygin, fab. 

186. — Cic. Off. 1, 31. A nymph who married 

Itonus, son of Amphictyon, by whom she had 
Boeotus, who gave his name to BcEOtia. Paus. 
9, 1. 

MELANIFPIDES, a Greek poet about 520 years 
before Christ. His grandson, of the same name, , 
flourished about sixty years after at the court of 
Perdiccas the second, of Macedonia. Some j 
fragments of their poetry are extant. 

Melanippcs. a son of Astacus, one of the 
Theban chiefs who defended the gates of Thebes 
against the army of Adrastus king of Argos. 
He was opposed by Tydeus. whom he slightly ' 
wounded, and at last was killed by Amphiaraus, | 
who carried his head to Tydeus. Tydeus, to i 
take revenee of the wound he had received, bit 
the head with such barbarity, that he swallowed ; 
the brains, and Minerva, offended with iiis con- I 
duct, took away the herb which she had given 
him to cure his wound, and he died. ApoUod. \ 

1. S.—JEschyl. ante Theb.—Paus. 9, IS. A i 

Trojan killed by Antilochus in the Trojan war. | 

Homsr. II. 15. 545. Another killed bv Patro- | 

clus. 76.16,694. Another killed by 'Teucer. ! 

lb. 8, 276. I 
MELANTHirs, an Athenian tragic poet,*of j 
inferior reputation, a contemporary of Aristo- ' 

phanes. Aristoph. Aves, 151. Pax, 974. A j 

celebrated painter of Sicyon. Plin. 35, 7. A i 

goat-herd of Ulysses who assisted Penelope's I 
suitors in the plunder of his master's property. { 
He shared the fate of the suitors, but as he had ' 
insulted Ulysses, he was the last put to death, I 
' after enduring several indignities. Homer. Od, 
' 17, 212. 20, 174. 22. 135.-'Oi'/d. Heroid. 1, 95. ' 

! An academic philosopher, a disciple of Car- i 

: neades. of whom Cicero speaks with eulogiiim. r 
I Acad 4. 6. 

MelaxtHO, a daughter of Proteus, ravished 
■ by Neptune under the form of a dolphin. O' icf. | 

j Met. 6, 12. One of Penelope s women, sister l 

! to Melanthius. She followed the example of 
\ her brother in her abuse of the confidence of her 



MEL 



4i3 



M F. L 



mistress and the plunder of her property, and 
she was likewise put to death. Homer. II, J8, 
&;c. Od. 18, 320. J 9, 65. 

Melanthus, a son of Andropompus, whose 
ancestors were kings of Pylos. He was driven 
from his paternal kingdom by the Heraclidae, 
and came to Athens, where king Thymoetes 
resigned the crown to him, provided he fought a 
battle against Xanthus, a general of the Boeo- 
tians, who made war against him. He fought 
and conquered {^Vid. Apaturia), and his family, 
surnamed the NeleidoB, sat on the throne of 
Athens, till the age of Codrus. He succeeded 
to the crown 1 128 years B. C. and reigned thirty- 
seven years. Patfs. 2, 18. 

Melas, a deep gulf formed by the Thra- 
cian coast on the north-west, and the shore of 
the Chersonese on the south-east; its appellation 

in modern geography is the gulf of Saros. A 

river of Thrace, now the Cavatcha, running into 
the Sinus Melas at its north-eastern extremity. 

Heiod. 7, bS.—Uv. 38, 40.— P/m. 4,11. A 

river of Thessaly, in the vicinity of the town of 

Trachis. Herod. 7, m.-Liv. 37, 24. A small 

river of Boeotia, near Orchomenus, emptying 
itself into the lake Copais. It derived its name 
from the word ^usXaj niger, owing to the property 
it possessed of dying wool and other things of a 
black colour. On its banks grew those reeds so 
much esteemed by the Greeks for making flutes 
and other wind instruments. Paus. 9, 38. — 

Plin. 2, lUS.—Pmd. Pyth. 12, 42. A river of 

Cappadocia, rising on the northern side of mount 
Argaeus, and falling into the Euphrates near the 
city of Melitene. Its modern name is Koremoz, 

or Karasou. A river of Pamphylia, rising in 

the range of mount Taurus, to the west of Ho- 
monada, and running into the sea between Side 
and Coracesium. It formed originally the boun- 
dary between Pamphylia and Cilicia. It is now 
the Menavgut-su. Strab. 14.— Plin. 5, 27. 

Meld^, or Meldorum Urbs, a city of 
Gaul, now Meaux. Cess. B. G. 5, 5. — Plin. 4, 
13. 

Meleager, a celebrated hero of antiquity, 
son of (Eneus king of JEtolia, by Althaea daugh- 
ter of Thestius. The Parcae were present at the 
moment of his birth, and predicted his future 
greatness. Clotho said, that he would be brave 
and courageous; Lachesis foretold his uncom- 
mon strength, and Atropos declared that he 
should live as long as that firebrand, which was 
on the fire, remained entire and unconsumed. 
Althaea no sooner heard this, than she snatched 
the stick from the fire, and kept it with the most 
jealous care, as the life of her son was destined 
to depend upon its preservation. The fame of 
Meleager increased with his years; he signa- 
lized himself in the Argonautic expedition, and 
afterwards delivered his country from the neigh- 
bouring inhabitants, who made war against his 
father, at the instigation of Diana, whose altars 
CEneus had neglected. [ Vid. CEneus.] No 
sooner were they destroyed than Diana punished 
the negligence of CEneus by a greater calamity. 
She sent a huge wild boar, which laid waste all 
the country, and seemed invincible on account 
of its immense size. It became soon a public 
concern, all the neighbouring princes assembled 
to destroy this terrible animal, and nothing 
became more famous in mythologic.-il history, 
than the hunting of the Calydnnian boar. The 
princes and chiefs that assembled, and who are 
mentioned by myihologists, are Meleager son of 



CEneus, Idas and Lynceus, sons of Apharcus, 
Dryas son of Mars, Castor and Pollux, sons of 
Jupiter and Leda, Pirithous son of Ixion, The- 
seus son of ^geus, Anceusand Cepheus, sons of 
Lycurgus, Admetus son of Pheres, Jason son 
of iEson, Peleus and Telamor, sons of ^Eacus, 
Iphicles son of Amphitryon, Eurytrion son of 
Actor, Atalauta daughter of Schceneus, lolas the 
friend of Hercules, the sons of Thestius, Am- 
phiaraus son of Oileus, Protheus, Cometes, the 
brothers of Althaea, Hippothous son of Cer- 
cyon, Leucippus, Adrastus, Ceneu?, Phileus, 
Echeon, Lelex, Phoenix son of Amyntor, Pano- 
peus, Hyleus, Hippasus, Nestor, Menoetius, 
the father of Patroclus, Amphicides, Laertes 
the father of Ulysses, and the four sons of Hip- 
pocoon. This troop of armed men attacked the 
boar with unusual fury, and it was at last killed 
by Meleager. The conqueror gave the skin 
and the head to Atalanta, who had first wounded 
the animal. This partiality to a woman irri- 
tated the others, and particularly Toxeus and 
Plexippus, the brothers of Althaea, and they 
endeavoured to rob Atalanta of the honourable 
present. Meleager defended a woman, of whom 
he was enamoured, and killed his uncles in 
the attempt. Meantime the news of this cele 
brated conquest had already reached Calydon, 
and Althaea went to the temple of the gods to re- 
turn thanks for the victory which her son had 
gained. As she went she met the corpses of 
her brothers that were brought from the chace, 
and at this mournful spectacle she filled the 
whole city with her lamentations. She was 
upon this informed that they had been killed 
by Meleager, and in the moment of resent- 
ment, to revenge the death of her brothers, she 
threw into the fire the fatal stick on which her 
son's life depended, and Meleager died as soon 
as it was consumed. Homer does not mention the 
firebrand, whence some have imagined that this 
fable is posterior to that poet's age. But he says 
that the death of Toxeus and Plexippus so irri- 
tated Althaea, that she uttered the most horrible 
curses and imprecations upon the head of her 
son. Meleager married Cleopatra, the daughter 
of Idas and Marpessa, as also Atalanta, according 
to some accounts. Apollod. 1, 8. — Paus. 10, 31. 
— Hygin. li.— Ovid. Met. 8, ^02.— Homer. II. 9, 

539 et 562.— FaZ. Place. 1. 435. 6, 719. A 

general, who supported Aridaeus when he had 
been made king after the death of his brother 
Alexander the Great. Curt. 3, 9. — Justin. 13, 2. 
A brother of Ptolemy, made king of Mace- 
donia B. C. 2£0 years. He was but two months 

invested with the regal authority. A Greek 

poet in the reign of Seleucus, the last of the 
Seleucidas. He was a native of Gadara, and a 
resident at Tyre; but he died in the isle of Cos, 
whither he had removed in the latter part of his 
life. His compositions, consisting of short pieces 
or epigrams, are among the most beautiful relics 
preserved in the Grecian Anthf;logy; and in the 
simple elegance of their style and sentiment 
they are finely contrasted with the productions 
of more recent bards in the same collection. 
Some of the verses of Meleager have been pre- 
sented to the public in an English dress, by the 
Rev. R. Bland, and others, in " Selec tions from 
the Anthology." 

MeleagrTdks, th9 pi^ti-rs of Meleager. 
daughters of CEneus and A'.tluea. They wore so 
disconsolate at the doath of their brother Me.- 
leager, liiat they refused all aliments, and were, 



MEL 



4i4 



MEL 



at !he point of death, chp-ng-ed into birds called 
Meleagrides, whose feathers and eggs, as it is 
suppost'd, are of a different colour. The s oundest 
of the sisters. Gorge and Dejanira, who had 
been married, escaped this metamorphosis. 
ApoLlod. 1, b.— Oi-?d. Met. 8, 540. - PUn. IQ, 26. 

Melesaxder, an Athenian f;eneral who died 
B. C. 414. 

Meles (£tis\ a river of Asia Minor, in 
Ionia, near Smyrna. Some of the ancients sup- 
posed that Homer was born on the banks of that 
river, from which circumstance thej call him 
Melesigenes, and his compositions MeletcBCB 
charlce. It is even supported that he composed 
his poems in a cave near the source of that river. 
Strab. 12. — Stat. Sylv. 2, 7, 3i.— muU. A, 1, 

201. A king of Lydia. who succeeded his 

father Alyattes, about 747 years before Christ. 
He was father to Candaules. 

Melesigenes, or MELESlGtXA, a name 
given to Homer, fid. Meles 

Melibcea, a town of Thessalv, in the district 

of Estiainris, near Ithome. Lii\ 36. 13. A 

city of Thessaly, in the district of Magnesia. 
According to Livy it stood at the base of mount 
Os-^a, in that part which stretches towards the 
plains of Ihessaly above Demetrias. Homer 
assigns it to the domains of Philoctetes. hence 
called " Melibaus dux'' by Virgil. Melibroa 
was attacked in the Macedonian war by M. Po- 
pilius, a Roman commander, at the head of 500f) 
men; but the garrison being reinforced by a de- 
tachment from the armv of Perseus, the enter- 
prise was abandoned. We know from Apolio- 
nius that it was a maritime town. Liv. 44, 13. — 

Homer. II. 2, 717 Virg. .'En. 3. 401. - ApoUon. 

Arg. 1. 592. 

Melibcecs. a shepherd introduced in Virgil's 
Eclogues. 

MBLICEKTA, MEL!CERTES,or MELICERTTS. 
a son of Athamas and Ino. He "vas saved by 
his mother, from the fury of his father, w ho pre- 
pared to dash him against a wall as he had done 
his brother Learchus. The mother was so terri- 
tied that she threw herself into the sea, with 
Melicerta in her arms. Neptune had compas- 
sion on the misfortunes of Ino and her son, 
and changed them both into sea deities. Ino 
was called Leucothoe or M4tuta, and Meliceria 
was known among the Greeks by the name of 
Paleemon, and among the Latins by that of 
Portumnus. Some suppose that the "isthmian 
games were in honour of Melicerta. {Vid. 
I.nhmia.) Apollod. 1. 9. 3, 4. - Paus 1, 44. - 
Hijgin. fab. 1 et 2.— Odd. Met. 4, 529, Scc—Plut. 
de Symp. 5. 

Meligunis, one of the earlier names of Li- 
para. 

Melissa, a daughter of Melissus, king of 
Crete, w ho, with her sister Amalthsa, fed Jupiter 
with the milk of goats. She first found out the 
means of collecting honey; whence some hsve 
imagined that she was changed into a bee, as her 
name is the Greek word for that insect. Colu- 
mell. 100. One of the Oceanides, who mar- 
ried Inaehus, by whom she had Phoroneus and 

jEgialus. Apollod. 2. A daughter of Procles, 

who married Periander, the son of Cypselus, by 
whom, in her pregnancy, she w as killed with a 
blow of his foot, by the false accusation of his 

concubines. Diog. Laerf. — Pans. 1, 28. A 

woman of Corinth, w ho refused to initiate others 
in the festivals of Ceres, after she had received 
admission. She was lorn to pieces upon this 



disobedience, and the goddess made a swarm of 
bees rise from her body. 

Melissus, a philosopher of Samos, of the c, 
Eleatic sect, who flourished about 440 B. C. He ' 
was a disciple of Parmenides, to «h(>se doctrines y 
he closely adhered. As a public man. he was . 
conversant with affairs of state, and acquired 
great influence among his countrymen, who had L 
a high veneration for his talents and virtues. ,^ 
Being appointed by them to the command of a 
fleet, he obtained a great naval victory over the L 
Athenians. As a philosopher, he maintained „ 
that the principle of all things is one and im- t 
mutable, or, that whatever exists is one being; I"; 
that this one being includes all things, and is 
infinite, without beginning or end; that there is ', 
neither vacuum nor mot'on in the universe, nf>r t 
any such things as production or decay; that thf^ '•, 
changes which it seems to suffer are only illu- ., 
sions of our senses, and that w e ought not to lay 
down any thing positively concerning the gods, 
since our knowledge of them is so imcertain. 
Themistocles is said to have been one of his v, 
pupils. Diog. Laert. 9, 24. i; 

MelIta, an island in the Mediterranean, 
sixty miles south-east of Sicily, now Malta. It 
had several convenient harbours, and was famed 
for its fertility and its wool. It was first colo- 
nized by the Phoenicians; it fell afterwards into 
the hands of the Carthaginians, from whom it 
was taken by the Romans. Toe apostle Paul 
suffered shipwreck here, though some critics are 
of opinion that he was cast on shore at Melita in 
the Adriatic sea. Diod. Sic. 5, 12. - Cic. in ,. 

Verr. 4, 46 An island in the Adriatic, nor'h- L" 

west of Epidaurus, and lying off the coast of ,j 
Dalmatia. It was famed for a species of lap- 

dog. Its modern name is Melida. PUn. 6. 

An ancient name of Samothrsce. Strab. 10. ) 

One of the Nereides. Virg. /En. 5, 825. 

MelITENE, a district of Asia Minor, in the • 
south-eastern part of Armenia Minor, and lying 
along the Euphrates. Its capital was Melitene, 
now Malatia, on a branch of the river Melas. '. 
PUn. 5. 24. I 

MelTtcs, one of the accusers of Socrates, j 
After he had prevailed, and Socrates had been 
put ignominiously to death, the Athenians re- ' 
pented of their severity to the philosopher, i 
Melitus was condemned to death: and .Anytus, 
another of the accusers, to escape a similar fate, , 
went into voluntary exile, Diog. Laert. 2. i. 

Melius, Sp. a' Roman knight accused of il 
as])iring to tyranny, on account of his uncommon j. 
liberality to the populace. He was summoned 
to appear by the dictator L, Q. Cincinnatus, and j 
when he refused to obey, he was put to death b> [ 
Ahala, the master of horse, A. U. C. 314.— ? am 
de L. L. 4.— T'al. Max. 6, 3. [ 

Mella or Mela, a small river of Cisalpire . 
Gaul, falling int > the Allius. and with it into 
the Po. CatuU. 63. 33.— Virg. G. 4, 278. 

Melos, now Milo. an island in the J5gean -< 
sea, forming one of the group of the Cyclades. I 
It was situate, according to Sirabo, about 700 sta- 
dia to the south-east of CapeScyllieum, and near- j 
ly as many, in a north-eastern direction, from the 
Dictynn£ean promontory in Crete. It was esfi- 
mated at about 60 miles in compass, and, accord- |. 
ing to Pliny, it was almost round. This island, |. 
though small, made a very considerable figure 
in the flourishing ages of Greece. It enjoyed its . 
liberty, saj's Thucydides, 700 years before the :i 
Pelojwnnesian war. The inhabitants were ori- , 



mi:l 



4 



15 



MEM 



gtnally Lacedaem )njan5, and therefore, in the 
time of the war just mentioned, refused to join 
the Athenians, declaring that they would main- 
tain a strict neutrality. They suffered severely 
for their attachment to Lacedaemon. All who 
were able to bear arms were put to the sword; 
the women and children were carried into Attica, 
and sold for slaves. The island being thus deso- 
lated, a new colony was sent thither from Athens. 
But not long after, Lysander, the Lacedaemon- 
i ian general, having obliged the Athenians, in 
I their turn, to surrender at discretion, released the 

■ captive Melians, and restored them to their native 
I country, after having expelled the Athenian 
I colony. Melos afterwards experienced the com- 
j mon fate of the other islands of the .^Egean sea, 
I being reduced, with them, to a Roman province. 

This island abounded with iron mines, and was 
I formerly famous for its wine and honey. The 
pastures and mineral waters of this island were 
also commended; and the alum of Melos was in 

■ great repute among the Romans, and preferred 
I by them to that of any other country, except the 
i Egryptian. Strab. b.—PUn. 4, 12. 35, \5.— Herod. 
I 8, A8. — Thucyd. 3, 91. 5, 84. &e. 

Melpes, a river of Lucania, flowing into the 
sea to the south-east of the promontory of Pali- 
nurus. It is now the Molpa. Pirn. 3, 5. 

Melpomene, one of the Muses, daughter of 

I Jupiter and Mnemosyne. Her name is derived 

I from fiiX-rrofiit, canto. She presided overtragedy. 

; Horace has addressed the finest of his odes to 
her, as to the patroness of lyric poetry. She was 
generally represented as a young woman with a 
serious countenance. Her garments were splen- 
did; she wore a buskin, and held a dagger in one 
hand, and in the other a sceptre and crowns. 

. Horat. Od. 3, i.—Hesiod. Theog. 52 et915. 

I Memmia lex, ordained that no one should 
be entered on the calendar of criminals who was 
absent on the public accounts. 

MemmIus, a Roman citizen, accused of 

ambitus. Cic. ad Fratrem, 3. Caius, a Roman 

knight, who rendered himself illustrious for his 
eloquence and poetical talents. He was accused 
of improper intrigues during his canvassing 
for the consulship, for which he was condemned 
and banished to Athens. It is supposed that he 
had an improper intercourse with the wives 
of Lucullus and Pompey. Lucretius dedicated 
his poem to him. Cic. in Brut. 70. Att. ], 18. 4, 

ep. 16 et 18. 6, ep. 1 A tribune who severely 

inveighed against the pride and corruption of 
the nobility during the Jugurthine war. When 
a candidate for the consulship against Glaucia, 
he was shamefully assassinated bv the partisans 
of his competitor. Sallust. Jug. 27, 30, 31. — C/c. 

Br. 36. Orat. 2, 70. Cat. 4, 2. Regulus, a 

Roman of whom Nero observed, that he deserved 
to be invested with the imperial purple. Tacit. 

Ann. 14. 47. A Roman who accused Jugurtha 

before the Roman people. A lieutenant of 

Pompey, &c. The family of the Memmiilwere 

piebeians. They were descended, according to 
some account?, from Mnestheus, the friend of 
iEneas. Fir?. .En. 5. 117. 

Memnon, a king of Ethiopia, snn;of Tithonus 
and Aurora. He came with a body of 10.000 
men to assi.^t his uncle Priam, during the Tro- 
jan war, where he behaved with great courage, 
and killed Antilochus, Nestor's son. The aged 
father gave the /Ethiopian monarch a challenge, 
but Memnon reftised it on account of the venera- 
ble age of Nestor, and accepted that of Achilles. 



He was killed in the combat, in the siaht of the 
Grecian and Trojan armies. Aurora was so dis- 
consolate at the death of her son, that she flew 
to Jupiter all bathed in tears, and begged the 
god to grant her son such honours as might dis- 
tinguish him from other mortals. Jupiter con- 
sented, and immediately a numerous flight of 
birds issued from the burning pile on which the 
body was laid, and after they had flown three 
times round the flames, they divided themselves 
into two separate bodies, and fought with such 
acrimony, that above half of them fell down into 
the fire, as victims to appease the manes of 
Memnon. These birds were called MRmnonides; 
and it has been observed by some of the ancients, 
that they never failed to return yearly to tlie 
tomb of Memnon, in Troas, and repeat the same 
bloody engagement, in honour of the hero, 
from whom they received their name. The 
^rhiopians or Egyptians, over whom Memnon 
reigned, erected a celebrated statue to the 
memory of their monarch. This statue, which 
was 52 feet high, and cut out of a solid stone, 
had the wonderful property, as it was said, of 
uttering a melodious sound, like the snapping ol 
a harp-string, as soon as the first rays of the 
morning fell upon it; but at the setting of the 
Sim, and during the night, it uttered very lugu- 
brious sounds. Cambyses, king of Persia, dur- 
ing the havoc which he made amongst the 
temples of Egypt when he invaded the country, 
wreaked his vengeance on the person whom thsf 
statue represented, by causing it to be broken 
and thrown upon the ground; but its wonderful 
power of speech still remained, and the supersti- 
tion of the people was more firmly rivetted to it 
than ever, when, even in its mutilated state, it 
did not cease to welcome the first smile of its 
beautiful Mother, nor to bemoan her absence 
during the gloomy watches of the night. This 
extraordinary phenomenon was witnessed by 
some of the most exalted and illustrious men in 
the world, who inscribed their names upon the 
pedestal of the statue, in attestation of their 
having heard the sound; amongst others may be 
mentioned the name of the geographer Strabo, 
who has been, however, ingenuous enough to 
acknowledge his inability to determine whether 
the voice proceeded from the head of the statue, 
or from its base, oi even from some of the people, 
who were crowding round it to listen to the 
wonder. The upper part of this famous colos- 
sus has been brought to London, and may be 
seen in the gallery of the British Museum. 
Memnon was the inventor of the alphabet, ac- 
cording to Anticlides, a writer mentioned bv 
Pliny, 7, 56. Mosch. in Bion.— Oud. Met. 13, 

578, &c mian. 5, 1.- Pans. 1, 42. 10,31.— .^wr. 

15, 5. -Philostr. in Apollod A general of the 

Persian forces, when Alexander invaded Asia. 
He distinguished himself for his attachment to 
the interest of Darius, his valour in the field, 
the soundness of his counsels, and his great saga- 
city. He defended Miletus against Alexander, 
and died in the midst of his successful enter- 
prises, B. C. 333. His wife Barsine was taken 

prisoner with the wife of Darius. Diod. 16 

A Greek historian, who appears to have flour- 
ished in the time of Augustus. He wrote a his- 
tory of the affairs of Heraclea in Pontus, sixteen 
books of which were epitomised by Photius. 
He bears the character of a sensible and per- 
spicuous writer. A Latin translation of his 
history was published at (Jxford in 1-597. 
2 P 



MEM 



446 



MES 



MEMNONTUM, the citadel of Susa. The 
city also bore the epithet of " Meninonian.'' 
Herod. 5, 54. 7, 151. 

Memphis, a famous city of Egypt, built at a 
very early period by kinj; Menes, but completed 
by his successor Uchoreus. It stood originally 
on the right bank of the Nile, but Menes, by 
erecting a dam in the river, compelled it to take 
a more easterly course, and thus leave the city 
on its left bank. It grew rapidly in wealth and 
importance, especially after the union of the 
Egyptian kings, who then chose it for their resi 
dence, and made it the metropolis of the whole 
country. It was 150 stadia in circumference, 
and contained many magnificent buildmgs, par- 
ticularly two temples of Vulcan and Apis, the 
latter deity being worshipped here with especial 
veneration. Upon the conquest of Egypt by the 
Persians, Memphis began to decline, and subse- 
quently lost all its dignity, when the Ptolemies 
built Alexandria, and made it their great seat of 
government. It still remained a considerable 
city until the Arabs, in the seventh century, 
pulled down its splen(iid ediSces to run up the 
mosques and other public buildings in their own 
new capital. Its ruins now cover a great space 
of ground round Mangel Musa and Mit Ralieni. 
Tibull. 1, 7, 28. — Sil. It. 14, 66[). —Sirab. 17. - 
Mela, 1, 9. — Diod. 1, 50. -Plut. in hid.~ Htrod. 

2, 10, Sac— Joseph. Ant. Jud. 8, 6. A nymph, 

daughter of the Nile, who married Ephesus, by 
whom she had Libya. She gave her n.inie to 
the celebrated city of Memphis. Apollod. 2, 1. 
The wife of Danaus. Id. 2, 1. 

MemphItis, a sou of Ptolemy Physcon, king 
of Egypt. He was put to death by his father. 

Mena or Menes, the first king of Egypt, ac- 
cording to some accounts. P'id. Menes. 

Menalcas, a shepherd in Virgil's eclogues. 

Menalippe, a sister of Antiope, queen of the 
Amazons, taken by Hercules when that hero 
made war against this celebrated nation. She 
was ransomed, and Hercules received in ex- 
change the arms and belt of the queen. Juv. 8, 
229, A daughter of the centaur Chiron, be- 
loved and ravished by iEolus, son of Hellen. 
She retired into the woods to hide her disgrace 
fiom the eyes of her father, and when she had 
brought forth she intreated the gods to remove 
her totally from the pursuits of Chiron. She 
\>as changed into a mare, and called Ocyroe. 
Some suppose that she assumed the name of 
Menalippe, and lost that of Ocyroe. She became 
a constellation after death, called the horse. 
Some authors call her Hippe or Evippe. Hygin. 
P. A. 2, Pollux. 4. 

Menalippus. Vid. Melanippus. 

Menander, a celebrated comic poet of 
Athens, educated under Theophrastus. He was 
universally esteemed by the Greeks, and re- 
ceived the appellation of Prince of the New 
Comedy. He did not disgrace his compositions 
like Aristophanes, by mean and indecent reflec- 
tions and illiberal satire, but his writings were 
replete with elegance, refined wit, and judicious 
observations. So great was the public opinion 
with regard to his poetical merit, that not only 
Greece honoured the productions of his genius, 
but the kings of Egypt and Macedonia, with a 
1 iberality which reflects honour on their memory, 
sent ambassadors to invite him to their courts, 
and prepared fleets to convey him with every 
mark of respect and hospitable distinction. Of 
ll)S comedies which he wrote, nothing remains 



but a lew fragments. It is said, that Terence 
translated all these^ and indeed we have cause 
to lament the loss of such valuable writings, 
when we are told by the ancients that the elegant | 
Terence, so much admired, was in the opinion 
of his countrymen reckoned inferior to Menan- 
der. It is said that Menander drowned himself 
in the fifty-second year of l)is age, B. C. 293, 
because the compositions of his rival Philemon 
obtained more applause than his own. Only 
eight of his numerous comedies were rewarded 
with a poetical prize. The name of his father 
was Diopythus, and that of his mother Hegis- 
trata. His fragments have been several limes 
published. The best edition is that of Meineke, 
Berolini, 1823, 8vo. Quintil. 10, l.—Paterc. 1, 

16. A native of Laodicea, who lived about 

270 B. C. He was the author of a treatise nepl 
'^s.TTtbii.KTi.KMi', "■concerning discourses delivered for 
mere display.'' 

Menapii, a powerful tribe of Belgic Gaul, 
between the Mosa, or Meuse, and the Scaluis, or 
Scheldt. Their chief town was Menapiorum 

Casti llum, now Kessel. Cces. B. G. 4, 4. A 

Gallic tribe who migrated into Hibernia. and set- 
tled in part of the modern province of Leinster. 

Menas, a freedman of Pompey the Great, w tio 
distinguished himself by the active and perfi- 
dious part which he took in the civil wars which 
were kindled between the younger Pompey and 
Augustus. When Pompey invited Augustus to 
his galley, Menas advised his master to seize the '•; 
person of his enemy, and at the same time the i 
Roman empire, by cutting the cables of his ship, if 
No, replied Pompey, I would have approved of ' 
the measure if you had done it without consult- j- 
ing me; but I scorn to break my word. Horace | 
with great virulence and animosity has ridiculed i' 
the pride of Menas, and recalled to his mind his I" 
former meanness and obscurity. It is said that 
Menas revolted from Pompey to Augustus, and 'J 
from Augustus to Pompey, and again a second 
time betrayed his master, carrying with him , 
part of his fleet. Augustus acknowledged his , 
services and admitted him «ith every mark of I 
cordiality to his table, an honour which never \ 
was bestowed on any other freedman. Suet. ; 
Aug. 74. — Plut. in Ant. — Appian. B. C. 5, 7o, 
8ic.—Horat. Epod. ^.—Pateic 2, 73. \. 

MENCHERES, the twelfth king of Memphis. 

Mendes, a city of Egypt, in the Delta Par- '{ 
vum, north-east of Sebennytus, and near the '■ 
coast. It was the chief city of, and gave name I 
to, the Mendesian nome. From it also the Men- I 
desian mouth of the Nile, (Ostium Mendesium) {■ 
now the canal of Achmun, derived its appellation. I- 
The goat was here an object of adoration, and I 
Herodotus states that both this animal and the ' 
god Pan were called in the Egyptian language | 
Mendes. Pan was worshipped at this place with ]' 
the visage and feet of a eoat; though what the j 
Greek writers here call Pan answers more cor- | 
rectly to the deity Priapus, or the irenerative ! 
attribute considered abstractedly. At Mendes, 'j 
female goats were also held sacred. The lable : 
of Jupiter having been suckled by a goat, pro- 
bably arose from some emblematic composition, !f 
the true explanation of which was known only to 
the initiated. The city of Mendes gradually 
disappeared from history, and in its immediate 
vicinity rose the city of Thmuis, where the goat 
was still worshipped as at Mendes. The ruins [; 
of Mendes are in the neighbourhood of the nio- [ 
dern to'.vn of Achmun. Ilerod. 2, 4H. * 



MEN 



U7 



MEN 



Men£cles, a native of Barce in Cyrenaica, 
who wrote an historical work on the Athenians, 
j Meneclides, a dptractor of the character of 
Epaminondas. C. Nep. in Epam. 

Menecrates, a native of Elaea. in ^olis, 
contemporary with Hecataeus, Strabo cites his 
work, ' on the or igin of cities," X-rrepl Krlaewv,) and 
his " Description of the Hellespont,'' QzWrja-rrov- 

Tiaitr; irepioios.} An historian of Niceea, cited 

by Plutarch in his life of Theseus. Tibe- 
rius Claudius, a physician, who resided at Rome 
during the reign of Tiberius. He was the author 

' of 155 works on the healing art. A physician 

of Syracuse, famous for his vanity and arro- 
gance. He was generally accompanied by some 
I of his patients whose disorders he had cured, 
j He disguised one in the habit of Apollo, and the 
other in that of iEsculapius, while he reserved 
I for himself the title and name of Jupiter, whose 
I power was extended over these inferior deities. 
! He crowned himself like the master of the gr,ds, 
! and in a letter which he wrote to Philip king of 
1} Macedon, he styled himself, in these words, 
I Menecrates Jupiter to king Philip, greeting. The 
Macedonian monarch answered, Philip to Mene- 
j crates, greeting, and better setise. Philip also 
invited him to one of his feasts, but when the 
meats were served up, a table was put separate 
for the physician, on which he was served only 
with perfumes and frankincense, like the father 
I of the gods. This entertainment displeased 
I Menecrates; he remembered that he was a mor- 
tal, and hurried away from the company. He 
lived about 360 years belore the Christian era. 
The book which he wrote on cures is lost. 
^lian. r. H. 10, 51. 

Menedejius, a Greek philosopher, a native 
of Eretria, who flourished towards the close of 
the fourth century before Christ. He was of the 
Eliac school, which he afterwards transferred to 
his native city, and gave it the name of Eretrian. 
Thoujjh nobly descended, he was obliged, 
through poverty, to submit to a mechanical 
employment, either as tent-maker or mason. 
He formed an early intimacy with Asclepiades, 
who was a fellow-labourer with him in his hum- 
ble occupation. Having minds more adapted to 
study than manual labour, they resolved to de- 
vote themselves to the pursuit of philosophy. 
For this purpose, they left their native country, 
and went to Athens, where Plato presided in 
the Academy. (Tid. Asclepiades.) In his own 
school at Eretria he neglected those forms 
which were commonly observed in places of this 
kind, and allowed his hearers and disciples to 
attend him in whatever posture they pleased, 
standing, walking, or sitting. At first Menede- 
mus was received by the Eretrians with great 
contempt; and, on account of the vehemence 
with which he disputed, obtained the appellations 
of cur and madman. But he afterwards rose 
into high esteem, and was intrusted with a pub- 
lic office, to which was annexed an annual stipend 
of 200 talents. He discharged the trust with 
fidelity and reputation, but accepted only of a 
fourth part of the salary attached to the appoint- 
ment. He was sent upon several embassies to 
Ptolemy, Lysander, and Demetrius, and ren- 
dered his countrymen essential services, by 
t)btaining a diminution of their tribute, and rescu- 
ing them from other burdens. Antigonus enter- 
tained a personal respect for him, and professed 
himself one of his disciples. His intimacy with 
this prince created a suspicion among his coun- 



trymen, that he had a secret intention to betray 
their city into his hands. To save himself Ije 
fled to Antigonus, and soon after died, in the 
84th year of his age. It is thought he precipi- 
tated his death by abstaining from food, being 
oppressed with grief at the ingratitude of his 
countrymen, and on being unable to persuade 
Antigonus to restore the lost liberties of his 

country. Diog. Laert. 2, 125, &c. A native 

of Lampsacus, in whom the spirit of the Cj nic 
sect degenerated into downright madness. 
Dressed in a black cloak, with an Arcadian cap 
upon his head, on which were drawn the figures 
of the twelve signs of the zodiac, with tragic 
buskins on his legs, with a long beard, and with 
an ashen staff in his hand, he went about like a 
maniac, saying that he was a spirit returned 
from the lower world to admonish the living. 
He lived in the reign of Antigonus, king of 
Macedon. Diog. Lae>t 6, 102. 

MenELAI PORTUS, a city and haibour on 
the coast of Africa, between Cyrene and Egypt. 
C. Nep. in Ages. Q.— Herod. 4, 169. 

Menelaia, a festival celebrated at Therapnse 
in Laconia, in honour of Menelaus. He had 
there a temple, where he was worshipped with 
his wife Helen as one of the supreme gods. 

MaNELAUS, a king of Sparta, brother to 
Agamemnon. His father's name was Atreus, 
according to Homer, or according to the more 
probable opinion of Hesiod, ApoUodorus, &c. he 
was the son of Plisthenes and ^rope. [_Vid. 
Plisthenes.] He was educated with his brother 
Agamemnon in the house of Atreus, but soon 
after the death of this monarch, Thyestes his 
brother usurped the kingdom and banished the 
two children of Plisthenes. Menelaus and Aga- 
memnon came to the court of (Eneus king of 
Calydonia, who treated them with tenderness 
and paternal care. From Calydonia they went 
to Sparta, where, like the rest of the Grecian 
princes, they solicited the marriage of Helen the 
daughter of king Tyndarus. By the artifice 
and advice of Ulysse?, Helen was permitted to 
choose a husband, and she fixed her eyes upon 
Menelaus, and married him. after her numerous 
suitors had solemnly bound themselves by an oath 
to defend her, and protect her person against 
the violence or assault of every intruder. [ Vid. 
Helena ] As soon as the nuptials were cele- 
brated, Tyndarus resigJied the crown to his son- 
in-law, and their happiness was complete. 
This was, however, of short duration; Hden 
was the fairest woman of the age, and Venus had 
promised Paris the son of Priam to reward him 
with such a beauty. [ Fid. Paris.] The arrival 
of Paris in Sparta was the cause of great revolu- 
tions. The absence of Menelaus in Crete gave 
opportunities to the Trojan prince to corrupt 
the fidelity of Helen, and to carry away home 
what the goddess of beauty had promised to him 
as his due. This action was highly resented by 
Menelaus; he reminded the Greek princes of 
their oath and solemn engagements when they 
courted the daughter of Tyndarus, and immedi- 
ately all Greece took up arms to defend his 
cause. The combined forces assembled at Aulis 
in Bceotia, where they chose Agamenmon for 
their general, and Calchas for their high priest; 
and after their applications to the court of Priam 
for the recovery of Helen had proved fruitless, 
they marched to meet their enemies in the field. 
During the Trojan war Menelaus behaved with 
great spirit and courage and Paris must have 

2 p a 



MEN' 



448 



MEN 



fallen by his hajid, had not Venus interposed and 
redeemed him from certain death. He also ex- 
pressed his wish to engafje Hector, but Aga- 
memnon hindered him from fighting with so 
powerlul an adversary. In the tehlh year of the 
Trojan war, Helen, as it is reported, obtained 
the forgiveness and the good graces of Menelaus 
by introducing him with Ulysses, the night that 
Troy was reduced to ashes, into the chamber of 
Deiphobus whom she had married after the 
death of Paris. This perfidious conduct totally 
reconciled her to her first husband; and she re- 
turned with him to Sparta, during a voyage of 
eight years. He died some time after his return. 
He had a daughter called Hermione, and Nicos- 
tratus, according to some, by Helen, and a son 
called Megapenthes by a concubine. Some say 
that Menelaus went to Egypt on his return from 
the Trojan war to obtain Helen who had been 
detained there by the king of the country. {Fid. 
Helena.) The palace which Menelaus once in- 
habited was still entire in the days of Pausanias, 
as well as the temple which had been raised to 
his memory by the people of Sparta. Homer. 
Od. 4. &c.— 7/. 1, Scc.-Apollod. 3. 10. Pans. 3, 
14 et \9. — Dicti/s Cret. 2, &c. Virg. ^n. 2. &c. 
- Ol id. Heroid. b et 13. - Hygiii. Jab. 79. - 
Eurip. in Iphig. 

Menenils, Agrippa, a celfbrated Roman 
who appeased the Roman populace in the infancy 
of the consular government by repeating the 
well-known fable of the belly and limbs. He 
flourished 495 B. C. Titus, son of the preced- 
ing, was chosen consul with C. Horatius, A U.C. 
277, when he was defeated by the Tusci, and 
being called to an account by the tribunes fur 
this failure, was sentenced to pay a heavy fine. 
He died of grief soon after. Liv. 2, 51, &c. 

Menes, considered by most as the founder of 
the Egyptian empire, is supposed to have reigned 
1 1 7 years after the birth of Phaleg, son of Heber, 
Mhith was the year of the dispersion of the people 
throughout the earth. He built the town of 
Memphis, and, in the prosecution of his work, 
stopped the course of the Nile near it, by con- 
structing a causeway several miles broad, and 
caused it to run through the mountains. For 
his ability and popularity he was deified after 
death. He is supposed to be the Misraim of 
Scripture. Bishop Clayton, however, contends 
that Menes was not the first king of Egypt, but 
that he only transferred the seat of empire from 
Thebes to Memphis. Herod. 2, 1 et 90.— Died. I. 

MENESTHEI Portus, a harbour, not far from 
Gades, on the coast of Spain, in the territory of 
Boitica. An oracle of Menestheus was said to 
have been in or near the place. The modern 
Puerto de Santa Maiia is thought to correspond 
to the ancient spot. 

Menestheus, or Menesteus, or Mnestheus, 
a son of Pereus, who so insinuated himself into 
the favour of the people of Athens, that, during 
the long absence of Theseus, he w as elected king. 
The lawful monarch at his return home was ex- 
pelled, and Mnestheus established his usurpation 
V3y his popularity and great moderation. As he 
had been one of Helen's suitors, he went to the 
Trojan war at the head of the people of Athens, 
and died on his return in the island of Melos. 
He reigntd twenty- three years, B. C 1205, and 
was succeeded by Demophoon the son of The- 
seus. Plut. in Thes. — Homer. II. 2. 11, 12 et 13. 
A son of Iphicrates who distinguished him- 
self in the Athenian armies. C Nep. m Tim. 



MENEBTHIus, a Greek killed by Paris in the 

Trojan war. Homer. 11. 7, i). A son of the 

Sperchius and Polvdora who accompanied 
Achilles to the Trojan war. Horn. 11. 16, 173. 

Meninx, an island off the coast of Africa, in 
the vicinity of the Syrtis Minor, and forming 
part of its southern side. It was also named 
Lotophagitis, and is famous from the mention 
made of it as the favourite dwelling of the Loto- 
phagi, so called from the Greek words Xtorij 
lotust and (payelv edere, owing to their living upon 
tlie lotus. This delightful fiuit is said to have 
been so intoxicating to the taste, that whosoever 
partook of it straightway forgot his ow n country, 
and cared only to spend his life in the happy 
regions where it was produced: it was described 
as being something in taste like the date, but of 
a saffron colour, no bigger than a bean, and 
growing in bunches like a myrtle-berry. It is 
still found on the whole coast hereabouts, and, 
being in great repute, is sold in all the markets; 
the Arabs call it Jujeb. Meninx had several 
cities, one of which, called Girba, has given the 
modem name of Jerba to the whole island: the 
emperor Vibius Gallus was born here. Herod. 

2, 92. 4, m.—Polyb. 12, 2. 

Menippus, a cynic, who was a native of Ga- 
dara, in Palestine, and the disciple of Menede- 
mu-. He w as such a severe satirist, that Lucian 
calls him the most snarling of all the dogs of his 
sect. His satires were partly in prose, and 
partly in verse. He is said to have hung him- 
self, on account of the loss of his riches, which 
he had gathered by usury. 

Mennis, a city of Assyria, in the district of 
Adiabene, to the south of Arbela. The adjacent 
country abounded with bitumen. Mannert sup- 
poses it to have been near the modern Diis Chur- 
maln. 

MenodotL'S, a physician of the empiric 
school born at Nicomedia. He was a disciple of 
Antiochus of Laodicea in Lycia, and flourished 
about the middle of the second century. 

Menceceus, a Theban, father of Hipponome, 

Jocasta, and Creon. A voung Theban, son of 

Creon. He offered himself to death w hen Tire- 
sias, to ensure victory on the side of Thebes 
against the Argive forces, ordered the Thebans 
to sacrifice one of the descendants of those who 
sprang from the dragon s teeth, and he killed 
himself near the cave where the dragon of Mars 
had formerly resided. The gods required this 
sacrifice because the dragon had been killed by 
Cadmus, and no sooner was Creon dead than his 
countrymen obtained the victorv. ApoUod. 3, 6, 
— Cic. Tusc. 1, 93. 

Mencetes, the pilot of the ship of Gyas, at 
the naval games exhibited by .it the an- 

niversary of his father's death. He ^^as thrown 
into the s a by Gyas for his inattention, and 
saved himself by swimming to a rock. Virg. 

jEii. 5, 161, &c. An Arcadian, killed by Tur- 

nus in the war of .(Eneas. Id. 12, 517. 

MencetiAdes. Fid. Menoetius. 

Mencetius, a son of Actor and lEg'ma. after 
her amour with Jupiter He left his mother and 
went to Opus, where he had, by Sthenele, or 
according to others, by Philomela, or Polymela, 
Patroelus, often called from him Mencetiades. 
Meroetius was one of the Argonauts. Apollod. 

3, - Homer. II. 1, m. — Hygin. fab. 97. 
Menon, a Thessalian commander in the ex- 
pedition of Cyrus the younger against his brother 
Artaxerxes. He commanded the left wing in 



MEN 



MER 



the battle of Cunax.i. He was taken along with 
ihe other generals after the battle of Tissa- 
phernes, but was not put to death with them. 
Xenophon states that he liv-ed an entire year, 
after havin? had some personal punishment in- 
flicted, and then met wiih an end of his existence. 
Diodorus states that he was not punished with 
the other penerals, because it was thought that 
he was inclined to betray the Greeks, and he 
was therefore allowed to escape unhurt. Mar- 
cellinus, in his life of Thucydides, accuses Xeno- 
phon of calumniating Mt-non, on account of his 
enmity towards Plato, who was a friend of Me- 

non. Xen. Anab. 2, 6. 29. - Diod. 14, 27. A 

Trojan chief killed by Leontheus. Homer. II- 

li, 193. One of Plato's compositions, Cic. 

Tusc. 1, 24; 

Menophilus, an eunuch to whom Mithri- 
dates, when conquered by Pompey, intrusted 
the care of his daughter. Menophilus murdered 
the princess for fear of her falling into the 

enemy's hands. Ammian, 16. A slave in the 

house of Atticus, employed by Cicero in setting 

his books in order, &c. Cic. Alt. 4, 7. A Jew 

ridiculed in Martial's epigrams, 7, ep. 81. 

Menta or MiNTHE. Vid. Minthe. 

Mentes, a king of the Taphians in ^tolia, 
son of Anchialus, in the time of the Trojan war. 
Minerva borrows his form when she introduces 
herself as the friend and adviser of young Tele- 
machus. This man according to some was a 
rich merchant of Leucas intimate with Homer, 
and thus the poet has immortalized the name of 

his friend. Eustath. et Schol. in Odyss. A 

Ciconian chief whose form Apollo borrowed to 
prevent Menelaus from carrying the dead body 
of Panthous. Homer. II 17, 70. 

Mentissa, a town of Spain. Liv. 26, 17. 

Mentor, a faithful friend of Ulysses. Some 
of the moderns have supposed that Mentor was 
a native of Ithaca, who received Homer during 
his travels with so much hospitality, and such 
tenderness, that he introduced him in his Odys- 
sey, and thus immortalized his name. Homer. 

Odyss. 2, 224. A Trojan prince killed by 

Teueer. Horn. II. 13, 170. A king of Sidonia 

who revolted against Artaxerxes Ochus, and 
afterwards was restored to favour by his treachery 

to his allies, &c. Died. 16. An excellent 

artist in polishing cups and engraving flowers on 
them. Plin. 33, \\.—Mart. 9, cp. 63, 16. 

MENYLLUS, a Macedonian set over the garri- 
son which Anlipater had stationed at Athens. 
He attempted in vain to corrupt the innocence 
■>f Phocion. Plut. 

Mephitis, a goddess supposed to preside over 
the public cloac:«, and infected places. In the 
general destruction of Cremona, her temple was 
the only building preserved. Plin. 2, 93. — Virg. 
Mn. 7, %^. — Pers. 3, 99. - Tacit. Hist. 3. 33. 

Mrra, a prie.st of Venus. Stat. Theb. 8, 478. 

A dog of Icarius, which by his cries showed 

Erigone where her murdered father had been 
thrown. Immediately after this discovery, the 
daughter hung herself in despair, and the dog 
pined away, and was made a constellation in the 
heavens known by the name of Canis. Ovid. 
Met. 7, 363.— Hygin. /ab 130. - ^lia7i. Hist. An, 
7, 28. 

Mera or MCERA, one of the Atlantides who 
married Tege^ites son of Lycaon. She had a 
monument at Tejrea in Arcadia. Horn. Odyss. 
11. 323. -Puiis 8, -l -. 

MERCUUil PromontorTum, the same with 



i the Hermsevim Promonlorium. A promontory 
of Africa, on the coast of Zeugitana, now Cape 
Bon. 

MercurTus, a celebrated god of antiquity, 
called Hermes by the Greeks. There were no 
less than five of this name according to Cicero; 
a son of Coelus and Lux; a son of Valens and 
Coronis; a son of the f«iile; a son of Jupiter and 
Maia ; and another called by the Egyptians 
Thaut. Some add a sixth, a son of Bacchus and 
Proserpine. To the son of Jupiter and Maia, 
the actions of all the others have been probably 
attributed, as he is the most famous, and the 
best known. Mercury was the messenger of the 
gods, and of Jupiter in particular; he was the 
patron of travellers and of shepherds; he con- 
ducted the souls of the dead into the infernal 
regions, and not only presided over orators, 
merchants, declaimers, but he was also the god 
of thieves, pickpockets, and all dishonest persons. 
His name is derived a mercibus, because he was 
the god of merchandise among the Latins. He 
was born, according to the more received opin- 
ion, in Arcadia, on mount Cyllene, and in his 
infancy he was intrusted to the care of the 
Seasons. The day that he was born, or more 
probably the following day, he gave an early 
proof of his craftiness and dishonesty, in stealing 
away the oxen of Admetus which Apollo tended. 
He gave another proof of his thievish propen- 
sity, by taking also the quiver and arrows of the 
divine shepherd, and he increased his fame by 
robbing Neptune of his trident, Venus of her 
girdle, Mars of his sword, Jupiter of his sceptre, 
and Vulcan of many of his mechanical instru- 
ments. These specimens of his art recommended 
him to the notice of the gods, and Jupiter took 
him as his messenger, interpreter, and cup- 
bearer in the assembly of the gods. This last 
office he discharged till the promotion of Gany- 
mede. He was presented by the king of heaven 
with a winged cap called petasus, and with wings 
for his feet called talaria. He had also a short 
sword called herpe, which he lent to Perseus. 
"With these he was enabled to go into whatever 
part of the universe he pleased with the greatest 
celerity, and besides he vvas permitiv-d to make 
himself invisible, and to assume whatever shape 
he pleased. As messenger of Jupiter he was in- 
trusted with all his secrets. He was the ambas- 
sador and plenipotentiary of the gods, and he 
was concerned in all alliances and treaties. He 
was the confidant of Jupiter's amours, and he 
often was set to watch over the jealousy and in- 
trigues of Juno. The invention of the lyre and 
its seven strings is ascribed to him. This he 
save to Apollo, and received in exchange the 
celebrated caduceus, with which the god of poetry 
used to drive the flocks of king Admetus. {Vid. 
Caduceus.) In the wars of the giants against 
the gods. Mercury showed himself brave, spirited, 
and active. Re delivered Mars from the long 
confinement which he suffered from the superior 
power of the Aloides. He purified the Danaides 
of the murder of their husbands, he tied Ixion 
to his wheel in the infernal regions, he destroyed 
the hundred-eyed Argus, he sold Hercules to 
Omphale the queen of I.ydia, he conducted 
Priam to the tent of Achilles, to redeem the 
body of his son Hector, and he carried the infant 
Bacchus to the nymphs of Nysa. Mercury had 
many surnames and epithets. He was called 
Gyllenius, Caduceator. Acacetos, from Afaous, 
au Arcadian; Acacesitis, Tiicephalos, Triplex, 



MER 



450 



MER 



Chthonius, Camillus, Agoneus, Delius, Areas, 
&c. His children are also numerous as well as 
his amours. He was father of Autolycus, by 
('hione; Myrtillus, by Cleobula; Libys, by 
Libya; Kchion and iEurytus, by Antianira; 
Cephalus, by Creusa; Prylis, by Issa^ and of 
Priapus, according to some. He was also father 
of Hermaphroditus, by Venus; of Eudorus, by 
Polymeia; of Fan, by Dryope, or Penelope. His 
worship was well established, particularly in 
Greece, Egypt, and Italy. He was worshipped 
at Tanagra, in Boeotia, under the name of 
Criophorus, and represented as carrying a ram 
on his shoulders, because he delivered the in- 
habitants from a pestilence by telling th^^m to 
carry a ram in that manner round the walls of 
their city. The Roman merchants yearly cele- 
brated a festival on the 15th of May, in honour of 
Mercury, in a temple near the Circus Maximus 
A pregnant sow was then sacrificed and sometimes 
a calf, and particularly the tongues of animals 
were offered. After the votaries had sprinkled 
themselves with water withl.iurel leaves, they 
offered prayers to the divinity, and intreated 
him to be favourable to them, and to forgive 
whatever artful measures, false oaths or falsehoods 
they had used or uttered in the pursuit of gain. 
Sometimes Mercury appears on monuments with 
a large cloak round his arm, or tied under his 
chin. The chief ensigns of his power and offices 
are his caduccus, his petasus, and his talaria. 
Sometimes he is represented sitting upon a cray 
fish, holding in one hand his caduceus, and in 
the other the claws of the fish. At other times 
he is like a young man without a beard, holding 
in one hand a purse, as being the tutelary god 
of merchants, with a cock on his wrists as an 
emblem of vigilance, and a' his feet a goat, a 
scorpion, and a fly. Some of his statues repre- 
sented him as a youth Jascino erecto. Sometimes 
he rests his foot upon a tortoise. In E^ypt his 
statues represented him with the head of a dog, 
whence he was often confounded with Anubis, 
and received the sacrifice of a stork. Offerings 
of milk and honey were made because he was 
the god of eloquence, whose powers were sweet 
and persuasive. The Greeks and Romans 
offered tongues to him by throwing them into 
the fire, as he was the patron of speaking, of 
which the tongue is the organ. Sometimes his 
statues represent him as without arms, because, 
according to some, the power of speech can pre- 
vail over every thinjj even without the assistance 
of arms. Homer. Od. 1- &c. 11. 1. &c. Hymn, in 
Merc. Ludan. in Mort. Dial. — Oriel. Fast. 5, 
667. Met. 1, 4, II, li — Martial. 9, ep. 35.— 
Stat. TKeb.A.-Paus. 1,7,8, et 9 Orpheus — Plut. 
inNum.. — Varr<j de L. L. 6. — Plato in Phced.— 
Firg. G. 1. ^n. 1, 4S — Diod. 4 et 5. - Apoliod. 

1, 2, et d —Horat. Od. 1, IQ.—Hygin. fab. P. A. 

2. Tzetz. in Lyc. 219 — Cic. de Nat. D. 3, 22. 

—Philostr. Icon. 1. 27.— Macrob. Sat. I, 19. 

Trismegistus. a priest and philosopher of Egypt 
who taught his countrymen how to cultivate the 
olive, and measure their lands, and to under- 
stand hieroglyphics. He lived in the age of 
Osiris, and wrote 42 books on theology, medi- 
cine, and geography, from which Sanchoniathon 
the Phoenician historian has taken his theogonia. 
In one of his compositions he compared provi- 
dence to a circle, the centre of which is every 
where and the circumference no where, an idea 
which has been adopted by Pascal. Diod. 1, et 
b.—Plui. de IsicU et Os. Cic. de Nat. D. 3. 



Me Rl Ones, a charioteer of Idomeneus king , 
of Crete during the Tnijan war, son of Molus a , 
Cretan prince, and Melphidis. He signalized 
himself before Troy, and fuught with Deiphobus 
the son of Priam, whom he wounded. He was 
greatly admired by the Cretans, who even paid 
him divine honours after death. Hoiat. Od. i,6, ' 

15. — Ovid. Met. 13, fyb. 1. A brother of Jason 

son of ^Eson, famous for his great opulence and . 
for his avarice. Polyoen. 6, 1. ; 

Me RM EROS, a centaur, wounded in the bat- j 
tie against the Lapithse. Ovid. Met. 12, 305. 

A Trojan killed by Antilochus. Homer. 11. I 

14, 513. -A son of Jason and Medea, who was ; 

father to Ilus of Corinth. Pans. 2, 3. 

MermnaD-E, a race of kings in Lydia, of 
which Gyges was the first. They sat on the | 
Lydian throne till the reign of Croesus, who was ' 
conquered by Cyrus king or Persia. T.hey were 
descendants of the Heraclidae, and probably re- I 
ceived the name of Mermnadse from Mermnas, 
one of their own family. They were descended 
from Lemnos, or according to others, from Age- 
laus the son of Omphale by Hercules. Heiod. 
1, 7 et 14. 

Merge, an island of ^Ethiopia. It was formed 
by the Nile, and by two of its tributaries named 
Astaboras and Astapus. Of these the Astaboras 
Tacasse or Atbara, the eastern boundary of the 
island, rises in Abyssiiiia not far from the lake 
Tzana. and flows into the Nile 60 miles below the 
city of Meroe. About the same distance above 
the city the Nile is joined by the river Astapus 
Abaici, Buhr-el-Azergue. or Blue Nile; it rises in 
the western part of Abyssinia, traverses lake 
Pseboa or Coloe now Tz ma or Dembea, and 
sweeps round to its junction with the Bahr-el- 
Abiad or White Nile. The branches of these two 
rivers were united in the upper part of their 
course, either artificially or naturally, and thus 
caused Meroe to become an island; the com- 
munication between them still exists, and is 
called Falaiy. The shape of the island was 
compared to a shield, its length amounting to 
3,000 stadia, and its average width to 1,000: it i 
is said to have been formerly called Saba, but its ' 
modern name is Atbaia, which it has derived 
from the river Atbara or Astoboras, its eastern 
bt undary. The island was exceedingly fertile, 
and is said to have abounded in silver, gold, and 
other precious metals: the people were much 
commended for their social character and simpli- 
city of manners. The city of Meroe stood upon 
the Nile at the nonh western side of the island, 
and its extensive ruins mav still be seen at a place , 
called Gibbainy. Mela, \\ 9. 3, ^. — Paus. 1,33.— 
Juv. 13. \^. — Strab. 17.- Herod. 2, 31 — P/m. 2, 
m.—Lucan. 4, 333. 10, 163, -237, et 303. 

Merope, one of the Atlantides. She married 
Sisyphus son of .i^Eolus, and, like her sisters, ' 
was changed into a constellation after death, i 
[ Fid. Pleiades.] It is said, that in the constel- . 
lation of the Pleiades the star of Merope appears 
more dim and obscure than the rest, because 
she, as the poets observe, married a mortal, 
while her sisters married some of the gods, or 

their descendants. Ovid. Fast. 4. 175 Hygin. 

fab. \92. — Apoliod. 1, 9 A daughter of Cyp- 

selus who married Cresphontes, king of Mes- 
' senia, by whom she had three children. Her 
I husband and two of her children were murdered 
by Polyphontes. The murderer wished her to 
marry him, and she would have been obliged , 
I to comply, had not Epytus, or Telephuntes, her 



MER 



451 



MES 



S third son, revenged his father's death by assassi- 
nating Polyphontes. Apollod. 2, 6.— Pans. 4, 3. 

( A daughter of (Enopion Deloved by Orion. 

Apollod. ], 4. A daughter of the Cebrenus 

who married ^Esacus, the son of Priam. A 

I daughter of Erechtheus mother of Dajdalus. 
I Plut in Thes. 

Merops, a king of the island of Cos, who 
married Clymene, one of the Oceanides. He 
was changed into an eagle and placed among the 
constellations. Ovid. Met. 1, 763. A cele- 
brated soothsayer of Percosus in Troas, who 
foretold the death of his sons Adrastus and 
Araphius, who were engaged in the Trojan war. 
They slighted their father's advice and were 

killed by Diomedes. One of the companions 

of ^neas, killed by Turnus. T'irg. ^7i. 9, 702. 

Meros, a mountain of India sacred to Jupiter. 
It is said to have been in the neighbourhood of 
I Nysa, and to have been named from the circum- 
jl stance of Bacchus' being enclosed in the thigh 

(«»j(>Af) of Jupiter. Mela, 2, 7.— Curt. 8, 10 

Diod. 1. 

jj MerCla, Corn. a Roman who fought 
against the Gauls, and was made consul by 
I Octavius in the place of Cinna. He some time 
1 aftt^r killed himself in despair before the altar 
of Jupiter in the capitol. Puterc. 2, 20 et 22. — 
Pint. 

Mesabates, a eunuch in Persia, flayed 
I alive by order of Parysatis, because he had cut 
j off the head and right hand of Cyrus. Plut. in 
I Artax. 

Mesabius, a mountain of Boeotia hanging 
over the Euripus. Paus. 9, 22. 

Mesapia, an ancient name of Boeotia. 
MesaubIus, aservant of Eumaeus the steward 
of Ulysses. Homer. Od. 14, 449. 

I MesembrIa, a maritime town of Thrace, 
east of the mouth of the Nessus, now Mesevria, 
or Mesera, It was a settlement of the Samo- 
tliraeians. Herod. 7, iOS. 

Mesene, an island in the Tigris, where 
Apamea was built. It is now Digel. Plin. 6, 

j 31 .Another enclosed between the canal of 

Basra and the Pasitisris, and which is called in 
the oriental writers Phrat Mtscan, or "the Me- 

I sene of the Euphrates," to distinguish it from 
the Mesene of the Tigris. The term Mesene 
is a Greek one, and refers to land enclosed 
between two streams. 

Mesomedes, a lyric poet in the age of the 
emperor Antoninus. 

Mesopotamia, a country of Asia, bounded 
on the north by mount Masius, on the east by 
the river Tigris, on the west by the Euphrates, 
and on the south by a little stream which nearly 
connects these two great rivers. To the north it 
bordered on Armenia, to the east upon Assyria, 

I to the south on Babylonia, and Arabia, and to the 

' west upon Syria. Mesopotamia derived its name 
from the Greek words /itVoy medius and irora^ir 

! fluvius, owing to its situation bettveen two great 
tii'ers; from this circumstance it is sometimes 
called Syria inter fluvios. The Hebrews dis- 
tinguished it by the appellation Aram- Naharaim 
or Aram between the rivers, it being part of 
that country which fell to the lot of Aram: it is 
still called Al Gezira or The Island. Mesopo- 
tamia was divided by the river Chaboras into 
two parts, the northern and southprn. The 
former of these was exceedingly fertile, and is 
» therefore distinguished in scripture by the pecu- 
liar title of Padan-Aram, and Sedan Aram, both 



signifying the fei tile Aranu Mesopotamia formed 
part of the great Assyrian monarchy, and fell 
with it into the hands of the Medes and subse- 
quently of the Persians; it is hence frequently 
included in the general names of Assyria and 
Babylonia. After this it came into the power of 
the Macedonians and the Seleucidae, and was 
finally seized upon by the Romans in the Mith- 
ridatic war, although it was not till the time of 
Trajan that they constituted it a province: it was 
the scene of some of their most bloody battles 
with the Parthians and Persians. Upon the 
death of Julian, the emperor Jovian found him- 
self compelled to resign the greater part of the 
province to the Persians, only retaining that 
portion of it which lies between the Chaboras 
and Euphrates, and it is to this alone that in the 
latter ages the name of Mesopotamia was con- 
fined. Strab. 2. — Mela, 1, \\. — Cic. de Nat. D. 
2, 52. —Diod. 1. - Ptol. b, 18. 

MessAla, M. Valerius Corvinus, an illustri- 
ous Roman, of an ancient and noble family, who 
distinguished himself in youth by his eloquence 
and patriotism, and joined the republican army 
under Brutus and Cassius against the triumvirs. 
He is described in very high terms by Cicero, in 
a letter to Brutus, as being almost, or altogether 
unequaled for integrity, constancy, and the 
affection which he displayed for the common- 
wealth. Of his eloquence, Quintilian says, it is 
splendid, fair, and bearing the stamp of his no- 
bility. At the battle of Philippi he had a dis- 
tinguished command, and with his legion was 
the first that turned the left wing commanded by 
Octavianus Caesar. After the death of the two 
republican chiefs, he made his peace with the 
victor, and, according to one of the historians of 
Rome, there was no circumstance of the victory 
more pleasing to Csesar than the preservation of 
Messala, nor did any man ever give proof of 
greater attachment and gratitude than Messala 
towards Caesar. Yet, to his honour, it is asserted, 
that he never, and on no occasion, was backward 
in showing his regard to the memory of his ear- 
lier friends, and his decided preference of their 
cause. When he recommended Strato to Caesar, 
he said, with tears flowing from his eyes, " this, 
sir, is the man who performed the last kind oflSce 
for my beloved friend Bruttis; " and at another 
time, when Caesar reminded him that he had 
been no less zealous for him at Actium, than 
against him at Philippi, he answered, " I always 
espoused the most just side of, every question." 
In the year 31 B. C. he was the emperor's col- 
league in the consulate, and was sent as his 
legate into Asia a year or two afterwards. In 37 
he obtained a triumph over the Aquitanians; 
after this, he for a short time held the office of 
prefect, which he resigned, finding it ill adapted 
to his habits. He was addicted to literary pur- 
suits, and was a patron of literary persons, par- 
ticularly of TibuUus, who commemorates him 
in his elegies, and has left an express panegyric 
upon him. In old age he composed a work 
" De Familiis Romanis," cited by Pliny. At 
the age of seventy, about two years prior to his 
decease, the faculties of his mind underwent a 
total decay, and his memory so completely failed 
him, that he forgot his own name. Horat. 1, 
Sat. 6, 42. Sat. 10, 85. 3, od. 21. Art 371.— Quin- 
til. 10. \. — Tibull. 1, el. 1, &c.— Taat. Ann. 11, 6 

et 7. 13, 3i.—Paterc. 2, 71. The father of 

Valeria who married the dictator Sylla. A 

great flatterer at the court of Tiberius. A 



MES 



^nv-rnor of Syria. A tribune in one of the 

Riiman legions durir>g the civil war between 
Vespasian and Vitellius, of which he wrote an 
historical account mentioned by Tacitus. Orat. 

14. A painter at Rome, who flourished, H. C. 

235. A writer whose book de Augusti progenie 

Was edited \2mo, L. Bat. 161S. 

Messalina, Valeria, a daughter of Messala 
Barbatus. She married the emperor Claudius, 
and di-graced herself by her cruelties and scan- 
dalous incontinence. Her hu-band's palace was 
not the only seat of her lasciviousness, but she 
even prostituted herself in the most public man- 
ner. Her extravagancies at last irritated Clau- 
dius so much, that he was obliged to summon 
her to answer to all the accusations which were 
brought against her, upon which she attempted 
t.) destroy herself, and when her courage failed, 
one of the tribunes dispatched her with his sword, 
A. D. 43. The satirist, in speaking of her, says, 
Et lassnta viris, necclum satiata, recessit. 

Juv. — Tacit. Ann. 11, 37. Suet, in Claud. 

Another called also Statilia. She was descended 
from a consular family, and married the consul 
Atticus Vistinu>, whom Nero murdered. She 
receive 1 with tokens of tenderness her husband's 
murderer, and married him. She had married 
four husbands before she came to the imperial 
throne; and after the death of Nero retired to 
literary pursuits and peaceful occupations. 
Otho, after this, paid his addresses to her, but 
before the consummation of marriage he de- 
stroyed himself. In ids dying moments he wrote 
her a pathetic and very consolatory letter. Tacit. 
Ann 

AlESSALINUS, M. ValER. a Roman officer in 
the reign of Tiberius. He was appointed gover- 
nor of Dalmatia, and rendered himself known 
by his opposition to Piso, and by his attempts to 
persuade the Romans of the necessity of suffering 
women to accompany the camps on their dif- 
ferent expeditions. Tacit. Ann. 3. One of 

Domitian's informers. A flatterer of the em- 
peror Tiberius. 

Messana. an ancient and celebrated town of 
Sicily on the straits «hich separate Italy from 
Sicily. It was anciently called Zancle, and was 
founded 1600 years before the Christi.in era. 
The inhabitants, being continually exposed to 
(he depredations of the people of Cuma, im- 
plored the assistance of the Messenians of Pelo- 
ponnesus, and with them repelled the enemy. 
After this victorious campaign, the Messenians 
entered Zancle, and lived in such intimacy with 
the inhabitants that they changed their name, 
and assumed that of the Messenians, and called 
their city Mes=ana. Another account says, that 
Anaxiiaus. tyrant of Rhegium. made war against 
the Zancleans with the assistance of the Mes- 
senians of Peloponnesus, and that after he had 
obtained a decisive victory, he called the con- 
quered city Messana in compliment to his allies, 
about 494 years before the Christian era. After 
this revolution at Zancle. the Mamertini took 
possession of it and made it the capital of the 
neighbouring country. (F^tf. Mamertini.) It 
afterwards fell into the hands of the Romans, 
and was for some time the chief of their posses- 
sions in Sicily. The inhabitants were called 
Me.ssanii, Messanienses. and Mamertini. The 
stra ts of Messana have always been looked upon 
as very dangerous, especially by the ancients, 
on account of the rapidity of the currents, and 
the irregular and violent flowing and ebbing of 



the sea. Strab. 6. -Mela, 2, l.—Paux. 4, 23. — 
Diod. A.—Thucyd. 1, &c. - Herod. 6, 5i3. 7, 28. 

ME.SSAPIA, a country of Italy in Magna 
Graecia, commonly supposed to have been the 
same with lapygia, but forming, in strictness, the 
interior of that part of Italy. The town of Mes- 
sapia, mentioned by Pliny is thought to have 
communicated its name to the Messapian nation. 
The generality of Italian topographers identify 
the site of this ancient town with that of Mes- 
sagyia. between Oria and Brindisi. Flin. 3, 11. 

Messe a town in the island of Cythera. Stat. 
Theb. 1 , 4, 226. 

Messene, a daughter of Triopas, king of 
Argos. who married Polycaon son of Lelex, king 
of Laconia. She encouraged her husband 10 
levy troops, and to seize a part of Peloponnesus, 
which, after it had been conquered, received her 
name. She received divine honours after her 
death, and had a magnificent temple at Ithome, 
w here her statue was made half of gold and half 
of Parian marble, Pans. 4, 1 et 3. 

Messene, or MESSENA, now Maura- Matra 
a city in the Peloponnesus, the capital of the 
country called Messenia. The inhabitants have 
rendered themselves famous for the war which 
they carried on against the Spartans, and which 
received the appellation of the Messenian war. 
The first Messenian war arose from the follow- 
ing circumstances: the Messenians offered vio- 
lence to some Spartan women who had assem- 
bled to offer sacrifices in a temple, which was 
common to both nations, and which stood on the 
borders of their respective territories, and be- 
sides they killed Teleclus. the Spartan king, who 
attempted to defend the innocence of the females. 
This account, according to the Spartan tradi- 
tions, is contradicted by the Messenians, who 
observe that Teleclus with a chosen body of 
Spartans assembled at the temple, before men- 
tioned, disguised in women's clothes, and all 
secretly armed with daggers. This hostile pre- 
paration was to surprise some of the neighbour- 
ing inhabitants; and in a quarrel which soon 
after arose, Teleclus and his associates were all 
killed. These quarrels were the cause of the 
first Messenian war, which began, B. C. 743 
years. It "vas carried on with vigour and spirit 
on both sides, and after many obstinate and 
bloody battles had been fought and continued 
for 19 years, it w.as at last finished by the taking 
of Ithome by the Spartans. This place stood 
a siege of ten years, and was defended with all 
the power of the Mes-^enians, but in the conquest 
the inveteracy of Sparta was manifested in the 
solemn oath by which her soldiers bound them- 
selves, not to return home till they had reduced 
the last stronghold of their rivals. The insults 
to which the conquered Messenians were contin- 
ually exposed, at last excited their resentment, 
and they resolved to shake off the yoke. They 
suiidenly revolted, and the second Messenian 
war was begun 6b5 B. C. and continued 14 years. 
The Messenians at first gained some advantages, 
but a fatal battle in the third year of the war so 
totally disheartened them that they fled to Ira, 
where they resolved to maintain an obstinate 
sieae against their victorious pursuers. The 
Spartans were assisted by the Samians in besieg- 
ing Ira, and the Messenians were at last obliged 
to submit to the superior power of their adver- 
saries. The taking of Ira, by the Lacedaemonians, 
after a siege of 11 years, put an end to theseconrj 
Messenian war. Peace was re-established tor 



MES 



453 



MET 



some time in Peloponnesus, but after the ex- 
piration of 200 years, the Messenians attempted 
a third time to free themselves from the power 
of Lacedaemon, B. C. 465. At that time the 
Helots had revolted from the Spartans, and the 
Messenians, by joining their forces to these 
wretched slaves, looked upon their respective 
calamities as common, and thought themselves 
closely interested in each otlier's welfare. The 
Lacedaemonians were assisted by the Athenians, 
but they soon grew jealous of one another's 
power, and their political connexion produced 
the most inveterate enmity, and at last ended in 
open war. Ithome was the place in which the 
Messenians had a second time gathered all their 
forces, and though ten years had already elapsed, 
both parties seemed equally confident of victory. 
The Spartans were afraid of storming Ithome, 
as the oracle of Delphi had threatened them 
with the greatest calamities, if they offered 
any violence to a place which was dedicated to 
the service of Apollo. The Messenians, how- 
ever, were soon obliged to submit to their vic- 
torious adversaries, B. C. 453, and they con- 
sented to leave their native country, and totally 
to depart from the Peloponnesus, solemnly pro- 
mising that if they e.ver returned into Messenia, 
they would suffer themselves to be sold as slaves. 
The Messenians upon this, miserably exiled, 
applied to the Athenians for protection, and 
were permitted to inhabit Naupacfus, whence 
some of them were afterwjuds removed t ) take 
possession of their ancient territories in Messe- 
nia, during the Peloponnesian war. The third 
Messenian war was productive of great revolu- 
tions in Greece, and though originally merely a 
private quarrel, it soon engaged the attention of 
all the neighbouring states, and kindled the 
flames of dissension every where. Every state 
took up arms as if in its own defence, or to pre- 
vent additional power and dominion from being 
lodged in the hands of its rivals. The descen- 
dants of the Messenians at last returned to Pelo- 
ponnesus, B. C. 370, after a long banishment of 
300 years. Pans. Mess. Sec — Justin. 3, 4, &c.— 
Strab. 6, Sec— Thucyd. 1, &.c.—Diod. 11, &c.— 
I'lut. in Cym. 8cc.—Polycen. S.~-Polyb. 4, &c. 

Messenia, a province of the Peloponnesus, 
situate between Laconia, Elis, Arcadia, and the 
Ionian sea. Its chief city is Messena. Vid. 
Messene. 

Metabus, a king of the Privernates. He 
was father of Camilla, whom he consecrated to 
the service of Diana, when he had been banished 
from his kingdom by his subjects for his cruelty 
and tyrannical disposition. Virg. Mn. 11, 540. 

Metagitnia, a festival in honour of Apollo, 
celebrated by the inhabitants of Melite, who 
migrated to Attica. It receives its name from 
its being observed in the month called Meta- 
gitnion. 

Metapontum, a town of Lucania in Italy, 
on the coast of the Sinus Tarentinus, founded 
about 1269 years B. C. by Metabus, the father of 
Camilla, or Epeu?, one of the companions of 
Nestor. Pythagoras retired there for some 
time, and perished in a sedition. Annibal made 
it his head- quarters when in that part of Italy, 
and its attachment to Carthage was afterwards 
severely punished by the Roman conquerors, 
who destroyed its* liberties and independence. 
A few broken pillars of marble are now the only 
vestiges of Metapontum. Strab. 5 — Mela, 2, 4. 
~ Justin. 12, 2. lAv. 1, 8. 25, 27, &c. 



Metaurum, a town in the territory of the 
Brutii, in Italy, not far from Medura, and below 
Vibo Valentia. Its site is generally supposed 
to accord with that of the modern Ginja. 

Metaurus, a river in the territory of the 
Brutii, running into the Tyrrhene or Lower sea. 
The town of Metaurum is supposed to have stood 
at or near its mouth. It is now called the Marro, 

and sometimes the Petrace. Athen. 7, 63. A 

river of Umbria, in Italy, flowing into the Adri- 
atic. It was rendered memorable by the defeat 
of Asdrubal, the brother of Annibal. The Ro- 
man forces were commanded by the consuls 
Livius Salinator and Claudius Nero, A. U. C. 
545. It is now the Metro. Horat. Od. 4, 4, 3^. 
—Mela, 2, i.— Lucan. 2, 495. 

Metella, the wife of Sylla. 

Metelli, the surname of the family of the 
Caecilii at Rome, the most known of whom were 

A general who defeated the Achaeans, took 

Thebes, and invaded Macedonia, &c. Q. 

Ciecilius, who rendered himself illustrious by 
his successes against Jugurtha the Numidian 
king, from which he was surnamed Numidicus. 
He took, in this expedition, the celebrated 
Marius, as his lieutenant, and he had soon cause 
to repent of the confidence he had placed in him. 
Marius raised himself to power by defaming the 
character of his benefactor, and Metellus was 
recalled to Rome. L. Apuleius Saturninus, a 
tribune of the commons, summoned him, after 
his return, to trial, because he had not sworn to 
observe the Agrarian law, which this tribune 
had carried by force; and, although all good 
citizens supported him, to prevent contention he 
went into voluntary exile at Rhodes, where be 
spent his time in reading, and in conversing 
with illustrious men. Marius pronounced sen- 
tence of banishment against him. B. C. 104, two 
years after which he was recalled with the 
highest approbation of the state. He received 
this information at Tralles, when witnessing 
some games, and he continued till the end of 
the exhibition, not indicating the least joy, but 
retaining his countenance unaltered, and show- 
ing, says the historian, the same strength of 
mind in prosperity which he had done in adver- 
sity. Liv. Epit. Go. — Eutrop. 4, 27. — Val. Max. 

4, 1. L. Csecilius, another, who saved from 

the flames the palladium, when Vesta's temple 
was on fire. He was then high priest. He lost 
his sight and one of his arms in doing it, and the 
senate, to reward his zeal and piety, peimitted 
him jilways to be draw n to the senate-house in a 
chariot, an honour which no one had ever before 
enjoyed. He also gained a great victory over 
the Carthaginians in the first Punic war, and led 
in his triumph 13 generals, and 120 elephants 
taken from the enemy. Besides being twice 
consul he was honoured with the dictatorship, 
and the office of master of horse, &c. J'al. Max, 
1, 4.- PUn. 7, 44. 8, 3.- Juv. 3, U9. — 0vid. 

Fast. 6, 437. Q Caecilius Celer, another who 

distinguished himself by his spirited exertions 
against Catiline. He married Clodia, the sister 
of Clodius, who disgraced him by her incon- 
tinence and lasciviousness. He died 67 years 
before Christ. He lost his life by poison admin- 
istered by his wife. Cicero commends him for 
his eloquence, which appears to have been of a 
popular kind, (or his virtues as a man. and his 

integrity as a patriot. Brut. TO. L. Cajcilius, 

a tribune in the civil wars of J. Caesar and Pom- 
pey. He favoured the cause of Pompey, and 



MET 



45i 



MET 



opposed Ciesir when he entered Rome with a 
vieiorious array. He refused to open the gales 
of Saturn's temple, in which were deposited 
great treasures: upon which they were broken 
open by Ctesar, and Metellus retired, when 
threatened with death. Q Cascilius, the grand- 
son of the high priest who saved the palladium 
from the flames, was a warlike general, who. 
from his conquest of Crete and Macedonia, was 
surnamed Macedoiiicus. He had six sons, of 
whom four are particularlv mentioned by Plu- 
tarch. Val. Max. 2 7. 5. 1. 9, d.—Paterc. 1, 12. 
2, a— P/m. 7, 13 et 4i.—Flut. de garrul. —Pans. 

7, Set 13. Q. Ciecilius, surnamed .Ba/ear/ci/s, 

from his conquest of the Baleares. Lucius 

C^ecilius, or Quintus, surnamed Creticus from 

his conquest in Crete, B. C. 66. Cimbcr, one 

of the conspirators against J. Caesar. It was he 
who gave the signal to attack and murder the 

dictator in the senate house. Pius, a general 

in Spain, against Sertorius. on whose head he 
set a price of 100 talents and ^0,000 acres of land. 
He distinguished himself also in the Marsian 
war, and was high priest. He obtained the 
name of Pius from the sorrow he showed during 
the banishment of his father Metellus Numidi- 
cus, whom he caused to be recalleJ. Palerc. 2, 
15 Snllust. Jug. 44. 

Methodius, bishop of Tyre, suffered mar- 
tyrdom in the Dioclesian persecution, A. D. 
3')2. He wrote a work against Porphyry; a 
Treatise on the Resurrection against Origen; 
Commentaries; and several other pieces; the 
frasfments of which were printed at Paris in 
1644. Afterwards " The Banquet of Virgins,'" 
by this writer, was found entire, and printed, 
with a Latin version, in 1637, f'llio. 

Methone, now Leuterochori, a city of Mace- 
donia, about forty stadia north of Pydna. It 
was memorable in the contentions between 
Philip and the Athenians, and the scene of his 
first victory over them. In the siege of this citv 
Philip losthis richt eve. Vid. Aster. Strab. 7 — 

Demosth. Ohjnth 1, 9. - Diod. Sic. 16, 34. A 

city of ThessHly, situate like the preceding on the 

seacoast. Horn. II. 2- 7 16. or Mothone, a city 

of Messenia, on the western coast, below Pylos 
Messeniacus. It is said to have received its name 
from a daughter of ^neas, or from the rock 
Mothon, at the entrance of its harbour. It is 
identified by some with Pedasus, one of the 
seven towns oflFered by Agamemnon to Achilles. 
It i.s now called Modbn. Paus. 4 35.- St?-ab. 8. 

— Horn. II. 9, 294. or Methana, a peninsula 

of Argolis. within the district of Troezene, 
formed by the harbour or bay of Pogon on one 
side, and the curvature of the Epidamian gulf 
on the other. It was connected with the main- 
land by a harrow isthmus, which the Athenians 
occupied and fortified in the seventh year of the 
Peloponnesian war. Diodorus Siculus says it 
was taken by the .ame people under Tolmides, 
in the interval between the Peisian and Pelo- 
ponnesian wars: and this is perhaps the mean- 
ing of Thucydides, when he says, that, on 
peace being made, or rather a truce for thirty 
years, Troezene, among other towns was restored 
to the Peloponnesians. Within the peninsula 
was a small town, also called Methone, which 
possessed a temple of Isis. About thirty stadia 
irom the town were to be seen some hot springs, 
produced by the eruption of a volcano in the 
teiirn of Antigonus Gonatas. Tbucyd. 1, 115. 
4, id.— Diod. Sic. 12.— Paws. 2, 34. 



Mrthymna, a city of Lesbos, lying opposite ' 
to A.ssus in Troas, and situate on the northern- 
most point of the island. It was the birthplace 
of Arion the musician, and of Myrsilus the his- 
torian. The territory of this town was contigu- 
ous to that of Mitylene, a circumstance which 
appears ts have created a considerable degree 
of rivalry between them, and probably induced 
the Methymnaeans to adhere to the Athenians, 
while their neighbours were bent on detaching 
themselves from that power. As a reward for i 
their fidelity, the Methymnaeans were exempted j 
from contributions in money. Towards the ! 
close of the Peloponnesian war, Meihymna fell 
into the power of the Spartan commander, Cal- . 
licratidas, who, though urged to treat the citi- , 
zens with severity, and to sell them as slaves, j 
refused to comply with the advice, declaring, 
that as long as he was admiral, no Greek, as | 
far as lay in his power, should be enslaved. The • 
wine of Meihymna was held in great estimation; 
hence Bacchus was frequently called the god of 
Mythymna. The remains of this city are to be 
seen near the village of M'olivo. Strab. 13. — 
Thucyd 3, 2 et 18. 6, 85. 7, b7. — Xen. Hell. 1, 6, 
8. Ovid. 1, bl.—Pohib. 33, 11.— Lju, 45, 31.— • 
Dioa. Sic. 13, 7Q.~-Plin. 5. 39. 

Metilia lex, was enacted A. U. C. 536, that ■ 
Minucius. master of the horse, should be equal 
in command with Fabius the dictator. r 

Metis, one of the Oceanides. She was Jupi- 
ter's first wife, celebrated for her great prudence 
and sagacity above the rest of the gods. Jupi ter, • 
who was afraid lest she should bring forth into i 
the world a child more cunning and greater than , 
himself, devoured her in the first month of her ; 
pregnancy. Some time after this adv'enture the i: 
god had his head opened, from which issued ( 
Minerva armed from head to foot. According I 
to Apollodorus, (1, 2.) Metis gave a portion to , 
Saturn, and obliged him to throw up the chil- 
dren whom he had devoured. Hesiod. Theog. - 
^^Q.-Apollod ^,3.—Hijgin. ] 

Metiscus, a charioteer to Turnus. Virg. l 
Mn. 12. 469. I. 

Metius, Curtius, one of the Sabines, who \ 
fought against the Romans, on account of the j 

stolen virgins. SufTetius, a dictator of Alba, r 

in the reign of TuUus Hostilius. He fought ' 
against the Romans, and at last, finally to settle 
their disputes, he proposed a single combat be- ( 
tween the Horatii and Curiatii. The Albans 
were conquered, and Metius promised to assist |; 
the Romans against their enemies. In a battle j 
against the Veientes and Fidenates, Metius 
showed his infidelity by forsnking the Romans j 
at the first onset, and retired to a neighbouring i 
eminence, to wait for the event of the battle, and r 
to fall upon whatever side proved victorious. I 
The Romans obtained the victorj-, and Tullus j 
ordered Metius to be tied between two chariots, i 
which were drawn by four horses two different i 
ways, and his limbs were torn away from his | 
bodv, about 669 vears before the Christian era. 
Liv. 1, 23, &.c. — Flor. 1, 3.—-f'irg ^n. 8, 642. 
A critic. [TYd. Tarpa.] Carus, a cele- 
brated informer under Domitian, w ho enriched 
himself with the plunder of those who were | 
sacrificed to the emperor's suspicion. j 

Metcecia, festivals instituted by Theseus in i 
commemoration of the people of Attica having 
removed to Athens. 

Meton, a celebrated astronomer of Athens, ^ 
who flourished 432 B. C, w as the son of Pau- 



I 



MET 



455 



?»I ID 



i sanias. He observed, in the first year of the 87th 
' Olyjnpiad, the solstice at Athens, and published 
his cycle of 19 years by which he endeavoured 
to adjust the course of the sun and moon, and to 
make the solar and lunar years begin at the 
j same point of time. This is called the Metonic 
I period, or cycle. It is also called the golden 
! number, from its great use in the calendar. It 
is known that Meton was living about the year 
412 B. C , for when the Athenian fleet was sent 
to Sicily, he escaped from being embarked on 
I that disastrous expedition by counterfeiting an 
I appearance of idiotism. Vitruv. 1. - Plut. in 
Nicia. 

Metra, the daughter of Eresichthon, a 
Thessalian prince, beloved by Nepl'une. When 
her father had spent all his fortune to gratify 
the canine hunger under which he laboured, she 
prostituted herself to her neighbours, and re- 
I ceived for reward oxen, goats, and sheep, which 
j she presented to Eresichthon. Some say that 
I she had received from Neptune the power of 
|i changing herself into whatever animal she 
'I pleased, and that her father sold her continually 
' to gratify his hunger, and that she instantly as- 
I sumed a different shape, and became again his 
1 property. Ovid. Met. 8, fab. 21. 

Metkobtus, a player greatly favoured bv 
Sylla. Plut. 

MetrOcles, a disciple of Crates. He had 
I previously been a follower of Theophrastus and 
j Xenocrates; but when he commenced cynic, he 
I committed their works to the flames, as the use- 
less dreams of idle speculation. In his old age 
he became so dissatisfied with the world, that he 
strangled himself. 

Metrodorus, an intimate friend of Epicu- 
rus. He first attached himself to that philoso- 
I pher at Lampsacus, and continued with him 
I till his death. He maintained the cause of his 
friend and master with great intrepidity, both 
by his discourses and his writings, against the 
Sophists and Dialectics, and consequently par- 
took largely of the obloquy which fell upon his 
sect. Plutarch charges him with having repro- 
bated the folly of his brother Timocrates in 
aspiring to the honours of wisdom, whilst 
nothing was of any value but eating and drink- 
ing, and indulging the animal appetites. But it 
is probable that this calumny originated with 
Timocrates himself, who, from a personal quarrel 
with Metrodorus, deserted the sect, and there- 
fore can deserve little credit. Cic. Tnsc. Qucsst. 
2, 3. De Fin. 2, 3.— Plut. adv. Colot. A phy- 
sician of Chios, B. C- 444. He was a disciple of 
Democritus, and had Hippocrates among his 
pupils. His compositions on medicine, &c., are 
lost. He supported that the world was eternal 
and infinite, and denied the existence of motion. 

Diog. A painter and philosopher of Strato- 

nicea, B. C. 171. He was sent to Paulus .-Emi- 
liu3, who, after the conquest of Perseus, de- 
manded of the Athenians a philosopher and a 
painter, the former to instruct his children, and 
the latter to make a painting of his triumphs. 
Metrodorus was sent, as in him alone were united 
the philosopher and the painter. Plin. So, 11. — 
Ctc.de Fin. 5, 1. De Oral. 4. Acad. — Diog. in 
Epic. A friend of Mithridates, sent as ambas- 
sador to Tigranes, king of Armenia, He was 
remarkable for his learning, moderation, human- 
ity, and justice. He was put to death by his 
roval master for his infidelity, B. C. 71. Slrab. 
^'Piut. 



Mettius, a man sent by J. Cassar as ambas- 
sador to Ariovistus. Cces. Bell. G. 1, 47. 

Mevania, now Bevagna, a city of Umbria. 
on the nver Tinia, in the south-western angle of 
the country, and to the north-west of Sp'oletium. 
It was the birth-place of Propertius. It was 
here that Vitellius attempted to make his last 
stand against Vespasian. Propert. 4, 1, 123. — 
Lucan. 1, '^I'd.— Tacit. Hist. 3, 55. 

Mezentius, a king of the'Tyrrhenians when 
-(Eneas came into Italy. He was remarkable 
for his cruelties, and put his subjects to death 
by slow tortures, or sometimes tied a man to a 
dead corpse face to face, and suffered him to die 
in that condition. He was expelled by his sub- 
jects, and fled to Turnus, who employed him in 
his war against the Trojans. He was killed by 
.iEneas with his son Lausus. Dionys. Hal. 1, 
lib. — Justin. 43, i.—Liv. 1, 2.~rirg. u5En. 7, 
648. 8, 482.— 0i7"ii. Fast. 4, 881. 

MezetClus, a Nuniidian who opposed Masin- 
issa's claims to the empire of Numidia. He 
took refuge among the Carthaginians. Liv, 29, 
29, &c. 

MICIPSA, a king of Numidia, son of Masi- 
nissa, who, at his death, B. C. 119, left his king- 
dom between his sons Adherbal and Hiempsal, 
and his nephew Jugurtha. Jugurtha abused his 
uncle's favours by murdering his two sons. Sal- 
lust, de Jug. — Flor. 3, J. — Plut. in Grace. 

Miction, an Euboean, greatly attached to the 
interest of Rome. Liv. 35, 38, &c. 

MICYTHCS, a youth, through whom Diome- 
don, by order of the Persian king, made an 
attempt to bribe Epaminondas. C. Nep. in Epa. 

4. A slave of Ansxilaus, of Rhegium. Hei-od. 

7, 170. 

Midas, a king of Phrygia, son of Gordius, or 
Gorgias. In his infancy, according to a Phry- 
gian tradition, as he was asleep, a number of 
ants entered into his mouth, and made there a 
large deposit of their treasures in the greatest 
security. This was considered as a sign of his 
future prosperity, which seemed to be verified 
when he accidentally found a large treasure, 
which thus proved the origin of his greatness 
and opulence. The hospitality which he showed 
to Silenus the preceptor of Bacchus, who had 
been brought to him by some peasants, was 
liberally rewarded; and Midas, when he con- 
ducted back the old man to the god, was per- 
mitted to choose whatever recompence he 
pleased. He had the imprudence and the 
avarice to demand of the god that whatever he 
touched might be turned into gold. His prayer 
was granted; but he was soon convinced of his 
injudicious choice; and when the very meats 
which he attempted to eat became gold in his 
mouth, he begged Bacchus to take away a 
present which must prove so fatal to the receiver. 
He was ordered to wash himself in the river 
Pactolus, whose sands were turned into gold 
by the touch of Midas. Some time after this 
adventure, Midas had the imprudence to sup- 
port that Pan was superior to Apollo in singing 
and in playing upon the flute, for which rash 
opinion the offended god changed his ears into 
those of an ass, to show his ignorance and stupi- 
dity. This Midas attempted to conceal from 
the knowledge of his subjects, but one ol his 
servants saw the length of his ears, and being 
unable to keep the secret, and afraid to reveal 
it, apprehensive of the king's resentment, he 
I opened a hole in the earth, and after he had 



MID 



MIL 



whispered there that Midas had ihe ears of an 
ass, he covered the place as before, as if he had 
buried his words in the ground. On that place, 
as the poets mention, grew a number of reeds, 
which, when agitated by the wind, uttered the 
same sound that had been buried beneath, and 
published to the world that Midas had the ears 
of an ass. Some explain the fable of the ears of 
Midas, by the supposition that he kept a number 
of informers and spies, who were continually 
employed in gathering every seditious word that 
might drop from the mouths of his subjects. 
Midas, according to Strabo, died by drinking 
bull's hot blood. This he did, as Plutarch 
mentions, to free himself from the numerous 
ill dreams which continually tormented him. 
Midas, according to some, was son of Cybele. 
He built a town, which he called Ancyrae, Ac- 
cording to some authorities, Midas was king of 
the Bryges, a Thracian nation who dwelt near 
Macedonia, and migrated with his subj.ects to 
Asia Minor, where they settled in that part 
which, from them, by a slight alteration of 
letters, was called Phrygia. The scene of the 
story respecting Silenus was in Thrace, but suc- 
ceeding writers transferred it to Phrygia; and 
Xenophon, in his account of the younger Cyru<, 
mentions a fountain called that of MiJas, near 
which, he adds, however, that Midas himself 
caught the satyr Silenus by mingling wine in its 
waters. The fable respecting Midas and the 
sands of the Pactolus has been attempted to be 
explained as follows: Midas, frugal to avarice, 
reigned over a very rich country, and made con- 
siderable sums by the sale of his corn, wine, and 
cattle. His avarice afterwards changed its 
object, and having learned that the Pactolus 
furnished gold-dust, he abandoned the care of 
the country, and em|)loyed his subjects in 
gathering the gold of that river, which brougnt 
him anew and ample supply. Midas, on account 
of his attention to religion among his people, 
was reckoned a second Numa according to Jus- 
tin. He appears to have been versed in the 
ceremonies and mysteries of Orpheus, which no 
doubt he learned in Thrace. Xenophon places 
the fountain of Midas on the road near Thvm- 
brium. Ovid. Met. U,fab. 5.—Plut. de Superst. 

— Hygin. jab. 191 et 2/4. - Mnx. Tyr. aO 

Pans. 1. ^.— Val. Max. ], &. — Eerod. 1, J4. 

MiDEA, an ancient city of Bceotia, near the 
lake Copais, and, according to traditirn, swal- 
lowed up, along with Arne, by the waters of 

that lake. Horn. 11. 2, 507. Strab. 9. A 

town of Argolis. in the Tyrinthian territory, 
named, as was said, after the wife of Electryon; 
but Apollodorus affirms it already existed in 
the time of Perseus. It was afterwards destroyed 
by the Argives. Find. Clymp. 7, 49. — ApoUod. 
2, 4. Strab. 8. 

MILANION, a youth who became enamoured 
of Atalanta. He is supposed by some to be the 
same as Meleager or Hippomanes. Ovid. Art. 
Am. 2, ISS. 

MiLESll, the ii habitants of Miletus. Vid. 
Miletus. 

MILESIORUM MURL'S, a place in Lower 
Egypt, to the west of the Sebennytic mouth of 
the" Nile, and which owed its foundation to the 
Milesians, or people of Miletus. 

M:letopolis, a city of Mysia. north-east of 
Adramyttium. and situate on a branch of the 
river Rhvndacus. Its ruins are to he seen at a 
place called MUet, or Melte. Plin. 5, 32. j 



MlLf-TUS,a son of Apollo, by Aria, or Acaeal- 
lis, who fled from Crete to avoid the wraih of 
Minos, whom he meditated to dethrone. He 
came to Caria, where he built a city which he 
called by his own name, and where he married 
Eidothea the daughter of Eurytus, a prince of 
the country, by whom he had Caunus and 
Byblis. Some suppose that he only conquered 
a city there, called Anactoria, which assumed 
his name. They farther say, that he put the ' 
inhabitants to the sword, and divided the women 
among his soldiers. Cyanea, daughter of the 
Mc-eander, fell to his share. Ovid. Met. 9, 4-56.- 

Puns. 7, 2. -Apollod 3, 1. A celebrated town 

of Asia Minor, the capital of all Ionia. It was 
situate on the southern shore of the gulf into I 
which the Msander emptied itself, but this ' 
river gradually accumulated its deposit in this 
gulf, so that Miletus was removed in process ( 
of time more than a league inland. It was 
founded by a Cretan colony under Miletus, or, 
according to others, by Neleus, the son of 
Codrus. or by Sarpedon, Jupiter's son. It was 
anciently called Lelegeis, from the Leleges, ! 
afterwards Pityusa, from the quantity of pines 
which its territory produced; at a later period 
Anactoria; and last of all Miletus. The inhabi- 
tants, called Milesii, were warlike and powerful, 
and defended themselves bravely again.'^t the 
kings of Lydia. They applied themselves early 
to navigation, and are said to have founded no , 
fewer than 3iO colonies in different parts of the 
world. Miletus was famed for its excellent ' 
wool. It was the birth-place of Thales, one of i 
the seven contemporary wise men of Greece, , 
and of his scholar Anaximander; of Pittacus, '■ 
another of the sages; of Anaximenes, themathe- ' 
matician; Hecatasus, the historian; and Timo- . 
theus the musician. Its modern name is Pala- 
aa. Ovid. Trist. 2, 4]3.— Capitolin. in Alb. 11. 
— Firg. G. 3, ^Q6.- Strab. 15. - Paws. 7, 2.— 
Mela, 1, }7. — Plin. 5, 29.- Herod. J, &.C.- Settee, 
dc Consol. ad Alb. 

MiLO, a celebrated athlete of Crotona in j 
Iialy. His fatber s name was Diotimus. He ' 
early accustomed himself to carry the greatest 
burdens, and by degrees became a monster in 
strength. It is said that he carried on his > 
shoulders a young bu lock four years old, for 
above 40 yards, and afterw ards killed it w ith one 
blow of his fist, and eat it up in one day. He was ] 
seven times crowned at the Pythian games, and 
six at Olympia. He presented himself a seventh 
time, but.no one had the courage or boldness to 
enter the lists against him. He was one of the i 
disciples of Pythagoras, and to his uncommon ■ 
strength the learned preceptor and his pupils ' 
owed their life. The pillar which supported the i 
roof of the school suddenly gave way, but Milo I 
supported the whole weight of the building, and | 
gave the philosopher and his auditors time to i 
e.'^cape. in his old age Milo attempted to pull 
up a tree by the roots and break it. He partly | 
effected it, but his strength being gradually 
exhausted, the tree when half cleft re-united, 
and his hands remained pinched in the body of 
the tree. He w as then alone, ann being unable 
to disentangle himself, he was eaten up by the j 
wild beasts of the place, about 500 years before j 
the Christian era. Oiid. Met. 15. - Cic. de i 
Senect.- Val. Max. 9, 12.- Strab. U.— Paus, 6, 

11. T. Annius, a native of Lantivium, who 

attempted to obtain the consulship at Rome by 
intrigue and seditious tumults. Clodius the 



MIL 



457 



MIL 



tribune opposed his views, yet Milo would have 
i succeeded, had not an unfortunate event totally 
j frustrated his hopes. As he was going into the 
j country, attended by his wife and a numerous 
retinue of gladiators and servants, he met on the 
' Appian road his enemy Clodius, who was re- 
turning to Rome with three of his friends and 
I some domestics completely armed. A quarrel 
arose between the servants. Milo supported his 
attendants, and the despute became general, 
i Clodius received many severe wounds, and was 
j obliged to retire to a neighbouring cottage. 

Milo pursued his enemy in his retreat, and 
I ordered his servants to despatch him. Eleven of 
j the servants of Clodius shared his fate, as also 
I the owner of the house who had given them 
a reception. The body of the murdered tribune 
I was carried te Rome', and exposed to public 
view. The enemies of Milo inveighed bitterly 
i| against the violence and barbarity with which 
I the sacred person of a tribune had been treated. 
Ij Cicero undertook the defence of Milo, but the 
' continual clamours of the friends of Clodius, 
^ and the sight of an armed soldiery, which sur- 
j rounded the seat of judgment, so terrified the 
orator, that he forgot the greatest part of his 
arguments, and the defence he made was weak 
and injudicious. Milo was condemned, and ban- 
, ished to Massilia. Cicero soon after sent his 
exiled friend. a copy of the oration which he had 
j delivered in his defence, in the form in which we 
have it now; and Milo, after he had read it, 
wrote, according to Dio Cassius, a letter to 
Cicero, in which he stated that it was a fortunate 
thing for himself that Cicero had not pronounced 
I the oration which he sent, since otherwise he 
(Milo) would not then have been eating such 
I fine mullets at Marseilles. This city was the 
place of his exile. It has been sometimes stated, 
■ that Cicero owed his recall in a great measure 
to the active exertions of Milo, who had himself 
been restored to his country. This, however, is 
altogether erroneous. Velleius Paterculus and 
Dio Cassius both contradict the fact of Milo's 
return, by what we find in their respective 
histories. According to Dio Cassius, Milo was 
the only one of the exiles whom Caesar refused 
to recall, because, as is supposed, he had been 
active in exciting the people of Marseilles to 
resist Caesar. Velleius Paterculus states that 
Milo returned without permission to Italy, and 
there busily employed himself in raising opposi- 
tion to Caesar during that commander's absence 
in Thessaly against Pompey. He adds that 
Milo was killed by the blow of a stone while 
laying siege to Compsa, a town of the Hirpini. 

Cic. pro Milan.— Paterc. 2, 47 et 68. A 

general of the forces of Pyrrhus. He was made 
governor of Tarentum, and that he might be 
reminded of his duty to his sovereign, Pyrrhus 
sent him as a present a chain, which was covered 
with the skin of Nicias the physician, who had 
perfidiously offered the Romans to poison his 
royal master for a sum of money. Polycen. 8, 

&e. A tyrant of Pisa in Elis, thrown into the 

> river Alpheus by his subjects for his oppression. 
Ovid, in lb. 325. 

MiLTAS, a soothsayer, who assisted Dion in 
explaining prodigies, &c. 

MiltiAdes, an Athenian, son of Cypselus, 
who obtained a victory in a chariot race at the 
Olympic games, and led a colony of his coun- 
trymen to the Chersonesus. The causes of this 
appointment are striking and singular. The 



Thracian Dolonci, harassed by a long war with 
the Absynthians, were directed by the oracle of 
Delphi to take for their king the first man they 
met in their return home, who invited them to 
come under his roof and partake of his enter- 
tainments. The Dolonci, after receiving the 
oracle, returned by the sacred way, passed 
through Ehocis and Boeotia, and, not being in- 
vited'by either of these people, turned aside to 
Athens. Miltiades, as he sat in this city before 
the door of his house, observed the Dolonci 
passing by, and as by their dress and armour he 
perceived they were strangers, he called to them, 
and offered them the rites of hospitality. They 
accepted his kindness, and being hospitably 
treated, revealed to him all the will of the ora- 
cle, with which they entreated his compliance. 
Miltiades, disposed to listen to them, because 
weary of the tyranny of Fisistratus, first con- 
sulted the oracle of Delphi, and the answer 
being favourable, he went with the Dolonci. 
He was invested by the inhabitants of the 
Chersonese with sovereign power. The first 
measure he took was to stop the further incur- 
sions of the Absynthians, by building a strong 
wall across the Isthmus. "When he had estab- 
lished himself at home, and fortified his domin- 
ions against foreign invasion, he turned his 
arms against Lampsacus. His expedition was 
unsuccessful; he was taken in an ambuscade, 
and made prisoner. His friend Croesus, king 
of Lydia, was informed of his captivity, and he 
procured his release by threatening the people 
of Lampsacus with his severest displeasure. He 
lived a few years after he had recovered his 
liberty. As he had no issue, he left his kingdom 
and possessions to Stesagoras the son of Cimon, 
who was his brother by the same mother. The 
memory of Miltiades was greatly honoured by 
the Dolonci, and they regularly celebrated fes- 
tivals and exhibited shows in commemoration 
of a man to whom they owed their greatness and 
preservation. Some time after Ste.sagoras died 
without issue, and Miltiades, the son of Cimon, 
and the brother of the deceased, was sent by the 
Athenians with one ship to take possession of the 
Chersonesus. At his arrival Miltiades appeared 
mournful, as if lamenting the recent death of his 
brother. The principal inhabitants of the coun- 
try visited the new governor to condole with him; 
but their confidence in his sincerity proved fatal 
to them. Miltiades seized their persons, and 
made himself absolute in Chersonesus, and to 
strengthen himself he married Hegesipyla, the 
daughter of Olorus the king of the Thracians. 
His prosperity however was of short duration. In 
the third year of his government his dominions 
were threatened by an invasion of the Scythian 
Nomades, whom Darius had some time before 
irritated by entering their country. He fled 
before them, but as their hostilities were but 
momentary, he was soon restored to his king- 
dom. Three years after he left Chersonesus and 
set sail for Athens, where he was received wiih 
great applause. He was present at the celebrated 
battle of Marathon, in which all the chief officers 
ceded their power to him, and left the event of 
the battle to depend upon his superior abilities. 
He obtained an important victory [ Vid. Mara- 
thon] over the more numerous forces of his ad- 
versaries; and when he had demanded of his 
fellow-citizens an olive crown as the reward of 
his valour in the field of battle, he was not only 
refused, but severely reprimanded for presump- 

a Q 



MIL 



458 



MIN 



tion. The only reward, therefore, that he re- 
ceived for a victory which proved so bc-neficial to 
the interests of universal Greece, was in itself 
simple and inconsiderable, though truly great in 
the opinion of that age. He was represented in 
the front of a picture among the rest of the com- 
manders who fought at the battle of Marathon, 
and he seemed to exhort and animate his sol- 
diers to fight with courage and intrepidity. 
Some time after Miltiades was intrusted with 
a fleet of seventy ships, and ordered to punish 
those islands w hich had revolted to the Persians. 
He was successful at fir>t, but a sudden report 
that the Persian fleet was coming to attack him, 
changed his operations as he was besieging Pa- 
ros. He raised the siege and returned to Athens, 
v\here he was accused of treason, and particu- 
larly of holding a correspondence with the ene- 
my. The falsity of these accusatious might have 
appeared, if Miltiades had been able to come into 
the assembly. A wound which he had received 
before Paros detained him at home, and his 
enemies, taking ad vantas^e of his absence, became 
more eager in their accusations and louder in 
their clamours. He was condemned to death, 
but the rigour of the sentence «as retracted on 
the recollection of his great services to the 
Athenians, and he was put into p/ison till he had 
paid a fine oi^fifty talents to the state. His ina- 
bility to discharge so great a sum detained him 
in confinement, and soon after his wounds be- 
came incurable, and he died about 489 years 
before the Christian era. His body was ransomed 
by his son Cimon, who was obliged to borrow 
and pay the fifty talents, to give his father a 
decent burial. The crimes of Miltiades were 
probably aggravated in the eyes of his country- 
men, when they remembered how he made him- 
self absolute in Chersonesus; and in condemning 
the barbarity of the Athenians towards a general, 
who was the source of their military prosperity, 
we must remember the jealousy which ever 
reigns among a free and independent people, and 
how watchful they are in defence of the natural 
rights which they see wrested from others by 
violence and oppression. Cornelius Nepos has 
written the life of Miltiades the son of Cimon, 
but his history is incongruous and not authentic; 
and the author, by confounding the actions of 
the son of Cimon with those of the son of Cypse- 
las, has made the whole dark and unintelligible. 
Greater reliance in reading the actions of both 
the Miltiades is to be placed on the 'narration of 
Herodotus, whose veracity is confirmed, and who 
was indisputably more informed and more capa- 
ble of giving an account of the life and exploits 
of men who flourished in his age, and of which he 
could see the living monuments. Herodotus was 
born about six years after the famous battle of 
Marathon, and C, Nepos, as a writer of the 
Augustan age, flourished about 450 years after 
the age of the father of historv. C. S'ep. m vica. 
— Herod. 4, 137. fi. 34, &c. — P/«L m Cim,-Val. 

Max. 5, '5. — Justin. 2.- Paus. An archon of 

Athens. 

MiLTO, a favourite mistress of Cyrus the 
younger. Fid. Aspasia. 

MiLVlus Pons, a bridge about two miles from 
Rome, over the Tiber, in a northerly direction. 
It was also called Mulvius. Its construction is 
ascribed to M. .Emilius Scaurus, who "as cen- 
sor A. U. C. 644, and its appellation Milvius is 
supposed to be a corruption of the word -E/njV/u-, 
the name of this individual. The modern name 



is Ponte MoU-e. Cic. ad Att. 13, 33.— Sa«, Cat , 
45 — Tacit. Ann. 13, 47. 
MiLYAS. rid. Lycia. 

MlMALLONES, the Bacchanals, who, when! 
they celebrated the orgies of Bacchus, put horns 
on their heads. They are Jilso called Miinal-\ 
lonides, and some derive their name from the 
mountain Mimas. Pers. 1, S9. - Odd. A. A, 541., 
-Stat. Theb. 4, tifiO. ; 

Mimas, one of the giants that waired againsti 
the gods. Eurip. Ion. 2i5.— Senec. Here, fur. ', 

9Sl.—ApoU. Rhod. 3, 12,11. A mountain 1 

range of Ionia, teiminating in the promontory; 
Argennum. opposite the lower extremity of 
Chios. Thucyd. 8, 34.— P/in. 5, %^. — Amm. 
Marc.Zl.Ai. \ 

MiMNERMUS, a Greek elegiac poet, was 
native of Colophon, and flourished about 590 B. 
C. He is said to have been a musician as wt ll i 
as a poet, and the flute was the instrument on . 
which he performed. In his poetical capacity 
the invention of pentameter verse, or of the 
elegiac measure, is attributed to him. His com • 
positions were chiefly of the elegiac kind, accord- 
ing to the ancient conception of that word, which ■ 
by no means confined it to mournful topics. On - 
the contrary, this poet was a distinguished votary ■ 
of love and pleasure: thus Propertius speaks of 
him as at the nead of amorous poetry: i 

Plus in amore valet Mimnermi versus Homero: 
and Horace makes him the teacher of voluptu- r 
ous morality; o 

Si, Miintwrmui uri censet, sine amore jocisque t 
Nil est juciindum., vivas in amore jocisque. V 
His" manners appear to have been corresponding < 
to his philosophy. He was much addicted to the f 
pleasures of the table, and in his old age fell in ; 
love with a music-gi-rl, named Nanno. Of hisj 
poems only a few fragments remain, which are 
to be fou.id in the collections of Stephens, Orsini, 
Winterton, Brunck, Gaisford, and Boissonade. 
Strab. 1 et U.—Paus. 9, 29. — Diog. 1. - Pro pert. ■. 
1, 9. 11. - Horat. Ep- 1, 6, 65. 2, 2, 101. i 

MiNCTcs, now Mincio, a river of Gallia Cis- ( 
alpina, flowing from the lake Benacus, and fall- , 
ing into the Po. Virg. Ed. 7, 13. G. 3, 15. ^n. : 
10, 206. 

MiNKlDES the daughters of Minyas or Min- i 
eus, king of Orchomenos, in Boeotia. They ; 
were three in number, Leuconoe, Leucippe, and | 
Alcithoe. Ovid calls the two first Clymene and i 
Iris. They derided the orgies of Bacchus, (or | 
which impiety the god inspired them w ith an j 
unconquerable desire of eating human flesh. | 
They drew lots which of them should give up j 
her son as food to the rest. The lot fell upon i 
Leucippe. and she gave up her son Hippasus, '• 
who was instantly devoured by the three sisters. | 
They were changed into bats. In commemora- , 
tion of this bloody crime, it was usual among I 
the Orchomenians for the high priest, as soon as ' 
the sacrifice was finished, to pursue, with a - 
drawn sword, all the women who had entered i 
the temple, and even to kill the first he came no 
to. Ovid. Met. i,/ab. 12. - Plut. Qucpst. Gr. 38 

Minerva, the goddess of wisdom, war. and i 
all the liberal arts, was produced from Jupiter's r 
brain without a mother. The god, as it is re- 
ported, married Metis, whose superior prudence 
and sagacity above the rest of the gods, made him t 
apprehend that the children of such a union t 
would be of a more exalted nature, and more ; 
intelligent than their father. To prevent thi.s, ' 
Jupiter devL'Uicd Metis in her preij-iiauey, and, 



MIN 



459 



MIN 



ome time after, to relieve the pains which he 
suffered m his head, he ordered Vulean to clesve 
it open. Minerva came all armed and grown up 
from her father's brain, and immediately was 
admitted into the assembly of the god«, and 
u)ade one of the most faithful counsellors of her 
lather. The power of Minerva was great in 
heaven; she could hurl the thunders of Jupiter, 
prolong the life of men, bestow the gift of pro- 
phecy, and, indeed, she was the only one of all 
the divinities whose authority and consequence 
were equal to those of Jupiter. The actions of 
Minerva are numerous, as well as the kindnesses 
by which she endeared herself to mankind. 
Her quarrel with Neptune concerning the right 
of giving a name to the capital of Cecropia, de- 
serves attention. The assembly of the gods set- 
tled the dispute by promising the preference to 
w hichever of the two gave the most useful and 
necessary present to the inhabitants of the earth. 
Neptune, upon this, struck the ground with his 
trident, and immediately a horse issued from 
the earth. Minerva produced the olive, and 
obtained the victory by the unanimous voice of 
the gods, who observed, that the olive, as the 
emblem of peace, is far preferable to the horse, 
the symbol of war and bloodshed. The victori- 
ous deity called the capital AthencD, and became 
the tutelar goddess of the place. Minerva was 
always very jealous of her power, and the man- 
ner in which she punished the presumption of 
Arachne is well known. [Vid. Arachne.] The 
attempts of Vulcan to offer her violence, are 
strong marks of her virtue. Jupiter had sworn 
by the Styx to give to Vulcan, who had made 
him a complete suit of armour, whatever he de- 
sired. Vulcan demanded Minerva, and the 
father of the gods, who had permitted Minerva 
to live in perpetual celibacy, consented, but pri- 
vately advised his daughter to make all the re- 
sistance she could to frustrate the attempts of 
her lover. The prayers and the force of Vulcan 
proved ineffectual, and hei chastity was not 
violated. [Fid. Erichthonius.] Minerva was 
the first who built a ship, and it was her zeal for 
navigation, and her care for the Argonauts, 
which placed the prophetic tree of Dodona be- 
hind the ship Argo, when going to Colchis. She 
was known amon^ the ancients by many names. 
She was called Athena, Pallas ' iVid. Pallas], 
Parthenos, from her remaining in perpetual celi- 
bacy, Tritonia, because worshipped near the lake 
Tritonis; Glaucopis, from the blueness of her 
eyes; Agnrea, from her presiding over markets; 
Hippia, because shs first taught mankind liow 
to manage the horse; Stratea and Area, from her 
martial charf.cter, Coryphagenes, because born 
from Jupiter's brain; Sai.s, because worshipped 
at Sais, &c. Some attributed to Jier the inven- 
tion of the flute, whence she w as surnamed An- 
don, Luscinia, Musica, Salpiga, &c. .She, as it 
is ri'ported, once amused herself in playing upon 
her favourite flute before Juno and Venus, but 
tl)e o(,ddes-f'S ridiculed the distortion of her face 
in bli)\ving the instrument. Minerva, convinced 
of the justness of their remarks by looking at 
herself in a fountain near mount Ida, threvv 
away the musical instrument, and denounced a 
njelancholy death against him who found it. 
Marsyas was the miserable proof of the veracity 
of her expressions. The worship of Minerva 
was universally established; she had magnificent 
temples in Egypt, Phoenicia, all parts of Greece, 
Italy, Gaul, and Sicily. Sais, Rhode.*, and 



Athens, particularly claimed her attrnticin, p.nd 
it is even said, that Jupiter rained a shciuei of 
gold upon the island of Rhodes, w hich had paid 
so much veneration, and such an early reverence 
to the divinity of his daughter. The festivals 
celebrated in her honour were solemn and mag- 
nificent. [_Vid. Panathensea.] She was invoked 
by every artist, and particularly such as worked 
in wool, embroidery, painting, and sculpture. 
It wa.s the duty of almost every member of 
society to implore the assistance and patronage 
of a deity who presided over sense, taste, and 
reason. Hence the poets have had occasion to 
say, 

Tv nihil invito dices faciesve Minerva, 
(i. e. jigainst the bent of your nature or natural 
genius;) and, 

Qui bene placaril Pallada, doctiis erit. 
Minerva was represented in different ways, ac- 
cording to the different characters in which siie 
appeared. She generally appeared with a coun- 
tenance full more of masculine firmness ao-d 
composure, than of softness and grace. Most 
usually she was represented with a helmet on 
her head, with a large plume nodding in the air. 
In one hand she held a spear, and in the other a 
shield, with the dying head of Medusa upon it. 
Sometimes this Gorgon's head was on her breast- 
plate, with living serpents writhing round it, as 
well as round her shield and helmet. In most 
of her statues she is represented as sitting, and 
sometimes she holds in one hand a distaflf, in- 
stead of a spear. When she appeared as the 
goddess of the liberal arts, she was arrayed in a 
variegated veil, which the ancients called pej!,ZMm. 
Sometimes Minerva's helmet was covered at the 
top with the figure of a cock, a bird which, on 
account of his great courage, is properly sacred 
to the goddess of w ar. Som.e of her statues re- 
presented her helmet with a sphinx in the mid- 
dle, supported on either side by griffins. In some 
medals, a chariot drawn by four horses, or some- 
times a dragon or a serpent, with winding spires, 
appear at the top of her helmet. She was par- 
tial to the olive-tree; the owl and the cock were 
her favourite birds, and the dragon among rep- 
tiles was sacred to her. The functions, offices, 
and actions of Minerva, seem so numerous, that 
they undoubtedly originate in more than one 
person. Cicero speaks of five persons of this 
name; a Minerva, mother of Apollo; a daughter 
of the Nile who was worshipped at Sais, in Egypt 
a third, born from Jupiter s brain; a fourth, 
daughter of Jupiter and Coryphe; and a filth, 
daughter of Pallas, generally represented with 
winged shoes. This last put her father to death 
because he attempted her virtue. Pans. 1, 2, 3, 
8cc. — Horat. Od. 1, 16- 3, A.— Virg. ^n. 2, &c. 

— Ovid: Fast. 3, &c. Met. 6 —Cic. de Nat. D. i, 
15. 3, 23, ikc. — Apollod 1, &c — Orph. Hymn. 31. 

— Hijgin. fab. 168 — Stat. Theb. 2, 721. 7, &c. 
MINERV..E, Promontorium, a promc ntory of 

Campania, closing the bay of Naples to the 
south-west. It was sometimes called Surren- 
tinum Promontorium, from the town of Surren- 
tum, in its vicinity, and also not unfrequenily 
the Sirens" Cape. It is now Punta della Cum- 
panella. The name of Minervae Promontorium 
was given it from a temple of that goddess which 
stood here, and which was said to have been 
raised by Ulysses. Sbab. 5. 

MiNERVALlA, festivals at Rome in honour of 
Minerva, celebrated in the months of March rv.<\ 
June. During the solemnity scholars obtained 
2 Q2 



MIN 



460 



MIN 



some relaxation from their studious pursuits, and 
the present, which it was usual for them to offer 
to their masters, was called Mi?ierval, in honour 
of the goddess Minerva, who patronised litera- 
ture. Fano de R. R. 3, 2. —Ovid. Trist. 3, 809. 

MiNiO, now Mignone, a river of Etruria. fall- 
ing into the Tyrrhene Sea, a short distance 
above Centumcellas. Pirg. ^En. 10, 1S3. 

MlNN^I. a people in the southern extremity 
of Arabia Felix. Their country was called Min- 
naea, and their capital Cavana. The name of the 
latter is preserved in Almakarana, which is a 
strong fortress. Diod. 3, 4L — Fiin. 6, 28. 

MiNOA, a town of Sicily, built by Minos, 
when he was pursuing Daedalus, and called also 

Heraclea A town of Peloponnesus. A 

town of Crete. 

MiNOls, belonging to Minos. Crete is called 
Minoia regna, as being the legislator's kingdom. 

Virg. ^n. 6, 14. A patronymic of Ariadne. 

Ovid. .Vet. 8, 157. 

MiNOS, a king of Crete, son of Jupiter and 
Europa, who gave laws to his subjects, B. C. 
1406, which still remained in full force in the 
age of the philosopher Plato. His justice and 
moderation procured him the appellation of the 
favourite of the gods, the confidant of Jupiter, 
the wise legislator, in every city of Greece; and, 
according to the poets, he was rewarded for his 
equity, after death, with the office of supreme 
and absolute judge in the infernal regions. In 
this capacity he is represented sitting in the 
middle of the shades and holding a sceptre in 
his hand. The dead plead their different causes 
before him, and the impartial judge shakes the 
fatal urn, which is filled with the destinies of 
mankind. He married Ithona, by whom he had 
Lycastes, who was the father of Minos second. 
Homer: Od. 19, 178.— nV"-. ^n. 6, A3i —Apollod. 
3, I.— Hy gin. fab. 41.— Diod. 'i. — Harat. Od. 1, 

28. The second was a son of Lycastes, the son 

of Minos I. and king of Crete. He married 
Pasiphae, the daughter of Sol and Perseis, and 
by her he had many children. He increased his 
paternal dominions by the conquest of thfi 
neighbouring islands, but he showed himself 
cruel in the war which he carried on against the 
Athenians, who had put to death his son An- 
drogeus. [Fid. Androgeus ] He took Megaraby 
the treachery of Seylla, [Vid. Scylla], and vot 
satisfied with a victory, he obliged the van- 
quished to bring him yearly to Crete seven 
chosen boys, and the same number of virgins, to 
be devoured by the Minotaur. ^Fid. Minotaurus.] 
This bloody tribute was at last abolished when 
Theseus had destroyed the monster. [Fid. The- 
seus.] When Daedalus, whose industry and in- 
vention had fabricated the labyrinth, and whose 
imprudence in assisting Pasiphae in the gratifi- 
cation of her unnatural desires, had offended 
Minos, fled from the place of his confinement 
with wings, IFid. Daedalus], and arrived safe in 
Sicily; the incensed monarch pursued the 
offender, resolved to punish his infidelity. Co- 
calus, king of Sicily, who had hospitably re- 
ceived Dsedalus, entertained his royal guest with 
dissembled friendship; and, that he might not ' 
deliver to him a man whose ingenuity and abili- I 
ties he so well knew, he put Minos to death, i 
Some say that it was the daughters of Cocalus ' 
who put the king of Crete to death, by detaining j 
him so long in a bath that he fainted, after which i 
they suffocated him. Minos died about thirty- j 
tive years before the Trojan war. He was father j 



of Androgeus, Glaucus, and Deucalion, and two ' 

daughters, Phaedra and Ariadne. AJany authors ' 

have confounded the two monarchs of this name, ! 
the grandfather and the grandson, but Homer, 
Plutarch, and Diodorus prove plainly that they 

were two diflerent persons. Plut. in Tkes. — Hy- ; 

gen. fab. 41. — Octd. Met. 8, 141 Firg. Mn. ti, i 

21. -Pint, in Min. 

Minotaurus, a celebrated monster, half a j 

man and half a bull, according to this verse of i 

Ovid. (A. A. 2. 24.) ! 

Semibovcinque virum, semivirumque bovem. j 
It was the fruit of Pasiphae s amour with a bull. , 
Minos refused to sacrifice a white bull to Nep- • 
tune, an animal which he had received from the > 
god for that purpose. This offended Neptune, i 
and he made Pasiphae, the wife of Minos, ena- 
moured of this fine bull, which had been refused , 
to his altars. Daedalus prostituted his talents in i 
being subservient to the queen s wishes, and, by 1 
his means, Pasiphae obtained her object, and the j 
Minotaur came into the world. Minos confined i 
in the labyrinth a monster which reflected dis- ' 
grace upon his family. The Minotaur usually 
devoured the chosen young men and maidens, 
whom the tyranny of Minos yearly exacted from 
the Athenians. Theseus delivered his country 
from this shameful tribute, when it had fallen to 
his lot to be sacrificed to the voracity of the , 
Minotaur, and, by means of Ariadne, the king's j 
daughter, he destrojed the monster, and made ; 
his escape from the windings of the labyrinth. ! 
The fabulous traditions of the Minotaur, and of , j 
the infamous commerce of Pasiphae with a ) ' 
favourite bull have been often explained. Some 
suppose that Pasiphae was enamoured of one of 
her husband's courtiers, called Taurus, and that ( 
Daedalus favoured the passion of the queen by ] 
suffering his house to become the retreat of the ' 
two lovers. Pasiphae, some time after, brought i 
twins into the world, one of whom greatly re- ' 
sembled Minos, and the other Taurus. In the 
natural resemblance of their countenances with , 
that of their supposed fathers originated their i 
name, and consequently the fable of the Mino- ' 
taur. Odd. Met. 8, fab. 2.—Hygin. fab. 40.— I 
Plut. in Thes.—Palcephat.— Firg. Mn. 6, 26. i 

MlNTHE, a daughter of Cocytus, loved by , 

Pluto. Proserpine discovered her husband's ! 

amour, and changed his mistress into an herb, . 

called by the same name, mint. Ovid. Met. lU, I 

729. : 

MlNTURN^, a town of Latium, on the river | 

Liris, and only three or four miles from its \ 

mouth. It was in the marshes, in its neighbour- i 

hood, that Marius concealed himself in the mud, | 

to avoid the partisans of Sylla. The people ' 

condemned him to death, but when his voice i 

alone had terrified the executioner, they showed ' 

themselves compassionate and favoured his | 

escape. Marica was worshipped there, hence t 

MaiiccB regna applied to the place. Strab. 2. — ! 

Mela, 2, 4. - Liv. 8, 10. 10, 21. 27, Z'i.—Paterc. | 
2, U.—Lucun. 2, 424. 

MINUTIA, a vestal virgin, accused of de- 
bauchery on account of the beauty and elegance 
of her dress. She was condemned to be buried 

alive, because a female supported the false ac- I 

cusation, A. U. C. 4 IS. Liv. 8, 15. A public I 

way from Rome to Brundusium. j 

MiNUTius, Augurinus, a Roman consul slain , 

in a battle against the Samnites. Lucius, a 

tribune of the jieople who accused Mselius of ' 
aspiring to the sovereignty of Rome. He was 



MIX 



461 



MIT 



hfViTiiured with a brazen statue U.v causing the 
curn collected by Mailius to be sold at a reduced 

price to the people. Liv. 4, 16. — Piin. 18, 3. 

M. Rufus, a master of norse to the dictator Fa- 
bius Maximus. His disobedience to the com- 
mands of the dictator, was productive of an ex- 
tension of his prerogative, and the master of the 
horse was declared equal in power to the dic- 
tator. Minutius, soon after this, fought with ill 
success against Annibal, and was saved by the 
interference of Fabius; which circumstance had 
such an effect upon him, that he laid down his 
power at the feet of his deliverer, and swore that 
he would never act again but by his directions. 
He was killed at the battle of Cannae, Liv. 2i, 

8.~C. Nep. in Ann. A Roman consul who 

defended Coriolanus from the insults of the 

people, &c. An ofHcer under Caesar, in Gaul, 

who afterwards became one of the conspirators 
against his patron. C<3?s. B. G. (j, 29. A tri- 
bune who warmly opposed the views of C. Grac- 
chus. A Roman, chosen dictator, and obliged 

to lay down his office, because, during the time 
of his election, the sudden cry of a rat was 
heard. Felix, a native of Africa, who nour- 
ished towards the close of the reign of the em- 
peror Septimius Severus, or about 210 A. D. 
He was educated to the profession of the law, 
and became an eminent pleader. at Rome; where 
he renounced the heathen religion, and embraced 
that of Ciirist. He was author of an excellent 
defence of Christianity, entitled Ocfar/us, written 
in the form of a dialogue, between a heathen 
and a Christian, in which Minutius himself sits 
as judge or moderator. By this contrivance he 
replies to the objections and arguments brought 
forward by the adversary, and refutes the calumny 
cast upon Christianity by the heathen philoso- 
phers, and at the same time exposes the absur- 
dities of their creed and worship, powerfully 
demonstrating the reasonableness and excel- 
lence of the Christian religion This work was, 
for a considerable time, attributed to Arnobius; 
but in the year 1560, Francis Baldwin, a learned 
lawyer, published it at Heidelberg, and made the 
discovery, in a preliminary dissertation, that 
Minutius was its true author. It has, since that 
time, gone through many editions, of which the 
best are that of Gronovius, Lugd. Bat, 1709, 8vo, 
and that of Davis, Cant. 1712, 8vo. 

MiNY/S, a name jriven to the inhabitants of 
Orchomenos, in Boeotia, from Minyas, king of 
the country. Orchomenos, the son of Minyas, 
gave his name to tlie capital of the country, and 
the inhabitants still retHined their original ap- 
pellation in c()niradi5tincl;on to the Orchome- 
nians of Arcadia. A colony of (Jrchomenians 
passed into Thessaly and settled in lolchos; 
from which circumstance the people of the 
place, and particularly the Argonauts, were 
called Minyas. This name they received, ac- 
cording to the opinion of some, not because a 
number of Orchomenians had settled among 
them, but because the chief and noblest of them 
were descended from the daughters of Minyas. 
Part of the Orchomenians accompanied the sons 
of Codrus when they migrated to Ionia. The ! 
descendants of the Argonauts, as well as the Ar- j 
gonauts themselves, received the name of Min- 
yce. They first inhabited Lemnos, where they j 
had been born from the Lemnian women who 
had murdered their husbands. They were dri- 
ven from Lrmnos by the Pelasiri about i KiO 



tie in Laconia, from whence they passed into 
Caliiste with a colony of Lacedee.i.onians Hy- 
gin. fab. \4.—Paus. 9, 6. — Apollon Arg. 1. - 
Herod. 4, 14j. 

Minyas, a king of Bceotia, son of Neptune 
and Tritogenia, the dauj; liter of iEolus. Some 
make him the S(m of Neptune and Callirrhoe, or 
of Chryses, Neptune's son, and Chrysogei.ia, the 
daughter of Halmus. He married Clyti dora. by 
whom he had Presbon, Periclymenus, and Ete- 
ocly menus. He was father of Orchomenos, 
Diochithondes, and Athamas, by a second mar. 
T\age with Phanasora, the daughter of Paor. 
According to Plutarch and Ovid, he had three 
daughters, called Leuconoe, Alcithoe, and I>eit- 
cippe. They were changed into bats. [F?d. 
Mineides.] Fans. 9. ati. - Plut. Quaint. Grac. 
3S.— Ovid. Met. 4, 1 et 4b8. 

MlNYEIDES. Vid. Mmeides. 
MlNYIA, a festival observed at Orchomenos 
in honour of Minnas, the king of the place. The 
Orchomenians were called Minyae, and the river 
upon whose banks their town was built, Mynos. 

MiSENUM, Promontorium, a promontory of 
Campania, forming the upper extremity of the 
bay of Naples, now Cape Miseno. It was so 
named, according to Virgil, from Misenus, the 
trumpeter of ^neas, who was drowned and in- 
terred here. Other accounts speak of Misenus 
as a companion of Ulysses. Virg. /En. 6, 234.— 
Strab. 5. A town and harbour on the pro- 
montory of the same name- Misenum was pro- 
bably first used by the Cumaeans as a harbour. 
In the reign of Augustus it became one of the 
great naval stations. of the Romans, and was the 
rendezvous for the fleet which guarded the Tus- 
can sea. In process of time a town grew up 
around the harbour, the inhabitants of which 
were called Misenenses. In the neighbourhood 
of this place was the villa of C. Marius, bought 
afterwards by Lucullus, and which finally be- 
longed to the emperor Tiberius, who died there. 
Dion. Hal. 7, b.—Suet. Aug. -18. Tib. l^.—Flor. 
1, 10. Plin. 18. 6, 

Mis&NUS, a son of ^olus, who was trumpeter 
to Hector. After Hector's death, he followed 
./Eneas to Italy, and was drowned on the coast 
of Campania, because he h.-id challenged one of 
the Tritons, .^neas afterwards found his body 
on the sea shore, and buried it on a promontory 
which bears his name, now Miseno. 

MISITHEUS, a Roman, celebrated for his vir- 
tues and his misfortunes. He w as father-in-law 
to the emperor Gordian, whose counsels and ac- 
tions he guided by his prudence and moderatiim. 
He was sacrificed to the amtition of Philip, a 
wicked senator who succeeded him as prefect of 
the praetorian guards. He died A. D. 243, and 
left all his possessions to be appropriated for the 
good of the public. 

Mithras, a god of Persia, supposed to be the 
sun, or according to others, Venus Urania. His 
worship was introduced at Rome, and the Ro- 
mans raised him altars, on which was this 
inscription, Deo Soli Mithrce, or Soli Deo invicto 
Mithrce. He is generally represented as a young 
man, whose head is covered with a turban, after 
the manner of the Persians. He supports his 
knee upon a bull that lies on the ground, and one 
of whose horns he hold.=^ in one hand, while with 
the other he plunges a dagger into his neck. 
Stat. Theb. 1, 720. Cvrt. 4, 13. Claudian. de 
Land S/il. 1. 

MiTHRiDATRS. a lierdsman of Ast^ases, 
■iM 3 



MIT 



4C2 



MIT 



ordered to pat young Cyrus to death. He re- 
fused, and educated him at home as his own son. 
&c. Herod.— Justin. 

MlTHRlDATES 1st, was the third king of Pon- 
tus. He was tributary to the crown of Persia, 
and his attempts to make himself independent 
proved fruitless. He was conquered in a ba'tle, 
and obtained peace with difficulty. Xeno, hon 
calls him merely a governor of Cappadoci.i. 
He was succeeded by Ariobarzanes, B. C. 363. 

Diod.—Xenoph. The second of that name, 

king of Pontus, was grandson to Mithridates I, 
He made himself master of Pontus, which had 
been conquered by Alexander, and had been 
ceded to Antigonus at the general division of the 
Macedonian empire among the conqueror's gen- 
erals. He reigned about twenty-six years, and 
died at the advanced age of eighty-four years, 
B. C. 302. He was succeeded by his son Mithri- 
dates III. Some say that Antigonus put him to 
death, because he fa-voured the cause of Cas- 

sander. Appian. Mith. — Diod. The III. was 

son of the preceding monarch. He enlarged his 
paternal possessions by the conquest of Cappa- 
docia and Paphlagonia, and died after a reign of 

thirty-six years. Diod. The IV. succeeded 

his father Ariobarzanes, who was the son of 

Mithridates III. The V. succeeded his father 

Mithridates IV. and strengthened himself on 
his throne by an alliance with Antiochus the 
Great, whose daughter Laodice he married. He 

was succeeded by his son Pharnaces. The VI. 

succeeded his father Pharnaces. He was the 
first of the kings of Pontus who made alliance 
with the Romans. He furnished them with a 
fleet in the third Punic war, and assisted them 
against Aristonicus, who had laid claim to the 
kingdom of Ptrgamus. This fidelity was re- 
warded; he was called Erergetes, and received 
from the Roman people the province of Phrygia 
Major, and was called the friend and ally of 
Rome. He was murdered B. C. 123. Appian. 

Mithr. — Justin. 37 , Szc. The VII. surnamed 

Eupator, and The Great, succeeded his father 
Mithridates VI. though only at the age of eleven 
years. The beginning of his reign was n arked 
by ambition, cruelty, and artifice. He murder- 
ed his own mother, who had been left by his 
father co-heiress of the kingdom, and he forti- 
fied his constitution by drinking antidotes against 
the poison with which his enemies at court at- 
tempted to destroy him. He early inured his 
body to hardship, and employed himself in many 
manly exercises, often remaining whole months 
in the country, and making the frozen snow and 
the bare earth the place of his repose. Natur- 
ally ambitious and cruel, he spared no pains to 
acquire himself power and dominion. He mur- 
dered the two sons whom his sister Landice had 
had by Ariarathes, king of Cappadocia, and 
placed one of his own children, only eight years 
old, on the vacant throne. These violent pro- 
ceedings alarmed Nicomedes, king of Bithynia, 
who had married Laodice, the widow of Ariara- 
thes. He suborned a youth to be king of Cappa- 
docia, as the third son of Ariarathes, and Lao- 
dice was sent to Rome to impose upon the sen- 
ate, and assure them that her third son was still 
alive, and that his pretensions to the kingdom 
of Cappadocia were just and well grounded. 
Mithridates used the same arms of dissimulation. 
He also sent to Rome Gordius, the governor of 
his son, who solemnly declared befiire the Ro- 
man people, that the youth who sat on the 



throne of Cappadocia was the third son and law >: 
ful heir of Ariarathes, and that he was supported' 
as such by Mithridates. This intricate affairl; 
displeased the Roman senate, and, finally to set-r 
tie the dispute between the two monarchs, the : 
powerful arbiters took away the kingdom ofp 
Cappadocia from Mithridates, and Paphlagoniaj' 
from Nicomedes. These two kingdoms being!, 
thus separated from their original possessors, |; 
were presented with their freedom and inde-ii 
pendence; but the Cappadocians refused it, and h 
received Ariobarzanes lor king. Such were the v. 
first seeds of enmitv between Rome and the king 
of Pontus. Mithridaticum bellum.] Mith- Is 

ridates never lost an opportunity by which he it 
might lessen the influence of his adversaries; W 
and, the more effecttially to destroy their power p 
in Asia, he ordered all the Romans that were in lil 
his dominions to be mas.^acred. This was done ri 
in one night, and no less than loO.dOO, according b 
to Plutarch, or 80,000 Romans, as Appian men- fj 
tions, were made, at one blow, the victims of his p 
cruelty. This universal massacre called aloud It 
for revenge, Aquilius, and soon after Sylla, u 
marched against Mithridates with a large army, 
The former was made prisoner, but Sylla ob- i 
tained a victory over the king's generals, and i 
another decisive engagement rendered him mas- i 
ter of all Greece, Macedonia, Ionia, and Asia p 
Minor, which had submitted to the victorious Is 
arms of the monarch of Pontus. This ill-fortune jc 
was aggravated by the loss of about 200, QUO men, 
who were killed in the several engagements that « 
had been fought, and Mithridates, weakened by 
repeated ill success by sea and land, sued for 
peace from the conqueror, which he obtained on \\ 
condition of defrayina: the expences which the ii 
Romans had incurred by the war, and of remain- li 
ing satisfied with the possessions which he had 
inherited from his ancestors. While these ne- p 
gociations of peace were carried on. Mithridates ^■ 
was not unmindful of his real interests. His S 
poverty, and not his inclinations, obliged him f 
to wish for peace. He immediately took the 
field with an army of 140.000 infantry, and 16,000 
horse, which consisted of his own forces and \ 
those of his son-in-law Tigranes, king of Ar- \ 
menia. With such a numerous army, he soon 
made himself master of the Roman provinces in 
Asia; none dared to oppose his conquests, and ji 
the Romans, relying on his fidelity, had with- 
drawn the greatest part of their armies from the 
country. The news of his warlike preparations 
w as no sooner heard, than Lucullus, the consul, 
marched into Asia, and, without delay, he 
blocked up the camp of Mithridates, who was 
then besieging Cyzicus. The Asiatic monarch i 
escaped from him, and fled into the heart of his i 
kingdom. Lucullus pursued him with the ut- 
most celerity, and would have taken him pri- 
soner after a battle, had not the avidity of his 
soldiers preferred the plundering of a mule I 
loaded with gold, to the taking of a monarch j 
who had exercised such cruelties against their 
countrymen, and shown himself so faithless to 
the most solenm engagements. After this escape, 
Mithridates was more careful about the safety of 
his person, and he even ordered his wives and ) 
sisters to destroy themselves, fearful of their fall- 
ing into the enemy's hands. The appointment 
of Glabrio to the command of the Roman forces, I 
instead of Lucullu-. was favourable to Mithri- 
dates, and he rt coven-d the greatest part of his i 
dominions. The sudden arrival of Ponipty, 



MIT 



463 



MIT 



however, soon put an end to his victories. A 
battle, in the night, was fought near the Eu- 
phrates, in which the troops of Pontus laboured 
nnder every disadvantage. The engagement was 
by moonlight, and, as the moon then shone in 
the face of the enemy, the lengthened shadows of 
the arms of the Romans having induced Mithri- 
dates to believe that the two armies were close 
t together, the arrows of his soldiers were darted 
I from a great distance, and their efforts rendered 
( ineffectual. An universal overthrow ensued, and 
j Mithridates bold in his misfortunes, rushed 
j through the thick ranks of the enemy, at the 
head of 800 horsemen, 500 of which perished in 
I the attempt to follow him. He fled to Tigranes, 
j but that monarch refused an asylum to his father- 
j in-law, whom he had before supported with all 
the collected forces of his kingdom. Mithridates 
I found a safe retreat among the Scythians, and, 
though destitute of power, friends, and resources, 
yet he meditated the destruction of the Roman 
I empire, by penetrating intc the heart of Italy by 
!| land. These wild projects were rejected by his 
I followers, and he sued for peace. It was denied 
i to his ambassadors, and the victorious Pompey 
I declared, that to obtain it, Mithridates must ask 
: it in person. He scorned to trust himself into 
the hands of his enemy, and resolved to conquer 
or to die. His subjects refused to follow him 
I any longer, and they revolted from him, and 
made his son Pharnaces king. The son showed 
j himself ungrateful to his father, and even, ac- 
cording to some writers, he ordered him to be 
put to death. This unnatural treatment broke 
the heart of Mithridates; he obliged his wife to 
poison herself, and attempted to do the same 
himself. It was in vain; the frequent antidotes 
I he had taken in the early part of his life, 
I strengthened his constitution against the poison, 
and, when this was unavailing, he attempted to 
' stab himself. The blow was not mortal; and a 
Gaul, who was then present, at his own request, 
gave him the fatal stroke, about sixty-three 
years before the Christian era, in the seventy- 
second year of his age. Such were the misfor- 
tunes, abilities, and miserable end of a man, who 
supported himself so long against the power of 
Rome, and who, according to the declaration, of 
the Roman authors, proved a more powerful and 
indefatigable adversary to the capital of Italy, 
than the great Annibal, than Pyrrhus, Perseus, 
or Antiochus. Mithridates has been commended 
for his eminent virtues, and censured for his 
vices. As a commander he deserves the most 
unbounded applause, and it may create admira- 
tion to see him waging war with such success 
during so many years, against the most powerful 
people on earth, led to the field by a Sylla, a 
Lucullus, and a Pompey. He was the greatest 
monarch that ever sat on a throne, according to 
the opinion of Cicero; and, indeed, no better 
proof of his military character can be produced, 
than the mention of the great rejoicings which 
happened in the Roman armies and in the capi- 
tal at the news of his death. No less than twelve 
, days were appointed for public thanksgivings to 
1 the immortal gods, and Pompey, who had sent 
I the first intelligence of his death to Rome, 
j and who had partly hastened his fall, was re- 
I warded with the most uncommon honours. [Fid. 
1 Ampia lex.] It is said, that Mithridates con- 
quered twenty- four nations, whose different lan- 
guages he knew, and spoke with the same ease 
and fluency as his own. As a man of letters he 



also deserves attention. He was acquainted 
with the Greek language, and even wrote in that 
dialect a treatise on botany. His skill in physic 
is well known, and even now there is a celebrated 
antidote which bears his name, and is called 
Mithridate. Superstition, as well as nature, had 
united to render him great; and if we rely upon 
the authority of Justin, his birth was accom- 
panied by the appearance of two large comets, 
which were seen for seventy days successively, 
and whose splendour eclipsed the mid-day sun, 
and covered the fourth part of the heavens. 
Justin. 37, ], &c. Flor. 3, 5, 8zc.—Plut. i?i Syll. 
Luc. Mar. et Pomp. — Val. Max. 4, 6, Sic.—Ap- 
pian. Mithrid.- Cic. pro L. Man. &.c —Faterc. 
2, 18. A celebrated king of Parthia, who en- 
larged his possessions by the conquest of some 
of the neighbouring countries. He examined 
with a careful eye the constitution and political 
regulations of the nations he had conquered, 
and fiamed from them, for the service of his 
own subjects, a ci de of laws. Justin.— Oro-' 

MlTHRiDATlcUM Bellum, begun eighty- 
nine years B. C. was one of the longest ?nd most 
celebrated wars ever carried on by the Romans 
against a foreign power. The ambition of Mith- 
ridates, from whom it receives its name, may be 
called the cause and origin of it. His views upon 
the kingdom of Cappadocia, of which he was 
stripped by the Romans, first engaged him to 
take up arms against the republic. Three Ro- 
man officers, L. Cassius, the pro-consul, M. 
Aquilius, and Q. Oppius, opposed Mithridates 
with the troops of Bithynia, Cappadocia, Paph- 
lagonia, and Gallo-graecia. The army of these 
provinces, together with the Roman soldiers in 
Asia, amounted to 70,000 men, and 6000 horse. 
The forces of the king of Pontus were greatly 
superior to these; he led 250,000 foot, 40,000 
horse, and 130 armed chariots into the field of 
battle, under the command of Neoptolemus and 
Archelaus. His fleet consisted of 400 ships of 
war, well manned and provisioned. In an en- 
gagement, the king of Pontus obtained the vic- 
tory, and dispersed the Roman forces in Asia. 
He became master of the greatest part of Asia, 
and the Hellespont submitted to his power. 
Two of the Roman generals were taken, and M. 
Aquilius, who was principally intrusted with the 
conduct of the war, was carried about in Asia, 
and exposed to the ridicule and insults of the 
populace, and at last put to death by Mithridates, 
who ordered melted gold to be poured down his 
throat, as a slur upon the avidity of the Romans. 
The conqueror took every possible advantage; 
he subdued all the islands of the JSgean sea, 
and, though Rhodes refused to submit to his 
power, yet all Greece was soon overrun by his 
general Archelaus, and made tributary to the 
kingdom of Pontus. Meanwhile the Romans, 
incensed against Mithridates on account of his 
perfidy, and of his cruelty in massacring £O,0(J0 
of their countrymen in one day all over Asia, 
appointed Sylla to march into the east. Sylla 
landed in Greece, where the inhabitants readily 
acknowledged his power; but Athens shut her 
gates against the Roman commander, and Ar- 
chelaus, who defended it, defeated, with the 
greatest courage, all the efforts and operations 
of the enemy. This spirited defence was of short 
duration. Archelaus retreated into Boeotia, 
where Sylla soon followed him. The two hos- 
tile armies drew up in a line of battle near Chae- 



MIT 



464. 



MIT 



roi-^.i, and the Rcjmans obtained the victory, 
and, of the alnoost innumerable forces of the 
Asiatics, no more than 10,1)00 escaped. Another 
battle in Thessaly. near Orchomenos, proved 
equally fatal tn the king of Pontus. Dorylaus, 
one of his generals, was defeated, and he soon 
after sued for peace. Sylla listened to the terms 
of accommodation, as bis presence at Rome w as 
now become necess'iry to quell the commotions 
and cabals which his enemies had raised against 
him. He pledged himself to the king of Pontus 
to confirm him in the possession of his domin- 
ions, a!;d to procure him the title of friend and 
ally of R'ime; and Mithridates consented to re- 
linquish Asia and Paphlagonia, to deliver Cap- 
paddcia to Ariobarzanes, and Bithynia to Nico- 
medes, and to pay to the Romans 2000 talents to 
defray the expenses of the war, and to deliver 
into their hands seventy galleys, with all their 
rigging. Though Mithridates seemed to have 
reestablished peace in his doriiinions, jet Fim- 
bria, whose sentiments w ere contrary to those of 
Sylla, and who made himself master of the army 
of Asia by intrigue and oppression, kept him 
under continual alarms, and rendered the exis- 
tence of his power precarious. Sylla, who had 
returned from Greece to ratify the treaty which 
had been made wiih Mithridates. rid the world 
of the tyrannical Fimbria; and the king of Pon- 
tus, awed by the resolution and determined 
firmness of his adversary, agreed to the condi- 
tions, though with reluctance. The hostile pre- 
parations of Mi hridates, which continued in the 
time of peace, became suspected by the Romans, 
and Muraena, who was left as governor of Asia 
in Svlla's absence, and who wished to make 
himself known by some conspicuous action, be- 
gan hostilities by taking Comana and plundering 
the temple o( Bellona. Mithridates did not op- 
pose him. but he complained of this breach of 
peace before the Roman senate. Muraena wa.^s 
publicly reprimanded; but, as he did not cease 
from hostilities, it was easily understood that he 
acted by the private directions of the Roman 
people. The king upon this marched against 
him, and a battle was fought, in which both 
the adversaries claimed the victory. This was 
the last lilow which the king of Pontus received 
in this war, which is called the second Mithri- 
datic war, and which continued for about three 
years, ^^ylla, at that time, was made perpetual 
dictator at Rome, and he commanded Muraena to 
retire from the kingdom of Mithridates. The 
death of Sylla changed the face of affairs; the 
treaty of peace between the king of Pontus and 
the Romans, which had never been committed 
to writing demanded frequent explanations, 
and Mithridates at last threw off the mask of 
friendship, and declared war. Nicomedes, at 
his death, left his kingdom to the Romans, but 
Mithn'da'tes disputed their right to the posses- 
sions of the deceased monarch, and entered the 
field with 120,0(10 men. besides a fleet of 400 ships 
in his ports, 16,000 horsemen to follow him, and 
100 chariots armed w ith scythes. LucuUus was 
appointed over Asia, and intrusted with the 
care of the Mitlirid^tic war. His valour and 
prudence showed his merit; and Mithridates, 
in his vain attempts to take Cyzicum, lost no 
less than 300,000 men. Success continually at- 
tended the Roman arms. The king of Pontus 
was defeated in several bloody enfragement?, ' 
and with difficulty saved his life, and retired to 
son-ui-iaw Tigraues, king of Armenia. Lu- j 



cuilus pur.sueu him; and, when his applicr.tionsi 
for the person of the fugitive monarch had been^; 
despised by Tigranes, he marched to the capitai] 
of Armenia, and terrified, by his sudden ap-,; 
proach, the numerous forces of the enemy. A j 
battle ensued. The Romans obtained an easyj 
victory, and no less than liKI.COO loot of the Ar-J 
meniaiis perished, and only five men of the Ro-h 
mans w ere killed. Tigranocerta, the rich capital ij 
of the couniry, fell into the conqueror's hands, k 
-Aiter such signal victories, Lticullus had thej' 
moitificaiion (o see his own troops mutiny, and^i 
to be dispossessed of the command by the arrival |.i 
of Pompey. The new general showed himselfj 
worthy to succeed LucuUus. He defeated,; 
Mithridates, and rendered his affairs so despe- « 
rate, that the monarch fled for safety into theL 
country of the Scythians; where, for a while, iie^j 
meditated the ruin ol the Roman empire, and, .ij 
with more wildness than prudence, secretly re-|.; 
solved to invade Italy by land, and march an j 
army across the northern wilds of Asia and Eu-'^ 
rope to the Apennines. Not only the kinjidoini^ 
of Mithridates had tallen into the enemy's hands, | 
but also all the neighbouring kings and princes i 
were subdued, and Pompey saw prostrate at his j 
feet l igranes himself, that king of kings, who' 
had lately treated the Romans with such con- jj 
tempt. Meantime, the w ild projects of Miihri- 
dates terrified his subjects; and they, fearful tojj 
accompany him in a march of above iOOO miles v 
across a barren and uncultivated country, re-r<i 
volted, and made his son king. The monarch, >i 
forsaken in his old age, even by his own chil-| 
di-en, put an end to his life (T/d. Mithridates'] 
VII.), and gave the Romans cause to rejoice, asjc 
the third Mithridatic war was ended in his fall, p 
B. C. 63. Such were the unsuccessful struggles p 
of Mithridates against the power of Rome. He |i 
w as always full of resources, and the Romans had » 
never a greater or more dangerous war to sus- 
tain. The duration of the Mithridatic war is not ( 
precisely known. According to Justin, Orosiu-s | 
Florus, and Eutropius, it lasted for 40 years; 
but the opinion of others, who fix its duration t» 
30 years, is far more credible; and, indeed, by 
proper calculation, there elapsed no more than * 
26 years from the time that Mithridates first en- ' 
tered the field against the Romans till the time I 
of his death. Appian. in Mithrid. — Justin. 37, ' 
Sic.— Flor. 2, &c.— Liv.—Plvt. in Luc &c.— j 
Orosius. — Poierc. — Dion. \ 

MlTHRIDATlS, a daughter of Mithridates the | 
Great. She w as poisoned by her father. j 

MiTYLtNE or MITYLEN^, the capital city 
of the island of Lesbos which receives its name 
from Mitylene, the daughterof Macareus, a kingf 
of the country. It was greatly commended by 
the ancients for the stateliness of its buildings, j 
and the fruitfulness of its soil; but more particu- 
larly lor the great men whom it produced. Pit- 
tacus, Alcaeus, Sappho, Terpander, Thev.'phanes, 
Hellenicus, &c., were all natives of Mitylene. ■ 
It was long a seat of learning, and, with Rhodes I 
and Athens, ithad the honour ofhaving educated 
many of the great men of Greece and Rome. In 
the Peloponnesian war the Mityleneans snflferecl i 
greatly for their revolt from the pow er of Athens; 
and, in the Mithridatic wars, they had the bold- 
ness to resist the Romans, and disdain the trea- 
ties which had been made between Mithridates 
and SvUa. Cic. de Leg. As- Slrab. V6. Mela, \ 
■2. 7. - Liiol. S ft 12. P,.t('n: 1, 4. — Horaf. Od. . 
1, 7, &^c. - 'ihucyd. 3, S^v.— Piul. in Pomp. &c. ' 



MNA 



465 



M(£S 



MNASALCES, a Greek poet, who wrote epi- 
grams. Athen, — Strab. 

MnasIlus, a youth who assisted Chromis to 
tie the old Silenus, whom they found asleep in a 
cave. Some imagine that Virgil spoke of Varus 
under the name of Mnasilus. Virg. Ed. 6, J 3. 

Mnason, a tyrant of Elatia, who gave 1200 
pieces of gold for twelve pictures ot twelve gods 
to Asclepiodorus, and the same for as many 
goddesses to Theomnestus. Plin, 35, 16. 

MNEMON, a surname given to Artaxerxes, on 
account of his retentive memory. C. Nep. in 
Reg. 

Mnemosyne, a daughter of Ccelus and Terra, 
mother of the nine Muses, by Jupiter, who as- 
sumed the form of a shepherd to enjoy her com- 
pany. The word Mnemosyne signifies memoty, 
and therefore the poets have rightly called 
Memory the mother of the Muses, because it is 
to that mental endowment that mankind are in- 
debted for their progress.in science, Ovid. Met. 
6, fab. 4.— Pindar. Isthm. 6.—Hesiod. Theog. 
m.-Apollod. 1, 1, &c, 

Mnesarchus, a philosopher, son of Pytha- 
goras, who succeeded Aristaeus the immediate 
successor of Pythagoras. 

Mnestheus, a Trojan, descended from As- 
saracus. He obtained the prize given to the 
best sailing vessel by ,;Eneas, at tiie funeral 
games of Anchises, in Sicily, and became the 
progenitor of the family of the Memmii at Rome. 

Virg. ^n. 4, IIG, &c. A son of Peteus. Vid. 

Menestheus. 

Mn£vis, the name of a sacred ox, consecrated 
to the sun, and worshipped by the Egyptians at 
Heliopolis. The worship of Mnevis gradually 
disappeared when Apis became the general deity 
of the country. From the era in which Cam- 
byses overthrew the magnificent temple of Helio- 
polis, we may date the downfall of the worship 
of Mnevis. He was worshipped with the same 
superstitious ceremonies as Apis, and, at his 
death, he received the most magnificent funeral. 
He was the emblem of Osiris. Diod. 1. — Plut. 
de Is. et Os. 

Moaphernes, the uncle of Strabo's mother, 
&c. Strab. 12. 

Modestus, a Latin writer, whose book De re 
Militari has been elegantly edited in 2 vols. 8vo. 
Vesalias, 16iO. 

MODiA, a rich widow at Rome. Juv. 3, 130. 

Mcecia, one of the tribes at Rome, Liv. 8, 17. 

McEDi, a people of Thrace conquered by Phi- 
lip of Macedonia. 

Mcenus, a river of Germany. Vid. Majnus. 

MfERAGETKS, Jatorum ductcr, a surname of 
Jupiter. Pans. 5, 15. 

Mceris, a king of India, who fled at the ap- 
proach of Alexander. Curt. 9, 8. A steward 

of the shepherd Menalcas in Virgil, Ed. 9. 

A king of Egypt. He was the last of the 300 
kings from Menes to Sesoslris, and reigned 

sixty-eight years. Herod. 2, 13. A lake of 

Egypt, supposed to have been the work of a king 
of the same name, concerning the situation and 
extent, and even the existence of which authors 
have differed. It has been represented as the 
noblest and most wonderful of all the works of 
the kings of Egypt, and, accordingly, Herodotus 
considers it superior even to the pyramids or 
labyrinth. As to its situation, Herodotus and 
Strabo mark it out by placing the labyrinth on 
its borders, and by fixing the towns which were 
around it, such as Acanthus to the south, Aphro- 



ditopolis towards the east, and Arsinoe to the 
north. Diodorus and Pliny confirm this state- 
ment by placing it at twenty-four leagues from 
Memphis, between the province of that name 
and Arsinoe. The position thus indicated is 
supposed to answer to the modern Birket Caroun, 
a lake more than fifty leagues in circumference. 
Herodotus makes the lake Mceris 361)0 stadia in 
circumference, and its greatest depth 200 cubits. 
Bossuet has vindicated the statement of its large 
extent, against the raillery of Voltaire. Rollin, 
however, deeming it to be incredible, adopts the 
opinion of Pomponius Mela, and makes it 20,000 
paces. D'Anville, with a view of reconciling 
the contending parties, has marked on his map 
of Egypt two lakes of this name, one of which is 
in fact a canal running parallel with the Nile; 
this he makes the Mceris of Herodotus and Dio- 
dorus, while the other is situate to the north- 
west, and corresponds, according to him, with 
the Mceris of Strabo and Ptolemy. This last is 
the Birket- Caroun mentioned above; the former, 
which still subsists, is known by the name of 
Bahr Jouseph, or Joseph's river. It opens near 
Tarout Eccheriff, and ends near Birket- Caroun. 
The explanation given by Malte-Brun is, how- 
ever, the simplest. He supposes that the canal 
dignified with the naine of Joseph, like many 
other remarkable works, was executed by king 
MoBrus. The waters then filled the basin of the 
lake Birket- Caroun, which received the name of 
the prince who effected this great change. Thus 
a reason is given why the ancients say that the 
lake was of artificial formation, while the Birket- 
Caroun gives no evidence of any such operation. 
If we listen, however, merely to the relation of 
Herodotus, the lake Mceris was entirely the 
work of human art, and, to show this, two pyra- 
mids were to be seen in its centre, each of which 
was 200 cubits above, and as many below th'e 
water, while on the summit of each was a colos- 
sus in a sitting posture. The object of the ex- 
cavation was to regulate the inundations of the 
Nile. When the waters of the rivers were high, 
a large portion was carried off by the canal to 
the lake, in order that it might not remain too 
long on the soil of Egypt (lower at that time 
than in our days), and occasion sterility; when 
the inundation had declined, a second one wa& 
produced by the waters in lake Mceris. The 
lapse of nearly 1200 years has made a great 
change in this as in the other Egyptian works of 
art. Mceris is now nearly fifty leagues in cir- 
cumference. It might still, however, be made 
to answer its ancient purposes, if the canal of 
Joseph were cleared of the immense quantity of 
mud collected in it, and the dykes restored. 
The pyramids in this lake were no longer visible 
in the time of Strabo. The lake itself is said to 
have afforded a most abundant supply of fish. 
The profits of this fishery were appropriated to 
furnish the queen with clothes and perfumes. 
Herod. 2, }i9.— Strab. \7.—Diod. 1, b2.-Plin.b, 
9 —Mela, 1, 9. 

MtESiA, called also Mysia, acotmtry of Europe, 
bounded on the north by the Danube, on the 
west by Pannonia and Illyricum, on the south 
by Macedonia and Thrace, and on the east by 
the Euxine Sea. It corresponded generally with 
the modern provinces of Servia and Bidgaria. 
It formed originally a portion of the great dis- 
trict of Thrace, and is said to have first obtained 
the name of Moesia on its subjugation by the 
Romans under M. Crassus. This latter appel- 



46(3 



Istion was probably used orizinally as a collec- 
tive one for all the Thracian tribes between the 
Haemus and Danube, and was supposed by the 
ancient heathens to have been communicated by 
them to the province of Mysia in Asia Minor; but 
there seems better ground for supposing that the 
Asiatic Mysi were the ancestors of the European 
Mysi, or at all events that they were originally 
a colony from Madai, Japhet's son, and did no; 
pass over from Europe into Asia. The name of 
Moesia was nut applied in its full extent to the 
European province till the time of Augustus, 
vfho included within its limits the possessions of 
«!■» Dardani and Triballi. It was, in a later age, 
di ,id"d by thL; little river Cebrus, or Zibritsa, 
into Superior and Inferior, so called w ith respect 
io the D.mube; the former touching on Illyri- 
cum and Macedonia, the latter on Thrace and 
the Euxine Sea. This partition of Mcesia lasted 
till the time of Aurelian. who formed within it 
his province of Dacia, bounded on the north by 
the Danube from the Cataract to the Utu*, or 
Vid, on the east by the latter river, on the south 
by the mountains, and on the west by the upoer 
course of the river Margus, or Morava. Dio Cuss. 
38, 10. -Amm. Marcell. 27. 9. -PUn. 3, 2G. 4, I. 
— Tac Ann. 15, (5. Hero hnn. 2, 10. 

MOGONTIACUM, now M.yns, a city of the 
Caracates, at the confluence of the M;enus and 
Khenus. It was the raetrcpo'.is of Germania 
Superior, and the place where Alexander Seve- 
rus and his mother Mammaia were murdered. 

MOLEIA, a festival in Arcadia, in commemora- 
tion of a battle in which Lycur--us obtained the 
victory. 

MOLIOX a Trojan prince who distinguished 
himself in the defence of his country against the 
Greeks as the friend and co.mpaaion of Thym- 
braeus. They were slain by Ulysses and Dio- 
medes. Homer 11. il. 3^0. 

MOLIONE, the wife of Actor, son of Phorbas. 
She became mother of Cteatusand Eurv tus, who, 
from her, are called MoJionides. These two 
heroes who are represented by some as only 
forming one body, with two heads, four legs, and 
four arms, were invited to assist Augeas against 
Hercules, and their united efforts proved suc- 
cessful against their po\^erful enemy, till he 
attacked them unprovided as they were going 
to Corinth, and slew them. Paus. 2, 15. 5, 2. 6, 
kO.-Ho?ner. II. II, 706. - OvicL Met. 8, 387. 

MOLO, a philosopher of Rhodes, called also 
ApoUonius- Some are of opinion that Apollo- 
nius and Molo are two different persons, who 
were both natives of Alabanda. and disciples of 
Menecles, of the same place. They bo;h visited 
Rhodes, and there opened a sch >ril, but Molo 
flourished gome time after Apolionius. Molo 
had Cicero and J. Ctesar among his pupils. 
(I'ld. Apolionius.) dc. de Oral, i, 17 et 2S. Bi: 
90. Att 2, 1. &c. - Fa^: Max. 2, 2. 

MoLOEIS. a river of Boeotia. near Platasa. 

MOLOKCHUS, an old shepherd near Cleonae, 
who received Hercules with great hospitality. 
The hero, to repay the kindness he received, 
destroyed the Nemasan lion, which laid waste 
the neighbouring country; and therefore, the 
Nemaean games, instituted on this occasion, are 
to be understood by the words Lucus Molorchi. 
There were two festivals instituted in his honour 
failed Molorche<v. Some imagine that Hercules 
received his famous club from this hospitable old 
man. M n tial f). 44. 14. U. — Apollod. 2, 5. - 
rira. G. 3, ;j. -Stat. T/ie'j.-l, 160. 



Mut,OSSI, a people of Epirus, who inhab1t»«d I- 
that part of the country which was called Moloit']. 
sia, or Molossis, from king Molossus. Tnis, 
country had the bay of Ambracia on the south, 
and the country of the Perrh;ebeans on the east.,; 
The dogs of the place were famous, and received 
the name of Mohssi among the Romans. Do- J 
dona was the capital of the country according to ' 
some writers. Others, however, reckon it as 
the chief city of Thesprotia. Lucret. 5. 10, G2. ' 
-Lucan. 4. 4i0 — Sttab. 7. - Liv. 8, th— Justin. 
7. 6. C. Nep. 2, S.— Firg. G. 3, 493.— Ho? af. i 
Sat. 6, 1 14. p 

MoLOSSlA. or MOLOSSIS. Fid. Molossi. | 

Molossus, a son of Pyrrhus and Andro. i 
mache. He reigned in Epiius, after the death 
of Helenas, and part of his dominions receiveJ * 
the name of Mulossia from him. Paws. 1, 11. i' 
A surname of Jupiter in Epirus. p 

MoLPUS, an autiior who wrote a history of ,- 
Laeedaemon. I 

MOLVCRiO.V. or Molj'creia, a town of ^tolia, t< 
on the borders of the Locri, and in the imme- I' 
diate vicinity of Antirrhiura. According to 
Thucydides, it was situiite close to the sea. - 
This place had been colonised by the Corin- 
thians, who were expelled by the Athenians, and ^ 
was afterwards taken by the /Etolians and Peio- 
ponnesians imder Eurylochus. The spot on j' 
which it stood is now called Cavrolimnc, where / 
its remains are vet perceptible. Paus. 5, 3 — i 
T/ii/rj/rf. 2, 84. 3.'l02. ' 

Mom us, the god of finding faults and pleas- 
antry among the ancients, son of Nox, according 
to Hesiod. He was continually employed in ' 
satirizing the gods, and whatever they did was '■ 
freely turned to ridicule. He blamed Vulcan, • 
because in the human form which he had mnde ' 
of clay, he had not placed a window in his ! 
breast, by which whatever was done or thfu-!it ^ 
there, might be easdy brought to light, lie i 
censured the hou.se which Minerva had madi', [ 
because the goddess had not made it movauie, 
by which means a bad neighbnurhood might be | 
av .ided. In the bull which Neptune had pro- p 
duced, he observed that his blows might have * 
been surer if his eyes had been placed ne.ir » 
his horns. Venus herself was exposed to liis (• 
satire; and when the sneering god had found no - 
fault in the body of the naked goddess, he oo- 1< 
served as she retired, that the noi.-<e of her feet " 
was too loud and greatly im'^raceful in the god- 
dess of beauty. These illiberal reflections u; on I' 
the gods « ere the cause that Momus was driven 
from heaven. He is generally rt-presented rais- 
ing a mask from his face, and holding a small 
figure in his hand. Hesiod. in Thcog. 215 — 
Lucian. in Henn. 

Mo.VA, an island herween Rri'ain and Hiber- 
nia, now the Isle of Mm. It was also called 
Monaeda or Monapia. Cces. B. G. f>, Plin. 

4, 10. -An island off the coast of Britain, and 

facing the territory of the Ordovices. of w hich in 
strictness it formed a part. It was situate t(i 
the south-east of the former, and is now the Isle 
of Anglesey. It was remarkable as having beer* 
one of the principal seats of the Druids, who 
were cruelly persecuted bv the Romans. Tacit. 
Ann. 14. 29. &c. Vit. Agric. 14 et 18. 

MON.i:SES, a Parthian noble, who fled to An- 
tony after Piiraates had taken possession of the 
kingdom. Phraates sent him afterwards assur- 
ances of his safety, and Mon£e-;es therefore re- 
turned. rUd. Fit. .int. .\ Parthian oflicer iu 



MON 



MOR 



the time of Corbulo. Dio Cass. 62, Id.— Tacit. 
Ann. 15, 2. 

MONOA, a river on the western coast of Lusi- 
taiiia, between the Duriiis and Tagus. It is now 
the Mo7idego, Mela, 3, \.—Plin. 4, ti. 

MONtTA, a surname of Juno among the 
Romans. She received it because she advised 
tht in to sacrifice a pregnant sow to Cybele, to 
avert an earthquake. (Cjc. de Div. 1, ]5.) Livy 
says (J, 23.) that a temple was vowed to Juno, 
under this name, by the dictator Furius, when 
the Romans waged war against the Aurunci, and 
I hat the temple was raised to the goddess by the 
: late, on the spot where the house of Manlius 

ipitolinus had formerly stood. Suidas, how- 

nr, says tliat Juno was surnamed Moneta from 
,1 suring the Romans, when in the war against 
Pyrrhus they complained of want of pecuniary 
resources, that money could never fail to those 
who cultivated justice. 

MonI.ma, a beautiful woman of Miletus, whom 
Withridates the Great married. When his affairs 
tjiew desperate, Mithridates ordered his wives 
to destroy themselves; Monima attempted to 
strangle herself, but when her efforts were un- 
availing, she ordered one of her attendants to 
stab her. Plut. in Luc 

MONODUS, a son of Prusias. He had one 
continued bone instead of a row of teeth, whence 
his name {u,6vn 666^.) Plin. 7, 16. 

MONCECUS. Vid. Herculis Monceci Portus. 

MONOPHAGE, sacrifices in iEgina. 

MONS Sacer, a low range of sandstone hills, 
extending along the right bank of the Anio, and 
about three miles from Rome. It is celebrated 
in Roman history for two secessions of the 
people: first, when they retired from the oppres- 
sions of the patricians, A. U. C 260; and again 
from the decemviri, A. U. C. 305. Liu. 2, 32.— 
Ovid. Met. 3, 664. 

MONTANUS, a poet who wrote in hexameter 

nd elegiac verses. Ovid, ex Pont. 4.- An 

' rator under Vespasian. A favourite of Mes- 

alina. One of the senators whom Domitian 

consulted about boiling a turbot. Juv. 4, A 

Phrygian in the 2d century, the founder of a 
new sect, which from him were called Montan- 
isLs. By severity of discipline, and a studied 
zeal and imposing address, assisted by the gold 
and the prophecies of Priscilla and Maximilla, 
two fem'ales of wealth and distinction who 
espoused his tenets, he prevailed upon several 
ciiurches to adopt his wild views, and to consider 
him as a messenger particularly favoured by the 
immediate inspiration of God. It is said, that 
he at last hanged himself, and thus proved him- 
£?lftobe rather an enthusiastic madman, than 
a religious imposior. 

MONYCHUS, a powerful giant, who could root 
up trees and hurl them like a javelin. Juv. 1. 
\\. — Oiid. Met. \i, 499, &c. 

MOPSIUM, an eminence between Larissa 
knd Tempe, on the southern bank of the Pe- 
neus. A severe skirmish took place in its vicin- 
■fy between the troops of Perseus and the Ro- 
3jans. Liv. 42, 61 et 67. 

MOPSOPIA, an ancient appellation for Attica, 
supposed to be derived from the hero Mopsopus 
\ V Mopsops. Strab. 9. 

MOPSUHESTlA, a town of Cilicia near the sea, 
on the banks of the Pyramus. It is said to have 
been called Mopsuhestia from being the resi- 
dence of Mopsiis, the diviner, who retired hither 
from the neigiibouring Mallas, wliich had been j 



. founded by him and Amphilochus, shortly after 
the siege of Troy. Strab. 14. 

Mops US, a celebrated prophet, son of Manto 
and Apollo, during the Trojan war. He was 
consulted by Amphimachus, king of Colophon, 
who wished to know what success would attend' 
his arms in a war which he was going to under- 
take. He predicted the greatest calamities ; but 
Calchas, %vho had been a soothsayer of the Greeks 
during the Trojan war, promised the greatest 
successes. Amphimachus followed the opinion 
of Calchas, but the prediction of Mopsus was 
fully verified. This had such an effect upon 
Calchas that he died soon after. His death Is 
attributed by some to another mortification of 
the same nature. The two soothsayers, jealous 
of each other's fame, came to a trial of their skill 
in divination. Calchas first asked his antagonist 
how many figs a neighbouring tree bore; ten 
thousand except one, replied Mopsus, and one 
single vessel can contain them all. The figs 
were gathered, and his conjectures were true. 
Mopsus, now to try his adversary, asked how 
many young ones a certain pregnant sow would 
bring forth. Calchas confessed his ignorance, 
and Mopsus immediately said, that the sow 
would bring on the morrow ten young ones, of 
which only one should be a male, all black, and 
that the females should all be known by their 
white streaks. The morrow proved the veracity 
of his prediction, and Calchas died by excess of 
tile grief which this defeat produced. Mopsus 
after death was ranked among the gods, and 
had an oracle at Malia, celebrated for the true 
and decisive answers which it gave. P.ius. 7, 3. 

— A mm. Marc. 14, S.—Plut. de orac. defect. 

A son of Ampyx and Chloris, born at Titaressa 
in Thessaly. He was the prophet and soothsayer 
of the Argonauts, and died at his return from 
Colchis by the bite of a serpent in Libya. Jason 
erected to him a monument on the sea shore, 
where afterwards the Africans built him a temple 
in w hich he gave oracles. He has often been con- 
founded with the .son of Manto, as their profes- 
sions and their names were alike. Hygin.fab. 

14, 128. 173. A shepherd of that name in 

Virg. Ed. 

MORGANTIUM (or lA), a town of Sicily, 
south-east of Agyriura, and nearly due west from 
Catana. It lay in the neighbourhood of the river 
Symaethus, The village of M'andri Bianchi at 
present occupies a part of its site, Cic. in Ver. 
3, 18. 

MORIMORUSA, a name applied by the Cimbri 
to the Northern Ocean, and which means "the 
Dead sea," Plin. 4, 27, 

MORINI, a people of Belgic Gaul, on the 
shores of the British ocean, and occupying what 
would correspond to the northern part of Picardy. 
Their name is derived from the Celtic 3/or, 
which signifies "the sea, ' and denoted apeopla 
dwelling along the sea coast. The Portus Itius, 
or Iccius, lay within their territories, and the 
passage from hence to Britain was considered a." 
the shortest. Virgil calls them extremi homin- 
um," with reference to their remote situation on 
the coast of Belgic Gaul, Their cities were, 
Civitas Morinorum, now Therouenne ; and Cas- 
tellum Morinorum, now Montcassel. Virg. ./En. 
b, 727. Ca:s. B. G. 4. 21, 

MORITASGUS, a king of the Senones at the 
arrival of Ctesar in Gaul. Ca;s. B. G. 

Morpheus, the son and minister of the god 
Soniiius, who naturally iniiiated the grimaces, 



MOR 



MUM 



gestures, words, and manners, of mankind. He 
is sometimes called the god of sleep. He is gen- 
erally represented as asleeping child of great cor- 
pulence, and with wings. He holds a vase in one 
hand, and in the other are some poppies. He is 
represented by Ovid as sent to inform by a dream 
and a vision the unhappy Halcyone of the fate of 
her husband Ceyx. Ovid. Met. \\, fab. \0. 

Mors, one of the infernal deities born of Night, 
without a father. She was worshipped by the an- 
cients, particularly by the Lacedaemonians, with 
great solemnity, and represented not as an actu- 
ally existing power, but as an imaginary being. 
Euripides inti'oduces her in one of his tragedies 
on the stage. The moderns represent her as a 
skeleton armed with a scythe and a scymetar. 

MORTUUM MARE. Fid. Mare Mortuum. 

Moris, a Trojan killed by Meriones during 
the Trojan war. Homer. 11. 13, 14, 514. 

MOSA, a river of Gallia Belgica, on the con- 
fines of Germania Cisrhenana. It rises in moimt 
Vogesus, and joins the Vahalis. It is now the 
Meuse or Maas. Cces. B. G. 4, 10. — Tacit. Ann. 
2, 6. — Mosse Pons, otherwise called Trajectus 
Mosai, is the modern Mcestricht. 

MOSCHA, now Morebat, a harbour of Arabia 
Felix, at the mouth of the Sinus Persicus. It 
was much frequented on account of the Sachali- 
tic incense obtained there. Arrian. Peripl. 

MOSCHI, a people of Asia, dwelling in the 
vicinity of the Hyrcanian sea. They are thought 
to have derived both their appellation and their 
origin from Meshech, the son of Japhet, an opin- 
ion which is somewhat strengthened from ihe 
Seventy Interpreters having read the Hebrew 
vowels differently, and rendered the same name 
Mosoch. Mela, 1, 2. 3, 5.- Lucan. 3, 270. 

MosCHiON, a physician, whose era is not as- 
certained. A treatise on " Female Complaints," 
(ne{>l Twv yvvatKeiwy ttclQUv) is commonly ascribed 
to him. The best edition is that of Dewes, Vin- 
dob. 1793, 8vo. 

MOSCHTJS, a philosopher of Sidon, and the 
most ancient name remaining on the list of 
Phoenician philosophers. If we are to credit 
lamblichus, he lived before the time of Pytha- 
goras. After Posidonius, many writers ascribe 
to him a system of philosophy, which afterwards 
rose into great celebrity under the Grecian phil- 
osophers, Leucippus and Epicurus, called the 
Atomic. Iamb. Fit. Pythag. 3, \\. — Strab.\&. — 

Laert. 8, 140. A Greek pastoral poet, born at 

Syracuse. It is not clearly ascertained in what 
period he lived. Some authors make him a pu- 
pil of Bion, but Suidas and others speak of him 
as the friend of Aristarchus, who flourished 
about 160 years before the birth of Christ. The 
tenderness with which he speaks of Bion in his 
beautiful elegy on that poet, is mentioned as a 
proof of his personal acquaintance with him. In 
the time of the latter Greeks all the ancient 
idyllia were collected and attributed to Theocri- 
tus; but the claims of Moschus and Bion have 
beeu admitted with respect to a few little pieces. 
Moschus possesses great elegance of style, and 
more delicacy and ingenuity in his conceptions 
than is usual among bucolic poets. His works 
are generally printed with those of Theocritus 
and Bion. The best edition is that of Valckenaer, 

l ugJ. Bat. 1810, 8vo. A Greek rhetorician of 

Pergamus inthe age of Horace, defended by Tor- 
quatus in an accusation of having poisoned some 
of his friends. HorcU. Ep. I, 5, 9. 

M0SBLLA« a river of Belgic Gaul, rising in the 



range of mount Vogesus, and running through 
the territories of the Leuci, Mediomatrici, and 
Treviri, into the Rhine at Confluentes. It is; 
now the Moselle. Tac, Ann. 13, 53. — Amm,. Mar- ' 
cell 16, S.— Floj: 3, 10. 

MosES, a celebrated legislator among the Jews ' 
well known in sacred history. He was bom in' 
Egypt, 1571 B. C, and after he had performed 
his miracles before Pharaoh, conducted the ! 
Israelites through the Red Sea, and given them I 
laws and ordinances, during their peregrination 
of forty years in the wilderness of Arabia, he ' 
died at the age of one hundred and twenty. 

MOSYCHLUS, a mountain in Lemnos, and the 
earliest volcano known to the Greeks. It was 
situate on the eastern side of the island, and is I 
thought to have sunk in the sea a short time after ' 
the age of Alexander, together with the island 
Chryse. When the western parts of Europe be- j 
came better known to the Greeks, and JEtna, 
with the iEolian isles attracted their attention, 
they seem to have transferred the forges of Vul- 
can to this quarter. According to other mythol- 
ogical fables, Typhon or Typhoeus lay buried 
beneath iEtna, or, as others relate, Enceladus; 
and the battle-ground between the gods and 
giants was placed by some in Sicily, by others 
near Cumae in Italy. Almost every volcanic sit- 
uation, however, in the ancient world, seems to 
have had this honour in succession conferred 
upon it. Antim. ap. Schol. ad Nicand. Theiiac. \ 
Vi^.- Schol. ad l.ycophr. 2^7. 

MOSYNCECI, a people of Pontus in Asia Minor, \ 
on the coast near Cerasus. They were so called ' 
by the Greeks from their dwelling in small i 
wooden turrets, termed fj.6avvoi,. They are des- | 
cribed as a savage race, subsisting chiefly on the ' 
flesh of wild animals and roots; and addicted to [ 
robbery, and other lawless habits. They were 
said to keep their chief a close prisoner in one of ! 
their wooden huts; and if he ordered any thing , 
contrary to law, they deprived him of food. The i 
tract of country which they inhabited is nowcal- ' 
led Heldir. Sirab. \2.—Xen. Anab. 5, 4. 

MULCIBER, a surname of Vulcan (a mulcen- 
iloJerrum), jTom his occupation. Ovid. Met. 2, \ 
5. Fid. Viilcanus, ! 

MulCcha. a river of Africa, the same with I 
the Molochath and Malua, and which separated 
Mauritania from Numidia in the time of Buc- i 
chus, king of the former country. It rises in i 
mount Atlas, and flows with a northerly course i 
into the Mediterranean Sea a little eastward of I 
Rusadir. It is now the Moulouia. Plin. 5, 2. 

MULVIUS Pons. F>d. Milvius Pons. 

MUMMTUS, L. a Roman consul sent against 
the Acbaeans, whom he conquered, B. C. 147. 
He destroyed Corinth, Thebes, and Chalcis, by | 
order of the senate, and obtained the surname of i 
Achaicus from his victories. He did not enrich ' 
himself with the spoils of the enemy, but return- ' 
ed home without any increase of fortune. He . 
was so unacquainted with the value of the paint- ' 
ings and works of the most celebrated artists of 
Greece, which were found in the plunder of 
Corinth, that he said to those who conveyed them 
to Rome, that if they lost them or injured them, , 
they ."should make others in their stead. His i 
services were deservedly rewarded on his return, [ 
with a magnificent triumph. He was after- I 
wards censor with Africanus the younger, A. U. ' 
C. 611. Cic. Br. 22. Off. 2, 22. Ferr. 1, 21— Firg. i 

^n. 6, m^.—Paterc. 1, 13 Plin. 31, 7.37. 1. 

~-Paus. 5, 24 Spurius, a brother of Achai- 



469 



MUS 



c.wi before-mentioned, and his lipufenant in the 
Corinthian expedition, was distinguished as an 
orator, and for iiis fondness for the Stoic philo- 
sophy. Cic. ad Brut, 25. Ad Att. J 3, 6. 

Lucius Quadratus. a tribune of the people with 
Clodius. He was the friend of Cicero. He is by 
somii authors called Ninnius. Cic, Dom. 48. 
S/^xt. II. 

MuNATtus. Plancus, a Roman whose namp 
frequently occurs in the history of the civil wars. 
He was one of Caesar's warmest partisans, and was 
sent by him into Gaul to found colonies there. 
He was also intended by him for the consulship. 
After the battle of Mutina, he joined his forces to 
these of Antony and Lepidus, and became con- 
sul with the former, A. U. C. 712. He after- 
wards accompanied Antony into Egypt, where 
be performed the part of a vile courtier, and even 
of a buffoon, around the person of Cleopatra. 
When fortune deserted his protector, he turned 
his back upon him and embraced the party of 
Uctavianus. In 732 he was chosen censor. We 
have several letters of his among the correspon- 
dence of Cicero. They betray the equivocal 
character of the man. 

MUNDA, a strongly foriifjed, and large city of 
Hispania Bastica, on the coast, south-west of 
Malaca. In its vicinity was fought the famous 
battle between Caesar and the sons of Pompey, 
which put an end to the war. It was a most des- 
perate action, and even the veterans of Ca;sar. 
who for upwards of fourteen years had signalized 
their valour, were compelled to give way. It was 
only by the most vigorous exertions that the sons 1 
of Pompey were at last defeated. Caesar is said 
to have given up all for lost at one period of the 
fight, and to have been on the point of destroying 
himself. As he retired after the battle, he told 
h s friends that he had often fought for victory, 
but that this v/as the first time he had fought for 
his life. Caesar is said to have lost lOOO of his best 
soldiers : the enemy had 30,000 slain The bat- 
tle was fought the 17th March, B, C 45. After 
the battle, the siege of Munda ensued, and the 
assailants are said actually to have made use of 
the dead bodies of the enemy in elevating their 
mound to a sufficient height. The little village 
of Monda in Grenada is supposed to lie near the 
ancient city. Plin. o, Z.-Liv. 24, 42.—Sil. Ital. 
3, 400.— Florus, 4, 2.—Dio Cass. 43, 39. — Fa/ 
Max. 7, 6. 

MUNYCHIA, (and M,) one of the ports of 
Athens, so called from Munychus, an Orcho- 
nienian, who, having been expelled from Boeotia 
by the Thracians, settled at Athens. Strabo de- 
scribes it as a peninsular hill, connected with the 
c .ntinent by a narrow neck of land, and abounding 
w ith hollows, partly natural, and partly the work . 
of art. When it had been enclosed by fortified 
lines, connecting it with the other poits, Muny- 
chia became a most important position, from the 
security it afforded to these maritime dependen- 
cies of Athens, and accordingly we find it always 
mentioned as the point which was most particu- 
larly guarded when any attack was apprehended 
on the side of the sea. Diod. Sic. iragm. 7. — 
Thucyd. 8, 92.-Xen. Hist. Gr. 2, i.—Plut. Fit. 
Phoc. 

MUR.'ENA, Licinius, a celebrated Roman, 
left at the head of the armies of the republic in 
Asia by Sjlla. He invaded the dominions of 
Mithridates with success, but soon after met with 
a (iffeat, and was recalled by Sylla with marks 
of itispleasure. He was, however, honoured 



, with a triumph at his return to Rome. He com- 
manded one of the wings of Sylla's army at the 
battle against Archelaus near Chaeronea, but 
perished in the civil commotions which follow- 
ed. Cic. Brut. 90.- The son of the preceding, 

a consul, and colleague of D. Silanus, was accus- 
ed by Servius Sulpicius and Cato, of having 
been guilty of bribery in suing tor the consul- 
ship, and was ably defended by Cicero. Ihc 
oration delivered on this occasion is still txtar t. 

MURCUS, L. Statins, a proconsul of Asia, 
who, after the murder of Caesar commanded ilie 
republican fleet. After the death of Cassius he 
joined Pompey, by whom he was unjustly put to 
death. Paterc. 2, n. — Dio. 48, 19.- Oc. Phil 11, 

12. Statins, a man who murdered Piso in 

Vesta's temple in Nero's reign. TucU. H. 1, 43. 

MURGANTiA, a town of Samnium. Liv. 25, 27. 

MURRHKNUS, a friend of Turnus killed by 
^Eneas, &c. Virg. Mn. 12, 529. 

MURSA, a city of Pannonia Inferior, on the 
Dravus, a short distance to the west of its junc- 
tion with the Danube. It was founded by 
H^^drian, and in its vicinity Magnentius was 
conquered by Constantius. It corresponds to 
the modern Esseg, the capital of Sclavonia. 
Ptol. 

MURTIA or Myrtia, (a fivpros,) a sumame 
of Venus, because she presided over the myrtle. 
She was the patroness of the slothful and of all 
who spent their days in enervating pleasures. 
She had a temple at the foot of the Aventinehill, 
anJhence this hill was anciently called Murtius. 
Liv. 1, 33.— For?o de L. L. 4, 32.— Aug. de Civ. 
Dei.'i, ]6.—Festus, de V. Sig. 

Mus, a Roman consul. Vid. Decius. 

MUSA ANTONIUS, a freedman and physician 
of Augustus, He cured his imperial master of 
a dangerous diseare under which he laboured, 
by recommending to him the use of the cold 
bath. He was greatly rewarded for this cele- 
brated cure. He was honoured with a brazen 
statue, by the Rom.an senate, which was placed 
near that of iEsculapius, and Augustus permitted 
him to wear a golden ring, and to be exempted 
from all taxes. He was not so successful in re- 
commending the use of the cold bath to Marcel- 
lus, as he had been to Augustus, and his illus- 
trious patient died under his care. The cold 
bath was for a long time discontinued, till Char- 
mis of Marseilles introduced it again, and con- 
vinced the world of its great benefits, Musa 
was brother to Euphorbus the physician of king 
Juba. Two works are falsely a->cribed to him, 
one entitled " Libellus de tuenda valetudine, vd 
Mcecenatem;" and the other De Herba Bota- 

nica." A daughter of Nicomedes, king of 

Bithynia. She attempted to reco^•er her father's 
kingdom from the Romans, but to no purpose, 
though Caesar espoused her cause. Pateic. 2. — 
Si'.et. in Cces. 

MuSjE, certain goddesses who presided over 
poetry, music, dancing, and all the liberal arts. 
They derived their name, according to some, 
from their being like each other (Movnat quad 
ofiotovcrat, i e. similes;') becauoc there is an affin- 
ity and relation betw een all the sciences. Otners, 
however, derive it from a (ireek word signifying 
to inquire, {airo tov ftwaai,) because men, by in- 
quiring of them, learned the things of which ihey 
were before ignorant. They were daugiiiers of 
Jupiter and Mnemosvne, and were i.ine in i.ntn- 
ber: Clio, Euterpe, Thalia, Mclpon.pup, Tupsi- 
chore, Erato, Polyhj nmin. Calliop*', and Liania. 



MUS 



470 



MUT 



Some suppose that there were in ancient times 
only three Muses, Melete, Mneme, and Aoede; 
others four, Telxiope, Aoede, Arche, Melete. 
They were, according to others, daughters of 
Pierus and Antiope, from which circumstance 
they are called Pierides. The name of Pierides 
might probably be derived from mount Pierus 
where they were born. They have been severally 
called Castalides, Aganippides, Ltbeihrides, Aoni- 
des, Heliconiades, &:c. from the places where they 
were worshipped, or over which they presided. 
Apollo, who was the patron and the conductor 
ot the Muses, has received the name of Musage- 
tes, or leader of the Muses. The same surname 
was also given to Hercules. The palm tree, the 
laurel, and all the fountains of Pindus, Helicon, 
Parnassus, &c. were sacred to the Muses. They 
were generally represented as young, beautiful, 
and modest virgins. They were fond of solitude, 
and commonly appeared in different attire ac- 
cording to the arts and sciences over which they 
presided. [Vtd. Clio, Euterpe, Thalia, Melpo- 
mene, &c.] Sometimes they were represented 
as dancing in a chorus, to intimate the near and 
indissoluble connexion which exists between the 
liberal arts and sciences. The Muses sometimes 
appear with wings, because by the assistance of 
wings they freed themselves from the violence 
of Pyrenaus. Their contest w ith the daughters 
of Pierus is well known. ^Vid. Pierides.] The 
worship of the Muses was universally estab- 
lished, particularly in the enlightened parts of 
Greece, Thessaly. and Italy. No sacrifices were 
ever offered to them, though no poet ever began 
a poem without a solemn invocation to the god- 
desses who presided over verse. There were 
festivals instituted in their honour in several . 
parts of Greece, especially among the Thespians, 
every fifth year. The Macedonians observed 
also a festival in honour of Jupiter and the Muses. 
It had been instituted by king Archelaus, and it 
was celebrated with stage plays, games, and 
diflFerent exhibitions, which continued nine days, 
according to the number of the Muses. Plut. 
Erot. — Pollux.— JEschin, in Tim.— Pans. 9, 29.— 
Apollod. 1, 3.— Cic. de Xat. D. 3, 21. — Hesiod. \ 
Theog. 02. et dlD. — Firg. jEn.-Ovid. Met. 4,; 
310. Homer. Hymn. Mus. - Juv. 7, 53. — Diod. i 
\.—MarUal. 4, 14. ( 
McsiEUS, an early Greek bard, said by some ; 
to have been the son, by others, only the pupil 
of Orpheus. According to the Arundelian 
marbles, he flDurished about 1426 years before 
the Christian era; but by more probable accounts 
not earlier than from 1.150 to 1200 years B, C. 
He seems to have been much less celebrated 
among the Greelis than his father or preceptor; 
but Virgil gives him a very high rank among the 
poets. He places him in a conspicuous situation 
in his Elysium, at the head of a sacred band, 
and in the character of the priest of Ceres. Very 
little is recorded respecting his personal adven- 
tures. He seems to have led a retired and re- i 
ligious life, ofificiating most probably as a priest 
of some of those mysteries which Orpheus had ■ 
introduced before him. Plutarch does not men- | 
tion him among the ancient musicians, and he 
does not seem to have been much celebrated for 
his performances on the lyre. As his hymns 
were set to music, it is probable, however, that 
he sung them himself at the ceremonies in which ^ 
he presided. Pausanias asserts that the emi- I 
nence in the neighbourhood of Athens, called the ■ 
Museum, was so denominated from the circum- ! 



stance of his having been accustomed to retire 
thither for contemplation and poetical musing. 
He is said to have composed his hymns there, and 
to have been interred beneath it. He wrote 
hymns and prophecies, and left precepts in verse 
addressed to his son. He is said also to have '. 
sung the wars of the Titans. But his principal 
work was a poetical account of the creation, in 
which he seems to have embodied some ideas of \ 
religion and philosophy more refined than were .' 
commonly entertained by the Grecian theolo- j 
gians of after days. Diogenes Laertiushas pre- j. 
served a principle of the philosophy of Musasus 

in the words, " 'Ef kvo^ la iravra >iig!j9at, ica.t, «»j i 

t' avTov avaXviadai..' It seems that he was also , 
an astronomer, and composed or enlarged a , 
sphere; though, as Chiron is generally supposed !' 
to have invented the sphere, it is probable that 
Musaeus only improved it. The work itself is 
evidently subsequent to the voyage of Jason, as 
that expedition is described upon it. and as the 
Argo was the first vessel constructed on any 
other than the circular form. The life of Mus- . 
aeus seems to have been calm and tranquil; and 
was probably spent in philosophic ease. Of bis 
works nothing remains. Even in the time of 
Pausanias, as we are informed by that writer, 
a hymn to Ceres was his only genuine composi- , 
tion then in existence. Athen. 13, 71. — Paus. 1, 

22 et 25. 10, 9. A native of Ephesus, who , 

resided at Pergamus. He was the author of an j 
epic poem, in ten books, entitled Perseis, and . 
also of other effusions in honour of Eumenes and 
Attalus. He does not appear to have been the 

writer of whom Martial speaks (12, 96.) A 

grammarian, the author of a poem founded on 
the story of Hero and Leander, He is supposed .'■ 
to have lived in the fourth century. Jsothing 
is known of him personally, yet his work is in a 
pure and elegant style, with much delicacy of 
sentiment. It has been frequently reprinted, 
both in collections and separately. Some of the 
best editions are those of Sehrader, Leovard. 
Svo, 1742: of Heinrich, Hanov. Svo, 1793; of 
Mobius, Hallae, Svo, 1S14, 

MUTA, a goddess who presided over silence 
among the Romans. Ovid. Fast. 2, 5S0. 

MUTiA, or Mucia, a daughter of Q. Mutius 
Scaevola. and sister of Metellus Celer. She was 
Pompey's third wife. Her incontinent beha- 
viour so disgusted her husband, that at his return 
from the Mithridatic war, he divorced her, 
though she had borne him three children. Caesar 
was the seducer; and hence when Poropey mar- 
ried Caesar's daughter, all blamsd him for turn- 
ing off a wife who had been the mother of three 
children, to espouse the daughter of a man whom 
he had often, with a sigh, called "his ^gisthus." 
Mutia s disloyalty must have been very public, , 
since Cicero, in one of his letters to Atticus (1, i 
12.) says, " Divortium Mucice vehementer pro- \ 
batur." 

MCTIA LEX, the same as that which was, 
enacted by Licinius Crassus and Q Mutius, A. i 
U. C. 657. Fid. Licinia Lex. 

MUTlCA, or Mutyce, a town Sicily west of the 
cape Pachynus. Cic in T'er. 3, 43. 

MUTINA, a city of Cisalpine Gaul, now 3/o* , 
dena, situate on the .?]milian Way, in a south- j 
east direction from Placentia and Parma. Livy j 
asserts that it was colonized the same year with i 
Parma, that is, 569 A. U. C; but Polybius speaks ' 
of it as a Roman colony thirty-four years prior i 
to that date. It sustained a severe siege against 



MOT 



47i 



MYC 



the troops of Antony, A. U. C. 709. D. Brutus, 
who defended the place, being apprised of the 
approach of the consuls Hirtius and Pansa by 
means of carrier-pigeons, made an obstinate 
defence. Antony being finally defeated, by those 
generals, and Octavianus, was forced to raise the 
siege. Mutina was also famous for its wool. 
Liv. 39. 55. — Polr/b. 3. 40.—Liv. Epit. 118 et 119. 
~Cic. Ep. ad Earn. 10, M.— VelL Paterc. 2, 61.— 
Flor. 4, 4.- Suet. Aug. \0.— Martial. 3. 58. 

MUTlNES, one of Annibal's generals who was 
honoured with the freedom of Rome on deliver- 
ing up Agrigentum. Liv. 25, 41. ji7, 5. 

MUTINUS. Fid. Mutunus. 

MUTIUS, the father-in-law of C. Marius. 

A Roman who saved the life of young Marius, 
by conveying him away from the pursuit of his 
enemies in a load of straw. A friend of Ti- 
berius Gracchus, by whose means he was raised 

to the office of a tribune. C. Scaevola, sur- 

named Cordus, became famous for his courage 
and intrepidity. When Porsenna, king of Etru- 
ria, had besieged Rome, to reinstate Tarquin in 
all his rights and privileges, Mutius determined 
to deliver his country from so dangerous an ene- 
my. He disguised himself in the habit of a Tus- 
can, and as he could fluently speak the language, 
he gained an easy introduction into the camp, 
and soon into the royal tent. Poreenna sat 
alone with his secretary, when Mutius entered. 
The Roman rushed upon the secretary, and 
stabbed him to the heart, mistaking him for 
his royal master. This occasioned a noise; 
and Mutius, unable to escape, was seized and 
brought before the king. He gave no answer 
to the inquiries of the courtiers, and only told 
them that he was a Roman, and to give 
them a proof of his fortitude, he laid his right 
hand on an altar of burning coals and sternly 
looking at the king, and without uttering a groan, 
he boldly told him that three hundred young 
Romans like himself had conspired against his 
life, and entered the camp in disguise, deter- 
mined either to destroy him, or perish in the at- 
tempt. This extraordinary confession astonished 
Porsenna, he made peace with the Romans and 
retired from their city. Mutius obtained the 
surname of Sccevola, because he had lost the use 
of his right hand by burning it in the presence of 
the Etrurian king. Plut. in Par — Flor. 1, 10.— 
Liv. 2, 12. Q. Scaevola, a Roman consul, son- 
in-law of Lffilius. He obtained a victory over the 
Dalmatians, and signalized himself greatly in the 
Marsian war. He is highly commended by Cicero, 
\\hom he instructed in the study of civil law. 

Cic. — Plut. Another, appointed proconsul of 

Asia, which he governed with so much popularity 
that he was generally proposed to others as a 
pattern of equity and moderation. Cicero speaks 
of him as eloquent, learned, and ingenious, 
equally eminent as an orator and as a lawyer. 
He was murdered in the temple of Vesta, by 
Damasippus, during the civil war of Marius 
and Svlla, eightv-two years before Christ. Plut. — 
Cic. de Oral. 1, \%—Palerc. 2, 22. 

Mutunus, or Mutinus, a deity among the 
Romans, much the same as the Priapus of the 
Greeks. August, de Civ. D. 4, 9. 6, 9. — Lact. 1, 
20. 

MutusC-E, a town of Umbria. Firg. Mn. 7, 
711. 

Muzfinis, a harbour of India intra Gangem, 
on the western coast, below the Sinus Barygaze- 
nus. It was much frequented in the first cen- 



tury of our era, though son.ewhat dangerous to 
visit on account ol the pirates in its vicinity. It 
appears to correspond to the modem Mirzno or 
Mirdschno. Plin. 6, 23. 

Myagrus, or Myodes, a divinity among the 
Egyptians, called also Achor. He was entreated 
by the inhabitants to protect them from flies and 
serpents. His worship passed into Greece and 
Italy. Plin. 10, 2S. -Patw. 8, 'J6. 

MycAle, a celebrated magician, who boasted 
that she could draw down the moon from her 

orb. Ovid. Met. 12, 263. A promontory of 

Ionia, in Asia Minor, opposite the island of Sa- 
mos. It is a- continuation of mount Messogis, , 
which chain ran along the upper side of the 
Masander for the greater part of its course. My- 
cale was already known to Homer: and became 
still more celebrated from the Panionium,'or so- 
lemn assembly, of the Ionian states, held in a tem- 
ple situated at its foot ; and also from the great vic- 
tory obtained by the Greek naval army, under 
the command of Leotychides, king of Sparta, 
against the Persian forces encamped near the 
shore; and which wrested the whole of Ionia for 
a time from the Persian dominion. Herodotus 
describes the action as taking place near the 
temples of the Eumenides and that of the Eleu- 
sinian Ceres, founded by Philistus, a follower of 
Neleus, son of Codrus. He also particularizes 
two spots, called Gaeson and Scolopoeis. The 
Persians had drawn up their ships on shore, and 
fortified themselves with entrenchments and 
palisades; but they were forced by the Greeks, 
after an obstinate resistance, and defeated with 
great slaughter. Mount Mycale, according to 
Strabo, was well wooded, and abounded with 
game; a character which, as Chandler reports, it 
still retains. This traveller describes it as a 
high ridge, with a beautiful cultivated plain at 
its foot, and several villages on its side. Horn. 
11. 2, 869.— Herod. 1, US. 9, 97. 

MYCALESSUS, a city of Boeotia, north-east of 
Thebes, and a short distance to the west of Aulis. 
It was an ancient place, and known to Homer. 
We learn from Thucvdides, that, in the Felo- 
ponnesian war, Mycalessus sustained a most af- 
flicting disaster, owing to an attack made upon 
it by some Thracian troops in the pay of Athena. 
These barbarians, having surprised the town, 
put all the inhabitants to the sword, sparing nei- 
ther women nor children, since they savage:y 
butchered a number of boys who were assembled 
in the public school belonging to the place. The 
historian afflrms, that this was one of the. great- 
est calamities which ever befell a city. Horn. 11. 
2, Am.— Hymn, in Apoll. %=>A.— Thucyd. 7, 30. 
— Pans. 1, 23.- Strab. 9. 

Mycen.(E, an ancient city of Argolis, in a 
north-east direction from Argos. It was said to 
I have been founded by Perseus, after the death of 
i his grandfather Acrisius. The name was sup- 
I posed by some to be derived from Mycene, 
daughter of Inachus; but others assigned a dif- 
ferent origin to the word, as may be seen from 
I Pausanias. Perseus was succeeded by Sthene- 
I lus, married to a daughter of Pelops named As- 
' tydameia; after whom followed Eurystheus, 
Atreus, and Agamemnon. Under the latter 
monarch, the empire of Mycenae reached its 
highest degree of opulence and power, since his 
authority was acknowledged by the whole of 
Greece. Mycenje, which had been superior even 
to Argos during the Trojan war, declined after 
the return of the Heraclidaj; and in the /8th 
2 R3 



Ol>mpiad or 46^ years B C, the Argives hav- 
ii a attacked and taken the city, razed it to the 
ground and reduced its inhabitants to slavery. 
Pausanias attributes the destruction of Mycenae 
Id the envy which the glory acquired by the 
troops of that city at Thermopylaa and Platssa 
had excited in the minds of the Argives. But 
Diodorus affirms that the wai- arose from a dis- 
pute relative to the temple of Juno on mount 
Euboia, which was common to the two repub- 
lics. Strabo states that so complete was the de- 
struction of this celebrated capital, that not a 
vestige remained of it^ existence. This asser- 
tidn, however, is not correct, since Pausanias 
informs us that several parts of the walls w ere 
yet standing, as also one of the gates, surmount- 
ed by lions, when he visited the ruins. Modern 
travellers have given us a full and interesting 
account of these vestiges ; among which the 
most remarkable is a subterraneous chamber, 
called by Pausanias the treasury of Atreus, and 
usually mentioned under that name by antiqua- 
ries of the present day. The modern' village of 
Krabata stands near the ruins of Mvcenae. 
Paus.2, ]fi.—St,ab. 8.~Thucyd. 1, 9.~Diod. Sic. 

11, 1:5. 

MycEN'ls, {idis,) a name applied to Iphigenia 
as residing at Mycenae. Ovid. Met. 12, 34. 

Mycerinus, a son of Cheops, king of Egypt. 
After the death of his father he reigned with 
great justice and moderation. He built one of 
the pyramids, w hich travellers usually call the 
third one. It is smaller in size than the others, 
but, according to Strabo, was equally an expen- 
sive as the rest, being cased, accordins to Dio- 
dorus Siculus, half way up with Ethiopian mar- 
ble. Mycerinus is said by Herodotus to have 
died in the seventh year of his reign. He 
received the prediction of his short reign from 
the oracle of Latona at Butos, and, on complain- 
ing that he, a pious prince, was not allowed a 
long reign, while his father and grandfather, who 
had been injurious to mankind and impious to 
the gods, had enjoyed each a long life, he was 
told that his short life w as the direct consequence 
of his piety, for the fates had decreed that for the 
space of 150 years E-jypt should be oppressed ; 
of which determination the two preceding mon- 
archs had b?en aware. Herod. 2, 1-29. 

Mycithus, a servant of Anaxilaus tyrant of 
Rhegium. He was entrusted w ith the care of the 
kingdom, and of the children of the deceased 
prince, and he exercised his power with such 
fidelity and moderation, that he acquired the 
esteem of all the citizens, and at last restored 
the kingdom to his master's children when come 
to years of maturity, and retired to peace and 
solitude with a small portion. He is called by 
sume Micalus. Justin. 4, 2. 

Mycon, a celebrated painter who with others 
a-sisted in making and perfecting the Pcccile of 
Athens. He was the rival of Polygnotus. Plin. 

33 etZb. A youth of Athens changed into a 

pnupy bv Ceres. A shepherd mentioned by 

Virgil. Ed. 3. in. 7, 30. 

Myconos. one of the Cyclades, lying a little 
to the east of Delos. It is described by Athen- 
aeus as a poor and barren island, the inhabitants 
of which were consequently rapacious and fond 
of money. Strabo reports, that they lost their 
hair at an early age, whence the name of My- 
eonian was proverbially used to designate a 
bald person. It was also said, that the gi.'uits 
whom Hercules had conq\iered, lay in a heap 



under the island ; a fable which gave riso to ' 
another saying, (jxla M^wovoj) applied to tii'> e \ 
authors who confusedly mixed together thir.^rs 
which ought to have been treated of sepArate!;. . 
The modern name of this island is Mi;co,n. 
Athen. 1, U.-Strab.\Q.— Thucyd 3, 29.— iier.c-'. r 
6, 118. r 

Mydon, one iif the Trojan chiefs who do- 
fended Troy against the Greeks. He was ki'led j 
by Aniilochus. Homer. II. 5, ."80. ' 

MY£NUS, a mouaram of -i:iolia. Plid a'e r 
Flum. j. 

Mygdonia, a province of ?uaccd"nia, wb '-h j 
appears to have extended from the river Ax;. is 
to the lake Bolbe, and at one period even to the I 
Strymon. It originally belonged to the Edones, |' 
a people of Thrace ; but these were expelled by r 
the Temenidae. Under the division of Mygdonia 
we must include several minor districts, enun-e- f 
rated by different historians and geographe r 
These are, Amphaxitis and Paraxia, Antl.en - s , 
and Grestonia or Crestonia. Herod. 7, 123. — J 

Thucyd, 1. 58. 2, fi9 A district of Mes-.po- V 

tamia. It is thought to have been so called by 
the Macedonians after tha Mygdonia of their l 
own country. Slrab. 18. 

MygdonTos, a river of Mesopotamia, ris'mg 
in the district of Mygdonia, and falling into the L 
Chaboras. It is now the Huali. — The epiti et 
" Mygdonian." is applied by Horace to Phrygia, !" 
either from a branch of the AlygJones having set- 
tied there at a very early period, while they w ere " 
still regarded as a Thracian tribe, or from one 
of the ancient monarchs of the land. Herat. Od. ' 
2. Ti, 22.~Slrab. \2.—Pau.<;. 10. 27- 

MygDONUS, or Mygdon, an ancient monarrh f' 

of the Mygdones. Pans. 10, 27. A brother of I.- 

Hecuba., Priam's wife, who reigned i\i part of i 
Thrace. His son Corcebus was called il/yo'cfonL'^s ' 
from him. Hrg. .-En. 2. 341. 

Mylassa, or Mylasa, {orum), a city < f 
Caria, situate to the snuch-west of Stratonic-. ;'., ^• 
and a short distance to the north of the harb( ur { 
Phypcus. It was of Grecian origin, and vrs I 
founded at a very early period, but by whom is [ 
uncertain. Here, at one time, resided Hecaton- I 
nus, the progenitor of Mausolus. This pi;:- e !, 
was famous for a very ancient temple of t: e \\ 
Carian Jove, and for another, of nearly eq-.'-rl 
antiquity, sacred to Jupiter Osogus. In a<;rr 
times a very beautiful temple was erected her -, , 
dedicated to Ang-js us and to Rome, Stn.l.o | 
speaks highly of the magnificence of (his C'ly. jj 
It suffered severely in the iiiroad of Labienns, j, 
durin? the contest between Antony and Augus- i 
tus, but was subsequently restored, Pococke 
saw the temple last men:ioned entire, but it has •, 
since been destroyed, and the materials have [ 
been used for building a mosque. Mylassus is , 
now Idelasso, and is at the present day remarkable | 
for producing the best tobacco in Turkey. Strab. j 
li.— Dio Cass, i-\ 26. = 
My*le or Myl^, now Milaz.so, was situate on I 
a tongue of land south-west of PeL.ium. on the : 
northern coast of Sicily. Between this place < 
and --^ st.Mtion called Nauloehus, the fleet of Sf X- i 
tus Potnpeius wa? defeated by that of the trium- . 
vir Ocfavius, under the command of Agrippa. 
rhncijd. 3, &0.— PZm. 3, S.— VeU. Paterc. 2, 79. 

MYL.ITTA, a surname of Venus among the | 
.\ssyrians, in whose temples all the women were i 
obliged to prostitute themselves to strangers, i 
Herod 1. 131 et m. 
Myndus, a maritime town of Caria, north 



MYO 



473 



MYR 



ij^ west of Halicarna=sus, on the northern shore of 
the peninsula below the Sinus lassius. It was 
founded by a colony from Troezene. It was at 
no great distance from Haiicarnassus, since 
Alexander marched over the intervening space, 
in one night, with a part of his troops. The city 

I was a strong one, and Alexander would not stop 
to besiege it. Hierocles gives it, probably by 

j corruption, the name of Amyndus Col. Leake 
identifies Myndus with Gumishlu, a small port, 

I where Captain Beaufort discovered some ruins. 

i Paus. 2, d^.— Arrian. 1, 24. 

Myonnfsus, a place between Teos and Le- 
bcdus, and to the north-west of the latter. It 
was situated on a peninsular promontory. Liv. 

37, 27, A small island, off the coast of Phthi- 

otis, in Thessaly, and between the Artemisian 
shore of Eubcea and the main land. It was near 

I Aphetae. Strab. 9. 

! Myos Hormos, or "mowse's Arirbowr," a sea- 
! port of Egypt, on the coast of the Red sea. Ar- 
i rian says that it was one of the most celebrated 
1 ports on this sea. It was called also Aphrodites 
Tportm, or the port of Venus. It is full of little, 
j isles, and its modern name of Suffange-el- Bahri, 
' or "the sponge of the sea," has an evident ana- 
logy to the etymology of the second of the Greek 
names given above, from the vulgar error of 
sponge being the foam of the sea, and Venus, 
I (Aphrodite) having been fabled to have sprung 
I from the foam of the ocean. 

Myra, [priim or fF,) a city of Lycia, near the 
southern coast, south-west of Limyra and 
west of the Sacrum Promontorium. It was 
seated on the brow of a lofty hill, at the distance 
of twenty stadia from the shore. It was one of 
the six chief towns of Lycia. At a late period of 
I the empire it became the metropolis of that pro- 
vince. Mvra still retains its ancient name. 
Slrab. 14. 

Myriandros, a town of Syria, on the bay of 
Issus, below Alexandria ad Issum. Xen. Anab, 
1, 4. 

Myrina, a city and harbour of /Eolis, in Asia 
Minor, forty stadia to the north of Cyme. It is 
said to have been the oldest of the iEolian cities, 
and to have received its name from Myrinus its 
founder. It subsequently assumed the name of 
!?ebastopolis. Slrab. 13 - Me^a, 1, \Q.—Plin. 5, 

32. A city on the north-western coast of 

Lemnos, and one of the principal places in the 
island. It was situate on the side looking to- 
wards mount Athos, since Pliny reports, that the 
shadow of the mountain was visible in the forum 
ot this city at the time of the summer-solstice. 
Myrina alone offered resistance to Miltiades 
wlien that general was sent against Lemnos. It 
was taken, however, by his forces. Plin. 4, 12. 

- Herod. 6, 140. A town of Crete, north of 

I Lyctus. Plin. 4, 12. 

\ Myrinus, a surname of Apollo, from Myrina 

i in iEolifl, where he was worshipped. 

i Myrme'cidks. .an artist of Miletus mentioned 

I fls making chariots so small '|that they were cov- 
ered by the wing of a fly. He also inscribed an 
elegiac distich on a grain of Indian sesamum. 
C/c. Acad. 4, ■dB. — Mian. V. H.l, 17. 

Myrjviidunes, a people on the southern bor- 
ders of Thessaly, who accompanied Achilles to 
the Trojan war. They received their name from 
Myrmidon, a son of Jupiter and Eury medusa, 
who married one of the daughters of iEolus, son 
of Hellen. Hi? son Actor married iEgina, the 
daughter of the Asopus. He gave his name to 



his subjects, who dwelt near the river Peneus in 
Thessaly, According to some, the Myrmidons 
received their name from their having been ori- 
ginally ants, fx.vpfj.TiKes. IVid. vEacus.] Accord- 
ing to Strabo, they received it from their indus- 
try, because they imitated the diligence of the 
ants, and like them were indefatigable, and were 
continually employed in cultivating the earth, 
Ovid. Met. 7, m.— Strab.- Hygin. fab. 52. 

Myron, a tyrant of Sicyon. A celebrated 

statuary of Eleutherae in Boeotia, peculiarly 
happy in imitating nature. He made a cow so 
much resembling life, that even bulls were de- 
ceived and approached her as if alive, as is fre- 
quently mentioned in many epigrams in the 
Anthologia. He flourished about 442 years 
before Christ. Ovid. Art. Am. 3, 319.— Propert. 
2, 41. 

MiRRHA, a daughter of Cinyras, king of Cy- 
prus. She became enamoured of her father, and 
introduced herself into his bed unknown. She 
had a son by him, called Adonis. When Ciny- 
ras was apprized of the incest he had committed, 
he attempted to stab his daughter, and Myrrha 
flf^d into Arabia, where she was changed into a 
tree called myrrh. Hygin.fab. 53 et 275.— Ovid. 
Met. 10, '^98.—Plut. in Par. 

Myrsilus, a son of Myrsus, the last of the 
Heraclid», who reigned in Lydia. He is also 
callt'd Candaules. Vid. Candaules. 

Myrsus, the father of Candaules. Herod. 1, 7. 

Myrtea, a surname of Venus. Vid. Murtia. 

MyktTlus, son of Mercury and Phaetusa or 
Cleobule or Clymene, was armour-bearer to QEno- 
maus, king of Pisa. He was so experienced in 
riding and in the management of horses, that he 
rendered those of (Enomaus the swiftest in all 
Greece. His infidelity proved at last fatal to 
him. ffinomaus had been informed by an oracle, 
that his daughter Hippodamia s husband should 
cause his death, and on that account he resolved 
to marry her only to him who should overcome 
him in a chariot race. This seemed totally im- 
possible, and to render it more terrible, ff'^nomaus 
declared that death would be the consequence of 
a defeat in the suitors. The charms of Hippo- 
damia were so great, that many sacrificed their 
life in the fruitless endeavour to obtain her hand. 
Pelops at last presented himself, undaunted at 
tlie fate of those who had gone before him, but 
before he entered the course he bribed Myrtilus, 
and assured him that he should share Kippo- 
damia's favours if he returned victorious from 
the race. Myrtilus, who was enamoured of Hip- 
podamia, gave an old chariot to ffinomaus, which 
broke in the course and caused his death. Pe-« 
lops gained the victory, and married Hippo- 
damia; and when Myrtilus had the audacity to. 
claim the reward promised to his perfidy, Pelops 
threw him headlong into the sea, where he per- 
ished. The body of Myrtilus, according to some, 
was carried by the waves to the sea-shore, where 
he received an honourable burial, and as he was 
the son of Mercury, he was made a constellation. 
Hygin. fab. 84 e< 224. — Paws. 8, 14. 

Myrtis, a Grecian female of distinguished 
poetical abilities, who flourished about 500 B. C. 
She was born at Anthedon, in Boeotia. Pindar 
is said to have received his first instructions in 
the poetic art from her, and it was during the 
period of his attendance upon her that he became 
acquainted with Corinna, who was also a pupil 
of Myrtis. 

Myrtoum mare, that part of the iRgean 



MYR 



474 



NAB 



whicli lay between the coast of Argo'is and At- ( 
tica. It was so calied from a wumaa natned ; 
Myrto. Strab. 7. - Pans. 8. 15. j 

Myrtuntium, an inland lake of Aearnania, | 
belo-.v Anactorium; the vvater of which, however, | 
is salt, as it communicates with the sea. It is 

now called Murtari. Strab. 10. A town 

of Eiis, originally named Myrsinus, and classed 
by Homer, under this latter appellation, among 
the Epean towns. It was about seventy stadia 
from the city of Ells, on the road from thence to 
Dyrce and near the sea. Strab. 8. 

Mys, {Myos,) a celebrated artist. He beauti- 
fully represented the battle of the Centaurs and 
Lapithae, on a shield in the hand of Minerva's 

statue made by Phidias. Paus. 1, 23. A 

freedni.in of Epicurus, and one of his disciples. 

MVSCELLUS, or MISCELLUS, anativeof Khy- 
pae in Acbaia, who founded Crotona in Italy, 
according to an oracle, which told him to build 
a city where he found rain with fine weather. 
The meaninsj of the oracle long perplexed him, 
ti'i he found a beautiful woman all in tears in 
Italy, which circumstance he interpreted in his 
fnvour. According to some, Myscellus, who 
was the son of Hercules, vsentoutof Argos, w ith- 
out the permission of the magistrates, for which 
he was condemned to death. The judges had 
put each a black ball as a sign of condemnation, 
but Hercules chanired them all and made them 
white, and had his son acquitted, upon which 
Mvscellus left Greece and came to Italy, wiiere 
he'built Crotona. Ovid. Met. 15, 19. 

MysTa, a country of Asia Minor, bounded on 
the north by the Propontis and Hellespont, on 
the east by Bithynia and Phrygia, on the souih 
by Lydia, and on the west by the JEsadun Sea. 
The name of Mysia is presumed to have been 
derived from Madai, the son of Japhet, whose 
de.scendants crossed over to Europe and colon- 
ized parts of Mcesia and Macedonia: it was not 
at first applied in the extended sense afterwards 
assigned to it. its western parts being called 
Troas and Dardania. Its northern and eastern 
parts, from Abydos to the river Rhyndacus, were 
inhabited by a band of Phrygians, and hence ob- 
tained the appellation of Phrygia Minor: from 
this cause the Persians named Mysia the satrapy 
of Phrygia Minor. The Mysians, who are men- 
tioned by Homer as auxiliaries of the Trojans, 
are said to have first settled at the foot of mount 
Olympus, between the river Rhyndacus and the 
town of Cius, and stretched to the south-west as 
far as Pergamus and the banks of the Caicus. 
Here they remained till the confusion which en- 
sued after Alexander's death, wnen the Bithy- ! 
nians drove them beyond the Rhyndacus, and ' 
they again compelled the Phrygians to retreat j 
inland. The whole of the northern coast was j 
now called Mysia Minor, whilst the southern j 
and more important part received the name of ! 
Mysia Major. The Mysians were reckoned by j 
some of the profane authors as descendants of ' 
the Lydians, but by others as a distinct tribe j 
from them, who crossed over from Mcesia (or j 
Mysia Europsea), and brought their name with j 
them. They were once brave and warlike, but 
they degenerated so much that " Mysorum Ul- j 
fi.-nus" was a term proverbially iised to denote a t 
despicable person. They were frequently hired I 
to attend funerals as mourners, owing to their j 
mel.ancholy and lachrymose habits. In the time-l 
of Diocletian, Mvsia received the name of Pro- i 
vincia Hellesponti. Strab. 12. — Herod. 7, 74.— I 



Horn. II. 2, 653. 24, 5i5.— Cic pro Flacc. 'i7. 

^A festival in honour of Ceres, surn.imed 

Mysia frtm Mysias, an Argive, who raised her a 
temple near Pallene in Achaia. Some derive 
the word a-n-o roi /MvoiMv, to cloy, or satisfy, becau.ve 
Ceres was the first who satisfied the wants of 
men by giving them corn. The festival con- 
tinued during seven days, &c. 

Mysius, a river of Mysi i, which falls into the 
Caicus near the source of tne latter river. 

Myson, a native of Sparta, one of the seven 
wise men of Greece. When Anacharsis consulted 
the oracle of Apollo, to know which was the 
wisest man in Greece, he received for answer, he 
who IS now ploughing his fields. This was 
Myson. Diog. in Vit. 

Mystes. a son of the poet Valgius, whose 
early death was so lamented by the father th^t 
Horace wrote an ode to allay the grief of hi.s 
friend. Herat. Od. 2, 9. 

Mythecus, a sophist of Syracuse. He stud- 
ied cookery, and when he thought himself suffi- 
ciently skilled in dressing meat, he went to 
Sparta, where he gained much practice, especi- 
ally among the younger citizens. He was >non 
after expelled the city by the magistrates, who 
observed that the aid of Mythecus was unneces- 
sary, as hunger was the best seasoning. 

Mytilene. rid. Mitylene. 

Myus, {^Myu7itis.) a city of Ionia, situate ap- 
parently "n the southern bank of the Masanrier, 
about thirty stadia from its mouth. It was 
founded by Cydrelus. a natural son of Codrus; 
and became one of the twelve states which sent 
deputies to the Panionian assembly. Thucy- 
dides informs us, that this was one of the three 
towns granted to Themistocles by Artaxerxes, 
for his subsistence during his residence in Asia, 
The same historian mentions a check received 
by the Athenians near this place during the Pelc- 
ponnesian war, from the Carians. Athenieus 
states, on the authority of Pohbius, that Philip, 
son of Demetrius, king of Macedon, having ob- 
tained possession of Myus, ceded it to the Mag- 
nesians. Strabo reports, that in his time Myus 
was so much reduced that it had been annexed 
to Miletus. Pausanias accounts for this by the 
action of the Maeander, which had choked up 
the bay in which it stood, and brought such a 
host of gnats around the place that the inhabi- 
tants were forced to abandon it, and retire to 
Miletus. Strab. Herod. 1. 1^2. — Tkucyd. I, 
138. 3, 19.— Athen. 3.— Paus. 7, 2. 



N 



NAB ATH.^; A, a country of Arabia Petrjea, It 
extended from the Euphrates to the Sinus Arab- 
icus. The Nabathasans are scarcely known in 
scripture until the time of the Maccabees. Their 
name is supposed to be derived from that of 
Nebaioth, son of Ishmael. In the time of Au- 
gustus they were a powerful people; but their 
kingdom, of which Petra was the capital, ended 
about the reign of Trajan. At a still later per- 
iod their territory belonged to Palaestina Tertia. 
Genesis 25, 13. 28. d.— Isaiah 70, 7. — Ovid. Met. 
1. G]. — Luca?i. 4, 63.— Jiv: II, 126. 



NAB 



473 



NAM 



NabazANES, an officer of Darius 3(1, at the 
iiH tle of Issus. He conspired with Bessus to 
iiiurder his royal master, either to obtain the 
favour of Alexander, or to seize the kingdom. 
He was pardoned by Alexander. Curt. 3, &c. 

Nabdalsa, a Numidian put to death by 
Ju/urtha, against whose life he conspired, toge- 
ther vvith Borailcar. Sallust. Jv.g. 70, &c. 

Nabjs, a celebrated ty rant of Lacedaemon, 
who in all acts of cruelty and oppression surpass- 
ed a Phalaris or a Dionysius. His house was 
filled with fiatrerers and with spies, who were 
continually employed in watching the words and 
the actions of his subjects. When he had exer- 
ci.«ed every art in plundering the citizens of 
Sparta, he made a statue, which in resemblance 
w.is like his wife, and was clothed in the most 
ni.ignificent apparel, and whenever any one re- 
f;i?ed to deliver up his riches, the tyrant led him 
to the statue, which immediately, by means of 
sfciet springs, seized him in its arms, and tor- 
mented him in the most excruciating manner 
With bearded points and prickles hid under the 
ci.tthes. To render his tyranny more popular, 
Nabis made an alliance with Flaminius, the 
H ' man general, and pursued with the most in- 
veterate enmity the war which he had under- 
taken against the Achjeans. He besieged Gy- 
thiiirn and defeated Fhilopoemen in a naval 
baule. His triumph was short ; the general of 
the Achajans soon repaired his losses, and Nabis 
was defeated in an en£agement, and treacherous- 
ly murdered by Alexander the .(Etolian, as he 
a'tenipted to save his life by flight, B. C. 192, 
after an usurpation of fourteen years. Justin. 30 
ei! 31. Plut. in Phil— Fans. 7, 8.—Flor. 2, 7. 
— - - A priest of Jupiter Ammon, killed in the 
second Panic war, as he fought against the Ro- 
mans. SiL 15, 672. 

Nabonassar, a king of Babylon, after the 
division of the Assyrian monarchy. From him 
the Nahonassarean epoch received its name. This 
era be^^an on Wednesday, the 26th of February, 
in the 3967th. year of the Julian period, i.e. B.C. 
/^7. The years are vague, consisting of 365 days 
each, without intercalation. The Nahonassarean 
era included a period of 424 Egyptian years, 
from the commencement of Nabonassar's reign 
to the death of Alexander the Greai;, and was 
thence brought down to the reign of Antoninus 
Pius. 

Nabopolassar, a king of Babylon who unit- 
ed with Astyages against Assyria, which country 
they conquered, and having divided it between 
them, founded two kingdoms, that of the Medes 
under Astyages, and that of the Chaldeans un- 
der Nabopolassar, B, C. 6"i6. Necho, king of 
Egypt, jealous of the powerof the latter, declar- 
ed war against and defeated him. Nabopolassar 
died after a reign of twenty-one years. 

N^NIA, the goddess of funerals at Rome, 
whose temple was without the gates of the city. 
The songs which weresun^ at funerals were also 
caMeAncenicB They were generally filled with 
the praises of the deceased, but sometimes they 
were so unmeaning and improper, that the word 
became jiroverbial to signify nonsense, Varro. 
de vita P. R.—Plaut. Asin. 41, 1, 63. 

Navies, Cneius, an ancient Roman poet 
and historian, was a native of Canipania, and 
served in the army in the first Punic war. Of 
this war he wrote a history in Saturnian ver.se, 
with all the rudeness of those illirerate times, 
but yet, according to Cicero, perspicuously ; and 



he adds that Ennius, who alludes to the woric 
contemptuously, borrowed much from it. Nce- 
vius was likewise the seco d Roman who brcu;;ht 
dramatic compositions on the stage. His first 
comedy was acted B. C. 235, or, according to 
another authority, B. C. 228. It appears to have 
given offence to some of the leading men at 
Rome ; for Plautus, in his " Miles Gioriosus," 
hints at his being confined in prison. He was 
finally obliged to quit Rome through the enmity 
of the patrician family of Metelli, and died at 
Utica, B C.203. A highly laudatory epitaph on 
him is extant, said to have been w ritten by him- 
self. Of the works of this poet only some incon- 
siderable fragm.ents, preserved by grammarians, 
have reached modern times. Cic Tusc. 1, 1. 
Br. 15. &c. Leg. 2, J 5. De Senect. — Aut. 
Gell. 1, 24. 3, 3, 27, 21 A tribune of the peo- 
ple at Rome, who aceu-'^ed Scipio Africanus of 

extortion. An augur in the reign of Tarquin. 

To convince the king and the Romans of his 
power, as an augur, he cut a flint with a razor, 
and turned the ridicule of the populace into ad- 
miration, Tarquin rewarded his merit by erect- 
ing to him a statue in the comitium, which was 
still in being in the age of Augustus. The razor 
and flint were buried near it under an altar, and 
it was usual among the Romans to make witnes- 
ses in civil causes swear near it. This miracul- 
ous event of cutting a flint with a razor, though 
believed by some writers, is treated as fabulous 
and improbable by Cicero, who himself had been 
an augur. Dionys. Hal. Liv. 1, 36.— Cic. de 
Divin. 1, 17. De N. D. 2, 3. 3, 6. 

Naharvali, a people of Germany, ranked 
by Tacitus under the Lygii. According to 
Kruse and "Wersebe, they dwelt in what is now 
Upper Lusatia and Silesia Wiiheim, however, 
places them in Poland on the Fistula; and Kei- 
chard between the Wartha and Vistula. Tacit. 
Germ. 43. 

Naiades, certain inferior deities who presid- 
ed over rivers, springs, wells, and fountains, 
The Naiades generally inhabited the country, 
and resorted to the woods or meadows near the 
stream over which they presided, whence the 
name (vdw, '■^ to Jloiv.'") They are represented 
as young and beautiful virgins, often leaning 
upon an urn, from which flows a stream of water. 
iEgle was the fairest of the Naiades, accoiding 
to Virgil. They were held in great veneration 
amons the ancients; and often sacrifices of goats 
and lambs were offered to them with libatinns of 
wine, honey, and oil. Sometimes they received 
only offerings of milk, fruit, and flowers. [T/d, 
NymphfE.] Virg. Ed. 6, 20.— Ovid. Met. 14, 32S. 
—Homer. 01. 13, 103. 

NaiS, one of the Oceanides mother of Chiron 
or Glaucus, by Magnes. ApoUod- 1, 9. — A 
nymph, mother by Bucolion of /Egesus and Pe- 
dasus. Homer. 11, 6, 22.- - A nymph in an 
island of the Red Sea, v>ho, by her incantations 
turned to fishes all those who approached her 
residence after she had admitted them to htr 
embraces. She was herself changed into a fi.sh 

by Apollo. Ovid. Met. 4, 49, &c. The word 

is used for water by Tibullus, 3, 7. 

Naissus. a city of Dacia Mediterranea, south- 
west of Ratiaria, It v. as the birth-place of Con- 
stanline the Great. It is |upposed to correspond 
w iih tlie modern Nesza. or Nissa, in the southern 
linn o'l Scivia. Arnm Marc 2i, 10, 

Nam>j£.TES, a people of Gallia LugdunensiSi 
on the north bank of the Liger, or Loire, near us 



NAN 



476 



NAS 



mouth. Their capital was Condivicuum, after- | avarice and resentment. Aguppina, ^ho sue 

var Js Namnetes, now Nantes. ' ceeded in the place of Messalina, was more sue 

NakTuATES, a people of Gallia Narbonensis, eessful. Narcissus was banished by her intrigue^. 
on the south of the Lacus Lemanus, or Lake of and compelled to kill himself, A. D. 54. The 

Gene' a. Cces. B. G. 4, 10. emperor greatly regretted his loss, as he had 

NiP^.E, certain divinities among the an- found him subservient to his most criminal and 
eipni-, w no presided over the hills and wt>ods of extravagant pleasures. Tacit. Ann, 11, 33 

the c<.-uniry Some suppose thai iht-y w ere tute- 3?. 12,53. .3, \.—Sueton. C/. 2S. — A favour- 
lary deitie- of the fountains, and the Naiades nf ite ol the emperor Nero, put to death by Galba. 

the sea. Their name is derived from tairr,, a A wretch who strangled the emperor Com- 

Nar a river of Italy r i ng at the foot of Mount I Narisci, a nation of Germany occupying 

Fiscellus, in that v)arL cf the chain of the Apen- ' what no« corresponds to the northern part of 

nines which separates the Sabinesfrom Picenum, Upfey PfJs in the Palatinate. 2'ocii. de Germ, 

and after receivmg the Velinus and several other , it. 

smaller rivers, falls into the Tiber near t cricu- ! NARNIA, now yorni. a town of Umbria, on 

lum. It was noted for its sulphureous stream the river Nar, ashf'rt,distance above its junction 

and the whitish colour of its waters. It is now with the Tiber. The more ancient name was 

the Neri PUn. 3, 12.— f'irg. /En. 7, 517. — Sil. Nequinum. which it exchanged for Namia, 

Ital. b, -^53. v^hen a Roman colony was sent hither. A. U. C. 

Narbo, a city of Gaul, in the southern sec- 463. This place was colonized with the view of 

tion of tne countr^', and .-outh--.^ est of the mouths serving as a point of defence against the Umbri. 

of the Fhone. It was situate on a canal leading Many years after, we find it incurring the cen- 

from the river Atax, or ^wd^. into the lake Rubre- sure of the senate, for its want of zeal during 

sus. When the Romans first entered Gaul, this the emergencies of the second Punic war. The 

was a flourishing city, and they made it a situation of Narnia on a lofty hill, at the foot of 

Roman colonv, under the appellation of Xarho which flows the Nar, has been described by sev- 

Martim. About 116 B. C, Julius Caesar sent eral poets. lAv. 10, 9 et 10. 29, \b. - CUivd. 6. 

hither a colony of the veterans of the lOth le- Cons. Hon. 515.— Sil. Ital. 8, 458 — MarliuU 

gion ; and under .Augustus it was the capital of 7, P2- 

Ga'.lia Narbonenxs. ll is now yarbonne. Tell. NaRO now yarenta, a river of Dalmatia, ris- 

Paterc. I \b. — Eutrop. 4, 3. - Suetcn. Tib. 4. ing in the mountains of Bosnia, and falling into 

Narbonensis Gallia, one of the great the Adriatic opposite to the island of Lesina. On 

divisions of Gaul under the Romans, deriving its banks lay the city of Narona, a Roman colony 

its name from the city of Narbo, its capital. It of some note. Its ruins should be sought for in 

was situate in the southern and south-easEern the vicinity cf Castel yoriti. Plin. 3, 22. — Mela, 

quarter of the country : and was bounded on the 2, 3. 

east by Gallia Cisalpina, being separated from it NarSES, a king of Persia, A. D. 29-1, defeat- 
by the Varus, or Var ; on the north l y the ed by Ma.ximianus Galerius, after a reign of 

Lacus Lemanus. or L ke of Geneva, the Rhone, seven years. An eunuch in the court of Jus- 

and Gallia Lugdunensis : on the west by Aqui- tinian, who was deemed worthy to succeed Beli- 

tania ; and on the south by the Mediterranean sarins, &c. 

and Pyrenees. It embraced w hat w as afterw ar is NARYCIum. or Naryx, a city of the Locri 

the north-western part of S voy, D.njhintj, Opuntii, rendered celebrated by the birth of 

Provence ; the western part of Lansuedoc, toge- Ajax, son of Oileus. Virgil applies the epithet 

ther with the country along the Rhone, and the " Narycian," to the Locri who settled in Italy 

eastern part of Gascony. as having been of the Opuntian stock. Strab. 9. 

Narcissus, a beautiful yoi!th, son of Cephi- — Virg. /En. 3, 399. 
sus and the nymph Liriope, bom at Thespis in Nasamones, a people of Africa, inhabiting 
Boeotia, He saw his image reflected in a foun- the lower part of Cyrenaica and the shores of the 
tain, and became enamoured of it. thinking it to Syrtis, and extending seme distance into the pro- 
be the nymph of the place. His fruitless at- vince of Marmarica They are represented to 
tempts to approach this beautiful object so pro- have been an infamous set of roLbers, who at- 
voked him, that he grew desperate and killed tacked all the vessels which were cast upon 
himself. His blood was changed into a flow er their shores, and sold the cargoes as well as the 
which still hears his name. The nymphs raised crews. Their constant plunderings drew upon 
a funeral pile to bum his body, according to them the vengeance of the Romans under Au 
Ovid, but they found nothing but a beautiful gustus and Domitian. who cut them to pieces, or 
flower. Pausanias says, that Narcissus had a drove them into the interior of the ccurlry, 
sister as beautiful as himself, of whom he be- Herod. 4, 172. — Lwcan. 9, 444. 
came deeply enamoured. He often hunted in Nascio or Natio. a goddess at Rome, who 
the woods in her company, but his pleasure was presided over the birth of children. She had a 
soon interrupted by her. death, and still to keep temple at Ardea. Cic. de -Vaf. D. 3, 15. 
afresh her memory, he frequented the groves, NasTCA, the surname of one of the Scipios. 
where he had often attended her, or reposed His integrity w as considered to be so great, that 
himself on the brink of a fountain, where the the senate adjudged his house to be the holiest 
sight of his own reflected image still awakened receptacle f ir the image of Cybele when brought 
tender sentiments. Paus. 9. 21. — Hygin. fab. to Rome. It wa.s this same Nasica. who intro- 
27\. — Ovid. Met. 3. 346, &c. • — A freedman and duced the use of water-clocks r.t Rcine, A.U.C. 
secretary of Claudius, who abused his trust and o44, about J57 B. C. Thev were invented by 
the infirmities of his imperial master, and plun- Ctesibus of Alexandria 245 B. C. IFid. Scipio.] 

dered the citizens of Rome to enrich himself. Liv. 24, 14. — I'al. Mox. 3, l.— Vitruv. 9, 9. 

Messalina, the emperor s wife, endeavoured to An avaricious fellow, who married his daughter 

rcnjove him, but Narcissus sacrificed her to his ^ to Coranus, a man as mean as himself, that he 



NA3 



477 



NAU 



might not only not repay the money he had 
borrowed, but moreover become his creditor's 
heir. Coranus, understanding his meanin-i, pur- 
posely alienates his property from him and his 
dHughf.er, and hands him his vi iil to read, Horat. 
S t. % 5, 6i, &c. 

N'ASIDIENUS, a Roman sati -ized by Horace. 
Under this feigned name, the poet describes an 
entertainer of bad taste and mean habits, af- 
fecting the manners of the higher classes. Sat. 
2, S. 

Naso. Vid.. Ovidius. 

Nasos, or Nesos, a town or fortress near 
CEniadse in Acarnania. Tiie name evideisfly 
implies an insular situation. Polyb. 9, 2,— Lio. 

NatIso, a river of Venetia, in Cisalpine Gaul, 
rising in the Alps and falling into the Adriatic 
near Aquileia. It is now the Natisone. 

NATTA, a man whose manner of living was so 
mean, that his name became almost proverbial at 
Rome. Horat. Od. 1, 6, 124. 

NaucrAtks, a Greek poet, who was employ- 
ed by Artemisia to write a panegyric upon Mau- 
solus. 

Naucratis, a city of Egypt, situate on the 
Canopic arm of the Nile, and to the south rf 
Metelis and north-west of Sais. It was founded 
by the Milesians, with the permission of Amasis, 
king of Egypt, to whom and to his predecessor 
Psanmietichus, they had rendered many services,- 
It rose to great importance from its being the 
only place where the Greeks were allowed to 
carry on a regular trade with the Egyptians, 
and from the latter people being compelled by 
their priests to avoid all social intercourse with 
them, it remained for a very long period of time 
purely Greek, both in the manners and institu- 
tions of tht^ people. It "ave birth to the gram- 
marian Athenajus. Strab. 17. - Herod. 2, 152 et 
17f). 

NaulSchus. a naval station on the north- 
eastern coast of Sicily. Between this place ajid 
Mylas, which lay to the west of it, the fleet ol 
Se.\tus Pompeius was defeated by that of (}cta- 

vianus. (A.U.C. 718.-B. C. 36) An island 

Off the coast of Crete, near the promontory of 

Sammonium. Plin. 4, 12. The port of the 

town of Bulls in Phocis, near ihe confines of 
Bceotia. Plin. 4, 3. 

Naupactus, a city of Locris, at the western 
extremity of the territory of the Gzolje, and 
close to Rhium of jEtolia. It is said to have 
derived its name from the words vaZ^ naxis, and 
Tr/'vuiAtt coynpingo owing to the circumstance of 
the Heraclidai having there cons;??^ciecZ ihe fleet, 
ill %ihich they crossed over into the Peloponnesus. 
Alter the Persian war, this ciry was occupied by 
the Athenians, who there established the Messe- 
nian Helots, after they had evacuated Ithome. 
The acquisition of Naupacius was of great im- 
portance to the Athenians during the Pelopon- 
nesian war, as it was an excellent station for their 
fleet in the Corinthian j^ulf, and not only afford- 
ed them the means of keeping up a communica- 
tion with Corcyra and Acarnania, but enabled 
them also to watch the motions of the enemy 
on the opposite coast, and to guard against any 
designs they mijjht ff)rin against their allies. 
After the failure of the expedition undertaken 
by Demosthenes, the Athenian general, against 
the .(Etolians, the latter, supported b} a Pelo- 
pn inesian force, endeavoured to seize Naupac- 
tus by a coup de 'i„ah-> ; but such were the able 



arrangements made by Demosthenes, who threw 
himself into the place with a reinforcement of 
Acarnanian auxiliaries, that the enemy did not 
think proper to prosecute the attempt. On the 
termination of the Peloponnesian war, however, 
Naupactus surrendered to the Spartans, who 
expelled the Messenians from the place. De- 
mosthenes acquaints us, that it had afterwards 
been occupied by the Achaeans, but was cetU-d 
by Philip of Macodon to the yEioiians, in whose 
i possession it remained, till they v^ere engageii in 
\ a war with the Romans. The "latter, after hav- 
ing defeated Antiochus at Thermopylie, suddenly 
crossed over from the Maliac g.ulf to that of Cor- 
inth, and invested Naupactus, which would pro- 
' bably have been taken, notwithstanding the ob- 
stinate defence made by the .iEtolians, had they 
not obtained a truce by the intervention of T. 
Flamininus. Naupactus was still a city of son'e 
importance in the time of Hierocles, but it was 
nearly destroyed by an earthquake in the reisn 
of Justinian. The modern town is called Ene- 
bachti by the Turks, Nepacto by the Greeks, and 
Lepanto by the Fianks. Strab. 9.— Thucyd. J, 
1U3. 2, 90. 3, 102. Pans. 4, 24, ScQ.—Dernoslh. 
Phil. 3. - Liv. 36. 30, &c. 

NauPLIa, a maritime town of Argolis, the 
port of Argos, situate on a point of land at the 
head of the Smus Argolicus. It is said to have 
derived its name from Nauplius, the son of NVp- 
tune. Its inhabitants were expelled by the Ar- 
gives upon suspicion of their favouring the 
Spartans, and were consequently established by 
the latter people at Methone in Messenia. It 
has been succeeded by the modern town of Na- 
poli di Romania, as it is called by the Greeks, 
which possesses a fortress of some strength. 
Strub. 8.— Herod. 6, 76. Xen. Hell. 4. 7, 6.— 
Pans. 4, 35. 

Naupliades, a patronymic of Palamedes, 
son of Nauplius. Ovid. Met. 13, 39. 

Nauplius, a son of Neptune and Amymore, 
king of Euboea. He was father to the celebrated 
Palamedes, who was so unjtistly sacrificed to the 
artilice and resentment of Ulysses by the Greeks 
during the Trojan war. The death of Pala- 
medes highly irritated Nauplius, and to avpnj;e 
the injustice of the Grecian princes, he attempt- 
ed to debauch their wives and ruin their charac- 
ter. When the Greeks returned from the Tro- 
jan war, Nauplius saw them with plea^^ure 
distressed in a storm on the coast of Euboea, 
and to make their disaster still more universal, 
he lighted fires on such places as viere sur- 
rounded with the most danserous rocks, that the 
fleet might be shipwrecked upon the coast. This 
succeeded, but Nauplms was so disappointed 
when he saw Ulysses and Diomedes escape from 
the general calamity, that he threw himseU into 
the sea. According to some mythologists. there 
were two persoris of this name, a native of Argos, 
who went to Colchis with Jason. He was son of 
Neptune and Amymone. The other was king 
of Euboea, and lived during the Trojan war. He 
was, according to some, son of Clytonas, one of 
the descendants of Nauplius the Argonaut. The 
Argonaut was remarkable for his know ledge of 
sea affairs, and so well versed in astronom.y that 
he discovered the constellation of the Ursa 
minor. He built the town of Nauplin, and sold 
Auge, (laughter of Aleus, to king Teuthras, to 
withdraw her from her father's resentment. 
Or ph. Ainon. 200 — Jpollod. 2, 7 — Place 1, 3/2. 
5,05- — i'aus. 4. 3b — Hygin. a6. 116. 



NAU 



47b 



NEC 



NaL'PORTUS, a town of Pannoma, on a river 

the same name, now Ober {Upper) Layhuch, 
VeU. Pat. 2, iiO. - Plin. 3, Id. — Tacit. Ann. ]. 21} 

Nacra, a country of Scythia in Asia. Curt. 
8. Ot India within the Ganges. Arj-ian. 

Nausicaa, a daughter of Alcinous, king of 
the Phaaaceans. Wtiiie she was w ashing the gar- 
ments of her father, attended by a number of 
females, she met Ulysses shipwrecked on the 
coast, and it was to her humanity that he owed 
the kind reception which he experienced from 
the king. She married, according to Aristotle 
and Dictys, Telemachus the son of Ulysses, by 
whom she had a son called Perseptolis or Ptoli- 
porihus. Homer. Od. 6, 17, &c. — Hygin. fab. 
126. 

NausithQus. a king of the Phasaceans, father 
to Alcinous. He w as son of Neptune and Peri- 
boea. Hesiod makes him son of Ulysses and 

Calypso. Hesiod. Th. 1, 1016 The pilot of 

the vessel which carried Theseus into Crete. 

NauSTATHMCS, a port and harbour in Sicily, 
at the mouth of the river Cacyparis, below 

Syracuse; now Asparanetto. A village and 

anchoring-place of Cjrenaica, between Erjthron 
and Apollonia. Mela, 1, 8. An anchoring- 
place on the coast of the Euxine, in Asia Minor, 
about 90 sradia from the mouth of the Halys. 

Nautes, a Trojan soothsayer, who comforted 
iEneas w hen his fleet had been burnt in Sicily, 
and who received from the hands of Diomedes 
the Palladium which had been stolen from Troy. 
He was the p'-ogenitor of the Nautii at Rome, a 
family to whom the Palladium of Troy was, in 
consequence of the services of their ancestor, in- 
trusted. Virg. JEn. 5, 794.— I>«072?/5, Hal. 1. 

NAVA, a river of Germany, falling into the 
Rhine at Binsium (Bingen), below Mayence. 
Tacit. Hist. 4, 7'i. 

Naxos, now Naxia, the largest and most fer- 
tile of the Cyclades, lying to the south of Delos, in 
the jEgean sea. It anciently bore the names Dia, 
Dionysias, Strongyle, &c., and wa> first colon- 
ized by the Carians. It was conquered by the 
Persians, who destroyed its cities and temples. 
Its inhabitants, however, joined the Greek fleet 
at Salamis, and were the first of the confederates 
whom the Athei ians deprived of their indepen- 
dence. Naxos was especially sacred to Bacchus, 
who was said to have been born there. It had a 
city of the same name. Plin. 4, \2-— Herod. 6, 
96. 8, 46— TAucJ/d. 1,98 et ] 37 — Hrg-. ALn. 3, 
125. A city on the eastern side of Sicily, sit- 
uate on the southern side of mount Taurus, and 
looking towards Catana and Syracuse. It was 
founded by a colony from the island of Naxos, 
one year before the settlement of Syracuse (01. 
17. 3.), and at the same time consequently with 
Crotona in Italy. Upon the destruction of this 
city, its inhabitants settled in the immediate 
vicinity, and built Tauromenium {Vid. Tauro- 

menium.) Thncyd. 6, 3.— Diod. 14, 15 A 

town of Crete, celebrated for producing excellent 
whetstones. Pind. Isthm. 6, 107. 

Nazianzcs, a city of Cappadocia. in the south- 
western angle of the country, and to the south- 
east of Archelais. It was the birth-place of j 
Gregory, surnamed from it Nazianzenus. I 

Nea, or Nova INSULA, a small island between 
Lemnos and the Hellespont, which rose out of 
the sea during an earthquake. Plin. 2, 87. 

NEiERA, a nymph of Sicily, mother of Phae- 
tusa and Lampetia by the Sun. Homer. Od 12, 
133. A mistress of the poet Tibullus. — A 



favourite of Horace. A daughter of Pereus, 

who married Aleus, by whom she had Cepheus, ' 
Lycurgus, and'Auge. ApoUod, 3, 9. — Paxu. 8, 4. 
The wife of Autolycus, ; 

Ne^thLS, a river of Bruttium, rising to the - 
north-east of Consentia, and falling into the - 
Sinus Tarentinus above Crotona. It is now the - 
Nieto. Slr. b 6. 

Nealces, a friend of Turnus in his war against 
^Eneas. Virg. .En. 1 0, 753. 

NeapC'LIS, now Njples, a city of Campania, 
on the Sinus Crater. It was built by a colony 
from Cumse, and formerly called Parthenope, 
from the Siren of that name, w ho w as there cast 
on shore. It was remarkable for the indolence 
and effeminacy of manners prevalent among its ' 
inhabitants. Near it was the tomb of Virgil, 
who was conveved there from Brundusium, ^ 

where he had died. Stnb. 5 Liv. 8, 22. - Fell. \' 

P.terc. 1, 4.— Virg. G. 4, 563.- Hor. Epnd. 5, 43. ' 

NearchuS, one of the captains of Alexander ^ 
the Great, w ho v as employed by that con- - 
queror in conducting his fleet from India by - 
the ocean to the Persian gulf. This expedition ■ 
proved so tedious and fatiguing, that the leader, - 
on his return, was rot recognized by his friends, 
until he had made himself known. His service 
was so much esteemed, that he was crowned 
v>ith a garland by Alexander at Susa; and wher- 
ever he went through the camp, flowers were ' 
thrown upon him. He is reckoned among the ! 
historians of Alexander, and is referred to as • 
such by Strabo, Suidas, and Arrian, (he latter of 
whom has copied much from him in his Indica. ' 
The relation of his voyage is extant, and is a 
curious and valuable record. It is published j' 

among Hudson's Geographi Miiiores. A ^ 

beautiful youth, &c. Hrnat. Od. 3, 20. 

Nebo, a mountain situate east of the river 
Jordan, and forming part of the chain of Abarim, 
north of the Dead Sea. The Israelites, in the ■ 
fortieth year of their Exodus, encamped at the - 
foot of this mountain; and Moses, having exe- i 
cuted the commission with which he was in- \ 
trusted, and having pronounced his blessing on ' 
the twelve tribes assembled to receive his last ' 
charge, ascended this mountain, from the summit ^ 
of which, called Pisgah, he had a view of the [ 
promised land, into which he was not permitted ' 
to enter. On this mountain he soon afterwards ' 
died. 

Nebrissa, or coLoxiA Venerea nebrissa, ( 
a town of the Turdetani, in Hispania Baetica, i 
north-east of Gades, and south-west of Hispalis. f 
It is now Lebrija. Slrab. 3. Plin. 3, 3. ' 

Nebrodes, a general name for the chain o, i 
mountains running through the northern part ' 
of Sicily. Strab. 6.- Sil. Ital. 14, 236. I 

Nebrofhonos, a son of Jason and Hypsi- ! 

pvle. ^polled. One i f Actseon's dogs. OHd. \ 

Met. 3.2]]. < 

Necessitas, a divinity who presided over the ' 
destinies of mankind, and w ho w as regarded as ' I 
the mother of the Parcae. Paus. 2, 4. 

Necho, a king of Egypt who endeavoured to 
open a communication, by means of a canal, be- 
t«een the Red Sea and the Mediterranean, The 
attempt was abandoned, after the loss of 12,000 i 
men. by order of an oracle, which warned the I 
monarch, " that he was working for the barbar- ■ 

ian, ' (t^; ^ap^Sapci. avrhv irpnepya^^etrOai.) NechO iS 

also famous in the annals of geographical dis- 
covery, for a voyage which, according to Herod- 
otus, he caused to be performed around Africa, 



NEC 



479 



NEM 



for the solution of the grand mystery which in- 
volved the form and termination of that conti- 
nent. He was obliged to employ, not native, 
but Phoenician navigators, of whose proceedings 
Herodotus received an account from the Egyp- 
tian priests. They were ordered to sail down 
the Red Sea, pass through the Columns of Her- 
cules, and so up the Mediterranean to Egypt; in 
I other words, to circumnavigate Africa. The 
Phoenicians, passing down the Red Sea, entered 
the southern ocean: on the approach of autumn, 
they landed on the coast, and planted corn; when 
this was ripe they cut it down and again departed. 
Having thus consumed two years, they, in the 
third, doubled the Columns of Hercules, and 
returned to Egypt. They added, that in passing 
the most southern coast of Africa, they were sur- 
prised by observing the sun on their right hand, 
a statement which Herodotus himself rejects as 
impossible. We are not surprised that in an 
age when astronomical science was so imperfect, 
the historian should express his disbelief of the 
statement of these navigators respecting the dif- 
ferent position of the sun; but this is, in fact, a 
most decisive evidence of the truth of their nar- 
rative, since this must have been their actual ob- 
servation after having passed the equinoctial line. 

Necropolis, (from vE«p<$j, "dead," and ■n-Aif, 
•city,' ) the city of the dead; a name beautifully 
applied to the cemeteries in the neighbourhood 
of many of the ancient cities, such as Thebes in 
Egypt, Cyrene, Alexandria, &c>i. 

Nectanebus, and NectanAbis, a king of 
Egypt, who defended his country against the 
Persians, and was succeeded by Tachos, B. C. 
3(}3. His grandson, of the same name, made an 
alliance with Agesilaus king of Sparta, and with 
his assistance he quelled a rebellion of his sub- 
jects. Some time after he was joined by the 
Sidonians, Phoenicians, and inhabitants of Cy- 
prus, who had revolted from the king of Persia. 
This powerful confederacy was soon attacked by 
Darius, the king of Persia, who marched at the 
head of his troops. Nectanebus, to defend his 
frontiers against so dangerous an enemy, levied 
20,000 mercenary soldiers in Greece, the same 
number in Libya, and 60,000 were furnished in 
Egypt. This numerous body was not equal to 
the Persian forces; and Nectanebus, defeated in 
a battle, gave up all hopes of resistance, and fled 
into ^(Ethiopia, B. C. 350, where he found a safe 
asylum. His kingdom of Egypt became from that 
time tributarv to the king of Persia. Plut. Ages. 
— C. Nep. in Ages. - Diod. 15, 42. 

Necysia, a solemnity observed by the Greeks 
in mennory of the dead. 

Neleus, a son of Neptune and Tyro. He 
was brother to Pelias, with whom he was ex- 
posed by his mother, who wished to conceal her 
infirmities from her father. They were pre- 
served and brought to Tyro, who had then mar- 
ried Cretheus, king of lolchos. After the death 
of Cretheus, Pelias and Neleus seized the king- 
dom of lolchos, which belonged to ^son, the 
lawful son of Tyro by the deceased monarch. 
After they had reigned for some time conjointly, 
Pelias expelled Neleus from lolchos. Neleus 
came to Aphareus, king of Messenia, who treated 
him with kindness, and permitted him to build I 
a city, which he called Pylos. Neleus married 
Chloris the daughter of Amphion, by whom he I 
had a daughter and tw elve sons, who were all, ex- j 
cept Nestor, killed by Hercules, together with i 
their father. Neleus promised his daughter in \ 



marriage only to him who brought him the bulls 
of Iphiclus. Bias was the successful lover. [ T'id. 
Melampus.] Ovid. Met. 6, 418.— Apollod. 1, 9. 

2, 6. A scholar of Theophrastus, to whom 

that philosopher bequeathed, at his death, the 
writings of Aristotle. Vid. Scepsis. 

Nemausus, an important city of Gallia Nar- 
bonensis, next in rank to Narbo. It was situate 
on the main route from Spain to Italy, and was 
the capital of the Arecomici. It is now Nismes, 
and is famed for its remains of antiquitv. 3Jela, 
2, 5.- Plin. 3, i. 

Nemea, a city of ArgoHs, to the northwest of 
Mycenae, celebrated as the haunt of the lion 
killed by Hercules, and the spot where triennial 
games were solemnized in honour of Archemorus, 
or Opheltes, son of Lycurgus, king of Nemea. 
The games were solemnized in the grove of Mol- 
orchus, who was said to have entertained Her- 
cules, when he came to Nemea in pursuit of the 
lion. We know from Polybius and Livy. that 
the Nemean games continued to flourish in the 
reign of Philip, son of Demetrius; but we may 
infer, that in the time of Pausanias they had 
fallen into great neglect, from the slight mention 
he has made of their solemnization. The ruins 
of Nemea are to be seen near the modem village 
of Kutchumadi. It was the first labour of Her- 
cules to destroy the Nemean lion; and the hero, 
when he found that his arrows and his club were 
useless against an animal whose skin was hard 
and impenetrable, seized him in his arms, and 
squeezed him to death. The conqueror clothed 
himself in the skm, and games were instituted to 
commemorate so great an event. The Nemean 
games were originally instituted by the Argives 
in honour of Archemorus, who died by the bite 
of a serpent, [Vid. Archemorus,] and Herciales 
some time after renewed them. They were one 
of the four great and solemn games, which were 
observed in Greece. The presidents were elect- 
ed out of Corinth, Argos, and Cleonae, and were 
dressed in black clothes, the habits of mourners, 
because these games were properly a funereal 
solemnity. At them were exhibited foot and 
horse-races, chariot races, boxing, wrestling, and 
contests of every kind, both gvmnical and eques- 
trian. The victors were crowned with parsley, 
which was an herb used at funerals, and fabled 
to have sprung from the blood of Archemorus; 
but, at first, they were rewarded with a crown 
of olive. These games were celebrated every 
third year, on the twelfth of the Corinthian 
month Jloi/e/ioy, which coincided with the Athen- 
ian Boedroniion. Apollod. 3. 6. — Hygin. fab. 7+. 
et 213.— Find. Nem. 1, 8. 3, ZO.— Virg. G. 3, 19. 
— Stat. Theb.4, lb9.—Potyb. 2, 7. 5, 101.- Lm 

27, 30.~ Strab. 8,- Pans, a, 15. A river of the 

Peloponnesus, which separated Corinthia from 
Sicyonia. Ltv. 33, 15. 

Nemesianl'S, M. Aurelius Olympius, a 
Latin poet, was a native of Carthage, and flour- 
ished under the emperors Carus, Carinus, and 
Numerianus. The last of these princes had a 
particular esteem for him. Under this prince he 
rose to high favour and fortune, and probably 
interested himself in behalf pf his contemporary 
poet Calphurnius, who was reduced to indigence. 
Nemesianus wrote three poems, entitled Halieu- 
iica, Cyvegetica^ and Nautica. Of these the se- 
cond only has come down to modem times, and 
that in an imperfect state. It cannot rank high 
as a poetical composition, but deserves praise 
for its polish and elegance. The best edition of 



480 



NEO 



the Cyni-^etica is that g^iven by Wemsdorff in the 
fii sc vol. of his Poetw Lulini Mniores. 

Nkmksis, one of the infernal deities, daugh- 
ter of Ncx. She was the goddess of vengeance, 
always prepared to punish impiety, and at the 
sanrje time liberally to reward the good and vir- 
tuous. The original meaning of the term tiiueai^ 
in Greek is, the just indignation one feels at ob- 
serving the prosperity of the undeserving. The 
goddess Nemesis was called Acpaarna, i. e. she 
from whom no bad man can escape. She is 
made one of the Parcae by some mythologists, 
and is represented w ith a helm and a wTieel. The 
people of Smyrna were the first who made her 
statues with wings, to show with what celerity 
she is prepared to punish the crimes of the w ick- 
ed, both by sea and land, as the helm and the 
wiieel in her hands intimate. Her power did 
not only exist in this life, but she was also em- 
ployed after death to find out the most effectual 
and rigorous means of correction. Nemesis w as 
particularly worshipped at Rhamnus in Attica, 
w here she had a celebrated statue ten cubits long, 
made of Parian marble by Phidias, or, according 
to others, by one of his pupils. The Romans 
Mere also particularly attentive to the adoration 
of a deity whom they solemnly invoked, and to 
whom they otTered sacrifices before they declared 
war against their enemies, to show the world 
that their wars were undertaken upon the most 
just grounds. Her statue at Rome was in the 
Capitol. Some suppose that Nemesis was the 
person whom Jupiter deceived in the form of a 
swan, and that Leda was intrusted with the 
care of the children w hich sprang from the two 
eggs. Others observe that Leda obtained the 
name of Nemesis after death. According to 
Pausanias, there were more than one Nemesis. 
The goddess Nemesis was surnamed Rliamiiusin, 
b-'cause worshipped at Rhamnus. The Greeks 
celebrated a festival called Kemesia, in memory 
of deceased persons, as the goddess Nemesis w as 
sup. osed to delend the relics and the memory of 
tiie dead from all insult. Hi/uin. i'. A. 2, 8. — 
J'uits. 1, SJ.—Apollod. 3. 10. 'Hhind. Theog. -^24. 

Nk.m ESlLS, a Greek philosopher in the fourth 
ct'j'.tury, who embraced the Christian religion, 
and was made bishop of Emesa, in Syria, of 
which place he was a native. He wrote a treatise 
entitled *' De Natura Hominis;'" in which he 
asserts the doctrine of pre-existence. The best 
e'iition is that of Matthiie, Halla, 1S02, 8vo. 

Nemet.acum, a town of the Atrebates, in 
Gjiul. now Arras. J'iil. Atrebates. 

Nemetes, a nation of Germany, along the 
Rhine, between the Vangiones and the Tribocci. 
Their capital was Noviomagus, now Speyer. 
Taiil. G. m.—Ainm. Marcrll. 15, 27. 

Nemorali.\, festivals observed in the woods 
of Aricia, in honour of Diana, who presided over 
the country and the forests, on which account 
that part of Italy w.as sometimes denominated 
A('inoie7isis ager. Ovid dc A. A. 1, 259. 

Nk>iossl'S, the capital of the Arverni in Gaul, 
now Cln mont. Lucan. 1, 41?).— S/;u6. 4. 

NeorCle, a dai^fhter of Lycambes, betroihed 

to the poet Archilochus. (lid. Lycambes.) 

A vnung female to w hom Horace addressed one 
of his odes, 3. 12. 

Neoc^es.area, a town of Pontus, on the Ly- 
cn;, north-west of Comana. It is now i^'ikmr. 
Anim. Marc. 27. 12. 

Nehcles, an Athenian philosopher, father, 
or, according to Cicero, brother to the philo.<ophcr 



Epicurus. Cic. de Nat. D. 1, 2\.— Diog. i 

The father of Themistoeles. ^Jiian. I'. H. 2, ' 
&e — C. Nep. 171 Than. 

Neon, the same with Tithorea in Ph".cis. 
( id. Tithorea. 

Neontickos, a city of .^lolia, in Asia Minor, 
situate on mount Sardene, and on the river 
Hermus. about bO stadia from Larissa ; now 
Ainad>:jick. A tow n of Caria. 

NEOI'TOLHMLS, a king of Epirus, son of 
Achilles and Deidamia, called fyrrhvs, from 
the colour of his hair. {llvipoi '• flame co- 
loured," '-red.') He was carifully euucated 
under the eje of his mother, and gave early 
proofs 01 his valour. After the death of Achilles, 
Calcb.as declared in the assembly of the Gret ks, 
that Troy could not be taken without tt;e assist- 
ance of the son of the deceased hero. Imme- 
diately upon this, Ulysses and Phoenix were 
commissioned to bring Pyrrhus to the war. He 
returned with them with pleasure, and received , 
the name of Neoptolemus, because he had come j 
late to the irar, {vioi, r-rdXe/xoy.) On his arrival i 
before Troy, he paid a visit to the tomb of his ' 
father, and wept over his ashes. He afterwards, , 
according to some authors, accompanied Ulysses ■ 
to Lemnos, to engage Philoctetes to come to the 
Trojan war. He greatly signalized himself dur- 
ing the remaining time of the siege, and he was ; 
the first who entered ti^e wooden horse. He was ' 
inferior to none of the Grecian warriors in valour, • 
and Ulysses and Nestor alone could claim a ' 
superiority over him in eloquence, wisdom, and 
address. His cruelty, however, was as great as i 
that of his father. Not satisfied with breaking 
down the gates of Priam"s palace, he exercised i 
the greatest barbarity upon the remains of his i 
family, and w ithout any regard to the sanctity of i 
the place where Priam had taken refuge, he ' 
Slaughtered him without mercy; or, according to 
others, dragged him by the hasr to the tomb of 
his father, where he sacrificed him, and where he 
cut off his head, and carried it in exultation, i 
through the streets of Troy, fixed on the point of j 
a spear. He also sacrificed Astyanax to his fury, ' 
and immolated Polyxena on the tomb of Achilles, \ 
according to those who deny that that sacrifice i 
w as voluntary. When Troy was taken, the cap- j 
tives were divided among the conquerors, and ■ 
Pyrrhus had for his share Andromache, the ] 
widow of Hector, and He'enus the son of Priam. , 
With these he departed for Greece, and he pro- | 
bably escaped from destiuciion by giving credit | 
to the words of Helf nus, who foretold him that | 
if he sailed with the rest of the Greeks, his 
voyage would be attended with fatal conse- 
quences, and perhaps with death. This obliged ' 
him to take a different course from the rest of I 
the Greeks and he travelled over the greatest, 
part of Tiirace, where he had a severe encounier | 
with queen Harpalyce. ( /Yci. Harpalyce.) The j 
place of liis retirement after the Trojan war is i 
not known. Some maintain that he went to I 
Thessaly, where his grandfather .still reigned; 
but this is confuted by others, «ho observe, per- ' 
haps with more reason, that he went to Epirus, : 
where he laid the foundation of a new kingdom, . 
because his grandfather Peleus had been de- 
prived of his sceptre by Acastus the son of Pelias. 
Neoptolemus lived w ith Andromache alter his I 
arrival in Greece, bat it is unknown whether he i 
treated her as a lawful w ife or a concubine. He ; 
had a son by this unfortunate princess calledj' 
;vi;);os-i.s, and ti'O others, if we may rely on ihej 



NEO 



481 



NEP 



aufbority of Pausanias. Besides Andromache, 
he ntatried Hermione, the daughter of Mene- 
lans, as also Lanassa, the daughter of Cleocia;u5, 
one of the descendants of Hercules, The cause 
of his death is variously related. Menelaus, be- 
fore the Trojan war, had promised his daughter 
Hermione to Orestes, but the services he expe- 
rienced from the valour and the courage of 
Neoptolemus during the siege of Troy, induced 
him to reward his merit by making him his son- 
in law. The nuptials were accordingly cele- 
brated, but Hermione became jealous of Andro- 
mache, and because she had no children, she 
resolved to destroy her Trojan rival who seemed 
to steal away the affections of their common 
husband. In the absence of Neoptolemus at 
Delphi, Hermione attempted to murder Andro- 
mache, but she was prevented by the interference 
of Peleus, or according toothers, of the populace. 
When she saw ijer schemes defeated, she deter- 
mined to lay violent hands upon herself, to avoid 
the resentment of Neoptolemus. The sudden 
arrival of Orestes changed her resolution, and 
she consented to elope with her lover to Sparta. 
Orestes at the same time, in revenge and to 
punish his rival, caused him to be assassinated 
m the temple of Delphi, and he was murdered 
at the foot of the altar by Machareus, the priest, 
or by the hand of Orestes him,self, according to 
Virgil, Paterculus, and Hyginus. Some say 
that he was murdered by the Delphian?, who 
had been bribed by the presents of Orestes. It 
is unknown why Neoptolemus went to Delphi. 
Some suppose that he w ished to consult the orr.cle 
to know how he might have children by the 
barren Hermione : others say, that he went 
thitlier to offer the spoils which he had obtained 
during the Trojan war, to appease the resentment 
of Apollo whom he had provoked by calling him 
the cause of the death of Achilles. The plunder 
of the rich temple of Delphi, if we believe others, 
was the object of the journey of Neoptolemus, 
and it cannot but be observed that he suffered 
the same death and the same barbarities which 
he had inflicted in the temple of Minerva upon 
the aged Priam and his wretched family. From 
this circumstance the ancients have made use of 
the proverb Neoptolemic revenge, when a person 
had suffered the same savage treatment which 
ethers had received from his hand. The Del- 
phians celebrated a festival with great pomp and 
solemnity in memory of Neoptolemus, who had 
been slain in his attempt to plunder their temple, 
because, as they said, Apollo, the patron of the 
])h!ce, had been in some manner accessary to the 
death of Achilles, f'h ff. Ain. 2 et 3. — Pans 10, 
24.— Ovid. Mel. 13, 334, 455, &c. - Ettrip. A71- 
drom. el Orest. ^c.—Plut. in Pyrrh. — hislin. 17, 
S.—Diclys. Cret. 4, 5 et 6. Homer. Od. 11, :)04. 
11. 19, 325.- SophocL Philocl. Apnllod. 3, 13.— 
Uygin. Jah. 97 et H}2.—Philoslr. Her. 19, &c. — 

Dares Phnjg.— Q. Smyrn. 14, 303. A king of 

the Molossi, father of Olympias, the mother of 

Alexander. Justin. 17, 3. Another, king of 

Epirus An uncle of the celebrated Pyrrhus 

who assisted the Tarentines. He was made king 
of Epirus by the Epirotes who had revolted from 
their lawful sovereign, and was put to dea'h 
when he attempted to poison his nephew, &c. 

Plid. in Pyrrh. A relation of Alexander. He 

was the first who climbed the walls of Gaza when 
that city was taken by Alexander. Alter the 
king's death he received Arn>enia as his province, 
Afid made war against Eumenes. He was sup- 



ported by Craterus, but an engagement wifli 
Eumenes proved fatal to his cause, dateius 
was killed, and him.self mortally v^ounded h\ 

Eumenes, B. C. 3^:1. C. Sep. in hhanm. '- 

One of the officers of Mithridates the Grear, 
beaten by LucuUus in a naval battle. Plnl. m 

Luc. -A poet, a native of Naupactus, v\ho 

wrote a poem on the heroines and other females 
celebrated in mythology, which he entiikd 
'HaviraKTLKa, in honour of His native city. Others, 
however, make Carcinus to have been the autiior 

of this poem. A native of Paros, who coni- 

posed a work on inscriptions, (FIspl 't.Tri-ypa/i- 
^aro)),) of which Athenaeus makes n)ention. 

Nkfa, an African word, equivalent to the 
Latin "siV/fis." Cicero uses it tor Scorpic>; and 
Plautus for Cancer. Cic. de Fin. 5, 15. Flciut. 
Casin. 2, 8, 7. 

Nepp;, or Nepkte. a town of Etruria, south- 
west of Falerii. It is now Aepi. 

NephalIA, festivals in Greece, in honour of 
Mnemosyne the mother of the Muses, and of 
Aurora, Venus, &c. No wine was used during 
the ceremony, but merely a mixture of water 
and honey. Pollux, 6, 3. — Alheyi. \b.—Suidt!s. 

Nephkle, the first wife of Athamas king of 
Thebes and mother of Phrv-xus and Helle. She 
was repudiated on pretence of being subject to 
lits of insanity, and Athamas married Ino, the 
daughter of Cadmus, by whom he had several 
children. Ino became jealous of Nephele, be- 
caiise her children would succeed to their father s 
throne before hers, by right of seniority, and she 
resolved to destroy them. Nephele was apprized 
of her wicked intentions, and she removed her 
children from the reach of Ino by giving them a 
celebiated ram, sprung from the union of Nep- 
tune and Theo])hane, on whose back they escaped 
to Colchis. (T/c/. Phryxus.) Nephele was after- 
wards changed into a cloud, w hence her name is 
given by the Greeks to the clouds. Some call 
her Aebiila, which word is the Latin translation 
of Nephele, -'a cloud." The fleece of the ram, 
which saved the life of Nephele's children, is 
often called the JVepheliaii fleece. ApoUod. 1, }). 
- Hygin. 2, &.c.--Ovid. Met. 11, m.— Place, ll, 
56.- A mountain of Thessaly, once the resi- 
dence of the Centaurs. 

Nephkreus, or Nephreus, a king of Egypt, 
who assisted the Spartans against Persia, wlien 
Agesilaus was in Asia. He sent them a fleet (>f 
100 ships, which were intercepted by Conon, as 
they were sailing towards Rhodes, &c. Diod. 
14, 79. 

Nepia, a daughter of lasus, who married 
Olympus king of Mysia, whence the plains of 
Mysia are sometimes called NepifE Cainpi. 

Nepos, Cornelius, a Roman historian and 
biographer, flourished in the time of Julius Cc«sar 
and Augustus, and was the friend of Cicero and 
Atticus. He was born on the banks of the Po, 
probably at Hostilia in the district of Verona. 
Nothing more is known of his life. This writer 
composed several works, one of which is com- 
memorated in some verses addressed to him by 
Catullus, as com[)rising an universal history 
in three books or tables. The only perlbrmance 
of his w hich has reached modern times is a col- 
lection of biographical sketches, entitled I'ilfB 
ETcellenlium Inipcridnruin, ai.d co nsisting of 
twenty-two articles of Greek and other ft)reign 
generals, with a fragment of the life of Cato of 
Utica, and a more detailed lite of Atticus. Tliese 
pieces long passed under the nauie ol .iimi iu? 



NEP 



48-2 



NER 



Pinbtn, who presented them to the emperor 
The-.Klusius in the fourrh century; but the purity 
of the style, which is that of the best age of the 
Latin language, assigns them to the real author. 
They are elesant compositions, hut too concise 
for purposes of accuracy, and not marked by any 
depth of reflection or force of moral painting. 
The best editions of Cornelius Nepos are, that of 
Fischer, Lips. 176S. 8vo ; that of Schmieder, 
Berol. ISO], 8vo; that of Tzschucke, Gotting. 
1S04; and that of Breme, Turici, 1S12, S%-o. 

Nepotianus, Flavius Popilius, a son of 
Kutropia, the sister of the emperor Constantine. 
He proclaimed himself emperor after the death 
of his cousin Constans, and rendered himself 
odious by his cruelty and oppression. He was 
murdered by Anicetus after one month's reign, 
and his family «ere involved in his ruin. 

Nepthys, wife of Typhon, became enamojured 
of Osiris, her brother-in-law, and introduced 
herself to his bed. She had a son called Anubis 
by him. Plut de hid. - 

Neptunium, a promontory of Bithynia, on 
the Propontis, at the mouth of the Cianus Sinus. 
It is more usually known by its Greek name 
Posidium. 

NeptuNiUS (Dux), an expression applied by 
Horace to Se.xtus Pompeius, who boastingly 
styled himselt the son of Neptune, becau-e his 
father had once held the command of the sea. 
Horat. Epod. 9, l. — Dio. Cass. 48, 19. 

NeptunUS, a god. son of Saturn and Op.s, and 
brother to Jupiter, Pluto, and Juno. He was 
devoured by his father the day of his birth, and 
w.as again restored to life by means of Metis, who 
gave Saturn a certain potion. Pausanias says 
that his mother concealed him in a sheepfold in 
Arcadia, and that she imposed upon her husband, 
telling him that she had brought a colt into the 
world, which was instantly devoured by Saturn. 
Neptune shared with his brothers the empire of 
Saturn, and received as his portion the kingdom 
of the sea. This, however, did not seem equiva- 
.ent to the empire of heaven and earth, which 
Jupiter had claimed, therefore he conspired to 
dethrone him, with the rest of the gods. The 
?on5piracy was discovered, and Jupiter con- 
lemned Neptune to build the walls of Troy. 
yid. Laomedon.) A reconciliation was soon 
after made, and Neptune was re-instated in 
all his rights and privileges. Neptune disputed 
w ith Minerva the right of giving a name to the 
capital of Attica, but he was defeated, and the 
olive which the goddess suddenly raised from 
the earth was deemed more serviceable for the 
gond of mankind than the horse which Neptune 
had produced by striking the ground with his 
trident, as that animal is the emblem of war and 
slaui^hter. This decision did not please Nep- 
tune, he renewed the combat by disputing for 
Troezene, but Jupiter settled their disputes by ] 
permitting them to be conjointly worshipped | 
there, and by giving the name of Polias, or ' 
protectress of the city, to Minerva, and that of 
king of Trcezene to the god of the sea. He also ' 
disputed his right for the isthmus of Corinth with 
Apollo ; and Briareus the Cyclops, who was 
mutually chosen umpire, gave the isthmus to ■ 
Neptune, and the promontory to Apollo. Nep- , 
tune, as being the god of the sea, was entitled to 
more power than any of the other gods, except 
Jupiter. Not only the ocean, rivers, and foun- 
tains, were subjected to him, but he could also ' 
cause earthquakes at his pleasure, and raise : 



island.- from the bottom of the sea with a blow of ^ 
his trident. The worship of Neptune was estab- ! 
lished in almost every part of the earth, and the fyi 
Libyans in particular venerated him above all 
other nations, and looked upon him as the first pa 
and greatest of the gods. The Greeks and the : 
Romans were also attached to his worship, and > 
they celebrated their Isthmian games and Con- ^, 
sualia with the greatest solemnity. He was 
generally represented sitting in a chariot made w. 
of a shell, and drawn by sea horses or dolphins. ; r>- 
Sometimes he is drawn by winged horses, and (; 
holds his trident in his hand, and stands up as ; 
his chariot flies over the surface of t;ie sea. 
Homer represents him as issuing from thr sea, 
and in three steps crossing the wh^le horizon. ; 
The mountains and the forests, says thr poet, | -i 
trembled as he walked; the whales,' and all the ' [ 
fishes of the sea, appeared round him, and even the (. 
sea herself seemed to feel the presence of her god. [j , 
The ancients generally sacrificed a bull and a , [ 
horse on his altars, and the Roman soothsaj eis \ j 
always oflfered to him the gall of the victims, [ \ 
which in taste resembles the bitterness of the j. , 
sea water. The amours of Neptune are nume- , , 
rous. He obtained, by means of a dolphin, the 'j , 
favours of Amphitrite, who had made a vow of , 
perpetual celibacy, and he placed among the ^ 
constellations the fi?h which had persuaded the 
goddess to become his wife. He also married [ 
Venilia and Salacia, which are only the names of 
Amphitrite, according to some authors, who oh- ^ 
served that the former word is derived from r 
venire, alluding to the continual motion of the , 
sea. Salacia is derived from salum, which sig- 
nifies the sea, and is applicable to Amphitrite. j 
Neptune became a horse to enjoy the company • 
of Ceres. (Firf. Arion.) To deceive Theophane, ; 
he changed himself into a ram. (^Vid. Theo- j 
phane.) He assumed the form of the river Eni- 
peus, to gain the confidence of Tyro, the daughter ^ 
of Salmoneus, by whom he had Pelias and Ne- 
leus. He was also father of Phorcus, and Poly- 
phemus by Thoossa; of Lycus, Nycteus, and I 
Euphemus, by Celeno; of "Chryses by Chryso- I 
genia; of Ancasus by Astypalea; of Bceotus and , 
Helen by Antiope; of Leuconoe by Themisto; of j 
Agenor and Bellerophon by Eurynome, the ' 
daughter of Nysus; of Antas by Alcyone, the \ 
daughter of Atlas; of Abas by Arethusa; of Actor 
and Dictys by Agemede, the daughter of Augias; ] 
of Megareus by CEnope daughter of Epopeus; of i 
Cycnus by Harpalyee; of Taras, Otus, Ephialtes, j 
Dorus, Alesus, &c. The word Neptunus is often 
used metaphorically by the poets, to signify sea- 
water. In the Consualia of the Romans, horses 
were led through the streets finely equipped and 
crowned with garlands, as the god in whose 
honour the festivals were instituted, had pro- 
duced the horse, an animal so beneficial for the 
use of mankind. Paus. 1, 2, c&c. — Homer. II. 7, 
&Le.— Varro de L. L. 4. - Cic. de Xat. D. 2, 2G. 

2, 25.— Hesiod. Theog.— Virg. jEn. 1, 1-2, &c. 2, 1 

3. 8zc. — ApoUod. I, 2, Szc— Ovid. Met. 6, 117, I 
&c.- Herod. 2, 50. 4, l8S.—Macrob. Saturn. 1, , 
\1. — Aiig.de Civ. D. \S.—Plut. in Them.—Hy~ 
gin. .fab. 157.— Eurtp. in Phceju'ss. \ 

Nereides, nymphs of the sea, daughters of j 
Nereus and Doris. They were fifty, according 
to the greater number of the mythologists, whose 
names are as follows: Sao, Amphitrite, Proto, i 
Galataja. Thoe, Eucrate, Eudora, Galena, Glauce, 
Thetis, Spio, Cjmothoe, Melita, Thalia, Agave, i 
Eulimene, Erato, Pasithea, Doto, Eunice, N^- 



4Sb 



I 6Pa, Dynamene, Pherusa, Protomelia, Actea, 
i' Panope, Doris, Cymatologe, Hippothoe, Cymo, 
! Eione, Hipponoe, Cymodoce, Neso, Eupompe, 
Pronoe, Themisto, Glauconome, Halimede, 
I Pontoporia, Evagora, Liagora, Polynome, Lao- 
j media, Lysianassa, Autonoe, Menippe, Evarne, 
I Psamathe, Nemertes. In those which Homer 
mentions, to the number of thirty, we find the 
^ following names different from those spoken of 
by Hesiod; Halia, Limmoria, lera, Amphitroe, 
I Dexamene, Amphinonne, Callianira, Apseudes, 
! Callanassa, Clymene, Janira, Nassa, Mera, 
Orithya, Amathea. ApoUodorus, who mentions 
! forty- five, mentions the following names different 
' from the others ; Glaucothoe, Protomedusa, 
Pione, Plesaura, Calypso, Cranio, Neomeris, 
j Dejanira, Polynoe, Melia, Dione, Isea, Dero, 
Eumolpe, lone, Ceto. Hyginus and others differ 
I from the preceding authors in the following 
I names : Drymo, Xantho, Ligea, Phyllodoce, 
! Cydippe, Lycorias, Cleio, Beroe, Ephira, Opis, 
i Asia, Deopea, Arethusa, Crenis, Eurydiee, and 
Ij Leucothoe. The Nereides were implored as the 
I! rest of the deities; they had altars chiefly on the 
coasts of the sea, where the piety of mankind 
j made offerings of milk, oil, and honey, and often 
' of the flesh of goats. When they were on the 
sea-shore they generally resided in grottos and 
caves which were adorned with shells, and shaded 
I by the branches of vines. Their duty was to 
attend upon the more powerful deities of the sea, 
i and to be subservient to the will of Neptune. 
They were particularly fond of alcyons, and as 
they had the power of ruffling or calming the 
waters, they were always addressed by sailors, 
who implored their protection, that they might 
grant them a favourable voyage and a prosperous 
return. They are represented as young and 
I handsome virgins, sitting on dolphins and holding 
Neptune's trident in their hands, or sometimes 
garlands of flowers. Orpheus. Hymn. 23.— Catul. 

de Rapt. Pel Ovid. Met. 11, 361, &.c.—Stat. 

Sylv. 'i, 2. 3, 1. — Pans. 2, l.—ApoUod. 1, 2 et 3. 
— Hesiod. Theofr.— Homer. II. 18, 39.— P/m. 36, 
b.—Hygin, &c. 

NereiUS, a name given to Achilles, as son of 
Thetis.who wasoneofthe Nereides. Hor. ep. 17, 8. 

Nereus, a deity of the sea, son of Oceanus 
and Terra. He married Doris, by whom he had 
fifty daughters, called the Nereides. (Fid. Ne- 
reides.) Nereus was generally represented as 
an old man with a long flowing beard, and hair 
of an azure colour. The chief place of his resi- 
dence was in the ^Egean sea, where he was sur- 
rounded by his daughters, who often danced in 
choruses round him. He had the gift of pro- 
phecy, and informed those who consulted him 
with the different fates that attended them. He 
acquainted Paris with the consequences of his 
elopement with Helen; and it was by his direc- 
tions that Hercules obtained the golden apples 
of the Hesperides, but the sea-god often evaded 
the importunities of inquirers by assuming diff"er- 
ent shapes, and totally escaping from their grasp. 
The word Nereus is often taken for the sea itself. 
Nereus is sonnelimes called the most ancient of 
all the gods. Hesiod. Theog. 240.— Hj/gm.— 
Homer. 11. \8. — Apollod.— Orpheus, Argon. - He- 
rat. Od. 1, IS. — Eurip. in Iphig. 

NeriPHUS, a desert island near the Thracian 
Chersonesus. Plin. 4, 12. 

NeriTUM, a town of Calabria, about five 
miles to the north 'of Callipolis. It is now Nardo. 
Plin. 3, 11. 



NeRiTUS, the highest and most remarkable 
mountain in the island of Ithaca. According to 
Dodwelljthe modern name is Anoi, which means 
"lofty;" he observes also, that the forests spoken 
of by Homer have disappeared; it is at present 
bare and barren, producing nothing but stunted 
evergreens and aromatic plants. Homer. Od. i, 
22. 11. 2, 632.— Virg. /En. 3, 271. 

NeriTJM, a promontory of Spain, the san:e 
with Artabrum; now Cape Fi?mterre. 

NeRiUS, a banker, in the time of Horace, 
very skilful in tying down his debtors by written 

obligations for repayment. Sjt. 2, 3, 69. A 

usurer in Nero's age, who was so eager to get 
money, that he married as often as he could, and 
as soon destroyed his wives by poison, to possess 
himself of their estates. Pers. 2, 14. 

Nero, Claudius Domitius Caesar, a celebrated 
Roman emperor, son of Caius Domitius Aheno- 
barbus and Agrippina the daughter of Germani- 
cus. He was adopted by the emperor Claudius, 
A. D. 60, and four years after he succeeded to 
him on the throne. The beginning of his reign 
was marked by acts of the greatest kindness and 
condescension, by affability, complaisance, and 
popularity. The object of his administration 
seemed to be the good of his people; and when 
he was desired to sign his name to a list of male- 
factors that were to be executed, he exclaimed, 
I wish to heaven I could not write. He w as an 
enemy to flattery, and when the senate had 
liberally commended the wisdom of his govern- 
ment, Nero desired them to withhold their praises 
till he deserved them. These promising virtues 
were soon discovered to be artificial, and Nero 
displayed the propensities of his nature. He 
delivered himself from the sway of his mother, 
and at last ordered her to be assassinated. This 
unnatural act of barbarity might astonish some 
of the Romans, but Nero had his devoted adhe- 
rents; and when he declared that he had taken 
away his mother's life to save himself from ruin, 
the senate applauded his measures, and the 
people signified their approbation. Many of his 
courtiers shared the unhappy fate of Agrippina, 
and Nero sacrificed to his fury or caprice all such 
as obstructed his pleasure, or diverted his incli- 
nation. In the night he generally sallied out 
from his palace, to visit the meanest taverns and 
all the scenes of debauchery which Rome con- 
tained. In this nocturnal riot he was fond of 
insulting the people in the streets, and his at- 
tempts to offer violence to the wife of a Roman 
senator nearly cost him his life. He also turned 
actor, and publicly appeared on the Roman stage 
in the meanest characters. In his attempts to 
excel in music, and to conquer the disadvantages 
of a hoarse rough voice, he moderated his meals, 
and often passed the day without eating. The 
celebrity of the Olympian games attracted his 
notice. He passed into Greece, and presented 
himself as a candidate for the public honours. 
He was defeated in wrestling, but the flattery of 
the spectators adjudged him the victory, and 
Nero returned to Rome with all the pomp and 
splendour of an eastern conqueror, drawn in the 
chariot of Augustus, and attended by a b.-md of 
musicians, actors, and stage dancers, from every 
part of the empire. These private and public 
I amusements of the emperor were indeed inno- 
I cent, his character was injured, but persona) 
: liberty remained inviolate. But his conduct 
soon became more abominable ; he disguisrd 
i himself in the habit of a woman, and was pub- 



NER 



4b4 



licly married to one of his eunia^Iis. This vio- 
lence to nature aad decency was soon exchanged 
tor another; Ner.) resumed his sex, and celebrated 
his nuptials v.ithone of his meanest catamites, 
and it " as on this occasion that one- of the Ro- 
mans observed that the vvorld would have been 
happy if Nero's father had had sucn a wife. Hut 
nuw his cruelty was displayed in a more super- 
lative degree, and he sacririced to his w antonness 
his wife Octavia Poppiea, and the celebrated 
writers, Seneca, L\ican, Petronius, &c. Tne 
Christian^ also did not escape his barbarity. He 
had heard oC the burning of Troy, and as he 
wisjied to renew that dismal scene, he caused 
Rome to be str on tire in different places. The 
conflagration became soon universal, and during | 
nine suecessive days the fire was unextinguished. I 
All was desolation, nothing •.\as heard but the 
lamentations of mothers whose children had 
perished in the aames, the groans of tht dying, 
and the continual fall of palaces and builditigs. 
Nero was the only one who enjoyed the general > 
consternation. He {.laced himself on the top of' 
a high tower, and sang on his lyre the destruc- ' 
tionof Troy, a dread: nl scene which his barbarity , 
had realized before his eyes. He attempted to 
avert the pubi c odium from his head, by a ' 
feigned commiseration of the calamities of the j 
citizens. He began to repair the streets and the ! 
public buildings at his own expense. He built' 
himself a celebrated palace, which he called his 
golden house. It was profusely adorned with ' 
gold, with precious stones, and with whatever ; 
was rare and exquisite. It contained spacious 
fields, artificial lakes, woods, gardens, orchaids, i 
and whatever could exhibit beauty and grandeur, j 
The entrance of this editice could admit a large ; 
colossus of the emperor I'iO feet high, the gal- i 
leries were each a mile long, and the whole «as | 
covered with gold. The roofs of the dining halls j 
represented the firmament, in motion as well as 
in figure, and continually turned round night 
and day, showering down all sorts of perfumes 
and sweet waters. When this grand edifice, 
which, according to Pliny, extended all round the 
city, was finished, Nero said, that now he could 
lodge like a man. His profusion was not less 
remarkable in all his other actions. When he 
went a fishing, his nets were made with gold and i 
silk. He never appeared twice in the same gar- 
ment, and when he undertook a voyage, there 
were thousands of servants to take ca.fe of his 
wardrobe. This continuation of debauchery and 
extravagance, at last roused the resentment of 
the people. Many conspiracies were formed 
against the emperor, but they were generally 
discovered, and such as were accessary suffered 
the greatest punishments. The most dangerou* 
conspiracy against Nero's life, was that of Piso, 
from which be was delivered by the confession of 
a slave. The conspiracy of Galba proved more 
successful; and the conspirator when he was inr 
formed that his plot was kno'.vn to Nero, declared 
himself emperor. Tire unpopularity of Nero 
favoured his cause, he was acknowledged by all 
the Roman empire, ai^.d the senate condemned 
the tyrant that sat on the throne to be dragged 
naked through the streets of Rome, and whipped 
to death, and afterwards to be thrown down from 
the Tarpeian rock like the meane.= t malefactor. 
This, however, was not done, and Nero, by a 
voluntary death, preve- ted the execution oi the i 
sentence. He killed himself, A. D. 6?. in the 
thirty -second year of his age, afier a reign of | 



thirteen years and eight months. Rome was 
filled with acclamations at the intelligence, and 
the citizens, mure strongly to indicate their joy, 
wore caps, such as were generally used by slaves 
, who had received their freedom. Their ven- 
geance was not only exercised against the statues 
: of the deceased tyrant, but his friends were the j ^ 
i objects of the public resentment, and many were 
crushed to pieces in such a violent manner, that | ^ 
one of the senators, amid the universal joy, said 
that he was afraid they should soon have cause 
to wish for Nero. The tyrant, as he expired, , 
begged that his head might not be cut off from 
his body, and exposed to the insolence of an en- 
rat-ed populace, but that the whole might be 
burned on the luneral pile. His request was ^ 
granted by one of Galba's freedmen, and his ob- 
sequies were performed with the usual cere- 
monies. Thouiih his death seemed to be the 
source of universal gladness, yet many of his 
favourites lamented his fall, and were grieved 
to see that their pleasures and amusements were 
stopped by the death of the patron of debaucliery 
and extravagance. Even the king of Parthia ^ 
sent ambassadors to Rome to condole vvith the j 
Romans, and to beg that they would honour and 
revere the memory of Nero. His statues were ; 
also crowned with garlands oi flowers, and many j- 
believed that he was not dead, but that he would j 
scon make his appearance, and take a due ven- i;. 
geance upon his enemies. It w ill be sufficient ; 
to observe, in finishing the character ofi this ty- 
rannical emperor, that the name ol Nero is even i, 
now used emphatically to express a barbarous £ 
and unfeeling oppressor. Pliny calls him the 
common enemy and the fury of mankind, and in b 
this he has been followed by all writers, who ti 
exhibit Nero as a pattern of the most execrable p 
barbaritv, and unpardonable wantonness. Flut, \- 
in Galb.' Suet, in f-'ita. Flin. 7, 8, &c.— D«o. ,, 

&\.—Aurel. Victor. - Tacit. Ann. Claudius, 'i 

a Roman general, who, after distinguishing hiin- 7 
self in the taking of Capua, was sent into Spain ^ 
to succeed the two Scipios. He suffered himself t 
to be imposed upon by Asdrubal, and was soon t 
after succeeded by young Scipio. He was aitcr- k 
wards made consul, and intercepted Asdrubal, \ 
who was passing from Spain into Italy with a 1 
large reinforcement for his brother Annibal. An i 
ensasement was fought near the river Met.aurns, j 
in^Umbria, in which 56,000 of the Carthaginians ) 
were left on the fi. ld of battle, and great nurn- j 
bers taken prisoners, 207 B. C. Asdrubal. the 
Carthaginian general, was also killed, and his 
head cut off and thrown into his brother's camp 
bv the conquerors. Liv. 27. &c. — Horat. Od. 4, 

4' 37. — FZor. 2, 6. — Ti./ .V -.r. 4, 1. A .son of ^ 

Germanieus, who was ruined by Stjauus, and j 
banished from Rome by TiberiUS, to the isUnri 
of Pontia, where he was starved to death.—— 
The Neros were of the Claudian family, which, f 
during the republican times of Rome, was hon- ' 
oured with 2S consulships, 5 dictatorships, 6 tri- | 
umphs, 7 censorships, and 2 ovations. They 
assumed the surnan^.e of Nero, which, in the ' 
language of the Sabines, signifies " warlike," [ 
"■'brave." . ^ 

NeronTa, a name given to Artaxata by Tiri- 
dates, who had been restored to his kingdom by 
Nero, whose favours he acknowledged by calling j 
the capital of his dominions after the name of his , 
benefactor. ^ 
Neronian.55 Thrrm.^:, baths at Rome, made ■ 
by the emperor Nt ro. 



NER 



4S5 



NES 



; NERTOBrTga, a city of Hispania Baetica, , 
some distance to the west of Corduba. It was ', 
a!s ) called Concordia Julia, and is now Valera la 1 

Vieja. Folyb. 35, 2. A city of Hispania Ter- | 

raconensis, in the territory of the Celtiberi, be- j 
tv.een Bilbilis and Csesaraugusta. It is now 
Ahnunia. Floras, 2, ]7. — Appian. 6, 50. | 
Nerva, Cocctius, a floman emperor, descend- 
ed frctfn a Cretan family, that had become Ro- j 
i man in the time of Augustus, was born A. D. 26, ; 
i and being son, grandson, and great grandson of 
; consuls, entered with great success the career of , 
i civil dignities. He was praetor when Nero con- | 
j ferred upon him triumphal honours. He was | 
consul for the first time in the year 71, with Ves- | 
] pasian, and afterwards with Domitian, in the ; 
! year 90. The conspirators, who had formed their j 
plans for freeing the empire from the tyranny of | 
I Domitian, applied to Nerva, who was at that 
i time at Rome, to undertake the duties and office 
j of emperor: to this he consented, and was accord- 
ingly raised to the imperial purple in the year 
I 96. The praetorian bands had been secured in 
his favour, and the senate was happy to confirm 
the elevation of one of their own body, whom 
; they highly respected. He soon rendered him- 
self extremely popular by the mildness of his 
manners, and by the activity which he exhibited 
in the management of public affairs. The first 
I cares of his government were to repair the evils 
of the late tyranny; he abolished the odious law 
! of treason, and recalled the exiles, among whom 
were some of the most virtuous persons of the 
age. He restored to the enjoyment of their pro- 
perty those who had been the objects of unjust 
confiscations, and punished with death the freed- 
men and slaves whose informations had caused 
I the ruin of their masters. He suffered no sta- 
tues to be raised to his own honour, and he ap- 
plied to the use of the government all the gold 
and silver statues which had been erected to his 
predecessor. In himself he was the example as 
well as the patron of morals and strict virtue. 
I He forbade the mutilation of male children. He 
I made a solemn declaration that no senator should 
j be put to death during his reign, which he ob- 
! served with such sanctity, that, when two mem- 
bers of the senate had conspired against his own 
life, he was satisfied to tell them he was well 
acquainted with their evil intentions. He also 
conducted these very men to the public spectacles, 
and seated himself between them, and when a 
sword was offered to him according to the usual 
customs, he desired the conspirators to try it 
upon his body. Such confidence in the upright- 
ness of his own intentions, and justice of his 
government, and such reliance upon the conse- 
quences of his lenity and indulgence, conciliated 
the affection of all his subjects. It was the 
spirit of his administration, so to govern that he 
might render a good account of his actions, and 
return without apprehension to a private station, 
in some instances it must be admitted that his 
lenity, or perhaps timidity, forced him into dis- 
graceful compliances. One of these was the 
restoration of licentious pantomimes, which 
Domitian had abolished, but which the people 
demanded with tumultuous shouts: another was 
the giving up the authors ol the death of Domi- 
tian, who were, in fact, the instruments of his 
ov. n elevation. It was in vain that he presented 
his own bare neck to the enrajred soldiers, and 
entreated them rather to satiate their vengeance 
on himsell ; he was obliged to consent to the sac 



rifice, and even to seem to approve it. The morti- 
fying incident, how ever, w as the cause of a great 
public benefit, for it produced the adoption of 
Trajan. Made sensible of the necessity of a 
firm .support to the throne, he passed by his own 
kindred, and selected for his son, and successor, 
the man, in all the empire, best fitted for the 
high office. Had this choice been the only act of 
his reign, it would have enti. let him to the re- 
membrance of his subjects. He died in the year 
93. after a reign of sixteen months., and at the 
age of 7i- Nerva has been charged with an in- 
temperate love and use of wine, and, perhaps, to 
have enjoyed the favour of Nero and Domitian 
may lead to a suspicion of the regularity of his 
morals, but his public virtues have deservedly 
placed him in the series of those good piinces who 
have been respected and honoured by posteiity. 
Tacitus speaks of Nerva as being the fir.«t per- 
son who allied two things before thought to be 

incompatible, viz. monarchy and liberty. A 

celebrated lawyer, consul with the emperor Ves- 
pasian- He was father to the emperor of that 

NERVII, a warlike people of Belgic Gaul, 
whose country lay on both sides of the Scaldis, 
or Scheldt, near the sources of that river; after- 
wards Hainault, and Nord. Their original capi- 
tal was Bagacum, nov\ Bavay\'b\\t afterwards Cam- 
aracum or Cambray, and Turnacum, or Tour- 
nay, became its chief cities towards the end of the 
fourth century. C(xs. B. G. 5, 39.— P/m. 4, 17- 

Nes^A, one of the Nereides. Virg. G. 4, 358. 

NE6IS, {is, or idis.) an island on the coast of 
Campania, between Puteoli and Neapolis, and 
within a short distance of the shore. It is now 
Ni-ida Cic. Ep. ad Alt. 16, 1. - Lucan. 6, 90.— 
Stat. Sllv. 3, 1, J48. 

Nessus, a celebrated Centaur, son of Ixion 
and the Cloud. He offered violence to Dejanira, 
whom Hercules had intrusted to his care, with 
orders to carry her across the river Evenus. 
IVid. Dejanira.] Hercules saw the distress of his 
wite from the opposite shore of the river, and 
immediately he let fly one of his poisnred arrow s, 
which struck the Centaur to the htai t. Nessus, 
as he expired, gave the tunic he then wore to 
Dejanira. assuring her that, from the poisoned 
blood which had flowed from his wounds, it had 
received the power of calling a husband away 
from unlawful loves. Dejanira received it with 
pleasure, and this mournful present caused the 
death of Hercules. [Hd. Hercules.] Apollod.'J, 
7. — Ovid. Ep. 9. — Senec, in Here. Fur. -Pans, 
3, 23. - Diod. 4. A river. Fid. Nestus. 

Nestocles, a famous statuary of Greece, 
rival to Phidias. Plin. 34, 8. 

Nestor, a son of Neltus and Chloris, nephew 
to Pelias, and grandsor. to Neptune. He had 
eleven brothers, who were all killed, with his 
father, by Hercules. His tender age detained 
him at home, and was the cause of his preserva- 
tion. The conqueror spared his life, and placed 
him on the throne of Pylos. He married Eury- 
dice, the daughter of Clymenes, or, according to 
others, Anaxibia, the daughter of Atreus. He 
early distinguished himself in the field of battle, 
and was present at the nuptials of Pirithous, 
when a bloody battle was fought between the 
Lapithse and Centaurs. As king of P.ylos and 
Messenia he led his subjects to the Trojan war, 
where he distinguished himself among the rest 
of ihe Grecian chiefs by eloquence, address, wis- 
dom, ju.stice, and an uncommon prudence of 
2 S 3 



mind. Homer displays his character as the 
ni.).st yerfet-t or all his heroes; and Ajramemnon 
exclaims, thar, if he had ten genorais like Nestor, 
he should soon see the walls of Tr> y r» du. ed to 
ashes. Alter the Trnjan war, Nestor retired to 
Grf-fce, where he enjoyed, in the bosom of his 
fjtuily, the peace and tranquillity which were due 
to his' wisdom and to his old age. Ttie m-anner 
and the tiuie of his death are unkm v- n; the an- 
cients are all agreed that he lived three genera- 
tions of men, w hich length of time some suppose 
to be 3- xears, tnuugh more probably only 90, 
allowin;; oU years for ea'-h genera ri^n. From 
that circumstance, therefore, it ^\;:f ii-u d among 
}he Greeks and the Latins wheti rl> y ■^ isiied a 
loHL'- and hnppy life to their frien. *, ;o - -.sn them 
t;^ see the yars of Nestor. He had f.'. o liaushters, 
Pisidice and Polyeaste; and seven sons Pt-r-eus, 
S'raticus. Aretus. Echephron, Pisistratus, Antil- 
ochus, and Trasimedes. Nestor was one of the 
Ar^on"uts, according to Valerius Flaccus, 1, 3[0, 
&c. Dicfys Cret. 1, 13, Sec— Homer. II. 1, &c. 
Od. 3 et n. — Hvsnn. iab 10 et 273. - Paus. 3. 2^, 
4, 3 et 3\.—Apoi!od. 1, 9. 2, 7.-0uJ. JJet. 12, 169, 
&.C.- Horat. Od. \, 15. 

Nestor'us, the founder of a sect, was born 
in Syria, in the fifth century. On entering into 
the prie=thO')d he became so popular for his eio- 
q!i>^pce that Theodosius nominated him, in 429, 

1. ) ilie archbishopric of Constantinople; in w hich 
station he displayed great zeal against the Arians 
and Novatians. He also opposed those Chris- 
tians w ho difift-red from the catholic practice in 
the celebration of Easter. At last he fell under 
ensure himself' for affirming that the Virgin 
Mary is not the mother of God. For this he 
was condemned in the council of Ephesus, de- 
prived of his see, and banished. He died in 439: 
but his follow ers continue to be numerous in the 
east, and are organized under a patriarch. 

NestcS, a river of Thrace, rising in mount 
Srorniui, and falling into the ^-Ei;ean sea tjppos- 
itp the island of Thasos. It formed the bcun- 
dary between Thrace and Macedonia, in the 
time of Philip and Alexander; and this arrange- 
ment subsequently remained unchanged by ihe 
Rnmans on the conauest of the latter emoire. It 
i> stiJa called the Mesto. Shab. Efjit. 7. Liv. 
45. 29. — Thucyd, 2. 96.— Herod. 7, 109 et 126. 

NEURI, a Scythian race, who appear to have 
been originally established towards the head 
waters of the rivers Tyras and Hypanis (D«?£'ster 
and Boug ) They appear also to have touched 
oa the Bastarnian Alps, which would separate 
them from the Agathvrsi. Herod. 4, 105. — Mela, 

2, l. — liin. 4, 12. 

NiC-EA, a city of India, founded by Alexander 
in commemoration of his victory over Porus. It 
was situat^e on the left bar.k of the Hydaspes, on 
the road from the modern AV.or.k to Lahore, and 
jijst bt-lo-A ir,e southern point of the island of 
Jamad. Arri n. b. — JuUin. 12, S. — Curt. 9, 4. 

A town of B thynia, situate on the eastern 

shore of the lake Ascanius, in a w ide and fertile 
plain, though somewhat unhealthy in summ.er. 
Siephatius Byz:mtinus states that it was first 
c:>lonized by the Bottisi, and was called Anchore. 
Strabo mentions neither of these circumstances, 
but states that it was founded by Antigonus, sen 
of Philip, who called it Antigonia; it subse- 
qu->ntly received that of NiccPa trom Lysimachus, 
in hojiour of his wife, daughter ot Antipater. 
The circumference of the tow n, which was huilt 
in the form of a square, measured sixteen stadia, 



and the streets were drawn at right angles to 
each other, so that from a monument which 
.<!tood vear the gymnasium it was possible to see 
the tour gates. Pliny the Younger, in his Let- 
ters, makes frequent mention of Nicaa and its 
public buildings, which he had undertaken to 
restore, being at that time govern >r of Bithynia. 
It was the birth place of Hipparchus the astrono- 
mer, and Dio Cassius. Under the Byzantine 
emperors it was often tsken and retaken during 
their wars with the Tu;ks. The modern Imik 
occupies the site of the ancient Nicaea. Nicaea 
is celebrated in ecelesiKsticjil history for the 
council held there agaii st the Arian heresy. A. D. - 
325; whence the creed drawn up by the I'relales : 
assembled on that occasion is called Nicene. ) 

Sirab. U.— Flhi. 10, 40, 48, &c A city of Li- c 

guria, on the coast, one geographical mile to the 
east of the mouth of the Varus. It was founded : 
by the Maseilienses, in mcm.ory of a victory 
which they obtained in its neighbourhood i vpr 
the Ligurians. Its modern name is A'2>*fa (Nice.) : 

NiCAGORAS, a sophist of Athens in the reign 
of the emperor Philip. Ke wrote the lives of 
ilUi-trious men. and was reckoned one of the 
greatest and most learned men of his age. 

>>ICA.N"DER, a kina of Sparta, son of Charillus, 
<f the family of the Proclidae. He reigned 

thirty-nine years, and died B. C. 770 A Greek 

grammarian, poet, and physician, of Colophon, 
resp.pcting whose birth-place and era considerable 
(iiversity of opinion has prevailed. Suidas in- 
forms us that he was a native of Colophon, al- 
though he admits that other writers considered 
him as a native of ^Etolia; we have, however, 
the testimony of Nicander himself, thathisbirth- 
place x^ as Clares, a town in Ionia, near Colophon. 
He is commonly supposed to have flourished 
about 140 B C. in the reign of Attains 1., king 
ol ppr°amus, whilst others are of opinion that he : 
was in the zenith of his reputation in the reign 
of the last king ( f that name. He w as the author 
of many w orks, but the tw o follow ing alone re- ' 
main, namely, the poems entitled Theriaca, and | 
Alexiiharmaca. In the former he describes the 
effects of the bites of venomous anim.als; and in : 
the latter, he treats of their an;id( tes. Among • 
the "orks which are lost, were, a piece entitled | 
Opldiica, which related to serpents, and Hya- ; 
cinthia, which was a collection of remedies. He ; 
is said also to have written five books of Meta- i 
tnorpfioses, which were the prototypes of those of j 
Ovid, and were cl isely copied by Antonius Li- i 
beralis. He wrote also several historical pieces, j 
A great number of editions of the Theriaca and i 
Aiexipharmaca have been published at diflferent i 
times and places. The best is that of Schneider, 
Svo. Halite, 1792. 

Imcator, (NtwaToip. i. e. " Conqneror,") & sur- 1 
name assumed by Seleucus I from his numer- i 
ous successes. 

NiCEPHORiCM. a town of Mesopotamia, south 
of Charrje, and at the confluence of the Billicha i 
and Euphrates. It was first colonized by Alex- 
ander, but being subsequently enlarged by one 
of the Syrian kings, it w as called Callinicum. Ifc 
was a wealthy and strong place, and commanded 
a flourishing trade. Its site is supposed to exist ! 
near the modern Racca. PUn. 6, zQ. ' 

>.ICEPHORlus, a river of Armenia Major, the I 
same with the Centritis. Vid. Cfntritis. 

> :CEFHr-Rcs. Basilica, a teacher of rhetoric 
at Constantinople, during the latter half of the ' 
elevenili century. He has left some fables, tales, 



NIC 



487 



NIC 



and ethfspees; for example, Joseph accused by 
P.«tiphar's wife; David in the cave with Saul; 
David pursued by Absalom, &c. These pro 
ductions are contained in the collection of Leo 
Allatius. Blemmida, a monk of the 13th cen- 
tury. He has left three works; a Geographical 
Abridgment, which is nothing- but an analysis, 
in prose, of the Perie^esis of Dionysius; a work 
il entitled, " The second History of the Earth;" 
j and a third, " On the heavens, earth, sun," &c. 
'! The two first were published by Spohn, at Leip- 
li zig, 181 y, in 4t!): the third is unedited. It is 
j mentioned by Bredow in his Epistolce Parisiensei. 

I Xanthopulus, an ecclesiastical historian, was 

j born at Constantinople in the 14th century. He 
I wrote a "History of the Church;" and an abridg- 

! ment of the Bible in Iamb c verse. Chum- 

nus, an officer at the C( urt of Andronicus II. He 
I composed a number of works, which still remain 

! unedited Grs goras, a. Greek historian of the 

j fourteenth century. He was patronized by An- 
dronicus II., whom he accotnpanied in his mis- 
fortunes; and attended at his death. He com- 
piled the Byzantine history from 1204 to 1341; 
which was printed at Basil in 156-i, at Geneva in 

1615, and at the Louvre in 1702, 2 vols. fol. A 

patriarch of Constantinople in the ninth century, 
«ho was a defender of image worship, and was 
deprived by Leo the Armenian in 815. He died 
in SiS. He wrote •• An Abridgment of History," 
and another of " Chronography." 

Nicer, or Nicar now the Neckar, a river of 
Germany, falling into the Rhine at the modern 
town of Mannheim. Amm. Marcell. 2S, 2. 

NiCETAS, Acominatus, a Greek historian, was 
bora at Colosse, in Phrygia, in the twelfth cen- 
tury. He was much employed in the court of 
C 'nsfantinople; but on the taking of that city, by 
the Frrnks, in 1204, he went to IS'icaea in Bilhy- 
nia, where he died in 120G. 

NiCETERiA. a festival at Athens, in memory 
of the victory which Minerva obtained over Nep- 
tune, in their dispute about giving a name to the 
capital of the country. 

KiciA, a small river of Cisalpine Gaul, rising 
in the territory of the Ligures Apuani, and fall- 
ing into the Po at Brixellum. The ^Emilian 
way crossed it a little before Tanetum. It is 
now the Leusa. 

NlClAS, an Athenian general, celebrated for 
his valour and for his misfortunes. He early 
conciliated the good will of the people by his 
liberality, and he established his military char- 
acter by taking the island of Cythera from the 
power of Lacedsemou. When Athens deter- 
mined to make war against Sicily, Nieias was 
appointed, with AVcibiades and Lamachus, to 
conduct the expedition, which he reprobated as 
impolitic, and as the future cause of calamities 
to the Athenian power. In Sicily he behaved 
with great firmness, but he often blamed the 
quick and inccnsiderate measures of his col- 
leagues. The success of the Athenians remained 
lun? doub'ful. Alcibiades was recalled by his 
enem.ies to take his trial, and Nicias was left at 
the head of affairs. Syracuse was surrounded 
by a wall, and, though the operations were car 
Tied on slowly, yet the city would have surrend- 
ered, had not the sudden appearance of Gylippus, 
the Corinthian ally of the Sicilians, cheered up 
the courage of the besieged at the most critical 
moment. Gylippus proposed terms of accom- 
modation to the Athenians, which were refused. 
Some battles were fought in which the Sicilians 



obtained the advantage; and Nieias at last, tired 
of bis ill success, and grown desponaing, de 
manded of the Athenians a reinfoicement or a 
successor. Demosihenes, upon this, was sent 
with a powerful fleet; but the advice of Nieias 
was despised, and the admiral, by his eagerness 
to come to a decisive engagement, ruined his 
fleet and the interest of Athens. The fear of his 
enemies at home prevented Nieias from leaving 
Sicily; and when, at last, a continued series of 
ill success obliged him to comply, he found him- 
self surrounded on every side by the enemy, 
without hope of escaping. He gave himself up 
to the conquerors v.ith all his army, but the as- 
surances of safety which he had received soon 
proved vain and false, and he was no sooner in 
the hands of the enemy than he w as shamefully 
put to death with Demosthenes. His troops 
were sent to quarries, where the plague and hard 
labour diminished their numbers and aggravated 
their misfortunes. Some suppose that the death 
of Nieias was not violent. He perished about 
413 years before Christ, and the Athenians la- 
mented in him a great and valiant but unfor- 
tunate general. Plut. in Vita.— C. Nep. in Alcib. 

- Thucyd 4, &c. A physician of Pyrrhus, 

king of Epirus, who made an otfer to the Ro- 
ruans of poisoning his maste r for a sum of money. 
The Roman general disdained his offers, and 
acquainted Pyrrhus with his treachery. He is 

ottener called Cineas. A painter of Athens, 

in the age of Alexander. He was chiefly happy 
in his pictures of w omen. Julian. T. H. 2,.3I, 

Nico, a celebrated architect and geometrician. 

He was father to the celebrated Galen. The 

name of an ass, which Augustus n et before the 
battle of Actium, a circumstanc e "hich he con- 
sidered as a favourable omen. Suet. Aug. 96. 

The name of an elephant remarkable for his 

fidelity to king Pyrrhus. 

NICOCLES, a familiar friend of Phocion, con- 
demned to death. Plut. A king of Paphos, 

who reigned under the protection of Ptolemy 
king of Egypt. He revolted from his friend to 
the king of Persia, upc n which Ptolemy ordered 
one of his servants to put him to death, to strike 
terror into the other dependant princes. The 
servant, unwilling to murder the monarch, ad- 
vised him to kill himself. Nicocles obeyed, and 
all his family followed his example, olO years 

before the Christian era. An ancient Greek 

poet, who called physicians a happy race of men, 
because light published their good deeds to the 
world, and the earth hid all their faiilts and im- 
perfections. A king of Cypirus, w ho succeeded 

his father Evagoras on the throne, 374 years 
before Christ. It w as with him that the philo- 
sopher Isocrales corresponded. A tyrant < f 

Sicyon, deposed by means of Aratus, the Achsean. 
Plut. in Arat. 

NiCOCRATES, a king of Salamis, in Cyprus, 
who made himself known by the valuable col- 
lection of books w hich he had, Athen. 1, 4. 

NTCOCREON, a tyrant of Salamis, in the age 
of Alexander the Great. He orden d the philo- 
.^opher Anaxarchus to bs pounded to pieces in a 
mortar. 

NlCODORUS. a wrestler of Mantinea, who 
studied philosophy in his old age. AHli-.n. V. H. 
2, 22. 

NlCOLAUS, a comic poet who.=e era is un- 
known. He belonged to the New Comedy ac- 
cording to some. Stobaius has a fragment of 
his in 44 verses, which he ascribes, however, to 



NIC 



4S8 



NIG 



Nicolaus Damascenus. Damascenus, a philo- 
sopher and historian, was in great esteem in the 
age of Augustus, hy whom, as well as by king 
Herod, he was admitted to intimate friendship. 
He was a native of Damascus, of the peripatetic 
sect, and extensively learned. Many of his 
writings are mentioned by Suidas and others, of 
which only a few fragments are come down to 
our times. A history of Assyria, of his composi- 
tion, is quoted, which appears to have been part 
of an universal history, in many books, referred 
to by Suidas, Josephus, and Athenseus. Strabo 
quotes from him certain matters rebiting to In- 
dia. Henry de Valois published at Paris, in 
i6o4, in Greek and Latin, the collection from 
ditFerent works of this author made by Constan- 
tine P«>rphyrogenitus, and brought from Cyprus 
by Peiresc. 

NICOM ACHA, a daughter of Themistocles. 

NicoMACHUS, the father of the philosopher 
Aristotle, 

NicoMEDES 1st, a king of Bithynia, about 273 
years before the Christian era. It was by his 
exertions that this part of Asia became a mon- 
archy. He behaved with great cruelty to his 
brothers, and built a town which he called by his 

own name, Nicomedia. Justin. The 2d was 

ironically surnamed Philopater, because he drove 
his father Prusias from the kingdom of Bithynia, 
and caused him to be assassinated, B. C. 1-59. 
He reiu^ned fifty-nine years. Mithridates laid 
claim to his kingdom, but all their disputes were 
decided by the Romans, who deprived Nicomcdes 
of the province of Paphlagonia. and his ambitious 
rival of Cappadocia. He gained the affections of 
his subjHcts by a courteous behaviour, and by a 

mild and peaceful government. Justin. The 

3 i son and successor of the preceding, was de- 
throned by his brother Socrates, and afterwards 
by the ambitious Mithridates. The Romans re- 
estaVli<hed him on his throne, and encouraged 
him to make reprisals upon the king of Pontus. 
He followed their advice, and he was, at last, 
expelled another time from his dominions, till 
Sylla came into Asia, who restored him to his 
former power and affluence. Strab. — Appian. 

The 4th of that name, was son and successor 

of Nicomedes 3d. He passed his life in an easy 
and tranquil manner, and enjoyed the peace 
which his alliance with the Romans had procured 
him. He died B. C. 75. without issue, and left 
his kingdom, with all his possessions, to the Ro- 
man people. Appian. Mithrid. — Justin. 3S, 2, 

&c. — Flor. 3, 5. A celebrated geometrician. 

He is famous for being the inventor of the curve 
named the conchoid, which serves equally for the 
resolution of the two problems relating to the 
duplication of the cube, and the trisection of an 
ansle. It was much used by the ancients in the 
c nstruction of solid problems. It is not certain 
at what period Nicomedes flourished, but it was 
probably at no great distance from the time of 
Eratosthenes. 

NicOMEDlA, a city of Bithynia, situate at the 
north eastern extremity of the Sinus Astacenus. 
It was founded by Nicomedes 1st. who transferred 
to it the inhabitants of the neighbouring city of 
Ast.icus. Nicomedia being the chief residence 
ot the Bithynian kings, soon became a large and 
fi .urishing city, and it continued to prosper 
under the Roman emperors, as may be collected 
from the letters of Pliny to Trajan, in which he 
speaks of several public buildings belonging to 
this city, such as a senate-house, an aqueduct, 



a forum, a temple of Cybele, &c. He mentions 
also its having suffered much from a great fire. 
In still later times, Nicomedia was often the 
residence of the Roman emperors, when engaged 
in carrying on war with the Parthians or Per- 
sians. It was,*however, nearly destroyed by an 
irvasion of the Scythians and an earthquake. 
The orator Libanius, in his lament over the for- 
tunes of Nicomedia, fiovwi'.a IttI N cKOfxriftlq., mourns 
the loss of its Thermae, Basilicas, temples. Gym- 
nasia, schools, public gardens, &c. Some of 
these were restored by Justinian. It was, how- 
ever, finally conquered bv the Turks, who call it 
Ismid. Plin. Ep. 10, 42 et ^Q.~Niceph. 7. ad fin. 
— Amm. Marcell. 22, 9 et 12. —Philost. 4. - Pro- 
cop. /Ed. 5, ]. 

Nicopolis, a city of Egypt, a little to the 
north of Alexandria. It was founded by Augustus 
in commemoration of a victory gained here over 
Antony, and is now Casr or Kiassera, Strab. 17. 

— Dio. Cass 51, 18. A city of Palestine, to the 

north-west of Jerusalem, the same with Emmaus. fi 
It received the name uf Nicopolis, in the third j" 
century from the emperor Heliogabalus, who re- ^ 
stored and beautified the place. Chron. Pasch. 

Ann. 223. ^A city of Armenia Minor, on the ^ 

river Lycus, near the borders of Pontus. Ifwas ' 
built by Pompey in commemoration of a victory 
gained here over Mithridates. ''.is site is pro- 
bably occupied bv the-modern hevriki. Appian. ' 
Bell. Mithr. 101 et Wtt.— Strab. 12.— Plin. 6, 9. p 

-A city of Epirus, on the upper coast of the * 

Ambracian gulf and near its mouth. It was ■ 
built by Augustus to commemorate his victory 
at Actium, and peopled by him from the sur- ; 
rounding cities of Epirus, Acarnania, and JEto- ' 
lia. He obtained for it a vote in the Amphic- ' 
tyonic assembly, and established some splendid i 
games, which were celebrated every five years. ' 
The site of this citv is now called Prevesa Fee- ' 

chia. Strab. l.-Paus. 5, 23. 7. 18. 10, 8 A ' 

city of Thrace, on the river Nestus, not far from 1 
its mouth, founded by Tr.ijan. It is now Niko- 

poli. Ptol. A city in Moesia Inferior, on the 

river latrus, one of the tributaries of the Danube. 
It was built by Trajan, in memory of his defeat- - 
ing the Daci, and was generally called, for dis- I 
tinction's sake, Nicopolis ad latrum. Its modem v 
name is Nikopol. Amm. Marcell. 24, 4. 31, 5. 

NicostkAtus, one of the sons of Aristophanes, 
ranked among the poets of the Middle Comedy, '.s 
The titles of some of his own and his brothers' ,i 
comedies are preserved in Athenasus. The a 
names of his brothers were Araros and Philippus. p 

Niger, C. Peseennius Justus, a celebrated ii 
governor in Syria, well known by his valour in I 
the Roman armies, while yet a private man. At ' 
the death of Pertinax, he was declared emperor |i 
of Rome, and his claims to that elevated situation ' 
were supported by a sound understanding, pru- j; 
dence of mind, moderation, courage, and virtue, i 
He proposed to imitate the actions of the vener- 
able Antoninus, of Trajan, of Titus, and M. I 
Aurelius. He was remarkable for his fondness 
for ancient discipline, and never suffered his 
soldiers to drink wine, but obliged them to quench 
their thirst with water and vinegar. He forbade i 
the use of silver and gold utensils in his camp, ). 
all the bakers and cooks were driven away, and |i 
the soldiers ordered to live, during the expedi- \ 
tion they undertook, merely upon biscuits. In 
his punishments Niger was inexorable: he con- 
demned ten of his soldiers to be beheaded in the 
presence of the array, because they had stolen 



4S9 



and eaten a fowl. The sentence was heard with 
,1 groans: the army interfered; and, when Niu^er 
] e. indented to diminish the punishment for fear of 
i, kindling a rebellion, he yet ordered the criminals 
I to make each a restoration of ten fowls to the 
.] person whose property they had stolen ; they 
I were, besides, ordered not to light a fire the rest 
' of the campaign, but to iive upon cold aliments, 
and to drink nothmg but water. Such great 
qualifications in a general seemed to promise the 
restoration of ancient discipline in the Roman 
I armies, but the death of Niger fi-ustrated every 
hope of reform, Severus, who had also been in- 
I vested with the imperial purple, marched against 
[ him, and defeated him at Issus. Niger lost in 
this conflict twenty thousand men, and in en- 
i deavouring to reach the Euphrates from Antioch, 
i whither he had escaped with a small escort, was 

overtakon and slain. 
I NiGHR or NiGRiS, a river of Africa, the course 
) and termination of which have been always in- 
j volved in obscurity. Many of the ancients fan- 
cied that it ran from east to west into the Atlan- 
j tic Ocean, others of them better instructed, de- 
scribe it as fl:iwing in the contrary direction, but 
I they either leave its termination as a thing alto- 
i gether unknown, or assert that it finally joins the 
Nile of Egypt. There is now no doubt but that 
it runs from west to east, and enters that part of 
the Atlantic which is called the Gulf of Guinea; 
I but whether it also joins the great Egyptian river, 
] remains for future disco vt-ries to prove. It rises 
1 ill the westernmost pan of the continent, not 2U0 
miles from the shores of the Atlantic Ocean, in a 
very lofty chain of mountains, which traver^es 
the whole extent of Africa to the borders of the 
Rt'd Sea. This range was known to the ancients 
under several name?, amongst which we may 
I mention Ion Mons, towards the Atlantic, now 
' called the mountains of Kong: its eastern part 
; was named Lunae Monies or the i\iountains of 
the Moon, an appellation still preserved in that 
of Gebel Kornri, which has the same signification, 
■ Tiie Niger runs from its source with a north 
easterly course till it reaches Nigira Metropolis 
or Timbuctoo, when it tarns suddenly to the south- 
east, and, after pursuing this direction past 
Thuppas or Tappa, and the kingdom of Fundah, 
it enters the Gulf of Guinea. It is likewise pre- 
sumed to communicate with the Libya Palus or 
L ike Tchad, and all the native accounts unifoimly 
agree in its also joining the Nile of Egypt, whe- 
ther by an actual junction of the rivers, or by an 
elevated lake, whence the waters of the two 
rivers flow in different directions, i. e. the Nile 
to the north-east, and the Niger to the west as 
far as the river Shary, remains yet to be demon- 
strated. Tlie Niger was also called Nuchul and 
Dara. both of which appellations may be traced 
ia its m. dern names Quolla or Kulla. and Quorra. 
The western part of the Niger is called Joii-bi, 
and forms a large lake a little above Timbuctoo; 
this lake, now called Dibbie, is probably the 
Nitrites Palus of Ptolemy, which that geographer 
places close upon the Atlantic^ as the lake in 
which the Niger terminates. The Niger was 
considered by the ancients as one of the greatest 
rivers in the world; its banks were said to be 
exceedingly fertile, abounding with the same 
fruits and grain as those of the Nile, and pro- 
ducing likewise a quantity of papyrus. It was 
also reported to be subject to the same periodical 
and fertilizing inundations as the Nile, whence 
arose one of the reasons for considering the two 



rivers but as one. Flin. 5, 1 et B.~Mela, 1, 4. 3, 
\'^).—PLol. 4, (j. 

NiGlDiUS FIGLLUS, P. a celebrated philoso- 
pher at Rome, one of the most learned men of 
his age after Varro. He foretold the future 
greatness of Atigustus at his birth, and acquired 
so much celebrity by his knowledge of astrology 
and liis calculation of the celestial phenomena, 
that the ignorance or superstition of his contem- 
poraries gave him the degrading appellation of 
magician and necromancer. He was intimate 
with Cicero, and gave him his most unbiassed 
opinions concerning the conspirators who had 
leagued to destroy Rome with Catiline. He was 
made preetor, and honoured with a seat in the 
senate. In the civil wars he followed the in- 
terest of Pompey, for which he was banished by 
the conqueror. He died in the place of his ban- 
ishment, forty-seven years before Christ. All 
his works on augury, grammar, animals, &c., 
have perished. Cic. ad Fam. 4, ep. 13. — Lucan. 
1, f)39. 

NigrIt:^, a people of Africa, who dwell on 
the banks of the Niger, in what is now Negro- 
land. Mela, 1, 4 - Plin. 5, 1. 

MLEUS, a son of Codrus, who conducted a 
colony of lonians to Asia, where he built Ephe- 
sus, Miletus, Priene, Colophon, Myus. Teos, 
Lebedos, Clazomense, &c. Fans. 7, 2, &c. 

NiLUS, a river of Egypt. The Nile was the 
longest river in the world with which the ancienis 
were at all acquainted. It derived its name frt^m 
the Hebrew word Nachal or Nahal, signilying 
merely the river, and hence, in the book of Exo- 
dus, it is mentioned only under this appellation: 
it was also called Siris by the ^Ethiopians, w hence 
we find it mentioned by the prophet Jeremiah as 
the Sihor, and was surnamed jEgyptus, from its 
being the great fertilizer of this country. The 
Nile rises 23" to the south of the Mediterranean, 
from two sources. The more eastern of these, 
called Astapus by the ancients, and now Bahr el 
Asergue, or the Blue Nile, was the one visited 
by Mr Bruce, the British traveller; but the west- 
ern branch, called the Bahr el Abiad or White 
Nile, is much more important, and from its be- 
ing the true Nile, it preserved amongst the an- 
cients the original name Nilus. The ancients, 
like the moderns, knew very little about the 
latter source, and hence they fashioned the pro- 
verb, " Nili caput quccrere,''' to express an im- 
possible or difficult undertaking. Many of them 
thought that the Nuchul or Niger in the interior 
of Africa, was the same river with the Niic, an 
opinion which is still maintained at the present 
day: but others have placed the source of the 
w estern arm in a lofty range of mountains, called 
Lunae Montes, which the natives still distinguish 
as the Gebel Komri, or Mountains of the Moon. 
There are two well-known cataracts in the Nile, 
the upper one of w hich, called Catarractes Major, 
is at Wady Haifa, the lower one is near Syene, 
and is now know n by the name of Es- Shellaale: 
the latter one formed the southern frontier of 
Egypt, and from it the river ran through the 
long valley of this country, till it entered the 
Mediterranean Sea by seven mouths. The ridge 
of mountains, which bounded this valley on the 
eastern side, was called Arabicus Mons or Gehel 
Mokattem, the western range was named Libycus 
Mons. A little above Memphis, these two ridges 
suddenly stop short, the eastern one striking off 
towards the head of the Red Sea, and the western 
one into the interior of Libya: from this point 



NIN 



490 



M J 



the river, dividing its waters into several arms, ) 
enters the sea by seven mouths. The qames of 
these are Canopicum, Bolbitinum, Sebennyti- 
cum, Phatniticum or Bucolicum, Mendesium, 
Saiiicum or Taniticum, and Pelusiacum ; of 
which the first was nearest to Alexandria, and 
the last to Palestine. The two outer arms of the 
river form a triangle, the basis cf which is the 
Mediterranean sea; and hence, from its repre- 
senting the letter A, the Greeks gave it the name 
of Delia, which it has preserved to our own 
times. But the most interesting phenomenon 
connected with the Nile, is its periodical inun- 
dation. About the time of the summer solstice 
the river begins to swell, and continues gradually 
rising for nearly one hundred days, till the 
autumnal equinox, when it overflows its banks 
and covers the whole valley; it remains station- 
ary for some time, and then gradually decreases, 
till after the end of one hundred days, and to- 
ward.s the winter solstice, it has again reached 
its ordinary level, which it maintains till the 
summer of the succeeding year. The ancients, 
who witnessed this inundation, exhausted their 
imagination in conjectures as to its cause, and it 
is only of late years that it has been ascertained 
to arise from the periodical rains, which fall in 
the tropical regions from June to September, 
assisted by the Etesian winds which b o-v vio- 
lently .from the north-east; and thus hinder the 
waters from throwing themselves with their 
usual volume into the sea. This could hardly 
have been unknown to the priests of Egypt, as 
they asserted that the Nile came from heaven; 
and hence probably Homer, who is said to have 
studied amongst them, was led to call the Nile 
liZirtTfii or falling from Jove or heaven. The 
average rise of the Nile ha5 always been, as ii 
still is. sixteen cubits, or twenty-four feet, above 
its ordinary level, one year varying much from 
another; when it rises to a greater height than 
this, the people suffer exceedingly from their 
habitations being destroyed by the overwhelm- 
ing and irresistible body of Mater, and «hen it 
does not attain this height, all the upper grounds 
become as barren as the neighbouring desert 
When the inundation has retired, the whole soil 
is found covered with a thick, black slime, in 
which the principles of vegetation are fullv con- 
tained. Cic. Leg. 2. 1. Ad Q. Fr. 3, 9. Ad Ait. 
11, Vl.—Slrab. 11. ~ Ovid. Mei. 5, 187. }'r>, 753.— 
Mela, 1, 9. 3, 9. Seneca, Qufpst. Nat. 4, 2.— 
Lucan. 1, 2, &c. - Claudiayi. Ep. de Nilo.— Virg. 
G. A, 238. y^n. 6, 5fl0. 9, d\. -Diod. 1, &c.— 
Herod. 2. — Lucret. 6, 712. — Ammian. 22. — Paus. 
10, 32.— Km. 5. 10. 

NINUS, a son of Belus, who built a city to 
which he gave his own name, and founded the 
Assyrian monarchy. o4" which he was the first 
sovereign, B. C 2059. He was very warlike, 
and extended his conquests from Euypt to the 
extremities of India and Bactriana. He became 
enamoured of Semiramis the wife of one of his 
officers, and he married her after her husband 
had destroyed himself throuah fear of his power- 
ful rival. Ninus reigned fifty-two years, and at 
his death he left his kingdom to the care of his 
wife Semiramis, by whom he had a son. The 
history of Ninus is very obscure, and even fabu- 
lous according to the opinion of some. Ctesias 
is the principal historian from whom it is derived, 
but little reliance is to be placed upon him, when 
Aristotle deems him unworthy to be believed. 
Ninus after death received divine honours, and 



became the Jupiter of the Assyrians, and the 

Hercules of the Chaldeans. Ctesias. — D-iod. 2 

Justin. 1, 1. Or Nineveh, the capital of the 

Assyrian empire; founded, according to some by 
Ashur, and, according to others, by Nimrod. It 
stood on the eastern bank of the Tigris, and is 
stated in Holy Writ to have been an exceeding 
great city, of three days' journey (i. e. in circuit), • 
and the profane authors estimated its circumfer- 
ence at 480 stadia, or sixty Roman miles. It 
escaped the destruction threatened it for the 
wickedness of its inhabitants, by repenting at 
the preaching of Jonah; but the people having 
afterwards returned to their former abominations, 
it was at last overthrown (as was foretold by the 
prophets Nahum and Zephaniah) by the united 
armies of the Medes and Babylonians, brought 
about by the instrumentality of the river, and 
the drunkenness and carelessness of its inhabi- 
tants. There is still a village on its site called 
Xunia opposite to Mosul, which stands on the 
western side of the river. Nineveh was sur- 
rounded by walls 100 feet high, which were so 
broad that three chariots could run on the top 
of them abreast: along these walls there were 
1,500 towers, each of which was 20O feet high. It 
was considered impregnable, a notion which was 
much strengthened by an old prediction that the 
city should never be taken until the river became 
its enemy: it was owing, as it is said, to this pre- 
diction that Sardanapalus made it the seat of war 
against his enemies. Arbaccs the Mede and Be- 
lesis the Babylonian, who having besieged him 
here for three years without success, at last 
gained possession of the city by the river's over- 
flowing its banks and carrying away '20 stadia of ;, 
the wall; upon this Sardanapalus burned him- 
self in the midst of his treasures, and Nineveh f 
was reduced, B. C. 817. Upon its ruins another ' 
city appears to have risen of the same name, and 
at no great distance from the situation of the for- 
mer. Nineveh gradually regained its ancient • 
greatness, and in the reign of Esarhaddon, who 
took Babylon, again became the capital of the , 
Assyrian and Babylonian empires: it maintained 
this dignity till Nabopolassar, a general in the ' 
Assyrian army, and father of the famous Nebu- 
chadnezzar, took Babylon and proclaimed himself 
king, after which Nineveh ceased to be the me- 
tropolis of both kingdoms. It began now to 
decline rapidiy, and was soon to yield to the ris- ' 
ing power of its great rival. The Medes revolted 
once more, and their king Cyaxares having de- 
feated the Assyrians in a great battle, about 633 
years B- C. laid siege to Nineveh; owing, how- 
ever, to an invasion of Media by the Scythians, ' 
Cyaxares was obliged to wiihdraw his army to ' 
defend his own country. But he returned twenty- ; 
one years afterwards, having entered into an alii- ' 
ance with Nabopolassar, king of Babylon, when \ 
both of them laid siege to Nineveh, which they i 
took and utterlv destroved in the same rear. ' 
Jonah 3, 3-10. ' Nahum 1, 8 et .0. 2, 6 - 13.— ! 
Zeph. 2, 13—15. — Djorf. Sic. 2. 3.— Strab. 16. 

NiNYAS, a son of Ninus and Semiramis, king 
of Assyria, who succeeded his mother, who had 
voluntarily abdicated the crown. Some suppose 
that Semiramis was put to death by her own son, ^ 
because she had encouraged him to commit in- I 
cest. The reign of Ninyas is remarkable for it^ ' 
luxury and extravagance. The prince left the 
care of the government to his favourites and min 
isters, and gave himself up to pleasure, riot, and 
debauchery, and never appeared in public His 



NIO 



491 



NIS 



I successors imitali^d the example of his voluptu- 
ousness, and therefore their names or history are 
H;tle known till the age of Sardanapalus. Justin. 
J, 2. - Diod. 1, &c. 

NioBE, a daughter of Tantalus king of Lydia, 
; by Euryanassa or Dione. She married Araphion 
I the son" of lasus, by whom she had ten sons and 
; ten daughters, according to Hesiod, or two sons 
, and three daughters, according to Herodotus. 
I Homer and Propertius say, that she had six daugh- 
ters and as many sons; and Ovid, Apollodoru*, &c. 
according to the more received opinion, support 
that, she had seven sons and seven daughters. 
'I'he names of the sons were Sipylus. Minytus, 
Tantalus, Agenor, Phaedimus, Damasichthon, 
and Ismenus; and those of the daughters, Cleo- 
rioxa, Ethodaea or Thera, Astyoche, Phthia, Pe- 
li>pia or Chloris, Asticratea, and Ogygia. The 
number of her children increased the pride of 
Niobe, and she not only had the imprudence to 
prefer herself to Latona who had only two chil- 
dren, but she even insulted her, and ridiculed 
the worship which was paid to her, observing, 
that she had a better claim to altars and sacrifices 
than the mother of Apollo and Diana. This in- 
solence provoked Latona, who entreated her 
children to punish the arrogant Niobe. Her 
prayers were heard, and immediately all the 
sons of Niobe expired by the darts of Apollo, 
and all the daughters except Chloris, who had 
married Neleus, king of Pylos, were equally 
destroyed by Diana; and Niobe, struck at the 
suddenness of her misfortunes, was changed into 
a stone. The carcasses of Niobe's children, ac • 
cording to Homer, were left unburied in the 
plains for nine successive days, because Jupiter 
changed into stones all such as attempted to in- 
ter them. On the tenth day they were honoured 
with a funeral by the gods. Homer. II. 24. — 
Action. V. H. 12, 3(3.-Apollod. 3, 5.— Ovid. Met. 
Jab.b.—Hygin.jab. 9. — Horat. Od. 4, Q.—Propert. 
2, 6. A daughter of Phoroneus, king of Pelo- 
ponnesus, by Laodice. She was beloved by Ju- 
piter, by whom she had a son called Argus, who 
gave his name to Argia or Argolis, a country of 
Peloponnesus. Paus. 2, 22. — Jpollod. 2, 1. 3, 8. 

NlPH^US, an Italian leader killed by his 
horses. &c. Virg j^n. 10, 570. 

NIPHATES, a range of mountains in Armenia, 
forming part of the great chain of Taurus, and 
lying to the south-east of the Arsissa Palus, or 
lake Van. Their summits were covered with 
snow during the whole year, and to this circum- 
stance the name Niphates is supposed to allude. 
(Nid>iT»/j, quasi viper iidvs, *' snowy.") There was 
also a river of the •=ame name rising in this 
mountain chain. Strab. 11. — Mela, 1, 15. — Virg. 
G. 3, m.—Uorat. Od. 2, 9, 20. 

NiPHE, one of Diana's companions. Ovid. 
Met. 3, 245. 

NlRE€S, a king of Naxos, son of Charops and 
Aglaia, celebrated for his beauty. He was one 
of the Grecian chiefs during the Trojan war. 
Homer. II. 2. 673 — Horat. Od. 2, 20. 

NiSA, a city of Lycia, on the river Xanfhus. 
Ptol. 

NlS^A, a city and district of Upper Asia, near 
the sources of the river Ochus. now the Tedjen. 
Accoroing to Strebo, it would appear to have 
been situate between Parthiene and Hyrcania. 

Strab. 11. The harbour of Megara, situate on 

the Saronic gulf, and connected with the main 
city by long walls. The citadel was also called 

the same name, and stood on the road between 



Megara and the port. It was a place of consid- 
erable strengtJi, but might be cut off from the 
city by effecting a breach in the long walls. 
Thucyd. 4, 66. 

NISIBIS, a large and populous city of Mesopo- 
tamia, about two days' journey from the Tigris, 
in the midst of a pleasant and fertile plain at the 
foot of Mons Masius, and on the river Mygdon- 
ius. In the year of Rome 684. it was subject to 
Tigranes, king of Armenia, from whom it was 
taken by LucuUus. It was afterwards taken by 
Trajan, and, alter a revolt, retaken by his troops. 
Since the time of LucuUus, it had been deserv- 
edly esteemed the bulwark of the east. It sus- 
tained three memorable sieges against Sapcr, 
king of Persia, and the disappointed monarch 
was thrice repulsed with loss and ignominy; but 
in the year 363 of the Christian era, after the 
death of Julian, and under the irresolute Jovian, 
it was ceded to Sapor by treaty. It is still cabl- 
ed J<lisibin. Plut. in Lucull. — Dio. Cass. 30, 6. 
35, 7. 68, 23. 75, 3. 

NlSUS, a son of Hyrtacus, born on mount Ida 
near Troy. He came to Italy with Mrxe&s, and 
signalized himself by his valour against the Ru- 
tulians. He was united in the closest friendship 
with Euryalus, a young Trojan, and with him 
j he entered in the dead of night, the enemy's 
I camp. As tliey were returning victorious, after 
j much bloodshed, they were perceived by the 
Rutulians, who attacked Euryalus. Nisus in 
I endeavouring to rescue his friend from the ene- 
my's darts, perished himself with him, and their 
heads were cut off and fixed on a spear, and car- 
ried in triumph to the camp. Their death was 
greatly lamented by all the Trojans, and their 
great friendship, like that of a Pylades and an 
Orestes, or of a Theseus and Pirithous, is become 

proverbial. Virg. JEn. 9, 176, &c. A king 

of Dulichium, remarkable for his probity and 
virtue. Homer. Od. IS, 126. A king of Me- 
gara, son of Mars, or more probably of Pandion. 
He inherited his fathers kingdom with his bro- 
thers, and received as his portion the country of 
Megaris. The peace of the brothers was inter- 
rupted by the hostilities of Minos, who wished 
to avenge the death of his son Androgens, who 
had been murdered by the Athenians. Megara 
was besieged, and Attica laid waste. The fate 
of Nisus depended totally upon a yellow lock, 
which, as long as it continued upon his head, 
according to the words of an oracle, promised 
him life and success in his affairs. His daugh- 
ter Scylla (often called Niseia Virgo), saw from 
the walls of Megara the royal besieger, and she 
became desperately enamoured of him. To ob- 
tain a more immediate interview with this object 
of her passion, she stole away the fatal hair from 
her father's head as he was asleep; the town was 
immediately taken, but Minos disregarded the 
services of Scylla. and she threw herself into the 
sea. The gods changed her into a lark, and Ni- 
sus assumed the nature of the hawk, at the very 
moment that he gave himself death, not to fall 
into the enemy's hands. Tliese two birds have 
continually been at variance with each other, 
and Scylla, by her apprehensions at the sight of 
her father, seems to suffer the punishment which 
her perfidy deserved. Apollod. 3, 15.— Paws. 1, 
19. — Ovid. Met. 8, 6, &c.- Virg. G. 1, 404. &c. 

NiSiROS, an island in the ^gean, one of the 
Sporades, about sixty stadia north of Telos. It 
was pretended that it had been torn from Co.<i by 
Neptune, that he might cast it against the gianfc 



NIT 



492 



NON 



! 



P<)ly botes. We learn from Herodotus that Nisy- 
ros was under the dominion of Artemisia, queen 
of Caria. According to Strabo it was high and 
rocky, having a town of the same name, a port 
and temple of Neptune, and some warm baths. 
The modern name is Nisat i. Strab. 10 — Apolhd. 

1, 6, 2 — Paus. ], 2 Hfirod. 7, 99 The chief- 

town in the island Carpathus. Strab. 10. 

NlTliTis, a daughter of Apries, king of Egypt, 
married by his successor Amasis to Cambyses. 
Polycen 8. 

NiTiOBRlGES, a people of Gallia Aquitanica, 
whose capital was A^iniium, on the Garunina, 
now Ageyi Cces. B. G. 7, 7. 

NiTOCRls, a celebrated queen of Babylon, 
who, to defend that city the more, and render 
the approach to it by the Euphrates as difficult 
and tedious as possible, sunk a number of canals, 
which rendered the river so complicated by 
numerous windings, that, according to Herodo- 
tus, it arrived three times at Ardericca, .-in Assy- 
rian village. She also raised to a very great 
height the banks of the river, to restrain its 
inundations, and dug an immense lake, some 
distance above Babylon, which might also serve 
as a defence. She ordered herself to be buried 
over one of the gates of the city, and plr.ced an 
inscription on her tomb, which signified that her 
successors would find great treasures within, if 
ever tiiey were in need of money, but that their 
labours would be but ill repaid, if ever they ven- 
tured to open it w ithout necessity. Cyrus opened 
it through curiosity, and was srr;ick to find within 
these words: If thy avmice had not been insa- 
tiiUe, thou never wonklst have violated the monu- 
ments of the dead. Herod. 1, 185. A queen of 

Ejrypt who built a third pvramid. 

NiTRiA, a city of Eiiypt, to the west of the 
Caiiopic branch of the Nile, in the desert near 
the lakes which afforded nitre. It gave name to 
the Nitriotic nome, receiving its own from the 
adjacent natron lakes. 

NIVARIA, one of the Fortunatae Insulse. off 
the western coast of Mauritania Tinjjitana, now 
the island of Teneriffe. The name Niv.-.ria has 
reference to the snow.s which cover the summits 
of the island for a great part of the year. It was 

also called Convallis. Plin. 4, 32. A cit} of 

Hispania Terraconensis, in the territory of the 
Vaccaei, and to the north of Cauca. 

NOCMON, a Trojan killed by Turnus. Virg. 
Mn. 9, 767. 

NOCTILUCA, a surname of Diana. She had a 
temple at Rome on mount Palatine, where 
t(>rches were generallv lighted in the night. 
Varro de L. L. i. — Horat. Od. 4, 6, 33. 

NOLA, one of the most ancient and important 
cities of Campania, situate to the north east of 
Neapolis. The earliest record we have of it is 
from Hecataeus, who is cited by Steph. Byz. 
That ancient historian, in one of his works, de- 
scribed it as a city of the Ausones. According 
to some accounts, Nola was said to have been 
founded by the Etrurians. Others again repre- 
sented it as a colony of the Chalcidians. A'il 
which statements may be recunciled by admitting 
that it successively fell into the possession of 
these different people. Nola .nfterwards appears 
to have been occupied by the Samnites, together 
with other Campanian towns, until they were 
expelled by the R.)mans Though situated in 
an open plain, it was capable of being easily de- 
fet;dpd. from the strength of its walls and towers; 
and we know it resisted all the efforts of Han- 



nib.al after tho battle of Cannae, under the able!' ? 
direction of Marcelius. In the Social war this'- ^ 
city fell into the hands of the confederates, and ' 'It 
remained in their possession nearly till the con- ' 
elusion of the war. It was then retaken by Sylla, 
and having been set on fire by the Samnite gar- ,' 
rison, was burned to the ground. It must have r 
risen, however, from its ruins, since subsequent 1> ' 
writers reckon it amongst the cities of Cam- 
pania, and Frontinus reports that it was colonized ^ 
by Vespasian. Here Augustus breathed his last, f. , 
as Tacitus and Suetonius remark, in the same!-' , 
house and chamber in w hich his father Octavius ' j 
ended his days. The modern name of the place 1 K 
is the same as the ancient. Sola. Fell. Puterc. ■ 
1, 6.- Justin. £0. 1, 13. - Stnb. 5. Liv. 9, 2S. 
23, 14, &c. Cic. Brut. 3. Appian. Bell. Civ. 1, | 
42. Plin. 3, 'j.— Tacit. A7in. 1, 5 et 9. - Suet. 
Aug. 9;). 

NOMADES, a name given by the Greeks to all 
those uncivilized people who had no fixed habi- 
tation, and who continually changed the place of " 
their residence, to go in quest of fresh pasture, 
for the numer^. us cattle w hich they tended. The ' 
name is derived froni vo/^^, pasture. There were 
Nomades in Scytnia, lodia, Arabia, and Africa. ''^ ? 
Those of Africa were afterwards called Numidi- " 
ans, by a small change of letters which composed ' ' 
their name. Ital. 1, 'lU. -Plin. 5, Z.— Herod. 1. ■ ' 
15. 4, \S7.-Slrab 7.— Mela, 2, I. 3, 4.- Firg. G. 
3, 343. -/^tni*-. S, 43. 

NOMEXTANUS, an epithet applied to L. Cas- ' 
sius as a native of Nomentum. He is mentioned 
bv Horace as marked by luxury and dissipation. 
Horat. Sat. 1, 1, 101 

NOMENTLM, a city of Italy, in the territory of !. 
the Sabines, and to the north-east of Rome. It f" 
was a colony of Alba, and therefore originally 
perhaps a Latin city, but from its position it is ' 
generally attributed to the Sabines. Nomentum 
was finally conquered, with several other towns, 
A. U. C. 417. and admitted to the participation 
of the privileges granted to Latin municipal [■ 
cities. It was, however, but an insignificant 
place in the time of Propertius. Its territory 
was nevertheless long celebrated for the produce 
of its vineyards; and "hence, in the time of Seneca 
and Pliny, we find that land in this district was 
sold for enormous sums. The former had an 
testate in the vicinity of this town, which was his ^ 
favourite retreat. The wine of Nomentum is I 
commended by Athenaeus and Martial. The poet ^ 
had a farm near this spot, to which he makes I' 
frequent allusions. Dion. Hal. 2, 53.— Liv. J, 
38. 8, U.—Propert 4, \0.-Senec. Ep. lOi.- Plin. 
1^, 4. -Athen. 1, 43. Martial 1, bb. 

No^nus, a surname given to Apollo, because 
he feci {vkuLoi, pasco) the flocks of king Admetus r 
in Thes^a-ly. Cic. in A'at. D. 3. 23. 

NOiVACRIS. a town of Arcadia, to the north- 
west of Phe-ieus, and on the confines of Aciiai.n. 
It was surrounded by lofty mountains and per- 
pendicular rocks, over which the celebrated tor- j' 
rent Styx precipitated itself to join the river 
Crathis: the waters were said to be poisonous, 
and to possess the property of dissolving metals 
and other hard substances exposed to their action. 
Herodotus describes the Nonacrian Styx as a 
scanty rill, distilling from the rock, and falling 
into a hollow basin surrounded by a wall. 
Pausanias only saw the ruins of Nonaciis. Pou- 
queville intoims us, that the fall of the Siyx, 
which is now called Mauroneio, or the Black t 
u'afer, is to be seen near the village of Vounarif 



NON 



493 



NOX 



} and somewhat to the south-east of Calavryta. 
• He describes it as streaming in a sheet of foam 
! from one of the loftiest precipices of mount 
\ Chelmos, and afterwards uniting with the Crathis 
i in the valley of Kloukinais. The rocks above 
Nonacris are called Aroanii Montes by Pausa- 
I nias. The epithet Nonacrius is sometimes used 
: by the poets in the sense of " Arcadian.'' Thus, 
Ovid employs it in speaking of Evander, as being 
an Arcadian by birth, and also of Atalanta. 
Patis. 8, 18.— P/m. 2, I0i:.~ Herod. 6, 7^. — Ovid. 
Fast. 5, 97. Met. 8, 426. 

NONIANUS, C. Consid. a Roman to whom the 
province of Gaul was transferred from Caesar. 
He w.as of the Nonian family, and adopted by 
the Considii. Cic. Fam. 16, 12. 

Nonius, a Roman soldier imprisoned for pay- 
ing respect to Galba's statues, &c. Tacit. Hist. 

1, 56. A Roman who exhorted his countrymen 

after the fatal battle of Pharsalia, and the flight 
of Pompey, by observing that eight standards 
{aquilce} still remained in the camp, to which 
Cicero answered, recte, si nobis fum graculis hel- 
ium esset. 

Nonius Marcei>LUS, a grammarian and 
peripatetic philosopher, was a native of Tibur, 
now Tivoli, and is supposed to have lived about 
the fourth century. He wrote a work entitled 
" De proprietate sermonum," now extant. Several 
editions of it have been published, of which the 
best is that by Mercier, Paris, 1614, 8vo. This 
author has little claim to the praise of accurate 
learning or judgment, and is chiefly valuable for 
the passages which he cites from authors no 
where else to be met with. 

NONNUS. a Greek poet, who flourished in the 
fifth century, was a native of Panopolis in Egypt, 
and was author of two works, on very different 
subjects, but generally admitted to be from the 
same pen. The first, entitled Dionysiaca, a poem 
of forty-eight books, contains a history of Bac- 
chus, and comprehends a vast miscellany of 
heathen mythology and erudition. The second 
is a metrical paraphrase of the gospel of St John. 
This is valuable as aff"ording some important 
various readings, which have been collected bj' 
editors of the New Testament. The best edition 
of the Dionysiaca is that printed at Antwerp, 
1569, in 4to. His paraphrase was edited by 
Heinsius, L. Bat. 1627, in 8vo. 

NORBA, a town of Latium, north-east of An- 
tium, the position of which will nearly agree 
with the little place now called Norma. It was 
early colonized by the Romans as an advan- 
tageous station to check the inroads of the Volsci, 
The zeal which it displayed, at a later day, in 
the cause of Marius, drew upon it the vengeance 
of the adverse faction. Besieged by Lepidus, 
one of Sylla's generals, it was opened to him by 
treachery; but the undaunted inhabitants chose 
rather to perish by their own hands than become 
the victims of a bloody conqueror. Plin. 3, 5. — 
Dion. Hal. 7, U.—Liv. 2, 34. 7, 42. 27. iO.—Ap- 

pian. Bell. Civ. 1, 94. A town of Apulia, 

north-west of Egnatia. Caesarea, a city in the 

north-western part of Lusitania. It was also 
called Colonin Norbensis. or Ccesariana. The 
ruins of this place are in the vicinity of the modern 
Alcantara. Plin. 4, 22 et 35. 

NoRBANUS, C. a young and ambitious Roman 
who oi)posed Sylla, and joined his interest to that 
of young Marius. In his consulsliip he marched 
HLTainst Sylla, by whom he was defeated, &cc. 
)'iut. A friend and general of Augustus em- 



ployed in Macedonia against the republicans. 
He was defeated by Brutus, &c. 

NORICUM, a Roman province, weft of Panno- 
nia. It was bounded on the south by the terri- 
tory of the Carni and Illyricum, and on the west 
by Rhaetia and Vindelicia, while on the north it 
extended along the lower bank of the Danube 
from the mouth of the iEnus, or Inn, as far as 
mount Cetius, near Vindobona, or Vienna. It 
comprehended parts of Upper and Lower Austria, 
nearly all Styria, Carinthia, and Salzburg, with 
portions of Tyrol and Bavaria. The Norici, who 
were governed by their own king, were subjected 
under Augustus as allies of the Pannonii; their 
country was famous for its iron and steel. In a 
subsequent age, Noricum was subdivided into 
Ripense and Mediterraneum; the former lying 
between the Danube and the Noric Alps, the 
latter between these hills and the Carnic Alpn. 
Dionys. Ferieg. Strut, 4. Pii7i. '3k 14 - Tacit. 
Hist. 3, b. — Horat. Od. 1, 16, 9 — Ovid. Met. 14. 
712. 

NORTIA, a name given to the goddess of For- 
tune among the Vulsinii. Liv. 7, 3. 

NOTHUS, a son of Deucalion. A surname 

of Darius, king of Persia, from his illegitimacy. 

NoTlUM, the harbour of Colophon, in Asia 
Minor. Plin. 5, 29. — Liu. 37, 26. 

NOTUS, the south wind, called also Auster. 

Nov^ {labernfB), the new shops built in the 
forum at Rome, and adorned with the shields of 

the Cimbri. Cic. Oral. 2, 66. The Veteres 

tabernce were adorned with those of the Samnites. 
Liv. 9. 40- 

NOVARIA, a town of Cisalpine Gaul, about ten 
miles north-east of Vercellae, and to the west of 
Mediolanum, The modern name is Novara, It 
was situate on a river of the same name, now the 
Gogna. Tacit. Hist. 1, Id.— Plin. 17, 22. 

NOVESIUM. a town of the Ubii, on the west of 
the Rhine, now called Neuss, and situate near 
Cologne. Tacit. Hist. 4, 26. 

NoviODUNUM, a city of the Bituriges Cubi, in 
Gallia Aquitanica. D'Anville and Mannert 
agree in placing its site near the modern Nouan. 

A city of Gallia Lugdunensis, on the river 

Liger, or Loire. It corresponds to the modern 

Nevers. Cces. B. G. 7, 55. A city of the 

Suessones in Gallia Belgica, now Soissons. It 
was more commonly called Augusta Suessonum, 
ox Suessionum. Cces. B. G.2, 12. 

NoviOMAGUS. or Neomagus, a city of the 

Batavi, now Nijmegen. The capital of the 

Lexovii, in Gallia Lugdunensis. It corresponds 

to the modern Lisieux. or Augusta Nemetum, 

the capital of the Nemetes, now Speyer. A 

city of Britain, the capital of the Regni, the re- 
mains of which may be traced at Woodcote, near 
Croydon. 

Novius Priscus, a man banished from Rome 
by Nero, on suspicion that he was accessary to 

Piso's conspiracy. Tacit. Ann. 15, 71. ■ A man 

who attempted to assa-sinate the emperor Claud- 
ius—Two brothers obscurely born, and alluded 
to by Horace in the course of his satires. The 
younger ot the two was noted for his shameful 
usuries. Horat. Sat. 1. 3, 21. 1, 6, 121 . 

Novum CoaiUM. Fid. Comum. 

Nox, one of the most ancient deities among 
the heathens, daughter of Chaos. From her 
union with her brother Erebus, she gave birth to 
the Day and the Light. She was also the mother 
of the Parcae, Hesperides, Dreams, of Discord, 
Death, Momus, Fraud, &c. She is called by 
2 T 



NUC 



49i 



NUM 



somp of the pnefs the mother of all things, of 
gods as well as of men, and therefore she was 
worshipped wiih great solemnity by the ancients. 
She had a famous statue in Diana's temple at 
Ephesus. It was usual to offer her a black 
sheep, as she was the mother of the Furies. The 
cock was also offered to her, as that bird pro- 
claims the approach of day during the darkness 
of the night. She is represented as mounted on 
a chariot, and covered with a veil bespai.gled 
with stars. The constellations generally went 
before her as her constant messengers. Some- 
times she is st-en holding two children under her 
arms, one of which is black, representing death 
or rather night, and the otiicr white, representing 
sleep, or day. Some of the modems have de- 
scribed her as a woman veiled in mourning, and 
crowned with poppies, and carried on a chariot 
drawn by owls and bats. yirg. .En. 6, ySO. — 
Ovid. Fast. 1, rob.—Faus. 10, d^.—Hesiod. Theog. 
125 et 

NUCERIA, a (o.w:i of Cisalpine Gaul, north of; 

Brixellum, now Luzzira, Plol. A city of 

Umbria, some distance to the north of Spoletium, 
and situate on the Flaminiaa way. It is now 

Nocera, Slrab. 5. A town of Campania, about 

twelve miles south of Nola, now Xocera de Pa- 
gaiii. Ti.e appellation of Aifaterna was com- 
monly attached to it, to distinguish it from the 
other places of the same name. It was said to 
have been founded by the Pelasgi Sarrastes. 
Nuceria was besieged by Hannibal alter his un- 
successful attack upon N'jla; and on its being 
deserted by the inhabitants, he caused it to be 
sacked and burned. We learn from Tacitus 
that, under the leign of Nero, Nuceria was re- 
stored and colonized. Plin. '6, 5. - Liv. 10, 41. 
23, 15 - Lucan. 2, 472- — Tacit. Ann. 13, 31. 

NCITHoNES, a people of Germany, possessing 
the country now called Mecklenburg and Poine- 
rt.nia. Tacit. G. AO. 

NUMA Marti L'S, a man made governor of 
Rome by Tuilu.s Hostilius. He was son-in-law 
of Numa Pompilius, and father to Ancus Mar- 
tins. Tacit. A7in. 6, \]. — Lic. 1, 20. 

Numa Powpilics, a celebrated philosopher, 
born at Cures, a village of the Sabines, on the 
day that Komulus laid the foundation of Rome, 
He married Tatia, the daughter of Tatius, the 
king ol the Sabines, and at her death he retired 
into the country, tj devote himself more freely to 
literary pursuits. At the death of Romulus, the 
Romans fixed upon him to be their new king, 
and two senators were sent to acquaint him with 
the decisions of the senate and of the people. 
Numa refused their offers, and it was not but at 
tiie repeated solicitations and prayers of his 
friends, that he was prevailed upon to accept the 
royalty. The beginnmg of his reign was popular, 
and he dismissed the 300 body guards which his 
predecessor had kept around his person, observ- 
ins that he did not distrust a people who had 
compelled him to reign over them. He was not 
like Romulus, fond of war and military expedi- 
tions, but he applied himself to tame the ferocity 
of his subjects, to inculcate in their minds a 
reverence for the deity, and to quell their dissen- 
sions by dividing all the citizens into different 
classes. He established different orders of priests, 
and taught the Romans not to worship the deity 
by images; and from his example no graven or 
p.sinted statues appeared in the temples or sanc- 
tuaries of Rome for upwards of I'JO years. He 
encouraged the report which was spread of his 



paying regular visits to the nymph Egeria, anq 
made use of her name to give sanction to the law.s 
and institutions which he had introduced. U^- 
establibhed the college of the vestals, and tokt 
the Romans that the sa/ety of the empire de- 
pended upon the preservation of the sacred aneilt 
or shield, which, as was generally believed, hat^' 
dropped down from heaven. He dedicated 
temple to Janus, which, during his whole reignj; 
remained shut, as a mark of peace and tranquil-, 
Hty at Rome. Numa died after a reign of lortyJ 
three years, in which he had given every possible 
encouragement to the uselul arts, and in which 
he had cultivated peace, 13. C. 672. Not onlyi 
the Romans, but also the neighbouring natious.i 
were eager to pay their last offices to a monarc^' 
whom they revered for his abilities, moderation]:! 
and humanity. He forbade his body to be burned' 
according to the custom of the Romans, but hel 
ordered it to be buried near mount Janiculura,i' 
with many of the books which he had written. 
These books were accidentally found by one o i 
the Romans, about 40j years after his death, and' 
as they contained nothing new or interesting, but' 
merely the reasons why he had made innovations 
in the form of worship and in the religion of the 
Romans, they were bui tied by order of the senate. 
He left behind one daughter called Pompilia, 
who married Numa Martins, and became the 
mother of Ancus Martius, the fourth king (.f 
Rome. Some say that he had also four sons, 
but this opinion is ill-founded. Plul. in Vita.-^ 
Varro.~Liv. 1, 18. ^ Plin. 13 et 14, ^c. -Flor. tj* 
2. - - Viyg. /En. 6, 819. 9, 562. - Cic. de Nat. D. 3,P 
2 et 17.— Val. Max. ], 2 — Dio7iys. Hal. 2, j9.— S 

Olid, Fast. 3, &c. One of the Rutulian ciiiefslB 

killed in the night by Nisus and Eurvalus. FirgJif 
^n. 9, 454. ■ 

NUMANTIA. a town of Spain near the sources!' 
of the river Durius, celebrated for the war of 
Iburteen years, which, though unprotected byt 
walls and towers, it bravely maintained against' 
the Romans. The inhabitants obtained some)' 
advantages over the Roman forces till Scipioi 
Africanus was empowered to finish the war, andl' 
to see to the destruction of Numantia. He began! 
the siege with an army of 6n,00O men, and was' 
bravely opposed by the besieged, who were no 
more than 4000 men able to bear arms. Both 
armies behaved with uncommon valour, and the 
courage of the Numantines was soon changed 
into despair and fury. Their provisions, began to 
fail, and they fed upon the flesh of their horses, 
and afterwards of that of their dead companions, jJ 
and at last were necessitated to draw lots to killi' 
and devour one another. The melancholy situa- 
tion of their affairs obliged some to surrender to 
the Roman general. Scipio demanded them to 
deliver themselves up on the morrow; they re- 
fused, and when a longer time had been granted]: 
to their petitions, they retired and set fire to their 
houses, and all destroyed themselves, B. C. 133, 
so that not even one remained to adorn the tri- 
umph of the conqueror. Some historians, how- 
ever, deny that, and support that a number of 
Numantines delivered themselves into Scipio's 
hands, and that fifty of them were drawn in tri- 
umph to Rome, and the rest sold as slaves. The 
fall of Numantia was more glorious than that of 1- 
Carthage or Corinth, though inferior to them. ! 
The conqueror obtained the surname of Nunian- '■ 
tinus. Flor. 2, IS. Mela, 2, 6. 

NUMENIA, or Neo.meNIA. a festival observed 
by the Greeks at the beginning of every lunaf 



•NUM 



495 



NUM 



I Ijonth, in honour of all the gods, but especially 
"f Apollo, or the Sun, who is justly deemed the 
I author of light, and of whatever distinction is 
made in the months, seasons, days, and nights. 
It was observed with games and public enter- 
I tainments which were provided at the expense of 
I rich citizens, and whicn were always freq\iented 
by the poor. Solemn prayers were offered at 
Athens duiing the solemnity, for the prosperity 
i of the republic. The demigods as well as the 
I heroes of the ancients were honoured and in- 
i voked in the festival. 

NUMENIUS, a Greek philosopher of the Pla- 
I tonic school, who is supposed to have flourished 
! under the reign of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, 
was born at Apamea in Syria. He is said to 
I have been eminent for wisdom, and is mentioned 
' with respect both by Plotinus and Origen. Of 
the works which he wrote none are now extant, 
i excepting some fragments preserved by Eusebius» ^ 
NUMERIANUS, M. Aurelius, an emperor of 
! Rome, in conjunction with Carinus, was second* 
i son of the emperor Carus. On the death of his", 
; father in the year 2y3 A. C, Numerianus, with 
Carinus his elder brother, succeeded to the im- 
: perial dignity without opposition. They had 
' been nominated Augusti by their father, whom 
Numerianus had accompanied in his expedition 
. into Persia. This young prince was distinguished 
r by the promising qualities of his temper and un- 
I derstanding. He was mild and affable, and had 
j from a very early age cultivated literature with 
success. Being, in his youth, in a private sta- 
tion, he had exercised his talents for oratory in 
pleading causes, and several of his harangues 
had been given to the public, in which the de- 
clamatory eloquence of the age appeared with 
I lustre. Gibbon, in speaking of the brothers, says, 
1 "Carinus was unworthy to live: Numerian de- 
served to reign in a happier period. His affable 
manners and gentle virtues secured him, as soon 
as they became known, the regard and affection 
of the public. He possessed the elegant accom- 
plishments of a poet and orator, which dignify, as 
w ell as adorn, the humblest and the most exalted 
stations. But the talents of Numerian were 
rather of the contemplative, than of the active 
kind." When his father's elevation reluctantly 
forced him from the shade of retirement, neither 
his temper nor his pursuits had qualified him 
for the command of armies. His constitution 
was destroyed by the hardships of the Persian 
war; and he had contracted, from the heat of the 
climate, such a weakness in his eyes, as obliged 
him in the course of a long retreat, to confine 
himself to the darkness of a tent or litter. The 
administration of all affairs, civil as well as mili- 
tary, devolved on Arrius Aper, the praetorian 
prefect, his father-in-law. The army was eight 
months on its march from the banks of the Tigris 
to the Thracian Bosporus, and during all that 
time the imperial authority was exercised in 
the name of the emperor, who never appeared to 
his soldiers. Suspicions at length spread among 
them that their emperor was no longer living, 
and they could not be prevented from breaking 
into the imperial tent, where they found his 
corpse. How or at what time he died was never 
ascertained; but the general voice accused Aper 
of being his murderer, and he was accordingly 
stabbed, without trial, by the hand of Diocletian. 

A friend of the emperor Severus. 

NUMICIA Via, a Roman road, traversing the 
northern part of Samniuni, It coniniuaieated 



with the Valerian, Latin, and Appian way-;, and, 
after crossing through pan or Apulia, leil into 
the Via Aquilia in Lucania. 

NUMICIUS, a small river of Latium near La- 
vinium, where the dead body of ^neas was found. 
It is now the Rio Torto. f'irg. ^n. 7, 150, &c. 

— Sil. 1, 359. - Otid. Met. 14, 358, &c A 

friend of Horace, to whom he addressed 1 ep. 6. 

NumIda, Plotius, a friend of Horace, who 
had returned after a long absence, from Spain, 
whence he had been ser.ving under Augustus in 
the Cantabrian war. I'he poet addresses one of 
his odes to him, (1, 36) and bids his friends cele 
brate in due form, so joyous an event. 

NUMIDIA, a country of Africa, bounded on 
the west by Mauritania, on the north by the 
Mediterranean, on the east by Africa Propria, 
and on the south by Gaetulia. it corresponded 
in a great measure to the modern Algiers. Nu- 
midia was occupied by two principal nations, the 
Massyli, towards Africa Propria, in the eastern 
part, and the Massaesyli, towards Mauritania, in 
the western; they were separated by the promon- 
tory of Tretum, now Sebba Rous. The Massyii 
were the subjects of Masinissa, the Massaesyli of 
Syphax. This latter prince, having invaded the 
kingdom of Masinissa, the ally of the Romans, 
in the second Punic war, was overcome and 
taken prisoner by Masinissa and the Romans, 
and was carried to Rome by Scipio, to adorn his 
triumph, where he died in prison, B. C. 201. 
The Romans confirmed Masinissa in the posses- 
sion of the kingdom of' Syphax, and the history 
of those transactions, together with an account 
of the heroic death of Sophonisba, is to be found 
in the 24th book of Livy. After the death of 
Masinissa and his son^Micipsa, it was divided 
between his grandsons Hiempsal and Adherbal, 
who were successively murdered by Jugurtha, 
and thus Numidia became again united under 
one sovereign, and the Romans having resolved 
to punish the crimes of Jugurtha, gave occasion 
to the Jugurthine war, the history of which is 
written by Sallust. Jugurtha was taken, having 
been betrayed by BoccHus, to whom he had fled 
for refuge; and carried to Rome to adorn the 
triumph of Marius, B. C. 106, alter which he 
was starved to death in prison. Numidia was 
subsequently under the dominion of Juba, who 
took part with Pompey and his adherents against 
Caesar, but was conquered in the battle of Thap- 
sus, and Numidia was reduced to a Roman pro- 
vince; but a part of it was restored by Augustus 
to the son of Juba, who bore his father s name, 
and who also received in marriage from Au- 
gustus, Cleopatra, the daughter of Antony. The 
Numidians were a hardy and athletic race of 
warriors, and remarkable for their custom of 
attacking their enemies by night; they rode 
without either saddle or bridle, and are hence 
surnamed Infrceni. They made admirable light 
troops, and during the second Punic war they 
annoyed the Romans dreadfully. Sallust. in Jug. 
—Flor. 2, ]5.—Strab. 2 et H.-Slela, 1, 4, &c. 
— Ovid. Met. 15, Ibi.— Virg. Mn. 4, 41. 

NUMIDIUS, QUADRATUS, a governor of Syria 
under Claudius. Tacit. Ann. 12, 

NUMISTRO, a town of the Brutii in Italv. Liv. 
45,J7. 

NUMiTOR, a son of Procas, king of Alba, who 
inherited his father's kingdom with his brother 
Amulius, and began to reign conjointly with him 
Amulius was too ambitious to bear a coUeasue" 
on the throne; he expelled his brother, and that 
' 2 r ii 



NUN- 



496 



NYM 



he might more safely secure himself, he put to 
death his son Lausus, and consecrated his daujjh- 
ter Ilia to the service of the goddess Vesta, which 
demanded perpetual celibacy. These great pre- 
cautions were rendered abortive. Ilia became 
pregnant, and though the two children whom she 
brought forth were exposed in the river by order 
of the tyraist, their life was preserved, and Num- 
itor was restored to his throne by his grandsons, 
and the tyrannical usurper was put to death. 
Dmiys. Hal. — Lio. 1, 3.— Pint, in Romul.—Ovid. 

Fast. 4, 55, &c. - Virg ^n. 6. 76^. A son of 

Phorcus, who fought with Turnus against .Eneas. 
Firg. /En. 10, 342. A rich and dissolute Ro- 
ma i in tlie age of Juvenal, 7, 74. 

NUNCOREUS, a son of Sesostris, king of Egypt, 
who made an obelisk, some ages alter brought to 
Rome, and placed in the Vatican. P/m. 36, 11. 
He is called Pheron by Herodotus. 

NundTNA, a goddess whom the Romans in- 
voked when they named and purified their chil- 
dren. This happened the ninth day after their 
birlh, w hence the name of the goddess, Nona dies. 
Macrob. Sat. 1, 16 

NUNDiNJE. Vid Feriae. 

NURS^, a town of the Sabines, or more cor- 
rectly perhaps in the territory of the ^qui, and 
near the banks of the Anio. Its particular site 
is unknown. Virg. .-En 7. 744. 

NURSCIA, a goddess who patronized the Etru- 
rians. Juv. 10, 74. 

NURSIA, now Norcia, a city of the Sabines, at 
The foot of the central chain of the Apennines, 
and near the sources of the river Nar. It was 
noted for the coldness of its situat.on. Viig. JEn. 
7, 716— S?7. It'd. 8, 419. 

Nycteis, a daughter of Nycteus, who was 

mother of Labdacus. A patronymic of An- 

tiope, the daughter of Nycteus, mother of Am- 
phion and Zethus by Jupiter, w ho had assumed 
the shape of a satvr to enjoy her company. Ovid. 
Met. 6, 110. 

Nyctelia, festivals in honour of Bacchus, 
{Vid. Nyctelius), observed on mount Cithaeron. 
Phit. in Symp. 4, 5. 

Nyctelius, a surname of Bacchus, because 
his orgies were celebrated in the night, (vv?, nox, 
T8\«a>, peijicio.') The w ords /a/ex Xyctelius thence 

Signify wine. Seneca in CEdip. — Pans. 1, 40 

Odd. Met. 4, 15. 

Nycteus, a son of Hyrieus and Clonia. A 

son of Nc-ptune by Celene, daughter of Atlas, 
kii g of Lesbos, or of Tiiebes according to the 
more received opinion. He married a nymph of 
Crete, called Polyxo or Amalthaea, by whom he 
had two daughters, Nyctimene and Antiope. 
The first of these disgraced herself by her crim- 
inal amours with her father, into whose bed she 
introduced herself by means of her nurse. V\"hen 
the father knew the incest which he had com- 
mitted, he attempted to stab his daughter, who 
was immediately changed by Minerva into an 
owl. Nycteus made war against Epopeus, who 
had carried away Antiope, and died of a wound 
V(hich he had received in an engaseraent, leaving 
his kingdom to his brother Lycus, whom he in- 
treated to continue the war, and punish Antiope 
for her immodest conduct. {Vid. Antiope.) 
Pans. 2 6.— Hygin. fab. 157 et 204. - Ovid. Met. 
2, 590. &c. 6, liO, &c. 

Nyctimene, a daughter of Nycteus. Vid. 
Nycteus. 

Nyctimus. a son of Lycaon, king of Arcadia. 
He died without issue, and left his kingdom to 



his nephew Areas, the son of Callisto. Pans. 
8, 4. 

:\YMPH-E, certain female deities among the 
ancients. Tljey are said to have derived their 
name from the circumstance of their always hav- 
ing a youthful appearance, i-rro rov ael »gaj <pat- 
vsTOai. They were generally divided into two 
classes, nymphs of the land, and nymphs of the 
sea. Of the nymphs of tlie earth, some presided 
over woods, and were called Dryades from Sp^s. 
arbor, and Hamadryades, from a^a, simid, and 
SpZi, arbor. These w ere supposed to come into 
existence when the tree was first planted, and 
when it perished, to die alsf); others presiried 
over mountains, and were called Greades, from 
Spof, mons; some presided over hills and dales, 
and were called Napcpcs, from vdirr). vallis, &c. 
Of the sea nymphs, some were called Oceanides, 
Nereides, Naiades, Potamides, Liinnades, &c. 
These presided not only over the sea, but also 
over rivers, fountains, streams, and lakes. The 
nymphs fixed their residence not only in the sea. 
but also on mountains, rocks, in woods or 
caverns, and their grottos were beautified by 
evergreens, and delightful and romantic scenes. 
The nymphs were immortal, according to the 
opinion of some mythologists; others supposed 
that, like men, they were subject to mortality, 
tiiough their lives were of long duration. They 
lived for several thousand years, according !o 
Hesiod, or as Plutarch seems obscurely to inti- 
mate, they lived about 9720 years. The number 
of the nymphs is not precisely known. They 
were according to Hesiod above 3000, whose 
power was extended over the different places of 
tlie earth, and the various functions and occupa- 
tions of mankind. They were w orshipped by the i 
ancients, though not with so much solemnity as 
the superior deities. They had no temples raised ' 
to their honour, and the only offerings they re- 
ceived were milk, honey, oil, and sometimes the 
saci irice of a goat. They w ere generally repre- 
sented as young and beautiful virgins, clothed , 
up to the middle, and sometimes they held a'' 
vase, from width they seemed to pour water.' 
Sometimes they had grass, leaves, and shells, 
instead of va^es. It was deemed unfortunate to 
see them naked, and such sight was generally 
attended by a delirium, to which Propertius 
seems to allude in this verse, wherein he speaks 
of the innocence and simplicity of the piimiiive 
ages of the world, 

Nec fuerat nudas pcena videre Deas. 
The nymphs were generally distinguished by 
an epithet which denoted the place of their resi-! 
dence ; thus the nymphs of Sicily were called! 
Sicelides; those of Corvcus, Corycides, Sic. Ovid. , 
Met. i, 320. 5, 412. 9, (>51. &c. Fast. 3, 769 — Pawj. 
]0, 3.—Plut. de Orac. Def.—Propert. 3, 12. 

NymfH/EUM, a place in the territory of Apol-, 
Ionia, in lUyricum, remarkable for a mine of 
asphaltus, of which several ancient writers have' 
given a description. Near this spot was some, 
rising ground whence fire was cnnstantly seen 
to issue, without, however, injuring either the 
grass or the trees that grew there. Strabo sup- 
poses it to have arisen irom a mine of bitumen 
liquified, there being a hill in the vicinity w hence, 
this substance was dug out, the earth which wa^ 
removed being in process of time converted into! 
pitch, as it had been stated by Posidonius. Piiny, 
says this spot was considered as oracular, which 
is confirmed by Dio Cassius, who describes at 
length the mode of consulting the oracle. The 



NYM 



497 



OCE 



phenomenon noticed by the writej-s here n-;en- 
tioned, has been verified by modern travellers as 
existing near the vilUg^e of Selenitza, on the left 
bank of the Aous, and near the junction of that 
river with the Sutchitza. From Livy it appears 
that there was a Roman encampment here for 
some time during the Macedonian war. Plu- 
tarch tells an amusing story of a satyr having 
been cau-iht asleep in this vicinity and brought 
to Sylla the Roman commander who was then on 
the spot. Aristot. Mirand. AuscrHt. — T^lian. Far. 
Hist. 13. ]6.-Plin. 24, 7. — Slrub. I.—Dio Cass 
41. -Lin. 42, 36 et 49.—PiuL in Syll. .\ pro- 
montory of Alhos, on the Singitic gulf, now Cafe 

S. Georgia. A city in the Tauric Chersonese, 

on the route from Theodosia to Panticapseum, 
and having a good port on the Euxine. 

Nymph^US, ariver of Armenia Major, which, 

I according to Procopius, formed a separation be- 
tv^een ihe Roman and Persian empires. It ran 
from north to south, entered the town of Mar- 
tyropolis, and discharged itself into the Tigris 
suuth-east of Amida. Amm. Marcell. IS, 9. 

Nymphidil'S, a favourite of Nero, who said 
that he was descended from Caligula. He was 

, raised to the consular dignity, and soon after 
disputed the empire with Galba. He was slain 
by the soldiers, &c. Tacit. Ann. 15, 

Nymphodorus, a native of Syracuse, whose 

I era is uncertain. He wrote a work on the 

j " Navigation along the coasts of Asia," and an- 
other on the " Wonders in Sicily and Sardinia." 

Nymfholeftes, or Nymphomanes, pos- 
sessed by the nymphs. This name was given to 
the inhabitants of mount Ciihaeron, who believed 
that they were inspired by the nymphs. Plut. in 
Arist. 

• Nysa, a city of India, called also Dionysopo- 
lis, from its having been sacred to Bacchus, who 
made it the seat of his empire, and the capital of 
the eastern nations whom he had conquered. It 
was situated at the foot of a mountain named 
Weros, where Bacchus was educated by the 
nymphs of the place, and hence the fable of his 
having been confined in the thigh (/j.rjpbs) of his 
father; the mountain was also called Nysa, and 
it was from this name as well as from that of his 
father (Atoj and Nuo-a) that he is stated to have 
obtained the name of Dionysius. Mela, 3, 7. — 
Ovid. Met. 4, 13, &.C.- Hal. 7, VJS.— Curt. 8, 10. 

— Firg. /En. 6, 8(I5. A city of Arabia Felix, 

where Osiris was nurtured. Diod. S?c. 1, 15. 

A city of Cappadocia, on the Halys, between 

Parnassus and Osianus, now Nous Shehr. 

A city of Caria, called also Pythopolis, on the 
slope of mount Messogis, in the valley of the 
Maeander. Strabo studied here under Aristode- 
mus. It is now Nasli or Nosli. Strab. 14. — Plin, 

5, 29. A place in Euboea, where the vine was 

said to put forth leaves, and to bear fruit the 

same day. A small town of Boeotia, on mount 

Helicon. A town in the island of Naxos. 

NyS-?eus, a surname of Bacchus, because he 

was worshipped at Nysa. Propert. 3, 17, 22. 

A son of Dionysius of Syracuse. Car. Nep. in 
Diod. 

NysiAdes, a name given to the nymphs of 
Nysa, to whose care Jupiter intrusted the educa- 
tion of his son Bacchus. Ovid. Met. 3, 314, &c. 

Nyssa, a sister of Mithridates the Great. 
Plul. 



o 



OARSES, the original name of Arr^xoxes 
Memnon. 

Oarus, a river of Sarmalia, falling into the 
Palus Mseotis. Herod. 4, 123. 

Oasis, a fertile spot in the midst of a desert. 
The word was formed by the Gieeks Irom the 
Arabic Wah {Vah or Guah). It is specifically 
applied to the " green islands " which are found 
studding the Libyan desert, and which are four 
in number: the Oasis Magna, of which the prin- 
cipal town is El Karje; the Oasis Parva, or that 
of El Kassar; the Northern or Ammonian Oasis, 
called also the Oasis of Siwah; and the Western 
Oasis, which, not being on any route, has been 
less frequented, and was unknown to Europe till 
visited by Sir Archibald Edmonstone in ISld. 
Each Oasis consists of several villages, depen- 
dent upon springs, to the existence of which these 
spots owe their luxuriant fertility. Under the 
empire, the region of the Oases, called by the 
Arabian geographers, Al Wahat (or Alouhai) was 
attached to the Heptanomis; and after the estab- 
lishment of Christianity, it was a district of some 
importance, including the seats of two Coptic 
bishops. They were used by the Roman empe- 
rors as places of exile: among those who were 
banished to them were the poet Juvenal and 
Nestorius. They all abound with interesting 
vestiges of antiquity. Seven days to the west of 
the Oasis of Siwah is another, called the Oasis of 
Augila, which is on the route to Fessan. These 
spots are invaluable for the purposes of commer- 
cial intercourse, as facilitating the passage of the 
desert. Strab. \1. — Zosim. 5, 97 — Uerod. 3. 26 

OaXES, a river of Crete which received its 
name from Oaxus the son of Apollo. It is new 
the Mylopotumo, and is apparently one of the 
most considerable streams in the island. T'irg. 
Ed. 1, 66. 

Oaxus, a town of Crete, on the northern side 
of the island, at the mouth, probably, of the 
Oaxes. It was the capital of a kingdom which 
had its appropriate sovereign, and was said to 
have been founded by Oaxus, the son of Apollo. 
Herod. 4, 154. 

Obringa, a river of Germany, forming the 
line of separation between Germania Superior 
and Inferior. It is now the Ahr. 

Obsequens, Julius, a Latin writer who flour- 
ished A. D. 395. He wrote a treatise De Pro- 
digiis, which is nothing more than a list of the 
wonders recorded by Livy. The best edition is 
that of Kapp, Cur. Regn. 1772, 8vo. 

OCALEA, a town of Boeotia, where Rhada- 
manlhus fled after his marriage with Alcmena. 
Apollod. 2.— Homer. II 2, 601. 

OCEANIDES and OCEANITIDES, sea nymphs, 
daughters of Oceanus, from whom they received 
their name, and of the goddess Tethys. They 
were 3000 according to ApoUodorus, who men- 
tions the names of seven of them; Asia, Styx, 
Electra, Doris, Eurynome, Amphitrite, and 
Metis. Hesiod speaks of the eldest of them, and 
reckons forty-one, Pitho, Admete, Prynno. lan- 
the, Rhodia, Hippo, Callirhoe, Urania, Clymene, 
Idya, Pasithoe, Clvthia, Zeuxo, Galuxaure, 
Plexaure, Perseis, Pluto. Thoe, Polydora, Me- 
lobosis, Dione, Cerceis, Xanthe, Acasta, laniia, 
3 T3 



OCE 



498 



OCR 



Telestho, E'.iropa, Menesrho, Petrea, Eudora, 
Calypso, Tyche, Ocyroe, Crisia, Amphiro, with 
those mentioned by Apollodorus, except Amphi • 
trite. Hyginus mentions sixteen, whose names 
are almost all different from those of Apollodorus 
and Hesiod, which difference proceeds from the 
mutilation of the original text. The Oceanides, 
like the rest of the inferior deities, were hon- 
oured with libations and sacrifices. Prayers 
were offered to them, and they were intreated to 
protect sailors from storms and dangerous tem- 
pests. The Argonauts, before they proceeded on 
their expedition, made an offering ot Hour, 
honey, and oil, on the sea-shore, to all the dei- 
ties of the sea, and sacrificed bulls to them, and 
intreated their protection. When the sacrifice 
was made on the sea-shore, the olood of the vic- 
tim was received in a vessel, but when it was in 
the open sea, the blood was permitted to run 
down into the waters. When the sea was calm, 
the sailors generally offered a lamb or a young 
pig; but if it w as agitated by the winds and rough, 
a black bull was deemed the most acceptable 
victim. Homer. Od. 3. — Apolloii. Arg. — Virg. 
G. 4, -Hesiod. Theog. 3-iJ. 

OckAnus, a powerful deity of the sea, son of 
Coelus and Terra. He married Tethys, by whom 
he had the principal rivers, such as the Alpheus, 
Peneus, S'.rymon, &c., with a number of daugh- 
ters who are called from him Oceanides. [J'/rf. 
Oceanides.] According to Homer, Oceanus was 
the father of all the gods, and on that account he 
received frequent visits from the rest of the dei- 
ties. He is generally represented as an old man 
with a long flowing beard, and sitting upon the 
waves of the sea. He often holds a pike in his 
hand, while ships under sail appear at a distance, 
or a sea-monster stands near him. Oceanus pre- j 
sided over every part of the sea, and even the I 
rivers were subjected to his power. The an- i 
eients were superstitious in their worship of 
Oceanus, and revered with great solemnity a i 
deity to whose care they entrusted themselves I 

when going on any voyage. Besides being the i 

name of a deity, the term Oceanus ('Xlv«a^oj) 
occurs in Homer in another sense also. It is 
made to signify an immense stream, which, ac- 
cording to the rude ideas of that early age, cir- 
culated around the terraqueous plain, and from 
which the different seas ran out in the manner 
ol bays. This opinion, which is also that of | 
Eratosthenes, was prevalent even in the time of 
Herodo'.us. Homer terms the ocean a-^/oppoo^, \ 
because it thus flowed back into itself, This ' 
same river Oceanus was supposed to ebb and ■ 
flow thrice in the course of a single day, and 
the heavenly bodies were believed to descend 
into it at their setting, and emerge from it at 
their rising. Hence the term i^garof is some- 
times put for the horizon. In Homer, there- 
fore, ui-csavoi and Qi'Xaaya. alwavs mean dif- 
ferent things, the latter merely denoting the sea 
in the more modern acceptation of the term. 
On the shield of Achilles the poet represents the 
Oce mis as encircling the rim or extreme border | 
of the shield, in full accordance w ith the popular ! 
belief of the day; whereas in Virgil's time, when 
this primitive meaning of the term was obsolete, 
and more correct geographical views had come 
in, we find the sea (the idea being liorrow ed pro- 
bably from the position of the Mediterranean) 
oc<'upying in the poet's description the centre of 
the shield of .Eneas. If it be asked, whether 
any traces of this peculiar meaning of the term i 



&xeavoi, occurs in other writers besides Homer, 
the following authorities, in favour of the afiRrma- 
tive, ma\ be cited in reply. Hesiod. Theog. z^i. 
Here. Clyp. 3U.- Euiip. Ored. ]371. Orph. 
Hymn. lU, 14. 

OCEIA, a woman w ho presided over the sacred 
rites of Vesta for fifty-seven years with the great- 
est sanctity. She died in the reign of Tiberius. 
Tacit. Ann. 2, 86. 

Ocellus, surnamed Lucanus, from his hav- 
ing been a native of Lucania, a Pythagorean 
philosopher, who flourished about 4bO B. C. He 
wrote a work " on the Universe,'' v,hic\\ has come 
down to us entire. In the form in which it now 
appears, indeed, it is not written in the Doric 
dialect, after the usual manner of the Pytha- 
goreans; but that it was originally composed in 
that dialect, is evident from fragments of it in 
Stobaeus. It is probable that it was converted 
from the Doric to the Attic by some learned 
grammarian, at a period when the writings of 
the Pythagoreans became obscure, on account of 
the dialect in which they were written. This 
remnant of philosophical antiquity is a specimen k 
of the Pythagorean doctrine, intermixed with 
tenets peculiar to the author. He maintained 
that the universe never ,had a beginning, nor 
will have an end; that the world, in its present 
beautiful form, is to be distinguished from the 
universe of which it is formed; and tiiat the col- 
lection of all beings which forms the world is 
itself perfect and entire, and has no connexion 
with any thing extrinsic. The immutable es- 
sences of Ocellus are the same with the intelli- 
gible natures of Pythagoras; and the doctrine of 
Ocellus concerning demons, that they inhabitthe 
sublunar regions, is essentially different from 
that of Aristotle, who supposed no such intelli- 
gences, except in the celestial sphere. The best 
editions of Ocellus are, that of Batteux, Paris, 1768, 
3 vols. ]'2mo;and that of Rudolph, Lips. IbOl, 8vo. 

OCELUM, a city in Hispania Terraconensis, 
in the territory of the Vettones; now Fennoselle, 

A city of Gallia Cisalpina, among the Cot- 

tian Alps, on the eastern borders of the kingdom 
of Cottius. According to Mannert, it is now 
Avigliayia, a small town with a castle, in Pied- 
mont, not far from Turin. Cccs. B. (?. 1, 10. 

OCHUS, a title given to Artaxerxes 3d, and 
Darius 2d, kings of Persia. It is thought to 
have denoted in the Persian tongue, '-excel- 
lence," " worth." A river of Bactriana, rising 

in the mountains that lie northw ard of the source 
of the Arius, and falling into the Oxus. It is 
now the Dehasch. Plin. 6, 17- !^ 

OCNUS, a son of the Tiber and of Manto, w ho 
assisted ,iEneas against Turnus. He built a 
town which he called Mantua after his mother's 
name. Some suppose that he is the same as Bi- 

anor. T'irg. Eel. 9. jSn. 10, 19S. A man 

remarkable for his industry. He had a wife as 
remarkable for her profusion, who always con- 
sumed and lavished away whatever the labours 
of her husband had earned. He is represented 
as tw isting a cord, which an ass standing by eats 
up as soon as he makes it, whence the proverb of 
Ocnus fu7iem torqvet, or contorquet piger funim- 
lum, often applied to labour which meets no re- 
turn, and w hich is totally lost. This fable was | 
represented at Delphi by the pencil of Polygno- 
tus, and it likewise engaged the labours of the 
painter Socrates, according to Plinv. Propett. 4, 
3, 2\. — Plin. 35, 11. Pans. iO. 29.' 

OCRICULUM, a town of Umbria, below the 



oca 



499 



OCY 



junction of the Nar and Tiber, and a few miles; 
from the bank of the latter river, now OtricoLi. 
Here Fabius Maximus, when dictator, took the 
connmand of the army under Servilius, and or- 
dered that consul to approach his presence with- 
out lictors. Liv. 9, 41, 22, 11. 'Flor. 3, 18.— 
Slrab. 5. — Cic. pro Mil. 

OCRlDlON,,a king of Rhodes who was reckoned 
in the numb?r of the gods alter death. Plut. in 
GrcBC. qucest. 27. 

OCTAVIA, a Roman lady, sister to the em- 
peror Augustus, and celebrated for her beauty 
and virtues. She married Claudius Marcellus, 
and after his death, M. Antony. Her marriage 
with Antony was a political step to reconcile her 
bi other and lier husband. Antony proved for 
some time attentive to her, but he soon after 
despised her for Cleojiatra, and when she at- 
tempted to withdraw him from this unlawful 
amour by going to meet him at Athens, she was 
secretly rebuked and totally banished from his 
presence. This affront was highly resented by 
Augustus, and though Octavia endeavoured to 
pacify him by palliating her husband's behaviour 
he resolved to revenge her cause by arms. Af- 
ter the battle of Actium and the death of Antony, 
Octavia, forgetful of the injuries she had re- 
ceived, took into her house all the children of 
her husband, and treated them with maternal ten- 
derness. Marcellus, her son by her first hus- 
band, was married to a niece of Augustus, and 
publicly intended as a successor to his uncle. 
His sudden death plunged all his family into the 
greatest grief. Virgil, whom Augustus patron- 
ized, undertook upon himself to pay a melan- 
choly tribute to the memory of a young man 
whom Rome regarded as her future father and 
p.itron. He was desired to repeat his composi- 
tion in the presence of Augustus and of his sister. 
Octavia burst into tears as soon as the poet began: 
but when he mentioned Tu Marcellus eris, she 
swooned away. This tender and pathetic en- 
comium upon the merit and the virtues of young 
Marcellus was liberally rewarded by Octavia, 
and Virgil received 10,000 sesterces for every one 
of the verses. Octavia had two daughters by 
Antony, Antonia Major and Antonia Minor. The 
elder married L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, by 
whom she had Cn. Domitius, the father of the 
emperor Nero by Agrippina, the daughter of 
Germanicus. Antonia Minor, who was as virtu- 
ous and as beautiful as her mother, married Dru- 
sus, the son of Tiberius, by whom she had Ger- 
manicus, and Claudius who reigned before Nero. 
The death of Marcellus continually preyed upon 
the mind of Octavia, who died of melancholy, in 
her fi;ty fourth year, about ten years before the 
Christian era. Her brother paid great regard to 
her memory by pronouncing her funeral oration 
himself. The Roman people also showed their 
respect for her virtues by their wish to pay her 
divine honours. Suet, in Avg. 61.— Plut. in An- 
ton. &c. A daughter of the emperor Claudius 

by Messalina. She was betrothed to Silanus, 
but by the intrigues of Agrippina, she was mar- 
ried to the emperor Nero in the sixteenth year 
of her age. She was soon after divorced on pre- 
tence of barrenness, and the emperor married 
Popp'rEa, who exercised her enmity upon Octavia 
by causing her to be banished into Campania. 
She was afterwards recalled at the instance of 
the people, and Poppsea, who was resolved on 
her ruin, caused her ;.gain to be banished to an 
island, where she was ordered to kill herself by 



; opening her veins. Her head was cut off and 
carried to Poppffia. Suet, in Claud. 27. In i\tr. 
7 et '6b. Tacit. Ann. 14, 6a. 

OCTAVIANUS, or OCTAVITJS C^SAR, the ne- 
phew of Cassar the dictator. After the battle of 
Actium, and the final destructi!)n of the Roman 
republic, the servile senate bestowed upon him 
the title and surname of Augustus, as expressive 
of his greatness and divinity. Vid. Augustus. 

OCTAVlUS, Cn., a Roman, governor of Sar- 
dinia, successfully employed in the 1st Punic war, 
and afterwards engaged in honourable embassies. 

Liv. 28, &c. Cneus, another, who commanded 

the Roman fleet against Perseus. The king 
surrendered to him in Samothrace, and Cneus, 
after conducting the royal captive and the Ma- 
cedonian treasures to Rome, obtained a naval 
triumph. He was assassinated by Leptines, at 
Laodicea, when ambassador in Asia, and a sia- 
tue was erected to his honour in the Roman 
forum. Cic. Phil. 9, 2.— Plin. 34, 6. - Liv. 45, 5. 

His son Cneus was also consul with T. An- 

nius, A. U. C. 625, and his grandson Cneus was 
also consul A. U. C. 667, with Cinna, whom he 
expelled from the city. Cinna revenged the in- 
sult, and at the head of an army, and supported 
by the influence of Marius, he returned to Rome, 
and after putting his antagonist to death, he ig- 
nominiously fixed his head on the rostra of the 
forum. Cneus was admired for his eloquence, 
as well as his integrity. Cic. Pr. 3 3. Br. 47. 

Plane. 21. Bar. 25. Cat. 3, 1(1. - Flor. 3, 21 

Appian. B. Civ. Cneus, the father of Augus- 
tus, was respected for his great virtues and su- 
perior abilities. As governor of Macedonia he 
conducted himself \%ith spirit, bravery, and mo- 
deration, and after destroying the lemains of 
Spartacus and Catiline's conspiracy at Thurii, 
and defeating the Thracians and Bessi, he re- 
ceived the honourable appellation of imperator, 
from the gratitude and affection of his troops. 
He died suddenly on his return from Macedonia 
to Rome, whilst he meditated to offer himself a 
candidate for the consulship. He left two daugh- 
ters, besides Augustus, who was th^n only four 
years old. Suet, in Aug. — Paierc 2,59. — Cic. 

Q. Fr.l, 1 A lieutenant of Crassus in Partbia. 

He accompanied his general to the tent of the 
Parthian conqueror, and was killed by the ene- 
my as he attempted to hinder them from carry- 
ing away Crassus A tribune of the people at 

Rome, whom Tib. Gracchus, his colleague, de- 
posed. A poet in the Augustan age, intimate 

with Horace. He also distinguished himself as 
a historian. Horat. Sat. 1, 10, 82. 

OCTODtJRUS a town of the Veragri, in Gnllia 
Narbonensis. It was situate in the Vallis Pen- 
nina, on the river Dransa or Drance, near its 
junction with the Rhone, at a considerable dis- 
tance above the influx of the latter into the La 
cus Lemanus, or Lake of Geneva. It is now 
Martigny. Cces. B. G. 3, 1. 

OCTOGESA, a town of Spain, a little above the 
mouth of the Iberus, on the north bank of that 
river, where it is joined by the Sicoris. Tt is 
generally .supposed to answer to the modern 
Mequinensa. Cces. B. Civ. 1, 61. 

OCYPETE, one of the Harpies who infecf^'d 
whatever she touched. The name signifies .wi/i- 
flying (<b,cws and TTtTo^at.) 

OCYRdE, a daughter of Chiron by Chanclo, 
who had the gift of prophecy. Slje was changed 
itito a mare. [F/d. Melanippe,] Oxid. Met. 2, 
63S, &c. 



ODE 



500 



(EBA 



! 



Oden3tus, kinij of Palmyra, was originally a 
riHtive and a leading inhabitant of that city; 
though some make him a prince of a tribe of 
Saracens, who dwelt in the neighbourhood of the 
Euphrates. After Sapor, king of Persia, had 
rendered himself formidable throughout the ea>t, 
by the defeat of the Roman emperor "Valerian, 
A. D. 260, he received from Odenatus a present 
of several camels laden with rich merchandise, 
accompanied with a submissive letter, protesting 
that he had never borne arms against the Per- 
sians. Sapor was enraged that he should pre- 
sume to write to him. and threatened to destroy 
him, and exterminate his whole family, unless 
he came, and. with his hands tied behind him, 
solicitpd forgiveness. Odenatus spurned the 
conditions, and collecting an army, declared for 
the Roman?. To him is ascribed the success of 
an expedition in which Sapor's treasures, and 
several of his wives and children, were captured; 
and so closely did he press upon the Persian, 
that he forced him to retreat, and cut off his 
rear in passing the Euphrates. After these ex- 
ploits, Odenatus assumed the title of king of 
Palmyra, and elevated his wife, the celebrated 
Zenobia, to the rank of queen. Gallienus, the 
son and colleague of Valerian, intrusted Odenatus 
•with the chief command of the Roman army in 
the east. In this quality he entered Mesopota- 
mia, defeated Sapor in his own couiitry, and laid 
siege to Ctesiphon. Durina the distracted state 
of the empire under Gallienus, Odenatus re- 
mained faitliful to him, and kept the eastern sec- 
tion in tranquillity. On this account he was 
created Augustus and partner in the empire by 
Gallienus, in the year t6i. Zenobia was digni- 
fied at the same time with the title of Augusta, 
and their children with that of Caesar. In a 
second incursion into the territories of Sapor, he 
ravaged the country, and took Ctesiphon. On 
his return from this expedition, he marched 
against the Goths or Scythians, who had invaded 
Asia, and compelled them to make a hasty re- 
treat. Shortly after this he fell a victim to 
domestic treason, and his favourite amusement 
of hunting was the occasion of his death. His 
nephew, Maeonius, presumed to throw his javelin 
belore that of his uncle; and, though admonished 
of his error, repeated the same. Odenatus was 
provoked at this show of insolence, took away 
his horse, a mark of infamy among the barbari- 
ans, and ordered the youth into confinement for 
a short time. The offence was soon forgotten, 
but the punishment was remembered, and Maeo- 
nius caused his uncle to be assassinated in the 
midst of a great entertainment. Herod, the son 
of Odenatus by a former wife, was killed with his 
father. This tragedy is said to have been acted 
at Emesa, in the year 267. Odenatus was a prince 
of great qualities, and one who well merited the 
high rank to which he had raised himself. 

Odessl'S, a city on the coast of Moesia Inferior, 
to the east of Marcianopolis, It was founded by 
a colony of Milesians, and is now Varna in Bul- 
garia. It was also called Odesopolis. Mela, 2, 
'J.—Plin. U. — Ovid. Trist. 1, 9, 37. 

Od£um, a musical theatre at Athens. It was 
built by Pericles, and was so constructed as to 
imitate the form of Xerxes' tent. It was set on 
fire by Aristion, general of Mithridates, who de- 
fended Athens against Sylla. It was subse- 
quently restored at the expense of Ariobarzanes, 
king of C-Tppadocia. Plut. J'lt, Fetid. - Apfdan. 
BeU. Miir,r.;i^. lUruv. 5, 9. I 



Odites, a son of Ixion, killed by Mopsus. at 
the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid. Met. 12, 457. 
A prince killed at the nuptials of Androme- 
da. Id. lb. 5, 97. 

ODOACER, a king of the Heruli, who destroyed 
the western empire of Rome, and called himself 
king of Italy, A. D. 476. 

OdryS-E, one of the most powerful and war- 
like of the Thracian tribes. Their dominions 
extended at one time from Abdera and the Nes- 
tus, along the w hole coast, as far as the mouths 
of the Ister, and reached as far inland as the 
source of the Strymon; bui they were afterwards 
very much circumscribed, being confined within , 
a small territory on the banks of the Hebrus,'| '\ 
About Adrtnnople. Herod. 7, \37. — Thucy d. 2, 29. ' 

Odysska, one of Homer's epic poems, in' 
which he describes in twenty-four books the ad- 
ventures of Ulysses on his return from the Trojan 
war, with other material circumstances. "Tne ' 
whole of the action comprehends no more than" 
fifty-five days. Though not so esteemed as thej 
Iliad for boldness of genius and fire of descrip-'" - 
tion, yet the Odyssey claims an equ,Tl share of ' 
approb.ation for the dignity of its characters. 
Instead of carnage and blood, we here admire 
the social virtues, we accompany the hero into 
domestic scenes, share with him the sweets of - ' 
private life, admire the steadiness of friendship j- ^ 
tried by time and by calamity, and bless the- ' 
hand of ancient hospitality which indiscriminately ' 
was open to those who laboured under distress or,'^ ' 
indigence. The Iliad possesses the powers of ther" ' 
meridian sun, according to the beautiful expres-i* ' 
sion of Longinus, and the Odyssey still preserves! 
the majesty and the serenity of the setting sim. f' ^ 

( r/c?. Homerus.) A city in Hispania Baetica, ' 

to the north of Abdera. founded, according loj' ' 
tradition, by Ulysses. Stmb. 3. ' 

ODYSSKUM, a promontory of Sicily, at the west J ' 
of Pachy nus. Now Cabo Marzo. ' ' 

CEa, a town in the island of .lEgina, about 20 ' ' 

stadia from the capital. Herod. 5, 83. A city ^- ■ 

on the coa?t of Africa, between the two Syrtes, l^' ' 
and forming together with Sabrata and Leptis ■ i 
Magna, the district called Tripolis. It derived!. | 
all its importance from the Romans leading " 
hither a colony of Sicilians, who were afterwards \' ' 
joined by the neighbouring Libyans. It is now 1 
replaced by Tripoli, the metropolis of the modern |-" ' 
state of this name. Plin. 5, 4. Sil. Ital. 3. 257. ■ ' 
GBagrus or OhiAGER, the father of Orpheus by r ' 
Calliope. He was king of Thrace, and from him j' ! 
mount Hasmus, and also the Hebrus, one of the (■ 
rivers of the country, have received the appella- I 
tion of CEagrim. Ovid, in lb. 4S4.— Firg. G. 4, !^ 
524.— ^poWod. 1, 3. 

CEax, a son of Nauplius and Clymene. He |^ 
was brother to Palamedes, whom he accompanied p 
to the Trojan war, and whose death he highly I- 
resented on his return to Greece, by raising dis- j' 
turbances in the family of some of the Grecian 
princes. Dictys Cret. — ApoUod. 2. — Hygin. fab. 
117. : 
O'.balTa, the ancient name of Laconia, which i 
it received from king CEbalus, and thence CEba- 
lides puer is applied to Hyacinthus as a native of ?J 
the cotmtry, and CEbaliits sanguis is used to de- ^ 
nominate his blood. Paus. 3, 1. — Apollod. 3, 10. p 

The same name is given to Tarenfum, be- | 

cause built by a Lacedaemonian colony, whose ' 
ancestors were governed by CEbalus. Firg. G. { 
4, V2b.-Sil. 12, 451. J 
I CEBALiDiiS, a patronymic applied to Castor 



(EBA 



501 



I a;'^d Pollux, the grandsons of CEbalus, and also to 
.1 HyacinKius. Ovid. Fast. 5, 705. Met. iO, 196. 
CEbalus, a son of Argalus or Cynortas, who 
was king of Laconia. He married Gorgophone, 
tap daughier of Perseus, by whom he had Hip- 
, pucoon, Tyndarus, &c. Paus. 3, l. — Apollod. 3, 

i 10. A son of Telon and the nymph Sebethis, 

who reigned at Capreag in the neighbourhood of 
Neapolis in Italy. Virg. Mti. 7, 734. 

G.BaRES, a groom of Darius, son of Hystaspes. 
He w,i5 the cause that his master obtained the 
kingdom of Persia, by his arijlice in ru^iking his 
horse neigh first. (Tzd. Darius 1st ) Herod, 3, 
, io.- Justin 1, iO. 

■ QicHALlA, a city of Thessaly, in the district 

of Estiffiotis. Homer. II. 2, 730. A city of 

iEtolia, belonging to the tribe of Eurytanes. 

i Strab. 10. A city of Euboea, where Eurytus 

reigned, and which was destroyed by Hercules. 
,1 Soph. Track. 74. A city of Messenia, accotd- 
, ing to some the residence of Eurvtus. Paus, 
: 4, 33. — Homer. 11. 2, 596. 

CEcuMENius, an ancient Greek commentator 
I upon the Scriptures, who is supposed to have 
flourished in the tenth century, was bishop of 
I Tricca in Tiiessaly. He was the author of Com- 
I mentaries upon the Acts of the Apostles, the 
fourteen epistles of St Paul, and the seven Catho- 
lic epistles, which, besides his own remarks, 
contain those of many of the ancient fathers. He 
I is thought to have written a commentary upon 
j the four Gospel bat this is not extant. His 
1 works were published in Greek at Verona in 
1532, and in Greek ar.d Latin at Paris in ]6d1, 
in 2 vols. fol. 

GKdIpus, a son of Laius, king of Thebes, and 
Jocasta. As being descended from Venus by his 
father's side, CEdipus was born to be exposed to 
I all the calamities and persecutions which Juno 
could inflict upon the posterity of the goddess of 
beauty. Laius, the father of CEdipus, was in- 
formed by the oracle, that as soon as he married 
Jocasta, he must perish by the hands of his son. 
Such dreadful intelligence awakened his fears, 
I and to prevent the fulfilling of the oracle, he re- 
! solved ne.ver to approach Jocasta; but his solemn 
j resolutions were violated in a fit of intoxication. 
I The queen became pregnant, and Laius, still 
intent to stop the evil, ordered his wife to destroy 
her child as soon as it came into the world. The 
mother had not the courage to obey, yet she gave 
the child as soon as born to one of her domestics, 
with orders to expose him on the mountains. The 
servant was moved with pity, but to obey the 
command of Jocasta, he bored the feet of the 
child, and suspended him with a twig by the 
heels to a tree on mount Cithaercm, where he was 
soon found by one of the shepherds of Polybus, 
king of Corinth. The shepherd carried him 
home; and Periboea, the wife of Polybus. who 
had no children, educated him as her own child, 
with maternal tenderness. The accomplish- 
ments of the infant, who was named QEdipus on 
account of the swelling of his feet (oliito, tumeo, 
TToCy, pes,) soon became the admiration of the age. 
His companions envied his strength and his ad- 
dress; and one of them, to mortify his rising 
ambition, told him he was an illegitimate child. 
This raised his doubts; he asked Peribosa, who, 
out of tenderness, told him that his suspicions 
were ill founded. Not satisfied with this, he 
vent to consult the oracle of Delphi, and was 
there told not to return home, for, if he did, he 
must necessarily be the murderer of bis father, 



and the husband of his mother. This answer of 
the oracle terrified him; he knew no home but 
the house of Polybus, therefore he re&olv< d i ot 
to return to Corinth, where such calamities .-.p- 
parently attended him. He travelled towards 
Phocis, and in his journey met in a n;;rrow ro; d 
Laius on a chariot with his armour-bearer. 
Laius haughtily ordered QEdipus to niake way 
for him. CEdipus refused, and a contest ensued, 
in which Laius and his armour-bearer were both 
killed. As CEdipus was ignorant of the quality 
and of the rank of the men whom he had just 
killed, he continued his jottrney, and was at- 
tracted to Thebes by the fame of the Sphynx. 
This terrible monster, which Juno had sent to 
lay waste the country, (Ftd. Sphynx,) infested 
the neighbourhood of Thebes, and devoured all 
those who attempted to explain, without success, 
the enigmas which he proposed. The calamity 
was now become an object of public concern, ard 
as the successful explanation of an enigma would 
end in the death of the Sphynx, Creon, who, at 
the death of Lai^.i5, had ascended the throne ot 
Thebes, promised his crown and Jocasta to him 
who succeeded in the attempt. The enigma 
proposed was this: What animal in the morning 
walks upon four feet, at noon upon two, and in 
the evening upon three? This was left for CEdi- 
pus to explain; he came to the monster and said, 
that man in the morning of life walks upon his 
hands and his feet; when he has attained the 
years of manhood, he walks upon his two legs; 
and in the evening, he supports his old age with 
the assistance of a staff. The monster, mortified 
at the true explanation, dashed her head against 
a rock and perished. GP^dipus ascended the 
throne of Thebes, and married Jocasta, by whom 
he had two sons, Polynices and Eteocles, and 
two daughters, Ismena and Antigone. Some 
years after, the Theban territories were visited 
with a plague; and the oracle declared that it 
should cease, only when the murderer of king 
Laius was banished from Boeotia. As the deatii 
of Laius had never been examined, and the cir- 
cumstances that attended it never known, this 
answer of the oracle was of the greatest concern 
to the Thebans; but G^dipus, the friend of liis 
people, resolved to overcome every difficulty by 
tlie most exact inquiries. His researches were 
successful, and he was soon proved to be the 
murderer of his father. The melancholy dis- 
covery was rendered the more alarming, when 
CLdipus considered that he had not only mur- 
oered his father, but that he had committed in- 
cest with his mother. In the excess of his grief 
he put out his eyes, as unworthy to see the light, 
and banished himself from Thebes, or, as some 
say, was banished by his own sons. He retired 
towards Attica, led by his daughter Antigone, 
and came near Colonos, where there was a gri;ve 
sacred to the Furies. He remembered that he 
was dc omed by the oracle to die in such a place, 
and to become the source of prosperity to the 
country in which his bones were buried. A 
messenger upon tiiis was sent to Theseus, king 
of the country, to inform him of the resolution v( 
Cbldipus. When Theseus arrived, CEdipus ac- 
quainted him, with a prophetic voice, that the 
gods had called him to die in the place where he 
stood; and to show the truth of this, he walked, 
himself, without the assistance of a guide to the 
spot where he mupt expire. Immediately the 
earth opened, and CEdi[)Us disappeared. Some 
suppose that CEdipus had not children by Jocasta, 



CKNE 



(ESQ 



end that the mother murdered herself as soon as 
sh" knew the incest which had been committed. 
His tomb was near the Areopagus, in ihe age of 
Pausanias Some of the ancient poets represent 
him in hell, as suffering the punishment which 
crimes like his seemed to deserve. According 
ti) some, the four children which he had were by 
Euriganea, the daughter of Periphas, whom he 
married after the death of Jocasta. Apollod. 3, 5. 

— Hy gin fab. fi6, &.c.—Sophocl. CEJip. Tyr. et Col. 
Antig. hc—Paus. 9, 5. Sec — 5fa<. Theb. 8, 642. 

- Senec. in (Edip.—AtJien. 6 el 10. 

CEneus, a king of Calydon in .Etolia, son of 
Parthaon or Portheus, and Euryte. He married 
Althaea, the dau;ihter of Thestius, by whom he 
had Ciymenus, Meleager. Gorge, and Dejanira. 
Alter Althaea's death, he mr.rried PeribcEa, the 
(laughter of Hipponous, by whom he had Tydeus. 
In a general sacrifice, which CEneus made to all 
the gods upon reaping the rich produce of his 
fields, he forgot Diana, and the goddess, to re- 
venge this unpardonable neglect, incited his 
neighbours to take up arms against him, and be- 
sides she sent a wild boar to lay waste the coun- 
try of Calydon. The animal was at last killed 
by Meleager and the neighbouring princes of 
Greece, in a celebrated chace, known by the 
name of the chace of the Calydonian boar. 
Some time after Meleager died, and CEneus 
was driven from his kingdom by the sons of 
his brother Agrius, Diomedes, however, his 
grandson, soon restored him to his throne; but 
the continual misfortunes to which he was ex- 
posed, rendered him melancholy. He exiled 
himself from Calydon, and left his crown to his 
son-in-law Andremon. He di?d as he w as going 
to Argolis. His body was buried by the care of 
Diomedes in a town of Argolis, which from him 
r-ceived the name of (Enoe. It is reported that 
CEneus received a visit from Bacchus, and that 
he suffered the god to enjoy the favours of Al- 
thaja, and to become the father of Dejanira, for 
w hich Bacchus permitted that the wine of which 
he was the patron should be called among the 
Greeks bv the name of CEneus (olvo^.) Hygin. 
fab. m.—Apo'lod. 1, ^. ^ Homer. II. % 539. - 
Pam. 2. i5. Ovid. Met 8, 510. 

Xl^NIAD 'E, a city of Acarnanin, near the mouth 
of the Achelous. It w as founded at the command 
of an oracle by Alcmspon, after the mrirde'' of 
his mother. It was a place of great strtngfii and 
importance, and was formerly called Erysiche. 
lis site is probablv occupied bv Trigardon^ Thu- 
njd. 1, 111. 2, 1 02.' 3. 77.—Liv'.26. 24. 38, 11. 

CEnides. a patronymic of Meleager, son of 
CEneus. Ovid. Met. S. Jab. 10. 

(i^KOE, a demus or borough of Attica, belong- 
ing to the tribe Mantis. Strab S Another 

borough of Attica, on the confines of BoBotia, near 
Eleutlierae, It belonged to the >-ribe of Hippo- 

thoon. Strab. 8. A small Corinthian fortress, 

near the promontory of Olmias. Strab. 8. — Xen. 
Hist. Gr. 4, 5, 5. — ^A city of Elis, thought by 
some to be the same with Ephyre, seated near 
the sea on the road leading from Elis to the coast, 

and 120 stadia from that city. Strab. 8. A 

town of Argolis. between Argos and Mantinea, 
and on the Arcadian frontier. It was said to have 
been founded by Diomed. and named after his 
grandfather CF^neus. The site of this place is 
still called Enoa. Pans. 2, 25.- Apollod. 1, 8, 6. 

O-^NOM-iCS, a son of Mars by Sterope, the 
daughter of Atlas. He was king of Pisa in Elis, 
and father of Hippodamia by Euarete, dpughter 



of Acrisius. or Eurythoa, the daughter of Danan«:.i' 
He was informed by the oracle that he should' 
perish by the hands of his son in-law, therefore 
as he could skilfully drive a chariot, he deter- 
mined to marry his daughter only to him who 
could outrun him, on condition that all who en- 
tered the list should agree to lay down tlieir 
lives if conquered. Many had already perished, 
when Pelops, son of Tantalus, proposed himself. 
He previously bribed Myrtilus, the charioteer of 
CF^nomaus, by promising him the enjoyment offi 
the favours of Hippodamia, if he proved victori-pi 
ous. Myrtilus gave his master an old chariot, 
whose axle-tree broke on the course, which wast: 
from Pisa to the Corinthian isthmus, and O-Jno- 
raaus was killed. Pelops married Hipp- damia, cc 
and became king of Pisa. As he expired, CKno-l: 
maus entreated Pelops to revenge the perfidy of' 
Myrtilus, which was executed. Those that had," 
been defeated when Pelops entered the lists, I 
were Marmax, Alcathous, Euryalus, Eurj n-.a- ;i 
chus, Capetus, Lasius, Acrias, Chalcodon, i.y-'J 
curgus, Tricolonus, Prias, Aristomachus, jEolius,il 
Eur^ thrus, and Chronius. Apollod. 2 i.~Paus. i 
5. 17. 6, 11, 8cc. — Propert. 1, 2, 20. - Oiid. in lb. ■ 
367. - Art. Am. 2, 8. Heroid. 8, 70. 

CF'.NONE. a nymph cf mount Ida, daughter of 
the river Cebrenus in Phrjgia. As she had re- - 
ceived the gift of prophecy, she foretold to Paris, ^ 
whom she married before he was discovered to" 
be the son of Pr?am, that his voyage into Greece 
would be attended with the most serious conse- 
quences, and the total ruin of his country, and 
that he should have recourse to her medicinal 
knowledge at the hour of death. All these pre 
dictions were fulfilled; and Paris, when he had 
received the fatal wound, ordered his body to be 
carried to CF.none, in hopes of being cured by 
her assistance. He expired as he came into her 
presence; and G-^none was so struck at the Fi^ht 
of his dead body, that after bathing it with her 
tears, she stabbed herself to the earth. She was 
mother of Cory thus by Paris, and this son perished 
by the hand of his father, when he attempted, .it 
the instigation of G-^none, to persuade him to 
withdraw his affection from Helen. Dictys. Crct, 
— Or?c/. de Rem. Amor. 457. Heroid. 5. 

G;nofia, one of the ancient names of the 
island ^sina. Ovid. Met. 7, 473. 

Q-^NOPION. a son of Ariadne by Theseus, or, 
according to others by Bacchus. He married i 
Heiice, by w hom he had a daughter called Hero, t' 
or Merope, of whom the giant Orion became en- 
amoured. The father, unwilling to give his 
daughter to such a lover, and afraid of provoking 
him by an open refusal, evaded his applications, 
and at last put out his eyes when he was intoxi- 
cated. Some suppose that this violence was of- 
fered to Orion after he had dishonoured Merope. 
ffinopion received the island of Chios from 
Rhadamanthus, who had conquered most of the 
islands of the JEgenn sea, and his tomb was still 
seen there in the age of Pausanias. Some sup- 
pose, and with more probability, that he reigned 
not at Chios, but at iEgina. which from him was 
called Q'lnopia. Plut. in Thes. — Apollod. 1, 4. — 
Paus. 7, 4. 

Q-'.NOTRI. the inhabitants of CF.nntria. 

CKnotria. a name derived from the ancient 
race of the CEnotri, and in early use among the 
Greeks to designate a portion of the south-eastern 
coast of Italy. The name is said by some to 
have been obtained from CEnotrus. a Sabine or 
Latin chief, or from ffinotrus, a son of Lycaon,' 



G?XO 



503 



OLB 



.il Mht* led a colony of Arcadians thither; but by 
li' others from oI»of the Greek word for wi7ie. With 
V lise poets of a later age it is a general appellation 

!i>r all Italy. The CEnotri, as they were called, 

ap;>ear to have been spread over a large portion 

(.t southern Italy, and may be regarded, not as a 
•I very early branch of che primitive Italian stock, 

but rather as the last scion propagated in a 

southerly direction, 
ii OiNOTRlDES. small islands, two in number, 
j ofiF the coast of Lucania, and a little above the 
! promontory of Palinurus. They lay in front of 
' the city of Velia, where the river Heles empties 
j itself into the sea. PUn. 7, 7. 
j Cr.NOTRUS, a son of Lycaon of Arcadia. He 
1 passed into Magna Graecia with a colony, and 
\ )i-A\'e the name of ffinuiria to that part of the 

country where he settled. Dionys. Hul. 1, 11. — 

Paus. 1, 3. 

(-Knus, a town of Laconia, supposed to have 
been situated on the river of the same name, 
flowing near Sellasia. The modern name is 
; fchelesina. Polyh. 2, Q'3.— Liv. 34, 2S. 

Lr^NUSSiE, small islands in the »^igean sea, be- 
tween Chios and the mainland, now Spalmadores, 
or Egoniii. Herod. 1, Wj. —Tliucyd. 8, 24.— 

' Plin. 5, 31. -Small islands off the coast of 

Messenia, and nearly facing the city of Mt thone. 
They are two in number, and are now called 
Sapienxa and Cabrera. Pans. 4, 34. — PUn. 4, 11. 
I a<^ONUS, a son of Licymnius, killed at Sparta, 
! where he accompanied Hercules, who burned the 
body, and conveyed the ashes to his father. 
Eustathius as.-igns two reasons why the custom i 
of burning corpses came to be of such general use 
in Greece; the first is because bodies were thought 
to be unclean after the soul's departure, and 
therefore were purified by fire; the second reason ; 
I is, that the soul being separated from the gross 
and inactive matter, might be at liberty to take 
its flight to the heavenly mansions. 

Q'^TA, a celebrated chain of mountains in Thes- 
saly, whose eastern extremity in conjunction 
with the sea forms the famous pass of Thermo- 
j pylae. It extended its ramifications westward 
i into the country of the Dorians, and still farther 
j into ^tolia, while io the south it was connected 
with the mountains of Locris and those of Bceo 
I tia. Its modern name is Katavothra. Sophocles 
represents Jove as thundering on the lofty crags 
of ffita. The highest summit, according to Livy, 
was named Callidromus: it was occupied by Cato 
with a body of troops in the battle fought at the 
jiass of Thermopylae, between the Romans under 
Acilius Glabrio, and the army of Antiochus, and, 
owing to this manoeuvre, the latter was entirely 
j routed. Herodotus describes the path by which 
i the Persian army turned the position of the 
I Greeks, as beginning at the Asopus. Its name, 
as well as that of the mountain is Anoposa. It 
leads along this ridge as far as Alponus, the first 
Locrian town. On the summit of mount (J^ta 
were two castles, named Tichius and Rhoduntia, 
which were successfully defended by the .^Eto- 
lians against the Romans. Liv. 36, 15 et 19.— 
' Slrab. 9 et 10. Herod. 7. 216 et 217.- Soph. 
\ Track. 43&.—Plin. 4, 7. 

Q^^TYLUS, a town of Laconia, so called from an 
Argive hero of that name, was situate eighty 
stadia from Thalamae. Homer has noticed it 
among the towns subject to Menelaus. Strabo 
i observes it was usually called Tylus. Ptolemy 
I writes the name Bityla, and it is still known by 
j that of FitiUo. Pausanias noticed here a temple 



of Serapis, and a statue of Apollo Carneius in 
the foruna. Paus. 3, Jifi. — Homer. 11. 2, 5bij. — 
Strab. 8. 

Ofellvs, a man whom, though unpolished, 
Horace represents as a character exemplary lor 
wisdom, economy, and moderation. Horat. Sat. 
2, 2, 2. 

Oglasa. a small island off the coast of Etru- 
ria, some distance below Planasia, famed for its 
wine, now Monte Cri-to. Plin. 3, 7- 

Ogulnia Lex, by Q. and Cn. Oi-'ulnius, tri- 
bunes of the commons, A. U. C 453, that the 
number of the pontifices should be increased to 
eight, and of the augurs to nine; and that fi;ur < f 
the former and five of the latter should be chu.-en 
from among the plebeians. 

Ogyges, a celebrated monarch, the most an- 
cient of those that reigned in Greece. He was 
son of Terra, or, as some suppose, of Neptune, 
and married Thebe, the daughter of Jupiter. He 
reigned in Boeotia, which, from him, is some- 
times called Ogygia, and his power was also 
extended over Attica. It is supposed that he was 
of Egyptian or Phoenician extraction; but his 
origin, as well as the age in w hich he lived, and 
the duration of nis reign, are so obscure and un- 
known, that the epithet of Ogygic.ri is often ap- 
plied to every thmg of dark antiquity. In the 
reign of Ogyges there was a deluge, which so 
inundated the territories of Attica, that th«y re- 
mained waste for near 200 years. This, though 
it is very uncertain, is supposed to have hap 
pened about 1764 years before the Christian era, 
previous to the deluge of Deucalion. According 
to some writers, it was owing to the overflowing 
of one of the rivers of the country. The reign of 
Ogyges was also marked by an uncommon ap- 
pearance in the heavens, and as it is reported, 
the planet Venus changed her colour, diameter, 
figure, and her course. Farro de R. ii. 3, 1 . — 
Paus. 9, b.-Aug. de Civ. D. IS, &c. 

Ogyqia, a name of one of the gates of Thebes 
in Boeotia. Lucan. 1, 675. One of the daugh- 
ters of Niobe and Amphion, changed into stones. 

Apol'od. — Paus. 9, 8. An ancient name of 

Boeotia, from Ogyges who reigned there.— ^ — The 
island of Calypso, opposite the promontory of 
Lacinium in Magna Graecia, where Uly.^ses was 
shipwrecked. The situation, and even the exis- 
tence of Calvpso's island, is disputed by some 
writers. PUh. 3, 10.- Homer. Od. 1, 52 et t5. 
5, 254^ 

Ogyris, an island in the Indian ocean. 

OlCLEL'S, a son of Antiphates and Zeuxippe, 
who married Hypermnestra, daughter of Thes- 
tius, by whom he had Iphianira, Polyboea, and 
Amphiaraus. He w as killed by Laomedon whr 
defending the ships which Hercules had brou'" 
to Asia, when he made war against Trov. ^ 
mer. Od. 15, 243.- Diod. i.—ApoUod. 1,'8. 
-Paus.a,]?. 

OiLEUS, a king of the Locrians. His /^^^ 
name was Odoedocus, and his mother' 
nome. He married Eriope bv whor p*^. 
Ajax. called Oileushom his fathe'r, to d'^"'"'"tf ^ 
him from Ajax the son of Telamr- " 
also another son called Medon, b- a couriezaiv 
called Rhene. Oileus was one of -if ^^^^''"fr *! 
Firg. An. 1, ro.—Apollon. l.-/-^=*"-„-'^°-o m 
18. Homer. /Z. 13, 697. 15. o^,^- Apollod. 3, 10 

OLBIA, a city of Bithvnia, i> the eastern angle 
of the Sinus Olbianus, the sinie witli Asiacus. 

{Fid. Astaeus) A city oi the coast ol Pam- 

phylia, west of Attalea, Pto.. A town on Ul»»- 



OLC 



501, 



OI.Y 



i 



c<^ast of Gaul, founded by the Massilienses. It 

^v;ls also called Athenopolisl A town on the 

eastern coast of Sardinia, said to have been 
founded by the Thespians. It was at one time 
the residence of the governor of the island, and 
was the usual landing place from Italy. Cic. ad 
Q. Frat. 2, ep. 3, 6, 8.— CLaudian. de Bell. Gild. 

519 Or Olbiopolis, a city of European Sar- 

matia, situate at the mouth of the Borysthenes, 
and built by the Milesians. It was also called 
Miletopolis, after its founders, and sometimes 
Borysthenis, from being near the mouth of this 
great river. It was a splendid and well fortified 
city, containing many temples and other public 
buildings, as well as a handsome palace, which 
the king of the Scvthians caused to be built there 
for himself. Siral. 7.—Plin. 4, 12. 

Olchixium, or Olcinium. now Dulagno. a 
t' wn of Dalmatia, on the coast of the Adriatic. 
Liv. 45, 26. 

Olkaros. Vid. Antlparos. 

Olen. styled by Pausanias the Hyperborean, 
was the head of a sacerdotal colony which came 
from the north, and established itself at first in 
Lycia. Olen afterwards retired to Delos, whi- 
ther he transplanted the worship of Apollo and 
Diana, and the birth of %\hich deities in the 
country of the Hyperboreans, he celebrated in 
his hymns. He made the Greeks acquainted with 
Ilythia, a goddess of the north, who assisted La- 
tona in her delivery. The recital of the odes of 
this ancient poet was accompanied « itb solemn 
shows and dances. He flourished long before the 
time of Orpheus. 

Olenics, a Lemnian, killed bv his wife. Val. 
Flac. -2, 164. 

(JLENUS, a son of Vulcan, who married Le- 
thaea, a beautiful w oman, who preferred herself 
to the goddesses. She and her husband were 
changed into stones by the offended deities. 

Ovid. Met. 10, 68. A famous soothsayer of 

Etruria. Piin. 2S, 2. An ancient city of 

.(Etolia, in the vicinity of Pleuron, and known 
to Homer, who enumerates it in his catalogue. 
It was destroyed by the iEolians, and preserved 
bui few vestiges in Strabo's time. The goat 
Amalthasa is called Olenia by the poets, because 
nurtured in the vicinitv of this place. Horn. II. 

2, 633. Slrab. ]0. — Ovid. Met. 2, 594. One 

of the most ancient of the cities of Achaia, situ- 
ate on the western coast, at the mouth of the 
river Peirus. According to Polybius it was the 
only one of the twelve cities which refused to 
accede to the confederation, upon its renewal 
fter an interruption of some years. In Strabo's 

^e it was deserted, the inhabitants having re- 

Hfi to the adjacent villages. Polyb. 2, 41, 7. — 



thi 



'^SIPO, now Liibon, a city of Lusitania, at 



I f v^ aY''''^ Tagu.-«, near the Atlantic ocean 

Julia "^^°'C'pium, with the surname Felicitas 
' ^ was fabled to have been built by Ulys- 
surrounding countrv was famous for 
' fleet horses. Pli'n. 4, 35. 8, 42.— 



TK 

its breed 
Fcn ro. R. j_ ^ 

OLLius r'jhg fafj^gj. Poppaa, destroved 
oti account o.his inttmacvwith Sejanus, &e. 

I. ""' • '^5. A river rising in the Alps, 

S. 2 103 '^^"^^ ^Slio. 

Ollov^CO, a prnce of Gaul called the friend 
G. Tm ^- ^^'^ Roman senate. Go's. Bell. 



Olmius, a river of Bcsotia, near Helicon, sa.,' 
cred to the Muses. Stat. Theb. 7. 284. 

OLYMPIA, (prum,) celebrated games whicb^' 
received their name either from Olympia where 
they were observed, or from Jupiter Olympius, 
to whom they were dedicated. They were, ac-, 
cording to some, instituted by Jupiter after his' 
victory over the Titans, and first observed by the 
Ida;i Dactyli, B. C. 1453. Some attribute' the 
institution to Pelops, after he had obtained a' 
victory over CEnomaus and married Hippodamia;! 
but the more probable, and indeed the more le- 
ceived opinion is, that they were first established- 
by Hercules in honour of Jupiter Olympius,; 
after a victor5' obtained over Augias, B. C. 1222. 
Strabo objects to this opinion, by observing, that 
if they had been established in the age of Homer,! 
the poet w ould have undoubtedly spoken of them, 
as he is in every particular careful in mention- 
ing the amusements and diversions of the an- 
cient Greeks. Bwt they were ne^jlected after 
their first institution by Hercules, and no notice i 
was taken of them according to many writers,! 
till Iphitus, in the age of'the lawgiver of Sparta, I 
renewed them, and instituted the celebration 
with greater solemnity. This re-institution, 
which happened B. C. 884, forms a celebrated 
epoch in Grecian historv, and is the beginning 
of the Olympiads. ( JVc/. Olympias.) They, how- 
ever, were neglected for some time after the ase 
of Iphitus, till Corosbus, «ho obtained a victory 
B. C. 776, re-instituted them to be regularly and 
constantly celebrated. The care and superin- 
tendence of the games "ere entrusted to the peo- 
ple of Elis, till they were excluded by the Pisa;- 
ans, B. C. 364, after the destruction of Pisa. 
These obtained great privileges ^rom this ap- 
pointment; they were in danger neither of vio- 
lence nor war. but they were permitted to enjoy 
their possessions without nn)lestation, as the 
games were celebrated within their territories. 
Only one person superintended till the 50th 
olympiad, when two were appointed. In the 
103d olympiad, the number was increased to 
twelve, according to the number of the tribes of 
Elis. But in the following olym.piad, they were 
reduced to eight, and afterwards increased to ten, 
w hich number continued till the reign of Adrian. 
The presidents were obliged solemnly to swear 
that they would act impartially, and not take 
any bribes, or discover why they rejected some 
of the combatants. They generally sat naked 
and held before them the crown w hich was pre- 
pared for the conqueror. There were also cer- 
tain officers to keep good order and regularity, 
called aXvrai, much the same as the Roman lie- 
tors, of whom the chief was called aXvTapxvi- No 
women were permitted to appear at the celebra- 
tion of the Olympian games, and whoever dared 
to violate this law, was immediately thrown down 
from a rock. This however was sometimes ne- 
glected, for we find not only women present at 
the celebration, but also some among the com- 
batants, and some rewarded with the crown. 
The preparations for these festivals were great. 
No person was permitted to enter the lists if he 
had not regularly exercised himself ten months 
before the celebration at the public gymnasium 
of Elis. No unfair dealings were allowed, and 
whoever attempted to bribe his adversary, was 
subjected to a severe fine. No criminals, nor 
such as were connected h ith impious and guilty 
persons, were suffered to present themselves as 
combatants; and even tlx; father and relationfl 



OLY 



505 



OLY 



were obliged to swear that they would have re- 
course to no artifice which might decide the vic- 
tory in favour of their friends. The wrestlers 
were appointed by lot. Some little balls, super- 
scribed with a letter, were thrown into a silver 
urn, and such as drew the same letter were 
obliged to contend one with the other. He who 
had an odd letter remained the last, and he often 
had the advantage, as he was to encounter the 
last who had obtained the superiority over his 
adversary. Fie was called I'^e^poj. In these 
games were exhibited running, leaping, wrest- 
ling, boxing, and the throwing of the quoit, 
which was called altogether n-evTaeXov, or quin- 
queriium. Besides these, there were horse and 
chariot races, and also contentions in poetry, 
eloquence, and the fine arts. The only reward 
that the conqueror obtained, was a crown of 
olive; which, as some suppose, was in memory 
of the labours of Hercules, which were acccm- 
plished for the universal good of mankind, and 
for which the hero claimed no other reward than 
the consciousness of having been the friend of 
humanity. So small and trifling a reward stim- 
ulated courage and virtue, and was more the 
source of great honours than the most unbound- 
ed treasures. The statues of the conquerors, 
called Olympionicae, were erected at Oljmpia, 
in the sacred wood of Jupiter. Their return 
home was that of a warlike conqueror; they w ere 
drawn in a chariot by four horses, and every 
where received with the greatest acclamations. 
Their entrance into their native city was not 
through the gates, but, to make it more grand 
and more solemn, a breach was made in the 
walls. Painters and poets were employed in 
celebrating their names; and indeed the victories 
severally obtained at Olympia are the subjects of 
ihe most beautiful odes of Pindar. The com- 
batants were naked; a scarf was originally tied 
round their waists, but when it had entangled one 
of the adversaries, and been the cause that he 
lost the victory, it was laid aside, and no regard 
was paid to decency. The Olympic games were 
observed every fifth year, or to spoak with 
greater exactness, after a revolution of four years, 
and in the first month of the fifth year, and they 
continued for five successive days. As they 
were the most ancient and the most solemn of 
all the festivals of the Greeks, it will not appear 
wonderful that they drew so many people to- 
i;ether, not only inhabitants of Greece, but of 
the neighbouring islands and countries. Find. 
Olym.-^Paus. 5, 67, &c.— Plut. in Thes. Lyc. &c. 
■ ^lian. V. H. 10, i.-Cic. Tusc. I, 46.~Lucian. 
de Gym — Tsetz. in Lycophr.— C. Nep. in. VrcB/. 

— Virg. G. 3, 49. A name given to the aj;gre- 

gate of temples, altars, and other structures on 
the banks of the Alpheus in Eiis, in the imme- 
diate vicinity of the spot where the Olympic 
t'ames were celebrated. It was not, as many 
have incorrectly supposed, a city, nor did it at 
all resemble a city. The main feature in the 
picture was the sacred grove Altis, planted, as 
legends told, by Hercules, and which he dedi- 
cated to Jupiter. Throughout this grove were 
scattered in rich profusion the most splendid 
monuments of architectural, sculptural, and pic- 
torial skill. The site was already celebrated as 
the seat of an oracle; but it was not until the 
Eleans had conquered the Pisatae, and destroyed 
their city, that a temple w as erected to the god 
with the spoils of the vanquished. This temple 
of Jupiter was a Doric t difice, sixty eight ftet in 



height from the ground to the pediment, ninety- 
five feet wide, and two hundred and thirty loi.g; 
its roof was covered with Pentelic marble, and 
at each of its extremities was placed a gilt urn. 
"Within the temple was the statue of Jove, the 
chef d' (Finre Phidias, portrayed in the sub- 
lime attitude and action conceived by Homer. 
The figure was of ivory and gold, and of such 
vast proportions, that though seated, it almost 
reached the ceiling: the head was crowned with 
olive; the right hand grasped an image of victory, 
the left a sceptre, curiously wrought of different 
metals, on which was perched an eagle; the san- 
dals and vesture were of gold. The throne on 
which the god was represented as sitting, was 
composed of gold, ebony, and ivory, studded with 
precious stones, and em.bellished" with paintings 
and the finest carved work. The altar of Jupiter 
was entirely composed of ashes collected from 
the burnt thighs of victims, which being softened 
and mixed with water from the Alpheus, formed 
a kind of cement; it was twenty-two feet high, 
and one hundred and twenty-five in circumfer- 
ence. Here daily sacrifices were offered by the 
Eleans, independent of those performed during 
the great solemnities. The stadium, so called 
from its length, was a mound of earth, where the 
foot-races were held; near it was the hippodrome, 
likew ise surrounded by a mound of earth. Above 
these rose the Cronium, or hill of Saturn, on the 
summit of which, at the vernal equinox, the 
priests offered animal sacrifices to the gC'd. 
Find. Olymp. 10, bl.~Paus. 5, 11 et 12. -/io?«. 
11. 1, 528, &:c.— Si7ab. 8. 

Olympias, a certain space of time which 
elapsed between the celebration of the Olympic 
games. The Olympic games w ere cel» braied 
after the expiration of four complete years, w hence 
some have said that they were observed every 
fifth year. This period of time was called Oh m- 
piad, and became a celebrated era among tho 
Greeks, who computed their time by it. The 
custom of reckoning time by the celebration (.f 
the Olympic games, was not introduced at the 
first institution of these festivals, but to spe;:k 
accurately, only the year in which Chorcebus oh- 
tained the prize. This Olympiad, which has 
always been reckoned the first, fell, according to 
the accurate and learned computations of some 
of the moderns, exactly 7?C years before the 
Christian era, in the year of the Julian period 
393S, and 23 years before the building of Rome. 
'Ihe games were exhibited at the time of the fiill 
moon, next after the summer solstice; therefore 
the Olympiads v. ere of unequal lengths, becau&o 
the time of the full moon differs eleven days 
every year, and for that reason they SGmelimcs 
began the next day after the solstice, and at other 
times four weeks after. The computations by 
Olympiads ceased, as some suppose, alter ti e 
3ti4th, in the year 440 of the Christian era. It 
was universally adopted, not only by the Greeks, 
but by many of the neighbouring countrits, 
though still the Pythian games served as an epoch 
to the people of Delphi and to the Boeotians, the 
Ntma;an games to the Argives and Arcadians, 
and the Isthmian to the Corinthians, and the in- 
habitants of the Peloponnesian isthmus. To the 
Oh mpiads history is much indebted. They have 
served to fix the time of many monu ntous events, 
and indeed before this method of computifig tinit 
was observed, every page of hi-fury is mostly 
fabulous, and filled with obtt unty and cor;(radic- 
j tion, and no true chronolcgical account can be 



OLY 



506 



OLY 



properly established and maintained with cer- 
tainly. The mode of computation, which was 
ujseil after the suppression of the Olympiads and 
of the consular fasti of Rome, was more useful as 
it was more universal; but while the era of the 
preatioa of the world prevailed in the east, the 
western nations in the sixth century began to 
adopt with more propriety the Christian epoch, 
whic;i was propagated in the eighth century, and 
at last, in the tenth, became legal and popular. 

A celebrated woman, who- was daughter of a 

kintr of Epirus, and who married Philip king of 
Macedonia, by whom she had Alexander the 
Great. Her haughtiness, and, more probably, 
her infidelity, obliged Philip to repudiate her, 
and to marry Cleopatra, the niece of king Atta- 
lus. Olympias was sensible of this injury, and 
Alexander showed his disapprobation of his 
father's measures by retiring^ from the court to 
his mother. The murder of Philip, which soon 
followed this disgrace, and vvhich some have at- 
tributed to the intrigues of Olympias, was pro- 
ductive of the greatest extravagancies. The 
queen paid the highest honour to her husband's 
murderer. She gathered his mangled limbs, 
placed a crown of gold on his head, and laid his 
ashes near those of Philip. The administration 
of Alexander, who had succeeded his father, was, 
in some instanciS offensive to Olympias; but 
when the ambition of her son w as concerned, she 
did not scruple to declare publicly, that Alexan- 
der was not the son of Philip, but that he was the 
offspring of an enormous serpent which had 
supernaturally introduced itself into her bed. 
When Alexander was dead, Olympias seized the 
gnvei-nment of Macedonia, and, to establish her 
usurpation, she cruelly put to death Aridaeus, 
with his wife Eurydice, as also Nicanor, the 
brother of Cassander, with 100 leading men of 
Macedon, who were inimical to her interest. 
Such barbarities did not long remain unpunished; 
Cassander besieged her in Pydna, where she had 
retired with the remains of her family, and she 
was obliged to surrender after an obstinate siege. 
The conqueror ordered her to be accused, and 
to be put to death. A body of 200 soldiers were 
directed to put the bloody commands into execu- 
tion, but the splendour and majesty of the queen 
disarmed their courage, and she vvas at last mas- 
sacred by those whom she had cruelly deprived 
of their children, about 316 years before the 
Christian era. Justin. 7, 6 9, 7. — Plut. in Alex. 

OLYMPIODORUS, an Alexandrian philosopher 
who flourished .ibout the year 430 B. C. He is 
celebrated for his knowledge of the Aristotelian 
doctrines, and was the master of Proclus, who 
attended upon his school before he was twenty 

years of age. A Platonic philosopher, who 

flourished towards the close of the sixth century. 
He was the author of Commentaries on four of 
Plaro s dialogues, the first Alcibiades, the Phae- 
don, Gorgias, and Philebus. The first of these 
contains a life of Plato, in which we meet with 
certain particulars relative to the philosopher, 
not to be found else\vhere. This Olympiodorus 
was a native of Alexandria, and enjoyed great 
reputation in that capital, as will appear from a 
distich appended to his Commentary on the Gor- 
gias.— A native of Alexandria, a peripatetic, 
who flourished during the latter half of the sixth 
century. He was the author of a Commentary 
on the Meteorology of Aristotle, which was edited 
by Aldus. V^'net. 1551, fol. 

OLYMPU's. a surname of Jupiter at Olympia, 



where the end had a ceiebr.ited temple and 
statue, whicli passed for one of the seven won- 
ders of the world. It was the worli of Phidias. 
Paus. 7, 2 -— -A native of Carthage, called also 

Nemesianus. {Vid. Nemesianus.) A favourite 

at the court of Honorius, who was the cause of 
Stilicho's death. 

0LY3IPUS, a famous musician, a native of 
Mysia, who lived before the Trojan war. He 
was the disciple of Marsyas. Plato, Aristo- 
phanes, and Aristotle, cite his verses.— —.An- 
other, a native of Phrygia. who lived in the time 
of Midas, Aristoxenus relates that he composed, 
in the Lydian mode, the air lor the flute which 
expressed the funeral sorrows for the death of 
Python, To him likewise are ascribed the Ce- 
rulean, Minervan, Harmatian and Spondean 
modes. Plutarch says that h*; was the first who 
introduced among the Greeks the knowledge of 
stringed instruments; and that he instituted the 
custom of celebrating with the flute, hymns to 
the polycephalie nome in honour of the gods. 
Plato says that his music inflamed his auditors; 
Aristotle, that it exalted the soul; and Plutarch, 
that it surpassed in simplicity all other music. 

A physician of Cleopatra, queen of Egypt, 

from whose writings Plutarch derived his account 

of tiie last hours of that princess. A celebrated 

mountain, on the coast of Thessaly, forming the 
limit when regarded as an entire ranse, between 
the latter country and Macedonia. The highest 
summit in the chain, to which the name of Olym- 
pus was specially confined by the poets, was 
fabled to be the residence of the gods, and well 
deserved the honour. Travellers, who have 
visited these shores, dwell with admiration on 
the colossal magnificence of Olympus, which 
seems to rise at once from the sea to hide its 
snowy head among the clouds. Dr Holland, 
who beheld it from Litochori at its foot, observes, 
" We had not before been aware of the extreme 
vicinity of the town to the base of Olympus, from 
the tiiick fogs which hung over tis for three suc- 
cessive days, while traversing the country; but 
on leaving it, and accittentally looking back, we 
saw through an opening in the fog a faint outline 
of vast precipices, seeming almost to overhang 
the place, and so aerial in their aspect, that for a 
few minutes we doubted whether it might not be 
a delusion to the eye. The fog, however, dis- 
persed yet more on this side, and partial open- 
mgs were made, through which, as through 
arches, we saw the sunbeams resting on the 
snowy summits of Olympus, which rose into a 
dark blue sky far above the belt of clouds and 
mist that hung upon the sides of the mountain. 
The transient view we had of the mountain from 
this point showed us a line of precipices of vast 
height, forming its eastern front toward the sea. 
and broken at intervals by deep hollows or 
ravines, which were richly clothed with forest 
trees. The oak, chestnut, beech, plane-tree, &c., 
are seen in great abundance along the base and 
skirts of the mountain, and towards the summit 
of the first ritlge large forests of pine spread 
themselves along the acclivities, giving that 
character to the face of the mountain, which is 
so often alluded to by the ancient poets." The 
modern name of the mountain, with the Greeks, 
is Elirnbo, and with the Turks Semai'at Evi. 
Eurip. Bacch. 409 et 561. Troad. 2\5. — Hnm. Od. 

11. dH.— Virg. Georg. 1, 282. 3, 223 Lucan.^, 

341. A moimtain in Mysia. on the confines of 

Bith-ynift, above the city of Prus.a. It was one of 



OLY 



5C7 



ONE 



the highest summits in Asia Minor, being covered 
with snow during great part of the year. Tt)e 
lower parts, and the plains at the loot, especially 
on the western side, had from the earliest period 
been occupied by the Mysians, whence it was 
generally denominated the Mysian Olympus, 
Its sides were covered with vast forests, which 
afforded shelter to wild beasts, and not unfre- 
quently to robbers, who erected castles there, 
and other strongholds. Its modern name is 
Anadoli dagh. PUn. 5, Z2,. — Stiab. 12. — Herod. 

1, 36. 'A mountain, to the north-west of An- 

cyra, in Galatia, and on the confines of Bithynia. 
Some suppose it to be the same with Didymus, 
or at least a part of this chain. Liv. 38, 18.— 
Polyb. 12, 20.— A mountain on the borders of 
Arcadia and Laconia, in the vicinity of Sellasia. 
Polyb. 2, 65.— 'A mountain chain on the eastern 
coast of Cyprus: the mountain in this range 
particularly called Olympus, was (iirectly on the 
shore, and just below the promontory of Dinare- 

tum. Sirab. 14. A mountain in Lycia, on 

the eastern coast, above the Sacrum Promonto- 
rium. A city of the same name stood on a part 
of it. Cic. in Verr. 1, 21.— Euii-op. 6, 3.— PUn. 
5, 27.—Flor. 3, 6. 

Olynthus, a powerful city of Macedonia, in 
the district of Chalcidice, at the head of the 
Sinus Toronaicus. It was founded probably by 
the Cha'.cidians and Eretrians of Euboea. It 
was celebrated for its many contests with Philip 
and the Athenians, and for the eloquence of De- 
mosthenes in its behalf. It was at last taken 
and destroyed by Philip, and its inhabitants sold 
into slavery. Its ruins are now called Agios 
Mamas. Strab. lO.— Diod. Sic. 16, 514 et 539.— 
Demosth. Olyr'th. 2. Phil. S.~ Justin. 8, 4. 

Ombos or Ombi, now Kbum-Ombo, a city of 
Egypt, a little north of Syene, on the eastern 
side of the Nile. It was famous for the worship 
of the crocodiles, in defence of which the Ombitaj 
fought battles with the people of Tentyra and 
Apollonopolis. The horrible tffects of their re- 
ligious zeal are ably satirized by Juvenal. Sat. 
15, 35. 

OmolE or HOM OLE, a mountain of Thes-aly. 

Virg j^in. 7- 675. There were some festivals 

called Homoleia, which were celebrated in Bow)tia 
in honour of Jupiter, surnamed Homo'eius. 

OMOrHAGlA, a festival in honour of Bacchus. 
The word signifies the eating of raw flesh. Vid. 
Dionysia. 

Omphale, a queen of Lydia, daughter of 
Jardanus. She married Tmolus, who, at his 
'death, left her mistress of his kingdom. Om- 
phale had been informed of the great exploits of 
Hercules, and wished to see so illustrious ajiero. 
Her wish was soon gratified. After the muider 
of Eurytus, Hercules fell sick, and was ordered 
to be sold as a slave, that he might recover his 
heaUh, and the right use of his senses. Mercury 
was commissioned to sell him, and Omphale 
bought him, and restored him to liberty. The 
ihero became enamoured of his mistress, and the 
queeri favotired his passion, and had a son by 
him, whom some call Agelaus, and others La- 
mon. From this son were descended Gyges and 
Croesus; but this opinion is different from the 
account which makes these L>dian monarclis 
spring from Alcaeus, a son of Hercules by Malis, 
one of the female servants of Omphale. Her- 
cules Is represented by the poets as so despe- 
rately pnamoured of the queen that, to conciliate 
her (Bieeu), he spins by her bide aniong her 



women, while she covers herself with the lion's 
skin, and arms herself with the club o( (he hero, 
and often strikes him with her sandals for the 
uncouth manner with which he holds the distaif. 
&c. Their fondness was mutual. As they once 
travelled together, they came to a grotto On 
mount Tmolus, where the queen dressed herself 
in the habit of her lover, and obliged him to 
appear in a female garment. Alter they had 
supped, they bolh retired to rest in different 
rooms, as a sacrifice on the morrow to Ba';chus 
required. In the night, Faunus, or according to 
others. Pan, who was enamoured of Omphalf, 
introduced himself into the cave. He went to 
the bed of the queen, but the lion's .'■kin per- 
suaded him that it was the dress of Hercules, 
and therefore he repaired to the bed of Hercules, 
in hopes to find there the object of his affection. 
The female dress of Hercules deceived him, and 
he laid himself down by his side. The hero was 
awaked, and kicked the intruder into the middle 
of the cave. The noise awoke Omphale, and 
Faunus was discovered lying on the ground, 
greatly disappointed and ashamed, Ovid. Fast. 
2, 305, &c —Apollod. 1, 9. 2, l.—Diod. 'i.-^Pio- 
pert 3, 11, 17. 

Omphalos, a place of Crete, sacred to Jupi- 
ter. 

OnaR€S, a priest of Bacchus, who is supposed 
to have married Ariadne after she had been 
abandoned by Theseus. Plut. in Thes. 

Ona-sImus, a sophist of Athens, who flourished 
in the reign of Constantine. 

Onatas, a famous statuary of iEgina, son of 
Micon. Pans. 8, 42. 

Onchesmus, a town of Epirus, on the coast, 
situate opposite the western extremity of Cor- 
cyra. Dionysius of Halicarnassus pretended 
that the real name of this place was Anchisae 
Portus, derived from Anchises the father of 
iEneas. Cicero seems to refer to the port of 
Onchesmus, when he speaks of the wind Onches- 
mites as having favoured his navigation from 
Epirus to Brundusium Strab. 7.— Dion. Hal. ], 
32.- - Cic. Ep. ad Att. 7, 2. 

Onchestus, a river of Thessaly, rising near 
Cynoscephalas and falling into the Sinus Pelas- 
gicus. It is supposed to answ er to the niodern 

Patrassi. Liv. 33, 6.— Polyb. 18, 3.' A city of 

Boeotia, mirth-west of Thebes, and south of the 
lake Copais. It received its name from Onches- 
tus, a son of Neptune, whose temple and grove 
are often celebrated by the poets of antiquity. 
Horn. 11. 2, 506. - Find. Jsthm. 4, 32. 

OnesicrItus, a Cynic philosopher, a~ native 
of iEgina, and a disciple of Diogenes of Sinope. 
He was taken into the service of Alexander the 
Great, whom he accompanied in his expedition 
to India, and wrote an account of that under- 
taking on the plan of Xenophon's expedition of 
Cyrus. He is treated by Strabo, and others of 
the ancients, as a fabulous and romantic writer; 
but it is probable that the ignorance of the 
Greeks and Romans relative to India contri- 
buted not a little to render the narrative of 
Onesicritus incredible to his countrymen. He 
survived Alexander, but the exact time of his 
death is not known. His history is no longer 
extant, though some of his details relative to the 
geography and natural history of the regions he 
visited have been pieserved by Strabo, il^han, 
and Pliny. 

ONKSiSu/S, the son of ryflion, a Marrdotijaji 
noblt'u.an, who, having in vain dis^uadrd I'ei- 
2 U 2 



ONI 



5CS 



OPl 



c-vij from undertaking war against the Romans, 
tnd on that account being suspected by the king, 
tied to the Romans, by wliom he was kindly re- 
ceived, and liberally rewarded. Liv. 44, 16. 

ONION, a city of Egypt, south-west of Heroo- 
polis. It was inhabited by Jews, who had a 
temple here, which continued from the time of 
Onias, who built it, to that of Vespasian. Onias 
was nephew to Menelaus, and the lawful succes- 
sor to the priesthood of Jerusalem; but being de- 
prived of his rights by Antiochus Eupator, king 
of Syria, who made Alcimus high-priest in his 
stead, he fled to Egypt, and obtained permission 
from Ptolemy Philometor to build this temple 
there, about i73 B. C This structure remained 
for the space of 243 years, when it was destroyed 
bv order of Vespasian, after the fall of Jerusalem. 
Joseph. Ant. 14, 1 4. Bell. Jud. i, 7- 

Onochonus, a river of Thessaly, falling into 
the Peneus. It was dried up by the array of 
Xerxes. Herod. 7. 196. | 

ONOMACRtTUS, a soothsayer of Athens. It 
is generally believed, that the Greek poem, on 
the Argonautic expedition, attributed to Or- 
pheus, was written by Onomacritus. The elegant 
poems of Musaeus are also, by some, supposed to 
be the production of his pen. He flourished 
about 516 years before the Christian era, and was 
expelled from Athens by Hipparchus, one of the 

sons of Pisistratus. Herod. 7, 6. A Locrian, 

who wrote concerning laws, &c. Aristot. Polit. 2. 

Onomarchus, a Phocian, son of Euthyerates, 
and brother of Philomelus, whom;he succeeded, 
as general of his countrymen, in the sacred war. 
After exploits of valour and perseverance, he 
was defeated and slain in Thessaly by Philip of 
Macedon, who ordered his body to be ignomin- 
iously hung up, for the sacrilege offered to the 
temple of Delphi. He died 353 B. C. Aristot. 

Pol. 5, 4. — Diod. 16. A man to whose care 

Antigonus intrusted the keeping of Eumenes. 
C. Nep, in Eum. 

Onophas, one of the seven Persians who con- 
spired against the usurper Smerdis. Ctesias. 

An officer in the expedition of Xerxes against 
Greece. 

Onosander, a Greek author and Platonic 
philosopher, who flourished about the middle of 
the first century. He was the author of a work 
of considerable celebrity, entitled 
being a treatise on the duties of a general. The 
best editions are, that of Schwebel, Norimb. 
1752, fol., and that of Coray, Paris, 1822, 8vo. 

Onythes, a friend of JEneas, killed by Tur- 
nus. Virg. Mn. 12, 514. 

OpalTa, festivals celebrated by the Romans, 
in honour of Ops, on the 14th of the calends of 
January. 

Opheltes, a son of Lycurgus, king of Thrace. 
He is the same as Archemorus. (^Vid. Archemo- 
rus.) The father of Euryalus, whose friend- 
ship with Nisus is proverbial. Virg. Mn. 9, 201. 

One of the companions of Aeoetes, changed 
into a dolphin by Bacchus. Ovid. Met. 3, fab. 8. 

OPHIAS, a patronymic given to Combe, as 
daughter of Ophius, an unknown person. Ovid. 
Met. 7. 332. 

Ophioneus, was an ancient so-'thsayer in the 
age of Aristodemus. He was born blind. 

OphTr, a pl.".ce or country remote from Ju- 
dcea, to which the ships of Solomon traded. 
There has been much discussion respecting the 
situation of this place; some supposing it to have 
been the island oi Socctra; o'hers, that anciently 



called Tabrobana, which is suppossed by some fo 
have been Ceylon, and by others Sumatra; whilst 
others fix its situation on the continent of India. 
M. Huet, and, after him, Bruce, place Ophir at 
Sofala, in South Africa, where mines of gold and 
silver have been found, which show marks of 
having been very anciently and extensively 
worked. The latter says, also, that the situation 
of this place explains the period of three years 
which the Ophir ships were absent, from the dif- 
ferent courses of the monsoons and trade winds, 
which they would have to encounter going and 
returning. Ruins of ancient buildings have also 
been found in the neighbourhood of these mines. 
Gen. 10, 29. -i Kings, 9, 28. 10, 11.-2 Chron. 8, 
18. 

Ophis, a small river of Asia Minor, forming 
part of the eastern boundary of Pontus. It rises 
in the mountains of the Tzani, and falls into the 
Euxine to the south-west of Rhiza;um. It is 

now the Ouf. A river in Arcadia, running by 

Mantinea. and falling into the Alpheus. Paus. 
8, 8. 

Ophiusa, an island in the Mediterranean, off 
the coast of Spain, and forming one of the Pity- 
usae, or Pine islands. It obtained its name from 
the Greek word Si^iy coluber, owing to its having 
been infested with serpents. It is now called 

Columhretes, or Monte Colubre. A city of Da- 

cia, neiir the mouth of the river Tyras, which 
was also called Tyras. It is supposed to corre- 
spond to the modern Palanka. Plin. 4, 12. 

The earlier name of the island of Tenos. Piin. 

4, 12.' One of the earlier names of the island 

of Rhodes. PZm. 5, 31. 

Opici, the same with the Osci. (Fid. Osci.) 
That Opicus, Opscus, and Oscus, are the same 
name, is expressly remarked by Roman gram- 
marians. The Greek language adopted only ihe 
first form, and the last prevailed in the Latin. 
Fesius de V. Sig. 

Opima Spolia, spoils taken by a Roman 
general from a general of the enemy whom he 
had slain. They were dedicated and suspended 
in the temple of Jupiter Feretrius. These spoils 
were obtained only thrice before the fall of the 
republic; the first by Romulus, who slew Acron, 
king of the Caeninenses, the next by A. Cornelius 
Cossus, who slew Lar Tolumnius, king of the 
Veientes, A. U. C. 318. and the third by M. 
Claudius Marcellus, who slew Viridomarus, 
king of the Gauls, A. U. C. 530. 

Opimius, L. a Roman who made himself 
consul in opposition to the interest and eff'orts of 
the Gracchi. He showed himself a most invete- 
rate enemy to C. Gracchus and his adherents, 
and behaved, during his consulship, with the 
highest severity against the popular party. 
When sent to Africa at the head of an enibassy 
to settle the disputes in the family of Masinissa, 
he suff'ered himself to be bribed by the gold of 
Jugurtha, and made an unfair division of the 
provinces referred to his arbitration. He was 
accused and condemned for this criminal con- 
duct, under the Mamilian law, and retired in 
disgrace and banishment to Dyrrachium, where 
he died in extreme poverty. Cicero speaks with 
commendation of Opimius, but the orator's par- 
tiality might arise from the bias which he enter- 
tained for patrician greatness and unlimited 
power over the plebeians. The year in which 
Opimius was consul was remarkable for a super- 
abundant vintage, henct^ Opimianum vinum. was 
expressive of superior quality. Some of this wine 



OPI 



£09 



ORA 



was still preserved in Pliny's sge, two centuries 
after Opimius' death. Cic' pro Sext. et in I'is. — 

Plut.-Sal. Jug. 16 Plin. 14, 4, 8lc.~ Martial. 

9, 89.— Paterc. 2, 7. A Roman, who killed 

one of the Cimbri in single combat. A rich 

usurer at Rome in the age of Horace, Sat. 2, 3, 
142. 

Opis, a nymph who was among Diana's atten- 
dants, and who avenged the death of her favourite 
Camilla, by shooting Aruns, by whose weapons 
the queen had fallen. The goddess herself is 
called Opis by the Greek poets, and that name 
is likewise applied to one of the three Hyperbo- 
rean nymphs, who introduced the worship of the 
goddess in Delos. The other two were Loxo 
and Hecaerge. Firg. Ain. 11, 532 et 867.— C2C. 
de Nat. D. 3, 23.— Callim. in Dian. 204. In Del. 

292. A town on the river Tigris, in Assyria, 

west of Artemita. It was afterwards called An- 
tiochia. Herod. 1, 189.— Xe7i. Anab. 2, i. — riin. 
6, 27. 

Opitergium, a city of Venetia, in northern 
•Italy, on the right bank of the river Plavis. It 
is now Oderzo. Stnh. 5 — Plin. 3, 19. 

OpItes, a native of Argos, killed by Hector in 
the Trojan war. Homer. II. 

OppIa Lex, by C. Oppius, the tribune, 
A. U. C. 540. It required that no woman should 
wear above half an ounce of gold for ornament, 
have party-coloured garments, or be carried in 
any city or town, or to any place within a mile's 
distance, unless it was to celebrate some sacred 
festivals or solemnities. This famous law, which 
was made while Annibal was in Italy, and while 
Rome was in distressed circumstances, created 
discontent, and, eighteen years after, the Roman 
ladies petitioned the assembly of the people that 
it might be repealed. Cato opposed it strongly, 
and made many satirical reflections upon the 
women for their appearing in public to solicit 
votes. The tribune Valerius, who had presented 
their petition to the assembly, answered the ob- 
jections of Cato, and his eloquence had such an 
influence on the minds of the people, that the 
law was instantly abrogated with the unanimous 
consent of all the comitia, Cato alone excepted. 
Liv. 33 et 34.— Cic de Orat. 3. 

Oppianl'S, a Greek poet and grammarian, 
was a native of Anaxarbus in Cilicia, and flour- 
ished in the beginning of the third century. He 
dedicated two poems, entitled Halieutica, on fish- 
ing, and Cynegetica, on hunting, to the emperor 
Caracalla; with the latter that sovereign was so 
much pleased, that he gave the author a piece of 
gold for each line, hence they obtained the name 
of the golden verses. Both poems have been 
esteemed by various modern critics, as well for 
the force and elegance of the descriptions, as for 
the ingenuity of the thoughts and similes. Op- 
pian likewise composed a work " On Fowling," 
with some other pieces which are lost. He died 
of the plague at the age of thirty, and was hon- 
oured by his townsmen with a statue and a highly 
encomiastic inscription. The best edition of 
Oppian is that of Schneider, Lips, 1813, 8vo. 

Opfidics, a rich old man introduced by Ho- 
race {Sat. 2, 3, 168,) as wisely dividing his pos- 
sessions among his two sons, and warning them 
against those follies and that extravagance which 
he believed he saw rising in them. 

Oppius, C. a friend of Julius Cassar, celebrated 
for his life of Scipio Africanus, and of Pompey 
the Great. In the latter, he paid not much re- 
gard to historical facts, and took every opportu- 



nity of defaming Pompey, to extol the character 
of his patron CiEsar. In the age of Suetonius, he 
was deemed the true author of the Alexandrian, 
African, and Spanish wars, which some attribute 
to Caesar, and others to A. Hirtius. Tacit. Ann. 

12. — Suet, in Ccbs. 53. An officer sent by the 

Romans against Mithridates. He met with ill 
success, and was sent in chains to the king, &c. 

Marcus, a leader of the plebeians at Rome, 

when they retired to mount Aventine from the 

Decemviri. Liv. 3, 51.' Cornicen, one of the 

Decemvirs, who shared the crimes of Appiu-;, 
and on being put in prison, destroyed himself. 

Liu. 3, 35, &c Caius, the author of the Oppian 

law. Fid. Oppia Lex. 

Ops, {Opis), a daughter of Ccelus and Terra, 
the same as the Rhea of the Greeks, who married 
Saturn, and became mother of Jupifer. She was 
known among the ancients by the different nan.es 
of Cybele, Bona Dea, Magna Mater, Thya, Tellus, 
Proserpina, and even of Juno and Minerva; and 
the worship which was paid to these apparently 
several deities was offered merely to one and the 
same person, mother of the gods. The word Ops 
seems to be derived from Opus; because the 
goddess, who is the same as the earth, gives no- 
thing without labour. Tatius built her a temple 
at Rome. She was generally represented as a 
matron, with her right hand opened, as if offering 
assistance to the helpless, and holding a loaf in 
her left hand. Her festivals were called Opnlia, 
&c. Farro de L. L. 4.— Dionys. Hal. 2. &c. — 
Tibull. 4, 68. 

Optimus, Maximus, epithets given to Jupiter 
to denote his greatness, omnipotence, and su- 
preme goodness. They are usually expressed by 
the capitals O. M. 

Opus {Opuntis), one of the most ancient cities 
in Greece, the capital of the Locri Opuntii, 
whose territory lay to the north of Eoeotia, Ac- 
cording to Strabo, it was fifteen stadia from the 
sea, and the distance between it and Cynus, its 
emporium, was sixty stadia. Livy places Opus, 
however, only one mile from the sea. This 
place was celebrated as having been the domain 
of Deucalion and Pyrrha, and as the birth-place 
of Patroclus, Strab 9.- Liv. 28, 6. — Pind. 
Olymp. 9, 62.- Horn. II. 18, 326. 

Oraculum, an answer of the gods to the 
questions of men, or the place where those an- 
swers were. given. Nothing is more famous than 
the ancient oracles of Egypt, Greece, Rome, &c. 
They were supposed to be the will of the gods 
themselves, and they were consulted, not only 
upon every important matter, but even in the 
affairs of private life. To make peace or war, to 
introduce a change of government, to plant a 
colony, to enact laws, to raise an edifice, to 
marry, were sufficient reasons to consult the will 
of the gods. Mankind, in consulting them, 
showed that they wished to pay implicit obedi- 
ence to the command of the divinity, and when 
they had been favoured with an answer, they 
acted with more spirit, and with more vigour, 
conscious that the undertaking had met witli the 
sanction and approbation of heaven. In this, 
therefore, it will not appear wonderful that so 
many places were sacred to oracular purposes. 
The small province of Bosolia could once boast 
other 25 oracles, and Peloponnesus of the same 
number. Not only the chief of the gods gave 
oracles, but, in process of time, heroes v. ere ad- 
mitted to enjoy the same privileges; and the ora- 
cles of a Trophouius and an Antinous, were soon 
2 U 3 



ORA 



510 



ouc 



able to rival the fame of Apoilo and of Jupiter. 
The most celebrated oracles of antiquity were 
those of Dodona, Delphi, Jupiter Ammon, &c. 
(Ftd. Dodona, Delphi, Ammon.) The temple of 
Delphi seemed to claim a superiority over the 
other temples; its fame was once more extended, 
and its riches were so great, that not only private 
persons, but even kings and numerous armies, 
made it an object of plunder and of rapine. The 
manner of delivering oracles was diffei'ent. A 
priestess at Delphi, {Vld. Pythia.) was permitted 
to pronounce the oracles of the god, and her de- 
livery of the answers was always attended with 
acts of apparent madness and desperate fuiy. 
Not only women, but even doves, were the min- 
isters of the temple of Dodona; and the suppli- 
ant votary was often startled to hear his questions 
readily answered by the decayed trunk, or the 
spreading branches of a neighbouring oak. Am- 
nion conveyed his answers in a plain and open 
manner; but Amphiaraus required many ablu- 
tions and preparatory ceremonies, and he gen- 
erally communicated his oracles to his suppliants 
in dreams and visions. Sometimes the first 
words that were heard, after issuing from the 
temple, were deemed the answers of the oracles, 
and sometimes the nodding or shaking of the 
head of the statue, the motions of fishes in a 
neighbouring lake, or their reluctance in accept- 
ing the fond which was offered to them, were as 
strong and valid as the most express anil the 
minutest explanations. The answers were also 
sometimes given in verse, or written on tablets, 
but their meaning was always obscure, and often 
the cause of disaster to such as consulted them. 
Croesus, when he consulted the oracle of Delphi, 
was told that, if he crossed the Halys, he should 
destroy a great empire; he supposed that that 
empire was the empire of his enemy, but unfor- 
tunately it was his own. The words of Aio le, 
JEacida. Romanos vincere posse, which Pyrrhus 
received when he wished to assist the Tarentines 
against the Romans, by a favourable interpreta- 
tion for himself, proved his ruin. Nero was 
ordered by the oracle of Delphi, to beware of 73 
years; but the pleasing idea that he should live 
to that age, rendered him careless, and he was 
soon convinced of his mistake, when Galba, in 
his 73d year, had the presumption to dethrone 
him. It is a question among the learned, whe- 
ther the oracles were given by the inspiration or 
evil spirits, or whether they proceeded from the 
imposture of the priests. Imposture, however, 
and forgery cannot long flourish, and, falsehood 
becomes its own destroyer; and on the contrary, 
it is well known how much confidence an enlight- 
ened age, therefore, much more the credulous 
and the superstitious, places upon dreams and 
romantic stories. Some have strongly believed 
that all the oracles of the earth ceased at the 
birth of Christ, but the supposition is false. It 
was, indeed, the beginning of their decline; but 
ihey remained in repute, and were consulted, 
Ihough perhaps not so frequently, till the fourth 
century, when Christianity began to triumph 
over paganism. The oracles olten suffered them- 
selves to be bribed. Alexander did it, but it is 
well known that Lysander failed in the attempt. 
Herodotus, who first mentioned the corruption 
which often prevailed in the oracular temples of 
Greece and Egypt, has been severely treated for 
his remarks, by the historian Plutarch. De- 
mosthenes is also a witness of the corruption, 
and be obstrved, that the oracks ol Greece were 



servilely subservient to the will and pleasure of 
Philip king of Macedonia, as he beautifully ex- • 
presses it by the word (piXiWTriieiv. It some of the 
Greeks, and other European and Asiatic coun- i 
tries, paid so much attention to oracles, and 
were so fully persuaded of their veracity, and 
even divinity, many of their leading men and of : 
their philosophers were apprized of their deceit, i 
and paid no regard to the command of priests, 
whonnk money could corrupt, and interposition ; 
silence. The Egyptians showed themselves the i 
most superstitious of mankind, by their blind : 
acquiescence in the imposition of the priests, j 
who persuaded them that the safety and happi- 
ness of their lives depended upon the mere mo- ' 
tions of an ox, or the tameness of a crocodile. : 
Homer. II. Od. 10— Herod. 1 et 2- — Xenoph. . 
Memor.— Sirab. 5, 7, &c. — Pai/s. 1, Sec — Plut. i 
de Defect. Orac. de Ages, el de Her. malian. — Cic. 
de Div. 1, 19.— Justin. 24, 6 — Liv. 37.— .E?«a«. i 
V. H. 6. — C. Xep. in Lys. — Aristoph. in Equit. '< 
et Plut. — Demosth. Phil.— Ovid. Met. 1. ; 

Or.s:a, Cflpala) certain solemn sacrifices of , 
fruits offered in the four seasons of the year, to , 
obtain mild and temperate weather. They were ■ 
offered to the goddesses who presided over the , 
seasons, who attended upon the sun, and who 
received divine worship at Athens. 

OrbilIus Pupillus, a grammarian of Bene- 
ventum, who was the first instructor of the poet 
Horace. After serving for some time in the Ro- : 
man armies he in his 60{h year came to Rome in 
the consulship of Cicero, and there, as a public 
teacher, acquired more fame than money. He 
v/i'S naturally of a severe disposition, of which ' 
h's pupils often felt the effects. He lived almost 
to his 1 00th year, and lost his memory some time 
before his death. His countrymen at Beneven- 
tixm. raised a marble statue to his honour. Stiet. • 
de must. Gr. d. — Hvyat. Ep. 2, 1, 71. ' 

Orbona, the tut-'lary goddess of orphans. 
Plin. 2. 7. - Arnob. 4, 

OrcAdes, islands to the nortu of Britain, an- 
swering to the modern Orkney isles. They were ' 
visited and subdued by Agricola, but soon threw I 
off the yoke. Their number is variously given 
by the ancients, but the chief of them were Po- 
mona, or the Mainland, Ocetis, or Hoy Waas,2inil 
Dumna, or S- Ronaldsay. Tacit, in AgiHc. — Juv. 
Sat. 2. 161. 

ORCHAmcs, a king of Assyria, father of Leu- 
cothoe, by Eurynome. He buried his daughter 
alive for her amours with Apollo. Oiid. Met. 4, , 
212. 

OrchTa lex, by Orchius the tribune, A.U.C. ' 
566. It was enacted to limit the number of 
guests that were to be admitted at an entertain- 
ment; and it also enforced, that during supper, 
which was the chief meal among the Romans, 
the doors of every house should be left open. \ 

Orchomekus, a city of BoRotia. near the ! 
Cephissus, and to the north-west ol the lake Co- ' 
pais. It was the second city of Bceotia, and at 
one time of such importance, as to vie with the 
most opulent cities in the world. Orchomenus 
is called by Pindar the city of the graces, from a 
temple consecrated to them there. Its first in- 
habitants were the Phlegyag, a lawless race, who 
were destroyed by the gods for their impiety, 
and were succeeded by the Minyje. from whom 
the city is surnamed Minyeia. Here v*ere the 
tombs of Minyas and Hesiod, the remains of the 
latter having been conveyed hither from Locris 
at the command of Apollo. The ruins of Urchu* 



ORG 



511 



ORE 



jrenus are to be seen near the village of Scripou. 
Paus. 9, 33 et Zo.—Strah. 9. - Hoiri. II. 9, Sbll. 11, 

-cS'S Hymn. Apoil. ■ilQ. — Pind. Qlymp. 14, 1. 

Pyth. 1-2, 4? Apollod. Rliod. 3, 10j4. A city 

of Arcadia, some distance to the north-west of 
Mancinea. It was first situated on the summit 
of a hill, but was afterwards removed to the plain 
below. Tradition assigned its foundation to Or- 
chomenus, the son of Lycaon; and its antiquity 
is further evinced by Homer's mention of it in 
ihe catalogue of ships. Tlie modern village of 
Kalpaki is built on the ruins of this town. Paus. 
8, S.— Hojn. II. 2, 605. Herod. 7, 102. 9, 28.— 
Thucyd. 5, 61. A city of Thessaly, on the con- 
fines of Macedonia. Schol. in Apoll. Rhod. 2, 1166. 

Orcus, one of the names of the god of hell, 
the same as Pluto, though confounded by some 
with Charon. He had a temple at Rome under 
the name of Orcus Quietalis. Those slaves 
who were made free by the will of a master were 
called Orcini literti, to be distinguished from 
those to whom a master in his lifetime had 
granted their liberty. The word Orcus, is gene- 
rally used to signify the infernal regions. Horat. 
Od. 1, 29, Scc.— Virg. Mn. 4, a02, Sic — Ovid. 
Met. 14, 116, &c. 

ORDOVICES, a people of Britain, occupying 
what would correspond, at the present day, to 
the northern portion of Wales, together with the 
isle of Anglesey. Their capital was Mediolanum, 
or Meywood, in Montgomeryshire. Tacit. Hist. 
12, 33. 

OREAdes, nymphs of the mountains, (Spoj, 
mans,) daughters of Phoroneus and Hecate. 
Some call them Orestiades, and give them Jupi- 
ter for father. They generally attended upon 
Diana, and accompanied her in hunting. Virg. 
Mn. 1, 504.— Homer. II. Q.—Strab. 10.— Ovid. 
Met. 8, 787. 

Orest^. a people of Epirus, situate appa- 
rently to the south-east of the Lyncestae, and, 
like them, originally independent of .the Mace- 
donian kings, though afterwards annexed to their 
dominions. At a later period, having revolted 
under the protection of a Roman force, they 
were declared free on the conclusion of peace 
between Philip and the Romans, Their country 
was apparently of small extent, and contained 
but few towns. Liv. 33, 34. 42, 38. 

Orestes, a son of Agamemnon and Clytem.- 
nestra. When his father was cruelly murdered 
by Clytemnestra and iEgisthus, young Orestes 
was saved from his mother's dagger by means of 
his sister Electra, called Laodicea by Homer, 
and he was privately conveyed to the house of 
Strophius, who was king of Phocis, and who had 
married a sister of Agamemnon. He was ten- 
derly treated by Strophius, who educated him 
with his son Pylades. The two young princes 
soon became acquainted, and, from their famil- 
iarity, arose the most inviolable attachment and 
friendship. When Orestes was arrived to the 
years of manhood, he visited Mycenae, and 
avenged his father's death by assassinating his 
mother Clytemnestra, and her adulterer iEgis- 
thus. The manner in which he committed this 
murder is variously reported. According to 
.iEschylus he was commissioned by Apollo to 
avenge his father, and therefore he introdiiced 
himself with his friend Pylades, at the court of 
Mycenae, pretending to bring the news of the 
death of Orestes from king Strophius. He was 
at first received with coldness, and when he came 
into the presence of .^gisthus, who wished to 



inform himself of the particulars, he murdered 
him, and Clytemnestra soon shared the adulter- 
er's fate. Euripides and Sophocles mention the 
same circumstances. JEgisthus was assassinated 
after Clytemnestra, according to Sophocles; and, 
in Euripides, Orestes is represented as murdering 
the adulterer, while he offers a sacrifice to the 
nymphs. This murder, as the poet mentions, 
irritates the guards, who were present, but Ores- 
tes appeases their fury by telling them who he is, 
and immediately he is acknowledged king of the 
country. Afterwards, he stabs his mother, at 
the instigation of his sister Electra, after he has 
upbraided her for her infidelity and cruelty to 
her husband. Such meditated murders, received 
the punishment, which, among the ancients, was 
always supposed to attend parricide. Orestes is 
tormented by the Furies, and exiles himself to 
Argos, where he is still pursued by the avengeful 
goddesses. Apollo himself purifies him, and he 
is acquitted by the decision of the Areopagites, 
whom Minerva herself instituted on this occa- 
sion, according to the narration of the poet ^Es- 
chylus, who flatters the Athenians in his tragical 
story, by representing them as passing judgment, 
even upon the gods them.selves. According to 
Pausanias, Orestes was purified of the murder, 
not at Delphi, but at Trcezene, where still was 
seen a large stone at the entrance of Diana's 
temple, upon which the ceremonies of purifica- 
tion had been performed by nine of the principal 
citizens of the place. There was also, at Mega- 
lopolis in Arcadia, a temple dedicated to the 
Furies, near which Orestes cut otf one of his 
fingers with his teeth in a fit of insanity. These 
different traditions are confuted by Euripides, 
who says, that Orestes, after the murder of his 
mother, consulted the oracle of Apollo at Del- 
phi, where he was informed that nothing could 
deliver him from the persecutions of the Furies, 
if he did not bring into Greece Diana's statue, 
which was in the Taurica Chersonesus, and 
which, as it is reported by some, had fallen down 
from heaven. This was an arduous enterprise. 
The king of the Chersonesus always sacrificed on 
the altars of the goddess all such as entered the 
borders of his country. Orestes and his friend 
were both carried before Thoas, the king of the 
place, and they were doomed to be sacrificed. 
Iphigenia was then priestess of Diana's temple, 
and it w as her office to immolate these strangers. 
The intelligence that they were Grecians de- 
layed the preparations, and Iphigenia was an- 
xious to learn something about a country which 
had given her birth. (Fid. Iphigenia.) She 
even interested her.«elf in their misfortunes, and 
offered to spare the life of one of them provided 
he would convey letters to Greece from her 
hand. This was a difficult trial ; never was 
friendship more truly displayed, according to the 
words of Ovid, ex Pont. 3, 2. 
Ire jubct Pylades carum moriturus Grestem, 

Hie negat; inque vicem pnignat ulerque mori. 
At last Pylades gave way to the pressing in- 
treaties of his friend, and consented to carry the 
letters of Iphigenia to Greece. These were ad- 
dressed to Orestes himself, and, therefore, these 
circumstances soon led to a total discovery of the 
connexions of the priestess with the man whom 
she was going to immolate. Iphigenia was con- 
vinced that he was her brother Orestes, and, 
when the causes ol their journey had been ex- 
plained, she resolved, with the two friends, totly 
from Chersonesus, and to carry away the tt;uue 



ORE 



5J2 



ORI 



of Diana. Their flight was discovered, and ' 
Thoas prepared to pursue them ; but Minerva 
interfered, and told him, that all had been done 
by the will and approbation of the gods. Some 
suppose, that Orestes came to Cappadocia from 
Chersonesus, and that there he left the statue of 
Diana at Comana. Others contradict this tradi- 
tion; and, according to Pausanias, the sta.tue of 
Diana Orthia v/as the same as that which had 
been carried away from the Chersonesus. Some 
also suppose that Orestes brought it to Aricia, in 
Italy, where Diana's worship was established. 
After these celebrated adventures, Orestes as- 
cended the throne of Argos, where he reisned in 
perfect security, and married Hermione, the 
daughter of Menelaus, and gave his sister to his 
friend Pylades. The marriage of Orestes with 
Hermione is a matter of dispute among the an- 
cients. All are agreed that she had been pro- 
mised to the son of Agamemnon, but Menelaus 
had married her to Neoptolemus, the son of 
Achilles, who had shown himself so truly in- 
terested in bis cause during the Trojan x^ar. 
The marriage of Hermione with Neoptolemus 
displeased Orestes; he remembered that she had 
been early promised to him, and therefore he 
resolved to recover her by force or artifice. This 
he effected by causing Neoptolemus to be assas- 
sinated, or assassinating him himself Accord- 
ing to Ovid's epistle of Hermione to Orestes, 
Hermione had always been faithful to her first 
lover, and it was even by her persuasion that 
Orestes removed her from the house of Neopto- 
lemus. Hermione was dissatisfied w ith the par- 
tiality of Neoptolemus for Andromache, and her 
attachment for Orestes was increased. Euri- 
pides, however, and others, speak differently of 
Herraione's attachment to Neoptolemus : she 
loved him so tenderly, that she resolved to 
murder Andromache, who seemed to share, in a 
small degree, the affections of her husband. 
She was ready to perpetrate the horrid deed 
when Orestes came into Epirus, and she was 
easily persuaded by the foreign prince to with- 
draw herself, in her husband's absence, from a 
country which seemed to contribute so much to 
her sorrows. Orestes the better to secure the 
affections of Hermione, assassinated Neoptole- 
mus, (/Yd. Neoptolemus,) and retired to his 
kingdom of Argos. His old age was crowned 
with peace and securit}', and he died in the 90th 
year of his age, leaving his throne to his son 
Tisamenes, by Hermione. Three years after, 
the Heraclidae recovered the Peloponnesus, and 
banished the descendants of Menelaus from the 
tiirone of Argos. Orestes died in Arcadia, as 
some suppose, by the bite of a serpent; and the 
Lacedaemonians, who had become his subjects at 
the death of Menelaus, were directed by an oracle 
to bring his bones to Sparta. They were some 
time after discovered at Tegea, and his stature 
appeared to be seven cubits, according to the 
traditions mentioned by Herodotus and others. 
The friendship of Orestes and Pylades became 
proverbial, and the two friends received divine 
honours among the Scythians and were w(>r- 
shipped in temples. Paus. 1. 2, 4, &c. — Paterc. 
1,1 et 3. Ovid. Heroid. 8. Ex Pont. 3. 2. Met. 
\5. - Euripid. in Grest. Andr. &c. Tphig.- So- 
phocl. in Electr. &c. — .¥!schi/l. in Eum. Agam. &c. 

—Herod. 1, 69. Hygiji. fib. 120. 261. &c. A 

man sent as ambassador by Attila, king of the 
Huns, to the emperor Theodosius. He was 
highly honoured at the Pvonian court, and his son 



Augustulus was the last emperor of the western 

empire. A governor of Egypt under the Ro- ! 

man emperors. A robber of Athens who pre- 
tended madness, &c. Aristoph. Ach. 4, 7 A 

general of Alexander. Curt. 4, 108. 

Oresteum, or OUESTHEUM, called by Pausa- ' 
nias Oresthasium, a town of Arcadia, south-east 
of Megalopolis, in the district of Oresthis. Its 
ruins, according to Pausanias, were to be seen to ' 
the right of the road leading from Megalopolis i 
to Tegcea. Allusion is made to it by Euripides. 
It would seem from Thucydides and Herodotus ' 
to have be?n on the road from Sparta to Teg-xa. 
Pam. 8. 3 et 44. — Eurip. Orest. 16, il.—Thucyd. 
5, 6h—He7od. 9, 11. 

OrestIas, the primitive name of Adrianopo- I 
lis, in Thrace, and which the Byzantine authors 
frequently employ in speaking of that city. The 
name is derived from the circumstance of Orestes | 
having purified himself on this spot, after the 
murder of his mother. Three rivers had here ' 
their confluence, the Hebrus receiving the Ar- i 
discus, or Arda, on one side, and the Tonsus,. or i 
Tonza, un the other. 

Oretani, a people of Hispania Terraconen- 
sis, whose territory is supposed to have corre- 
sponded to the eastern part of Estremadura, the 
middle section of La Mancha, the eastern ex- 
tremity of Jaen, and the northern extremitv of 

Grenada. Liv. 21, 11. 35, l.—Plin. 3, 3 Po'hjb. 

10,38.11,20. ! 

OREL'S, an ancient city of Euboea, in the 
north-eastern part of the island, founded by an i 
Athenian colony. It was situate in the district ' 
of Elliipia. Its primitive name was Histiaea, i 
and it retained this appellation until, having \ 
endeavoured to shake off the galling yoke of 
Athens, after the close of the Persian war, it met I 
with a cruel punishm.ent at the hands of that 
power. The inhabitants were expelled, and 
Athenian colonists were sent to occupy the lands 
which they had evacuated. Strabo informs us, 
that the Histiseans withdrew on this occasion to 
Macedonia. Fri)m henceforth we find the name 
of their town changed to Oreus, which at first 
was that of a small place dependant on Histiasa, 
at the foot of mount Telethrius, and near the 
spot called Drymos, on the banks of the river 
Callas. The ruins of Oreus are still to be seen 
near the coast, opposite to Cape Volo of Thess.^^lv. 

Strah. \0.— Thucyd. 1, 115. 8, 95 Xen. Hist. Gr. 

5, 4, 57. — Liv. iS, 6. 31. 46. 

Orgetorix, one of the chief men of the Hel- 
vetii, while Caesar was in Gaul. He formed a 
conspiracy against the Romans, and when ac 
cnsed, he destroyed himself. Cccs. B. G. 1, 2- &c. 

OrgTa, festivals in honour of Bacchus. Tht y 
are th.e same as the Bacchanalia, Dionysia, &c., 
which were celebrated by the ancients to com- 
memorate the triumph of Bacchus in India. 
J'id. Dionysia. 

Oribasius, an eminent physician of the fourth 
century, burn at Pergamus. He was the pupil 
of Zeno of Cyprus, and became physician to the 
emperor Julian, whom he accompanied in his 
expedition to Persia, and witnessed his death. 
Under the succeeding emperors, Valens and 
Valentinian, he fell into disgrace, was deprived 
of his property, exiled, and obliged to take refuge 
among the barbarians. At length his merit was 
acknowledged, and he was recalled, and recom- 
pensed for his losses. He lived till towards the 
middle of the fifth century. Notwithstanding 
his misfortunes and his travels, he compostd 



ORI 



513 



ORI 



Esany professional works, some of which are still 
extant. The most important is his treatise on 
anatomy, published at Paris, 1656, 8vo; and at 
Levden, 1735, 4to, enriched with notes, by Dr 
W.' Dundas. 

ORICUM, or OrTcus^ a town of Epirus, on the 
Ionian sea, founded by a colony fri>m Colchis, 
according Co Pliny. It was called Dardania. he- 
cause Helenus and Andromache, natives of Troy 
or Dardania, reigned over the country after the 
Trojan war. It had a celebrated harbour, and 
was greatly esteemed by the Romans on account 
of its situation, but it was not well defended. 
The tree which produces the turpentine grew 
there in abundance. Fi?-g. Mn. 10, 136.— Liv. 
24, 40. - PUn. 2, m. — Cces. Bell. Civ, 3, 1, &c.— 
Lucan. 3. 187. 

ORIENS, in ancient geography, is taken for all 
the most eastern parts of the world, such as Par- 
thia, India, Assyria, &c. 

Origenes a father of the church, was born 
at Alexandria, in Egypt, about A. D. 185. He 
received the elements of his education under his 
father, Leofiides, after which he became a pupil 
of Ammonius the philosopher, while Clemens 
Alexandrinus was his preceptor in theology. At 
(he age of seventeen he lost his father, who was 
beheaded for his profession of Christianity. Ori- 
gan had now recourse to the teaching of grammar 
f<:r the support of himself, his mother, and bre- 
thren; but this occupation he relinquished, on 
being appointed professor of sacred learning in 
the church of Alexandria. In this situation he 
distinguished himself by the austerity of his life, 
which he carried so far as to put in practice the 
passage of the gospel, " There be some who have 
made themselves eunuchs for the kingdom of 
heaven." About this time he began his great 
work, called " The Tetrapla;" or the Hebrew 
Bible, with four Greek versions; to which he 
afterwards added two more, and thus gave the 
name of " Hexapla" to the vihole. Origen, by 
taking the order of priest, in Palestine, so of- 
fended his diocesan, Demetrius, that be inter- 
dicted him from teaching, and caused him to be 
banished the city. Upon this he went to Caasa- 
rea, where he was protected by the bishops of 
Palestine. In the persecution raised against the 
church by Maximinus, Origen fled to Athens, 
where he wrote his Commentaries on the Scrip- 
tures. He afterwards convinced Beryllus, bishop 
of Bostra, of his error in regard to the pre-exis- 
tence of Christ; and he next assisted at a council 
called against some Arabians, who maintained 
the death of the soul as well as of the body. In the 
persecution of Decius he w as throw n into prison, 
and so cruelly tortured, that, though his life was 
spared, his health was destroyed by the sufferings 
which he underwent. He died at Tyre, aged 
sixty-nine. In his Commentaries he indulged 
too much the fancy for allegory; and in his other 
works he advanced notions more agreeable to 
the Platonic philosophy than the Scriptures. 
The most offensive of his doctrines related to the 
pre- existence of souls, and the finite duration of 
future punishment. The best of his works is 
that which he wrote against Celsus. Huetius 
published an e dition of Origen, in 2 vols folio; 
and ano'her has been printed by De la Rue, in 
4 vols. fol. 

OrIuN. a celebrated giant .sprung from the 
urine of Jupiter, Neptune, and Mercury. These 
three gofls, as they travelled over IBceotia, met 
viith great hospitality from Hjrieus, a peasant of 



the country, who was ignorant of their dignity 
and character. They were entertained with 
whatever the cottage afforded, and, when Hyrieua 
had discovered that they were gods, because 
Neptune told him to fill up Jupiter's cup with 
wine, after he had served it before the rest, the 
old man w elcomed them by the voluntary sacri- 
fice of an ox. Pleased with his piety, the gods 
promised to grant him whatever he required, and 
the old man who had lately lost his wife, to 
whom he had promised never to marry again, 
desired them, that as he was childless, they 
would give him a son without another marriage. 
The gods consented, and they ordered him to 
bury in the ground the skin of the victim, into 
which they had all three made water. Hyrieus 
did as they commanded, and when, nine months 
after, he dug for the skin, he found in it a beauti- 
ful child, whom he called Vrion, ah urina. The 
name was changed into Orion, by the corruption 
of one letter, as Ovid says, perdidit antiquum 
littera prima sonum. Orion soon rendered him- 
self celebrated, and Diana took him among her 
attendants, and even became deeply enamoured 
of him. His gigantic stature, however, dis- 
pleased ffinopion, king of Chios, whose daughter 
Hero or Merope he demanded in marriage. The 
king, not to deny him openly, promised to make 
him his son-in-law as soon as he delivered his 
island from wild beasts. This task, which CEno- 
pion deemed impracticable, was soon perform.ed 
by Orion, who eagerly demanded his reward, 
d-nopion, on pretence of complying, intoxicated 
his illustrious guest, and put out his eyes on the 
sea shore, where he had laid himself down to 
sleep. Orion, finding himself blind when he 
awoke, was conducted by the sound to a neigh- 
bouring forge, where he placed one of the work- 
men on his back, and by his directions, went to 
a place where the rising sun was seen with the 
greatest advantage. Here he turned his face 
towards the luminary, and, as it is reported, he 
immediately recovered his eyesight, and hasten- 
ed to punish the perfidious cruelty of (Enopion. 
It is said that Orion was an excellent workman 
in iron; and that he fabricated a subterraneous 
palace for Vulcan. Aurora, whom Venus had 
in-^pired with love, carried him away to the 
island of Delos, to enjoy his company with the 
greater security; but Diana, who was jealous of 
this, destroyed Orion with her arrows. Some 
say that Orion had provoked Diana s resentment, 
by offering violence to Opis one of her female 
attendants, or according to others, because he 
had attempted the virtue of the goddess herself. 
According to Ovid, Orion died of the bite of a 
scorpion, which the earth produced to punish his 
vanity in boasting that there was not on earth 
any animal which he could not conquer. Some 
say that Orion was the son of Neptune and 
Euryale, and that he had received from his fa- 
ther the privilege and power of walking over the 
sea without wetting his feet. Others make him 
son of Terra, like the rest of the giants. He had 
married a nymph called Sida before his connex- 
ion with the family of G-:nopion ; but Sida was 
the cau.se of her own death, by boasting herself 
fairer than Juno. According to Diodorus, Orion 
was a celebrated hunter, superior to the rest of 
mankind bv his strength and uncommon stature. 
He built the port of Zancle, and fortified the 
I coast of Sicily against the frequent inundations 
! of the "sea, by heaping a mound of earth, calU-.d 
I Pelorum, on which he built a temple to the gods 



ORI 



5H 



ORO 



of the sea. Aft^r death, Orion was placed in 
heaven, where one of the ccmstellations still 
bears his name. The constellation of Orion, 
placed near the feet of the bull, was composed of 
seventeen stars, in the form of a man holding a 
sword, which has given occasion to the poets 
often to speak of Orion's sword. As the con- 
stellation of Orion, which rises about the ninth 
day of March, and sets about the 21st of June, is 
generalij- supposed to be accompanied at ito ris- 
ing', with great rains and scorms, it has acquired 
the epiihet of aquosus, given it by Virgil. Oiion 
was buried in the island of Delos, and the monu- 
ment which the people of Tanas ra in Bceotia 
showed, as containing the remains of this cele- 
brated hero, was nothing but a cenotaph. The 
daughters of Orion distinguished themselves as 
much as their father; and when the oracle had 
declared that Bceotia should not be delivered 
from a dreadful pestilence before two of Jupiter's 
children were immolated on the altars, they joy- 
fully accepted the offer, a,nd voluntarily sacri- 
ficed themselves for the good of their country. 
Their names were Menippe and Metioche. They 
had been carefully educated by Diana, and Ve- 
nus and MinerA'a had made them very rich and 
valuable presents. The deities of hell were 
struck at the patriotism of the two females, and 
immediately two stars were seen to arise from 
the earth, which still smoked with the blood, 
and they were placed in the heavens in the form 
of a crown. According to Ovid, their bodies 
were burned by the Thebans, and from their 
ashes arose two persons, whom the gods soon 
after changed into constellations. Firg. /En. 3, 

bM.—Apollod. ]. A. — Ovid. Met. S et 13 Hyoin. 

fab. 125. - Propel t. 2, li.—Horat. Od. 2, 13. 3. 4 
et 27. Epod. 10, Sec. - Catull. de Beren.— Par- 
then, erotic. 20. 

Oeithyia. a daughter of Erectheus, king of 
Athins, by Praxithea, She was courted and 
carried away by Boreas, king of Thrace, as she 
crossed the Ilissus, and became mother of Cleo- 
pitra, Chione. Zetes. and Calais. Apollod. 3, 15. 
— Ovid. Met. G, 706. Fa.it. 5, 2{j\.~Paus. 1,19. 5, 

19. One of the Nereides. A daughter of 

Cecrops, who bore Europus to Macedon. One 

of the Am.az!)ns. famous for her warlike and in- 
trepid spirit Justin. 2, 4. 

ORMEXUS, a king of Thes-saly, son of Cerca- 
phus. He built a town, which w'as called Orme- 
nium. Ke was father of Amvntor. Homer. II. 
P. 44S. 

i )K_VEjE, a town of Argolis, north-west of Ne- 
n^ea, and near the confl-nes of the country. It 
V. as founded by Orneus. son of Erectheus. The 
OmeatEe were originally independent of Argos: 
but, in process of time, having been conquered 
by their more powerful neighbours, from lonians' 
they became Dorians, as Herodotus informs us. 
But we may observe that, according to Homer, 
this place was held in subjection by the sove- 
reign^ of Mycenae as early as the time of the 
Tn jan war.' Thucydides writes that Ovnes was 
destroyed in the sixteenth year of the Pelopon- 
nesian war, after it had been abandoned bv t!ie 
inhabitants. P.ius. 2. 25. - Herod. 8, 73. - Hoin. 
II. 2, :,7].— Thunjd. 6. 7. 

Ornithi.^:, a wind blowing from the north in 
the spring, and so called from the appearance of 
birds (hpvidfs, ares'). Colum. 11,2 

ORNlTis. a friend of ^Eneas. kQlcd by Ca- 
milla in the Ruiulian wars. Vir^. .'En 11. 677. 

OliNoSFADES, a Paithian, drivc-n from his ! 



country by Artabanus. He assisted Tiberius, 
and w as made governor of .Niacedonia, &c. Tadt. 
Ann. 6. 37. 

ORODES, a prince of Parthia, who murdered 
his brother Mithridates, and a.'^cended his throne. 
He either in person according to Paterculus, or 
by Surena his general, as several authors sup- 
port, defeated Crassus, the Roman triumvir, and 
poured melted gold down the throat of his fallen 
enemy, to reproach him with his avarice and 
ambition. He followed the interest of Cassius 
and Brutus at Philippi. It is said, that, when 
Orodes became old and infirm, his thirty children 
applied to him, and disputed, in his presence, 
tneir right to the succession. Phraates, the 
eldest of them, obtained the crown from his 
father, and, to hasten him out of the world, he | 
attempted to poison him. The poison had no : 
effect : and Phraates, still determined on his , 
father's death, strangled him with his ov^n hands, i 
about thirty-seven years before the Christian 
era. Orodes had then reigned about fifty years. : 

Jusli7i. 42, i, — Poterc 2, 30. Another, king of • 

Parthia, murdered for his cruelty. Joseph. Jud. i 

18. One of the friends of ^Eneas in Italy, 

killed by Mezentius. T'irg. ^n. 10, 732, &c. 

ORCETES, a Persian governor of Sardis, famous 
for his cruel murder of Polycrates. He died ; 
B. C. 521. He was put to death by order of 
Darius Hystaspes, on account of various offences ■ 
committed by him, more particularly for having 
destroyed Mitrobates, governor of Daschylium, >; 
and his son Cranapes, and for having put to death 
a royal messenger. Historians are not quite a 
agreed about the name of this man. He is called ■ 
by some Orontes. Herod. 3, 120, &c, : 

Oromedon, a lofty mountain in the island of r 
Cos. Theocrit. 7. A giant. Propert. 3, 7, 48. , 

Orontes, a river of Syria, rising on the east- I 
em side of the range of Libanus, and, after pur- 
suing a northerly course, entering the Mediter- 
ranean, opposite the island of Cyprus. It is a 
rapid and troubled river, and is said to have been ; 
formerly called Typhon, from the giant of that j 
name, who being struck by the thunderbolts of i 
Jupiter, sought refuge under the earth, and j 
thereby caused the bursting forth of the river. ; 
It was also called Axius by the Macedonians, 
after the great river of their own country, a name 
"hich it fti il preserves in that of Aasx;i/. Dioiiys. 
Pcrieg. Odd. Met. 2, 24S. - Sirab. id. Pans. 
S, 20. 

Oropus, a city on the borders of Attica and j 
Bceotia, on the lower bank of the Asopus, and ; 
not far from its mouth. The possession of this j 
pl.Tce was long the object of e;!ger contest be- \ 
fween the Athenians and the Boeotians. In the ' 
Peloponnesian ^^ar we find it occui)icd by the . 
Atlu'ns.-.ns, but towards the close of that contest ' 
we hear of the city being surprised by the Bceo- ) 
tians, w ho retained p'. ssession of it for many i 
years. In consequence of a sedition which oc- 
curred there, the Thebans changed the site of the i 
place, and removed it about seven stadia from . 
the sea. After the overthrow of Thebes, Oropus 
was ceded to the Athenians by Alexander. 
Hence Livy, Pausanias, and Pliny, place the 
town in Attica. Strabo, Dic^e.irchus, and Ste- i 
phanus Byz., on the other hand, ascribe it to l 
Bceotia. Oropus is now called Popo, and con.' 
tains onlv few and imperfect ruins. Pans. 1, 34. 
— Tlwcy'd. 2, 23. 8, (iC Diod. Sic 13. 'A'A -~^A. 
city in the i.sland of Eubcca. Aami. MarctlL , 
30, 4. 



ORO 



515 



ORT 



OROSTus, Pau'n^. a r.-xtive of H's; ania Terra- 
2onensis, who flourished about the beginning of 
the fifth century, under Arcadius and Honorius. 
He was in early life a disciple of St Augustine. 
The city of Rome having beeri taken by Alaric, 
king of the Goths, the pagans attributed that, 
and the other misfortunes which had befallen the 
empire, to the alteration of the national religion 
from heathenism to Christianity. It was to 
justify the Christians from this reproach that 
Orosius, at the request of St Augustine, under- 
took his principal work, entitled Hormesta. in 
which he exhibits a view of the most important 
events from the creation of the world to his own 
time, in order to show that great calamities had 
happened in every age, and that the Roman em - I 
pire had not been more exen>pt from them at any i 
other period than since the birth of Christ. This ' 
treatise forms a kind of general chronicle, or 
universal history, divided into seven books. 
The author has fallen into some important mis- 
takes, especially in point of chronology, notwith- 
standing which, his work became exceedingly 
popular in the middle ages, and it was translated 
into Anglo-Saxon, and commented on by king 
Alfred. Orosius wrote a'so against the heresy of 
Pelagius. and on other theological topics. The 
best edition of his history is that of Havercamp, 
Lugd. B. 173S, 4to. 

OROSPEDA Mons, a chain of mountains in 
Spain; properly speaking, a continuation of the 
range of Idubeda. One part terminates, in the | 
form of a segment of a circle, on the coast of ; 
Mujcia and Grenada, while two arms are sent off 
in the direction of Baetica, one of which pursues 
nearly a we.-tem direction, and is called Mons 
Marianus, now Sierra Morena; the other runs 
more to the south-west, nearer the coast, and is 
called Mons Ilipula, now Sierra Nevada, ending 
on the coast at Calpe, or Gibraltar. Strab. 3. 

Orpheus, a son of Ct-.ager, by the muse Cal- 
liope. Some suppose him to be the son of 
Apollo, to render his birth more illustrious. He 
received a lyre from Apollo, or, according to 
some, from Mercury, upon which he played with 
such a masterly hand, that even the most rapid 
rivers ceased to flow, the savage beasts of the 
forest forgot their wildness, and the mountains 
moved to listen to his song. All nature seemed 
charmed and animated, and the nymphs were 
his constant companions. Eurydice was the only 
one who made a deep impression on the melo- 
dious musician, and their nuptials were cele- 
brated. Their happiness, however, was short: 
Arisfaeus became enamoured of Eurj'dice, and, 
as she fled from her pursuer, a serpent that was 
lurking in the grass, bit her fpot, and she died of 
the poisoned wound. Her loss was severely 
felt by Orpheus, and he resolved to recover her, 
or perish in the attempt. With his lyre in his 
hand, he entered ti^ie infernal regions, and gained 
an easy admission to the palace of Pluto. The 
king of hell was charmed with the melody of his 
strains; and, according to the beautiful expres- 
sions of the poets, the wheel of Ixion stopped, 
the stone of Sisyphus stood still, Tantalus forgot 
his perpetual thirst, and even the Furies re- 
lented. Pluto and Proserpine were moved with 
his sorrow, and consented to restore him Eury- 
dice, provided he forbore looking behind till he 
had come to the extremest borders of hell. The 
conditions were gladly accepted, and Orjiheus 
was already in sight of the upper regions of the 
air, when he forgot his promises and turned back 



to Ifu-.k at his long lo?t Fur \ dice. He saw bpr, 
but she instantly vanished from his eyes. He 
attempted to follow her, but he was refused ad- 
mission; and the only comfort he could find, was 
to soothe his grief at the sourd of his n u^ie.il 
instrument, in grottoes, or on the mountain?. 
He totally separated himself from the society of 
mankind; and the Thracian women, whom he 
had offended by his coldness to their amon us 
passion, or, according to others, by his unnjitur.d 
gratifications, and impure indulgences, attacked 
him while they celebrated the orgies of Bacchus, 
and after they had torn his body to pieces, they 
threw into the Hebrus his head, which still aiti- 
culated the words Eurydicel Eurydice! as it wf-s 
carried down the stream into the .^gean sea. 
Orpheus was one of the Argonauts, of which 
celebrated expedition he wrote a poetical account 
still extant. This is doubted by Aristotle, who 
says, according to Cicero, that there never 
existed an Orpheus, but that the poems which 
pass under his name, are the compositions of a 
Pythagorean philosopher named Cercrps. Ac- 
cording to some of the moderns, the Argonaidica., 
and the other poems attributed to Orpheus, are 
the productions of the pen of Onomacritus, a poet 
who lived in the age of Pisistratus, tyrant of 
Athens. Pausanias, however, and Diodorus 
Siculus, speak of Orpheus as a great poet and 
musician, who rendered himself equally cele- 
brated by his knowledge of the art of war. by ths 
extent of his understanding, and by the laws 
M hich he enacted. Some maintain that he was 
killed by a thunderbolt. He was buried at 
Pi^ria in Macedonia, according to Apollodorus. 
The inhabitants of Dion boasted that his tomb 
was in their city, and the people of mount Libe- 
thrus, in Thrace, claimed the same honour, and 
farther observed, that the nightingales which 
built their nests near his tomb, sang w ith greater 
melody than all other birds. Orpheus, as some 
report, after death received divine honours, the 
Muses gave an honourable burial to his remait>s, 
and his lyre became one of the constellations in 
the heavens. The best edition of Orpheus is 
that of Gesner, 8vo, Lips. 1764. Diod. 1, &c. — 
Pans. 1, ik.c.—Apollod. 1, 9, &c.— Cic. de Nat. D. 
1, 38.— Apollon. 1 — Firg. Mn. 6. 645. G. 4, 457, 
Sic.—Hygin.fah. 14, &c.— Ortd. Met. 10, /oA. 1, 
&c. 11, fab. i.— Plato, Polit. \0.— Horat. Od. 1, 
13 et 35.-^ Orpheus. 

ORPHNE, a nymph of the infernal regions, 
mother of Ascalaphus by Acheron Ovid. Met. 
5, 549. 

Oesilochus. a son of Idomeneus, killed by 
Ulysses in the Trojan war, &c. Homer. Od. 13, 

260. A son of the river Alpheus. A Trojan 

killed by Camilla in the Rutulian wars, &c. 
Firg. JEn. 1], 636 et 690. 

ORSIPPUS, a man of Megara, who was pre- 
vented from obtaining a prize at the Olympic 
games, because his clothes were entangled as he 
ran. This circumstance was the cause that, for 
the future, all the combatants were obliged to 
appear naked. Pans. 1, 44. 

ORTALUS, M. a grandson of Hortensius, who 
was induced to marry by a present from Augus- 
tus, who wished that ancient family not to be 
extinguished. Tacit. Ann. 2, 37. — Val. Max. 3, 
5.- Suet, in Tiber. 

OrthIa, a surname of Diana at Sparta. Tn 
her sacrifices it w as usual for bovs to be hipped. 
{Vid. Diamastigo>is.) Pint. inThes. &c. 

ORTHRUS, or OR IHO.S, a dog which belonged 



ORT 



516 



osi 



to CrPryon. He had two heads, and was sprung 
from the union of Echidna and Typhon. He 
was destroyed by Hercules. Hesiod. Theog- 310. 
— Apollod. 2, 5. 

Ortygia, a grove near Ephesus. Tacit. Ann. 

3, 61. A small island of Sicily, within the bay 

of Syracuse, which once foi-med' one of the four 
quarters of that great city. It was in this island 
that the celebrated fountain Arethusa arose. 
{Vid. Syracusae.) Vlrg. Mn. 3, 694. An an- 
cient name of the island of Delos. Some sup- 
pose that it received this name from Latona, who 
fled thither when changed into a quail (tspTu?) by 
Jupiter, to a%'oi i the pursuit of Juno. Diana 
was called Ortygia. as being born there; as also 
Apollo. Ovid. Met. 1, 651. Fad. 5, mi.—Virg. 
^n. 3, 124. 

Ortygius, a Rutulian killed bv ^neas. 
Virg. JE71. 9, 573. 

Orus, or HORUS. one of the gods of the Egyp- 
tians, son of 0<iris and Isis. He assisted his 
mother in avenging his father, who had been 
murdered by Typhon. Orus was skilled in me- 
dicine, he was acquainted with tuturity, and he 
made the good and the happiness of his subjects, 
the sole object of his government. He was the 
emblem of the sun among the Egyptians, and he 
was generally represented as an infant, swathed 
in variegated clothes. In one hand he held a 
staff, which terminated in the head of a hawk, in 
the other a whip with three thongs. Herod. 2. 

— Plut. dehid.et Os.—Diod. 1. The first, king 

of Troezene. Fans. 2, 30. 

OSCA, a town of Hispania Baelica, in the terri- 
tory of the Turdetani. It is supposed to corre- 
spond to the modern Huesva. in Arragon. 

OSCHOPHORTA, a festival observed by the 
Athenians. It receives its name i-rro roi (pkptiv 
Tuj haxa-i, from carryiyig boughs hung up icith 
grapes, called oaxai. Its original institution is 
thus mentioned by Plutarch. (O. Thes.) The- 
seus, at his return from Crete, forgot to hang out 
the white sail, by which his father was to be ap 
prised of his success. This neglect was fatal to 
iEgeus, who threw himself into the sea and 
perished. Theseus no sooner reached the land, 
than he sent a herald to inform his father of his 
safe return, and in the mean time he began to 
make the sacrifices which he vowed when he 
first set sail from Crete. The herald, on his en- 
trance into the city, found tlie people in great 
agitation. Some lamented the king's death, 
while others, elated at the sudden news of the 
victory of Theseus, crowned the herald with 
garlands in demonstration of their joy. The 
herald carried back the garlands on his staff to 
the sea-shore, and afrer he had waited till The- 
seus had finished his sacrifice, he related the 
melancholy story of the king's death. Upon 
this, the people ran in crowds to the city, show- 
ing their grief by cries and lamentations. From 
that circumstance, therefore, at the feast of the 
Oschophoria, n^t the herald but his staff was 
crowned with garlands, and all the people that 
were pre^nt always exclaimed eXeXet, lov. lov, 
the first of which expresses haste, and the others 
a consternation or depression of spirits. The 
historian further mentions that Theseus, when 
he went to Crete, did not take with him the usual 
number of virgins, but that instead of two of 
them, he filled up the number with two youths 
of his acquaintance, whom he made pass for 
women, by disguising their dress, and by using 
th« m to the ointments and perfumes of women. 



as well ashy a long and successful imitation of 
their voice. The imposition succeeded ; their 
sex was not discovered in Crete; and when The- 
seus had triumphed over the Minotaur, he, with 
these two youths, led a procession with branches 
in their hands, in the same habit which is still 
used at the celebration of the Oschophoria. The 
brar.ches which were carried, were in honour of 
Bacchus or Ariadne, or because they returm d 
in autumn, when the grapes were ripe. Besides 
this procession, there was a race also exhibited, 
in wliich only young men, whose parents were 
both alive, were permitted to engage. It was 
usual for them to run from the temple of Bacchus 
to that of Minerva, which was on the sea-shore. 
The place where they stopped was called oirxo- 
(popioy, because the boughs which they carried in 
their hands were deposited there. The reward 
of the conqueror was a cup called TrtvTairXoa, five- 
fold, because it contained a mixture of five dif- 
ferent things, wine, honey, cheese, meal, and 
oil. 

Osci, one of the most ancient tribes of Italy, 
perhaps the primitive stock of the peninsula. 
They seem to have occupied at first the central 
regions of the country, and to have afterwards 
extended themselves widely both west and. east. 
In the first direction they formed the several 
communities distinguished by the name of La- 
tini, Rutuli, Volsci, Campani, and Sidicini. In 
the central districts they constituted the Sabine 
nation, from whom were descended the Picentes, 
as well as the .-Equi, Marsi, Hernici, Peligni, 
Vestini, and Marrucini. From the Osci or 
Opici again, in conjunction with the Liburni, an 
Illyrian nation, who had very early formed set- 
tlements on the eastern coast of Italy, we must [ 
derive the Apuli and Daunii, Peucetii, and ^ 
Poediculi, Calabri, lapyges, and Messapii. The I 
Greeks, who formed numerous settlements in 
the south of Italy after the siege of Troy, found 
these several people and the CEnotri still' farthei > 
south, in posses.sion of the country. But the i 
ffinotrian name disappeared, together with its , 
subdivisions, into the Leutarnii, Chones, and | 
Itali; when the Samnite nation, which derived ) 
its origin from the Sabines, had propagated the ■ 
Oscan stock to the extren)ity of the peninsula, 
under the various denominations of Hirpini, i 
Pentri, Caraceni, Frentani, and subsequently of 
the Leucani and Bruttii. The Opici were the i 
same w ith the Osci. Fid. Opici. 

OsiNlUS, a king of' Clusium, who assisted I 
JEneas against Turnus. Firg. Mn. JO, 655. I 

Osiris, a great deity of the Egyptians, son of j 
Jupiter and Niobe. All the ancients greatly | 
differ in their opinions concerning this celebrated i 
god, but they all agree that, as king of E^ypt, he 
took iiarticular care to civilize his subjects, ta I 
polish their morals, to give them good and salu- j 
tary laws, and to teach them agriculture. Afier ' 
he had accomplished a reform at home, Osiris 
resolved to go and spread civilization in the | 
other parts of the earth. He left his kingdom to 
the care of his wife I-is, and of her faithful 
minister Hermes or Mercury. The command of 
his troops at home was left to the trust of Her- 
cules, a warlike officer. In this expedition, j 
Osiris was accompanied by his brother Apollo, | 
and by Anubis, Macedo, and Pan. His march i 
was through ^Ethiopia, where his army w as in- 
creased by the addition of the Satyrs, a hairy 
race of monsters, w ht) made dancing and playing 
on musical instruments their chief study. He 



OSI 



617 



OST 



nTterwards passed through Arabia, and visited 
the greatest par! of the kingdoms of Asia and 
Europe, where he enlifjhtened the minds of men 
by introducing among them the worship of the 
gods, and a reverence for the wisdom of a su- 
preme being. At his return home, Osiris found 
the minds of his subjects roused and agitated. 
His brother Typhon had raised seditions, and 
endeavoured to make himself popular. Osiris, 
whose sentiments were always of the most pacific 
nature, endeavoured to convince his brother of 
his ill conduct, but he fell a sacrifice to the at- 
tempt. Typhon murdered him la a secret apart- 
ment, and cut his body to pieces, which were 
divided among the associates of his guilt. Ty- 
phon, according to Plutarch, shut up his brother 
in a coffei-, and threw him into the Nile. The 
inquiries of Isis discovered the body of her hus- 
band on the coasts of Phosnicia. where it had 
been conveyed by the waves, but Typhon stole' it 
as it was carrying to Memphis, and he divided it 
among his companions, as w as before observed. 
This cruelty incensed Isis ; she revenged her 
husband's death, and with her son Orus, she de- 
feated Typhon and the partisans of his conspi- 
racy. She recovered the mangled pieces of her 
husband's body, the genitals excepted, which the 
murderer had thrown into the sea; and to render 
him all the honour which his humanity deserved^ 
she made as many statues of wax as there were 
mangled pieces of his body. Each statue con- 
tained a piece of the flesh of the dead monarch; 
and Isis, after she had summoned in her pre- 
sence one by one, ihe priests of all the different 
deities in her dominions, gave them each a 
statue, intimating, that, in doing that, she had 
preferred them to all the other communities of 
Ei:ypt, and she bound them by a solemn oath 
that they would keep secret that mark of her 
favour, and endeavour to show their sense of it 
by establishing a form of worship, and paying 
divine honours to their prince. They were fur- 
ther directed to choose whatever animals they 
pleased to represent the person and the divinity 
of Osiris, and they were enjoined to pay the 
greatest reverence to that representative of 
divinity, and to .bury it when dead with the 
greatest solemnity. To render their establish- 
ment more popular, each sacerdotal body had a 
certain portion of land allotted to them to main- 
tain them, and to defray the expenses which 
necessarily attended the sacrifices and ceremonial 
rites. That part of the body of Osiris which had 
not been recovered, was treated with more par- 
ticular attention by Isis, and she ordered that it 
should receive honours more solemn, and at the 
same time more mysterious than the other mem-^ 
bers. {J'id. Phallica.) As Osiris had particu- 
larly instructed his subjects in cultivating the 
ground, the priests chose the ox to represent 
him, and paid the most superstitious veneration 
to that animal. (Vid. Apis.) Osiris, according 
to the opinion of some my thologists, is the same 
as the sun, and the adoration which is paid by 
different nations to an Anubis, a Bacchus, a 
Dionysius, a Jupiter, a Pan, &c., is the same as 
that which Osiris received in the Egyptian tem- 
ples. Isis also after death received divine hon- 
ours as well as her husband, and as the ox was 
the symbol of the sun, or Osiris, so the cow was 
ttie emblem of the moon, or of Isis. Nothing 
can give a clearer idea of the power and great- 
ness of Osiris than this inscrii)tion, which has 
been found on some ancient monuments : 



Saturn, the youvgest of all the gods, wa- my 
father; I am Osiris, who conducted a large and 
numerous army as far as the deserts of India, ana, 
travelled over the greatest part of the world, ana 
visited the streams of the Ister, and the remote 
shores of the ocean, diffusing benevolence to all the 
inhabitants of the earth. Osiris was generally 
represented with a cap on his head like a mitre, 
with two horns; he held a stick in his left hand, 
and in his right a whip with three thongs. Some- 
times he appears with the head of a hawk, as that 
bird, by its quick and piercing eyes, is a proiier 
emblem of the sun. Plut- in Isid. et Os, — Herod. 
2, Ui.-Diod. 1.— Homer. Od. 12, 323. - Ailtun. 

de Anim. 3. — Lucian. de Dea Syr. Plin. 8. 

A Persian general, who lived 450 B. C. A 

friend of Turnus, killed in the Rutulian war. 
Firg. Mn. 12, 438, 

OsiSMiI, a people of Gallia Lugdunensis Ter- 
tia, on the coast of the Mare Britannicum, and 
at the south-western extremity of the Tractus 
Armoricanus. Their country answers to the 
modern Leon and Quimpercorentin in Bretagne. 
Mela, 6, 24. — PZm. 4, 18. 

OsroENE, a district of Mesopotamia, in the 
north-western section of the country. It received 
its name from Osroes, an Arab sheik, vsho con- 
trived to wrest it from the Seleucidae about liO 
B. C. Amm. Marcell. 14, 3. 

OSSA, a celebrated mountain, or more cor- 
rectly, mountain-range of Thessaly, extending 
from the right bank of the Peneus, along the 
I Magnesian coast to the chain of Pelion. It was 
j supposed that Ossa and Olympus were once 
' united, but that an earthquake had rent them 
asunder, forming the vale of Tempe. {Vid. 
Tempe.) Ossa was one of the mountains which 
; the giants, in their war with the gods, piled upon 
Olympus in order to ascend to the heavens. 
The modern name of Ossa is Kissovo, or, accord- 
ing to Dodwell, Kissabos. Herod. 7, \32.~Mlian. 
V. H. 3, \.- Homer. Od 11, Zi^.— Virg. G. 1, 

281. A small town of Macedonia, in the terri 

tory of Bisaltia, and situate on a river (probably 
the Bisaltes,) falling into the Strymon. 

OSTIA, a celebrated town and harbour, at the 
mouth of the river Tiber, in Italy. It was the 
port of Rome, and its name even now remains 
unchanged, though few vestiges are left of its 
ancient greatness. All historians agree in as- 
cribing the foundation of Ostiato Ancus Martins. 
That it was a Roman colony we learn from F-o- 
rus. "When the Romans began to have ships oi 
war, Ostia became a place of greater importance, 
and a fleet was constantly stationed there to 
guard the mouth of the Tiber. It was here that 
the statue of Gybele was received with due so- 
lemnity by Scipio Nasica, when the public voice 
had selected him for that duty, as the best citizen 
of Rome. In the civil wars, Ostia fell into the 
hands of Marius, and was treated with savage 
cruelty, Cicero, in one of his orations, alludes 
with indignation, to the capture of the fleet sta- 
tioned at Ostia, by some pirates. The town and 
colony of Ostia was distant only thirteen miles 
from Rome, but the port itself was at the niouth 
of the Tiber. There is some difficulty, however 
in ascertaining the exact situation of the harbour, 
from the change which appears to have taken 
place in the mouth of the river during the lapse 
of so many ages. Even the number of its chan- 
nels is a disputed point. Ovid seems to point 
out two, but Dionysius Periepetes positively 
states that there was but one. This difference 
2 X 



OST 



5 



•13 



ovi 



h-^" frpi-. m-y he reconciled, by supposing that 
in the freoo:raphei's time the right branch of the 
river might alone be used for the purposes of 
navigation, and that the other stream was too 
insignificant and shallow for the reception of 
ships of any size. According to Plutarch. Julius 
Caesar was the first who turned his attention to 
the construction of a port at Ostia, by raising 
there a mole and other works; but it was to the 
emperor Claudius that this harbour seems in- 
debted for all the magnificence ascribed to it by 
antiquity. Suetonius, in his life of that prince, 
has given us a detailed account of the formation 
of this harbour with its oharos. Dion. Hal. 3, 44. 
- Flor. 1. 4. — Ur, I. 33. 22, 11 et 27. 23. 3S. 27, 
22. 29. IK — Cic. pro L. Mini. — Ovid. Fast. 4, 
291 et 330. Suef. in Claud. 20. 

OSTORi'rs Scapula, a governor of Britain, in 
the reign of CiHudius, who defeated and took 
prisoner the famous Caractacus. He died, A. D. 
55. Tacit. Ann. 12, 36- 

OSYMAN'DYAS. an Egyptian king, and the 
first monarch who formed a library, caused a 
colossal statue of himself to be erected, on wiiich 
was this inscription; " I am Osymandyas, king o: 
kings; whoever will dispute this title with me, 
let him surpass my works." 

Otanes. a noble Persian, one of the seven 
who conspired agsinst the usurper Smerdis. It 
was through him that the usurpation was first 
discovered. He was afterwards appointed by 
Darius over the sea coast of Asia Minor, and 
took Byzantium. Herod. 3, 70, &c. 

Otfio, M. Salvius, a Roman, who, though the 
son of a freed-woman by a Rom.an knight, was 
descended from the princes of Etruria. He was 
one of Nero's favourites, and, as such, he was 
raised to the highest offices of the state, and 
made governor of Pannonia by the interest of 
Seneca, who wished to remove him from Rome, 
lest Nero's love for Poppsea should prove his 
ruin. After Nero's death, Ocho conciliated the 
favour of Galba, the new emperor; but when he 
did not gain his point, and when Galba had re- 
fused to adopt him as his successor, he resolved 
to make himself absolute, without any regard to 
the age or dignity of his friend. The great debts 
which he had contracted encouraged his avarice, 
and he caused Galba to be assassinated, and he 
made himself emperor. He was acknowledged 
by the senate and the Roman people, but the 
sudden revolt of Vitellius in Germany rendered 
his situation precarious, and it was mutually re- 
solved that their respective right to the empire 
should be decided by arms. Ocho obtained three 
victories ovci his enemies, but in a general en- 
gagement near Brixellum, his forces were defeat- 
ed, and he stabbed himself when all hopes of 
success were vanished, after a reign of about 
three months, on the iOth of April, A. D. 69. It 
has been justly observed that the last moments 
of Otho's life were those of a philosopher. He 
comforted his soldiers who lamented his fortune, 
and he expressed his concern for their safety, 
when they earnestly s elicited to pay him the last 
friendly offices before he stabbed himself, and he 
observed that it was better that one man should 
die. than that a whole empire should be involved 
in ruin for his obstimcy. His nephew was pale 
and distressed, fearing the anger and haughti- 
ness of the conqueror; but Otho comforted him, 
and observed, that Vitellius would be kind and 
affectionate to the friends and relations of Otho, 
since Oiho was n. >t ashamed to say, that, in the 



time of their greatest enmitv, the mother of Vi- 
tellius had received every friendly treatme.-t 
from his hands. He also burned the letters which, 
by falling into the hands of Vitellius, might pro- 
voke his resentment against those who had fa- 
voured the cause of an unfortunate general. 
These noble and humane sentiments in a maa 
who was the associate of Nero's shameful plea- 
sures, and who staiiied his hand in the bl )od of 
his master, have appeared to some wonderful, 
and passed for the features of policy, and not of a 
naturally virtuous and benevolenc'heart. Plui. 
in Fita.—Suet. in 0th. - Tacit. Hist. 2, 50, &c.— 

Juv. 2, 90. Roscius, a tribune of the people, 

who, in Cicero's consulship, made a regulati^a 
to permit the Roman knights at public spectre es 
to have the fourteen first rows after the seats of 
the senators. This was opp.ised with virulence 
by some, but Cicero ably defended ir, &c. Horat. 

Ep. 4, 10. The father of the R )mau emperor 

Ocho was the favourite of Claudius. 

OthrYADEs, one of the 300 Spartans who 
fought against 3O0 .\rgives, when those two n.a- 
tions disputed their re?pective right to Thyrea. 
Two Argives, Aleinor and Cronius, and OLhry- 
ades survived the battle. The Argives went 
home to carry the news of their victory, but 
Othryades, who had been reckoned among the 
number of the slain, on account of his wounds, 
recovered himself and carried some of the spoils 
of which he had stripped the Argives, into the 
camp of his countrymen; and after he had raised 
a trophj'. and had written with his own blood the 
word vici on his shield, he killed himself, unwill- 
ing to survive the death of his countr\ men. f'aL 

Max. 3, 2. — Plut. Par all.— Herod. '\, Si. A 

patronymic given to Pantheus. the Trojan priest 
of Apollo, from his father Othrvas. Virg. Mn. 
2, 319- 

Othryon'EUS, a Thracian who came to the 
Trojan war in hopes of marrying Cassandra. He 
was killed by Idomeneus. Homer. II. 13. 3/5. 

Othrys, a mountain range of Thessaly, 
which, branching out of Thymphrestus. one of 
the highest points in the chain of Pindus, closed 
the great basin of Thessaly to the south, and : 
served at the same time to divide the waters 
which flowed northwards into the Peneus from 
those received by the Sperchius. Though cov- 
ered by almost perpetual snows, it abounded 
with forests of pine. At present it is known by 
the names of Helhro an*! Gura. Eurip. .Ak'est. 
533. —Theocr. Idyll. 3, 43. - Lucan. 6, 3jS. -i 
J'ir'Er. jtEh. 7, G75. ; 

Otl'S and EPHlALTES, sons of Neptune. ' 
rid. Aloi ies. I 

OviDiUS Naso, P., a celebrated Roman poetl 
born at Sulmo, on the SOth of March, about 43. 
B. C. As he was intended for the bar. his father! 
sent him early to Rome, and removed him toj 
Athens in the" sixteenth year of his aire. The,' 
progress of Ovid in the study of eloquence was 
great, but the father s expectations were frus- 
trated; his son was born a poet, and nothing 
could deter him from pursuing his n.atural in- 
clination, though he was often reminded th.at 
Homer lived and died in the greatest poverty. 
Every thing he wrote was expressed in poetical; 
numbers, as he himself says, et quod tentabim< 
scribere vermis erat. A lively genius and a fer- 
tile imagination soon gained him admirers: the 
learned became his friends; Virgil, Prrrpertius, 
TibuUus, and Horace, honoured him with their 
correspondence, and Augustus patronized him 



OVI 



519 



oxu 



with the most unbounded liberality. These fa- 
vours, however, were but of short duration, and 
the poet was soon after banished to Tomos on 
the Euxine sea, by the emperor. The true cause 
of this sudden exile is unknown. Some attribute 
it to a shameful amour with Livia the wife of 
Augustus, while others support that it arose 
from the knowledge which Ovid had of the un- 
pardonable incest of the emperor with his daugh- 
ter Julia. These reasons are indeed merely con- 
jectural, the cause was of a very private and 
very secret nature, of which Ovid himself is 
afraid to speak, as it arose from error and not 
from criminality. It was, however, something 
improper in the family or court of Augustus, as 
these lines seem to indicate: 

Cur aliquid vidi ? Cur noxia luminajecif 

Cur imprudenti cognita culpa milii est ? 
Inscius ActcBon vidit sine veste Dianam; 

Prceda fuit canibus non minus ille mis> 

Again, 

Insci-a quod crimen viderunt lumina plector, 
Feccatiimque oculos est habuisse meum. 
And in another place, 

Perdiderunt cum me duo crimina, carmen ec 
error, 

Alterius facti culpa silenda mihi est. 
In his banishment, Ovid betrayed his pusillan- 
imity, and however afflicted and distressed his 
situation was, yet the flattery and impatience 
which he showed in his writings are a disgrace 
to his pen, and expose him more to ridicule than 
pity. Though he prostituted his pen and his 
time to adulation, yet the emperor proved deaf 
to all entreaties, and refused to listen to his most 
ardent friends at Rome, who wished for the re- 
turn of the poet. Ovid, who undoubtedly wished 
for a Brutus to deliver Rome of her tyrannical 
Augustus, continued his flattery even to mean- 
ness; and when the emperor died, he was so mer- 
cenary as to consecrare a small temple to the 
departed tyrant, on the shore of the Euxine, 
where he regularly off"ered frankincense every 
morning. Ti -erius proved as regardless as his 
predecessor, to the entreaties which were made 
for Ovid, and the poet died in the 7th.or 8th year 
of his banishment, in the 59th year of his age, 
A. D. i7, and was buried at Tomos. In the 
year 1503 of the Christian era, the following epi- 
taph was found at Stain, in the modern kingdom 
of Austria: 

Hie situs est vates quern Divi Crrsnris ira 

Augusli patria cedere jussit humo. 
S-ppe miser voluit patriis occumbere terris, 

Sedfrustra ! Hunc illifata dedere locum. 
This, however, is an imposition to render cele- 
Drated an obscure corner of the world, which 
never contained the bones of Ovid. The great- 
est part of Ovid's poems are remaining. His 
Metirmorphoses in 15 books are extremely curious 
on account of the many diff"erent mythological 
facts and traditions which they relate, but they 
can have no claim to an epic poem In compos 
ing this, the poet was more indebted to the then 
existing traditions, and to the theogony of the 
ancients, than to the powers of his own imagina- 
tion. His Fasti were divided into 12 books, the 
same number as the constellations in the zodiac; 
but of these, six have perished, and the learned 
have reason to lament the loss of a poem, which 
mu.st have thrown so much light upon the reli- 
gioiis rites and ceremonies, festivals and sacri- 
fices of the ancient Romans, as we may judge 
from the six that have survived the ravages of 



time and barbarity. His Tristia, which arc 
divided into five books, contain much eletrance 
and softness of expression, as also his Elegies on 
different subjects. The Heroides are nervous, 
spirited, and diffuse, the poetry is excellent, the 
language varied, but the expressions are often 
too wanton and indelicate, a fault which is com- 
mon in his compositions. His three books of 
Amorum, and the same number de Arte Amnndi, 
with the other de Remedio Amons, are written 
with great elegance, and contain many flowery 
descriptions; but the doctrine which they hold 
forth is dangerous, and as the composition of an 
experienced libertine and refined sensualist, they 
are to be read with caution, as they seem to be 
calculated to corrupt the heart, and sap the 
foundations of virtue and morality. His Ibis, 
which is written in imitation of a poem of Calli- 
machus, of the same name, is a satirical perform- 
ance. Besides these, there are extant some 
fragments of other poems, and among tiiese some 
of a tragedy called Medea. The talents of Ovid 
as a dramatic writer have been disputed, and 
some have observed, that he who is so often void 
of sentiment, was not born to shine as a trage- 
dian. Ovid has attempted perhaps too many 
sorts of poetry at once. On whatever he has 
written, he has totally exhausted the subject and 
left nothing unsaid. He every where paints na- 
ture with a masterly hand, and gives strength to 
the most common expressions. It has been judi- 
ciously observed, that his poetry, after his ban- 
ishment from Rome, was destitute of that spirit 
and vivacity which we admire in his other com- 
positions. His Fasti are perhaps the best w ritten 
of all his poems, and after them we may fairly 
rank his love verses, his Heroides, and after all 
his Metamorphoses, which were not totally finish- 
ed when Augustus sent him into banishment. 
His Epistles from Pontus are the language of an 
abject and pusillanimous flatterer. However 
Clitics may censure the indelicacy and the inac- 
curacies of Ovid, it is to be acknowledged that 
his poetry contains great sweetness and elegance, 
and, like that ol Tibullus, charms the ear and 
captivates the mind. Ovid married three wives, 
but of the last alone he speaks with fondness and 
affection. He had only one daughter, but by 
which of his wives is unknown; and she herself 
became mother of two children, by two hus- 
bands. The best edition of Ovid is that of Bur 
mann. Amst. 1727, 4to. 4 vols. The edition of 
Nic. Heinsius, Amst. 1661. 3 vols. 12mo, is also 
an excellent one. Ovid. Trist. 3 et 4, &c.— Pa- 
terc. 2. - Martial. 3 et 8. 

OXEiE, small pointed islands, near the Echin- 
ades. off the coast of Acarnania. Their ancient 
name has reference to their form, Strabo 
reports that these are the same whicii Homer 
calls Those. This group is now commonly 
known by the name of Curzolari, but the most 
considerable amon'jist them retains the appella- 
tion of Oxia. Horn.. Gd. 15, 298.—Strab. 10. 

OXUS, a river of Bactriana. ri';ing in the north- 
eastern extremity of that c<iuntry, or rather in 
the south-eastern part of Great Bukaria, and 
running for the greater part of its course in a 
north-western direction. It receives numerous 
tributaries, and falls after a course of 1300 miles 
into tlie Arab Sen, whence, according to some, it 
flowed into the Caspian. It is an extremely 
broad and rapid river, carrying down much soil 
with it, and its waters were reckoned by the an- 
cients very unwholesome to drink. It was io 

2 ;i 



OXY 



520 



PAD 



deep that it cnuld be nowhere forded, but was 
very much use.' 'or the conveyance of Indian 
goods to the western partsof the country, whence 
they ^ere despar^f d to Europe. It is now 
known under the name of the J ikon. Mdu, 3, 5. 
— Flin. 6. 16. 

OXYDRAC23, a nation of India who are sup- 
posed to have innabited the district now called 
Outch, near the confluence of the Acesines and 
Indus. Sirab. 15.—Arri^n. 6. 13. 

OXTRYXCHCS, a city of E^ypt. in the district 
of Hpptanomis, and capital of the Oxyryr.chire 
N'jme. It was situate on the canal of Moeris, 
south of Heracleopolis Magna, and received its , 
name (a translation very probably from the , 
Egyptian), on account of a fish called o^l-pvyxof, j 
in Greek, a species of pike, being worshipped j 
and having a tem; le. This place became a great • 
resort of monks and hermits when Christianity 1 
was spread over Eivpt. Nothing remains of this 
city, in the village called Behnese, built on its j 
ruins, but some fragments of stone pillars, and | 
a single column left standing, and which ap- j 
pears to have formed part of a portico of the I 
composite order, .^lian. Hist. An. 10, 46. j 

Oz^il^X., or Oz LI, a people of Greece, who : 
occupied a narrow tract of country, on the 
northern shore of the Corinthian gulf, conimenc- ! 
ing at the ^tolian Rhium, and terminating near ! 
Crissa. (Fid. Locri.) They received their name ■ 
from the had stench [l^r) of their bodies and of 
their clothing, which was the raw hides of w ild 
beasts, and which, it is said, they continued to ; 
w par the latest of the Greeks. Some, however, , 
derive the appellation from the stench of the v 
stagnated water in the neighbouring lakes and ! 
marshes; while a fabulous tradition gives the , 
following explanation: - during the reign of a son ' 
of Deucalion, a bitch brought into the world a ! 
stick instead of whelps. The stick was planted 
in the ground by the king, and it grew up to a 
large vine and produced grapes, frnm which the 
inhabitants of the country were called O^oUe, not 
from a:ea>, to STuell bad, but from 0^09, a branch or 
sprout. Pans. 10, 35. — Herod. 8, 



PACATIANUS, Titus Julius, a general of the 
Roman armies, who proclaimed himself em- 
peror in Gaul, about the latter part of Philip s 
reign He was soon after defeated, A. D. zi9, 
and put to death. 

Paccius, an insignificant poet in the age of 
Domitian. Juv. 7, 12. 

Paches, an Athenian, who took Mitylene, &c. 
Arist. PoUt. 4. 

Pachy.scs (Ilarrvoj .4«pa), a promontorv of 
Sicilv forming the south-eastern extremity of 
{he island, and called also, by some of the Latin 
writers, Pachvnum. It is one of the three pro- 
montories that gives to Sicily its triangular 
Sjiure, the other two being Pelorus and Lily- 
bipum. The modern name is Capo Passaro. Its 
souihernmost point is called by Ptolemy Odyssea 



Acra C05t.'(r(Teio A«pa)and coincides with thepro- 

jHction of the coast before which the islands 
delle Correnti lie. Between Pachynus and this 
latter cape lies a small harbour called at the 
present day Porto di P lo, and the same with 
what Cicero terras Porliis Pachyni. It served 
merely as a temporarv refuge for mariners in 

stress 'of weather. Mel i., 2, l.—Plin. 3, 3 Cic. 

ill i'err. 5, 34. 

PacOrus. the eldest of the thirty sons of 
Or des, king of Parthia, sent against Crassus, , 
wiicse army he defeated, and whom he took pri- 
s n?r. He took Syria from tae Romans, and sup- 
ported the republican party of Pompey. and of 
the murderers of Julius Caesar. He was killed in 
a battle by Ventidius Bassus, B. C. 39, on the 
same day (9th of June) that Crassus had been 

defeated. Fhr. 4, 9. A king of Parthia, and 

ally of Decebalus king of the Dacians, in the 
war which he maintained against the Romans 

in the reign of Domitian. A son of Vonones, 

king of Parthia, who obtained the country of 
Media for his share, on condition of his surren- 
dering Partnia to his brother Vologeses. 

P.\CTOL,US, a river of Lydia, rising in the 
south-eastern part of mou -.t Tmolus, and falling 
into the Hermus, after having passed by Sardes, 
the ancient capital of Croesus. Pliny reports, 
that it was sometimes called Chrysorrhoas, and 
its source Tame. A celebrated temple of Cybele 
rose on its banks, which is alluded to by So- 
phocles. This temple appears to have suffered 
in the burning of Sardes by the lonians and 
Athenians. Callimachus and Dionysius Perie- 
getes speak of the swans of Pactolus. The Turk- 
ish name of this river is Bagouly. Plin. 5, 29. — 
FiVe-. ^n. 10. H2.-JUV. Sat. 14, 298. — SopA. 
Philoct. 393. - Herod. 5, 102. — CaWm. Hymn, in 
Del. zbQ.—Dion. Perieg. S31. 

PACTY.-is, a Lydian intrusted with the care of 
the treasures of Croesus at Sardes. The immense 
riches which he could command corrupted him, 
and to make hithself independent, he gathered a 
large army. He laid siege to the citadel of 
Sardes, but the arrival of one of the Persian gene- 
rals soon put him to flight. He retired to Ci\raae, 
and afterwards to Lesbos, where he was deliver- 
ed into the hands of Cvrus. Herod. 1, 154, ^-c. 
— P. us. 2. 35. 

Pacuvius, M., a Latin tragic poet, was a 
native of Brundusium, and is said to have been 
the sister's son of Ehnius. He flourished about 
B. C. 154, and was the friend .md guest of C. 
Lffilius. In the rude state of the Roman theatre, 
he obtained great reputation: and his tragedy of 
Orestes is particularly mentioned by Cicero in 
his dialogue De Amici'ia, as having been heard 
w ith loud applause. He also composed satires, 
and had a talent for painting. In advanced life 
he retired from Rome to Tarentum, where he 
died, having nearly reached his ninetieth year. 

few fragments only of his works are left, w hich 
have been published in the Corpus Poetarum 
Latinorum. 

Padcs, now the Po, the largest river of Italy, 
anciently called also Eridanus an appellation 
which is frequently used by the Roman poets, 
and almost always by Greek authors. This latt«?r 
name, however, belongs properly to the Ostium 
Spineticum of the Padus, The name Padus 
is said to have been derived from a word In the 
language of the Gauls, which denoted a pine- 
tree, in consequence of the great number of those 
trees grow ing near its source. Whatever be the 



PAD 



521 



derivation of the term Padus, the more ancient 
name of the river, which was Bodincus, is cer- 
tainly of Celtic origin, and is said to signify 
" bottomless.'" The Po rises in Mens Vesulus, 
now Monte FisOy near the sources of the Druen- 
tia, or Durance., runs in an easterly direction for 
more than 500 miles, ar.d discharges its waters 
into the Adriatic, about 30 miles south of Portus 
Venetus, or Venice. It is sufficiently deep to 
bear boats and barges at 30 miles from its 
source; but the navigation is at all times difficult, 
and not unfrequently hazardous, on account of 
the rapidity of the current. Its waters are liable 
to sudden increase from the melting of the snows 
and from heavy falls of rain, the rivers that flow 
into it being almost all mountain-streams; ar*din 
the flat country, in the lower part of its course, 
great dikes are erected on both sides of the river 
to protect the lands from inundation. During its 
long course it receives a great number of tribu- 
taries, its channel being the final receptacle of' 
almost every stream which rises on the eastern 
and southern declivities of the Alps," and the 
northern declivity of the Apennines. The 
mouths of the Po were anciently reckoned seven 
in number, the principal one, which was the 
southernmost called Padusa, and now Po di Pri- 
moro. It was this mouth also to which the ap- 
pellations Eridanus and Spineticum Ostium were 
applied. It sends off a branch from itself near 
Trigaboli, the modern Ferrara, which was an- 
ciently styled Volana Ostium, but is now deno- 
minated Po di Ferr ,ra. The Padus is rendered 
famous in the legends of mythology by the fate 
of Phaeton, who fell into it when struck down 
from heaven bv the thunderbolt of Jove. {Vid. 
Phaeton.) Plin. 3, 16 et 20.— Polyb. 2, 16. 

Padtjsa, the same with the Ostium Spineti- 
cum, or southernmost branch of the river Pa- 
dus. (Fid. Padus.) A canal was cut by Au- 
gustus from the Padusa to Ravenna. "Virgil 
speaks of the swans along its banks. Virg. .^En. 
11. 457. 

P^AN, a surname of Apollo, derived from the 
word pcran, a hymn which was sung in his 
honour because he had killed the serpent Python, 
which had given cause to the people to exclaim 
To Fcpan .' The exclamation of lo Paean ! was 
made use of in speaking to the other gods, as.it 
often was a demonstration of jov. Juv. 6, 171 . — 
Ovid. Met. ]. 538. 14,7-^0. - Lucan, 1, &c.— Strab. 
18. 

PjEMANI, a people of'Belgic Gaul, supposed 
to have occupied the present district of Fr.menne, 
in Luxemburg. Cces. B. G. 2, 4. 

P^ON, and Paean, a deity, the god of medi- 
cine, mentioned in Homer as having healed the 
wounds of Mars and Pluto. Subsequently to the 
tim.e of Homer, the name began to be applied to 
Apollo, and also to his son .Slsculapius, as 
deities, who averted sickness and maladies from 
men; and hence the word is frequently employ- 
ed in the simple sense of a deliverer." Thus 
in iE<chyluS we have iraiZv ysvov rriaif. /j,trrifj,VT]S. 
Horn. n. 5, 401 et m^.-Mschyl. Agam. 99. 

P.(EONES, an ancient and powerful nation, who 
assisted Priam during the siege of Troy, and oc- 
cupied at one time the whole northern part of 
Macedonia from the Erigon to the Strymon, in- 
cluding Emathia and other districts. Homer. 11. 
11, 849.— Herod. 4, 12. 5, 13 et 98.— itr. 40, 3, 
44, 29. 45, 29. 

P.ffiONiA, the country of the PjEones. Vid. 
Pffiones. 



P.a;ONlDES, a name given to the daughters of 
Pierus, who were defeated by the Muses, be- 
cause their mother was a native of Paeonia. 
Ovid. Met. 5, idt./ab. 

P.iiSTANUS Sinus, a gulf on the lower coast 
of Italy, its upper shore belonging to Campania, 
and its lower to Lucania, According to Strabo, 
it extended from the Siren's cape to the promon- 
tory of Posidium. The modern name is the 
gulf of Salerno. Its ancient appellation was de 
rived from the city of Pcestum. Strab. 5. 

P^STUM, a celebrated city of Lucania, in 
Lower Italy, below the river Silarus, and not 
far from the western coast. Its Greek appella- 
tion was Posidonia, the place being so called in 
honour of Neptune, {noaeu^v.) The nam.e Pses- 
tum is used by the Latin writers more commonly. 
The origin of this once flourishing city has 
afforded matter of much discussion to anti- 
quaries; but it seems now generally determined, 
that whether the ffinotri or Tyrrheni w ere the 
original possessors of this coast, they can lay no 
claim to those majestic piles which, under the 
name of the ruins of Passtum, form at the present 
dsy the admiration and wonder of all who have 
visited them. The temples of Passtum too closeiy 
resemble in their plan and mode of structure the 
early edifices of Greece and Sicily, to be the 
work of any of the native tribes of Italy. The 
Tuscans, to whom alone they could be referred, 
have left us no example of a similar style in any 
of their architectural monuments. Strabo is 
the only ancient writer who has transmitted to us 
any positive account of the foundation of Posi- 
donia. He states, that it was built by a colony 
of Sybarites, close to the shore in the first in- 
stance, but that it was afterwards removed more 
into the interior. This account is further con- 
firmed by Scymnus of Chios, and agrees with 
what we know of the extent of dominion possessed 
by Sybaris at an early period on this sea, where 
she founded also the towns of Laus and Scidrus. 
We are left in uncertainty as to the exact date of 
this establishment of the Sybarites; but we have 
tw o fixed points which may assist us in forming a 
right conclusion on the subject. The first is the 
foundation of Sybaris itself, which took place 
about 7i0, B. C'; the other is that of Velia, a 
Phoc£ean colony, built, as we learn from Hero- 
dotus, in the reign of Cyrus, or nearly 540 B. C. 
It will be seen by that historian's account of the 
events which induced the Phocaeans to settle on 
the shores of Lucania, that they were chiefly led 
to form this resolution by the advice of a citizt-n 
of Posidonia. It may thence reasonably be 
supposed, that the latter city had already existed 
for twenty or thirty years. There are but few 
other particulars on record relative to its history. 
That it must have attained a considerable degree 
of prosperity, is evident from the circumstance 
of its name having been attached to the present 
gulf of Salerno, {Vid. Paestanus Sinus;) and we 
possess yet farther confirmation or the fact, in 
the splendid monuments which age has not yet 
been able to deface or destroy. It appears from 
Strabo. that the Posidoniatae, jpalous of the 
aegrandizement of Velia, endeavoured more 
than once to reduce that tow'n to subjection: 
these attempts, however, proved fruitless; and 
not long after they were called upon to defend 
themselves against the aggressions of the Lucani, 
the most determined and dangerous of all the 
enemies with whom the Greeks had to contend. 
After an unsuccessful resistance, they were at 
2 u J 



622 



PAL 



length compellerl to acknowledge the superiority 
of these barbarians, and to submit to their 
authority. It was probably to rescue Posidonia 
from their yoke that Alexander of Epirus landed 
here with a considerable array, and defeated the 
united forces of the Lucanians and Samnites in 
the vicinity of that place. The liomans having 
subsequently conquered the Lucani, became 
possessed of Posidonia, whither they sent a 
colony, A. U.C.4S0. The loss of their liberty, even 
under these more distinguished conquerors, and 
still more the abolition of their usages and habits 
as Greeks, seem to have been particularly afflict- 
ing to the Posidoniatae. Aristoxenus, a cele- 
brated musician and philosopher of Tarentum, 
thus feelingly depicts the distress of this hapless 
people. " We follow the example," says this 
writer, " of the Posidoniatce who, having been 
compelled to become Tuscans, or rather Romans, 
instead of Greeks, and to adopt the language and 
institutions of barbarians, still, however, annually 
commemorate one of the solemn festivals of 
Greece. On that day it is their custom to 
assemble together in order to revive the recollec- 
tion of their ancient rites and language, and to 
lament and shed tears in common over their sad 
destiny, after w hich they retire in silence to their 
homes." The unhealthy situation of Paestum, 
which has been remarked by Strabo. may pro- 
bably have prevented that colony from attaining 
to any degree of importance ; and as it was placed 
on an unfrequented coast, and had no trade of its 
own, it soon decayed, and we find it only noticed 
by subsequent writers for the celebrity of its 
roses, which were said to bloom twice in the 
year, Strab. 5. -Herod. 1, 167. 6, 21.— Liv. 8, 17. 
Epit. 14. et 27, lO—Athen. 10, 11.— Cic. ad Alt. 
11. n-Firg. G. 4, 119.— Proper^. 4, 5.— Ovid. 
Met. 15, 70S. Pont. 2, i.—Ausnn. Idyll, 14. 

P^TUS. C^CINNA, the husband of Arria, 
Vid. Arria. 

PagAsae. a maritime town of Thessaly, on 
the Sinus Pagasaeus, and just below the mouth 
of the river Onchestus. It was the port of lolcos, 
and afterwards of Phene, and was remarkable in 
Grecian story as the harbour whence the ship 
Argo set sail on her distant voyage. It was 
indeed asserted by some, that it derived its name 
from the construction of that famous vessel. 
(iri7vvt-ut, pongo ) But Strabo is of opinion that 
it rather owed its appellation to the numerous 
springs which were found in its vicinity, (vTjy^, 
fonSf) and this indeed seems the preferable 
etymology. Apollo was the tutelary deity of the 
place. Hermippus, a comic poet, cited by 
Athenasus, says of this town, ai Ilayao-al SovXovs 
Koi ariypLXTtai trapixovai. Its site Is nearly occu- 
pied by the present castle of ToZo, Pagasas gave 
its name to the extensive gulf on whose shores it 
was situated; and which we find variously 
designated, as Pagasetlcus Sinus, or Pagasifes, 
Pagasaeus, and Pagasicus. In modern geography 
it is called the gulf of Volo. Strab. 9. - ApoU. 
Rhod. 1, iW. — Alhen. 1, ^9. — Scyl. p. 2.^ — 
Demosth. Phil, Epist, 159 2, 3.— F/m. 4, 9. 

PAGASiEUS SINUS, a gulf of Thessaly, on the 
coast of Magnesia; now the gulf of Volo. Fid. 
Pagasae. 

Pal^mon, or Pa LEMON, a sea deity, son of 
Athamas and Ino. His original name was Meli- 
cert i, and he assumed that of Palaemon, after he 
had been changed into a sea deity by Neptime. 
iVid. Mtlicerta.J A Roman grammarian (M. 



or Q. Remmius) the preceptor of Quintilian, and 
who flourished under Tiberius and Claudius. 
His arrogance was excessive, and he boasted that 
true literature was born and would die with him. 
Juv. 6, 452. 7, 215. — or PalEemonius, a son of 
Vulcan, one of the Argonauts. Apoll. Rhod. 1, 
202, &c. 

PAL.^:Pi.PHO.S. Vid. Paphos. 

Pal^fhatus, a town of Thessaly, in the 
north-western section of the country, plundered 
by Philip, in his retreat through Thessaly, after 
his defeat on the banks of the Aous. Liv. 32, 13. 

An early Athenian epic poet, mentioned by 

Suidas. The lexicographer states, that, according 
to some, he lived before the time of Phemonoe, 
the first priestess of Delphi, while others placed 
him after her, Suidas cites the following pro- 
ductions of his. 1. A Cosmopaia, in five books, 
2. The nativity of Apollo and Diana, in three 
books. 3. Discourses of Fenus and Love. (A^po- 

(5t'T>75 Kal 'EpcuTOf (puival xai X6yot,) in five bookS 

4, The dispute between Minerva aad Neptune. 5. 

Latona's tress. {\7jr0v; irXoKupLOf.) A native 

either of Paros or Priene, who lived in the time 
of Artaxerxes Mnemon, and to whom, according 
to Suidas, the work, entitled A^KTra was as- 
cribed by some.— —A native of Abydos, the fa- 
vourite of Aristotle. He wrote historical and 

other works. An Egyptian or Athenian, a 

grammarian, who wrote a work on the Egyptian 
Theology (AlyoTrT-i'a OeoXoyla), an account of 
Trojan aff'airs, a book of fables, &c. A gram- 
marian of Alexandrea, perhaps the same with 
the preceding. A work entitled ATrtora (" In- 
credible things,'") in a single book, has come 
down to us, which is generally ascribed to an 
Alexandrean grammarian, and very probably was 
written by the individual of whom we are now 
speaking. The author endeavours to explain 
the origin of many of the Greek fables, such as 
those of the Centaurs and Lapithae, Pasiphae, 
Actajon, &c. All these legends have, according 
to him, an historical basis, and more or less 
truth connected wiih them, but which has been 
strangely distorted by the ignorance and cre- 
dulity of men. The work is written in a very 
simple style, and, notwithstanding the forced 
nature of many of the explanations, may be re- 
garded as, in some respects, an instructive book. 
Simson places Palaephatus in 409 B. C. while 
Saxius assigns him to 322 B. C. The best edition 
of the ATTiffra is that of J. Frid. Fischer, in 8vo. 
Lips. 17S9. 

Pal.'EPOLIS. Vid. Neapolis. 

Pal^ste, a little harbour of Epirus, on the 
Chaonian coast, and south of the Ceranrian 
promontory. Here Caesar landed his forces from 
Brundusium, in order to carry on the war against 
Pompey in lUyricum. Cces. Bell. Civ. 3, 6. 

PAL.a;3TiNA, a district of Asia, first called the 
Land of Canaan from Noah's grandson, by 
whom it was peopled ; but since distinguished by 
other appellations, such as the Land of Promise, 
the Land of Israel, the Holy Land, and, by way 
of pre-eminence, the Land. It derived its name 
of Palaestina from the Philistsei, or Philistines, 
who possessed great part of it; and that of Judaea, 
from Judah, whose tribe was the most consider? 
•ible of the twelve, and possessed the finest and 
most fertile part of the whole. Christians, as 
well as Jews, have dignified it with the title of 
Holy Land; pirtly on account of its metropolis 
supposed to have been the centre of God s wotr 



i 



PAL 



623 



PAL 



ship, and his peculiar habitation, but chiefly be- 
cause it was the native country of Jesus Christ, 
and the scene on which he accomplished the 
great work of our redemption. Palestine was 
bounded on the north by Phoenicia and Coele- 
syria, on the east by Arabia Deserta, on the 
south by Arabia Petraea, and on the west by the 
Mediterranean, called in the Bible the Great 
Sea. Moses has described its fertility and pro- 
ductiveness, {Deut. viii. 7, &C.) and it is said to 
have exceeded even the celebrated land of Egypt 
in the number of cattle which it bred, and in the 
quantity and excellence of the oil, corn, wine, 
and various fruits which it yielded. To this 
wonderful fecundity several circumstances are 
supposed to have contributed; such as the tem- 
perature of its climate, the regularity of its sea- 
sons, and the richness of its soil. In order to 
justify the Scripture accounts of this country, it 
ought to be considered that, in the times to 
which they refer, it was inhabited by an indus- 
trious people, who spared no pains to improve 
its natural fertility, and to render even its rocks, 
naturally barren, productive. The fecundity of 
Palestine has been extolled even by Julian the 
Apostate, the avowed enemy both ot Jews and 
Christians, who frequently mentions the perpe- 
tuity, as well as excellence, and great abundance, 
of its fruits and products. The visible effects of 
divine displeasure which this country has experi- 
enced, not only under Titus, but much more 
since that emperor's time, in the inundations of 
the northern barbarians, of the Saracens, of the 
Crusaders, and the oppression it now feels under 
the Turkish yoke, are causes more than suffici- 
ent to have reduced the greater part of it to its 
present state, a mere desert., Herod. 1, 105. — 
Ovid. Met. J. 46.—Sil. It. 3, 606. 

Pal^tyRUS, the ancienttown of Tyre on the 
continent. iVid. Tyrus.] 

PalamEdes. a Grecian chief, son of Nau- 
plius, king of EuboRa by Clymene. He was sent 
by the Greek princes who were going to the 
Tr(ijp.n war, to bring Ulysses to the camp, wha, 
to withdraw himself from the expedition, pre- 
tended insanity ; and the better to impose upon 
his friends, used to harness different animals to 
a plough, and to sow salt instead of barley into 
the furrows. The deceit was soon perceived by 
Palamedes, he knew that the regret to part from 
his wife Penelope, whom he had lately married, 
was the only reason of the pretended insanity of 
Ulysses; and to demonstrate this, Palamedes 
took Telemachus, whom Penelope had lately 
brou&ht into the world, and put him before the 
ploug:h of his father. Ulysses showed that he 
was not insane, by turning the plough a differ- 
ent way not to hurt his child. This having been 
discovered, Ulysses was obliged to attend the 
Greek princes to the war, but an immortal en- 
mity arose between Ulysses and Palamedes. 
The king of Ithaca resolved to take every oppor- 
tunity to distress him, and when all his expecta- 
tions were frustrated, he had the meanness to 
bribe one of his servants, and to make him dig a 
hole in his master's tent, and there conceal a 
large sum of money. After this Ulysses forged a 
letter in Phrygian characters, which king Priam 
was supposed to have sent to Palamedes. In the 
letter the Trojan king seemed to entreat Pala- 
medes to deliver into his hands the Grecian 
army, according to the conditions which had 
been previously agreed upon, when he received 



the money. This forged letter was carried by 
means of Ulysses before the princes of the Gre- 
cian army. Palamedes was summoned, and he 
made the most solemn protestations of inno- 
cence, but all was in vain, the mouey that was 
discovered in his tent served only to corroborate 
the accusation, and he was found guilty by all 
the army and stoned to death. Homer is silent 
about the miserable fate of Palamedes, and Pau- 
sanias mentions that it had been reported by 
some, that Ulysses and Diomedes had drowned 
him in the sea as he was fishing on the coast. 
Philostratus, who mentions the tragical story 
above related, adds that Achilles and Ajax buried 
his body with great pomp on the sea-shore, and 
that they raised upon it a small chapel, where 
sacrifices were regularly offered by the inhabit- 
ants of Troas. Palamedes was a learned m,an as 
well as a soldier, and according to some he com- 
pleted the alphabet of Cadmus by the addition of 
the four letters e, Xf 0i during the Trojan war. 
A fragment of Euripedes, preserved by Stob£eus, 
ascribes to Palamedes the honour of the inven- 
tion of the vowels. The meaning of this evi- 
dently is, that he was the first who conceived the 
idea of employing the four signs of aspiration in 
the Phoenician alphabet to express the vowel 
sounds. Aristotle states that Epicharm.us in- 
vented the (p SiUd X- To him also is attributed 
the invention of dice and backgammon ; and it 
is said that he was the first who regularly ranged 
an army in a line of battle, and who placed sen- 
tinels round a camp, and excited their vigilance 
and attention by giving them a watch-word. 
Hygin. fab. 95, 105, &c — Dictys Cret. 2, 15.— 
Ovid. Met. 13, 56 et 308.— Paws. 1, d\.—Fhilo tr. 
10, G.—Eunp. Phoen.— Martial. 13, ep. 75.~Flin. 
7, 56. 

Palantia, a city of the Vaccaei, in Hispania 
Terraconensis, now Palencia. Plin. 3, 4, — Liv. 
48, 25. 50, 8. 

Palantium. Fid. Pallantium. 

Palatinus MONS, a celebrated hill, the 
largest of the seven hills on which Rome was 
built. It was upon it that Romulus laid the first 
foundation of the capital of Italy, in a quadran- 
gular form, and there also he kept his court, as 
well as Tullus Hostilius, and Augustus, and all 
the succeeding emperors, from which circum- 
stance, the word palatium has ever since been 
applied to the residence of a monarch or prince. 
The Palatine hill received its name from the 
goddess Pales, or from the Palatini, who origi- 
nally inhabited the place, or from balare or 
palare, the bleatings of sheep, which were fre- 
quent there, or perhaps from the word palanles., 
wanderings because Evander, when he came to 
?ettle in Italy, gathered all the inhabitants, and 
made them all one society. Dio. Cass. 53. Ital. 
12, 709.- Liv. 1, 7 et 33.- Ovid. Met. 14, 822.— 
Juv. 9, 22.— Martial. 1, ep. 71.- Varro de L. L 
4, 3.— Cic. in Catil. 1. 

Palatium, an appellation sometimes given 
to the Palatine Hill. The plural form {Pvlaiia) 
is more frequently used, and contains a particu- 
lar reference to the palace of the Caesars. ■ 

The name of the tenth region of the city of 

Rome. The residence of Augustus, on the 

Palatine hill, afterwards, when enlarged and 
beautified, the palace of the Cajsars. Augustus 
had two houses on the Palatine, one in which he 
was supposed by some to have been born, (con- 
venient to Forum Boarium, near the spot where 



FAL 



524 



PAL 



the church of St Ana'^fasia stands at present,) and 
the other on the nurihern side, where he lodged 
forty years, in a simple, unostentatious manner, 
without changing from the same rao:\\ either 
summer or wiiiter. Tiberius extended th: s palace 
of Augustus, and rendered it still more commo- 
dious and magnificent. Caligula rendered it 
more so; and luxury and superfluity increasing, 
he extended the palace to the declivity of the 
Forum, with superb and magnificent porticos 
ascending to it. He also caused a temple to be 
erected, which he dedicated to himselt. and, at a 
vast expense, made a superb arch- way, which 
communicated between his palace and tlie Capi- 
tol, which temple and arched way were demo- 
lished by the emperor Claudius, and the Roman 
people after his death. Nero, who succeeded 
Claudius, extended the palace of tlie Cai-ars as 
much to the south as Tiberius and Caligula did 
to the north, so that it occupied the mountain as 
far as the Circus Maximus, and the valleys which 
were between the Palatine, the Esquiline, and 
the Coelian hills. This building being burnt in 
the year 64, it was rebuilt with greater splendour 
and magnificence, with the spoils of Italy and the 
Roman empire, and was called Domus Aurea ; 
not only the richest marbles, but even gold and 
diamonds were profusely lavished in its decora- 
tions ; the rooms were strewed and surrounded 
with flowers and the most costly perfumes ; every 
kind of luxury, delicacy, and profusion, were 
lavished to please a tyrant, who, sated with 
these, could never enjoy them. After the death 
of Nero, the palace of the Ceesars was confined 
to mount Palatine alone, and also highly embel- 
lished, according to Martial, by Domitian. In 
the time of the emperor Commodus this place 
was consumed by fire, but rebuilt in the time of 
Heliogabalus. After this it always continued the 
residence of the Roman emperors, until the time 
of Valentinian, when it was entirely dem.olished 
by the Vandals, or at least by Alaric (in iOd), so 
much so, that nothing remains at this day but 
some ruins that are to be seen in the Farnese 
gardens Contiguous to the hou.se of Au2U=tus 
was the famous remple of the Palatine Apollo, 
erected by the emperor in fulfilment of a vow 
made to that deity on the morning of the battle 
of Actium. Ovid and Propertius describe it as 
a splendid structure of white marble. The por- 
tico more especially was an object of admiration; 
it was adorned w ith columns of African marble, 
and statues of the Danaides. Connected with 
the temple was a magnificent library, filled with 
the works of the best Greek and Latin authors. 
It contained, according to Plin}', a colossal sta- 
tue of Apollo, in bronze, of Tuscan workman- 
ship, which was much esteem.ed. Suet. Aus[- 5, 
29et72. Viiell. ^D. Calig. 22. Ner. 31 — Tacit. 
Hist. ], 77. Ann. 15, iZ. — Plin. 34. 7. -Mart. 12, 
75. - Ovid. Trist. 3, l. — Propert. 2, 31. 

Pales, the goddess of sheep-folds and of 
pastures among the Romans. She was wor- 
shipped with great solemnity at Rome, and her 
festivals, called Palilia, were celebrated the very 
dav that Romulus began to lav the foundation 
of the citv of Rome. Virg. G. 3,' 1 et 294 — Ovid. 
Fast. 4, 722, &c. - Paterc. 1, 8. 

Palib 'iTHRA. or Pali.MBOTHRA, now Patna, 
the c;!pital of the Prasii, in India. It was situ- 
ated at the confluence of the Krannoboas with 
the Ganges, and was fabled to have been built 
by Hercules, It was a large, opulent, and .^ell 



defended city, being surrounded by a wall nf 3P0 
stadia, with 570 towers and 64 gates. Arrian Ind- 
10. -Stj-nb. 15. -Diod. Sic. 2. o9. 

PaLiCI, or Palisci, two deities, sons of Jupi. 
ter by Thalia, whom .,Eschylus calls JE'na, in a 
tragedy which is now lost, according to the 
words of Macrobius. The nymph ^Etna, when 
pregnant, entreated her lover to remove her 
from the pursuit of Juno. The god concealed 
her in the bowels of the earth, and when the 
time of her delivery was come, the earth opened 
and brought into tlie world two children, who re 
ceived the name of Palici, iiro rov iraXiv L<^a5oi, be- 
cause they C'ime agnin into the ivorldfroni the bowels 
of the earth. These deities were w.orshipped « ith 
great ceremonies by the Sicilians, and near tht ir 
temple were two small lakes of sulphureous 
water, which were supposed to have sprung out 
of the earth, at the same time that they w ere 
born. These pools were properly craters of vol- 
canoes, and their depths were unknown. The 
water kept continually bubbling up from them, 
emitting at the same time a sulphureous stench. 
The neighbouring inhabitants called them Delli, 
and supposed them to be the brothers of tiie 
Palici. A curious custom, tending to show the 
power of the priesthood, was connected with 
these lakes. All controversies, of whatsoever 
kind, were here decided; and it was sufTicient in 
order to substantiate a charge, or clear one's self 
from an accusation, to swear by these w aters and 
depart unhurt ; for, if the oath were a false one, 
the party who made it was either struck dead, or 
deprived of sight, or punished in some other pre- 
ternatural manner. The temple also was an 
inviolable asylum for slaves, especially those 
who had cruel masters ; and the latter were 
compelled to promise a more gentle treatment, 
and to ratify their promise with an oath, before 
the fugitives returned. Firg. JEn. f), 5b5 — Ovid, 

Met. 5, hm.—Diod. Sic. 11, 89 Macrob. Sat. 5, 

10. - Ital. 14, 219. 

Palilia, a festival celebrated by the Ro- 
mans, in honour of the goddess Pales. The cere- 
mony consisted in burning heaps of straw, and 
in leapiiiff over them. No sacrifices were offered, 
but the purifications were made with the smoke 
of horses' biood, and with the ashes of a calf that 
had been taken from the belly of its moth<^r, 
after it had been sacrificed, and with the ashes 
of beans. The purification of the flocks was also 
made with the smoke of sulphur, of the olive, 
the pine, the laurel, and the rosemary. Offer- 
ings of mild cheese, boiled wine, and cakes of 
millet, were afterwards made to the goddess. 
This festival was observed on the 21st of April, 
and it was during the celebration that Romulus 
first began to build his city. Some call this fes- 
tival Parilia, quasi a pariendo, because the sacri- 
fices were offered to the divinitv for the fecun- 
dity of the flocks. Ovid. Met. U, 774. Fast. 4, 
721, &c. 6. 257. 

Palinurus, son of Jasus, was the skilful 
pilot of the ship of .^neas. He fell into the sea 
in his sleep, and was three days exposed to the 
tempests and the waves of the sea, and at last 
came safe to the sea-shore near Velia, where the 
cruel inhabitants of the place murdered him to 
obtain his clothes. His body was left unburied 
on the sea-shore, and as, according to the reli- 
gion of the ancient Romans, no person was suf- 
fered to cross the Stygian lake before 100 years 
were elapsed, if his remains had t>ut been de- 



PAL 



525 



PAL 



cently buried, we find ^neas, when he visited 
the infernal regions, speaking to Palinurus, and 
assuring him, that though his bones were de- 
prived of a funeral, yet the place w here his body 
was exposed should soon be adorned with a mo- 
nument, and bear his name, and accordingly a 
promontory was called Palinuru?. Virs-. ^n. 3, 
513. 5, 840, Sec— Ovid, de Rem, b17. - Mela, 2, 
i.— Strab.— Horat. od. 3, 4, 28. A promon- 
tory of Italy, on the western coast of Luca- 
nia", just above the Laus Sinus. It was al.-o 
called Palinurum, and Palinuri promontorium. 
Tradition ascribed its name to Palinurus, the 
pilot of iEnea?. The m-odern appellation is Capo 
di Pcdmuro. flrg. ^n. 6, 380. 

Paliscorum, or Palicorum STAGNA, sul- 
phureous pools in Sicily. Vid, Palici. 

Pallades, certain virgins who were conse- 
crated to Jupiter by the Thebans of Egypt. Strub. 
17. 

Palladium, a celebrated statue of Pallas. It 
was about three cubits high, and represented the 
goddess as sitting and holding a pike in her right 
hand, and in her left a distaff and a spindle. It 
fell down from heaven near the tent of Ilus, as 
that prince was building the citadel of Ilium. 
Some, nevertheless, suppose that it fell at Pes- 
sinus in Phrygia, or according to others, Dar- 
danus received it as a present from his mother 
Electra. There are some authors who maintain 
that the Palladium was made with the bones of 
Pelops by Abaris ; but ApoUodorus seems to say 
that it was no more than a piece of clock-work 
which moved of itself. However discordant the 
opinions of ancient authors be about this famous 
statue, it is universally agreed that on its preser- 
vation depended the safety of Troy. This fa- 
tality was well known to the Greeks during the 
Trojan war, and therefore Ulysses and Dicmedes 
were commissioned to steal it away. They ef- 
fected their purpose, and, if we rely upon the 
authority of some authors, they were directed 
how to carry it away by Helenus, the son of 
Priam, who proved, in this, unfaithful to his 
country, because his brother Deiphobus, at the 
death of Paris, liad married Helen, of whom he 
was enamoured. Minerva was displeased with 
the violence which was^ofTered to her statue, and, 
according to Virgil, the Palladium itself ap- 
peared to have received life and motion, and by 
the' flashes which started from its eyes, and its 
sudden springs from the earth, it seemed to show 
the resentment of the goddess. The true Palla- 
dium, as some authors observe, was not carried 
away from Troy by the Greeks, but only one of 
the statues of similar size and shape, which were 
placed near it, to deceive whatever sacrilegious 
persons attempted to steal it The Palladium, 
therefore, as they say, was conveyed safe from 
Troy to Italy by iEneas, and it was afterwards 
preserved by the Romans with the greatest se- 
crecy and veneration, in the temple of Vesta, a 
circumstance which none but the vestal virgins 
knew. Herodian. 1, 14, &c.- Ovid, Fast. 6. 412, 
&c. Met. 13 d6(>,—Dictys Cret. 1, 5 - Apollod. 
3. \2.— Virg. yEn. 2, 166. 9, \b\.~Plut. de reb. 
Rom.- Juv 3, 139. 

Palladtus, bishop of Hellenopolis in Bi- 
thynia, and afterwards of Aspona, was bom in 
Cappadocia, about A. D. 3(i8. He was much 
attached to St John Chrysostom ; on whose 
death he went to Rome, where he wrote tiie his- 
tory of the Hermits of the Desert, which was : 



published, in Greek, by M< nrsiiis, at Amster- 
dam, in 1619 ; and in Latin in the Bibliotheca 
Patrum. A physician of Akxandrea, distin- 
guished from other individuals oi the same name 
by the appellation of larpoToipLCThi. He wrote a 
commentary on the work of Hippocrates re- 
specting Fractures. He has left also sch(;lia on 
the sixth bock of Epidemics ; others, still un- 
published, on the regimen to be observed in 
acute maladies : and a treatife on Fevers. The 
commentary is published with the works of Hip- 
pocrates. The scholia on the Epidemics have 
only appeared in a Latin translation by Crassus, 
Basil. 1581, 4to. The treatise on Fevers was 
edited, with a Latin version, by Chartier, Paris, 

16-16, 4to., and by Bernard, L. Bat 1745. £vo. 

Rutilius, Taurus, ji^milianus, the last of the 
Latin writers on agriculture. His work is en- 
titled " De re rusiica," and is divided into four- 
teen books. It contains materials selected from 
earlier authors on this subject, and especially 
from C'dumelia, who is often literally copied. 
Nevertheless, Palladius treats, in a much more 
exact manner than Columella, the respective 
heads of fruit-trees and kitchen gardens, having 
followed in these the work of Gargilius Marti- 
alis. What he states respecting the n)ode of pre- 
serving fruits, &c., is taken from the Greek Geo- 
ponica, of which he appears to have possessed a 
much more complete copy than the abridgment 
which has come down to us. 

Pallanteum, an ancient town of Italy, in 
the vicinity of Reate, in the territory of the 
Sabines. It was said, in tradition, to have been 
founded by the Arcadian Pela?gi united with the 
Aborigines. From it the Palatine mount at 
Rome is said to have derived its name. Hol- 
stenius thinks it must have occupied the site of 
Palazzo, on the hill called Fonie di Rieii. Dion. 
Hal 1, U.— Varro L. L, i. 

Pallantias, a patronymic of Aurora, as 
being related to the fiiant'Pallas She was the 
cousin of Pallas. Pallas was son of Creus, 
Aurora was daughter of Hyperion, and Hyperion 
and Creus were brothers, offspring of CoeUis and 
Terra. Otid. Met. 9, \2.— Hesiod. Theog. Ui„ 

371, &c. A name given to the Tritonis Palus 

in Africa. P/m. 5, i.— Mda, 1, 7. 

Pallantides, the fifty sons of Pallas, the son 
of Pandion, and the brother of ^geus. They 
were all killed by Theseus, the son of ^Egeus, 
whom they opposed vvhen he came to take pos- 
session of his father's kingdom. This opposition 
they showed in hopes of succeeding to the throne, 
as ^geus left no children, except Theseu.<?, 
whose legitimacy was even disputed, as he was 
born at Troezene. Pint, in Thes. 

Pallantium, a town of Arcadia, north west 
of Tegea. The Romans afSrmed, that from this 
place Evander led into Italy the colony which 
settled on the banks of the Tiber. The vestiges 
of Pallantium are to be seen near the village of 
Thann, on the right of the road leading from 
Ti ipolit za' io Leondari. Pans. 8, 43. — Viig. JEn. 
8, .54.- Plin. 4, 6. 

Pallas, {-odis,) a daughter of Jupiter, the 
same as Minerva. The goddess received this 
name either becf.use she killed the giant PaWis, 
or perhaps from the spear which she seems to 
brandish in her hands (n-aAXetv). For the fimc- 
tions, power, and character of the goddess, rid. 
Minerva. 

Pallas, {-antis), a son of king Evander. sent 



PAL 



526 



PAN 



with some tronp'; to assist ^neas. He was killed 
by Turnus, the king- of the Rutuli, after he had 
made a great slaughter ot the enemy. Virg. ! 

vEn. 8, &c. One of. the giants, son of 

Uranus and Terra. He was killed by Minerva, 
who covered herself with his skin, whence, as 
some suppose, she is called Pallas. Apollod 3, 
12. —A son of Crius and Eurybia, who married 
the nymph Styx, by whom he had Victory, 
Valour, &c. Hesiod. Th. 385.-— .A son of Pan- 
dion, father of Clytus and Butes. Ovid. Met. 7, 
fab. 17. 

P.\LLfiNE, a peninsula of Macedonia, one of 
three belonging to the district of Chalcidice. It ' 
was situate between the Sinus Thermaicus, or i 
GulfofS'atom/cj, andthe SinusToronaicus, or Gulf j 
of Cassandria. This peninsula was said to liave 
borne the name of Phlegra, and to have witness- 
ed the conflict between the gods and the earth- 
born Titans. It is connected with the mainland 
by a narrow isthmus of little more than two 
miles in breadth, on which once stood the rich 
and flourishing city of Potidaea. Find. Nem. 1, 

lOO- Isth. 6, 47.— Lycophro?i, 140S. .A village 

of Attica, where Minerva had a temple, and 
where the Pallantides chiefly resided. Herod. 1, 
16\. — Plut.tn Thes. 

PalmariA, a small island in the Tyrrhenian 
sea, off the coasts of Latium an(i Campania, and 
south of the promontory of Circeii. It is now 
Palmarnola. Plin. 3, 5. 

Palmyra, a city of .Asia, the Tadmor of the 
Old Testament; situated in a wilderness of 
Syria, on the borders of Arabia Deserta, towards 
the Euphrates. Josephus places it two days' 
journey from the Upper Syria, one days' journey 
from the Euphrates, and six days' journey from 
Babylon. He says there is no water in the wil- 
derness, but in this place. At the present day 
there are to be seen vast ruins of this city. 
There was nothing more magnificent in the 
whole east. There are a great number of in- 
scriptions, most of which are Greek, the others 
in Palmyrenean characters. Nothing relating to 
the Jews is seen in the Greek inscriptions;' and the 
Palmyrenean inscriptions are entirely unknow n, 
as well as the language and the characters of tliat 
country. The city of Palmyra preserved the 
name of Tadmor to the time of Alexander. It 
then received the name of Palmyra, which it 
preserved for several ages. About the middle of 
the third century it became famous, because 
Odenatus and Zenobia his queen made it the 
seat of their empire. When the Saracens be- 
came masters of the east, they restored its anci- 
ent name of Tadmor, which it has always pre- 
served since. It is surrounded by sandy deserts 
on all sides. It is not known when, nor by 
whom, it was reduced to the ruinous condition 
in which it is now found. It may be said to 
consist at present of a forest of Corinthian pillars, 
erect and fallen. So numerous are these, con- 
sisting of many thousands, that the sj)ectator is 
at a loss to connect or arrange them in any 
order or symmetry, or to conceive what purpose 
or design they could have answered. Plin. 6, 26 
et 30. 

Famisos. a river of Thessaly, now the Fanari, 
falling into the Peneus to the e.ist of Tricea. 

Herod. 7, 132 Major, a river of Messenia, 

falling into the Sinus Messeniacus, at its head. 

Ir is now the Pirnntza. Pans. 4 34. A torrent 

of Messenia, falling into the Smus Messeniacus 



near Leuctrum, and forn:ing part of the ancient i 
boundary between Laconia and Messenia. Str .O. ! 
8. \ 

Pamphilus, an Alexandrean grammari;in, 
and disciple of Aristarchus, the author of a vh , 
lexicon, in 91 or 95 books, often quoted by 1 

Athenaeus, Another grammarian of Alexan- j 

drea, author of a Avork on Criticism, and also a I 
treatise on Agriculture. Of the latter produc- } 
tion, some fragments remain in the G.^oponica of i 

Cassianus Bassus, A father of the church, i 

who, in conjunction with Eusebius, published ' 
separately the Septuagint column of Origen s 
Hexapla.— — A celebrated painter of Maced._>nia, 
in the age of Philip, distinguished above his 
rivals by a superior know.ledge of literature, and 1 
the cultivation of those studies which tausht, how I 
to infuse more successfully grace and 'dignity ! 
into his pieces. He was founder of the school | 
for painting at Sicyon, and he made a law which ) 
was observed not only in Sicyon, but all over ' 
Greece, that none but the children of noble and ! 
dignified persons should be permitted to learn | 
painting. Apelles was one of his pupils. Diog. 

Pamphos, a Greek poet, supposed to have ' 
lived before Hesiod's age. He was a native of i 
Athens, and wrote hymns and a poem on the 
Graces. Some of his verses are quoted by an- 
cient authors. Pans. 1, 38. — Pkilostr, Her. 2. I 

PamPHYLA, a Grecian female, according to ! 
some a native of Egypt, but, according to others, j 
born at Epidaurus, in Argolis. She was the i 
daughter of a grammarian, and wrote several 
historical works. One of these was entitled I 
^ ETTtrofial 'laropicov {Historic d Abridgment). Ano- | 
ther work, which Photius has make known to us, j 

bore the name of 2uA<,/it*-ra 'laroptKi 'vtrofivfiaara I 

(Historical Miscellany). It was a species of note, 
or memorandum book, in which this female re- 
gularly inserted, every day, whatever she heard j 
most deserving of being recorded in the conver- ^ 
sations between her father and his friends. It I 
contained a number of literary anecdotes of the I 
most celebrated writers of Greece, It is unfor- | 
tunately lost. Pamphyla lived, according to 
Photius, in the reign of Nero. j 

Pamphyjlia, a province of Asia Minor, oc- ! 

cupying originally a small tract of coast between | 

Cilicia and Lycia, from Olbia on the west to 1 

the Cilician town of Laertes on the east, and ] 

extending a few miles inland. The name Pam- , 

phylia is said to come from Tray, omnis, and cpt.Xv, ] 

tribus, and to have been applied to this tract of | 

country from the circumstance of many and | 

various tribes of Greeks settling here under 1 
Amphilochus and Calchas, after the destruction 

of Troy. Herod. 7, 91. ! 

Pan, the god of shepherds, of huntsmen, and I 
of all the inhabitants of the country. Hewa<the 

son of Mercury, by Dryope, according to Homer. | 
Some give him Jupiter and Callisto for parents, 

others Jupiter and Ybis or Oneis. Lucian, Hy- i 

ginus, &c. support that he was the son of Mer- | 
cury and Penelope, the daughter of Icarius, and 
thnt the god uained the affections of the princess 

xmder the form of a goat, as she tended her father's , 
flocks on mount Taygetus, before her marriage 

with the king of Ithaca. Pan was a monster in ap- I 

pearance, he had two small horns on his head, his I 

complexion w as ruddy, his nose flat, and his legs, | 
thighs, tail, and feet, were those of a goat. The 

education of Pan was entrusted to a nymph of ■ 

Arcadia, calU d Sinoe, but the nurse, according ' 



PAN 



527 



PAN 



to Homer, tfrriiif u at the sight of such a mon- 
ster, fled away and left him. He was wrapped up 
in the skins of beasts by his father, and carried 
to heaven, where Jnpiter and the gods long en- 
tertained themselves with the oddity of his ap- 
pearance. Bacchus was greatly pleased with him, 
and gave him the name of Pan. The sod of 
shepherds chiefly resided in Arcadia, where the 
woods and the most ruiigtd mountains were his 
habitation. He invented the flute with seven 
reeds, which he called ."Syrinx, in honour of a 
boautiful nymph of the same name, to whom he 
attempted to offer violence and who was changed 
into a reed. He was continually employed in 
deceiving the neighbouring- nymphs, and often 
with success. Though deformed in his shape 
and features, yet he had the good fortune to cap" 
tivate Diana, by transforming himself into a 
beautiful white goat. He was also enamoured of a 
nymph of the mountains called Echo, by whom 
he had a son called Lynx. He also paid his ad- 
dresses to Omphale. queen of Lydia. [^Vid. Om- 
phale ] The worship of Pan was well estab- 
lished, particularly in Arcadia, where he gave 
oracles on mount Lycaeus. His festivals, called 
by the Greeks Lyccea, were brought to Italy by 
Evander, and they were w ell known at Rome by 
the name of the Lupercalia. {_Vid. Lupercalia.] 
The worship, and the different functions of Pan, 
are derived from the mythology of the ancient 
Egyptians. This god was one of the eight great 
gods of the Egyptians, who ranked before the other 
twelve gods, whom the Romans called Co7iserdes. 
He was worshipped with the greatest solemnity 
at Mendes, in Egypt. [Vid. Mendes.] He was the 
emblem of fecundity, and they looked upon him 
as the principle of all things. His horns, as some 
observe, represented the rays of the sun, and the 
brightness of the heavens was expressed by the 
vivacity and the ruddiness of his complexion. 
The star which he wore on his breast, was ihe 
symbol of the firmament, and his hairy les;s and 
feet denoted the inferior parts of the earth, such 
as the woods and plants. Some suppose that he 
appeared as a goat because when the gods fled 
into Egypt, in their war against the giants, Pan 
transformed himself into a goat, an example 
which was immediately followed by all the dei- 
ties. Pan, according to some, is the same as 
Faunus, and he is the chief of all the Satyrs. 
Plutarch mentions, that in the reign of Tiberius, 
an extraordinary voice was heard near the Echi- 
nades, in the Ionian sea, which exclaimed, that 
the great Pan was dead. This was readily be- 
lieved by the emperor, and the astrologers were 
consulted ; but they were unable to explain the 
meaning of so supernatural a voice, which pro- 
bably proceeded from the imposition of one of 
the courtiers, who attempted to terrify Tiberius. 
As Pan usually terrified the inhabitants of the 
neighbouring country, that kind of fear which 
often seizes men, and which is only ideal and 
imaginary, has received from him the name of 
panic Jear. This kind of terror has been exem- 
plified not only in individuals, but in numerous 
armies, such as that of Brennus, which was thrown 
into the greatest consternation at Rome, without 
any cause or plausible reason. Ovid. Fast. 1, 396. 
2. 277. Mel. 1, 6S9.— Virg. G. ], 17. ^t?. 8, 343. 
G. 3. 392. — J?<7'. 2, 112. Paus. 8, 30. -Varro. de 
L. L. 5, ^.— Liv. 1,5.— Hprod. 2, -^GetllS, &c. — 
Orph. Hymn 10. — Horn. Hymn, in Pan. - Lucinn. 
Dial, Merc, el Pan. — Apollod. 1, 4. 



I'ANACKA, a goddess, daughter of ^Escula- 
pius, who pn sided over heahh. The tern) is 
derived from Trav, every thing, and awio^at, / 
cure. This word is applied among medical prac- 
titioners to a universal remedy, or one that is 
capable of curing all diseases. The idea, how- 
ever, of a panacea is now justly exploded by 
enlightened physicians. There were three pan- 
aceas held in high value among the ancients, 
the Heraclean, the A^clepian, and the Chir- 
onian. The first is what is termed in English 
true rdl-heol of Hercules, from the root and sttm 
of which is drawn by incision the gum opo- 
panax ; the second is a kind of ferula ; the third 
Doria's wound wort. 

Pan^tius, a celebrated philosopher among 
the Stoics, who flourished in the second cen- 
tury before Christ, was a native of Rhodes, and 
descended from ancestors who had distinguished 
themselves in the military transactions of the 
republic. His inclination leading him to the 
study of philosophy, he became a disciple of 
Antipater of Tarsus, but did not at this time 
approve the dfictrines of the .Stoics. He was a 
great admirer of Plato, whom he called divine, 
most wise, and most holy, and he freely bor- 
rowed opinions and sentiments from philoso- 
phers of every sect. From Rhodes he went to 
Athens, where he maintained the reputation of 
the school of Zeno, and had many disciples. 
His fame having reached Rome, he went thi- 
ther ; his lectures were crowded by the young 
nobility; and he enjoyed an intimate acquaint- 
ance with several eminent Romans, particularly 
Scipio and Lselius. According to some writers 
he accompanied Scipio in some of his expedi- 
tions, and is said to have rendered him essential 
services; he at the same time employed his in- 
terest with this great man in conferring various 
benefits on his fellow-citizens at Rhodes. Pan- 
aetius appears to have spent the latter part of his 
life partly at Athens, and he died at the last- 
named city, but it is not at all certain in what 
year. None of his works have come down to 
us; but his moral doctrines were, doubtless, very 
excellent, since they are greatlv extolled by 
Cicero, in his treatise De Offiriis. ' Cic. de Off. 2, 
14. 4, 9. Ac. Qucest. 4, 33. De Fin. 1. 2. Tusc. 
Qucvst. 1, 32. De Div. 1, 3. &e. - Aul. Cell. 12, -5. 

Panathen^A, festivals in honour of Mi- 
nerva, the patroness of Athens. They were first 
instituted by Erichtheus or Orpheus, and called 
Athencea, but Theseus afterwards renewed them, 
and caused them to be celebrated and observed 
by all the tribes of Athens, which he had united 
into one, and from which reason the festivals re- 
ceived their name. Some suppose that they are 
the same as the Roman Quinquatria^ as they are 
often called by that name among the Latins. In 
the first years of the institution, they were ob- 
served only during one day, but afterwards the 
time was prolonged, and the celebration was at- 
tended with greater pomp and solemnity. The 
festivals were two; Xhe grent }'anathcnwa(jj.tyaXa), 
which were observed every fifth year, beginning 
oil the 22d of the month called HecalombceoJi, or 
7ih of July, and the lesser Panathencea (/ii/fpa), 
which were kept every third jear, or rather an- 
nually, beginning on the 21st or Sflth of the 
month called Thor'^elion, corresponding to the 
5th or 6th day of the month of May. In the 
lesser festivals there were three games coviriuct- 
cd by ten presidents chosen from the ten tribes 



PAN 



523 



PAN 



3f Athens, who continued four years in office. 
On the evening of the first day there was a race 
with torches, in which men on foot, and after- 
wards on horseback, contended. The same was 
also exhibited in the gre .ter festivals. The 
second combat was gymnical, and exhibited a 
trial of strength and bodily dexterity. The last 
was a musical contention, first instituted by 
Pericles. In the songs they celebrated the ge- 
nerous undertaking of Harmodius and Aristo- 
giton, who opposed the Pisistratidae, and of 
Thrasybulus, who delivered Athens from its 
thirty tyrants. Phrynis of Mitylene was the 
first who obtained the victory by playing upon 
the harp. There were besides other musi- 
cal instruments, on which they played in con- 
cert, such as flutes, &c. The poets contended in 
four plays, called from their number rerpa^oyia. 
The last of these was a satyr ic drama. There 
was also at Sunium an imitation of a naval fight. 
Whoever obtained the victory in any of these 
games was rewarded with a vessel of oil, which 
he was permitted to dispose of in whatever man- 
ner he pleased, and it was unlawful for any 
other person to transport that commodity. The 
conqueror also received a crown of the olives 
which grew in the groves of Academus, and 
were sacred to Minerva, and called ixoplai, from 
/*(spof, death, in r'^membrance of the tragical end 
of Hallirhotius, the son of Neptune, who cut 
his own legs v/hen he attempted to cut down 
the olive which had given the victory to Mi- 
nerva in preference to his father, when these 
two deities contended about giving a name to 
Athens. Some suppose that the word is de- 
rived from ^lepof, a part, because these olives 
were given by contribution by all such as at- 
tended at the festivals. There was also a dance 
~ called Pyrrhichii, performed by young boys in 
armour, in imitation of Minerva, who thus ex- 
pressed her triumph over the vanquished Titans. 
Gladiators were also introduced when Athens 
became tributary to the Romans. During the 
celebration no person was permitted to appear 
in dyed garments, and if any one transgressed 
he was punished according to the discretion of 
the president of the games. After these things, 
a sumptuous sacrifice was offered, in which 
every one of the Athenian boroughs contributed 
an ox, and the whole was concluded by an en- 
tertainment for all the company with the flesh 
that remained from the sacrifice. In the greater 
festivals, the same rites and ceremonies were 
usually observed, but with more solemnity and 
magnificence. Others were also added, particu- 
larly the procession, in which Minerva's sacred 
TT.'jrXoj, or garment, was carried. This garment 
was woven by a select number of virgins, called 
epyJioTtKal, from epyov^ Work. They were super- 
intended by two of the apprjtpdpoi, or young vir- 
gins, not above seventeen years of age nor 
under eleven, whose garments were white and 
set off' with ornaments of gold. Mmervn's peplus 
was of a white colour, without sleeves, and em- 
broidered with gold. Upon it were desctibed 
the achievements of the goddess, particularly 
her victories over the giants. The exploits of 
Jupiter and the other gods were also repre- 
sented there, and from that circumstance men of 
courage and bravery are said to be Sfiot TreTrXoi;, 
worthy to be pourtrayed on Minerva's sacred 
g.xrment. In the procession of the peplus, the 
following ceremonies were observed. In the 



ceramicus, without the city, there was an engine ' 
built in the form of a ship, upon which Mi* i 
nerva's garment was hung as a sail, and the ' 
whole was conducted, not by beasts, as some ' 
have supposed, but by subterraneous machines, 
to the temple of Ceres Eleusinia, and from ! 
thence to tiie citadel, where the peplus was I 
placed upon Minerva's statue, which was laid 
upon a bed woven or strewed with flowers, I 
which was called vXams. Persons of all ages, I 
of every sex and quality, attended the proces- | 
sion, which was led by old men and women j 
carrying olive branches in their hands, from | 
which reason they were called 9aX\o({>6poi, bear- 
ers of green boughs. Next followed men of full j 
age with shields and spears. They were at- 
tended by the /xiroiKoi, or foreigners, who car- ] 
ried small boats as a token of their foreign 
origin, and from that account they were called | 
oKacprjipopoif boat-bearers. After them cime the ' 
women attended by the wives of the foreigners, i 
called vfipia(p6poi, because they carried water- j 
pots. Next to these came young men crowned j 
with millet and singing hymns to the goddess, 
and after them followed select virgins of the i 
noblest families, called Kavrifopoi, bisket -bearers^ \ 
because thoy carried baskets, in which were 
certain things necessary for the celebration, with 
whatever utensils were also requisite. These 
several necessaries were generally in the pos- ' 
session of the chief manager of the festival, call- j 
ed apxi-Q^copoi, who distributed them when occa- 
sion off'ered. The virgins were attended by the 
daughters of foreigners, who carried umbrellas \ 
and little scats, from which they were named , 
ii<ppr)<p6poi, seat -carriers. The boys, called nai- 
Sa^iKol, as it may be supposed, led the rear, I 
cloathed in coats generally worn at processions, i 
The necessaries for this and every other festival ' 
were prepared in a public hall erected for that 
purpose, between the Piraean gate and the temple 
of Ceres. The management and the care of the 
whole was entrusted to theci/uot/Ji Aaxes.or persons 
employed in seeing the rites and ceremonies 
properly observed. It was also usual to set all 
prisoners at liberty, and to present golden 
crowns to such as had deserved well of their 
country. Some persons were also chosen to sing 
some of Homer's poems, a custom which was 
first introduced by Hipparchus, the son of Pisis- 
tratus. It was also customary in this festival 
and every other quinquennial festival, to pray 
for the prosperity of the Plataeans, whose ser- 
vices haa been so conspicuous at the battle of 
Marathon. Plut. in Thes.—^lian. F. H. 8, 2.— 
Apollod. 3, 14. 

Panchaia, or Fanch.^;a, an island of the 
ocean, upon the coast of Arabia. According to 
Diodorus Siculus, it was inhabited by natives of 
the country, and also by Indians, Cretans, and 
Scythians. In this island was a town called 
Panara, whose inhabitants, according to Dio- 
dorus, were singularly happy. They had a 
temple of Jupiter Triphylius, of which this au- 
thor details all sorts of marvellous circumstances. 
The other three towns were Hiracia, Dabi, and 
Oceanis. But the existence of such an island 
is doubtful. Virg. G. 2, 139. 4, 379. - Ovid. Met. 
1, 309, Sic. — Diod. b.—Lucret. 2, 417. 

Panda, two deities at Rome, who presided 
one over the openings of roads, and the other 
over the openings of towns. The former of these 
wa-; first worshipped by Tatius, who invoked her 



Pan 



529 



PAN 



Bssistance to open to him and to his troops the 
way to the capitol, and she afterwards presided 
also over travellers. Some imagine that Panda 
was the same as Ceres, but they are distinguish- 
ed as different deities by most ancient authors. 
^ul Gellius. 13, 22. — Farro de R. R.\. 

PANDARUS, a son of Lycaon, who assisted 
the Trojans in their war against the Greeks. He 
went to the war without a chariot, and there- 
fore he generally fought on foot. He broke the 
truce which had been agreed upon between the 
Greeks and Trojans, and wounded Menelaus 
and Diomedes, and shov^ed himself brave and 
unusually courageous. He was at last killed 
by Diomedes-, and jEneas, who then carried him 
in his chariot, by attempting to revenge his 
death, nearly perished by the hand of the out- 
rageous, and enraged enemy. Diclys Cret. 2, 
^D.— Homer. II. 2. b. — Hygin. fab. \\2- — rirg. 

JEn. 5, 495. et Sewius loco. — Strab. 14 A 

son of Alcanor killed with his brother Bitias by' 

Turnus, Virg. ^n. 9, 735. A native of Crete 

punished with death for being accessary to the 
theft of Tantalus. What this theft was is un- 
known. Some, however, suppose that Tantalus 
stole the ambrosia and the nectar from the tables , 
of the gods to which he had been admitted, or 
that he carried away a dog w hich watched Jupi - 
ter's temple in Crete, in which crime Pandarus 
was concerned, and for which he suffered. Pan- 
darus had two daughters, Camiro and Clytia> 
who were also deprived of their mother by a 
sudden death, and left without friends or pro- 
tectors. Venus had compassion upon them, and 
she fed them with milk, honey, and wine. Tlie 
goddesses were all equally interested in their wel- 
fare. Juno gave them wisdom e\nd beauty; Diana 
a handsome figure and regular features, and 
Minerva instructed them in whatever domestic 
accomplishments can recommend a wife. Ve- 
nus wished still to make their happiness more 
complete; and when they were come to nubile 
years, the goddess prayed Jupiter to grant them 
kind and tender husbands. But in her absence 
the Harpies carried away the virgins and de- 
livered them to the Eumenides to share the 
punishment which their father suffered. Puus- 
10, 30. — Find. 

PANDARUS, or Pandareus, a man who had 
a daughter called Philomela. She was changed 
ifflo a nightingale, after she had killed, by mis- 
take, her son Itylus, whose death she mourned 
in the greatest melancholy. Some suppose him 
to be the same as Pandion, king of Athens. 

Pandatauia, an island in the Mare Tyr- 
rhenum, in the Sinus Puteolanus, on the coast 
of Italy. It was the place of banishment for 
Julia, the daughter of Augustus, and many 
others. It is now Isola Fandolina, Liu. 53, 14. 
—Mela, 2, 7. —I'lin. 3, 6. 

Pandemus, one of the surnames of the god 
of love, among the Egyptians and the Greeks, 
who distinguished two Cupids, one of whom was 
the vulgar, called Pandemus, and another of a 
purer, and more celestial origin. Plut. in Erot. 

Pandia, a festival at Athens established by 
Pandion, from whom it received its name, or. 
because it was observed in honour of Jupiter, 
who can nivra iivivtiv, vfiove and turn ull things 
as he pleaseth. Some suppose that it concerned 
the moon, because it does -rravorre dvai, move in- 
ces-SdJilly by showing itself day ;>nd night, rather 
than the sun w hich never apj)ears but in the day 



time. It was celebrated after the Dionysia, be- 
cause Bacchus is sometimes taken for the sun 
or Apollo, and therefore the brother, or, as some 
will have it, the son of the moon. 

PamdIon, a king of Athens, son of Erichthon 
and Pasithea, who succeeded his father, B. C. 
1437. He became father of Procne and Philo- 
mela, Erechtheus and Butes. During his reign, 
there was such an abundance of corn, wine, and 
oil, that it was publicly reported that Bacchus 
and Minerva had personally visited Attica. He 
waged a successful war against Labdacus, king of 
Boeotia, and gave his daughter Procne in mar- 
riage to Tereus, king of Thrace, who had assist- 
ed him. The treatment which Philomela re- 
ceived from her brother-in-law Tereus \_Vid. 
Philomela] was the source of infinite grief to 
Pandion, and he died through excess of sorrow, 
after a reign of forty years. There was also 
another Pandion, son of Cecrops II., by Metia- 
duca, who succeeded to his father, B. C 1307. 
He was driven from his paternal dominions, and 
fled to Pylas, king of Megara, who gave him his 
daughter Pelia in marriage, and resigned his 
crown to him. Pandion became father of four 
children, called from him Pundionidce, ^s;eus, 
Pallas, Nisus, and Lycus. The eldest of these 
children recovered his father's kingdom. Some 
authors haVe confounded the two Pandions to- 
gether in such an indiscriminate manner, that 
they seem to have been only one and the same 
person. Many believe that Philomela and 
Procne were the daughters, not of Pandion the 
fust, but of Pandion the second. Ovid. Met. 6, 
^IQ.—Apollod. 8, 15.— Paws. 1, 5.—Hygin. fub. 
45. 

Pandora, a celebrated woman, the first 
mortal female that ever lived, according to the 
opinion of the poet Hesiod. She was made with 
clay by Vulcan, at the request of Jupiter, who 
wished to punish the impiety and artifice of 
Prometheus, by giving him a wife. When this 
woman of clay had been made by the artist, and 
received life, all the gods vied in making her 
presents. Venus gave her beauty and the art of 
pleasing; the Graces gave her the power of cap- 
tivating ; Apollo taught her how to sing ; Mer- 
cury instructed her in eloquence; and Minerva 
gave her the most rich and splendid ornaments. 
From all these valuable presents, which she had 
received from the gods, the woman was called 
Pandora, which intimates that she had received 
every necessary gift, ttav iwpov. Jupiter after this 
gave her a beautiful box, which she was order- 
ed to present to the man who married her ; and 
by the commission of the god, Mercury con- 
ducted her to Prometheus,, The artful mortal 
was sensible of the deceit, and as he had always 
distrusted Jupiter, as well as the rest of the gods, 
since he had stolen fire a'^ay from the sun to 
animate his man of clay, he sent away Pandora 
without suffering himself to be captivated by her 
charms. His brother Epimetheus was not pos- 
sessed of the same prudence and sagacity. He 
married Pandora, and when he opened the box 
which she presented to him, there issued from 
it a multitude of evils and distempers, which 
dispersed themselves all over the world, and 
which, from that fatal moment, have never 
ceased to afflict the human race. Hope was the 
only one that remained at the bottom of the box, 
and it is she alone who has the wonderful power 
of easing the labours of man, and of rendeiin^ 
2 Y 



PAN 



530 



PAN 



his troubles and sorrows less painrul in life. 

Hesiod. Theog. et Dies Apollod. 1, l.—Paus. \, 

2\. — Hysin 14. 

PaxdosIa, a city of Lucania, in Lower Italy, 
on the banks of the Aciris. and nut far from 
Heraclea. The modern Anglcn3 is supposed to 

represent the ancient place A city in the 

territory of the Brutii, near the western coast, 
and often confounded with the preceding. It was 
anciently possessed by the d^notri, as Strabo 
reports, but is better known in history as having 
witnessed the defeat and death of Alexander, 
king of Epirus. Tlie position of the Brutian 
Pajidosia has not been a>certained, but it should 
probably be sought for near the villa;;e of Men- 
docino. Str..b. 6. - Liv. 39, 35. A city of 

Epirus, not far removed from the Acheron and 
the Acherusian lake, as we may infer from the pas- 
saije in which Livy speaks of this city with refer- 
ence to the oracle delivered to Alexander king 
of Epirus. It is not improbable that the anti- 
quities vvhich have been discovered at Paramy- 
thii, on the borders of the Sou'i t territory, may 
belong to this ancient place. Liu. S, 2i. — Strut. 
7. -Plin. 4, 1. 

PandrSsos, a daughter of Cecrops, king of 
Athens, sister to Aglauros and Herse. She was 
the only one of the sisters, who had not the fatal 
curiosity to open a basket which Minerva had 
entrusted to their care, If'id. Ericuthonius,] for 
which sincerity a t-emple was raised to her, near 
that of Minerva, and a festival instituted in her 
honour, called Paridronru Oiid. Met. 2, 73S. 

Pan'ENCS, or Panjeus, a celebrated painter 
w ho was for some time engaged in painting the 
battle of Marathon, which was still seen and 
admired in the Poecile in the age of Pau- 
sanias. His pieces were among those which 
adorned the temple of Jupiter Olvmoius. Paiis. 
5, \ l.— Plin 35, 8. 36, 23. 

Pang^CM, a celebrated ridge of mountains 
in Thrace, apparently connected with the central 
chain of Rhodope and Hsemus, and which, 
blanching oflF in a south-easterly airection, closed 
upon the coast at the dehle of Acontisma. The 
name of this rangp ot't-^n appears in the poets. 
It is now called Pundhar Dagh. or Castagnats, 
according to the editor of the French Strabo. 
Herodotus informs us, that mount Pangaeum 
contained gold and silver mines, which were 
worked by the Pieres, Odomanti, and Satrre, 
clans of Thrace, but especially the latter. 
Euripides confirms this account. These valua- 
ble mines naturally attractpd the attention of 
the Tha^ians. who were the first settlers on this 
coast; and they accordingly formed ai establish- 
ment in this vic;ni:y at a place named Crenides. 
(Fid. Philippi.) theophrastus speaks of the 
Tosa centi'oUa, which grew in great beauty and 
was indigenous on mount Pargceum. Nicander 
mentions another sort which erew in the gardens 
of Midas. Pind. Pyth. 4, 320.— ,Esch. Pers. 500. 
— Eurip. Rhes, 9^2 et 972. -T'irg. G. 4. ^62.— 
Herod. 7. 112. 

Pa.nioniL'M, a sacred spot with a grove and 
village, at the foot of mount Mycale, near the 
town of J' phesus in Asia Minor, sacred to 
Neptune of Helice. It was in this place that all 
trie delegates from the states of Ionia assembled, 
either to consult for their own safety and pros- 
perity, or to celebrate festivals, or to offer a 
sacrifice for the good of all the nation, whence 
the name TT.iK lo-iioj- all Ionia. The deputies of 



of the twelve Ionian cities which asserabled 
there were those of Miletus, Myus, Priene. 
Ephe.sus, Lebedos, Colophon, Clazomenae, 
Pnocasa, Teos, Chios, Samos, and Erythr^ 
If tne bull offered in sacrifice bellowed, it was 
accounted an omen of the highest favour, as the 
sound was particularly acceptable to the god of 
the sea, as in some manner it resembled the 
roaring of the waves of the ocean. Herod. 1, 
34S, &c. — SraA. U. — Mela, I, 17. 

PanIum. or Paneiura, a mountain of Syria, 
w hich formed part of mount Libanus, and at the 
foot of which was situated the town of Pancas, 
afterwards called Caisarea Philippi. Josephus, 
Bell. Jud. 1. -il. 

PannonIa a large province of Europe, bound- 
ed on the north .and east by the Danube; on the 
south by Illyricum, including in this direction the 
country lying along the lower bank oi the Savus; 
and on the west by the range of mount Cetius, 
separating it from Noricum. It comprehended 
Hungary to the ri^ht of the Danube, parts of 
.Loice'- Austria, Styria, and Croatia, the whole of 
^-iruwiia, and such portions of Turkish Cro.tia, 
Bomia, and Sercia, as immediately touch on the 
Save. It was at one time divided into Pannonia 
Superior and Inferior, by a line drawn from the 
mouth of the Arrabo, or Ra ib, and continued 
southward between the towns Marinianis and 
Serena, to the Sive Pannonia Inferior being 
the eastern part. This division was afterwards 
aitv^^red. Pannonia Superior was confined on the 
south by the Draie, and called Pannonia Prima; 
Pannonia Inferior was al.*;o confined on the south 
by that river, and was cailed Valeria, in honour 
of Valeria the wife of the emperor Galerius, 
who constituted the province i w hilst that part of 
Pannonia, which was south of the Drave, assum- 
ed the epithet Secunda or Savia. The Pan- 
nonii are said to have been of Celtic origin; they 
were attacked by the Romans under Augustus, 
but their submission was not effected till the time 
of Tiberius. Lricm. 3, 95. 6, 2'2d.— TibuU. 4, 1, 
103 -Plin. 3. Dio. Cass. 49.-Strab. 4 et 7 — 
Jam nd. Paierc. 2, ^. — Suet. Au^g. 2^.— Ovid. 
Tri.^t. 2. 225. 

! Panomphjeus, a surname of Jupiter, from 
: his being the parent source of omen and augury, 
'•omnium ominum- omnisque vaticinii auctor,^' 

Orid. Met. 11, 193 Homer. 11. 8. 251 et Heyn. 

loco. 

PaN jpe, or Paxopea, one of the Nereides, 
whom sailors generally invoked in storms. 

Virg. jEn. 5. 825 One of the daughters of 

Thespius. ApoUod 2, 7. 

Pan 'PES, a famous hnntsman among the at- 
tendants of Acestes, king of Sicily, who was one 
of those that engaged in the games exhibited by 
.Eneas. Virg. ^n. 5, 300. 

Panopeus, a son of Phocas and Asterodia, 
who accompanied .\mph)tryon when he m.'jJe 
war against the Teleboans. He w as father to 
Eppus, who made the celebrated wooden horse 
at the siege of Troy. Paus. 2, 29. - Apollod. 2, 4. 

.\town of Phoeis, between O'chomenos and 

the Cephisus. P nis. 10. 4. - Strab. 9. 

Panopolis. a city of Egypt, in the Thebaid, , 
on the eastern bank of the Nile, and souih of | 
Antaeopolis. It was the capital of the Panopoli- i 
tic Nome, and, as its name implies, s.acredto the 
god Pan. (" City of Pan.") According to the 
latt-r traditions, however, it would seem to have 
been sacred to the Pan.-, or wood-ae;ties, col- 



PAN 



5cl 



PAN 



If^ctively and hence we find it in Strabo designat- 
ed by the appellation of navcuv iroXts. In some 
of the subsequent writers we find the place called 
Punos, the term polls being on;itted. The name 
Panopolis (navof TrAt;) is supposed to be merely 
a translation of the Egyptian term Chemmis, by 
which this city was known to the natives of the 
land. This Chemmis, however, must not be 
confounded with the place of that name men- 
tioned by Herodotus, and by which that historian 
intends evidently to designate Coptos. The 
modern Ekhmin is supposed to occupy part of the 
site of the ancient Panopolis. Strub. 17. 

Panormus, now called Palermo, a town of 
Sicily, built by the Phoenicians, on the north- 
west part of the island, w ith a good and capaci- 
ous harbour. The ancient name is derived from 
the excellence and capaciousness of the harbour, 
(ttSj (Jp/xof,) and is equivalent to All- Port. It is 
uncertain, however, whether this name originat- 
ed with the Greeks, or was merely a translation 
of the Phoenician one. From the Phoenicians Pan- 
ormus pabsed into the hands of the Carthaginians, 
and was for a long period an im.portant strong- 
hold of the latter people, though little noticed by 
the Grecian writers. Here was the chief station 
of their fleet, and here also were the winter 
quarters of their armv. It was taken by the 
Romans, with their fleet of 300 sail, (A. U. C. 
500,) and carefully guarded by them to prevent 
its again falling into the hands of the foe. It 
was subsequentlv ranked among the free cities 
of Sicily. Diod'.Sic. 22, lA.-PoUjb. 1, 21, 24 et 

'6Q. — Cic. in Verr. 3, 6 A harbour on the 

eastern coast of Attica, south of the promontory 
of Cynosema, and opposite to the southern ex- 
tremity of Eubosa. It is row Porto Raphti. 

A harbour on the coast of Achaia, east of Rhium, 
and opposite Naupactus. It is now Tekei. 

Thucyd. 2, 8G. - Plin. 4, 5. A name given to 

the harbour of Ephesus. Mela, 2, 7. A har- 
bour in Crete, between Rithymna and Crytseum. 
Plin. 4, 12 A town in the Thracian Cherso- 
nese, between Cardia and Coelos. Plin 



the Olympic games, B. C. 664, after excluding the 
Eleans, who on that account expunged the Oh m- 
piad from the Fasti, and called it the 2d AnoUm- 
piad. They had called for the same reason the 8th 
the 1st Anolympiad, because thePisaeans presided, 
Pantanus Lacus, the lake of Leiim, situat- 
ed in Apulia, near Teanum. Plin. 3, 11. 

Panthea, the wife of Abradates, celebrated 
for her beauty and conjugal affection. She was 
taken prisoner by Cyrus, who refused to visit 
her, not to be ensnared by the pow er of her per- 
sonal charms. She killed herself on the body of 
her husband, who had been slain in a battle, &c. 
IFid. Abradates.] Xenoph Cyrop. 

Pantheon, or Pantheon, one of the most 
beautiful and magnificent temples of ancient 
Rome, and i he only one which has been preserv- 
ed ent-re. On the architrave is the following 
inscription: M. Agrippa. L. F. Cos. Tertium. 
Fecit. Some think, from this inscription, that it 
was built by Agrippa, son-in-law to Augustus. 
Others, from the disparity between the work of 
the portico and the body of the temple, are of 
opinion, that he only made the portico, but that 
the temple itself was anterior to his time. Be 
that as it may, the tout ejisemhle of this temple 
must strike even the most indifferent beholder, 
and force him to acknowledge that it is the most 
beautiful, the most solid, and the most majestic 
structure of the kind that ever existed. It was 
dedicated to all the gods and goddesses, whether 
on the height of Olympus, or in the depth of 
Tartarus; hum this univerality of its dedication 
it was called the " Pantheon;" hence itscircular 
form; hence they made its height and breadth 
equal; hence they made its roof a perfect hemis- 
phere, in order to resemble as much as possible 
the azure vault of heaven, the principal habita- 
tion, as they supposed, of those deities to whom it 
was dedicated. This edifice has no windows; a 
circular aperture at the top serves for the pur- 
pose of admitting light and air; and in case of 
rainahollow perforated piece of marble, inserted 
in the pavement, carries off the water. The 



Pans A, C- Vibius, a Roman consul, who, with | vestibule (about seventy feet long by forty broad) 



Hirtius. pursued the murderers of J. Caesar, 
and was killed in a battle near iWutina. On his 
death-bed he advised young Octavius to unite 
his interest with that of Antony, if he wished to 
revenge the dearh of Julius Cxsax, and from his 
friendly advice soon after rose the celebrated 
second triumvirate. Some suppose tliat Pansa 
•was put to death by Octavius himself, or through 
him, by the physician Glycon, who poured poison 
into the wounds of his patient. Pansa and Hir- 
tius were the two last consuls who enjoyed the 
dignity of chief magistrates of Rome, with full 
po■.^er. The authority of the consuls afterwanis 
dwindled into a shadow. Paierc. 2, t. — Ovid. 
Jrist. 3. 5. ^ 

Pantagyas a small river on the eastern coast 
of Sicily, which fails into the sea between Me- 
(iara and Syracuse, after running a short space 
in rough cascades over ru^iied stor;ei and pn-ci- 
pices. Ceres, whose m'.st favoured residence 
was in Sicily, is said to have commanded tire 
rivpr, whose r oisy currf-nt disturbed ht-r '.epo-e, 
to flow more quietly, and the obedient stream 
from that time, as the mythologists relate, was 
scarce ever heard in his wav to the sea. Plin. 
3. 8— r??-. Jp:n. 3 , 689.- Ital. 14, 2iZ.— Ovid. 
F .It. 4.471. 

FAKTALJrON, a liing of Pisa, who pre;,ided at 



s ornamented with sixteen beautiful columns, 
each of one entire piece of red oriental granite. 
These colunms, nearly four feet and a half in dia- 
meter, and forty-two feet high, together w ith the 
entablature which they support, form, in the 
opinion of the most skilful architects, the most 
super b po rtico of the kind in eidstence This 
surprisi:.;;; tt n.ple w as repaired by Adrian, M. 
Aurelius, and Septimus Severus: the first of 
these emperors, not onlyembtUishcd it inten;ally 
with pilasters and fluted columns, ot gii'Uo-' ntico, 
and o her preci;)us marbles, of the most exquisite 
workmanship, wli-ch still remain, but also had 
it externally covered w ith gilded bronze. In the 
interior there are tows of niches one above the 
other, which once contained statues of the 
principal deities of paganism, either in bronze, 
precious niarble, or silver. The celestial deities 
occupied the ui per niches; the terrestrial ones 
the lower; and the infernal deities were left on the 
pavement. Among these statues, those of Minerva 
and Vonus were the most admired; the first, be- 
cause it was the work of Phidias; and the second, 
becau>e it was enriched with ear-rings made of 
Cle< jiatra's celebraterl pearl; which, according 
to Pliny, was valued at 125,000^. The Panthe- 
on is novv commonly called the Rotunda, fronn 
itscircul.u form. It w as fjiven to Boniface 4ihby 
Y 2 



PAN 



532 



PAP 



thp emperor Phocas in 609, and was dedicated as 
a Ciiriatian church to tlie Virgin and t'ne Holy 
Marryrs, a quantity of whose relics -.vere placed 
under the great altar. In S30 Gregory -3th dedi- 
cated it to all the saints. This consecration of 
the ediiiee, however, seems to have afforded it 
little protection against the subsequent spolia- 
tions both of emperors and popes. The plates of 
gilded bronze that covered the roof, the bronze 
relievos of the pediment, and the silver that 
adorned the interior of the dome, were carried 
oflF by Constans II. (A. D. (j55), who destined 
them for his palace at Constantinople; but, being 
assassinated at Syracuse on his way back, his 
booty was conveyed to Alexandria; and thus the 
spoils of the Pantheon, formed cut of the plunder 
of Egypt after the battle of Actium, revetted to 
their original source. Urban the eig-hth carried 
off all th-it was left —the bronze beams of the 
portico — and melted it down into the frightful 
tabernacle of St Peters, and the useless cannun 
of the castle of St Angelo. It was under his 
auspices, too, that Bernini erected the two 
brick belfries that now deform the front of the 
building. 

P-ANTHEDS or Panthus, a son of Othryas of 
Phocis, who was carried away from his country 
by Antenor when king Priam had sent to enquire 
of the oracle of Delphi, whether he m.ight be 
pt-rmitted to rebuild the walls of Troy which 
Hercules had destroyed. This insult offered to 
his person was alleviated by the kindness of the 
monarci^i, who loaded him with presents and 
made him priest of Apollo. When Troy was 
laid in ruins Pantheus escaped throug h the flames, 
carrying the sacred utensils in one hand, and 
leading in the other his grandson, that he rniiht 
follow the fortune of .Eneas. T'irg. /En. 2. 429. 

PanthoIdes, a patronymic of Euphorbus, 
the son of Panthous. Pythagoras is sometimes 
called by that name, as he asserted that he was 
Euphorbus during the Trojan war. Horat. od. 
1, 28. \Q.-Ovid. Met. 15, 161. 

Panticap^um, now Kertch, a city in the 
Tauric Chersonese, on the shore of the Cimmer- 
ian Bosphorus, and opposite to Phanagoria on the 
A-iatic shore. It was founded by a Milesian 
colony, and lay on a hill, and was in circumfer- 
ence cQ stadia. It was the residence of the princes 
of the Bosphorus, whence it is not unfrequently 
called Bosphorus. Here Mithridates the Great 
ended his days. Ptol. — Strab. 

Panticapes, a river of European Scythia, 
which falls into the Borysthenes, supposed to be 
the Siinnra of ihe modprns. Herod. 4, 54, 

PantilTuS, a buflfoon, ridiculed by Horace, 
Sat. 1, 10, 7S. 

PanyA.sis, an ancient Greek, uncle to the 
historian Herodotus. He celebrated Hercules 
in one of his poems, and the lonians in another. 
Some make him a native of Samos and not of 
Halicarnassus, whilst others assert that he ren 
dered himself odious to Lygdarais by attempting 
to prophecy future events, and that he was put to 
death by him. He was restored to life by 
yEsculapius according to Apoliodorus. Some of 
his verses tc the number of twenty three, are 
preserved in the collections of the Greek poets, 
and thev are in praise of'wine, and of drinking. 
Athen. 2. - ApoUod. d.— Quinlil. 10, 1. 

PaphIa, a surname of Venus, because the 

podiiess was worshipped at Paphos. An 

ancient name of the island of Cyprus. 



PAPHLAGOXta, now Fenderuvhta, a co^mtry 
of Asia Min(>r, on the coast of the Euxine, be- 
tween Bithynia and Pontus. It was bounded on 
the east by the Halys, on the south by Gal- 
atia, on the we.st by the Parthenius, and on the 
north by the Euxine. These were the boundaries 
of the Paphlagonians, but under the Persian 
dominion, the satrap> of Paphlagcmia was ex- 
tended as far eastward as the promontory Jaso- 
niura. The rulers of Pontus, on the other hand, 
"hen pushing theii conquests on all sides, took 
from the Paphlagonians the whole of their sea- 
coast, driving them up the country; and it was 
not till some centuries after the Roman power 
had been established in the peninsula, that the 
province was restored to its original limits. It 
was here that the Heneti dwelled, who, having 
lost their leader in the Trojan war, crossed over 
into Italy under the command of Antenor, and 
expelling the original inhabitants, settled in 
Venice. The Paphlagonians are described by 
Homer as a brave people; but according to 
Lucian they were silly and superstitious. Strab. 
12. — Horn. II. 2, 851. 5, 577 > — Lucian. Alexund. 
41. 

Paphos, Palaepaphos, (Old Paphos,) a very 
ancier\t city of Cyprus, on the south-western side 
of tiie island, situate on a height near the little 
river Bocarus. It was said to have been founded 
by Cinyras, the reputed father of Adonis. It 
was celebrated for its beautiful temple of Venus, 
built on the spot where she landed when she rose 
from the sea. There were one hundred altars in 
her temple, which smoked daily with a profusion 
of frankincense, and though exposed to the open 
air, they were never wetted by the rain. An- 
nual festivals were held here in honour of the 
goddess, and her oracle, which was connected 
\^ith the temple, acquired for it considerable 
reputation. Apollod. 3, 14. — Mela, 2, 7. — Tacit. 
Ann. 3, 62. Hist. 2, 2. — Homer. Odyss. 8, 3t4. - 

Virg. Mn. ), ^Vd. -Horat. Od. 1. SO, 1. 

Neapaphos, (New Paphos,) a city of Cyprus, on 
the western coast of the island, and north of 
Palsepaphos. It was said to have been founded 
by the Arcadian Agapenor, shortly after the 
destruction of Troy, when his fleet was driven 
upon the island by a storm. It was formerly 
called Erythrse, and possessed many magnificent 
temples of Venus. It suffered much from earth- 
quakes, and was nearly destroyed by one, durin* 
the reign of Augustus, who rebuilt the city and 
commanded it to be called Augusta. It retains 
S'-me vestiges of its ancient name under that of 

I Baffo. Str b. \A.—Pans. 8 o.—Sinec Ep. 91. Nut. 

I Quffsl. 6. 26. - Dio Cafs 54. 

I Paphus. a son of Pygmalion, by a statue 

' Ahich had been changed into a woman by 
Venus. [Fid. Pygmalinn ] Ovid. Met. 10. 297. 
Papia lex, de peresrinis. by Papius, the 

I tribune, A. U. C. 63S, vThich required that all 
foreigners should be expelled from Rome, and 
the allies of the Latin name forced to return to 

their cities. Cic de Off. 3, II. Pro Bulb. 23. 

Another, called Papia Poppeen, because it was 
proposed by the consuls Papius and Poppajus, 
A. U. C. 762. It was passed at the desire of 
Augustus, and etiforced and enlarged the Julian 
law for promoting population, and repairing the 
desolation occasioned by the civil wars. lid. 
JuJia le.v de marlt iidis ordinilus. 

Papt.\S, bi.xhop of Hierapolis in Phrygia, was 



the disciple of St John the Evangelist, and the 



PAP 



6S3 



PAR 



t master of Polycarp. He wrote ' Expositions of 
f the Discourses of the Lord," winch are lost. 
I Papias was the author of the M'lllfiiarian opinion 
{ respecting the personal reign of Christ upon 
I earth, in wjiich he w as followed by lrena;us. 
j PapinIANUS, ^milius, a Roman lawyer, was 
I bora A. D. 175. He became advocate of the 
j treasury, and afterwards Frsetorian prefect under 
the emperor Severus, who recommended his 
sons, Caracalla and Geta, to his care. When 
• the former murdered his brother, he ordered 
Papinian to justify the deed, w hich he refused, 
and was beheaded, A. D 212. He wrote several 
valuable works, 

PAPIRIA lex, by Papirius Carbo, A. U. C. 
621. It required that, in passing or rejecting 
; laws in the comitia, the votes should be given on 

I tablets. Another, by the tribune Papirius, 

which enacted that no person should consecrate 
I any edifice, place, or thing, without the consent 
! and permi-ssion of the people. Cic. pro domo, 

i 50. Another, A. U. C. 563, to diminish the 

' weight of the as one half. Plifi.23. 3. An- 

I other, A. U. C. 421, to give the freedom of the 

j city to the citizens of Acerrse. Another, A. 

U.'C. 623. It .vas proposed, but not passed. It 
recommended the rightof choosing aman tribune 
of the people as often as he wished. 

Papirius, a patrician, chosen rex sacrorum, 
after the expulsion of the Tarquins from Rome. 

A Roman who inhumanly treated a young 

Roman w ho had delivered himself into his hands 
in order to satisfy a debt due by his father to 
Papirius. The affair excited a great tumult, 
and, in order to appease the populace, it was 
ordered that no one should be held in fetters or 
stocks, except convicted of a crime, and in order 
to punishment; but that, for money due, the 
goods of the debtor, not his person, should be 
answerable. Livy says, that by this enactment 
one of the strongest bonds of credit was broken. 

Liv. 8, 28. Cursor, a man who first erected 

a sun-dial in the temple of Quirinus at Rome, 
B. C. 293; from which time the days began to be 

divided into hours. A dictator who ordered 

his master of horse to be put to death, because 
he had fought and conquered the enemies of the 
republic, without his consent. The people in- 
terfered, and the dictator pardoned him. Cursor 
made war against the Sabines and conquered 
them, and also triumphed over the Samnites. 
His great severity displeased the people. He 
flourished about 320 years before the Christian 
era. Liv. 9, 14.- — One of his family, surnamed 
Prceiextatus, from an action of his whilst he 
wore the 'prcetexta. a certain gown for young men. 
His father, of the same name, carried him to the 
senate house, where affairs of the greatest impor- 
tance were then in debate before the senators. 
The mother of young Papirius wishod to know 
what had passed in the senate; but Papirius, 
unwilling to betray the secrets of that august 
assembly, amused his mother by telling her, that 
it had been considered w hether it would be more 
advantageous to the republic to give two wives 
to one husband, than two husbands to one wife. 
The mother of Papirius was aU.rmcd, and she 
communicated the secret to the other Roman 
matrons, and, on the morrow, they assembled in 
the senate, petitioning that one woman mi-ht 
have two husbands, rather than one husband two 
wives. The senators were astonished at this 
petition, but young Papirius unravelled the w hole 



mystery, and from that time it was made a law 
among the senators, that no young man should 
for the luiure be introduced into the senate- 
house, except Papirius. This law was carefully 
observed till the age of Augustus, who permitted 
children of all ages to hear the debates of the 

senators. Mncrob. Sat. 1, 6. A consul defeated 

by the Cimbri. A son of Papirius Cursor, 

who defeated the Samnites, and dedicated a tem- 
ple to Romulus Quirinus. Maso, a consul 

who conquered Sardinia and Corsica, and re- 
duced them into the form of a province. At his 
return to Rome, he w.as refused a triumph, upon 
which he celebrated his triumph on the Alban 
mount, and was afterwards imitated in this by 
several commanders. Val. Max. 3, 6, 5. — Liv. 

26, 21. 39, 24, &c. The family of the Papirii 

was patrician, and long distinguished for its ser- 
vices to the state. It bore the different surnames 
of CrassuS; Cursor, Mugillanus, Maso, Froitexta- 
tus, and Pcsius, of which the three first branches 
became tlie most illustrious. 

Pappus, a celebrated mathematician of Alex- 
andria, who flourished in the fourth century, 
imder Theodosius the Great. He was the author 
of a commentary on the Almagest of Ptolemy; a 
mathematical treatise, translated by Comm.ande 
in 15S8; a description of some of the principal 
rivers in Africa; a work on military engines, 
&c., together with several other tracts, most of 
which have not reached posterity, though some 
of them have been abridged, and others enumer- 
ated by Marin Mersenne. C. Manolessius col- 
lected and published all that is now known of 
his w ritings, in one folio volume, Bologna, 1660. 

Parabyston, a tribunal at Athens, where 
causes of inferior consequence were tried. There 
were two courts of this name, one of w hich was 

called IJapafSvaTOV fxtX^ov, and the other napa^vaiov 

fj.eiyov. The persons who sat as judges in the 
latter of these w ere the eleven magistrates called 

PAR^gaTAC^, or Taceni, a people of Persia, 
occupying the mountain range between that 
country and Media. Their territory was called 
by the Greek Paraetacene, and Steph. Byz. m.akes 
mention of a city in it bv the name of Parastaca. 
Diod. Sic. 19, d-i. — Arri'an, 3, 19.— PZm. 6, 26. 

PAR^TONIUM, a strongly fortified place, the 
frontier-town of Eg5'pt on the side of Libya, and 
situate on the coast of the Mediterranean. It had, 
including its harbour, a circuit of about 40 stadia. 
Justinian repaired and strengthened it. The 
modern name is Al Bareton, Strab. 17.— Lucun. 
10, 9.— Ovid. Met. 9, 773. 

PaRC^'E, powerful godde.=;sess, who presided 
over the bir;h and the life of mankind. They 
were three in number, Cli)tho, Lachesis, and 
Atropos, daughters of Nfjx and Erebus, accord- 
ing tM Hesiod, or of Jupiter and Themis, accord- 
ing to the same poet in another poem. Some 
make them dau.'^hters of the sea. Clotho, the 
youngest of the sisters, presided over the moment 
in w hich v> e are born, and held a distaff in her 
hand; Lachesis span out all the events and ac- 
tions of our life- and Atropos, the eldest of the 
three, cut the thread of human life with a pair 
of scissors. Their different functions are well 
expressed in this ancient verse: 

Clotho colum reiinet, Lachesis net, et Atropos 
occat. 

The name of the Parcae, according to Varro, ia 
derived a partu or parluriendo, because they 
2 Y3 



PAR 



534 



PAR 



presided over the birth of men; and by corrup- 
tion the word parca is formed from porta or pat- 
tus. The true etymology is parco, "to spare;" 
and the Fates were so called from their being 
invoked in prayer to spare the lives of suppliant 
mortals. The power of the Parcse was great and 
extensive. Some suppose that they were sub- 
jected to none of the gods but Jupiter, while 
others support that even Jupiter himself was 
obedient to their commands, and indeed we see 
the father of the gods in Homer's Iliad unwill- 
ing to see Patroclus perish, yet obliged by the 
superior power of the Fates to abandon him to 
his destiny. According to the more received 
opinions, they were the arbiters of the life and 
death of mankind, and whatever good or evil 
befalls us in the world, immediately proceeds 
from the Fates or Parcae. Some make them 
ministers of the king of hell, and represent 
them as sitting at the foot of his throne; others 
represent thern as placed on radiant thrones, 
amidst the celestial spheres, clothed in robes 
spangled with stars, and wearing crowns on their 
heads. According to Pausanias, the names of 
the Parcas were different from those already 
mentioned. The most ancient of all, as the 
geographer observes, was Venus Urania, who 
presided over the birth of men; the second was 
Fortune; Ilythia was the third. To these some 
add a fourth, Proserpina, who often disputes 
with Atropos the right of cutting the thread of 
human life. The worship of the Parcis was 
well established in some cities of Greece, and 
though mankind were well convinced that they 
were inexorable, and that it was impossible to 
mitigate them, yet they were eager to show a 
proper respect to their divinity, by raising 
them temples and statues. They received the 
same worship as the Furies, and their votaries 
yearly sacrificed to them black sheep, during' 
which solemnity the priests were obliged to wear 
garlands of flowers. The Parcae were generally 
represented as three old women with chaplets 
made with wool, and interwoven with the flowers 
of the Narcissus. They were covered with a 
white robe, and fillet of the same colour, bound 
with chaplets. One of them held a distaff, an- 
other the spindle, and the third was armed with 
scissors, with which she cut the thread which her 
sisters had spun. Their dress is differently 
represented by some authors. Clotho appears 
in a variegated robe, and on her head is a crown 
of seven stars. She holds a distaff in her hand, 
reaching from heaven to earth. The robe which 
Lachesis wore was variegated with a great num- 
ber of stars, and near her were placed a variety 
of spindles. Atropos was clothed in black; she 
held scissors in her hand, with clues of thread of 
different sizes, according to the length and 
shortness of the lives whose destinies they seemed 
to contain. Hyginus attributes to them the 
invention of these Greek letters a, /?, t, v, and 
others call them the secretaries of heaven, and 
the keepers of the archives of eternity. The 
Greeks call the Parc£E by the different names of 
fioTpa-i aT<Ta, nrjp, tlfx,apfj.ivrj, which are expressive 
of their power and of their inexorable decrees. 
Hesiod. Theoir. et Scut. Her. - Pans. 1, 40, 3, 11. 
5, 15. — Hyg-in. in prcef. fab. et fib. 277. — Varro. 
— Orph. Hymn. bB.—Horot. od. 2, 6, <^c.—Ovid. 
Met. 5, 532. 

Paris, the son of Priam, king of Troy, by 
Hecuba, also called Alexander. He was des- 



tined, even before his birth, to become the ruin i 
of his country; and when his mother, in the , 
first month of her pregnancy, had dreamed that 
she should bring forth a torch which would set 
fire to her palace, the soothsayers foretold the ] 
calamities which might be expected from the | 
imprudence of her future son, and which would 
end in the destruction of Troy. Priam, to pre- 
vent so great and so alarming an evil, ordered 
his slave Archelaus to destroy the child as soon 
as born. The slave, either touched with human- 
ity, or influenced by Hecuba, did not destroy ] 
him, but was satisfied to expose him on mount 
Ida, where theJshepherds of the place found him, ] 
and educated him as their own son. Some attri- 
bute the preservation of his life, before he was I 
found by the shepherds, to the motherly tender- 
ness of a she-bear which suckled him. Young | 
Paris, though educated among shepherds and 
peasants, gave early proofs of courage and ' 
intrepidity, and from his care in protecting the | 
flocks of mount Ida against the rapacity of the j 
wild beasts, he obtained the name of Alexander 
{helper or defender). He gained the esteem of 
all the shepherds, and his graceful countenance 
and manly deportment recommended him to the 
favor of ffinone, a nymph of Ida, whom he 
married, and with whom he lived with the most | 
perfect tenderness. Their conjugal peace was ' 
soon disturbed. At the marriage or Peleus and | 
Thetis, the goddess of discord, who had not been 
invited to partake of the entertainment, showed i 
her displeasure by throwing into the assembly I 
of the gods who were at the celebration of the i 
nuptials, a golden apple on which were written 
the words 'H «aX^ Xa^iro), "Let the beauty 
(among you) toAe77je.'' All the goddesses claimed 
it as their own: the contention at first became 
general, but at last only three, Juno, Venus, and | 
Minerva, wished to dispute their respective right , 
to beauty. The gods, unwilling to become i 
arbiters in an affair of so tender and so delicate I 
a nature, appointed Paris to adjudge the prize | 
of beauty to the fairest of the goddesses, and in- 
deed' the shepherd seemed properly qualified to ; 
decide so great a contest, as his wisdom was so ; 
well established, and his prudence and sagacity 
so well known. The goddessess appeared before ! 
their judge without any covering or ornament, | 
and each tried by promises and entreaties to | 
gain the attention of Paris, and to influence his | 
judgment. Juno promised him a kingdom ; | 
Minerva, military glory; and Venus, the fairest i 
woman in the world, for his wife, as Ovid ex- 
presses it, Heroid. 17, 118. 

Unaque cum regnum ; belli daret altera laudem ; 

Tyndaridis co?ijux, tertia dixit, eris. i 
After he had heard their several claims and 
promises, Paris adjudged the prize to Venus, | 
and gave her the golden apple, to which, perhaps, I 
she seemed entitled, as the goddess of beauty. 
This decision of Paris in favour of Venus, drew I 
upon the judge and his family the resentment 
of the two other goddesses. Soon after Priam 
proposed a contest among his sons and other i 
princes, and promised to reward the conqueror 
with one of the finest bulls of mount Ida. His j 
emissaries were sent to procure the animal, and I 
it was found in the possession of Paris, who ' 
reluctantly yielded it up. The shepherd was 
desirous of obtaining again this favorite animal, 
and he went to Troy, and entered the li8t of the 
c(^mbatants. He was received with the greatest 



PAR 



535 



PAR 



applause, and obtained the victory over his 
rivals, Nestor, the son of Neleus; Cycnus, son 
of Neptune; Folites, Helenus, and Deiphobus, 
sons of Priam. He also obtained a superiority 
over Hector himself, and the prince, enraged 
to see himself conquered by an unknown stran- 
ger, pursued him closely, and Paris must have 
fallen a victim to his brother's resentment, had 
be not fled to the altar of Jupiter. This sacred 
retreat preserved his life, and Cassandra, the 
daughter of Priam, struck with the similarity of 
the features of Paris with those of her brothers, 
enquired his birth and his age. From these 
circumstances she soon discovered that he was 
her brother, and as such she introduced him to 
her father and to his children. Priam acknow- 
ledged Paris as his son, forgetful of the alarming 
dreams which had influenced him to meditate his 
death, and all jealousy ceased among the bro- 
thers. Paris did not long suflFer himself to 
remain inactive; he equipped a fleet, as if willing 
to redeem Hesione, his father's sister, whom 
Hercules had caried away, and obliged to marry 
Telamon, the son of .^Eacus. This was the 
pretended motive of his voyage, but the causes 
were far different. Paris recollected that he was 
to be the husband of the fairest of women ; and 
if he had been led to form those expectations 
while he was an obscure shepherd of Ida, he had 
now every plausible reason to see them realized, 
since he was acknowledged son of the king of 
Troy. Helen was the fairest woman of the age, 
and Venus had promised her to him. On these 
grounds, therefore, he visited Sparta, the resi- 
dence of Helen, who had married Menelaus. He 
was received with every mark of respect, but he 
abu?ed the hospitality of Menelaus, and while 
the husband was absent in Crete, Paris persuaded 
Helen to elope with him, and fly to Asia Helen 
consented, and Priam received her into his palace 
without difficulty, as his sister was then detained 
in a-foreign country, and as he wished to show 
himself as hostile as possible to the Greeks. 
This affair was soon productive of serious conse- 
quences. When Menelaus had married Helen, 
all her suitors had bound themselves by a solemn 
oath to protect her person, and to defend her 
from every violence, [Fid. Helena,] and therefore 
the injured husband reminded them of their 
engagements, and called upon them to recover 
Helen. Upon this all Greece took up arms in 
the cause of Menelaus, Agamc-mnon was chosen 
general of all the combined forces, and a regular 
war was begun. [Fid. Troja.] Paris, meanwhile, 
who had refused Helen to the petitions and 
embassies of the Greeks, armed himself with 
his brothers and subjects to oppose the enemy; 
but the success of the war was neither hindered 
nor accelerated by his means. He fought with 
little courage, and at the very sight of Menelaus, 
whom he had so recently injured, all his resolu- 
tion vanished, and he retired from the front of 
the army, where he walked before like a con- 
queror. In a combat with Menelaus, which he 
undertook at the persuasion of his brother Hector, 
Paris must have perished, had not Venus inter- 
fered, and stolen him from the resentment of his 
adversary. He nevertheless wounded, in another 
battle, Machaon, Euryphilus, and Diomedes, 
and, according to some opinions, he killed with 
one of his arrows the great Achilles. [Fid. 
Achilles.] The death of Paris is differently 
related; s(me suppose that he was mortally 



wounded by one of the arrows of Philoctetes, 
which had been once in the possession of Her- 
cules, and that when he found himself languid 
on account of his wounds, he ordered himself to 
be carried to the feet of ffinone, whom he had 
basely abandoned, and who, in the years of his 
obscurity, had foretold him that he would solicit 
her assistance in his dying moments. He expired 
before he came into the presence of CEnone, and 
the nymph, still mindful of their former loves, 
threw herself upon his body, and stabbed herself 
to the heart, after she had plentifully bathed it 
with her tears. According to some authors, 
Paris did not immediately go to Troy when he 
left the Peloponnesus, but he was driven on the 
coasts of Egypt, where Proteus, who was king 
of the country, detained him, and, when he heard 
of the violence which had been offered to the king 
of Sparta, he kept Helen at his court, and per- 
mitted Paris to retire. [Fid. Helena.] Dictys 
Cret. 1, 3, et ^.—ApoUod. 3, 12.— Ovid. Heroid. 
5, 1«, et Quint. C.Ub. 10, 290. — Horof. od. 
3. -Eurip. in Iphig.—Hygin. fuh. 92, et 273. — 
miian. F. H. 12, 42.— Pai^s. 10, 27. A cele- 
brated player at Rome, in the good graces of the 
emperor Nero, &e. Tacit. Ann. 18, 19, &c. 

ParTsi, inhabitants of Britain, seated to the 
north of the Coretani, and occupying the district 
which is called Holderness, or as Camden ima- 
gines, the w hole East-Riding of Yorkshire. They 
are supposed to have derived their name from 
the two British words paur isa, which signify 
low pasture, and which are descriptive of the 
situation and uses of their country. Their capi- 
tal was Petuaria. 

Parish, a people and a city of Celtic Gaul, 
now called Paris, the capital of the kingdom of 
France. [Fid. Lutetia.] Ccbs. B. G. 6,8. 

ParTsus, a river of Pannonia, falling into the 
Danube ; according to Mannert, the Mur, in 
the Hungarian part of its course. 

Parium, a town of Asia Minor, in Mysia 
Minor, on the Propontis, south west from I.inum, 
and north-east from Passus. It was founded by 
the Milesians, the Erythraeans, and the Parians. 
Under the kings of Pergamus it became a city 
of some extent and opulence, having been en- 
larged by those princes at the expense of the 
neighbouring towns of Adrastea and Priapus. 
Its harbour was secure and capacious, being able 
to contain a fleet of more than eighty ships. At 
a later period, it was dignified by Augustus with 
the title of a Roman colony. The ruins of this 
town are pointed out by travellers at Kamarcs. 
Strab. 13.— Herod. 5, 117.— Xen. Hell. 1, 1, 8.— 
Plin. 5,32. 

Parma, a city of Italy, south of the Po, on 
the small river Parma. Whether this city was 
founded by the Gauls, or more anciently by the 
Etrurians, is uncertain ; we only know that it 
received a Roman colony, A. U. C. 569. From 
Cicero it may be inferred that Parma was at- 
tached to the party of Antony, and suffered from 
the adverse faction in the civil wars. It was 
probably re- colonized under Augustus, as some 
inscriptions give it the title of Colonia Julia Au- 
gusta Parma. Strabo speaks of it as a city of 
note. From Martial we learn that its wool was 
highly prized. The modern name of this city is 
Parma. Liv. 39, 55.— Cic. Ep. ad Fam. 10, 33. 
12, 5. Philipp. 14, S.-Strub. 5.- Plin. 3, 13.— 
Martial. 5, 13. 14, 53. 

ParmenIdes, a celebrated; Greek jhiloio- 



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536 



PAR 



pb<>r of thf Eleatic sect, who flourished about ' 
500 years before Christ, was a native of Elea, 
possessed a large patrimcn}', and lived in much 
splendour in his earlier years. He was distin- 
guished in civil affairs, and is said to have dra-.vn 
up for his fellow-citizens some excellent laws, 
to which their magistrates annually compelled 
them to swear obedience. He at length with- 
drew from the concerns of public life to the 
silence and leisure of the schools. He became 
the disciple and successor of Xenophanes, and is 
said to have attended upon the instructions of 
Anaxiinarider. Accnrdioi; to Cebes he was dis- 
tin^uisht-d as an eminent pattern of virtue. He , 
wrote the doctrine of his school in verses, of 
which only a few fragments remain. Plato, in 
the dialogue w hich he denominated Parmenides, 
professed to represent his tenets, but confounded 
them with his own, Parmenides maintained 
that the universe is one, immoveable, eternal, ] 
and of a spherical form ; that the earth is sphe- 
rical, and in the centre, being exactly balanced | 
by its distance from the heaven?, so that there is 
no cause why it should move one way rather , 
than another. There were, as he supposed, only 
two sorts of philosophy ; one founded on reason, 
and the other on the evidence of the senses. 
Diog. 9, 21, Sic— Plato in Pcumen.—Athen. 11. i 
ParmeXiO, a celebrated general in the \ 
armies of Alexander, who enjined .he king's | 
confidence, and was more attacued to his person i 
as a man than as a monarch. When Darius, : 
kinffc.'f Persia, offered Alexander aU the country ^ 
w hich lies at the west of the Euphrates, with his \ 
daughter Statira in marriage, and lO.OOO talents | 
of gold. Parmenio tock occasion to observe, that : 
he would without hesitation accept of these con- i 
ditions if he were Alexander ; so would I, were I { 
Parmenio, replied the conqueror. This friend- | 
ship, so true and inviolable, was meanly sacri- 
ficed to a moment of resentment and suspicion ; i 
and Alexander, who had too eagerly listened to 
a light and perhaps a false accusation, ordered 
Parmenio and his son to be put to death, as if 
guilty of treason against his person. Parmenio 
was in the seventieth year of his age, B. C 330. 
He died in the greatest popularity, and it has 
been judiciously observed, that Parmenio ob- 
tained many victories without Alexander, but 
Alexander not one without Parmenio. Curt. 3, 
6. 7, l.— Pliit. in Alex. 

Parnassus, the highest mountain in central 
Greece, which retains its snow during the greater 
part of the year. It extends from the country of 
Doris and the Locri Ozolae, and passing through 
the centre of Phocis, joins the ridge of Helicon. 
Its summit was especially sacred to Bacchus. 
The two lofty rocks, which rise perpendicularly 
above Delphi, were railed Phaedriades, and ob- 
tained for the mountain the epithet of ii/ecpv<pos, 
or the two-headed : from these the Delphians 
hurled their criminals, and in this manner jEsop 
was barbarously murdered. From the chasm be- 
tween these two summits, and fed by the almost 
perpetual snows of Parnassus, pours down the 
Castalian Spring, sacred to the Muses ; its cool 
and excellent waters were said to have the power 
of inspiring those who drank of them with the 
troe spirit of poetry. Higher up the mountain 
■was the Corycium Antrum, sacred to the Cory- 
cian nymphs, and to the god Pan. Near the 
summit of P irna-^us w.is L>c>>rc3, on"e I he re- 
sidence of Deucalion ; it is said lo have derived j 



its name from the howling of the wolves, which 
the people of Delphi followed up the miunrain, 
to escape the flood : the same tradition states 
that Parnassus was anciently called Larnassus 
from the Greek word Xap>-a?, owing to the boat 
of Deucalion having b«=en there carried up tiie 
mountain. Strab. 9. — Eurip. Phcen. 215 ei'iij. 
Bacck. 307 et 539. Rm. bd.— rheoa: lydl. 7, 
Wi.—Mschyl. Eumen. 22.— Virg Ed. 6, 29. 
Gecrg. 3, 2j3. — Herat. Od. 3, 4, 61. 

PaRNES. (His,) the highest mountain of At- 
tica, rising on the northern frontier of the coun- 
try, being connected with Pentelicus to the 
south, and towards Bceotia with Cithajron. It 
was covered with vines and corn, and was noted 
for the hunting of boars and bears un^.n it. On ' 
its summit was a temple of Jupiter Parnethius. ' 
The miOdern name of this mountain is XozeiU 
Pans. 1, 3-2.— -Stat. Theb 12, 630. I 

ParOPaMiscS, a province of India, the east- 
ern limit of which, in Alexander's time, was the 
river Cophenes. According to the ideas of 
Ptolemy it lay between the counrries which the i 
moderns name Khorasaji and Cabul, and it J 
answers to the tract between Herat and Cabul. | 
This province was separated from Bactria by ' 
the range of Paropamisus, now Hindoo Cocsh. 
Mela. 1, 15.— P//?!. 6, 17. ' i 

Paros, now Pare, one of the Cyclades, to the 
south of Delos, at the distance of about seven 
and a half miles. It was said to have been first I 
peopled by the Cretans and Arcadians. Its early |: 
prosperity is evinced by the colonies it estab- 
lished at Thasus, and on the shores of the Hd- ' 
lespont. During the time of the Persian war, j 
we are told that it was the most flourishing and 
important of the Cyclades. After the battle of ' 
Marathon it was besieged in vain by Miltiades | 
for twenty-six days, and thus proved the cause ' 
of his disgrace. The Parians did not take part i 
with the Persians in the battle of Salamis. but ) 
kept aloof near Cythnus, awaiting the issue of j 
the action. Theniistocles, however, subse- 
quently imposed upon them a heavy fine. Paros ( 
was celebrated for its marble, "hich was dug j 
from mount Marpessa ; this marble was termed i 
" lychnites" from the word Xf;tvty. on account i f ' 
its large srarkling crystals, and not from being ( 
cut by the light of lamps, as some have pre- • 
tended. Paros had a cognominal tow n. and was i 
the birth-place of the poet Archilochus. It I 
was in Paros that the famous marble "as dis- I 
interred, known by the name of the Parian I 
Chronicle, from its having been kept in this ! 
island. It is a chronological account of the 
principal events in Grecian, and particularly 
in Athenian, history, during a period of 1318 
years, from the reisn of Cecrops, B. C 15S2, to | 
the archonship of Diognetus, B. C. 264. But i 
the chronicle of the last ninety years was lost, j 
so that the part now remaining ends at ihe 
archonship of Diotimus, B. C. 354. The au- ' 
thenticity of this chronicle has been called in ' 
question by Mr Robertson, who, in 178S, pub- 
lished a '■'■ Dissertation on the Parian Chronicle." 
His objections, however, have been ably ami 
fully discussed, and the authenticity o( this anci- 
ent document has been fully vindicated by , 
Porson, in his review of Robertson's essay. The 
Chronicle is given, with an English version, in I 
Hale's Analysis of Chronolosy. Strab. 10. — > \ 
7'/)//, i/-/. 4. Iii4. Hf roc/. 5, 2b\ "&c. 6. )3i. 8. 67 i 1 
etiii. -/i>- Gc.rg. 3 34. .En 3,1.6. 6.471. i 



PAR 



537 



PAR 



- Pmd. Nem. 4, m.— Horat. Od. 1, 19, 6. Epist. 
1, 19. 23. 

ParrhasiUS, a famous painter, son of Eve- 
nor of Ephesus, in the age of Zeuxis, about 415 
years before Christ. He was a great master of 
his profession, and particularly excelled in 
strongly expressing the violent passions. He 
was blessed with a great genius, and much in- 
vention, and he was peculiarly happy in his de- 
signs. He acquired for himself great reputation 
by his pieces, but by none more than that in 
which he alletorically represented the people of 
Athens, with all the injustice, the clemency, the 
fickleness, timidity, the arrogance and incon- 
sistency, which so eminently characterised that 
celebrated nation. He once entered the lists 
against Zeuxis, and when they had produced 
their respective pieces, the birds came to pick 
with the greatest avidity the grapes which 
Zeuxis had painted. Immediately Parrhasius 
exhibited his piece, and Zeuxis said, remove 
your curtain that we may see the painting. The 
curtain was the painting, and Zeuxis acknow- 
ledged himself conquered, by exclaiming, Zeuxis 
has deceived birds, but Parrhasius has deceived 
Zeuxis himself. Parrhasius grew so vain of his 
art, that he clothed himself in purple, and wore 
a crown of gold, calling himself the king of 
painters. He was lavish in his own praises, and 
by his vanity too often exposed himself to the 
ridicule of his enemies. Pint, in Thes. de Poet. 
Aud — Pans. 1, 28 — Plin- 35, 10. 

PARTHENi^and PARTHENil, a certain num- 
ber of desperate citizens of Sparta. During the 
Messenian war the Spartans were absent from 
their city for the space of ten years, and it was 
unlawful for them to return, as they had bound 
themselves by a solemn oath not to revisit Sparta 
before they had totally subdued Messenia. This 
long absence alarmed the Lacedaemonian wo- 
men, as well as the magistrates. The Spartans 
were reminded by their wives that if they con- 
tinued in their resolution, the state must at last 
decay for want of citizens, and when they had 
duly considered this embassy, they empowered 
all the young men in the army who had come to 
the war while yet under age, and who therefore 
were not bound by the oath, to return to Sparta, 
and by a familiar and promiscuous intercourse 
with all the unmarried women of the state, of nu- 
bile years, to raise a future generation. It was car- 
ried into execution, and the children that sprang 
from this union were called Parthenias, or sons of 
virgins (Trap^tVoj). The war with Messenia was 
some time after ended, and the Spartans return- 
ed victorious ; but the cold indifference with 
which they looked upon the Parthenise was at- 
tended with serious consequences. The Par- 
theniae knew they had no legitimate fathers, and 
uo inheritance, and that therefore their lives de- 
pended upon their own exertions. This drove 
them almost to despair. They joined with the 
Helo's, whose maintenance was as precarious as 
their own, and it was mutually agreed to mur- 
der all the citizens of Sparta, and to seize their 
possessions. This massacre was to be done at a 
general assembly, and the signal was the throw- 
ing of a cap in the air. The whole, however, 
was discovered through ihe diffidence and ap- 
prehensions of the Helots ; and when the people 
had assembled, the Partheniae discovered that 
all was known, by the voice of a crier, who pro- 
claimed that no man should ihxow up his cap. 



The Partheniae, though apprehensive of punish- 
ment, were not visibly treated with ^greater se- 
verity ; their calamitous condition was atten- 
tively examined, and the Spartans, afraid of 
another conspiracy, and awed by their numbers, 
permitted them to sail for Italy, with Phalanius 
their ring-leader at their head. They settled in 
Magna Grascia, at Tarentum, about 707 years 
before Christ. Justin. 3, 5. — Plut. in Apoph. 

Parthenias, or Parthenius, a river of 
Elis, to the east of the Hirpinates, and, like it, a 
tributary of the Alpheus. Pans. 6, 21. 

ParthenIum, the south- \\estern extremity 
of the Tauric Chersonese. It received its name 
from Iphigenia's having been fabled to have 
offered up her human sacrifices here to the 
Tauric Diana. (Uafefvi-ov i.Kpo>Tvpiov, " Virgin s 
Promontory," ) It is now called Felenk Bournon, 
and on it stands the monastery of St George. 

Plin. 4, 12. A town of Mysia, in the territoiy 

of Troas. Xen. Anab. 7, 8.— Plin. 5, 32- 

PARTHENIUM Mare, a name sometimes 
given to that part of the Mediterranean which 
lies on the right of Egypt. It was also called 
Isiacum Mare. Amm. Marc. 14, 8. 22, 15. 

Parthenius, a river of Asia Minor, forming 
the boundary between Paphlagonia and Bithynia. 
and falling into the Euxine to the south-west of 
Amastris. Strictly speaking, it separates Bith- 
ynia from Paphlagonia only in the lower part of 
its course, being elsewhere considerably within 
the limits of the latter country. It was supposed 
to derive its name from the gentleness of its 
stream, or because Diana loved to bathe in its 
waters. It is mentioned for the first time by 
Homer, in his Catalogue of ships. Herodctus 
also mentions the Parthenius, and Strabo afiflrms 
that it was so called from the beauty of the 
country which it traversed. Its modem name is 
the Bartan. Apoll. Rhod. 2, 938.— Xen. Anab. 
5, 6.— Horn. II. 2, S54. — Herod. 2, m.—Strab, 

12. A mountain in Arcadia, forming the limit 

between that country and Argolis, and lying to 
the east of Tegaea. It was on this mountain that 
Pan was said to have appeared to Phidippides, 
the Athenian courier, who was sent to Sparta to 
solicit succours against the Persians. It still 
retains the name of Partheni. Strab. 8. — Paus. 

8. 6. — Liv. 34, 26.— Herod. 6, 107. A river of 

Elis. Vid. Parthenias. A friend of^ueas killed 

in Italy, rirg. ^n. 10, 7^8. A native of Nicaea, 

in Asia Minor, taken prisoner by Cinna in the 
war with Mithridates (B. C. 81), and brought to 
Rome, where he became one of the preceptors of 
Virgil. Suidas states that he lived till the time 
of the emperor Tiberius. The same lexicograper 
informs us that he gained his freedom on account 
of his learning. Of the numerous works written 
by Parthenius, only one now remains. Its title ii 

riepl ipaiTiKwy iraQrjixarwv (J"' Of amatory fffect'tonS"\ 

and it is addressed to Cornelius Gallus, the 
elegiac poet. It is a collection of thirty erotic 
tales, all of a melancholy cast. The best edition 
of Parthenius is that of Legrand and Heyne, 
Goetting. 1798, 8vo. 

Parthinon, a celebrated temple at Athens, 
on the summit of the Acropolis, and sacred to 
Minerva, the virgin-goddess (TropStVos, Virgo). It 
was far elevated above the Propylaea and the 
surrounding edifices, its pavements being on a 
level with the capitals of the columns in the 
former. It occupied the site of an older temple, 
called Ilecatompedon, dedicated also to Minerva, 



PAR 



PAR 



w hich had been destroyed in tl e Persian invasion. 
It surpassed all other buildings of the kind in 
beauty and grandeur, being constructed entirely 
oi Pentelic marble. The architect was Ictinus. 
Those who have studied its dimensions inform 
us that it consisted of a cell, surrounded witli a 
peristyle, having eight Doric columns in the two 
fronts, and seventeen in the sides. These were 
six feet two inches in diameter at the base, and 
thirty-four feet in height, standing upon a pave- 
ment, to w hich there was an ascent of three steps, 
the total elevation of the temple being 65 feet 
from the ground ; the length was 22S, and the 
breadth 102 feet. It was also enriched, both 
within and w ithout, with malchless works of art, 
by the first sculptors of Greece. We learn from 
Pausanias that those which decorated the pedi- 
ment in front related to the birth of Minerva, 
and those behind to the contest between the 
goddess and Neptune for Attica. The statue of 
Mine.-va was of ivory and gold. On the summit 
of the helmet was placed a sphynx, with griffins 
on each of the sides. The statue itself was 
erect, and clothed in a robe reaching to the feet. 
0;i the breast was a head of Medusa, wrought in 
ivory, and a figure of Victory about four cubits 
high. She held a spear in her hand, and a shield 
lay at her feet ; near the spear was a serpent, 
which might be suppt sed to represent that of 
Erichthonius. According to Pliny, the figure 
was twenty-six cubits hiah. The whole was 
executed by P!ii<lias, who had further contrived 
that the gold with which the statue was encrusted 
mii;ht be removed at pleasure. The sculpture 
on the pedestal represented the birth of Pandora. 
Pausanias also notices the statues of Iphiciates, 
Pericles, and his father Xantippus, Anacreon, 
and a brazen Apollo, by Phidias. On the southern 
wall were sculptured the war of the giants who 
inhabited Pallene, and the batile of the Athenians 
and Amazons ; also that of Marathon, and the 
defeat of the Gauls in Mysia, presented by 
Attalus. Here was likewise the statue of Olym- 
piodorus, who freed the Athenians from the 
Macedonian voke in the time of Cassander. Stfi-b. 
9.- P. in. 36, 'o.— Thucyd 2, Vd.—P'ius. 1, 25. 

Parthknof^US, a son of Meleager and 
Ataianta, or, according to sc^ms", of Milanion and 
^inother Ataianta, celebrated amons the ancients 
f;ir the beauty of his person and the elegance? of 
his manners. He was one of the seven chiefs 
"ho accompanied Adrasrus, the king of Ar-ivi^ 
in his expedition against Thebes. He was kiilt^d 
by Amphidicus. Apoliod. 3, 9. — PaiM. 3, 12. 9, 

v. 

PartbRSNOPE, one of the Sirens. Vid, JS'ea- 
polis. 

PARThTa, a country of Asia, bounded on the 
north by Hyrcani.a, on the erst by Ariana, c.i 
tiie south bv Carniania and Persis. and on the 
w est by Media. It corresponded w i:h the w estern 
half of the modern province of Kkorus.n. It 
was in general an exceeuin£ly desert and arid 
country being considered by far the nmst barren 
of all the Persian provinces. The Parthiaas 
were an athletic and a warlike people, and were 
rfckoned the most expert horsemen and archers 
in the world; they derived great celebrity from 
ti-eir peculiar custom of discharging their arrows 
w hilst retreating at full speed, which is said to 
have reniiered their flight more formidable than 
tiieir attack. They were much addicted to in- 
toxication and vuh,ir gross viceSj suait of w hiqh 



w ere even sanctioned by their law s. Their chief 
city was si;uated in toe noithein p^rt ct the 
i country, and was called Hecatompylos from tne 
j number oi gates opening to the roads, w hich led 
j to it from all parts of Persia : it was the seat of 
their government, and the original residence of 
! their kings, and is now called Diij)ig-/i3n. Parthia, 
: called Parthytea and Parthyene by the Greeks, 
' was at first so inconsiderable a country as to be 
reckoned a part of the little province Hyrcania ; 
the inhabitants were Scythians, who are said to 
have derived their name from a word signifyin;^ 
in the language of the country an exile. They 
were successively tributary to the A^.sy^ians, the 
Medes, and the Persians, and having submittedj 
like the oiher provinces of Persia, to Alexander 
the Great, were for some time under the power 
of his successors, till the tyranny of Antiochus i. 
roused them to rebellion. Arsaces, a man of '- 
obscure origin, seiztd the opportunity of redres- 
sing the wrongs of his countrymen, and having 
placed himself at their head, succeeded in estab- 
lishing their independence about 2.')0 years B. C, 
He soon increased his little territory by seizing on 
parts of ail the surrounding provinces, and Par- 
thia began now for the first time to be considered 
as a separate state. The Macedonians endeav- 
oured to recover the possessions which they had 
lost, but they were constantly foiled by a race of 
brave and vigilant princes, who from the founder 
of their kingdom assumed the name of Arsacidae ; 
the power of these chiefs became at last so for- 
midable that they conquered eighteen kingdoms, 
and their dominion expended Irorn the Euphrates 
to the Ganges, and from the shores of the Caspian 
to the Arabian Sea. Their conquests at last 
roused the watchful jealousy of the Romans, 
who attacked them under Crassus, and thus gave 
rise to a furious w ar which raged for many ye 
between the two countries, generally to the dis- 
advantage of the Romans. Phraates the Fourth, 
king of Parthia, carried on a successful war, 
against Mark Antony, and obliged him to retirej 
after he had been severely defeated : but beingi 
dethroned some time afterwards by the Parthian; 
nobility, and the usurper of his crown having, 
claimed the protection of Augustus, Phraates" 
was glad to send ambassadors to Rome to obtain 
the favour of so powerful a judge. His embassy 
being succe.-sful, he made a treaty of peace and 
alliance with the great emperor of the west, and 
gave up the captives, eR>igns. and standards, 
which the Parthians had taken from Crassus and 
Antony: it is to this circumstance, which was 
conveniently magnified into a victory over the 
Parthians, that the jfreater part, if not all, of 
the flattering couipliments of the poets have 
reference. It was in one of the contesr.^ betw een 
the Parthians and Romans, that Artabanus, the 
last king of Parthia, lost his life, A. D. 2-9, 
upon which their country became a province of 
the nertiv re-estiibiished kingdom of Persi.T 
under Arraxeixes. Flor. iS, 5 - f ifg' 3,31 
&c. siLti. 7, 606.— P/m. 6. 'Zb. — Ovid. Art. Am J, 
Sec. Fast. 5, 5:^0. — Luctm. 1, 230. 6- M. 10, 53. 
— Bornt. Od. 1 19, 11. 2, 13, 17. : 
Parthyene. Vil. P.irti.ia. 
Paryad,';s or Pakyardf.s, a branch of Cauca- 
sus, runniog oif lo the lo uh-w est, and separating 
Cappadccia from Armenia, On the confines of 
Cappadoci.i the name is changed to Scordiscus: 
it here Ui.ites with the chain of Antitaurus, aot 
both stretch onwards to the west and s>ou!h-wesi 



PAR 



539 



PAT 



through Capp?.docia. The highest elevation 'n 
til is range is Mens Arga;us. Flin. 5, "cl. 6, 9. — 
Strab. 11. 

ParysAtis, a Persian princess, wife of Darius 
Ochus, by v^hon^ she had Avtaxerxes, Memnon, 
and Cyrus the younger. She was so extremely 
partial to her younger son, that she committed 
the greatest cruelties to encourage his ambition, 
and she supported him with all her interest in 
his rebellion against his brother Memnon. The 
death of Cyrus at the battle of Cunaxa was 
revenged with the grossest barbarity, and Pary- 
satis sacrificed to her resentment all such as she 
found concerned in his fall. She also poisoned 
Statira, the wife of her son Artaxerxes, and 
ordered one of the eunuchs of the court to be 
flayed alive, and his skin to be stretched on two 
poles before her eyes, because he had, by order 
of the kirg, cut off the hand and the head of 
Cyrus. These cruelties offended Artaxerxes, 
and he ordered his mother to be confined in 
Babylon; but they were soon after reconciled, 
and Parysatis regained all her power and influ- 
ence till the time of her ueath. Plut, in Ait. — 
Ctes. 

PasargAda, a very ancient city of Persia, 
south-east of Persepolis, and near the confines 
of Carmania. It was situate in Cce'e Persis, 
on the banks of the Cyrus or Cores. It was a 
favourite residence of Cyrus, because near it he 
conquered Astyages the Mede; and here he 
chose to be buried. The kings of Persia were after- 
wards crowned herein the temple of Minerva, 
and as part of the ceremony put on the regalia 
which had been worn by Cyrus. The Pasargadse 
were reckoned the most illustrious among the 
Persians, as the Achtemenidse, from whom Cyrus 
was descended, were a branch of them. Sirub. 
15. - Flin. 8, 26. -Herod. 1, 125. 

Pasiphae a daughter of the Sun and of 
Perseis, who niarried Minos, .king of Crete. She 
disgraced herself by her unnatural passion for a 
bull, which, according to some authors, she was 
enabled to gratify by means of the artist Daeda- 
lus. This celebrated bull had been given to 
Minos br Neptune, to be offered on his altars: 
but as the monarch refused to sacrifice the animal 
on account of his beauty, the god revenged his 
disobedience by inspiring Pasiphae with an un- 
natural love for it. This fabulous tradition, 
which is universally believed by the poets, who 
observe that the Minotaur was the fruit of this 
in'amous commerce, is refuted by some w riters, 
who suppose that the infidelity of Pasiphae to 
her husband was betrayed in her affection for an 
officer called Taurus; and that Daedalus, by 
pt-rmilting his house to be the asylum of the two 
lovers, was looked upon as accessary to the 
gratification of Pasiphae'slust. From this amour 
with Taurus, as it is further remarked, the queen 
bf'came mother of twins, and the name of Min- 
ofaurus arises from the resemblance of the 
children to the husband and the lover of Pasiphae. 
Mmos had four sons by Pasiphae, Castieus, 
Deucalion, Gl.aucus. and Audrrgeus, and thrf^e 
daughters, Hecate, Ariadne, and Ph3e<;ra. [Vid. 
Minotaurus ] PI to de Mm.—Flut in Thes. - 
ApoUod. 2, i.— Fir^. Mn. 6, 2i. - Hygin. fab. 
40.- Died. 4. - Ovid. Heriod. 4, 57 et 165. 

Pasithea, one of the Graces, also called 

Aslai'i. p us. 9, o5. One of the Nereides. 

Ilf.iod. Th. 240. 

PasitIgrjs. Vid. Tigris. 



PassARON, a town of Epf! us, the capital of the 
Molossi. Here the kings of Epirus convened the 
solemn assembly of the whole nation, when, alter 
having performed the customary sacrifices, they 
took an oath that they would govern according 
to the established laws, and the people in return 
swore to maintain the constitution and defend 
the kingdom. After the termination of the war 
between the Romans and Perseus, king of 
Macedon, Passaron did not escape the sentence 
which doomed to destruction so many of the 
unfortunate cities of Epirus, that had shown an 
inclination to favour the cause of the enemy. 
It was given up to plunder, and its walls were 
levelled to the ground. With regard to the site 
of this ancient place, it seems highly probable 
that it is to be identified with some remarkable 
ruins, described by more than one traveller, near 
■loannina., in a S. S. W. direction, and about 
four hours from that city. FiiiL in Pyrr. — Liv. 
45, 26 et 33. 

PASSIENUS, Paulus, a Roman knight, nephew 
to the poet Propertius, whose elegiac composi- 
tions he imitated. He likewise attempted lyric 
poetry, and w ith success, and chose for his model 

the writings of Horace. Flin. ep. 6 et 9. 

Crispus, a man distinguished as an orator, but 
more as the husband of Domitia, and afterwarcis 
of Agrippina, Nero's mother. &c. Tacit. Ann. 
6, 20. 

PatalA, Vid. Pattala. 

PatarA, {orum.) a city and harbour of Eycia, 
on the left bank and near the rmaith of the 
river Xanthus. It was one of the most celebrated 
cities in the province, and was adorned with 
several temples. The most famous of these was 
that of the Lycian Apollo, surnamed also Patar- 
ajus: it was very ancient, and second only to 
that of Delphi. Some derived the name from 
Patarus, a son of Apollo. Pliny affirms it w as 
more anciently called Sataros. Herodotus says 
the oracle was delivered by a priestess, for a 
certain period; which, according tn Servlus, was 
during the six w inter months. We learn from 
Strabo, that Ptolemy Philadelphus restored 
Patara, and attempted to change its name to 
Arsinoe in L^cia; but this alteration does not 
appear to have succeeded. Livy and other 
writers always use the former appellation The 
coaimon ethnic name is nu-rapfvf, in Latin 
Patarensis; but Cicero uses Pataranus, This 
town is recorded among the Lycian bishoprics 
in the Acts of Councils; and the name of Pater cl 
is still attached to its ruins, Mela, 1. ^b.— Strab. 
U. — Plin. 5, 28.— Herod L 1S2.- Virg. Mn. 4, 
143. — 0«d. Met. ], 5i6. — Horat. Od. 3, 4, 6+.— 
Stat. Theb. 1, 696. - Liv. 37, 15-17. 38, 39. — P6Zi,-6. 
22, 26.—Cic. Orat. in Place. 32. 

PataviUM, a city of Cisalpine G-.ul, in the 
district of Venetia, ard situate between the 
Meduacus Major and Minor, in the lower part 
of their course. The poetic legend which as- 
cribed the foundation of Patavium to Antenor, a 
Trojan prince, must be admitted to vouch at 
itast for its hi^h antiquity. In the 450th year 
of Rome, the Patavinians are recorded to have 
repulsed from their shores a party of Spaitan 
invaders, who, driven by contrary winds from 
Tarentum, bad taken shelter at the mouth of the 
Meduacas Major, near FNxina, and thence made 
a descent upun the defenceless villages. 'li;e 
shields of the Greeks and the beaks of their 
galleys were sujpended in the temple of Juno i 



PAT 



610 



PAT 



and an annual mock fight on the Meduacus, per- 
petuated the memory of the triumph. Strabo 
speaks of Pataviura as the greatest and most 
flourishing city in the north of Italy. In his time, 
it numbered 500 Roman knights among its citi- 
zens, and could at one period send 20,000 men 
into the field. Its maiiufaciures of cloth and 
•woollen stuffs were renowned throughout Italy ; 
and its wealth, celebrity, and importance en- 
titled it to be regarded as the capital of an- 
cient Venetia Vessels could come up to Pa- 
tavium from the sea, a distance of 250 stadia, 
by the Meduacus, which had a capacious port 
at its mouth. About six miles to the south of 
the city were the celebrated Patavinse Aquae ; 
the principal source was distinguished by the 
name of Aponus Pons, w hence tliat of Abar}o,hy 
v.hich these waters are known at the present 
day. The modern Padua [in Italian Padova) oc- 
cupies the site of the ancient Patavium. f'irg. 
JEn 1, 242.— Lzi'. 10, 2. — Strab. 5 et 6.-Pli7i. 2, 
103. 31, 6. 

FatercClus, an historian. Fid. Velleius 
Paterculus. 

PatiZiTHES. one of the Persian Magi, who 
raised his brother to the throne because he re- 
sembled Smerdis, the brother of Cambvses, &c. 
Herod. 3, 61. 

Patmos. a small rocky island in the .Egean 
sea, south of Icaria, and south-west of Samos. 
This island, so interesting to the Christian on 
account of the banishment of the apostle St 
John, is mentioned by Strabo among the Spor- 
adis, and by Pliny, who says it is thirty miles in 
circuit. It is t!ie general opinion of commenta- 
tors that St John was banished to Patmos to- 
wards the close of the reign of Domitian. He 
himself declares, " I John, who also am your 
brother, and companion in tribulation, and in 
the kingdom and patience of Jesus Christ, w as 
in the isle that is called Patmos, for the word of 
God, and for the testimony of Jesus Christ."' 
It is not known how long his captivity lasted, 
but it is thought that he was released on the 
death of Domitian. which happened A. D. f'6, 
when he retired to Ephesus. Toe island, which 
is now called Puiino, contains several churches 
and convents ; the principal one is dedicated to 
the apostle. There are also the ruins of an an- 
cient fortress, and some otlier remains. Strab. 
10 — Plin. 4, ]2.—Rei: 1, 9. 

PatH-E, a city of Achaia, w est of Rhium, and 
at the opening of the Corinthian gulf. It is said 
to have been built on the site of three towns, 
called Aroe, Anthea, and Messatis. which had 
been founded by the lonians when they were in 
possession of the country. On their expulsion 
by the Achseans, the small towns above men- 
tioned fell into the hands of Patreus, an illustri- 
ous chief of that people ; who, uniting them 
into one city, called it by his name. Patraj is 
enumerated by Herodotus among the twelve 
cities of Achaia. We are informed by Thucy- 
dides, that, during the interval of peace which 
occurred in the Peloponnesian war, Alcibiades 
persuaded its inhabitants to build long walls 
dow n to the sea. This was one of the first towns 
which renewed the federal system, after the in- 
terval occasioned by the Macedonian domina- 
tion throughout Greece. Its maritime situation, 
opposire to the coast of iEtolia and Acarnania, 
rendert- i it a very advantageous port for, com- 
munjca'ing with these countries; and in the 



Social war, PhUip of Macedon frequently landed 
his troops there in his expeditions into Pelopon- 
nesus. The Fatrieans sustained such severe 
losses in the different engagements fought against 
the Romans during the Achaean war, that the 
few men who remained in the city determined 
to abandon it, and to reside in the surrounding 
villages and boroughs. Petrae was, however, 
raised to its former flourishing condition after 
the battle of Actium by Augustus, who, in addi- 
tion to its dispersed inhabitants, sent thither a 
large body of colonists, chosen from his veteran 
soldiers, and granted to the city, thus restored 
under his auspices, all the privileges usually 
conceded by the Romans to their colonies. 
Strabo affirrns, that in his day it was a large and 
p )pulous town, with a good harbour. The mo- 
dern Patras occupies the site of the ancient city. 
Pans. 7, 18.— He;oi. 1, \AQ. — lhucyd. 2, 84. 5, 
53. - Polyb. 2, 41. 40, 3. &c. - Strab. 8. 

Patroclus, one of the Grecian chiefs during 
the Trojan war, son of Menoetius, by Sthenele, 
whom some call Philomela, or Polymela. The 
accidental murder of Clysonymus, the son of 
Amphidamus, in the time of his \outh, obliged 
him to fly from Opu?, where his father reisned. 
He retired to the court ofPeleus, king of Phthia, 
where he was kindly received, and where he 
contracted the most intimate friendship with 
Achilles, the monarch's son. When the Greeks 
went to the Trojan war, Patroclus also accom- 
panied them at the express command of his 
father, who had visited the court of Peleus, and 
he embarked w ith ten ships Irom Phthia. He 
was the constant companion of Achilles: he 
lodged in the same tent; pnd when his friend 
refused to appear in the field of battle because 
he had been offended by Agamemnon, Patroclus 
imitated his example, and by his absence was 
the cause of the overthrow of the Greeks. But 
at last Nestor prevailed upon him to return to 
the war, and Achilles permitted him to appe.ar 
in his armour. The valour of Patroclus, to- 
gether with the terror which the sis^ht of the 
I arms of Achilles inspired, soon routed the vic- 
! torious armies of the Trojans, and obliged them 
I to fly within their walls for safety. He would 
i have broken down the walls of the city ; but 
Apollo, who interested himself for the Trojans, 
placed himself to oppose him, and Hector, at the 
instigation of the god, dismounted from his 
chariot to attack him as he attempted to strip 
one of the Trojans whom he had slain. The en- 
gagement was obstinate, but at last Patroclus 
was overpowered by the valour of Hector and 
the interposition of Apollo. His arms became 
the property of the conqueror, and Hector would 
have severed his head from his body, had not 
Ajax and Menelaus intervened His body was 
at last recovered and carried to the Grecian^ 
camp, where Achilles received it with the bit- 
terest lamentations. His funeral was observed ^ 
w ith the greatest solemnity. Achilles sacrificed ' 
near the burning pile twelve young Trojans, 
besides four of his horses and two of his dogs, 
and the w hole was concluded by the exhibition 
of funeral games, in which the conquerors were 
liberally rewarded by Achilles. The death of, 
Patroclus, as it is described by Homer, gave rise| 
to new events ; Achilles forgot his resentment 
against Agamemnon, and entered the field to 
avenge the fall of his friend, and his anger was 
gratified on^y by the slaughter of Hector, who 



541 



PAU 



had n ore powerfully kindled his wrath by ap- 
pearii g at the head of the Trojan armies in the 
armour which had been taken from the body of 
Patroclus. The patronymic of Actorides is often 
applii d to Patroclus, because Actor was father 
to Menoetius. Dictys Cret. 1, &c. —Homer. 11. 9, 
&c. u4pollod. 3, Id.—Hygin. fab. 97 et 275.— 
Ovid. Met. 13, 273. 

Patron, an Arcadian at the games exhibited 
by ^neas in Sicily. Virg. jEn. 5, 298. 

Patrous, a surname of Jupiter among the 
Greeks, represented by his statues as having 
three eyes, which some suppose to signify that 
he reigned in three different places, in heaven, 
on earth, and in hell. Paus. 2, 24. 

Patulcius. a surname of Janus, which he 
received a pateo., because the doors of his temple 
were always open in the time of war. Some sup- 
pose that he received it because he presided 
over gates, or because the year began by the 
celebration of his festivals. Ovid. Fast. 1, 129. 

PaulTnus, Pompeius, an officer in Nero's 
reign, who had the command of the German 
armies, and finished the works on the banks of 
the Rhine, which Drusus had begun sixty-three 

years before. Tacit. Ann. 13, 53. A Roman 

general, the first who crossed mount Atlas with 

an army. Vid. Suetonius Paulinus. Julius, a 

Batavian nobleman, put to death by Fonteius 
Capito, on pretence of rebellion, tacit. H. 4, 
13. 

Paulus, .iEmilius, a Roman, son of the 
iEmilius who fell at Cannae, was celebrated for 
his victories, and received the surname of Mace- 
donicus from his conquest of Macedonia. In the 
early part of life he distinguished himself by his 
uncommon application, and by his fondness for 
military discipline. His first appearance in the 
field was attended with great success, and the 
barbarians that had revolted in Spain were re- 
duced with the greatest facility under the power 
of the Romans. In his first consulship his arms 
were directed against the Ligurians, whom he 
totally subjected. His applications for a second 
consulship proved abortive ; but when Perseus, 
the king of Macedonia, had declared war against 
Rome, the abilities of Paulus were rempmtjered, 
and he was honoured with the consulship about 
the sixtieth year of his age. After this appoint- 
ment he behaved with uncommon vigour, and 
soon a general engagement was fought near 
Pydna. The Romans obtained the victory, and 
Perseus saw himself deserted by all his subjects. 
In two days the conqueror made himself master 
of all Macedonia, and soon after the fugitive 
monarch was brought into his presence. Paulus 
did not exult over his fallen enemy ; but when 
he had gently rebuked him for his temerity in 
attacking the Romans, he addressed himself in a 
pathetic speech to the officers of his army who 
surrounded him. and feelingly enlarged on the 
instability of fortune, and the vicissitude of all 
human affairs. When he had finally settled the 
government f)f Macedonia with ten commission- 
ers from Rome, and after he had sacked seventy 
cities of Epirus, and divided the booty amongst 
his soldiers, Paulus returned to Italy. He was 
received with the usual acclamations, and though 
some of the seditious soldiers attempted to pre- 
vent his triumphal entry into the Capitol, yet 
three days were appointed to exhibit the fruits 
of his victories. Perseus, with his wretched 
family, adorned the triumph of the conqueror, 



and as they were dragged through the streets 
before the chariot of Paulus, they drew tears of 
compassion from the people. The riches which 
the Romans derived from this conquest were 
immense, and the people were freed from all 
taxes till the consulship of Hirtius and Pansa ; 
but while every one of the citizens received some 
benefit from the victories of Paulus, the con- 
queror himself was poor, and appropriated to 
his own use nothing of the Macedonian treasures 
except the library of Perseus. In his office of 
censor, to which he was afterwards elected, 
Paulus behaved with the greatest moderation, 
and at his death, which happened about 168 years 
before the Christian era, not only the Romans, 
but their very enemies confessed, by their la- 
mentations, the loss which they had sustained. 
He had married Papiria, by whom he had two 
sons, one of whom was adopted by the family of 
Maximus, and the other by that of Scipio Afri- 
canus. He had also two daughters, one of 
whom married a son of Cato, and the other 
.(Elius Tubero. He afterwards divorced Papiria; 
and when his friends wished to reprobate his 
conduct in doing so, by observing that she was 
young and handsome, and that she had made him 
father of a fine family, Paulus replied, that the 
shoe which he then wore was new and well 
made, but that he was obliged to leave it off, 
though no one but himself, as he said, knew 
where it pinched him. He married a second 
wife, by whom he had two sons, whose sudden 
death exhibited to the Romans, in the most en- 
gaging view, their father's philosophy and stoic- 
ism. The elder of these sons died five days 
before Paulus triumphed over Perseus, and the 
other three days alter the public procession. 
This domestic calamity did not shake the firm- 
ness of the conqueror ; yet before he retired to a 
private station, be harangued the people, and in 
mentioning the severity of fortune upon his 
family, he expressed his wish that every evil 
might be averted from the republic by the sacri- 
fice of the domestic prosperity of an individual. 
Plut. in Vita. -Liu. 43, 44, &e. Justin. 33, 1, 

&c. Mgineta, a medical writer. ( Fid. /Egi- 

neta.] A native of Alexandrea, wlio wrote, 

A. D. 378, an Introduction to Astrology, {Etaaywyh 
ets Trjv ' A-rroTf.Xea/xaTiKrji) dedicated to his son 
Cronammon, which has come down to us. It was 

edited by Schaton, Vitemb. 1586, 4to. L. iEmi- 

lius, a consul, who, when opposed to Annibal in 
Italy, checked the rashness of his colleague 
Varro, and recommended an imitation of the 
conduct of the great Fabius, by harassing and 
not facing the enemy in the field. His advice 
was rejected, and the battle of Cannae, so glori- 
ous to Annibal, and so fatal to Rome, soon fol- 
lowed. Paulus was wounded, but when he might 
have escaped from the slaughter, by accepting a 
horse generously offered him by one of his 
officers, he disdained to fly, and prriFh^d by rhe 
darts of the enemy. Horat. od. ] i, 3S. Li\). ti. 
39. 

Paupkrtas, a divinity among the ancients, 
called daughter of Luxury, and represented as 
pale and emaciated. The inhabitants of Gadara 
in Palestine worshipped her as the mother of 
Industry and of talents. Plaut. in Slick. 1, 3, 24. 
— Horat. Ep. 2, 2, b\.—Pctron. 84. 

PausaniaS. a Spartan general, who greatly ' 
signalized himself at the battle of Pl.'it£Eaag.nin-t 
the Pi rsians. The Greeks were very sensible of 



PAU 



542 



PAU 



his services, and ihey rewarded his merit with a 
tenth of the spoils taken from the Persians. He 
was afterwards set at the head of the Spartan 
armies, and extended his conquests in Asia ; but 
the haughtiness of his behaviour created him 
many enemies, and the Athenians soon obtained 
a superiority in the affairs of Greece. Pausanias 
was dissatisfied with his countrymen, and he 
offered to betray Greece to the Persians, if he 
received in marriage, as the reward of his perfidy, 
the daughter of their monarch. His intrigues 
were discovered by means of a youth, who was 
entrusted with his letters to Persia, and who re- 
fused to go, on the recollection that such as had 
been employed in that office before had never 
returned. The letters were given to the Ephori 
of Sparta, and the perfidy of Pausanias laid open. 
He fled for safety vo a temple of Minerva, and 
as the sanctity of the place screened him from 
the violence of his pursuers, the sacred building 
was surrounded with heaps of stones, the first of 
which was carried there by the indignant mother 
of the unhappy man. He was starved to death 
in the temple, and died about 471 vears B. C. 

C. Nep. in Vita.— Pint, in Arist. et them A 

young man at the court of Philip the father of 
Alexander. He was shamefully abused by 
Attains, one of the friends of Philip, and 
when he complained of the injuries he had 
received, the king in some measure disregard- 
ed his remonstrances, and wi hed them to 
be forgotten. This incensed Pausanias : he re- 
solved to revenge himself, and when he had 
heard from his master Hermocrates the sophist, 
that the most effectual way to render himself 
illustrious, was to murder a person who had 
signalized himself by uncommon actions, he 
stabbed Philip as he entered a public theatre. 
After this bloody act on he attempted to make 
his escape to his chariot, which waited for him 
at the gate of the city, but he was stopped acci- 
dentally by the twig of a vine, and fell down. 
Attains, Perdiccas, ap.d other friends of Philip, 
who pursued him, immediately fell upon him 
and dispatched him. Some support that Pau- 
sanias committed this murder at the instigation 
of Olympias, the wife of Philip, and of her son 
Alexander. Justin. 9, 6. A traveller and geo- 
graphical writer, whose native country has not 
been clearly ascertained. He is supposed by 
some to have been born in Lydia, from a pas- 
sage in his own work, and to have flourished 
during the reigns of Adrian and the Antonines. 
He travelled in Greece, Macedonia, Asia, Egypt, 
and even in Africa as far as the temple of Jupi- 
ter Ammon. After this he appears to have taken 
up his residence at Rome, and to have there 
published his Travels through Greece ('ExXci^of 
trepitjyrjatC), in ten books. It is an important 
worlc for antiquities and arehaenlogy, combining 
with a description of public edifices, and works 
of art, the historical records and the legends 
connected with ihem. Hence the researches 
into which this mode of handling the subject has 
led him, and the discussions on which he enters, 
serve not only to throw light upon the Grecian 
mythology, but also to clear up many obscure 
points of ancient history. Pausanias displays 
judgment and erudition : occasionally, however, 
he falls into errors. He describes, moreover, 
many things too much in the style of a traveller 
who has not had sufficient leisure to examine 
every object with attention ; and he describes 



things too, on the supposition that Greece would 
always remain nearly in the same state in which 
he himself saw it. In consequence of this, he is 
satisfied, oftentimes, with merely indicating 
objects ; and, even whenhe gives an account of 
them, does it in a manner that is very concise 
and sometimes actually obscure. In respect of 
style, Pausanias cannot be cited as a model. 
His own, which is a bad imitation of that of 
Herodotus, offends frequently by an affectation 
of conciseness. In the first book of his work 
Pausanias describes Attica and Megaris ; in the 
second, Corinth, Sicyonia, the territory of Phlius, 
and Argolis ; in the third, Laconia ; in the fourth, 
Messenia; in the fifth and sixth, Elis ; in the 
seventh, Achaia ; in the eighth, Arcadia ; in the 
ninth, Bceotia ; and in the tenth, Phocis. The; 
best editions of Pausanias are, that of KUhnius, 
Lips. 1796. fol. ; that of Facius, Lips. 1794-7, 4 
vols. 8vo. ; and that of Siebelis, Lips. ]8-i2-28, 5 
vols. 8vo. There is an English translation by 

Taylor, 17.03, 2 vols. 8vo. A grammarian, a 

native of Caesarea ad Argaeum, in Cappadocia 
He is often confounded with the preceding. 

Pausias, a painter of Sicyon, son of Brietis, 
and pupil to Pamphilus and Erigmus. He dis- 
tinguished himself by the delicate manner in 
which he adorned the palaces and public build- 
ings of Greece by emblematical paintings on 
their ceilings, and he is mentioned as the first 
who understood hoM' to apply colours to wood 
or ivory, by means of fire. He made a beauti- 
ful painting of his mistress Glycera, whom he 
represented as sitting on the ground, and making 
garlands with flowers, and from this circum- 
stance the picture, which was bought afterwards 
by Lucullus for two talents, received the name 
of Stephanoplocon. Some time after the death of 
Pausias, the Sicyonians were obliged to part 
with the pictures which they possessed to deliver j 
themselves from an enormous debt, and M. i 
Scaurus, the Roman, bought them all, in which .1 
were those of Pausias, to adorn the theatre which i 
had been built during his a?(lileship. Pausias ; 
lived about 350 years B. C. Plin. 35, 1 l.-^Horat. 
Sat. 2. 7. 95. ' 

Pausilypus, a celebrated mountain and 
grotto, near the city of Naples. It took its name I 
from a villa of Vedius Pollio. erected in the ' 
time of Augustus, and called Pausilypum, from I 
the effect which its beauty was supposed to yro- 1 
duce in suspending sorrow and anxiety (^vav<ra)v ' 
Xvvrv, cessare facturus dolorem). This mountain 
is said to be beautiful in the extreme, and justly | 
to merit the name bestowed upon it. The grotto 
is nearly a mile in length, and is made through | 
the mountain, twenty feet in breadth, and thirty i 
in height. On the mountain Vedius Pollio had 
not only a villa, but also a reservoir or pond, in 
which he kept a number of lampreys, to which 
he used to throw such slaves as had committed a ' 
fault. When he died, he bequeathed, among 
other parts of his possessions, his villa to Au- 
gustus ; but this monarch, abhorring a house i 
where so many ill-fated creatures had lost their 
Uves for very slight faults, caused it to be demo- 
lished, and the finest materials in it to be ' 
brought to Rome, and with them raised Julia's i 
portico. Virgil's tomb is said to be above the 
entrance of the grotto of Pausilypo. A vaulted , 
cell and two modern windows above present 
themselves to view : the poet's name is the »)nly 
(jrnament of the place. No sarccphagus, no urn. 



PAV 



643 



PEL 



and even no inscription, serve to feed the devo- 
tion of the classical pilg;rim. The epitaph, 
though not genuine, is yet ancient ; it was in- 
scribed by order of the Duke of Pescolangiano, 
the proprietor of the place, on a marble slab 
placed in the side of the rock opposite to the 
entrance of the tomb, where it still remains. It 
is as follows : — 

Mantua me genuit J Calabri rapuere ; tenei nunc 
Farlhenope. Cecini pascua, rura, duces. 
An Italian author, supposed to be Pietro de 
Sieffano, assures us that he himselt had seen, 
about the year 1526, the urn supposed to con- 
tain the poft's ashes, standing in the middle of 
the sepulchre, supported by nine little marble 
pillars, with the inscription just quoted on the 
frieze. He adds that Robert of Arjou, a{!pre- 
hensive lest such a precious relic should be car- 
ried off or destroyed during the civil w ars, took 
the urn and pillars from the tomb, and deposited 
them in the Castel Nuovo. This extreme pre- 
caution eventually occasioned the loss which it 
was meant to prevent : for notwithstanding the 
most laborious search and frequent enquiries 
made by the orders of Alphonsoof Arragon, they 
were never more discovered. Some, indeed, 
have asserted that the tomb just mentioned is 
not the sepulchre of Virgil. Among these we 
may reckon Cluverius and Aiidison, Plin. S. 53. 
— bw. Cass. 54.— Strab, 5.— Sencc. Epist 57. — 
Stat. Silv. 4, 4, 52. 

Pavor, an emotion of the mind, which re- 
ceived divine honours among the Romans. 
Tullus Hostilius, the third king of Rome, was 
the first who built her temples, and raised altars 
to her honour as also to Pallor, the goddess of 
Paleness. Cic de Nat. D. 3, 17. 

Pax, an allegorical divinity among the an- 
cients. The Athenians raised her a statue, 
which represented her as holding Plutus, the 
god of wealth, in her lap, to intimate that peace 
gives rise to prosperity and to opulence, and 
they were the first who erected an altar to her 
honour after the victories obtained by Timotheus 
over the Lacedeemonian power, though Plutarch 
asserts it had been done after the conquests of 
Cimon over the Persians. She was represented 
among the Romans with th^- horn of plenty, and 
also carrying an olive branch in her hand. The 
tmperor Vespasian built her a celebrated temple 
at Rome, which was consumed by fire in the 
reign of Commodus. It was customary for men 
of learning to assemble in that temple, and even 
to deposit their writings there, as in a place of 
the greatest security. Therefore when it was 
burnt, not only books, but also many valuable 
things, jewels, and immense treasures, were lost 
in the general conflagration. C. Nep. in limoth. 
2 Phd. in Ciw. 

Paxos, now Paa-o, the smallest of the seven 
Ionian isles, six miles south of Corcyra. It is 
about five miles long and two broad, having a 
superficial extent of thirty-five square n)iles, 
hiily and rocky, but producing a small quantity 
of oil, wine, and almonds. It has three good 
ports. San Nicolo, on the eastern side, is the 
onlv town. The population is about three thou- 
s;ind. Plin. 4, 12. 

Pedasus, a son of Bucolion, the son of 
Laoniedon. His mother w as one of the I^Taiades. 
He was killed in the Tn^jan war by Eurvalus. 

Homer. II. 6. 21. One of the four horses of 

Acbiiks. As he wai not in;niortal like the other 



] three, he was killed by Sarpedon. Id. 16, 152 et 

46S A town near Pylos in the Peloponnesus. 

Fid. Met hone. 

PEDO AjlbinOVANUS. Fid. Albinovanus. 

Pedum, an ancient town of Latium, often 
named in the early wars of Rome, and which 
must be placed in the vicinity of Praeneste. The 
modern site of Zagarolo seems best to answer to 
the data which are supplied by Livy respecting 
its position. For, according to this historian, 
Pedum was situated between Tibur, PrEeneste, 
Bola, and Labicum. It was taken by storm, 
and destroyed by Cam.illus. Horace mentions 
the Regio P( dana in one of his epistles. Liv. k, 
11 et Vd.— Horat. Ep. 1, 4, 2. 

Pegasides, a name given to the Muses from 
the horse Pegasus, or from the fountain w hich 
Pegasus had raised from the ground by striking 
it with his foot. Ovid- Her. 15, 27. 

Fegasis, a name given to CEnone by Ovid, 
{Her. 5,) because she was daughter of the river 
{■n-nyri) Cebrenus. 

PegasIum STAGNUM, a lake near Ephesus, 
which arose from the earth when Pegasus struck 
it with his foot. 

Pegasus, a winged horse sprung from the 
bloed of Medusa, w hen Perseus had cut ofT her 
head. Ee received his name from being born, 
according to Hesiod, near the sources {m.y^) of 
the ocean. As soon as born he left the earth and 
flew up into heaven, or rather, according to 
Ovid, he fixed his residence on mount Helicon, 
where, by striking the ground with his foot, he 
instantly raised a fountain, w hich has been called 
Hippocrene. He became the favourite of the 
Muses ; and being afterwards tamed by Neptune 
or Minerva, he was given to Bellerophon to 
conquer the Chimaera. No sooner was this fiery 
monster destroyed, than Pegasus threw down 
his rider, because he was a mortal, or rather, 
according to the m.ore received opinion, because 
he attempted to fly to heaven. This act of te- 
m.erity in Bellerophon was punished by Jupiter, 
who sent an insect, to toiment Pegasus, which 
occasioned the melancholy fall of his rider. 
Pegasus continued his flight up to heaven, and 
was placed among the constellations by Jupiter. 
Perseus, according to Ovid, was mounted on the 
horse Pegasus, when he destroyed the sea- 
monster which was going to devour Andromeda. 
Hesiod. Theog. 2£2.— Horat od. 4 11, 2G. — Homer. 
II. 6. 179.— Apollod. 2, 3 et 4.— Lycophr. 17. — 

Olid. Met. 4, 785.- Hygin.fab. 57. A Trojan 

who was slain by Camilla. Fiig. JEn. 11, 670. 
A law yer, governor of Rome, under the em- 
perors, 3uv. 4, 77. 

PelaGON, a nan killed by a wild boar. 
Olid Met. 8, SCO. 

Pelasgi a wandering and vagabond people, 
originally of the country since called Argolis, 
Pelasgus, youngest son of Niobe, grandson of 
Phoroneus, and great-grandson of Inachus, dis- 
liking to live a private life, took wiih him some 
followers, to whom he t;ave his own name ; with 
their assistance he took possession of Arcadia : 
soon after he passed into Thessaly. The Pelasgi 
were driven from Thessaly about 156 years 
afterwards by another horde f)f adventurers, 
who issued from Argolis, and were headed by 
another Pelasgus from whom those new advt-n- 
turers took likewise the name of Pelasgi. The 
ancient Pelasgi withdrew into 'l"l.e?vr(:tia : i 6 
new Pelasgi, who had taken the ph.ce ti tl:o 



PEL 



544 



PEL 



ancient in Thessaly, were driven from thence 
by Deucalion, about 1541 B. C. Some withdrew 
to Dodona in Thesprotia, and joined the ancient 
Pelasgi ; from tnonce they passed into Umbria: 
others proceeded to Crete and Asia, where they 
formed some small states, which did not subsi.-t 
jiny length of time They who went to Umbria 
flourished there about three centuries, wiien 
they were driven away by the Tyrrhenians : ihe 
greatest part of these Pelasgi fied into Attica, 
but having been driven from thence in conse- 
quence of their overbearing conduct, they passed 
over to Lemnos and other countries. They re- 
mained in possession of that island 652 years, 
bur at last Miltiades forced them to evacuate it, 
519 years B. C- The Pelasgi then dispersed 
into various countries ; some were incorporated 
with other nations, and becamft totally extinct ; 
others founded in Asia the towns of Scylace and 
Placia, which were presently conquered by the 
neighbouring nations ; others proceeded to 
Thrace, and were soon after subdued ; in a 
word, they became extinct every where, and not 
the slightest trace of them remained. Pans- 8, 
1. Slrab. 5.— Dion. Hal. I. — Herod. 1, 57. 2, 
51. 4, 145. 7, 94. b- 44. - Thucyd. 1, 8. 4, 109.— 
Homer. II. 2, S-iQ. Odi/ss. 19, \n.— llrg. ^n. 1, 
624. 2. S3, lOf), et 152. 8 600. 9, 154. - Ovid. Met. 
7, 49. 12, 7,19, et(il2. 13, 263, &c. 14, 562. 15, 
452. 

Pelasgtcum, a name given to the most an- 
cient part of the fortifications of the Acropolis at 
A hens, from its having been constructed by the 
Pelasgi, who, in the course of their migrations, 
settled in Attica, and were employed by the 
Athenians in the erection of these walls. The 
rampart raised by this people is often mentioned 
in the history ol Athens, and included also a 
portion of ground below the wall at the foot of 
the rock of the Acropolis. This had been al- 
lotted to the Pelasgi, whilst they resided at 
Athens, and on their departure it was forbidden 
tn be inhabited or cultivated. Thucyd. 2, 17. — 
Herod 2. 51. 6 137. 

Pelasgiotis, a district of Thessaly, occupy- 
ing the lower valley of the Peneus, as far as the 
sea. It was originally inhabited by the Perrhaebi, 
a tribe of Pelasgic origin. Simo7iid. ap. Strab. 9. 

Pelasgcs, a son of Jupiter and Niobe, who 
r^-igned in Sicyon, and gave his name to the an- 
cient inhabitants of Peloponnesus, T'id. Pe- 
lasji. 

Pklethronii, an epithet given to the La- 
piihae, because they dwelt in the vicinity of 
mount Pelethronium in Thessaly. Pelethronium 
appears to have been a branch of Pelion. Virg. 
G. 3, 115. 

Pelecs, a king of Thessaly, son of .^iacus 
and Enrieis, the daughter of Chiron. He mar- 
ried Thetis, one of the Nereids, and was the 
only one among mortals who married an immor- 
tal. He was accessary to the death of his brother 
Phocus, and on that account he was obliged to 
leave his father's dominions. Hi? retired to the 
court of Eurytus, the son of Actor, who reigned 
at Phthia, or according to the less received opin- 
ion of Ovid, he fled to Ceyx. king of Trachinia. 
He was purified of his murder by Eurytus, with 
the usual ceremonies, and the monarch gave 
him his daushter Antigone in marriage. Some 
time after this, Peleus and Eurytus went to the 
chace of the Calydonian boar, where the father- 
in-law was accidentally killed by an arrow 



which his son-in-law had aimed at the beast. 
This unfortunate event obliged him to banish 
himself from the court of Pnthia, and he retired 
to lolchos, where he was puriried of the murder 
of Eurytus, by Acastus the king of the country. 
His residence at lolchos was short : Ast\damia, ; 
the ^ife of Acastus, bec.ime enamoured ot him ; j 
and when she found him insensible to her pa^- ! 
sionate declaration, she accused him of attempts j 
upon her virtue. The monarch partially Sje- : 
lieved the accusations of his wife, but not to ' 
violate the laws of hospirality, by putting him 
instantly to death, he ordered his oiiicers to con- j 
duct him to mount Pelion, on pretence of hunt- | 
ing, and there to tie him to a tree, that he mipht 
become the prey of the wild beasts of the plsfe. , 
The orders of Acastus were faithfully obey; d ; I 
but Jupiter, who knew the innocence of 1. is 
grandson Peleus, ordered Vulcan to set him at 
liberty. As soon as he had been delivered from ! 
danger, Peleus assembled his friends to punish 
the ill-treatment which he had received from 
Acastus. He forcibly took lolchos, drove the 
king from his possessions, and put to death the 
wicked .\stydamia. After the death of Antigone, 
Peleus courted Thetis, of whose superior charms 
Jupiter himself had been enamoured. His pre- 
tensions, however, were rejected- and as he was 
a mortal, the goddess fled from him with the 
greatest abhorrence ; and the more effectually to 
evade his enquiries, she generally assumed the 
shape of a bird, or of a tree, or of a tigress. 
Peleus became more animated from her re- 
fusal ; he offered a saciiflce to the gods, and 
Proteus informed him that, to obtain Thetis, he 
must surprize her while she was asleep in h' r 
grotto near the shores of Thessaly. This advice 
was immediately followed, and Thetis, unable 
to escape from the grasp of Peleus. at last con- 
sented to marry him. Their nuptials were cele- 
brated with the greatest solemnity, and all the 
gods attended, and made them each the most 
valuable presents. The goddess of discord w as 
the only one of the deities who was not present, 
and she punished this seeming neglect by throw- 
ing an apple into the midst of the assembly of 
the gods, with the inscription 'H xaXri Xa/Sercu, 
" Let the beauty (among you) take (me)." From 
the marriage of Peleus and Thetis was born 
Achilles, whose education was early entrusted 
to the Centaur Chiron, and afterwards to Phce- 
ni.x, the son of Amyntor. Achilles went tc the 
Trojan war, at the head of his father s troop-, 
and Peleus gloried in having a son who w.as 
superior to all the Greeks in valour and intre- 
pidity. The death of Achilles was the source of 
grief to Peleus ; and Thetis, to comfort her 
husband, promised him immortality, and order- 
ed him to retire into the grottos of the island of 
Leuce, where he would see and converse with 
the manes of his son. Peleus had a daughter 
called Polydora. by Antigone. Horn. II. 9. AS2. 
— Eurip. in Androm. - CatuU. de Nupt. Pel at 
Thet.— Ovid. Heroid. 5. Fast. 2. Mel. 11. fab. 7 
et 8. Apollod. 3, 12. — Pans. 2, 29. — Hrjgin. Jab. 
.54. 

PEMAISES, daughters of Pelias. Vid. Pelias. 

Pelias, the t'^ in brother of Neleus, was son 
of Neptune by Tyro, the daughter of Salmoneus. 
His birth was concealed from the world by his 
mother, who wished her father to be ignorant of 
her incontinence. He was exposed in the woods, 
but his life was preserved by shepherds, and he 



PEL 



545 



PEL 



' received the name of Pelias, from a spot of the 
colour of lead in his face. Some, time after this 
\ adventure, Tyro married Cretheus, son of 
I ^olus, king of lolehos, and became mother of 
j three children, of whom ^son was the eldest. 
Meantime Pelias visited his mother, and vas 
received in her family ; ard after the death ot 
{ Cretheus, he unjustly seized the kingdom, which 
I belonged to the children of Tyro by the de- 
! ceased monarch. To strengthen himself in his 
usurpation, Pelias consulted the oracle, and 
I when he was told to beware of one i f the des- 
I cendants of ^olus, who should come to his 
court with one foot shod, and the other bare, he 
privately removed the son of /Kson, after he had 
' publicly declared that he was dead. These pre- 
cautions proved abortive. Jason, the son of 
i ^son, who had been educated by Chiron, re- 
turned to lolchos, when arrived to years of ma- 
\ turity ; and as he had lost one of his shoes in 
j crossing the river Anaurus, or the Evenus, 
Pelias immediately perceived that this was the 
person whom he was advised so much to dread. 
His unpopularity prevented him from acting 
with violence against a stranger, whose uncum- 
mon dress, and commanding aspect, hr.d raised 
admiration in his subjects. But his astonish- 
ment was excited when he saw Jason arrive at 
his palace, with his friends and his relations, 
and boldly demand the kingdom w hich he usurp- 
ed. Pelias was conscious that his complaints 
were well founded, and therefore, to divert his 
attention, he told him that he would voluntarily 
resign the crow n to him if he went to Colchis to 
avenge the death of Phryxus. the son of Athamas, 
vhom Aletes had cruelly murdered. He further 
observed, that the expediiion would be attended 
with the greate^t glory, and that nothing but the 
infirmities of old age haii prevented him himself 
fiom vindicating the honour of his country, and 
the injuries of his family, by pimishing the assas- 
sin. This so warmly recommended, was as 
warmly accepted by the }ouiig hero, and his in- 
tended expedition was made known all over 
Greece. iVid. Jason.] During the absence of 
Jason, in the Argonautic expedition, Pelias 
murdered ^son and all his family ; but accord 
ing to the more received opinion of Ovid, ^Eson 
was still living when the Argonauts relumed, 
and he was restored to the vigour of youth by 
the magic of Medea. This sudden change in the 
vigour and the constitution of iEson, astonished 
all the inhabitants of lolchos, and the daughters 
of Pelias, who had received the patronymic of 
Peliades^ expressed their desire to see their 
father's infirmities vani.sh, by the same powerful 
arts. Medea, w ho wished U> avenge the injuries 
which her husband Jason had received from 
Peli.TkS, raised the desires of the Peliades, by 
cutting fcn old rsm to pieces, and boiling the 
flesh in a cauldron, and afterwards turning it 
into a fine young lamb. After they had seen 
this successful experiment, the Peliades cut their 
father's body to pieces, after they had drawn all 
the blood from his veins, on the assurance that 
Medea would replenish them by her incanta 
tions. The limbs were immediately put into a 
cauldron of boiling water, but Medea suffered 
the flesh to be totally consumed, and refused to 
give the Peliades the promised assistance, and 
the bones of Pelias did not even receive a burial. 
The Peliades were four in nun.bor, Alceste, 
Fisidice, Pelopea, and Hipyothoe, to whom 



Hyginus adds Medusa. Their mother's name 
was Anaxibia, the daughter of Bias, or Philo- 
mache, the daughter of Amphitn. After this 
parricide, tne Peliades fled to the court of Ad- 
nietus, where Acastus. the son-in-law d Pelias, 
pursuf-d them, and took their protector prisoner. 
Tlie Peliades d\eO., and were buiied in Arciidia. 
Hy gin. fab. Vi, 13, et H._ Ovid. Mel. 7. ii, et 4 — 
Afollod, 1, 9.- Seneca in Med. A Tr» jan 
chief wounded by Uiysses during the Trojan 
war. He survived the ruin ol his country, and 
foUo-.ved the fortune of Jineas. rirg. Ain. 2, 

■^35. The ship Argo is called Pelias Arbor, 

built of the trees of mount Pelion. 

PeLiDES, a patronymic of Achilles and of 
Pvrrhus, as being descended from Peleus, Virg. 
y^n. 2, 264. 

PiLlGNl, a people of Italy, south of the 
Vestini, and east of the Marsi. They were 
immecJiateiy descended from the Saninites, t)Ut 
owed their first origin to the Sabii:es. As they 
inhabited the high mountains wliich formed a 
part of the Apennines, it is probable that they 
derived their name from the primitive term p i, 
signifying elevated. They are said to have 
constructed a temple to Jupiter Palenus. Their 
chief town was Corfinium ; Sulmo also was 
wuhin their dominion. Lit . 8, 6, et 29. 9. 41. — 
Olid, ex Pont ], 8. 42. Am. 9, i6, 5. F,,st. 3, 
95. - Strab. b.— Hor t. Od. 3, 19, 8. 

PELfON and Pel^OS, a range of mountains in 
Thessaiy, along a portion of the eaNiern coast. 
Its principal summit rises behind lolcos ard 
Ormeniun). The chain extend.-; from the south- 
eastern extremity of the lake Brtbeis, where it 
unites with one of the ramifications of Ossa, to 
the extreme promontory of Magnesia. Homer 
alludes to this mountain as the ancient abode of 
the Centaurs, who were ejected by the I.apithas. 
It was, however, more especially the haunt of 
Chiron, whose cave, as Dicaeaiohus relates, 
occupied the highest point of the mountain. In 
a fragment of Dicaearchus, which h;is been pre- 
s»rved to us, we have a detailed description of 
Pelion, and its botanical productions, which 
appear to have been very numerous, both as to 
forest-trees and plants of various kinds. On the 
most elevated part of the mountain was atem.ple 
dedicated to Jupiter ActEeus ; to which a troop 
of the noblest youths of the city of Demeirias 
ascended every year by appointment of the 
priest ajid such was the cold experienced on 
the summit, that they wore the thickest wooilen 
fleeces to protect themselves from the inclemency 
of the weather. It is with propriety therefore 
that Pindar applies to Pelion the "epithet of 
stormy. Sfrab. 9.- Herod. 7, 129. Hcmer. 11. 
2, 'lA^.-Pind. Pyth. 2 84. 9, 7.- Virg. G. 6, 9^. 

PelLA, a city of Macedonia, near the top 
of the Sinus Thermaicus, on the confines (if 
Emathia. It became the capital of the king- 
dom when Edessa was annihilated, accordirg 
to Ptolemy, and owed its grandeur to Phil.p, 
and to his son Alexander, who was born there, 
and who was hence styled PellcFus Jurenis by 
the Reman poets. "It is placed,' says Livy, 
'• on a hill sloping to the south-west, and ia 
surrounded by marshes, caused by the mun- 
dation of a lake, so deep as to be impassable 
eiihfr in summer or winter. In that part nearest 
the city a great work has been constrticted, 
rising like an island, and sustaining- a fonifica- 
tion, which tlius remains urinjured by the water, 
2 Z 3 



PEL 



546 



PEL 



At a distance it appears to join the city wall, 
with which, however, it is only connected by a 
bridg^e thrown over the river, that separates the 
fortress from the town." This river was called 
Ludias, Loedias, and Lydius. The baths of 
Pella were said to be injurious to health, pro- 
ducing biliary complaints, as we are informed 
by tue poet Macho. Pella, under the Romans, 
was made the chief town of the third region of 
Macedon. Its ruins are yet visible on the spot 
caJled Palatisa. or Jl kiisi, bv the Turks. — Strab. 
7. — Liv. 44, 46. 45, 25 — Athen. 8. 41. 

Pellene. a city of Achaia, south-west of 
Sicyun, situate on a lofty and precipitous hill 
about sixty stadia from the sea. Its name was 
derived either from the Titan Pallas, or Pellen, 
an Argive, who was son of Phorbas. The Pel- 
lenians alone amongst the Achceans first aided 
the Lacedaemonians in the Peloponnesian war, ' 
though afterwards all the other states followed 
tiitir example. Pellene was famous for its wool, 
cloaks made < f which were given as prizes to 
the riders at the gymnastic games held there in 
honour of Mercury. The ruins of Pellene are 
to be seen not far from Tricula. Pans. 7, 26. — 
St}ab. 8. Apoll. Argon. 1, ]77.— Hom. 11. 2, 574. 
— Thuajd. 2, 9. - Find. Olymp. 9, 1-18. 

Pelopea, or PELOFiA, a daughter of Thy- 
estes, the brother of Atreus. She had a son by 
her father, who had offered her violecce in a 
wood, without knowing that she was his own 
daughter. Some suppose that Thyestes pur- 
posely committed this incest, as the oracle had 
informed him that his wrongs would be avenged, 
and his brother destroyed, by a son who should 
be born from him and his daughter. This proved 
too true. Pelopea afterwards married her uncle 
Atreus, who kindly received in his house his 
wife's illegitimate child, called iEgysthus, be- 
cause preserved by goats (alyEy) when exposed 
in the mountains. .(Esysthus became his uncle s 
murderfr. [Tzd. iEgvsthus.] Hygin. fab. 87, 
&c(!.— Mlian. V. H. 12. - Oi id. in lb. 359.— 
Seneca in Agnm. 

Pelopeia, a festival observed by the people 
of Elis, in honour of Pelops. It was kept in 
imitation of Hercules, who sacrificed to Pelops 
in a trench, as it was usual, when the manes 
and the infernal gods were the objects of wor- 
ship. 

Pelopjdas. a celebrated general of Thebes, 
son of Hippoclua. He was descended of an 
illustrious family, and was remarkable for his 
immense possessions, which he bestowed with 
great liberality on the poor and necessitous. 
Many were the objects of his generosity ; but 
when Epaminondas had refused to accept his 
presents, Pelopidas disregarded all his wealth, 
an'd preferred before it the enjoyment of his 
friend's conversation and of his poverty. From 
the friendship and intercourse of these two illus- 
trious citizens, the Thebans derived the most 
considerable advantages. No sooner had the 
interest of Sparta prevailed at Thebes, and the 
friends of liberty and national independence 
been banished from the city, than Pelopidas, 
who was in the number of the exiles, resolved to 
free his country from foreign slavery. His plan 
was bold and animated, and his deliberations 
were slow but maturely weighed. Meanwhile 
Kpiminondas, who had been left by the tyrants 
at Thfhes, as being in .Tppearance a worthless 
and iiisignificant philosopher, animaied the 



youths of the city, and at last Pelopidas, with I 
eleven of his associates, entered Thebes, and ! 
easily massacred the supporters of the tyranny, 
and freed their country from foreign masters. 
After this successful enterprize, Pelopidas was 
unanimously placed at the head of the govern- 
ment ; and so confident were the Thebans of his 
abilities as a general and a magistrate, that they 
successively re-elected him thirteen times to fill 
the honourable ofiBce of governor of Baeotia. 
Epaminondas shared with him the sovereign 
power, and it was to their valour and prudence 
that the Thebans were indebted for a celebrated 
victory at the battle of Leuctra. In a war which ' 
Thebes carried on against Alexander, tyrant of I 
Pherae, Pelopidas was appointed commander ; ' 
but his imprudence, in trusting himself unarmed 
into the enemy's camp, nearly proved fatal to | 
him. He was taken prisoner, but Epaminondas < 
restored him to liberty. The perfidy of Alexan- ' 
der irritated him, and he was killed bravely I 
fighting in a celebrated battle in which his troops | 
obtained the victory, B. C. 364. He received an 
honourable burial, the Thebans showed their 
sense for his merit by their lamentations, they ■ 
sent a powerful army to revenge his death, by 
the destruction of the tyrant Pherae, and his 
relations, and his children were presented as a ' 
homage to the virtues of their father with im- ' 
mense donations by the cities of Thessaly. j 
Pelopidas is admired for his valour, as he never 
engaged an enemy without obtaining the advan- 
tage. The impoverished state of Thebes before I 
his birth, and after his fall, plainly demonstrates i 
the superiority of his genius and of his abilities, : 
and it has been justly observed, that with Pelo- 
pidas and Epaminondas the glory and the inde- i 
pendence of the Thebans rose and set. Plut et 

C. Nep. in Vita. — Xenoph Hist. G. — Diod. 15 

Polyb. 

Peloponnesiacum bellum, a celebrated 
war which continued for twenty-seven years ) 
between the Athenians and the inhabitants of | 
Peloponnesus with their respective allies. It is ; 
the most famous and the most interesting of all | 
the wars which have happened between the in- ' 
habitants of Greece ; and for the minute and , 
circumstantial description which we have of the 
events and revolutions which mutual animosity 
produced, we are indebted more particularly to 
the correct and authentic writings of Thucydides 
and of Xenophon. The circumstances which 
gave birth to this memorable war are these : the i 
power of Athens, under the prudent and vigorous j 
administration of Pericles, was already extended i 
over Greece, and it had procured itself many ' 
admirers and more enemies, when the Cor- i 
cyreans, who had been planted by a Corinthian 
colony, refused to pay to their founders those | 
marks of respect and reverence which among the i 
Greeks every colony was obliged to show to its 
i mother country. The Corinthians wished to 
punish that infidelity, and when the people of 
Epidamnus, a considerable town on the Adriatic, 
had been invaded by some of the barbarians 
of Illyricum, the people of Corinth gladly f 
granted to the Epidamnians that assistance ! 
which had in vain been solicited from the Cor- I 
cyreans, their founders and tiieir patrons. The j 
Corcyreans were offended at the interference 
of Corinth in the affairs of their colony ; they 
manned a fleet, :>.v.d obtained a victory over the 
Coiinthian vessels which had assisted the Epi- 



PEL 



547 PEL 



i dainnians. The subsequent conduct of the Cor- 
! cyreans, and their insolence to some of the 
Elians who had furnished a few ships to the 
Corinthians, provoked the Peloponnesians, and 
the discontent became general. Ambassadors were 
sent by both parties to Athens to claim its pro- 
tection and alliance, and to justify these violent 
j proceedings. The greatest part of the Athen- 
i ians heard their various reasons with modera- 
i tion and with compassion, but the enterprizing 
: ambition of Pericles prevailed, and when the 
] Corcyreans had reminded the people of Athens, 
j that in all the states of Peloponnesus they had 
to dread the most malevolent enemies, and the 
; most insidious of rivals, they were listened to 
: with attention, and were promised support. 
Tiiis step was no sooner taken than the Corin- 
thians appealed to the other Grecian states, and 
particularly to the Laeedagmonians. Their com- 
plaints were accompanied by those of the people 
of Megara and of iEgina.who bitterly inveighed 
against the cruelty, injustice, and insolence of 
the Athenians. This had due weight with the 
Lacedaemonians, who had long beheld with 
concern and w ith jealousy the ambitious power 
of the Athev-iians, and they determined to sup- 
port the cause of the Corinthians. However, 
before they proceeded to hostilities, an embassy 
was sent to Athens, to represent the danger of 
entering into a war with the most powerful and 
flourishing of all the Grecian states. This 
{.iarmed the Athenians, but when Pericles had 
eloquently spoken of the resources and the 
actual strength of the republic, and of the weak- 
ness of the allies, the clamours of his enemies 
were silenced, and the answer which was re- 
turned to the Spartans was conveyed as a de- 
claration of war. The Spartans were supported 
by all the republics of the Pf loponnesus, except 
Argos and pait of Achaia, besides the people of 
Megara, Boeotia, Phocis, Locris, Leucas, Am- 
bracia, and Anactorium. The Plateeans, the 
Lesbians, Carians, Chians, Messenians, Aear- 
nanians, Zacynthians, Corcyreans, Dorians, and 
Thracians, w'ere the friend's of the Athenians, 
with all the Cyclades, except Eubcea, Samos, 
Melos, and Thera. The first blow had already 
been struck, May 7, B. C 431, by an attempt of 
the Boeotians to surprise Plataea ; and therefore 
Archidamus, king of Sparta, who had in vain 
recommended moderation to the allies, entered 
Attica at the head of an army of 60,000 men, 
and laid w aste the country by lire and sword. 
Pericles, who was at the head of the govern- 
ment, did not attempt to oppose them in the 
field ; but a fleet of a hundred and fifty ships set 
sail without delay, to ravage the coasts of the 
Peloponnesus. Megara was also depopulated 
by an army of 20,000 men, and the campaign of 
the first year of the war was concluded in cele- 
brating, with the most solemn pomp, the funerals 
of such as had nobly fallen in battle. The fol- 
lowing year was remarkable for a pestilence 
which raged in Athens, and which destroyed the 
greatest part of the inhabitants. The public 
calamity was still heightened by the approach 
of the Peloponnesian army on the borders of 
Attica, and by the unsuccessful expedition of the 
Athenians against Epidaurus and in Thrace. 
The pestilence which had carried away so many 
of the Athenians proved also fatal to Pericles, 
and he died about two years and six months 
after the cumniencement of the Peloponnesian 



war. The following years did not give rise to 
j decisive events ; but the revolt of Lesbos from 
the alliance of the Athenians tended more 
' powerfully to embitter the inveterate enmity of 
the rival states. Mitylene, the capital of the 
j island, was recovered, and the inhabitants treat- 
1 ed with the greatest cruelty. The island of 
Corcyra became also the seat of new seditions, 
and those citizens who had been carried away 
' prisoners by the Corinthians, and for political 
j reasons treated with lenity, and taught to des- 
pise the alliance of Athens, were no sooner re- 
i turned home than they raised commotions, and 
t endeavoured to persuade their countrymen to 
join the Peloponnesian confederates. This was 
j strongly opposed ; but both parties obtained by 
turns the superiority, and massacred, with the 
I greatest barbarity, all those who obstructed 
I their views. Some time after Demosthenes, the 
i Athenian general, invaded .iEtolia, w here his 
arms were attended with the greatest success. 
He also fortified Pylos in the Peloponnesus, and 
gained so many advantages over the confeder- 
ates, that they sued for peace, which the inso- 
lence of Athens refused. The foiiune of the 
war soon after changed, and the Lacedaemoni- 
ans, under the prudent conduct of Brasidas, 
made themselves masters of many valuable 
places in Thrace. But this victorious progress 
j w as soon stopped by the death of their general, 
j and that of Cleon, the Athenian commander; 
1 and the pacific disposition of Nicias, who was 
j now at the head of Athens, made overtures for 
\ peace and universal tranquillity. Plistoanax, the 
king of the Spartans, wished them to be ac- 
; cepted ; but the intrigues c" the Corinthians 
I prevented the discontinuatit-.i of the war, and 
; therefore hostilities began a' ';w. But while war 
I was carried on w ith various success in different 
I parts of Greece, the Athenians engaged in a new 
; expedition ; they yielded to thv; persuasive elo- 
1 quence of Gorgias of Leontium, and to the am- 
I bitious views of Alcibiades, and sent a fleet of 
I twenty ships to assist the Sicilian states against 
I the tyrannical power of Sjracuse, B. C. 416. 
I This was warmly opposed by Nicias ; but the 
[ eloquence of Alcibiades prevailed, and a power- 
1 ful fleet was sent against the capital of Sicily, 
j These vigorous though impolitic measures of the 
1 Athenians, were not viewed with indifference 
j by the confederates. Syracuse, in her distress, 
I implored the assistance of Corinth, and Gylip- 
j pus was fent to direct her operations, and to 
I defend her against the power of her enemies. 
I The events of battles were dubious, and though 
the Athenian army was animated by the cool 
I prudence and intrepid valour of Nicias, and the 
more impetuous courage of Demosthenes, yet 
j the good fortune of Syracuse prevailed; and 
I after'a campaign of two years of bloodshed, the 
fleets of Athens were totally ruined, and the few 
j soldiers that survived the destructive siege, 
1 nr.ade prisoners of war. So fatal a bloW' threw 
• the people of Attica into consternation and des- 
pair, and while they sought for resources at 
I home, they severely lelt themselves deprived of 
support abroad. Their allies w ere alienated by 
the intrigues of the enemy, and rebellion was 
fomented in their dependent states and colonies 
on the Asiatic coast. The threatened ruin, how- 
ever, was timely averted, and Alcibiades, who 
had been treated with cruelty by his country- 
men, and who had for some time resided in 



PEL 



543 



PEL 



Sparta, and directed her military operations, 
now exerted himself to defeat the designs of the 
confederates, by inducing the Persians to espouse 
the cause of his country. But, a short time after, 
tae internal tranquiiiity nf Athens was dis- 
tuibeci. ar.d Aieibiades, by wishing lo abolish 
the deraueracj- called away the attention of his 
fc-iiow-citizens from the prosecution of a war 
which had already cost them so much b'.c d. 
Tais, however, was bur momentary : '.r e A \ ; • 
nians soon after obtained a naval vie:: 
the Peloponnesian fls-et was defeated ; - 
biades. 'ftie Athenians beheld with ray ure 
success of their arms : but when their tleet, in 
the absence of Aicibiades. had been defeated and 
destroyed near Ai.dros, by Lysander, the Lace- 
daemonian admiral, they showed their discon- 
tent and mortification by eagerly listening to 
the accusations which were br^jught against 
tneir naval leader, to whom they gratefully had 
acknowledged themselves indebted for their 
former viciories. In the violence of popular 
frenzy Aicibiades was disgraced in the public 
assembly, and tea commanders were appointed 
lo succeed him in the management of the re- 
public. This change of admirals, and the ap- 
pointmeiii o- CaLicratidas, to succeed Lysander, 
whose office had expired with the revolving 
year, produced new operations. The Athenians 
fitted out a fleet, and the two nations decided 
their superiority near Arginu-je, in a naval 
battle. Caiiicratidas was killed, and the La- 
cedaemonians conquered, but the rejoicings 
which the intelligence of this victory occasioned 
were soon stopped, wiien it was known that the 
recks of some of the disabled ships of the 
Athenians, and the bodies of the slain had no: 
been saved from the sea. The admirals were 
accused in the tumultuous assembly, and imme- 
uiately condemned. Their suecessurs in office 
were n )t so prudent, but they were more untor- ' 
tunate in their operations. Lysander was again 
placfd at the head of the Peloponnesian forces, 
instead o( Eieonicus, wno had succeeded to the 
curamand on the death of Caiiicratidas. The 
age and the experience of this general seemed 
to promise something decisive, and indeed an 
opportunity was mt long wanting for the display . 
of his military character. The superiority of 
the Athenian fleet over the Peloponnesian. 
rendered the former insolent, proud, and negli- 
gent and when thry had imprudently forsaken 
their ships to indulge their indolence, or pursue 
their amusements on the sea-shore at JEgos- 
potamos, Lysander attacked their fleet, and his 
victory was complete. Of one hundred and 
eighty sail, only nine escaped, eight of which 
fled under the command of Conon, to the island 
of Cyprus, and the other carried to Atnens the 
melancholy news of the defeat. The Athenian 
prisoners were all massacred : and w hen the 
Peloponnesian conquerors had extended their 
dominion over the states and conamuniiies of 
Europe and Asia, which formerly acknowledged 
the power of Athens, they returned home to 
finish the war by the reduction of the capital of 
Attica. The siege "as earned on with vigour. | 
and supyoripd with firmness, and the first .Athe- 
nian who mentioned capitulation to his country- 
men, was instantly sacrificed to the fury and the 
indisnation of the populace, and all the citizens ; 
unanimously declare i. that the si me moment , 
would terminate liieir independence and their • 



lives. This animated language, however, w** 
not long continued ; the spirit of faction was noc 
yet extinguished at Athens ; and it proved, pt?r 
haps, more destructive to the public liberty, 
than the operations and assaults oi the Pelopon- 
nesian besiegers. During four months, nego 
1 ciations were carried on with the Spartans by 
i the aristocratical part of the Athenians, and at 
last it was agreed that to establish the peace, 
: - r fortifications of the .\theniau harbours must 
r demolished, together with the long walls 
::i;n joined them to the city ; all their ship* 
txoept twelve were to be surrendered to tne 
enemy ; they were to resign every prehension to 
their ancient dominions abroad ; to recall from 
banishment all the members of the late aristo- 
cracj ; to foLow the Spartans in war, and, ia 
the time of peace, to frame their constitution 
according to the will and the directions of their 
' Peloponnesian conquerors. The humiliating 
j terms were accepted, and the enemy entered the 
! harbour, and tonk possession of the city, that 
i very day on which the Athenians had been ac- 
customed to celebrate the anniversary of the 
immortal victory which their ancestors had oo- 
tained over the Persians about seventy-six years 
before, near the island of Salamis. Tne walls 
and fortifications were instantly levelled with 
the ground, and the conquerors observed, that 
in the demolition of Athens, succeeding ages 
would fix the era of Grecian freedom. Tne day 
was concluded with a festival, and the recitation 
of one of the tragedies of Euripides, in which 
the misfortunes of the daughter of Agamemnon, 
who was reduced to misery, and banished from 
her father's kingdom, excited a kindred sym- 
pathy in the bosoms of the audience, who melted 
into tears at the recollection that one moment 
had likewise reduced to misery and servitude 
the capital of Attica, w hich in happier times was 
deservedly called the common patroness of 
Greece, and the scourge of Persia. This me- 
morable event happened about -114 years before 
the Curistian era. ana thirty tyrants were ap- 
pointed bv Lvsander over the eovernment of the 
city. Xen. Gi.rc. His'.— Piut. in Lys. Per. 
Alcib. yic. p> .iges. - C Xer in Lys. Alcib. ^c. 

PELOPON.vtsrs, a celebrated peninsula, w hich 
comprehends the most southern part of Greece. 
It was called Peloponnesus from n^Xoxo? »t7»oj, 
the island of Pelops. It was most anciently 
called ^irialea from JEgialeus, Apia from Apis, 
Pelasgia from the Pelasgi ; but took the name 
of Peloponnesus fr. ^m Peiops, the son of Tanta- 
lus, who reigned there. lu shape re.«embles 
the leaf of a plane tree, being indented by 
numerous bays on all sides; and it has probably 
derived its m dern name Morea, from its resem- 
blance also to the young mulberry leaf. It is 
bounded on the north by the Corinthian gulf, on 
the west by the Ionian sea on the south by the 
Cretan sea and on the east by the Myrtoan sea. 
Its greatest breadih and length are the same, 
being about 120 miles, and it contains nearly 
64Si' squ.are miles, or ll.O less than Sicily. The 
Isthmus, now called the hthmus of Corinth, 
w hich separates it from the main land, is only 
four geographical, or fix modem Greek milet , 
broad, owing to which last circumstance it has,' 
obtained its modern name of Hexamilion ; 
navigable canal was attempted tn be out across 
it by king Demetrius, Julius Ca&sar, Caligula. 
Nerj, ajid others, but always witd -ur ^ucce5S. 



PEL 



549 



PEL 



The Peloponnesus, like the rest of Greece, was 
oiigirsMlly inhabited by the Leleges, Caucones, 
aiKi Pelas;j:i, all of whom, with the exception of 
the Arcadians, became gradually intermixed 
i with the colonies, which at various times invaded 
the peninsula. It was said to have been left by 
Hercules on his death to the Heraclidae, who 
made several attempts to gain possession of it, 
j during one of which Hyllus was killed by 
; Echemus, king of Arcadia; they at length, with 
j the assistance of some Dorians, succeeded, and 
( shared the peninsula among them, about eighty 
, years after the destruction of Troy. The Pelo- 
ponnesus was divided into six provinces, viz., 
' Achaia, Elis, Arcadia, Argolis, Laconia, and 
: Messenia. Homer. II. 1, 270. 3, ^Q. — Mschyl. 
I Sufpl. 275.— Strab. S.— Plin. 4, b.— Dionys. 
\ Perieg. 403. 

! Pelopea MCENiA, is applied to the cities of 
! Greece, but more particularly to Mycenae and 
Argos, where the descendants of Pelops reigned, 
Virg. ^n. 2, 193. 

Pelops, a celebrated prince, son of Tantalus, 
king of Phrygia. His mother's name was 
Euryanassa, or, according to others, Euprytone, 
or Eurystemista, or Dione. He was murdered 
by his father, who wished to try the divinity of 
the gods who had visited Phrygia, by placing on 
their table the limbs of his son. The gods per- 
ceived his perfidious cruelty, and they refused to 
touch the meat, except Ceres, whom the recent 
loss of her daughter had rendered melancholy 
and inattentive. She ate one of the shoulders of 
Pelops, and therefore when Jupiter had had 
compassion on his fate, and restored him to life, 
he v)laced a shoulder of ivory instead of that 
which Ceres had devoured. This shoulder had 
an uncommon power, and it could heal by its 
very touch every complaint, and remove every 
disorder. Some time after, the kingdom of 
Tantalus was invaded by Tros, king of Troy, 
on pretence that he had carried away his son 
Ganymedes. This rape had been committed by 
Jupiter himself ; the w ar, nevertheless, was 
c.irried on, and Tantalus, defeated and ruined, 
Mas obliged to fly with his son Pelops, and to 
seek a shelter in Greece. This tradition is 
confuted by some who support, that Tantalus 
did not fly into Greece, as he had been sometime 
before confined by Jupiter in the infernal regions 
for his impiety, and therefore Pelops was the 
only one whom the enmity of Tros persecuted. 
Pelops came to Pisa, where he became one of 
the suitors of Hippodamia, the daughter of king 
(iOnomaus, and he entered the lists against the 
father, who promised his daughter only to him, 
V, ho could outrun him in a chariot-race. Pelops 
w as not terrified at the fate of the thirteen lovers, 
v. ho before him had entered the course against 
O-Inomaus, and had, according to the conditions 
proposed, been put to death when conquered. 
He previously bribed Myrtilus, the charioteer of 
G^nomaus, and therefore he easily obtained the 
victi.ry. G<;nomaus.] He married Hippo- 

(iamia, and threw Myrtilus, headlong into the sea 
when he claimed the reward of his perfidy. 
According to some authors, Pelops had received 
some winged horses from Neptune, with which 
he was enabled to outrun Chlnomaus. When he 
had established himself on the throne of Pisa, 
Hippodamia's possession, he extended his con- 
quests over the neighbouring countries, and 
fiom him the peninsula, of which he was one ol 



the monarchs, received the name of Peloponne- 
sus. Pelops, after death, received divine honors, 
and he was as much revered above all the other 
heroes of Greece, as Jupiter was above the rest 
of the gods. He had a temple at Olympia, near 
that of Jupiter, where Hercules consecrated to 
him a small portion of land, and offered to him 
a sacrifice. The place where this sacrifice had 
been offered was religiously observed, and the 
magistrates of the country yearly, on coming 
upon office, made there an offering of a black 
ram. During the sacrifice, the soothsayer was 
not allowed, as at other times, to have a share of 
the victim ; but he alone, who furnished the wood, 
was permitted to take the neck. Tlie wood for 
sacrifices, as may be observed, was always fur- 
nished by some of the priests, to all such as 
offered victims, and they received a price, 
equivalent to what they gave. The white poplar 
was generally used in the sacrifices made to 
Jupiter and to Pelops. The children of Pelops 
by Hippodamia were Piiheus, Troezen, Atreus, 
Thyestes, &c., besides some by concubines. The 
time of his death is unknown, though it is 
universally agreed, that he survived Hippodamia 
for some time. Some suppose that the Pal- 
ladium of the Trojans was made with the bones 
of Pelops. His descendants were called Pelopidce. 
Pindar, who, in his first Olympic, speaks of 
Pelops, confutes the traditions of his ivory 
shoulder, and says that Neptune took him up to 
heaven to become the cup-bearer to the gods, 
from which he was expelled, when the impiety 
of Tantalus wished to make mankind partake of 
the nectar and the entertainments of the gods. 
Some suppose that Pelops first instituted the 
Olympic games in honour of Jupiter, and to com- 
memorate the victory which he had obtained 
over CEnomaus. Paus, .5, 1, &c.— Apollod. 2, 5. 

■—Evrip. in Iphig.— Mela. 1, 18.- Virg. G. 3, 7 

Ovid. Met. 6, 404, Hygin. fab. 9, 82, et 83. 

PelorIa, a festival observed by the Thes- 
salians, in commemoration of the news which 
they received by one Pelorius, that the mountains 
of Tempe had been separated by an earthquake, 
and that the waters of the lake which lay there 
stagnated, had found a passage into the Alpheus, 
and left behind a vast, pleasant, and most de- 
lightful plain, &e. 

Pelorus (v. is-idis, v. iasiados), now Cape Faro, 
one of the three great promontories of Sicily. It 
lies near the coast of Italy, and received its name 
from Pelorus, the pilot of the ship which carried 
Annibal away from Italy, or, according to another 
account, from Carthage to Syria. This celebrated 
general, as it is reported, was carried by the tides 
nto the straits of Charybdis, and as he was 
ignorant of the coast, and perceived no passage 
through, for, in consequence of the route which 
the vessel was pursuing, the promontories on 
either side seemed to Join, he suspected the pilot 
of an intention to deliver him into the hands of 
the Romans, and killed him on the spot. He 
was soon, however, convinced of his error, and 
to atone for his rashness, and pay honour to his 
pilot's memory, he gave him a magnificent 
funeral, and called the promontory on the 
Sicilian shore after his name, having erected on 
it a tomb with a statue of Pelorus. Vul. Max. 
9, 8. - Mela, 2, 7. - Strah. b —Virg. Mn. 3, 411, 
et mi. — Ovid. Met. 5, 3.^0. 13, 727. 15, 706. 

Pelt.*, a town of Phrygia, south-west of 
Ipsus, and not far from the river Obrimas, which 



PEL 



550 



PEN 



is a tributary of the Masander. Xenophon de- 
scribes it as a well inhabited town, and states 
that the army of Cyrus remained there three 
days, during which games and sacrifices were 
pt-rformed. Pliny says, that in his time Peltse 
was under the jurisdiction of Apamea. Xen. 
Ayiab. 1, 2. — Pl{n. 5. 29. 

Pelusium a city of Egypt, at the entrance of 
the Pelusiac mouth of the Nile, and about tw enty 
stadia from the sea. It derived its name from ! 
the Greek word r-ijXoj lidum, inasmuch as it lay i 
in the midst of lakes and marshes, and hence in 
the Bible it is called Sin, a word denoting its 
miry situation ; but the Greeks asserted that it j 
was so called after Peleus, the father of Achilles, j 
who fled hither and purified himself of his trans- 
gressions in the neighbouring pools. It was an 
exceedingly strong, and a well garrisoned city, 
being reckoned the key of Egypt on this side ; 
but owing to the waters of that arm of the Nile on 
which it stood, finding their way into the Dam- 
iatta branch of the river, Pelusium lost all its | 
importance, and is now merelv a heap of rubbish j 
near Tineh. Mela, 2. 9 — Ccliim. 5, 10. - Sil. Ital. \ 
3, 25. - Lucr.n. 8, -^66. 9, 83. 10, 53.— Liv. 41, 19. ! 
45, 11 — Strab. 17.-Firg. G- 1, 228. i 

Penates, certain inferior deities among the : 
Romans, who presided over houses and the 
domestic affairs of families. They were called 
Penates, because they were generally placed in 
the innermost and most secret parts of the house, 
tn penilissima csdium parte, quod, as Cicero says, 
penitus insident. The place where they stood 
was alterwards called penetralia, and they them- 
.selves received the name of Penetrales. It was 
in the option of every master of a family to 
choose his-Penate?, and therefore Jupiter, and 
some of the superior gods, are often invoked as 
patrons of domestic affairs. According to some, 
the gods Penates were divided into four classes ; 
the first comprehended all the celestial, the 
second the sea-gods, the third the gods of hell, 
and the last all such heroes as had received 
divine honours after death. The Penates were 
originally the manes of the dead, but when 
superstition had tausht mankind to pay more 
than common reverence to the statues and images 
of their deceased friends, their attention was soon 
exchanged for regular worship, and they were 
admitted by their votaries to share immortality 
and power over the world, with a Jupiter or a 
Minerva. The statues of the Penates were gen- 
erally made with wax, ivory, silver, or earth, 
according to the taste or affluence of the w or- 
shipper, and the only offerings they received 
were wine, incense, fruits, and sometimes the 
sacrifice nf lambs, sheep, goats. &c. In the early 
ages of Rome, human sacrifices were offered to 
them ; but Brutus, who expelled the Tarquins, 
abolished this unnatural custom. >V hen offerings 
were made to them, their statues were crowned 
with earlands puppies <>r garlic, and besides the 
monthly day that was set apart for their worship 
their festivals were celebrated during the Satur- 
nalia Some have confounded the Laves and 
the Penates, but they were difT<'rent. Tlie 
Penates were of divine ori^'in. the Lares of 
human. Certain persons were admitted to the 
worship of the Lares, who were not to that of the 
Penates. The Penates were worshipped only in 
the innermost parts of the house, the Lares also 
in the public roads, in the camp and on sea. 
Cic. de N-t. D. 2, 27. Verr. 2. Dionys. 1. 



PenelIus, one of the Greeks killed in the 
Trojan war. Homer. II. 2, 494. 

PenelOpe, a celebrated princess of Greece, ; 
daughter of Icarius, and wife of Ulysses, king of 
Ithaca, Her marriage with Ulysses was cele- 
brated about the same time that Menelaus mar- 
ried Helen, and she retired with her hu>band to 
Ith.ica, against the inclination of her father, who 
wihed to detain her at Sparta, her native country. 
She soon after became mother of Telemachus, 
and was obliged to part with great reluctance 
from her husband, whom the Greeks obliged to 
go to the Trojan war. iVid. Palamedes.] The 
continuation of hostilities for ten years rendered 
her sad and melancholy; but when Ulysaes did 
not return like the other princes of Greece at the 
conclusion of the war, her fears and her anxieties 
were increased. As she received no intelligence 
of his situation, she was soon beset by a number 
of importuning suitors, who w ished her to believe 
that tier husband was shipwrecked, and that 
therefore she ought not longer to expect his 
return, but forget his loss, and fix her choice 
and affections on one of her numerous admirers. 
She received their addresses with coldness 
and disdain ; but as she was destitute of power, 
and a prisoner as it were in their hands, she yet 
flattered them with hopes and promises, and 
declared that she would make choice of one 
of them, as soon as she had finished a piece of 
tapestry, on w hich she was employed. The work 
was done in a dilatory manner, and she baffled 
their eager expectations, by undoing in the night 
w hat she had done in the day time. This artifice 
of Penolope has given rise to the proverb of 
Penelope's web, which is applied to whatever; 
labour can never be ended. Tne return of Ulysses, 
after an absence of twenty years, however, deliv- 
ered her from her fears and from her dangerous 
suitors. Penelope is described by Homer as a 
model of female virtue and chastity, but some' 
more modern writers dispute her claims to mo-| 
desty and continence. After the return of Ulysses , 
Penelope had a daughter, who was called Ptoli-j 
porthe ; but if we believe the traditions that! 
were long preserved at Mantinea, Ulysses re-| 
piidiated his wife for her incontinence during his 
absence, and Penelope fled to Sparta, and after-| 
wards to Mantinea, where she died and was. 
buried. After the dea'h of Ulysses, according tO| 
H^ginus, she married Telegonus, her husband'sj 
son by Circe, by order of the goddess Minerva.j 
Some say that her original name was Arnea, ori 
Amirace, and that she was called Penelope,! 
when some river-birds called Penelopes had' 
saved her from the waves of the sea, when heri 
father had exposed her. Icarius had attempted 
to destroy her, because the oracles had told him| 
that his daughter by Periboea would be the mosti 
dissolute of her sex, and a disgrace to his family.. 

Apollod. 3, 10,— Paj/A'. 3. M - Homer. 11. et Od i 

Ovid. Heroid. 1- Mtt. — Aristot. Hist. Anim. 8. — 
Hi/gin. fab. 127. 

Penkus, a river of The#saly, rising on mount 
Pindus, and falling into the Thermean gulf, 
after a w.nndtring course between mount Ossa' 
and Olympus, through the vale of Tempe. Itl 
receivi d its name from Peneus, a son of Oceanus' 
and Tethys. The Peneus anciently inundated 
the plains of Tliessaly, till an earthquake separ.^ 
ated the mountains Ossa and Olympus, andi 
formed the beauiiful vale of Tempe. From this 
circumstance, viierefore, it obtained the name of 



I 



PEN 



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1 Araxes, ab ipa<j<ra», scindo. Daphne, the daugh 
{ ter of the Peneus, according to the (ables of the 
mythologists, was changed into a laurel on the 
banks of this river. This tradition arises from 
the quantify of laurels which grow near the 
Peneus. The Peneus is called Salambria by 
Tzetzes, and Salabria and Salampria by some 
of the Byzantine historians ; which name ap- 
pears to be derived from <ToXaAt/Si», "an outlet," 
and was applicable to it more particularly at 
the vale of Tempe, where it has forced a passage 
through the rocks of Ossa and Olympus. Ovid. 
Met 1. 45 i, - Slrab. 9.— Mela, 2, 3.— Vtrg. 

G. 4, 317 Diod. 4. A river of Elis, rising in 

mount Erymanthus, and discharging itself into 
the sea near Ephyra. It is now the Igliaco. 
Stj-ab. 8. 

Pennine ALPES, a part of the chain of the 
Alps, extending from the Gteat St Bernard to 
the source of the Rhone and Rhine. The name 
is derived from the Celtic Penn, a summit. Fid. 
Alpps. 

Pentapolts, a town of India, placed by 
Mannert in the north-eastern angle of the Sinus 

Ganspticus, or Bay of Bengal. A name given 

to Cyrenaica in Africa, from its five cities, 
Cyrene, Arsinoe, Berenice, Ptolemais or Barce, 
and ApoUonia. A part of Palestine, contain- 
ing the five cities of Gaza, Gath, Ascalon, 

Azotus, and Ekron. Also a name applied to 

Doris in Asia Minor, after Halicarnassus had 
been excluded from the Doric confederacy. Vid. 
Doris. 

PknteLiCUS, a mountain of Attica, where 
were found quarries of beautiful marble. " Pen- 
telicus," says Dodwell, " is separated from the 
northern foot of Hymettus, which in the nar- 
rowest part is about three miles broad. It 
shoots up into a pointed summit; but the out- 
line is beautifully varied, and the greater part is 
either mantled with woods, or variegated with 
shrubs. Several villages and some monasteries 
and churches are seen near its base.'' The same 
traveller gives a very interesting account of the 
quarries of Pentelicus, which he visited, and 
examined with attention. Strab. 9. — Paus. 1, 3i. 

PentheSILEA, a queen of the Amazon?, 
daughter of Mars, by Otrera, or Orithya. She 
came to assist Priara in the last years of the 
Trojan war, and fought against Achilles, by 
whom she was slain. The hero was so struck 
with the beauty of Penthesilea, when he stripped 
her of her arms, that he even shed tears for 
having too violently sacrificed her to his fury. 
Thersites laughed at the partiality of the hero, 
for which ridicule he was instantly killed. Ly- 
cophron says, that Achilles slew Thersites be- 
cause he had put out the eyes of Penthesilea 
when she was yet alive. The scholiast of Ly- 
cophron differs from that opinion, and declares 
that it was commonly believed, that Achilles 
offered violence to the body of Penthesilea when 
Bhe was dead, and that Thersites was killed be- 
cause he had reproached the hero for this in- 
famous action, in the presence of all the Greeks. 
The death of Thersites so offended Diomedes 
that he dragged the bcidy of Penthesilea out of 
the camp, and threw it into the Scamander. I 
is generally supposed, that Achilles was en- 
amoured of the Amazon before he fought with 
her, and that she had by him a son called 
Cayster. According to Hellen and Ptolemaeus, 
Penthesilea conquered and killed Achilles, 



whom Thetis restored to life for a few moments 
that he might revenge his fall by the death of 
the victorious Amazon. Dictijs Cret. 3 et 4. — 
Paus. 10, 31. -Q. Calab. 1 — Virg. Mn. 1, 495 

11. mi. — Dares Phryg.—Lycophr. 995, &c 

Hy gin. fab. 112. 

Penthel'S, son of Echion and Agave, w?s 
king of Thebes in Boootia. His refusal to ac- 
knowledge the divinity of Bacchus was attended 
with the most fatal consequences. He forbade 
his subjects to pay adoration to this new god ; 
and when the Theban women had gone out of 
the city to celebrate the orgies of Bacchus, Pen- 
theus, apprized of the debauchery which at- 
tended the solemnity, ordered the god himself, 
who conducted the religious multitude, to be 
seized. His orders were obeyed with reluctance, 
but when the doors of the prison in which 
Bacchus had been confined, opened of their own 
accord, Pentheus became more irritated, and 
commanded his soldiers to destroy the whole 
band of the bacchanals. This, however, was not 
executed, for Bacchus inspired the monarch 
with the ardent desire of seeing the celebration 
of the orgies. Accordingly, he hid himself in a 
wood on mount Cithaeron, from whence he could 
see all the ceremonies unpereeived. But here 
his curiosity soon proved fatal ; he was descried 
by the bacchanals, and they all rushed upon 
him. His mother was the first who attacked 
him, and her example was instantly followed by 
her two sister.s, Ino and Aulonoe, and his body 
was torn to pieces. Euripides introduces 
Bacchus among his priestesses, when Pentheus 
was put to death ; but Ovid, who relates the 
whole in the same manner, diflers from the 
Greek poet only in saying, that not Bacchus 
himself, but one of his priests, was present. 
The tree on which the bacchanals foJind Pen- 
theus, was cut down by the Corinthians, by 
order of the oracle, and with it two statues of 
the god of wine were made and placed in the 
" im. Hygin. fab. 1 84. — Theocrit. 26 — Ovid. Met. 

3, fab. 7, 8, et '9.~Firg. Mn. 4 , 469- Paus. 2, 5. 
— Apollod. 3, 5. - Euripid. in Bacch. Senec. 
in Phcenis et Hipp. 

PenthylUS, a prince of Papho.s, who assist- 
ed Xerxes with twelve ships. He was seized by 
the Greeks, to whom he communicated many 
important things concerning: the situation of the 
Persians, &c. Herod. 7, 195. 

Peparethos, now Piperi. a small island in 
the >Egean sea, off the coast of Thessaly, and in 
a north-eastern direction from Euboea. It is 
nine miles in circuit. It anciently bore the 
name Eva;nus, and was first colonized by the 
Cretans. It produced good wine and oil. Plin. 

4, 12. Horn. Hymn, in Apoll. 32. - Ovid. Met. 7, 
470 —Lv'. 28, 5 

Pephnos, a town of Laconia near a small 
island of the same name, where Castor and 
Pollux were born, and where they had two f^mall 
statues which are stated to have remained im- 
moveable though continually beaten by the 
vaves. The town and islet are now called 
Pekno. Paus. 3, 26. 

PERiEA, a name given by the Greeks to that 
part of Judaea which lay east of Jordan from its 
egress out of the lake of Gennesareth to its 
entrance info the Dead Sea, and still lower down 
as far as the river Arnon. The term is derived 

from Tripav, beyond. Plin. 5, 14. \ part of 

Caria, opposite to Rhode<« Liv. 32, 33.— —."V. 



PER 



55-2 



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eolonv nf the Mitvleneans in lE Ain. Liw 37, 
21. 

Prrcote, a town on the Hellespont, be- 
tween Abydos and Lampsacm, near the sea- 
shore. Artaxerxes gave it to Taemistocles, to 
maintain his wardrobe. Herod. 1, 117. — Apoll. 
Rliod. 1, 932. 

Perdiccas, the fourth king of Macedonia, 
B. C. 729. was descended from Temenus. He 
increased his dominions by conquest, and in the 
latter part of his life, he showed his son Argeus 
where he wished to be buried, and told him that 
as long- as the bones of his descendants and 
successors on the throne of Macedonia were laid 
in the same grave, so long would the crown re- 
main in their family. These injunctions were 
observed till the time of Alexander, who was 
buried out of Macedonia. Herod. " eiS — Justin 

7, 2. Another, king of Macedonia, son of 

Alexander. He reigned during the Pelopon- 
nesian war, and assisted the Lacedaemonians 
against Athens. He behaved with great courage 
on the throne, and died B- C. 413, after a long 
reign of glory and independence, during which 
he had subdued some of his barbarian neigh- 

hours Another, king of Macedonia, who was 

supported on his throne by Iphicrates the Athe- 
nian, against the intrusions of Pausanias. He 
was killed in a war against the lUvrians, B. C. 

360. Justin. 7, &c One of the' friends and 

favourites of Alexander the Great. At the 
king's death he wished to make himself absolute; 
and the ring which he had received from the 
hand of the dying Alexander, seemed in some 
measure to favour his pretensions. The better 
to support his claims to the throne, he married 
Cleopatra, the sister of Alexander, and strength- 
ened himself by making a league with Eumenes. 
His ambitious views were easily discovered by 
Antigonus, and the rest of the generals of Alex- 
ander, who all wished, like Perdiccas, to suc- 
ceed to the kingdom and honours of the de- 
ceased monarch. Antipater, Craterus, and 
Ptolemy, leagued with Antigonus against him, 
and after much bloodshed on both sides, Per- 
diccas was totally ruined, and at last assassin- 
ated in his tent in Egypt, by his own officers, 
about 321 years before the Christian era. Per- 
diccas had not the prudence and the address 
which were necessary to conciliate the esteem, 
and gain the attachment of his fellow-soldiers, 
and this impropriety of his conduct alienated 
the heart of his friends, and at last proved his 
destruction. Plut. in Alex.— C. Nep. Bum. — 
JElian. V. H. 12. 

PerDIX, a young Athenian, son of the sister 
of Daedalus. He invented the saw, and seemed 
to promise to become a greater artist than had 
ever been known. His uncle was jealous of his 
ri.sing fame, and he threw him do.vn from the 
top of a tower and pu: him to deatii. Perdixwas 
changed into a bird which bears his name. 
Hy:rin. fab. 39 et 274. —Apollod. 3, 15. — Ovid. 
Met. 8, 220, &c, 

Pkrenna. Fid. Anna. 

Perennis, a favourite of the emperor Corn- 
modus. He is described by some as a virtuous 
and impartial magistrate, while others paint 
him as a ciuel, violent, and oppressive tyrant, 
who committed the greatest barbarities to en- 
rich himself. He was put to death for aspiring 
to ihe empire. Herodian. 

PfiRGA, a city of Pamphylia, on the river 



Cestrus, at a Ji-tance of sixty stadia from it^ 
mouth. Here St Paul landed on his voyage 
from Paphos. At a later period it appears as 
the metropolis of the second Pamphylia. Upon 
a neighbouring mountain was a very famous 
temple of Diana, surnamed Pergasa, from the 
name of the city ; and it appears that Bacchus 
was also worshipped at Perga. Strab. 14. — 
CalUm. Hymn. in Dian. 187.— Acts 13, 13. 

Perg.\mus, (Pergama, plur.) the citadel of 
the city of Troy. The word is often used for 
Troy by the poets. [ Vid. Troja.l The root of 
this word appears to be analogous to the Teu- 
tonic burg-, "a fortified place." Compare the 
French bourg, the English burgh, the Danish 
and Swedish bo7g, and the Italian largo. 

Pergamus, no^ Bergamo, a town of Mysia, 
on the banks of the Caicus. It was the capital 
of a celebrated empire called the kingdom of 
Pergamus, which was founded by Philasterus, an 
eunuch, whom Lysimachus, after the battle of 
Ipsus, had entrusted with the treasures which 
he had obtained in the war. Philaeterus made 
himself master of the treasures and of Pergamus, 
in which they were deposited, B. C. 2S3, and; 
laid the foundation of an empire, over which he' 
himself presided for twenty years. His succes-, 
sors began to reign in the following order : his' 
nephew Eumenes ascended the throne 263 B C ; 
Attains, 241 ; Eumenes the second. 197 : At-; 
talus Philadelphus 159 ; Attalus Philomator,, 
133, who, B. C. 133, left the Roman people! 
heirs to his kingdom, as he had no children. 
The right of the Romans, however, was disputed ' 
by an usurper, who claimed the empire as his 
own, and Aquilius, the Roman general, was 
obliged to conquer the different cities one by 
one, and to gain their submission by poisoning I 
the waters which were conveyed to their houses, ' 
till the whole was reduced into the form of a, 
dependent province. The capital of the king- 
dom of Pergamus was famous for a library of 
20O,0OQ volumes, which had been collected by; 
the different monarchs who had reigned there. 
This noble collection was afterwards transported 
to Egypt by Cleopatra, with the permission of 
Antony, and it adorned and enriched the Alex- 
andrian library, till it was most fatally destroy- 
ed by the Saracens, A. D. 642. Parchment was 
first invented and made use of at Pergamus to 
transcribe books, as Ptolemy, king of Egypt, 
had forbidden the exportation of papyrus from 
his kingdom, in order to prevent Eumenes from 
making a library as valuable and as choice as 
that of Alexandria. From this circumstance] 
parchment has been called charta pergamena.l 
Galenus the physician, and Apollodorus the{ 
mythologist, were born there. jEsculapius was 
the chief deity of the countrv. Plin. 5 et 13. — , 
Isid. 6, 11. -Strab. 13. Li'». 29. 11. 31, 46.—' 

F/in. ;0. 21. 13, 11. A son of Neoptolemus 

and Andromache, who. as some suppose, retired 
from Epirus when his brother Molossus as- 
cended the throne, and went into Asia, where, 
he founded Pergamus. Paus. 1, 11. , 

Perge. rid Perga 

Fergus, a lake of Sicily, near F.nna, whetei 
Proserpine was carried away by Pluto. Oci. 
Met. 5. 386. \ 

Periandrr, a tyrant of Corinth, son of 
Cypselus. The first years of his government 
were mild and popular, but he soon learned to 
become oppressive, when he bad consulted the 



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tyrant of Sicily, about the surest way of reign- 
ing. He received no other answer but whatever 
explanation he wished to place on the Sicilian 
tyrant'shaving, in the presence of his messenger, 
plucked in a field all the ears of corn which 
seemed to tower above the rest. Periander 
understood the meaning of this answer. He im- 
mediately surrounded himself with a numerous 
guard, and put to death the richest and most 
powerful citizens of Corinth. He was not only 
cruel to his subjects, but his family also were 
objects of his vengeance. He committed incest 
with his mother, and put to death his wife 
Melissa, upon false accusation. He also ba- 
nished his son Lycophron to the island of 
Corcyra, because the youth pitied the miserable 
end of his mother, and detested the barbarities 
of his father. Periander died about 585 years 
before the Christian era, and by the meanness 
of his flatterers, he was reckoned one of the 
seven wise men of Greece. Though he was 
tyrannical, yet he patronized the fine arts ; he 
was fond of peace, and he showed himself the 
friend and the protector of genius and of learn- 
in<f. He used to say, that a man ought solemnly 
to keep his word, but not to hesitate to break ' 
if ever it clashed with his interest. He said 
also, that not only crimes ought to be punished, 
but also every wicked and corrupted thought. 

Dio^. in Vita. — Arist. Polit. 5. A tyrant of 

Ambracia, whom some rank with the seven wise 
men of Greece, and not the tyrant of Corinth. 

PerIBCEA, the second wife of OEneus, king 
of Calydon, was daughter of Hipponous. She 
became mother of Tydeus- Some suppose that 
ffineus debauched her, and afterwards married 

her. Hygm. fab. 69. A daughter of Alcath- 

ous, sold by hor father on suspicion that she was 
courted by Telamon son of .ffiiacus, king of 
iEgina. She was carried to Cyprus, where Te- 
lamon the founder of Salamis married her, and 
she became mother of Ajax. She also married 
Theseus, according to some. She is also called 

Eriboea. Pans. 1, 17 et 42 — Hygin. 97 The 

wife of Polybus, king of Corinth, who educated 

ffidipus as her own child. A daughter of 

Eui ymedon, who became mother of Nausithous 
by Neptune.— —The mother of Penelope, ac- 
cording to some authors. 

Pericles, an Athenian of a noble family, 
son of Xanthippus and Agariste. He was na- 
turally endowed with great powers, which he 
improved by attending the lectures of Damon, 
of Zeno, and of Anaxagoras. Under these cele- 
brated masters he became a commander, a 
statesman, and an orator, and gained the affec- 
tions of the people by his uncommon address 
and well-directed liberality When he took a 
share in the administration of public affairs, he 
rendered himself popular by opposing Cimon, 
who was the favourite of the nobility ; and to 
remove every obstacle which stood in the way of 
his ambition, he lessened the dignity and the 
power of the court of Areopagus, whom the 
people had been taught for ages to respect and to 
venerate. He also attacked Cimon, and caused 
him to be banished by the ostracism. Thucydides 
also, who had succeeded Cimon on his banish 
ment, shared the same fate, and Pericles remained 
for fifteen years the sole minister, and, as it may 
be said, the absolute sovereign of a republic which 
always showed itself so jealous of its liberties, 
and which distrusted so much the honesty of her 



magistrates. In his ministerial capacity, Pericles 
did not enrich himself, but the prosperity of 
Athens was the object of his administration. He 
made war against the Lacedaemonians, and re- 
stored the temple of Delphi to the care of the 
Phocians, who had been illegally deprived of 
that honourable trust. He obtained a victory 
over the Sicyonians near Nemaea, and waged a 
successful war against the inhabitants of Samos 
at the request of his favourite mistress Aspasia. 
The Peloponnesian war was fomented by his am- 
bitious views, IFid. Peloponnesiacum bellum,] 
and when he had warmly represented the 
flourishing state, the opulence, and actual power 
of his country, the Athenians did not hesitate 
a moment to unde'rtake a war against the most 
powerful republics of Greece, a war which con- 
tinued for twenty-seven years, and which was 
concluded by the destruction of their empire, 
and the demolition of their walls. The arms of 
the Athenians were for some time crowned with 
success ; but an unfoitunate expedition raised 
clamours agiinst Pericles, and the enraged 
populace attributed all their losses to him, and 
to make atonement for their ill success, they 
condemned him to pay fifty talents. This loss of 
popular favour by republican caprice, did not so 
much affect Pericles as the recent death of all his 
children ; and when the tide of unpopularity 
was passed by, he condescended to come into the 
public assembly, and to view with secret pride 
the contrition of his fellow-citizens, who utu- 
versally begged his forgiveness for the violence 
which they had offered to his ministerial charac- 
ter. He was again restored to all his honours, 
and, if possible, invested with more power and 
more authority than before; but the dreadful pes- 
tilence which had diminished the number of his 
family, proved fatal to him, and about 429 years 
before Christ, in his seventieth year, he fell a 
sacrifice to that terrible malady, which robbed 
Athens of so many of her citizens. Pericles was 
for forty years at the head of the administration, 
twenty-five years with others, and fifteen alone ; 
and the flourishing state of the empire during 
his government gave occasion to the Athenians 
publicly to lament his loss, and venerate his 
memory. As he was expiring, and seemingly 
senseless, his friends that stood around his bed 
expatiated with warmth on the most glorious 
actions of his life, and the victories w hich he had 
won, when he suddenly interrupted their tears 
and conversation, by saying that in mentioning 
the exploits that he had achieved, and which 
were common to him with all generals, they had 
forgot to mention a circumstance which reflected 
far greater glory upon him as a minister, a gen- 
eral, and above all, as a man. It is, says he, that 
not a citizen in Athens has been obliged to put 
on mourning on my account. The Athenians 
were so pleased with his eloquence that they 
compared it to thunder and lightning, and, as to 
another father of the gods, they gave him the 
surname of Olympian, The poets, his flatterers, 
said that the goddess of persuasion, wiih all her 
charms, and her attraction, dwelt upon his tongue. 
When he marched at the head of the Athenian 
armies, Pericles observed that he had the com- 
mand of a free nution that were Greeks and. 
citizens of Athei.s. He also declared, that not 
only the hand of a magistrate, but also his eyes 
and his tongue should be pure and tindefiled. 
Yet gieat and venerable as his character may 



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appear, we must not forget the follies of Pericles. • 

His vicious partiality for the celebrated cour- j 
tezan Aspasia, subjected him to the ridicule and ! 
the censure of his fellow-citiicens ; hut if he 
triumphed over satire and malevolent remarks, ' 
the Athenians had occasion to execrate the 
memory of a man who by his example corrupted 
the purity and innocence of their m.orals, and 
who made liceniiousness respectable, and the 
indulgence of every impure desire the qualifica- 
tion of the soldier as well as of the senator. 
Pericles lost all his legitimate children by the 
pestilence, and to call a natural son by his own 
name he was obliged to repeal a law which he i 
had made against spurious children, and which 
he had enforced with great severity. This son, 
called Pericles, became one of the ten generals 
who succeeded Alcibiades in the administration 
of affairs, and like his colleagues he was cqt^- 
demned to death by the Athenians, after the 
unfortunate battle of Arginusae. Paus. 1. 25. — 
Plut in Fit'. - Quiiitil- 12. 9. - C«c. de Oral. 3. 
—.Slicn. V. H. 4, IQ. — Xenoph. Hist. G.-Thu- 
cyd. 

PERinLY.MEXCS, one of the twelve sons of 
Neleus, brother to Nestor, killed by Hercules. 
He was one of the Argonauts, and had received 
from Neptune, his grandfather, the power of 
changing himrelf into w hatever shape he pleased. 
^pollod. I.— Ovid. Met. 12, 556. 

Pekidia. a Theban woman, whose son was 
killed bv Turnus in the Rutulian war. Firg. 
/En. 12, 515. 

Periegetes DioNYSius, a poet. [TiU 
Dionysius,] 

Perilla, a daughter of Ovid the poet. She 
was extremely fond of poetry and literature. 
Ovid. Fast. 3, 7, 1. 

Perillcs an ingenious artist at Athens, who 
made a brazen bull for Phalaris, tyrant of Agri- 
gentuni. This machine was fabrica.ted to put 
prisoners to death by burning them alive, and it 
was such that their cries w ere like the roaring of 
a bull. When Perillus gave it to Phalaris, the 
tyrant made the first experiment upon the donor, 
and crueilv put him to death by lighting a slow 
fire under the bellv of the bull. Plin. 34,8.— 

Ol id, in Art Am. 1, 643. in. lb 439. A lawyer 

and usursr in the a^e of Horace. Horat. Sat'. 2. 
3, 75. 

Perimedes, one of the companions of Ulysses, 
who prepared the victims, which by advice of 
Circe, the hero offered to the manes before his 
descent to the infernal resion.'. Those victims, 
though not mentioned by Homer, were supposed 
to be black rams, according to a picture of Po- 
lygnotus Homer Odyss- 11 , 23. 

PERiMfiLA. a daughter of Hippodamas, thrown 
into the sea for receiving the addresses of the 
Aehelous. She was changed into an island in 
the Ioni:in sea. and be' ame one of the Echinades. 
Olid. Met. 8 fi90. 

Pkri.nthus, a city of Thrace, on the coast of 
the Propontis. west of Bvzantium. It was ori- 
ginally colonized by the Samians, and was said 
to have received its name from the Epidaurian 
Perinthus, one of the followers of Orestes. 
Another account, however, assiffned its founda- 
tion to Hercult-s, and the inhabitants themselves 
would seem to have believed this from their 
having a figure o( Hercules on the reverse of their 
coins. Perinthus soon b^^c^me a place of great 
trade, and, surpas-Ning in this the neighbouring 



Selj'mbria, eventually rivalled Byzantium. When 
this last mentioned city, however, fell under the 
Spartan power, Perinthus was compelled to follow 
its example. It subsequently suffered from the 
attacks of the Thracians, but principally from 
those of Philip of Macedon, vho besieged and 
vigorously pressed the city, but was unable to 
take it. The city was situate on a small penin- 
sula, and the isthmus connecting it with the 
main land was only a stadium broad, according 
to Ephorus, but Pliny makes it somewhat more. 
The place w as built alon^ the slope of a hill, a- d 
afforded to one approaching it the appearance r{ 
a theatre, the inner rows of dwellmgs being 
overtopped by those behind. The modern 
Erekli occupies the site of the ancient citv. 
Scymn. Ch. 713. - Scylax, p. 2S.—Plin. 4, II.— 
Diod 16 76. 

PehifatetIci, a sect of philosophers at 
Athens, disciples to Aristotle. Tney derived this 
name from the place where they were taught; 
called Pertpalon, in the Lyceum, or because they 
received the philosopher's lectures a.s they icalked 
(irspurarovfTEy). The Peripatatics acknowledged 
the dignity of human nature, and placed their 
summum bonum not in the pleasures of passive 
sensation, but in the due exercise of the moral 
and intellectual faculties. The habit of this 
exercise, when guided by reason, constituted the 
highest excellence of man. The philosopher 
contended that our own happiness chiefly depends 
upon ourselves, and though he did not require in 
his followers that self-command to which others 
pretended, yet he allowed a moderate dettree of 
perturbation, as becoming human nature, ana 
he considered a certain sensibility of passion 
totally necessary, as by resentment " e are enabled 
to repel injurie.s. and the smart which past ca- 
lamities have inflicted, renders us careful to avoid 
the repetition. Cic. Acad. 2, &c. 

Permessus, a river of Boeotia. rising in mount 
Helicon, and which, after uniting its waters with 
those of the Olmius, flowed along with that 
stream into the Copaic lake near Haliartus. It 
received its name from Permessus, the father of 
a nymph called Aganippe, who also gave her 
name to one of the fountains of Helicon. The 
river Permessus as well as the fountain Agan- 
ippe, were sacred to the Muses. Strnb. 8. —Pro- 
pert. 2, 8. 

Pero, or Pero.ve, a daughter of Neleus, king 
of Pylos, by Chloris. Her beauty drew many 
admirers, but she married Bias son of Amythaon, 
because he had by the assistance of his brother 
Melampu-, [Fid. Melampus.] and according to 
her father's desire, recovered some oxen which 
Hercules had stolen away ; and she became 
mother of Talaus. Hotn-r. Od. 1, 'Zi^.—Propert. 

2, 2, 17. — Paus. 4, 36 A daughter of Cimon, 

remarkable for her filial affection. When her 
father had been sent to prison, w here his judges 
had condemned him to starve, she supported his 
life by giving him the milk of her breasts, as to 
her own child. Fal. Max. b, 4. 

Perok, a fountain of Boeotia called after 
Peroe, a daughter of the Asopus. Paus. 9. 4. 

Perpenna, M, a Roman who conquered 
Aristonicus in Asia, and took him prisoner. He 

died B.C. 130 Another, who joined the 

rebellion of Sertorius. and opposed Pompey. He 
was defeated by Metellus, and some time after 
he had the meanness to assassinate ;ertor in, 
whom he had invited to his house. He fel. m.o 



555 



PER 



I the hands of Pompev, who ordered him t be put 

I to death. Hut. in Sert. Paterc. 2, 30. 

' PERPER2NE. a place of Phrygia, where, as 
80tne suppose, Paris adjudged the prize of beauty 

I to Venus. Strab. b. 

Perranthes, a hill of Epirus, near Ambra- 
cia. Liv. 3.^, 4. 

Perrh^bia, a district of The.«saly. The 
lower course of the Peneus was first inhabited by 
the Perrhffbi, a tribe of Pelasgi origin, who were 
driven from a part of their possessions by the 
Lapithae, and retired nearer to Pindus and to 
the northern limits of Thessaly. They were of 
great antiquity, having fought at the siege of 
Troy, and possessed a seat in the Amphictyonic 
assembly. Simonid. ap. Strab. 9.— Homer. II. 
2, 750. 

Pers^, the inhabitants of Persia. Vid. 
Persia. 

Perseus, a philosopher intimate with Anti- 
gonus, by whom he was appointed over the 
Acrocorinth. He flourished B. C 274. Diog, 
Laert. in Zenon. 

PersephSnk. adaughter of Jupiterand Ceres, 
called also Proserpine. [Ftd. Proserpina.] It 
V. as not lawful for any except the initiated to 
pronounce the word at the Eleusinian mysteries. 
Ceres herself sometimes received the same ap- 
pellation. Homer. Grl. 10, 491, 494, et 509.— 
Pans. 8, 37. -Ovid. Ecroid. 21, 46- Met. 5, 470. 

10, 15 et 730. Fast. 4, -152, &c, The mother 

of Amphion by Jasus. 

PersepOlis, a celebrated city, the metropolis 
of the whole Persian empire, situate in the 
centre of the province of Persis and said to have 
been built a'; first out of the spoils of the Egyp- 
tian Tnebes. It contained a splendid palace, 
surrounded by a triple wall, with gates of brass, 
which was burnt to the ground by Alexander, 
after his conquest of Darius, when he allowed 
the whole city to be pillaged by his soldiery 
He is said to have been provoked to do this b; 
the sight of about eight hundred Greeks, whom 
the Persians had shamefully mutilated, but 
others say that he set the palace on fire at the 
instiijation of Thais, one of his courtezans, after 
he had passed the day in riotous revelry. Its 
ruins are now called Istakhar and Kinara, and 
are situated near the junction of the two little 
rivers Araxes or Bend Emir, and Medus or 
Abkuren, which, after they have united, flow 
into the Lake of Baktesfaun. Quint. Curt. 5, 7. — 
Arrian. 3, 66. - Tlutarch. in Alexand. Diodor. 
Sic. 17, 10. — Strab. 15. 

Persks, a son of Perseus and Andromeda. 
From liim the Persians, who were originally 
called Cephenes, received their name. He7od. 

7. 61. A king of Macedonia. Vid. Perseus. 

Perseus, a son of Jupiter and Danae, the 
daughter of Acrisius. As Acrisius had confined 
his daughter in a brazen tower to prevent her 
becoming a mother, because he was to perish, 
according to the words of an oracle, by the 
hands of his daughter's son, Pei-seus was no 
sooner born IVid. Danae] than he was thrown 
into the sea with his mother Danae. The hopes 
of Acrisius were frustrated ; the slender boat 
which carried Danae and her son was driven by 
the winds on the coasts of the island of Seriphos, 
one of the Cyclades, where they were found by 
a fisherman called Dictys, and carried to Poly 
dectes, the king of the place. They were treated 
with great humanity, and Perseus was entrusted 



to the care of the priests of Minerva's temple. 
His rising genius and manly courage, however, 
soon displeased Polydectes and the monarch, 
who wished to offer violence to Danae, feared 
the resentment of her son. Yet Polydectes re- 
solved to remove every obstacle. He invited all 
his friends to a sumptuous entertainment, and 
it was requisite that all such as came, should 
present the monarch with a beautiful horse. 
Perseus was in the number of the invited, and 
the more particularly so, as Polydectes knew 
that he could not receive from him the present 
which he expected from all the rest. Neverthe- 
less, Perseus, who wished not to appear inferior 
to the others in magnificence, told the king ihai: 
as he could not give him a horse, he would 
bring him the head of Medusa, the only one of 
the Gorgons who was subject to mortality. The 
offer was doubly agreeable to Polydectes, as it 
would remove Perseus from Seriphos, and on 
account of its seeming impossibility, the attempt 
might perhaps end in his ruin. But the inno- 
cence of Perseus was patronized by the gods. 
Pluto lent him his helmet, which had the won- 
derful power of making its bearer invisible ; 
Mifcerva gave him her buckler, which was as 
resplendent as glass ; and he received from 
Mercury wings and the talaria; with a short 
dagger, made of diamonds, and called herpe. 
According to some it Mas from Vulcan, and not 
from Mercury, that he received the herpe, which 
was in form like a scythe. "With these arms 
Perseus began his expedition, and traversed the 
air, conducted by -the goddess Minerva. He 
went to the Graiae, the sisters of the Gordons, 
who, according to the poets, had wings like the 
Gorgons, but only one eye and one tooth be- 
tween them all. of which they made use, each 
in her turn. They were three in number, ac- 
cording to .^schylus and ApoUodorus ; or only 
two, according to Ovid and He.-iod. With 
Pluto's helmet, which rendered him invisible, 
Perseus w as enabled to steal their eye and their 
tooth while thoy were asleep, and he returned 
them only when they had informed him where 
their sisters the Gorgons resided. When he had 
received every necessary info-mation, Perseus 
flew to the habitation of the Gorgons, \%hich was 
situate beyond the western ocean, according to 
Hesiod and ApoUodorus ; or in Libya, accord- 
ing to Ovid and Lucan ; or in the deserts of 
Asiatic Scythia, according to .oischylus. He 
found these m.onsters asleep ; and as he knew 
that if he fixed his eyes upon them, he should 
be instantly changed into a stone, he continu- 
ally looked on his shield, which reflected all the 
objects as clearly as the best of glasses. He 
approached them, and with a courage which 
the goddess Minerva supported, he cut off 
Medusa's head with one blow. The noise awoke 
the two immortal sisters, but Pluto's ht-lmet 
rendered Perseus invisible, and the attempts of 
the Gorgons to revenge Medusa's death proved 
fruitless, the conqueror made his way throuiih 
the air, and from the blood which dropped from 
Medusa's head sprang ail those innumt^rable 
serpents which have ever since infected the 
sandy deserts of Libya. Chrysaor al.<o, with 
his golden sword, sprang from these drops of 
blood, as well ss the horse Pergasus, which im- 
mediately flew through the air, an l slopped on 
mount Helicon, where he became the f;iV( urite 
of the Mu.ses. Meantime Perseus bau cun- 
3 A2 



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556 



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tinued his journey across the deserts of Libya ; 
but the approach of night obliged him to alight 
in the territories of Atlas, king of Mauritania. 
He went to the monarch's palace, where he 
hoped to find a kind reception by announcing 
himself as the son of Jupiter, but in this he was 
disappointed. Atlas recollected that, according 
to an ancient oracle, his gardens were to be 
robbed of their fruit by one of the sons of Jupi- 
ter, and therefore he not only refused Perseus 
the hospitality which he demanded, but he even 
offered violence to his person. Perseus finding 
himself inferior to his powerful enemy, showed 
him Medusa's head, and instantly Atlas was 
changed into a large mountain which bore the 
same name in the deserts of Africa. On the 
morrow Perseus continued his flight, and as he 
passed across the territories of Libya, he dis- 
covered, on the coasts of ^iEthiopia, the naked 
Andromeda, exposed to a sea monster. He was 
struck at the sight, and offered her father Ce- 
pheus to deliver her from instant death, if he 
obtained her in marriage as a reward of his 
labours. Cepheus consented, and immediately 
Perseus raising himself in the air. flew towards 
the monster, which was advancing to devour 
Andromeda, and he plunged his dagger in his 
right shoulder, and destroyed it. This happy 
event was attended with the greatest rejoicings. 
Perseus raised three altars to Mercury, Jupiter, 
and Pallas, and after he had offered the sacrifice 
of a calf, a bullock, and a heifer, the nuptials 
were celebrated with the greatest festivity. The 
universal joy, however, was soon disturbed, 
Phineus, Andromeda's uncle, entered the palace 
with a number of armed men, and attempted to 
carry away the bride, whom he had courted and 
admired long before the arrival of Perseus. 
The father and mother of Andromeda interfered, 
but in vain ; a bloody battle ensued, and Per- 
seus must have fallen a victim to the rage of 
Phineus, had not he defended himself at last 
with the same arms which proved fatal to Atlas. 
He showed the Gorgon's head to his adversaries, 
and they were instantly turned to stone, each 
in the posture and attitude in which he then 
stood. The friends of Cepheus, and such as 
supported Perseus, shared not the fate of Phi- 
neus, as the hero had previously warned them 
of the power of Medusa s head, and of the ser- 
vices which he received from it. Soon after this 
memorable adventure Perseus retired to Seri- 
phos, at the very mome.nt that his mother 
Dan; e fled to the altar of Minerva, to avoid the 
pursuit of Polydectes, who attempted to offer 
her violence. Dictys, who had saved her from 
the sea. and who. as some say, was the brother 
of Polydectes, defended her against the attempts 
of her enemies, and therefore Perseus, sensible 
of his merit, and of bis humanity, placed him 
pn the throne of Seriphos, after he had with 
Medusa's head turned into stones the wicked 
Polydectes, and the oflficers who were the asso- 
ciates of his guilt. He afterwards restored to 
Mercury his talaria and his wings, to Pluto his 
helmet, ti Vulcan his s vord, and to Minerva 
her shield ; but as he was more particularly in 
debted to the goddess of wisdom for her assist- 
ance and protection, he placed the Gorgon's 
head on her shield, or rather, according to the 
more received opinion, on her aegis. After he 
hfid finished (he?e celebrated exploits, Perseus 
expressed a wish to return to bis native country; 



and accordingly he embarked for the P. lopon- i 
nesus, with his mother and Andromeda. When i\ 
he reached the Peloponnesian coasts he was I 
informed that Teutamias, king of Larissa, was |i 
then celebrating funeral games in honour of his | 
father. This intelligence drew him to Larissa 
to signalize himself in throwing the quoit, of 
which, according to some, he was the inventor. 
But here he was attended by an evil fate, and 
had the misfortune to kill a man with a quoit 
which he hed thrown in the air. This was no 
other than his jrrandfather Acrisius, who, on 
the first intelligence that his grandson had 1 
reached the Peloponnesus, fled from his king- 
dom of Argos to the court of his friend and ally I 
Teutamias, to prevent the fulfilling of the oracle j 
which had obli^red him to treat his daughter 
with so much barbarity. Some suppose, with ' 
Pausanias, that Acrisius had gone to Larissa to 
be reconciled to his grandson, whose fame had , 
been spread in every city of Greece ; and Ovid ' 
maintains that the grandfather was under the 
strongest obligations to his son-in-law, as through 
him he had received his kingdom, from which 
he had been forcibly driven by the sons of his 
brother Proetus. This unfortunate murder 
greatly depressed the spirits of Perseus : by the 
death of Acrisius he was entitled to the throne 
of Argos, but he refused to reign there : and to 
remove himself from a place which reminded 
him of the parricide he had unfortunately com- 
mitted, he exchanged his kingdom for that of 
Tirynthus, and the maritime coast of Argolis, 
where Megapenthes the son of Prcetus then 
reigned^ When he had finally settled in this 
part of the Peloponnesus, he determined to lay 
the foundations of a new city, which he made 
the capital of his dominions, and which he called 
Mycencc^ because the pommel of his sword, 
called by the Greeks myces, had fallen there. 
The time of his death is unknown, yet it is uni- 
versally agreed that he received divine honours 
like the rest of the ancient heroes. He had 
statues at Mycenae, and in the island of Seri- 
phos, and the Athenians raised him a temple, in 
^hich they consecrated an altar in honour of 
Dictys, who had treated Danae and her iufKnt 
son with so much paternal tenderness. The 
Egyptians also paid particular honour to his 
memory, and asserted that he often appeared 
among them wearing shoes two cubits long, 
vhich was always interpreted as a sign of fer- 
tility. Perseus had by Andromeda, AIcpus, 
Sthenelus, Nestor, Electry( n, and Gorgophone, 
and after death, according to s'^me mythoio- 
gists, he became a constellation in the heavens. 
herod. 2, ^l.—ApoUod. 2. 4. &c. - Pans. 2. 16 et 
IS. 3, 17, Sz'i.—Apollon. Jrg. 4, 1509.— J/a/. 9, 
^i-l.-Ovid. Met. 4, 16. 5, 1, &c. - Lvcaji, 9, 
66S. — Hygin. fab. 6i.—Hesiod. ITicog. 270. 

PERSEL'S, or Perses, a son of Philip, king 
of Macedonia. He distinunished himself like 
his father, by his enmity to the Romans, and 
when he had made sufficient preparations, he , 
declared war against them. His operations, / 
however, were slow and injudicious ; he wanted 
courage and resolution, and though lie at first 
obtained some advantages over the Rom.an 
armies, yet his avarice and his timidity proved 
destructive to his cause. When Paulus was 
appointed to the command of the Roman 
armies in Macedonia, Perseus showed his in- 
feriority by hi.s imprudent encampments, and 



PER 



557 



PER 



Tihen he had at last yielded to the advice of his ' 
officers, who recommended a general engage- 
ment, and had drawn up his forces near the 
walls of Pydna, B. C. 168, he was the first who 
ruined his own cause, and by tlying as soon as 
the battle was begun, he left the enemy masters 
of the field. From Pydna, Perseus fied to Samo- 
thrace, but he was soon discovered in his ob- 
scure retreat, and brought into the presence of 
the Roman conqueror, where the meanness of 
his behaviour exposed him to ridicule, and not 
to merry. He w as carried to Rome, and dragged 
alone the streets of the city to adorn the tri- 
umph of the conqueror. His family were also 
exposed to the sight of the Roman populace, 
who shed tears on viewing in (heir street?, 
dragged like a slave, a monarch w ho had once 
defeated their armies, and spread alarm hU 
over Italy, by the greatness of his military pre- 
parations, and by his bold undertakings. Kt- 
seus died in prison, or, according to some, he 
was put to a shamefnl death the first year of his 
captivity. He had two sons, Philip and Alex- 
ander, and one daughter, whose name is not 
known. Alexander, the younger of these, was 
hired to a Roman carpenter, and led the great- 
est part of his li.'e in obscurity, till his ingenuity 
raised him to notice. He was afterwards made 
secretary to the senate. Liv. 40, &c, Justin, 
as. 1, &c.- Plut. in raulo —Flor. 2, 12. — Pro- 
per*. 4, 12, 39. 

Persia, or Persis, a country of Asia, bounded 
on the east by Carmania, on the north by Parthia 
and Media, on the west by Susiana, and on the 
south by the Persian Gulf; it corresponded 
generally with the modern province of Fars. It 
is called Elam in the Bible, prior to the time of 
Cyrus, after Elam, the son of Shem, who settled 
hereabouts; under this name also parts of Susiana 
and Media appear to have been originally in 
eluded, as the profane authors mention in these 
the district Elymais and the tribe Elymaei: sub 
sequent to the reign of Cyrus, the term of Persia, 
or Paras, may also be found in Holy Writ. This 
was Persia in its confined sense, or properly so 
called, and must not be confounded with the 
mighty empire of Persia, founded by Cyrti; 
which extended from the Indus to the Mediterra- 
nean, and from the Caspian and Euxine Seas to 
the Persian Gulf and the Ocean: hence the pom- 
pous title, which its sovereigns adopted, of Kinf 
of Kings. The first king of Elam that is men 
tinned was Chedorlaomer, who extended hi; 
conquest over many parts of Asia, and after 
whose days nothing occurs of any consequence 
in the history of Persia, till the reign of Cyrus. 
Three centuries before the time of Cyrus, the 
Elamjtes had been conquered and kept in sub- 
jection by the Medes; but this extraordinary 
man, whose real name was Agradates, deter- 
mined upon liberating his countrymen from the 
yoke of their oppressors: he succeeded in defeat 
ing them in a great battle, near the Persian 
metropolis, on the banks of the little river Cores, 
or Cyrus, after which he first assumed the name j 
of CjTus. He soon reduced Media, and by I 
degrees gained possession of the territories it hud 
corquered from other nations; but from the 
acknowledged superiority in arts and civilization, 
which this rival country ha-d over its victors, as 
w ell as from the military importance it contrived 
tn maintain even in its subjection, the two names 
_wtTe united together, and the dominions of Cyrus 



described as the kingdom of the Medes and 
Persians. He is said to have published an edict, 
importing that it should be esteemed mean and 
scandalous for any man in his dominioris to go 
on foot,~ whether the journey were long or short, 
thus compelling, as it were, the inhabitants to 
become hoi semen ^ and hence it is, from the 
word Paras, which, in the Oriental- tongues, 
denotes a horseman, that the name of Persia, or 
Paras, has been thought to be derived. In the 
mythology of the Greeks, however, the Persians 
are ?aid to have obtained their name from Perses, 
a son of Perseus and Andromeda, and to have 
been previously called Cephenes. Cyrus was 
succeeded on his throne by his son Cambyses, 
who reduced Egypt to subjection. Darius 
E} staspis divided the whole empire into twenty 
Satrapies, and appointed a governor over ench, 
who was bound to render him an annual tribute: 
he marched against the Scythians, and having 
reduced the provinces of Thrace and Macedonia, 
conquered a great part of India. The lonians 
at last revolted from him, and being assiited by 
the Athenians, took Sardes, and btimt it to the 
ground. Darius was provoked by this to send 
an enormous army to Greece: it was defeated 
at Marathon, shortly after which he died. Xei xes, 
his son and successor, made an unfortunate 
attempt to revenge his father s cause, and invaded 
Greece with an immense body of men, amount- 
ing, as it has been estimated, to five millions of 
persons. He was gallantly, though unsuccess- 
fully, opposed at Thermophylae, but was subse- 
quently gloriously beaten at the battle of Salamis, 
which obliged him to leave Europe w ith preci- 
pitation and disgrace. After this, his army, under 
the command of his general Mardonius, was 
routed at Plataeae, and another body of his forces 
was defeated on the same day by the Greeks, at 
Mycale in Asia Minor. After his death, Artax- 
erxes Longimanus ascended the throne, 464 years 
B. C. ; this prince is supposed to be the same 
with the Ahasuerus of the Scriptures, who raised 
Esther to the throne, and so highly favoured the 
Jews. After some intermediate reigns, Artax- 
erxes Mnemon, or the Second, succeeded to the 
empire; but his brother Cyrus the younger dis- 
puted the crown with him at Cunaxa, and lost 
his life in the battle: it was in this expedition 
that those 10,000 Greeks were engaged, whose 
retreat has been so beautifully described by 
Xenophon Darius Codomanus, or the Third, 
was the last prince of this dynasty, and was 
defeated in a series of brilliant victories by 
Alexander the Great, who put an end at last to 
the Persian monarchy. Upon the death of 
Alexander, this country fell under the dominion 
of the Seleuciriae, but it was taken from them 
B. C. 141, by Mithridates, king of Parthia, who 
annexed it to his own empire. It remained 
subject to the Piifthian princes till the reign of 
Artabanus when Artaxerxes a Persian of ob- 
scure origin, roused his countrymen to recover 
their independence: having defeated the Parthi.-ns 
in a pitched battle, he was raised to the throne, 
A. D. 229, and thus fotmded the second Persian 
monarchy, after tJie people had been tributary 
to the Parthians for nearly 5(10 years. The 
name of this prince's father was Sassan, and 
hence his descendants are called Sassanides. 
Artaxerxes became invt Ived in hostilities with 
the Romans, in consequence of his having laid 
claim to all the provinces which had once be- 
3 A 3 



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558 



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longed to the Persian empire, and a sanguinary 
warfare was kept, up between the two empires 
for many years. The government of Persia was 
an absolute monarchy, throughout the whole 
period of its history : but succession to the throne 
was not defined, and the disputes that ensued 
constantly weakened and distracted the kingdom, 
and enabled the Satraps, or nobles and provincial 
governors, to exercise comparative independence. 
The early Persians were remarkable for simpli- 
city of manners; and it was said of their youth, 
that they were educated to ride, to shoot with 
the bow, and speak the truth. The manners of 
the nobles and kings were, in general, luxurious : 
and dissolute. The religion of the first Persians ' 
appears to have been the worship of the planets; ■ 
but in the reign of Darius Hystaspes, the adora- 
tion of fire and the elements was introduced by I 
Zoroaster, and continued to be the religion of 
the state until its conquest by the Mahometans. I 
The fugitives from Mahometan oppression, j 
known as Ghebers and Parsees, still follow this | 
faith. The doctrines and practies of this system j 
are collected in a work called Avesta, or Zend- 
Avesta, being written in the Zend language. 
This is the sacred dialect of the Parsees, as 
Sanscrit is of the Hindus, and bears very great i 
affinity to Sanscrit. The Zend-Avesta has been 
translated into French by Mons. Anquetil Du l 
Perron. Besides the information derived from 
classical writers, the history of Persia, since the 
Mahometan conquest, has been written by 
many Arabic and Persian authors, the substance 
of whose works is given in the History of Persia 
by Sir J. Malcolm. Gen. 10, 22. 14, 1 et 2. — 
Eera, 1, 1, &c. - Esther, 1. 3. - Isaiah, 21, 2.— j 
Jer: 49. 34, S:c.~Esek. 27, 10. 32, 24. 3S, 5.— i 
Daniel, 8, 2. 10, ]3.— Curt. 4, 14. 5, S.—Plut. in 
Artax. Alex. Sec- Mela, 1, 2. 2. 2- 3, 8. ^ Ovid. 
Fast. 1, 335. - Lucayi. 8, 400. Gitull. 91.— 
Seneca, ep. 3-2. Strab. 2, \o. — Xenoph. Cyrop — 
Herod. 1, 125, &c. Apollod^ 2. — Marcell. 23. 

PERSiCUM mare, or PERSiCCs SINCS, a 
part of the Indian ocean on the coast of Persia 
and Arabia, now called the Persian Gulf. I 

Persis a province of Persia, bounded by Media, 
Carmania, Susiana, and the Persian gulf. It is ; 
often taken for Persia itself. j 

PERSics FivACCUS, AULUS, a Latin poet, 
born at Volaterras, A. D. 34, and in the twentieth 
year of the reign of Tiberius. He was of an 
equestrian family, and he made himself known 
by his intimacy with the most illustrious Romans 
of the age. The early part of his life was spent 
in his native town, and at the age of twelve he 
was removed to Rome, where he studied philo- 
sophy under Cornu:us the celebrated stoic. He 
also received the instructions of Palemon the ^ 
grammarian, and Virginius the rhetorician. 
Naturally of a mild disposition, his character 
was unimpeached. his modesty remarkable, and 
his benevolence universally admired. He dis- 
tinguished himself by his satirical humour, and 
made the faults of the orators and poets of his 
age the subject of his poems. He did not j 
even spare Nero; and the more etfectually to 
expose the emperor to ridicule, he introduced 
into his satires some of his verses. The Torva 
mimalloneis implerunt cormta bombis, with the , 
three following verses, are Nero's, according to 
some. But though he was so severe upon the { 
vicious and ignorant, he did not forget his 
friendship for Cornutus, and he showed his i 



regard for his character and abilities by making 
mention of his name with great propriety in his 
satires. It was by the advice of his learned pre- 
ceptor that he corrected one of his poems in 
w hich he had compared Nero to Midas, and at 
his representation he altered the words Auricid is 
asini Mida rex h .bet into Auriculas asini quis non 
habet ? Persius died in the SUth year of his age, 
A. D. 62, and left all his books, which consisted 
of seven hundred volumes, and a large sum of 
money, to his preceptor; but Cornutus only 
accepted the books, and returned the money to 
the sisters and friends of the deceased. Tne 
satires of Persius are six in number, blamed by 
some for obscurity of style and of language. 
But though they may appear almost unintelligi- 
ble to some, it ought to be remembered that 
they were read with pleasure and with avidity 
by his contemporaries, and that the only difB- 
culties which now appear to the moderns', arise 
from their not knowing the various characters 
which they described, the vices which they 
lashed, and the errors which they censured. The 
satires of Persius are generally printed with 
those of Juvenal, the best editions of which will 
be found to be that of Henninius, 4to, Ultraj, 
16S5, and that of Ruperti, 2 vols. 8vo, Lips. 
1819. The best edition of Persius, separate, is 
that of Koenig, Getting. 1503, 8vo. Among the 
principal English translations of Persius may be 
specified those of Drvden, Brewster, Drummond, 
Howes, and Gifford. Martini. Quintil.lO,\. — 
August, de Magist. 9. — Lacta?2t. 

PerTINAX, Plblius Helvics a Roman 
emperor after the death of Commocius. He was 
descended from an obscure family, and, like his 
father, who was either a slave or the son of a 
manumitted slave, he for some time followed the 
mean employment of drying wood and making 
charcoal. His indigence, however, did not 
prevent him from receiving a liberal education, 
and indeed he was for sorre time employed in 
teaching a number of pupils the Greek and the 
Roman languages in Etruria. He left this 
laborious profession for a military life, and by his 
valour and intrepidity, he gradually rose to offices 
of the highest trust in the army, and was made 
consul by M. Aurelius for his eminent services. 
He was afterwards entrusted with the govern- ' 
ment of Moesia, and at last he presided over the | 
city of Rome as governor. When Commodus | 
was murdered, Pertinaxwas universally selected \ 
to succeed to the imperial throne, and his refu- J 
sal, and the plea of old age and increasinsf | 
infirmities, did not prevent his being saluted 
emperor and Augustus. He acquiesced with | 
reluctance, but his mildness, his economy, and t 
the popularity of his administration, convinced \ 
the senate and the people, of the prudence and [ 
the justice of their choice. He forbade his name j 
to be inscribed on such places or estates as were j 
part of the imperial domain, and exclaimed that ' 
they belonged not to him but to the public. He ' 
melted all the silver statues which had been j 
raised to his vicious predecessor, and he exposed . 
to public sale all his concubines, his horses, his I 
arms, and all the instruments of his pleasure ' 
and extravagance. With the money raised from 
these he enriched the empire, and was enabled ' 
to abolish all the taxes which Commodus had 
laid on the rivers, ports, and highways through 
the empire. This patriotic administration gain-d ; 
him the afTection of the woribiest and most dis 



PER 



559 



PET 



cerning of his subjects, but the extravagant and 
j hjxurious raised their clamour against him; and 
[ when Pertinax attempted to introduce among 
the prajtorian guards that discipline which was so 
• necessary to preserve the peace and tranquillity 
I of Rome, the flames of rebellion were kindled, 
and the minds of the soldiers totally alienated. 
Pertinax was apprized of this mutiny, but he 
refused to fly at the hour of danger. He scorned 
, the advice of his friends who wished him to 
j withdraw from the impending storm, and he 
! unexpectedly appeared before the seditious prae- 
torians, and vvithciut fear or concern, boldly 
asked them whether they who were bound to 
defend the person of their prince and emperor, 
were come to betray him and to shed his blood. 
His undaunted assurance and his intrepidity 
would have had the desired effect, and the sol- 
diers had already begun to retire, when one of 
the most seditious advanced and darted his jave- 
I lin at the emperor's breast, exclaiming, the 
I soldiers send you this. The rest immediately 
; followed the example, and Pertinax muffling up 
I his head, and calling upon Jupiter to avenge his 
I death, remained unmoved, and was instantly 
' dispatched. His head was cut off, and carried 
! upon the point of a spear as in triumph to the 
j catnp. This happened on the 28th of March, 
i A.D. 193. Pertinax reigned only S7 days, and 
his death was the more universally lamented 
j as it proceeded from a seditious tumult, and 
' robbed the Roman empire of a wise, virtuous, 
and benevolent emperor. Dio. ~ Herodian. — 
Capitol. 

Percsia, now Perugia, one of the most an- 
I cient and distinguished cities of Etruria, situate 
j at the south-eastern extremity of the Lacus 
Thrasymenus, or Logo di Perugia. The era of 
its foundation long preceded that of Rome, though 
the precise period cannot be ascertained with 
certainty. In conjunction with the other Etru- 
rian states it long resisted the Romans, and when 
subjected, or rather reconciled to them, it became 
j a faithful and courageous ally. It defied the 
power of Annibal, and flourished in peace and 
opulence till the reign of Augustus, when un- 
fortunately it engaged in the rebellion of L> 
Antonius, uncle of the triumvir, and under his 
command, shut its gates against Augustus, who 
i took it, and, as it is asserted, wished to spare it ; 
{ but one of its principal citizens setting fire to bis 
own house, which he intended as a funeral pile for 
I himself and his family, the flames communicated 
to the neighbouring buildings, and spreading 
rapidly, reduced the city to ashes. Perusia, 
hiiwever, rose immediately from its ruins ; and, 
on its restoration, by a str.inge inconsistency, 
chose for its patron Vulcan, a divinity to whom 
it seems to have had very few obligations, as the 
god had spared his own temple only in the gen- 
eral conflagration. In the Gothic war it displayed 
much spirit, and ctood a siege of seven years 
against the barbarians. Z,/". 9, 36. - Appi^n. 
Bell. Civ. 5, 49. — Z)«b Cass. 48, 15. Uican. 1, 
41. 

PESCENN'iUS. Vid. Niger. 

PiSSiNL's, {iintis, ) a city of Galatia, on the 
river Sangarius, and near the western confines. 
It vvas of early origin, and chiefly famous for the 
worship of Cybele. Strabo says, that mount 
Dindymus, whence Cybele was surnamed Din- 
dymene, rose above the town. So great was the 
fame of the shrine and statue of the goddess, 



that the Romans, enjoined, as it is said, by the 
Sybilline oracles, had caused the latter to be 
conveyed to Rome, since the safety of the state 
was declared to depend on its removal to Italy. A 
special embassy was sent to king Attains to request 
his assistance on this occasion : this sovereign 
received the Roman deputies with great kindness 
and hospitality, and having conveyed them to 
Pessinus, obtained for them permission to remove 
the statue of the mother of the gods, which was 
nothing else but a great stone. On its arrival 
at Rome, it was received with great pomp and 
ceremony by the Roman senate and people, 
headed by Scipio Nasica, selected for this office 
by the national voice as the best citizen, accord- 
ing to the injunction of the Pythian oracle. This 
took place in the year 547, U. C. near the close 
of the second Punic war. It appears from Livy 
that the worship of Cybele was still observed in 
Pessinus after its occupation by the Gauls, since 
the priests of the goddess are said to have sent a 
deputation to the army of Manlius, when on the 
banks of the Sangarius. Po1;.biu= mentions the 
names of the individuals whc ;r en rnesided over 
the worship and temple of Cyov e Strabo says 
Pessinus was the most commercial and flourishing 
city in this part of Asia, in his time, though the 
worship of Cybele had fallen into decay. The 
temple and its porticoes were of white marble, 
and surrounded by a beautiful grove : the city 
was indebted to the kings of Pergamus for these 
decorations. Formerly the priests of Cybele were 
high in rank and dignity, and possessed of great 
privileges and emoluments. Pausanias states 
that Pessinus was at the foot of mount Agdistus, 
where Aiys was said to have been buried ; this is 
probably the same mountain which Strabo calls 
Dindymus. At a later period we find Pessinus 
the metropolis of Western Galatia. The ruins 
of this city should be sought fox near the left 
bank of the Sangarius, somewhere in the great 
angle it makes between its junction with the 
Yerma and the Pursek. Stroh. 12.- Liv. 29, 10 
—12. 38, \S.~Pdyb. Frngm. 20, 4. 

Petalus, a man killed by Perseus at the 
court of Cepheus. Oiid. Met. 5, 115. 

PetelTnus lacus, a lake near one of the 
gates of Rome. Liv. 6, 20. 

PetiliA, a town of Italy, in the territory of 
the Brutii, on the coast of the Tarentine gulf, 
and to the north of Crotona. It was fabled to 
have been built by Philoctetes after the Trojan 
war. In the opinion of the most judicious and 
best informed topographers, it occupied the 
situation of the modern Strongoli. This small 
tov. n gave a striking proof of its fidelity to the 
Romans in the second Punic war, w hen it refused 
to follow the example of the other Brutian cities 
in joining the Carthaginians. In consequence 
of this resolution, it was besieged by Annibal, 
and, though unassisted by the Romans, it held 
out until reduced to the last extremity by famine; 
nor was it till all the leather in the tovin, as well 
as the bark and young shoots of trees, and the 
grass in the streets, had been consumed for 
subsistence, that thev length surrendered. 
Virg. ^n. 8, 402.- Vol. Mnx. 6, 6.— Liy. 23, 

30. A town of I.ucania, confounded by Strabo 

w ith the Brutian Petilia. It is supposd to have 
have been situated on what is now the Monte 
delta Stella, not far from Passtum. 

Petlius a prsetor who per.suaded the people 
of Rome to burn the books which had been found 



PKT 



560 



PF.T 



in Numa's tomb, about 400 years after his death. 
His advice was followed. Piut. in Num. — Liv 

4tl, 29. An individual at Rome, suiiifimed 

C ipitolinus. According to the scholiasts on 
Horace, he had been governor of the Capitol, 
Tney add, that he was accusied of having stolen, 
durioif his office, a gold crown consecrated to 
Jupiter, and that, havinji pled his cause in per- 
son, he was acquitted by the judges in order to 
gratify Auijustus, with whom he was on friendly 
terms. Hence, they say, arose his surname of 
Cafitolinus. One part at least of this story is 
incorrect, since the Cupitolini were a branch of 
the Petilian lamilv long before this. Horvt, Sat. 
1, 4, 9+. 

PETOSiRls.a celebrated astrologer and philos- 
opher of Egypt. Jul). 6 580.— P/m. 7, 49. 

Petra, a city of Arabia, the metropolis of the 
Nabathagi, and giving name to the division of the 
country called Arabia Petraea. It was situate 
about midway between Palestine and the .lElan- 
itic gulf. It obtained its name from its situation 
on a rock, for which reason it appears to be called 
Selah in the Scriptures, and sometimes merely 
the Rock. It was also known by the names of 
Recem and Arce, and was taken by Amaziah, 
son of Joash. It was attacked by the troops of 
Antigonus, Alexander's successor, but they were 
obliged to retreat from it. It is now, however, 
nothing but a heap of ruins, tenanted only by 
wild oeasts, by bir.ds of prey, and poisonous 
reptiles, and as had been minutely prophecied 
concerning it in Holy Writ, Edom is cut off for 
ever, it is made a desolate wilderness, and none 
shall pass through it without being cut oflf. The 
ruins of Petra are scattered about a spot called 
Wndy Mousa, or The Valley of Moses, above which 
rises mount Hor or Haroun, where Aaron was 
buried, and where the Arabs still show his 
sepulchre. 2 Kings, 14, 7.-2 Chron. 25, 12. - 
Jud. I 36. - Isai.>h, 16, 1. 34, 5 - 17. 42, 11.- 
Jerem 49. 7— IS. — Ezek. 35.— Amos, 1, 11 et 12 
— Died. Sic. 19, 55 et 108. — D«o Cass. 68, 14. — 

Strab. 16. A fortress of Macedonia, among 

tiie mountains beyond Libethra. the possession 
of which was disputed by the Perrhsebi of Thes- 
saly, and the kings of Macedonia, It commanded 
a pass which ed to Pvthium in Thessalv by the 

back of Olympus. Liv. 39, 26 44, 32. A 

fortress on mount Hasmus. Lv\ 40, 22 A 

Corinthian borough or village, of which Eetion 
the father of Cypselus was a native. Herod. 5, 

91 A rock-fortress in Sogdiana, tak^n by 

Alexander. It was also called Oxi Peti-a, pro- 
bably from its being near the river Oxus. Quint. 
Curt. 7, 11. 

Petk^A, the smallest of the three divisions 
of Arabia. It was bounded on the east by 
Arabia Deserta, on the west by Egypt and the 
Mediterranean, on the south by the Red Sea, 
which here divides and runs north in two 
branches, and on the north by Palestine. It 
derived its name from its metropolis Petra. Its 
principal tril)e were the Nabathasi, so called 
from Nebaioth, the son of Ishmael. They are 
said, as were all the Nomadic tribes, to have 
lived by robbing their neighbours?, who again 
plundered ihem in their turn ; a character still 
maintained by all the descendants of Ishmael, 
concerning whom it was prophecied that he 
should be a wild man, that his hand should be 
against every man. and every man's hand 
ag.iinst him. Gen. ]6, XL 



Petreius, a Roman soldier who killed his 
tribune during the Cirabrian wars, because he 
hesitated to attack the enemy. He was re- 
warded for his valour with a crown of grass. 

Piin. 22, 6. A lieutenant of C. Antonius, who 

defeated the troops of Catiline. He took the 
part of Pompey against Julius Caesar, by whom 
he was defeated in Spain. When Cassar had 
been victorious in every part of the world, 
Petreius, who had retired into Africa, attempted ; 
to destroy himself by fighting with his friend, ] 
king Juba, in single combat. J^ba was killed | 
first, and Petreius obliged one of his slaves to 
run him through. Sallust. Catil. - Appian. — • 
C(^s. B.C.1.2,3. 

PetrTNUM, a village in the district of Sinu- 
essa, in Italy. Horat. Epist. 1, 5 5. 

Petrocorii, a people of Gallia Aquitanica. ' 
whose territory corresponded to the modern 1 
Perigord. Ccb's. B. G. 7, 75. 

PetroNiUS, Titus, surnamed Arbiter, be- 
cause Nero had named him Arbiter elegantice. 
He was born, according to some modern scho- 
lars, at Massilia (Marseilles), or somev^here in 
its vicinity, of a good family ; but received his j 
education at Rome. No one knew better how 
to unite the love of letters with the most unre- 
strained desire for pleasure. His portrait has I 
been drawn by Tacitus, with the hand of a | 
master. It must be confessed, however, that 
the Petronius of Tacitus has the prasnomen of ' 
Caius, and the Petronius of whom we are now 
treating that of Titus. There prevails, indeed, 
much uncertainty respecting the prienomen of 
Petronius : Pliny calls the Petronius of Tacitus, 1 
Titus; while the scholiast on Juvenal gives hina J 
the name of Publius. We will here insert the i 
passage of the historian above mentioned, which i 
gives so graphic a description of the character . 
of the man : " He passed his days in sleep, and I 
his nights in business or pleasure. Indolence i 
was at once his passion and his road to fame. ; 
What others did by vigour and industry, he 
accomplished by his love of pleasure and luxuri- 
ous ease. Unlike the men who profess to un. 
derstand social enjoyment, and ruin their for- 
tunes, he led a life of expense, without profu- 
sion ; an epicure, yet not a prodigal ; addicted 
to his appetites, but with taste and judgment; i 
a refined and elegant voluptuary. Gay and j 
airy in his conversation, he charmed by a cer- 
tain graceful negligence, the more engaging as J 
it flowed from the natural frankness of his dis- f 
position. With all his delicacy and careless I 
ease, he showed, when he was governor of f 
Bithynia, and afterwards in the year of his ; 
consulship, that vigour of mind and softness of 
manners may well unite in the same person. 
From his public station, he returned to his 
usual gratifications, fond of vice, oi of pleasures | 
that bordered upon it. His gaiety recommended I 
him to the notice of the prince. Being in 
favour at court, and cherished as the companion ' 
of Nero in ail his select parties, he was allowed j 
to be the arbiter of taste and elegance. Without' 
the sanction of Petronius nothing was exquisite, | 
nothing rare or delicious. Hence the jealousy ' 
of Tigellinus, w ho dreaded a rival in the good 
graces of the emperor almost his equal ; in the 
science of luxury his superior. Tigellinus de- 
termined to work his downfall ; and accordingly 
addressed himself to the cruelty of the prince ; *l 
that master passion to which all other affections - 



PET 



561 



l| ar\d every motive were sure to give way. Ee 
'j (Charged Petronius with having lived in close 
; intimacy with Saevinus the conspirator; and, to 
i give colour to that assertion, he bribed a slave 
! to turn informer against his master. The rest 
of the domestics were loaded with irons, Nur 
■ was Petronius suflTeied to make his defence. 
Nero at that time happened to be on one of his 
excursions into Campania. Petronius had fol- 
I lowed him as far as Cumae, but was not allowed 
! to proceed farther than that place. He seemed 
to linger in doubt and fear, and yet he was not 
in a hurry to leave a world which he loved. He 
opened his veins and closed them again, at in- 
tervals losing a small quantity of blood, then 
binding up the orifice, as his own inclinations 
prompted. He conversed during the whole 
time with his usual gaiety, never changing his 
habitual manner, nor talking sentences to show 
his contempt of death. He listened to his 
friends, who endeavoured to entertain him, not 
with grave discourses on the immortality of the 
soul, or the moral wisdom of philosophers, but 
with strains of poetry, and verses of a gay and 
natural turn. He distributed presents to some 
of his servants, and ordered others to be chas- 
tised. He walked out for his amusement, and 
even lay down to sleep. In his last scene of 
life he acted with such calm tranquillity, that 
his death, though an act of necessity, seemed no 
more than the decline of nature. In his will, 
he scorned to follow the example of others, who, 
like himself, died under the tyrant's stroke : he 
neither flattered the emperor, nor Tigellinus, 
nor any of the creatures of the court ; but having 
written, under the fictitious names of profligate 
men and women, a narrative of Nero's debauch- 
ery, and his new modes of vice, he had the 
spirit to send to the emperor the tablets, sealed 
with his own seal, which he took care to break, 
that, alter his death, it might not be used for 
the destruction of any person whatever." It is 
a matter of considerable doubt, whether it was 
this Petronius who was the author of the work 
that has come down to us, entitled Satyricon ; 
for while its contents are not at all unsuitable 
to a man of such a character, the style and other 
circumstances have been thought more appro- 
priate to a later period of Roman literature. 
The Satyricon is a farrago of verse and prose, 
of topics and stories, serious and ludicrous, in- 
termixed with the most detestable obscenity, 
and so mutilated that no connection can be 
H'.ade out. it has been thought that some of 
the scenes in it were intended as a satire against 
iNero, written by Petronius in hislast moments. 
A new fragn.v-rit was discovered at Trau, in 
Dalmatia, and published in 1664 : its genuine- 
ness was warmly discussed among critics, but it 
has generally obtained an admission among the 
rest. On the other hand, some additional frag- 
ments produced by Nodot, in 1694, have been 
rejected. The difficulties of this author, and, it 
is probable, the nature of his subjects, have 
caused him to be much studied by the curious 
literati, and have produced numerous editors 
and commenfators, chiefly French, German, 
and Dutch. It is to the credit of England that 
none of her scholars have contaminated them- 
selves with the attempt to elucidate him. The 
best edition is that of Burman, 4to. Ultraj. 
]709 ; to which may be added that of Reinesiiis, 
1731, 8vo., and that of Antonjus, Lips. 1781, 6vo. ' 



Phuce, a name applied to the land insulated 
by the two principal arms of the Danube at its 
mouth. The ancient appellation still partly 
remains in that of Piczina. It was called Pence 
from vevKTj, a pine-tree, with which species of 
tree it abounded. From this island the Peu- 
cini, who dwelt in and adjacent to it, derived 
their name. We find them re-appearing in the 
Lower Empire, under the names of Picziniges, 
and Patginacites. Lucan. 3, 202. — P^m. 4, 12. 

Peucestes, a Macedonian set over Egypt 
by Alexander. He received Persia at the 
general division of the Macedonian empire at 
the king's death. He behaved with great cow- 
ardice after he had joined himself to Eumenes. 
C. Nep. in Eum. - Flut. - Curt. 4, 8. 

Peucetia, a region of Apulia, on the coast, 
below Daunia. It is fabled to have received 
its name from Peucetius, son of Lycaon, king 
of Arcadia, who migrated to Italy with his 
brother Oh^notrus. Dion. Hal. 1, 12. 

PeuCINI. Vid. Peuce. 

Phacusa, a town of Egypt, on the Pelusiac 
or Bubastic arm of the Nile. The ruins are 
found near the modern Tel Fakhous (hill of 
Phacusa). 

Phacussa, one of the Sporades, now Gaipho- 
nisi. Plin. i, 12. ' 

PHiEA, a celebrated sow which infested the 
neighbourhood of Cromyon. It was destroyed 
by Theseus as he was travelling from Trcezene 
to Athens to make himsel' known to his father. 
Some supposed that the boar of Calydon sprang 
from this sow. Phaea, according to some au- 
thors, was no other than a woman who prosti- 
tuted herself to strangers, whom she murdered, 
and afterwards plundered. Plut. in Thes. — 
Strab. 8. 

PHiEAClA, an island of the Ionian sea, near 
the coast of Epirus, anciently called Sdieria, 
and afterwards Corcyra. IVid. Corcyra.] The 
inhabitants, called Phceaces, were a luxurious 
and dissolute people, from which reason a glut- 
ton was generally stigmatized by the epithet of 
Phceax. When Ulysses was shipwrecked on 
the coast of Plnaeacia, Alcinous was then king 
of the island, whose gardens have been greatly 
celebrated. Horat, ep. 1, 15, 24. — Odd. Met. 
13, 719. Propert. 3. 2, 13. 

Ph^ax, an inhabitant of the island of Phae- 
acia. Vid. Phseacia. 

PHjEDON, an Athenian put to death by the 
thirty tyrants. His daughters, to escape the 
oppressors and preserve their chastity, threw 

themselves together into a well. A disciple 

of Socrates. He had been seized by pirates in 
his younger days, and the philosopher, who 
seemed to discover something uncommon and 
promising in his countenance, bought his liberty 
for a sum of money, and ever after esteemed 
him. Phaedon, after the death of Socrates, re- 
turned to Elis, his native country, where he 
founded a sect of philosophers called Elean. 
The name of Phaadon is given to one of the 
dialogues of Plafo. Macrob. Sat. 1, 11. — Diogs 

.A^n archon at Athens, when the Athenians 

were directed by the oracle to remove the bones 
of Theseus to Attica. Plut. in Thes. 

Phjedra., a daughter of Minos and Pasiphae, 
who married Theseus, by whom she beo-ame 
mother of Af amas and Demophoon. They had 
already lived for some time in conjng.al felicity, 
when Venus, who hated all the descendants of 



PH.E 



562 



PHA 



amours wiih Mars, inspired Phaedra with an 
unconquerable passion for Hippolytus, the son 
of Ttieseus, by the Amazon Hippolyte. This 
shameful passion Phjedra long attempted to 
stiflf*, but in vain ; and therefore, in the absence 
of Theseus, she addressed Hippolytus with all 
the impatience of a desponding lover. Hippo- 
lytus rt-jected her with horror and disdain i but 
Phaedra, incensed on account of the reception 
she had met, resolved to punish his coldness 
and refusal. At the return of Theseus, she 
Eccused Hippolytus of attempts upon her vir- 
tue. The credulous father listened to the ac- 
cusation, and without hearini? the defence of 
Hippolytus, he banished him from his kingdom, 
and implored Neptune, vvho had promised to 
grant three of his requests, to punish him in 
some exemplary manner. As Hipi>elytus fl.^d 
from Athens, his horses were suddenly terrified 
by a hii?e sea-monster, which Neptune had 
sent on the shore. He was dragged through 
precipices and over rocks, and he w as trampled 
under the feet of his horses, and crushed under 
the wheels of his chariot.^ When the tragical 
end of Hippolytus was known at Athens, Phas- 
dra confessed her crime, and hun? herself in 
despair, unable to survive one whose death her 
wickedness and guilt had occasioned. The 
death of Hippolytus, and the infamous passion 
of Phaedra, are the subject of one of the trage- 
dies of Euripides, and of Seneca- Phaedra was 
buried at TrcEzene, where her tomb was still 
seen in the age of the geographer Pausanias, 
near the temple of Venus, which she had built 
to render the goddess favourable to her incestu- 
ous passion. There was near her tomb a 
myrtle, whose leaves were all full of small 
holes, and it N'^as reported that Phrrdra had 
done this with a hair pin, when the vehemence 
of her passion had rendered her melancholy and 
almost desperate. She was renresented in a 
painting, in Apollo's temple at Delphi, as sus- 
pended in the air, while her sister Ariadne 
stood near to her, and fixed her eves upon her. 
Plul. in Thes.-Paus. 1, 22. 2, Zl. — Hygin. /ab. 
47. et 243. - Eurip. et Senec. m Hippol. — Virg. 
Mn 6 Wo —Olid. Heroid. 4. 

PH-EDRCS, one of the disciples of Socrates. 

Cic- de Sat. D 1. An Epicurean philosopher. 

A Latin fabulist was a native of Thrace, 

and probably brought to Rome ?.t an early age 
in the condition nf a slave. He came into the 
service of the emperor Augustus, by whom he 
was enfranchised, as appears from the title 
prefixed to his work of " Augusti Libertu?.'' 
Of his life nothing more is known, except that 
in the reign of Tiberius he was a sufferer under 
the injustice and tyranny of Sejanus, whom he 
survived. It is probable he lived to an ad- 
vanced age. He was author of five books of 
fables, composed in Iambic verse. Tb.ey are 
valuable for their precision, purity, eVsranee, 
and simplicity. The matter of these fables is 
prenernlly borrowed from .^Ssop but Phasdrus 
intermixes stories or historical pieces of his 
own. This work appears to have been little 
known in his own time, for no extant writer of 
•mtiquity alludes to it. This circumstance, to- 
gether with the assertion of Seneca, " that the 
Romans had not attempted fables or ^Esopean 
compositions," might throw suspicion on the 
genuineness of the work, did not its style and 
manner refer it to the best age of Roman litera- 



ture. It remained unknown to the moderns : 
till 1535 or 1596. when Francis Pithou discover- { 
ed a copy in the library of St Remi at Rheims, , 
and sent it to his brother Peter, who published . 
it. T-vo manuscripts of Phaedrus are said to ' 
exist, both of which are not only imperfect, but, J 
being transcribed from the same copy very i 
carelessly, are full (.-f errors ; hence few ancieat i 
works have given more trouble and room for i 
conjecture to critics. Tae best edition of Phse* ; 
drus is that of Bumtiann, Lug. Bat. \72,7, ilo, \ 
The editions of Hoogstratan, Amst. 1701, 4to., 1 
nf Brotier, Paris, 1783, 12m-)., of Schwabe, \ 
Brunsvig. 1806. Svo., and of Eichstaedt, Jenae. i 
1S12. fol- are also deserving of commendation. { 
PH.EDYMA, a daughter of Otanes, who first \ 
discovered that Smerdis, who had ascended the , 
throne of Persia at the death of Cambyses, was i 
an impostor. Herod. 3, 69. 

Ph^narete, the mother of the philosopher i 
Socrates. She was a midwife by profession. 

Ph.i;NIAS, a peripatetic philosopher, disciple | 
of Aristotle. He wrote a history of tyrants, i 
Diog. Laert. \ 
PHiENNA, one of the Graces worshipped at , 
Sparta. Paus. 9, 35. , 

PH.£>fNls, a famous prophetess in the age of 
Antiochus. Paus. 10, 15. 

Phaeton', a son of the Sun, or Phoebus, and 
Clyrnene, one of the Oceanides. He was son of 
Cephalus and Aurora, according to Hesiod and 
Pausanias, or of Tithonus and Aurora, according 
to -\p )llodorus. He is, how ever, more generally 
acknowledged to be the son of Phoebus and 
Clymene. Phaeton was naturally of a lively 
disposition, and a handsome figure. Venus 
became enamoured of him, and entrusted him 
\\ iih the care of one of her temples. This dis- , 
tinguishing favour of the goddess rendered him I 
vain and aspiring ; and when Epaphus. the son i 
of lo, had toid him, to check his pride, that he j 
was not the son of Phoebus, Phaeton resolved to ! 
know his true origin, and at the instigation of j 
his mother, he visited the palace of the Sun. He • 
begged Phcebus, that if he really were his father, i 
he would give him incontestible proofs of his" ^ 
paternal tenderness, and convince the world of 
his legitimacy. Phcebus swore by the Styx that ' 
he would grant him whatever he required, and | 
no sooner was the oath uttered, than Phaeton , 
demanded of him to drive his chariot for one day. ; 
Phcebus represented the impropiiety of such 'a I 
request, and the dangers to w hich it would expose l 
him ; but in vain ; and, as the oath was inviola- ' 
ble, and Phaeton unmoved, the father instructed | 
his son how he was to proceed in his way through i ' 
the regions of the air. His explicit directions (i 
were forgotten, or little attended to ; and no ] 
sooner had Ph.ieton received the reins from his j' 
father, than he betrayed his ignorance and inea- | 
pacity to guide the chariot. The flying horses i 
became sensible of the confusion of their driver, '■ 
and immediately departed from the usual track. | 
Phaeton rep-nted too late of his rashness, and 
already heaven and earth w ere threatened with | 
an universal conflagraJ.ion, when .lupiter, who ' 
had perceived the disorder of the horses of the 
sun. struck the rider with one of his thunderbolts, 
and hurled him headlong from heaven into the 
river Po. His body, consumed with fire, was 
found by the nymphs of the place, and honoured 
with a decent burial. His sisters mourned bis 
unhappy end, and were changed into poplars by I 



PlIA 



563 



PHA 



Jiiprten [ TjU Phaetontiades.] According to the 
por-rs, while Phaeton was unskilfully driving the 
chariot of his father, the blood of the Ethiopians 
was dried up, and their skin became black, a 
colour which is still preserved among the greatest 
part of the inhabitants of the torrid zone. The 
territories of Libya were also parched up, ac- 
cording to the same tradition, on 'account of their 
too great vicinity to the sun ; and ever since, 
Africa, unable to recover her original verdure 
and fruitfulness, has exhibited a sandy country, 
and uncultivated waste. According to those 
who explain this poetical fiible. Phaeton was 
a Ligurian prince, who studied astronomy, and 
in whose age the neighbourhood of the Po 
was visited with uncommon h?ats. The horses 
of the Sun are called Phaetontis equi, either be- 
cause they were guided by Phaeton, or from the 
Greek word {(pai9a>v)^ which expresses the splen- 
dour and lustre of that luminary. Firg. Mn 5, 
\Qj. — Hedod, Theog. 985. -Ovid. Met. 1, 17. 2, 

1, &c. — Apollon. Arg. i.— Hor.it. od. 4, U. — 
Senec. in Medea. —Apollod.~Hy gin. Jab. 156. 

Phaetontiades, or PhaetontIdes, the 
sisters of Phaeton, w ho were changed into poplars 
by Jupiter. Ovid. Met. 2, -3 16. Vid. Heliades. 

PhaETUSA, one of the Heliades changed into 
poplars, after the death of their brother Phaeton 

Olid. Met. 2, b46. A daughter of Sol and 

Neaera. She is represented as keeping her 
father's herds in Sicily. Homer. Odyss. 12, 132, 

Phagesia, a festival among the Greeks, ob- 
served during the celebration of the Dionysia. 
It received its name from the good eating and 
living that then universally prevailed, ^ayelv. 

PhalacrINE, a village of the Saibines, where 
Vespasian was born. Suet. Vesp. 2. 

PHAL.JE, or Fal^, wooden towers at Rome, 
erected in the circus. They were seven in 
number, and placed near the spot whence the 
chariots started. They were either of an oval 
form, or had oval spheres on their tops, called 
0««, which were raised or rather taken down to 
denote how many rounds the charioteers had 
completed, one for each round ; for they usually 
ran seven times round the course. Juv. 6, 589. 

PHAL^CUS, a general of Phocis figainst the 
Boeotians, killed at the battle of Cheronaea. 
Diod. 16. 

Phalanthus, a Lacedaemonian, who founded 
Tarentum in Italy, at the head of the Partheniae. 
His father's name was Aracus. As he went to 
Italy he was shipwrecked on the coast, and 
carried to shore by a dolphin, and for that 
reason there was a dolphin placed near his 
statue in the temple of Apollo at Delphi. IFid. 
Partheniae.] He received divine honours after 
death. Justin. 3, i.—Paus. 10, lO.-Horrd. od. 

2, 6, 11. Sil. Ital. 11, 16. 

Phalaris, a tyrant of Agrigentum, who made 
u*e of the most excruciating torments to punish 
his subjects on the smallest suspicion. Perillus 
made him a brazen bull, and when he had pre- 
sented it to Phalaris, the tyrant ordered the 
inventor to be seized, and the first experiment to 
be made on his body. These cruelties did not 
long remain unrevenged ; the people of Agri- 
gentum revolted in the tenth year of his reign, 
and put him to death in the same manner as he 
bad tortured Perillus, and many of his subjects 
after him B. C. 55;^. The brazen bull of Phalaris 
was carried by Amilcar to Carthage ; when that 
ciiy was taken by Scipio, it was delivered again 



to the inhabitants of Agrigentum by the Romans. 
There is extant a series of letters under the names 
of Phalaris and Abaris, the genuineness of w hich 
has been the subject of much controversy, es- 
pecially between the honourable Charles B«>yle 
and the celebrated Dr Bentley. Boyle, who 
gave an edition of those epistles with a new Latin 
version, in 1695, made a reflection upon the 
conduct of Bentley in his preface, which induced 
the critic to undertake to prove that the letters 
were spurious, and consequently the labour be- 
stowed upon them useless. He carried his point, 
and the spuriousness of the epistles of Phalaris 
is now generally admitted : hence the circum- 
stances of his life deduced from them lose their 
authority. Cic. in Verr. 4. ad Attic. 7. 12. de 
Office 2. Olid, de Ait. Am. 1, 663.- Jui;. 8, 81. 

Plin. 34. ^. — Diod A Trojan killed by 

Turnus. Virg. Mn. 9, 762. 

PhalarIum, a citadel of Syracuse, where 
Phalaris's bull was placed. 

PHALARus. a river of Boeotia, falling into the 
Cephisus. Paua. 9, 34. 

Phalerum, the most ancient of the Athenian 
ports ; but which, after the erection of the docks 
in the Piraeus ceased to be of any importance in 
a maratime point of view. It was, however, 
enclosed within the fortifications of Themistocles, 
and gave its name to the southernmost of the long 
walls, by means of which it was connected with 
Athens. Phalerum supplied the Athenian m.arket 
with abundance of the little fish named Aphyze, 
so often mentioned by the comic writers. The 
lands around it were marshy, and produced very 
fine cabbages. The modern name of Phalerum 
is Porto Fanari. Aristoph. Acharn. tOl. Av. 76. 
— Aristot. Hist. Anim. 6, \5.-Xen. (Econ. 19. 

PhalLiCA, festivals observed by the Egyp- 
tians in honour of Osiris. They receive their 
name from (paXKo^ simuluchrum ligneum membri 
xiriiis. The institution originated in this : after 
the murder of Osiris, Isis was unable to recover 
among the other limbs the privities of her hus- 
band ; and therefore, as she paid particular 
honour to every part of his body, she distinguished 
that which was lost with more honour, and paid 
it more attention. Its representation, called 
phallus, was made with wood, and carried during 
the sacred festivals which were instituted in 
honour of Osiris. The people held it in the 
greatest veneration ; it was looked upon as an 
emblem of fecundity, and the mention of it 
among the ancients never conveyed any impure 
thought or lascivious reflection. The festivals of 
the phallus were imitated by the Greeks, and 
introduced into Europe by the Athenians, who 
made the procession of the ph 'llus part of the 
celebration of the Dionysia of the god of wine. 
Those that carried the phallus at the end of a long 
pole were called phnllophori. They generally 
appeared among the Greeks, besmeared with the 
dregs of wine, covered with skins of lambs, and 
wearing on their heads a crown of ivy. Liician. 
df Dei Syr.- Plut. de Isid. et Osir. 

Phan^, a harbour of the island of Chios, with 
a temple of Apollo and a palm-grove in its 
vicinity. Near it also was a prtjmontory of the 
same name. Phanae was in the southern part of 
the island, and the neighbourhood was remarkable 
(or its excellent wine. The promontory is now 
called Cape Mastico. Strah. lA. — Virg. Georg. 2, 
98. 

Phan'-Tf:, a town of Chaonia in Kpiru.s, cor- 



PHA 



564 



PHA 



re>ponding to the modern Gardiki a fortress once 
bclonffins to the Suliots. 

Phantasta. a dfiUfThter of Nicharchus of 
Memphis in Egypt. Some have supposed that 
she wrote a poem on the Trojan war, and another 
on the return of Ulysses to Ithaca, from which 
compositions Homer copied the greatest part of 
his Iliad and Odyssey, when he visited Memphis, 
where they were deposited 

Phaojj, a boatman of Mitylene in Lesbos. 
He received a small box of ointment from Venus, 
who had presented herself to him in the form of 
an old woman, to be carried over into Asia, and 
as soon as he had nibbed himself with what the 
box contained, he became one of the most 
beautiful men of his a^e- Many were captivated 
with the charms of Phaon, and among others, 
Sappho, the celebrated poetess. Phaon gave 
himself up to the pleasures of Sappho's company; 
but, however, he soon conceived a disdain for 
her, and Sappho, mortified at his coldness, threw 
herself into the sea. Some say that Phaon was 
beloved b" the goddess of beauty, who concealed 
him for so.i.-? time among lettuces. [Fed. Leu- 
cadia.] JEW&n says, that Phaon was killed by 
a man whose bed he was defiling. Ovid. Heroid, 
21, ^.—Palcpphat. de Iner. 49. 

Phar^, a borough of Tanagra in Boeotia. 

Strab. 9. One of the twelve cities of Achaia, 

situate on the river Pirus. about 70 stadia from 
the sea. and 120 from Patrag. It was annexed by 
Augustus to the colony of Patrae. It possessed 
an extensive forum, with an image of Mercury, 
and near it an oracle of the god. Its ruins are 
to be seen on the left bank of the Cantenitza. 
Pans. 7. 22. - Sttab. 8. A town of Crete. 

Pharis. a town of Laconia. whose inhabitants 
are called Pharitce. Pans. 3, 3il. 

PharmaCUSA, or Pharmacusae, two islets a 
short distance from the Attic shore, in the Sinus 
Saronicus, east of Salamis. In the larger of 
these Circe was said to have been buried. They 

are now called Kyra. Strcb. 9. An island of 

the .^Egean sea, south-west from Miletus, and 
about 120 stadia distant from that place. It is 
known as the place where Julius Caesar was 
taken by pirates. Plut. Fit, Cces. — Sueton. 
Ccps. 4. 

Pharnabazus, a satrap of Persia, son of a 
person of the same name. B. C- 409. He assisted 
the Lacedaemonians against the Athenians, and 
gained their esteem by his friendly behaviour 
and support. His conduct, however, towards 
Alcibiades. was of the most perfidious nature, 
and he did not scruple to betray to his mortal 
enemips the man whom he had long honoured 
V, ith his friendship. C. Nep. in Ale. Plut. 

PharNaCES. a son of Mithridates, king of 
P jntus, who favoured the Romans against his 
father. He revolted against Mithridates, and 
even caused him to be put to death, according to 
some accounts. In the civil wars of Julius Caesar 
and Pompey, he interesTed himself for neither, 
of the contending: parties, but hoped from 
their dissensions to raise the fallen power of 
Pontus. and regain the extensive dominions lost 
by his .father. C;esar w as aware of his ambitious 
views, and therefore, after the conquest of Egypt [ 
he marched against the unsuspecting monarch 
and easily defeated him. It was to express the 
celerity of his operations in conquering Phar- , 
naces, that the victorious Roman made use of^ 
these words, Feni, vidi, tici. Flor. 3^~Suet. I 



172 Ccps. 3? — Paterc. 2, 55. A king of Pontus, 

who made war with Eumenes, B. C. 131. 

PharnaciA, a town of Pontus, in Asia Minor 
T'id. Cerasus. 

Pharos, a small island in the bay of Alexan- 
dria, about seven furlongs distant from the 
continent. It was joined to the Egyptian shore 
with a causeway by Dexiphanes, B' C, -8^, and 
upon it was built a celebrated tower, in the reigo 
of Ptolemy Soter, and Philadelphus, by Sostratus, 
the son of Dexiphanes. This tower, which was 
called the tower of Pharos, and which passed for 
one of the seven wonders of the world, was binlt 
with white marble, and could be seen at the 
distance of 100 miles. It had several stories 
raised one above another, adorned with columns, 
balustrades, and galleries, of the finest marble 
and workmanship. On the top fires were con- 
stantly kept to direct sailors in the bay, which 
was dangerous and difiBcult of access. The 
building of this tower cost the Egyptian monarch 
£00 talents, which are equivalent to above 
165 0001. English, if Attic, or if Alexandrian, 
double that sum. There was this inscription 
upon it. King Ptolemy to the gods the saviours, for 
the benefit of sailors; but Sostratus, the archi- 
tect, wishing to claim all the glory, engraved 
his own name upon the stones, and afterwards 
filled the hollow with mortar, and wrote tne 
above-mentioned inscription. When the mortar 
had decayed by time, Ptolemy's name disap- 
peared, and the following inscription then became 
visible: Sostratus, the Cnidim, son of Dexiphanes^ 
to the gods the saviours, for the benefit of sailors. 
The word Pharius is often used as Egvptian. 
Lucin. 2, 636. 3, 260. 6, 308. 9. 1005, Sic — Ovid. 
A. A. 3, &db.-Plin. 4, 31 S5. 36. iZ. — Mel>, 2, 

7. — Stat. Syl". 3, 2, 102. An island off the 

coast of lllyricum, to the east of Issa, and 
answering to the modern Lesina. It was formerly 
called Paros from a colony of Parians w ho settled 
there. Sc'ymn. Ch. i25.- — The emperor Clau- 
dius ordered a tower to be built at the entrance 
of the port of Ostia, for the benefit of sailors, and 
it likewise bore the nam.e of Pharos, an appella- 
tion afterwards given to every other edifice which 
was raised to direct the course of sailors, either 
with lights or by signals, Juv. 11, 76. 

PharsAlus, now Pharsala, a city of Thessaly, 
south-west of Larissa, on the river Enipeus, 
which falls into the Apidanus. one of the tribu- 
taries of the Peneus. Although a city of consid- 
erable size and importance, we find no mention 
of it prior to the Persian invasion. Thucydides 
reports that it was besieged by the Athenian 
general Myronides after his success in Boeotia, 
but without avail. The same histori.an speaks 
of the services rendered to the Athenian people 
by Thucydides the Pharsalian, who performed the I 
duties of proxenos to his countrymen at Athens; j 
and he also states that the Pharsalians generally 
favoured that republic during the Peloponnesiaii 
w ar. Livy seems to make a distinction between I 
the old and new town, as he speaks of Palaeo- 
Pharsalus. In the neighbourhood of Pharsalus j 
was a large plain called Pharsuli-i, famous for a ' 
battle which was fought there between Julius ' 
Caesar and Pompey. in w hich the former obtained | 
the victorv. In that battle, which was fought ' 
on the 1-ih of May, B. C. 48, Cffisar lost about ' 
200 men. or accordioL' toothers, 120(1. Pompey'« , 
loss was 15000, or 250C0, according to others, and ; 
24000 of his army were made prisoners of war>i 



PHA 



565 



PHE 



by the conqueror. Thucyd. 1, 111. 8, 92.— Ziu. 
44, \..— Cces. Bell. Civ. 3, 88, Sic.—Appian. Bell. 

Civ. 2.—Eutrop. 6, IQ.—Plut. Fit. Ccvs. The 

poem of Lucan, in which he gives an account of 
the civil wars of Caesar and Pompey, bears the 
name of Pharsalia. Lucanus, 

Pharus, a Rutulian killed by .tineas. Virg. 
uEn. 10, 322. 

PHARUSll,_or PHAURrsil, a people of Africa, 
beyond Mauritania, situate perliaps to the east 
cf the Autololes, which latter people occupied 
the Atlantic coast of Africa, opposite to the 
Insulae Fortunate. Mela, 1, 4. 

PHASELIS, a town of Lycia, on the eastern 
coast, near the confines of Pamphylia, and a 
short distance south of mount Climax. Livy 
remarks that it was a conspicuous point for those 
sailing from Cilicia to Rhodes, since it advanced 
out towards the sea, and, on the other hand, a 
fleet could easily be descried from thence. Hence 
the epithetof'^re^oefftro. applied to it by Dionysius 
Periegetes, who, it may be observed, ascribes it 
to Pamphylia. "We are informed by Herodotus, 
that this town was colonized by some Dorians. 
Stephanus asserts that it was once name Pityussa. 
Though united to Lycia, it did not form part of 
the Lycian confederacy, but was governed by its 
own laws, It is mentioned by Thucydides as a 
place of some importance to the Athenian com- 
merce, with Phoenicia and Cilicia. Phaselis, at 
a later period, having become the haunt of 
pirates, was attacked and taken by Servilius 
Isauricus. Cicero, in his orations against Verres, 
explains how, from the opportunity of its situa- 
tion, it had fallen into the hands of the Cilician 
pirates. Lucan speaks of it as nearly deserted 
when visited by Pompey in his flight after the 
defeat of Pharsalus. Nevertheless, Strabo states 
that it was a considerable town, and possessed 
three ports: he observes also, that it was taken 
by Alexander, as an advantageous post for the 
prosecution of his conquests into the interior. 
Phaselis, according to Athenaeus, was celebrated 
for the manufacture of rose-perfume. Nicander 
certainly recommends its roses. Pausanias re- 
ports that the spear of Achilles was pretended to 
be shown in the temple of Minerva in that town. 
The modern name of Phaselis is Tekrova. Liv. 
37, 23.— Dion. Pe7ieg. 834. Herod. 2, 178.— 
Strab. U— Thucyd. 2, 69. Flor. 3, G.—Eutrop. 
6, 3. — Lucan. 8, 251.— Paws. 3, 3. 

Phasiana, a district of Armenia Major, 
through which the river Phasis or Araxes flows; 
whence the name of the region. The beautiful 
birds, which we call pheasants, still preserve 
in their name the traces of this their native 
country. 

PhasiAS, a patronymic given to Medea, as 
beinsr born near the Phasis. Ovid. Met. 7. 

Phasis, now the Phas. a river of Asia, rising 
in the Mosehian mountains, and flowing west- 
ward into the Euxine sea. It is a calm and 
gentle river, and was considered by some as the 
boundary between Europe and Asia. From it 
the ancients often denoted Colchis by the epithet 
Phasiacus. The Phasis was remarkable for the 
beautiful birds which frequented its banks, some 
of which are said to have been brought by the 
Argonauts to Greece, and called (t)a<n.avoi phnsi- 
anne ares, Anglire pheasants, after the river. 
Strab 11 —Pan. 6, 4. —Apoll Argon. 2, 401.— 

Propert. 1. 20, 18 A city at the mouth of the 

Cl Ichian Phasis, said to have been founded by a 



Milesian colony. Mela, 1, 85. — -'A river of 
Armenia Major, the same with the Araxes. Fid. 
Araxes. 

PhavoriNUS, a native of Italy, born near 
Camerino. His true name was Guarino de 
Favera, which he changed for Varinus Phavori- 
nus. He was the disciple of Politian and 
Lascaris; after which he became preceptor to 
John de Medici, who, when he ascended the papal 
throne, by the name of Leo 10th, made him 
bishop of Nocera. He died in 1S37. He published 
a Greek Lexicon in 1523; but the best edition 
is that of Bortoli, Venet. 1712, fol. 

PhazaNIA, a region of Africa, lying to the 
south of Tripolis. It is now Fessan. 

PhegeuS, or PhlegeuS, a companion of 
.ffineas, killed by Turnus. Firg. /En. 9, 765. 

Another, likewise killed by Turnus. Id, 12, 

371, &c. A son of Alpheus, king of a small 

town in Arcadia, which afterwards bore his 
name. He had two sons Temenus and Axion, 
and a daughter called Arsinoe, by Apollodorus, 
and Alphesibcea, by Pausanias. When Alcmaeon, 
after the murder of his mother, fled to him, he 
hospitably received him, and when he had 
purified him of the foul crime, he gave him his 
daughter in marriage. Ha was afterw ards put to 
death by the children of Alcmseon by Callirhoe, 
because he had ordered Alcmaeon to be killed 
when he had attempted to recover a collar which 
he had given to his daughter. {Fid. Alcmajon.] 

Otid. Met. 9,412. A Trojan prince, son of 

Darces, killed by Diomedes after many acts of 
valour in defence of his country. Homer. 11. 5, 

11. A priest of Bacchus, who accompanied 

the god in his Indian expedition. Stat. Theb. 2, 
609. 7, 603. 

PhemiCS, a man introduced by Homer as a 
musician among Penelope's suitors. Some say 
that he taught Homer, for which the grateful 
poet immortalized his name. Homer. Od. 1 et 

22. A man, who, according to some, wrote 

an account of the return of the Greeks from the 
Trojan war. The word is applied by Ovid, Am. 
3, 7, indiscriminately to any person who excels 
in music. 

Pheneus, a city in the northern part of 
Arcadia, at the foot of mount Cyllene. It was a 
town of great antiquity, since Hercules is said 
to have resided there after his departure from 
Tiryns, and Homer has mentioned it among the 
principal Arcadian cities. The place was sur- 
rounded by some extensive marshes, which are 
said to have once inundated the whole country, 
and to have destroyed the ancient town. They 
are more commonly called the lake of Pheneus, 
and were principally formed by the river 
Aroanius, or Oloius, which descends from Uie 
mountains to the north of Pheneus, and usually 
finds a vent in some natural caverns or kataba- 
thra at the extremity of the plain ; but when, 
by accident, these happened to be blocked up, 
the waters filled the whole valley, and, commu- 
nicating with the Ladon and Alpheus, overflowed 
the beds of those rivers as far as Olympia, 
Pausanias reports that vestige's of some great 
works undertaken to drain the Phenean marshes, 
and ascribed by the natives to Hercules, were 
to be seen near the city. The vestiges of the 
town itself are to be seen near the village of 
Phonia, upon an insulated rock. The lake is 
very small, and varies according to the season 
of the J ear. Homer. II. 2, 605. — Eratosth. ap. 
3 B 



I 



Str.b.8.-Paus. S, M.-Catull. 68 109.- Ond. 
Met. 15, 332. 

Pher^, a city of Pelasgiotis, in Tiiessaly, 
one of the most ancient and important places in 
the country. It was the capital of Admetus and 
Eumetus, as we learn from Homer and Apol- 
lonius. Phers was famed at a later period as 
the native city of Jason, who, having raised 
himself to the head of affairs by his talents and 
ability, became master not only of his own city, 
but of nearly the whole of Thessaly. IFid. Jason _ 
After the death of Jason, PhercC was ruled over 
by Polydorus and Polyphron, his two brothers 
The latter of these was succeeded by Alexander, 
who continued for eleven years the scourge of 
his native city and of the whole of Thessaly. 
evil designs were for a time checked by the biave 
Peiopidas, who entered that province at the 
head of a Boeotian force, and occupied the citadel 
of Larissa ; but on his falling into the hands of 
the tyrant, the Boeotian army was placed in a 
most perilous situation, and was only saved by 
the presence of mind and ability of Eparainondas, 
then serving as a volunteer. The Thebans sub- 
sequently rescued Pelopidas, and under his 
command made war upon Alexander of Phera? 
whom they defeated, but at the expense of the 
life of their gallant leader, who fell in the action 
Alexander was not long after assassinated b} 
his wife and her brothers, who continued to 
tyrannize over this country until it was liberated 
by Philip of Macedon. Many years after. Cas- 
sander fortified Pherae, but Demetrius Polior- 
cetes contrived, by secret negotiations, to obtain 
possession both of the town and citadel. In the 
invasion nf Thessaly by Antiochus, Pherae was 
forced to surrender to the troops of that monarch 
after some resistance. It afterwards fell into 
the hands of the Roman consul Aeilius. Strabo 
observes that the constant tyranny under which 
this city laboured had hastened its decay. Its ter- 
ritory was most fertile, and the suburbs were 
surrounded bv gardens and walled enclosures 
Horn. 11. 2. n\.—Apon. Argoii. 1, 49.-Xen 
E^st. Gr. 6,4 et 5. - Diod. Sic. 15, 16 et 20. - 
Plat. nt. Pelop.-Polyb. 8, 1, 6, &c. 18, 2.-Liv. 

36, 9 et \i.-Strab. 9. A town of Messenia, 

to the east of the river Pamisus. It was 'one of 
ths seven towns offered by Agamemnon to Achil- 
lea. It was annexed by Augustus to Laconia, 
a^'ter the battle of Actium. Horn. II. 9, 151.— 
P tz$.4, 30. 

Phkr^cs. a surname of Jason, as being a 
native of Phera?. 

Pherecrates. a comic poet of Athens, in 
the age of Plato and Aristophanes, He is sup- 
p !sed to have written twenty- one comedies, of 
wni^h only a few verses remain. He introduced 
living characters on the stage, but never abused 
the liberty which he had taken, either by satire 
or defamation. He invented a sort of verse, 
which from him has been called PherecrcUian. 
I: is composed of a spondee, a choriambus, and 
a catalectic syllable. The first foot is sometimes 
a trochee or an anapaest, rarely an iambus. 
When this species of verse has a spondee in the 
first station, it mav then be scanned as a dactylic 
trimeter. 

PhereCiDES a Grecian philosopher, contem- 
porary with TfTpander and Thales, who flour- 
i-hed about 600 B. C, and was a native of the 
island of Scyros. Some writers suppose that he 
derived his principles of philosophy from the 



PHI ! 

sacred bo^ ks of the Phoenicians ; but others, who i 
have carefully examined into the matter, think 
that he had them from the Grecian philosophers. 
Josephus advances the opinion that he studied in 
Egypt, which is not improbable, since that 
country, in his time, was universally resorted to 
as the seat of learning. It was pretended that 
he had the power of predicting future events, 
that he foretold the destruction of a vessel at sea, 
and the approach of an earthquake, and that the 
event in both cases justified the prophecy. Ad- 
mitting, however, the truth of these stories, it is 
easy to imagine that his knowledge was the 
result of a careful observation of those phenom- 
ena which commonly precede storms and earth- 
quakes, in a country where they frequently 
happen ; and it is not improbable that Phere- 
cydes, like many other ancient philosophers, 
availed himself of his superior knowledge of 
nature to impose upon the ignorant multitude, 
by pretending to powers that he did not possess. 
He is said to have been the first among the 
Grecians who wrote concerning the nature of 
the gods; that is, who wrote upon that subject in 
prose, since, before his lime, Orpheus, Mussus, 
and others, had written theogonies in verse. 
Pherecydes died at the age of eighty-five. It is 
not easy to ascertain the nature of the doctrines 
which he tausht : he probably believed in an 
eternal first cause of all things ; and in the im- 
mortality of the soul. According to Cicero, he 
was the first philosopher in whose writings this 
doctrine appeared. He is said to have taught 
the belief of the transmigration of the soul : this 
is probably true, it being a tenet commonly 
received among the Esyptians, and afterwards ' 
taught bv Pythagoras, who was a pupil of Phere- 
cydes. 'Diog.-Cic. Tusc. 1, 16. Div. 1, 50. ; 

Pherephatte, a name of Proserpine. 

Pheres. a son of Cretheus and Tyro, who 
built Pherae in Thessaly, where he reigned. He 
married Clvmene. by whom he had Admetus 

and Lycurgus. Apollod. 1. 9. A son of Medea. 

stoned to death by the Corinthians, on account 
of the poisonous clothes which he had given to 
Glauce, Creon's daughter. [Ftrf. Medea ] Paus. 

2, 3. A friend of .Sneas, killed by Halesus. 

P'irg. ^n. 10. 413. 

PheretIma. the wife of Battus, king ofj 
Cyrene, and mother of Arcesilaus. After hen 
son s death, she recovered the kingdom bymeans* 
of Amasis, king of Egypt, and to avenge the' 
murder of Arcesilaus, she caused all his assassins! 
to be crucified around the walls of Cyrene, an'l 
she cut off the breasts of their wives,' and hunij; 
them up near the bodies of their husbands. It 
is said that she was devoured alive by w orms, m 
punishment, which, according to some of the 
ancients, was inflicted by Providence for hor 
unparalleled cruelties. Poltjcen. S -^Hcrod. 4j 
204, &.C. 

Pheron. a king of Egypt, who snccepderf 
Sesostris. He was blind, and he recovered hi-^ 
sight by washing his eyes, according to the (H-. 
rections of the oiacle, in the urine of a woma i 
who had never had any unlawful connexional 
He tried his wife first, but she appeared to have! 
been faithless to his bed, and she was burnen] 
with all those whose urine could not restot<e 
sight to the king. He married the woman who^ 
urine proved beneficial. Herod. 2, 111. 

Phidias, a celebrated statuary of Athens, soi| 
of Churmidas, and pupil to Eladas of Argos, who! 

I 



PHI 



567 



PHI 



died B, C. 432. He made a sfatue of Minerva, 
at the request of Pericles, which was placed in 
the Pantheon. It was made with ivory and gold, 
and measured thirty-nine feet in height. It was 
universally admired, not only for its majestic 
appearance, but for the mythological representa- 
tions with which it was judiciously adorned, for 
the battles of the Centaurs, the Amazona, the 
birth of Pandora, and of twenty of the gods, in 
which the workman had shown, not only his 
taste, but his learning and superior judgment. 
The serpent and the sphynx on which the lance 
in the hand of the goddess was supported were 
particularly entitled to approbation, as Pliny 
mentions in his circumstantial description of it, 
but as most of these historical events were repre- 
sented on the shield of the statue, which was ten 
feet in diameter, their effect was in a great degree 
lost, as the image placed on a pedestal rendered 
a distant examination very difficult and indis- 
tinct. So celebrated a statue, while it displayed 
the merit of the artis% did not however diminish 
satirical reflections and malevolent insinuations; 
and Phidias, charged with arrogance and pre- 
sumption, was no sooner accused of having 
carved his own image and that of Pericles, on the 
shield of the goddess, than he was banished from 
Athens by the clamorous populace. He retired 
to Elis, where he determined to revenge the ill- 
treatment he had received from his countrymen, 
by making a statue which should eclipse the 
fame of that of Minerva. He was successful in the 
attempt; and the statue which he made of Jupiter 
OUmpius, likewise in gold and ivory, sixty feet 
high, was always reckoned the best of all his 
pieces, and has passed for one of the won- 
ders of the world. The people of Elis were 
so sensible of his merit, and of the honour he 
had done to their city, that they appointed his 
descendants to the honourable office ol keeping 
clean that magnificent statue, and of preserving 
it from injury. Paus. 9,4.— Cic. de Orat.— I'Un. 
S6, 5 et 8.- Strab. 8.— Quintil. 12, IQ.—Flut. in 
Per. 

PHlDlFPlDES, a celebrated courier, who ran 
fV' ni Athens to Lacedsmon, about 152 English 
miles, in two days, to ask of the Laccdsemonians 
assistance ayainst the Persians. The Athenians 
r:,i.-e(i a terriple to his memory. Hercd. 6, 105.— 
C Nep. in Milt. 

PKiDiTiA, a public entertainm.ent at Sparta, 
where much frugality was observed, as the word 
{ipuhlrta from (pE^lofxai.. parco,) denotes. Persons 
i.f all ages w ere anmitted ; the younger fre- 
quented it as a school of temperance and sobriety, 
w hi^re they were trained to good manners and use- 
fiil knowledge, by the example and the discourse 
of their elders. Cic. Tusc. 5, 34.— Paws. 3. 10. 

Phidcn, a man who enjoyed the sovereign 
pov.er at Argos, and is supposed to have in- 
vf n'ted scales and measures, and coined silver 
.•xt ^-jina. He died B. C 854. Arist.-^ Hercd. 
6 127 An arcicnt legislator at Corinth. 

PlilLA, the eldest daughter of Antipater, who 
n arried Craterus. She afterwards married 
Deiretrius, and when her husband had lost the 
kingdom of Macedonia, she poisoned herself. 
Plvi. 

Philadelphia, a city of Lydia, south east 
of Sardes. It owed its foundation to Attains 
Philadelphus, brother of Eumenes, king of Per- 
gamus. Pliny reports, that it was spated on the 
river Cogamus, st the foot of mount Tmolus, 



Strabo places it on the borders of Catacecau- 
mene, and observes, that it suffered repeatedly 
from violent shocks ot earthquakes. The walls 
and houses were constantly liable to be demo- 
lished, and as the inhabitants were continually 
apprehensive of sonie disaster to themselves and 
their property, it had nearly become deserted. 
Tacitus mentions it among the towns restored 
by Tiberius, after a more than ordinary calamity 
of this kind. In the midst of these alarms Chris- 
tianity however flourished in Philadelphia, a 
fact which is well attested hy the Book ol Reve- 
lations, where it is mentioned as one of the 
seven chuiches. It is now called AUah-sher, and 
preserves some remains of Christianity, and 
also a few monuments of heathen antiquity. 
Plin. 5, 29. Slrab. 12 et J3.- Tacit. Ann. 2, 47. 
— Rev. 3, 7.— —A city of Cilicia Trachea, on the 
river Calycadnus, to the north of Seleucia 
Trachea. It is supposed to be represented by 

the modern Mout, or Mood. A city of the 

Ammonites, and their capital, situate among 
the mountains of Gilead, near the sources of the 
Jabok, or Jobaccus. It received its name from 
Ptolemy Philadelphus. Its oriental appellation 
was Rabbath Ammon. Steph. Byz. 

Philadelphus, a king of Paphlagonia, who 

followed the interests of M. Antony. The 

surname of one of the Ptolemiies, king of Egypt, 
by antiphrasis, because he destroyed all his 
brothers. Vid. Ptoltmaeus second. 

Phil.?;, an island and town of Egypt, south 
of Sjene. The town appears to have owed its 
existence to the Ptolemies, who intended it as a 
friendly meeting place, and a common em- 
porium, for the Egyptians and the ^Ethiopians 
from Meroe. The island contains at present 
many splendid remains of antiquity. The mo- 
dern name is Geziret-elBirbe ["• Temple-island '), 
in allusion to the remains of antiquity upon it 

PHILiENI, two brothers of Carthage. When 
a contest arose betw een the Cyreneans and Car- 
thaginians, about the extent of their territories, 
it was mutually agreed, that, at a stated hour, 
two men should depart from each city, and that 
wherever they met, tl:ere they should fix the 
boundaries of their country. The Philaeni ac- 
cordingly departed from Carthage, and met the 
Cyreneans, when they had advanced far into 
their territories. This produced a quarrel, and 
the Cyreneans supported, that the Philaeni had 
left Carthage before the appointment, and that 
therefore they must retire, or be buried in the 
sand. The Philaeni agreed to the latter of these 
conditions, and they were accordingly buried in 
the sand. The Carthaginians, to commemorate 
the patriotic deed of the Philasni, who had sa- 
crificed their lives that the extent of their coun- 
try might not be diminished, raised two altars 
on the place where their bodies had been buried, 
whicii they called PhilcEnorum arce. These 
altars were the boundaries of the Carthaginian 
dominions, which on the other side extended as 
far as the columns of Hercules, which is about 
20C0 miles, or according to the accurate obser 
vations of the moderns, only HiO t'eographical 
miles. Sail, de Bell. Jug. 19 et 79 - Sil.lt. 16, 704, 

PHlLAaiMON, the son of Chrysoihemis of 
Crete. He was distinguished for his musical 
powers, and was the second person who obtain- 
ed a prize at the Pythian games. His lather 
was the first who carried off the prize at them, 
i and his son Thamyris the ihiid. 

3 B 2 



PHI 



568 



PHI 



i 



Philemon acnmic poet, the rival of Men- 
aiider. According to some anthorities, he was 
a native of Syracuse, while others make him to 
have been born at Soloe in Gilicia. He seems to 
have been a writer of considerable powers. His 
\iit, ingenuity, skill in depiction of character, 
and expression of sentiment, are praised by 
Apuleius, while he pronounces him inferior to 
his more celebrated antagonist. Temperance 
of body, with cheerfulness of mind, prolonged 
his life to the great age of 101 years, during 
which period he composed ninety-seven come- 
dies. The manner of his death is variously re- 
lated. The account of Apuleius is the most 
probable, which makes him to have expired 
without pain or disease, from the mere exhaus- 
tion of nature. The fragments of Philemon are 
usually printed along with those of Menander. 
The best edition of these conjointly is that of 
Meineke, Berol. 1S23, 8vo. Suidas. -Strab. 14. 

— Lucian, Macrob. "^5. — Fal. Max, 12, 6. A 

son of the preceding, also a comic poet, and 
called, for distinction sake, Philemon the 
younger (o l Eirepoj). Athen. 7. 

Philene, a town of Attica, between Athens 
and Tanagra. Slat. Theb. 4, 102. 

Philet^5;rcs, an eunuch, made governor of 
Pergamus by Lysimachus, He quarrelled with 
Lysimachus, and made himself master of Per- 
gamus, where he laid the foundations of a 
kingdom called the kingdom of Pergamus, B.C. 
283. He reigned there for twenty years, and at 
his death he appointed his nephew Eumenes as 
his successor. Paus. 1, 8. 

PHXL£tas, a grammarian and poet of Cos, 
in the reign of king Philip, and of his son Alex- 
ar.der the Great. He was made preceptor to 
Ptolemy Pniladelphus. The elegies and epi- 
grams which he wrote have been greatly com- 
mended by the ancients, and some fragments of 
them are still preserved in Athensus. He was 
so small and slender, according to the impro- 
bable accounts of ^E.ian, that he always carried 
pieces of lead in his pocket?, to prevent being 
blo-n away by the wind. ^Uan. V. H. 9, 14. 
—-Ortd. Fast. 1, 5. 

PHI LINUS, a native of Agrigentum, who 
fought with Annibal against the Romans. He 
w rote a partial history of the Punic wars. C. 
Nep. m A7inib.~Polyb. 

PhiliPPET, or PhillIPPI, certain pieces of 
money coined in the reign of Philip of Mace- 
donia, and with his image. Horat. ep. 2, 1, 
2-:4. -Liv. 34, 52. 37, 59. 39. 5 et 7. 

Philippi. a city of Thrace, to the north-east 
of Amphipolis, and in the immediate vicinity of 
mount Pangaeus. It was founded by the Thasi- 
ans, and by them called Crenides from its 
rrany spyings, (^xp-fiyri, fans.) Philip of Micedon 
subsequently increased it, naming it Philippi 
after himself. It is celebrated in history from the 
great victory gained there by Antony and Au- 
gustus over the forces of Brutus and C.-.ssius, 
by which the republican party was completely 
subdued. It is likewise rendered very inter- 
es'ing from the circumstance of its being the 
first place in Europe where the Gospel was 
pr.'ached by St Paul, (A. D 51.) as we know 
from the ICth of the Acts of the Apostles, and 
al-io from the Epietle he has addressed to his 
Philippian converts, where the zeal and charity 
o( (he Philippians towards Uieir apo3tle re- 
ceived a just conimendatjon. Its ruins stlU re» 



tain the name of Filibah. Diod. Sic, 16. — Ap- 
pian. Be l. Civ. 4, 107, &c.— DiO. Cass. 47,41.— 
rig. G. 1. m.—Lucan. 1, 6S0. 

PHTLIPPIDES, a Greek comic poet, son of 
Philocles. He flourished B. C. 335. He was in 
great favour with Lysimachus, the general, and 
afterwards one of the successors of Alexander. 
This intimacy was the cause of many benefits to 
the Athenians, bestowed by Lysimachus at the 
intercession of the patriotic poet. Pnilippides 
died at an advanced age, from excess of joy on 
obtaining the comic prize contrary to his expec- 
tations. The number of his plays was forty-five; 
the titles of nine have been collected. Plut in 
Pem.-AuK Gell.Z, 15. 

Philifpopolis, a city in the interior of 
Thrace, on the south-east side of the Hebrus, 
and some distance to the north-west of Hadri- 
anopolis. It was situate in a large plain on a 
mountain with three summits, and hence re- 
ceived also the appellation of Trimontium. It 
was founded by Philip of Macedon. Its mo- 
dern name is Fiiibe or Phiiipopoli. Tacit. An. 
3, -Bi.- Po'yb. 5, 100. -A nm. Marc. 26, 10. 

Philippus 1st, son of Argaeus, succeeded 
his father on the throne of Macedonia, and 

reigned thirty-eight years, B. C. 640. The 

second of that name was the fourth son of 
.\myntas, king of Macedonia. He was sent to 
Thebes as an hostage by his father, where he 
learned the art of war under Epaminondas, and 
studied with the greatest care the manners and 
the pursuits of the Greeks. He was recalled to 
Macedonia, and at the death of his brother 
Perdiccas, he ascended the throne [as guardian 
and protector of the youthful years of his ne- 
phew. His ambition, however, soon discovered 
itself, and he made himself independent. The 
valour of a prudent general, and the policy of 
an experienced statesman, seemed requisite to 
ensure his power. The neighbouring nations, 
ridiculing the you^h and inexperience of the 
new king of Macedonia, appeared in arms, but 
Philip soon convinced them of their error. Un- 
able to meet them as yet in the field of battle, 
he suspended their fury by presents, and soon 
turned his arms against Amphipolis, a colony , 
tributary to the Athenians. Amphipolis was i 
conquered and added to ihe kingdom of Mace- I 
donia, and Philip meditated no less than the i 
destruction of a republic which had rendered I 
itself so formidable to the rest of Gieece, and 
had even claimed submission from the princes ' 
of Macedonia. His designs, however, were as 
yet immature, and before he could make Athens 
an object of conquest, the Thracians and the 
lUyrians demanded his attention. He made 
himself master of a Thracian colony, to which 
he gave the name of Philippi, and from which 
he received the greatest advantases on account 
of the golden mines in the neighbourhood. In 
the midst of his political prosperity, Philip did 
not neglect the honour of his family. He mar- | 
ried Olympias, the daughter of Neoptolemus, 
king of the Molossi ; and when some time after J 
he became father of Alexander, the monarch, t 
conscious of the inestimable advantages which fi 
arise from th.e lessons, the exr.mple, and the / ' 
conversation of a learned and virtuous precep- I 
tor, wrote a letter with his own hand to the \ 
philos^opher Aristotle, and begged him to retire 1 
from his usual pursuits, and to dedicate his ^ 
whole time to the instruction of the young | 



PHI 



569 



PHI 



prince. Every thing seemed now to conspire 
to his aggrandizement, and historians have ob- 
eerved, that Philip received in one day the in- 
tellifience of three things which could gratify 
the most unbounded ambition, and flatter the 
hoiies of the most aspiring monarch : the birth 
of a son, an honourable crown at the Olympic 
games, and a victory over the barbarians of 
lUyricum. But all these increased rather than 
satiated his ambition, he declared his inimical 
sentiments against the power of Athens, and 
the independence of ail Greece, by laying siege 
to Olynthus, a place which, on account of its 
situation and consequence, would prove most 
injurious to the interests of the Athenians, and 
most advantageous to the intrigues and military 
operations of every Macedonian prince. The 
Athenians, roused by the eloquence of Demos- 
thenes, sent seventeen vessels and 2,000 men to 
the assistance of Olynthus, but the money of 
Philip prevailed over all their efforts. The 
greatest part of the citizens suffered themselves 
to be bribed by the Macedonian gold, and Olyn- 
thus surrendered to the enemy, and was in- 
stantly reduced to ruins. His successes were 
as great in every part of Greece : he was de- 
clared head of the Amphictyonic council, and 
w as entrusted with the care of the sacred temple 
of Apollo at Delphi. If he was recalled to 
Macedonia, it was only to add fresh laurels to 
his crown, by victories over his enemies in 
lUyricum and Thessaly. By assuming the mask 
of a moderator and peace-maker he gained the 
confidence of his weak and too credulous neigh- 
bours, and in attempting to protect the Pelo- 
ponnesians against the encroaching power of 
Sparta, he rendered his cause popular, and by 
ridiculing the insults that were offered to his 
person as he passed through Corinth, he dis- 
played to the world his moderation and philoso- 
phic virtues. In his attempts to make himself 
master of Euboea, Philip was unsuccessful ; and 
Phocion, who despised his gold as well as his 
meanness, obliged him to evacuate an island 
whose inhabitants were as insensible to the 
charms of money, as they were unmoved at the 
horrors of war, and the bold efforts of a vigilant 
enemy. From Euboea he turned his arms 
against the Scythians, but the advantages which 
he obtained over this indigent nation were in» 
considerable, and he again made Greece an ob- 
ject of plunder and rapine. He advanced far 
into Boeotia, and a general engagement was 
fought at Chaeronea. The fight was long and 
bloody, but Philip obtained the victory. His 
behaviour after the battle reflects great disgrace 
upon him as a man, and as a monarch. In the 
hour of festivity, and during the entertainment 
which he had given to celebrate the trophies 
which he had won, Philip sallied from his camp, 
and with the inhumanity of a brute, he insulted 
the bodies of the slain, and gloried in the cala- 
mities of the prisoners of war. His insolence, 
however, was checked when Demades, one of the 
Athenian captives, reminded him of the brutal 
indecency of his conduct by exclaiming. Why do 
you, king! act the part of a Thersites. when you 
can represent with so much dignity the elevated 
character of an AgamemJwn? The reproof was 
felt. Demades received his liberty, and Philip 
learned how to gain popularity even among his 
f allen enemies, by relieving their w ants and eas- 
ing their distresses. At the battle of Chaeronea 



the independence of Greece was extinguished t 
and Philip, unable to find new enemies in 
Europe, formed new enterprizes, and meditated 
new conquests. He was by the influence of his 
conquests and the flattery of his slaves nominated 
general of the Greeks against the Persians, and 
was called upon as well from inclination as duty 
to revenge those injuries which Greece had suf- 
fered from the invasions of Darius, and of Xerxes. 
But he was stopped in the midst of his warlike 
preparations; he was stabbed by Pausanias as he 
entered the theatre, at the celebration of the 
nuptials of his daughter Cleopatra. This mur- 
der has given rise to many reflections upon the 
causes which produced it ; and many who con- 
sider the recent repudiation of Olympias, and 
the resentment of Alexander, are apt to trace 
the causes of his death into the bosom of his 
family. The ridiculous honours which Olym- 
pias paid to her husband's murderer strength- 
ened the suspicion, yet Alexander declared that 
he invaded the kingdom of Persia to revenge 
his father's death upon the Persian satraps and 
princes, by whose immediate intrigues the as- 
sassination had been committed. The charac- 
ter of Philip is that of a sagacious, artful, pru- 
dent, and intriguing monarch : he was brave in 
the field of battle, eloquent and dissimulating at 
home ; and he possessed the wonderful art of 
changing his conduct according to the disposi- 
tion and caprice of mankind, without ever 
altering his purpose, or losing sight of his am- 
bitious aims. Repossessed much perseverance, 
and in the execution of his plans he was always 
vigorous. The hand of an assassin prevented 
him from achieving the boldest and the most 
extensive of his undertakings ; and he might 
have acquired as many laurels, and conquered 
as many nations, as his son Alexander did in the 
succeeding reign, and the kingdom of Persia 
might have been added to the Macedonian em- 
pire, perhaps with greater moderation, with more 
glory, and with more lasting advantages. The 
private character of Philip lies open to censure, 
and raises indignation. The admirer of his 
virtues is disgusted to find him amongst the 
most abandoned prostitutes, and disgracing 
himself by the most unnatural crimes and las- 
civious indulgences, w hich can make even the 
most debauched and the most profligate to 
blush. He was murdered in the 47th year of 
his age, and the 24th of his reign, about 336 years 
before the Christian era. His reign is become 
uncommonly interesting, and his administration 
a matter of instruction. He is not only the first 
monarch whose life and actions are described 
with peculiar accuracy and historical faithful- 
ness, but the sagacious prince who elevated 
Macedonia to an eminent rank among nations, 
and laid the foundations of those victorious 
armies which a few years after changed the face 
of the world, by the destruction of an ancient 
monarchy, and the introduction of the arts, the 
language, the manners, and intrigues of Greece 
into Asia. Philip was the father of Alexander 
the Great and of Cleopatra, by Olympias ; 
he had also by Audaca, an lllyrian, Cyna, who 
married Amyntas, the son of Perdiccas, Philip's 
elder brother; by Nicasipolis, a Thes.salian, 
Nicaea, who married Ca?sander ; by Philinna, 
a Laris.saean dancer, Aridaeus. who reigned 
some time after Alexander's death ; by Cleopa- 
tra, the niece of Attains, Caranus and Euiopa, 

I J ii.O 



PHI 



570 



PHI 



viho were both murdered by Olympias; and 
Ptolemy, the first king of Egypt, by Arsinoe, 
who in the first month of her pres-nancy 
was married to Lagus. Demosth. in Phil, et 
Olynth. - Justin 7, — Plut. in Alex. Dem. et 

Apoph. The last king of Macedonia, of that 

name, was son of Demetrius. His infancy, at 
the death of his father, was protected by Anti- 
gonus, one of his friends, who ascended the 
throne, and reigned for twelve years, with the 
title of independent monarch. When Antigo- 
nus died, Philip recovered his father's throne, 
though only fifteen years of age, and he early 
distinguished himself by his boldness and his 
ambitious views. His cruelty, however, to 
Aratus, soon displayed his character in its true 
light ; and to the gratification of every vice, nd 
every extravagant propensity, he had the mean- 
ness to sacrifice this faithful and virtuous Athe- 
nian. Not .sati>fled with the kingdf>m of Mace- 
donia, Philip aspired ti» become the friend of An- 
nibal, and wished to share with him the spoils 
which the distresses and lon^ continued defeats 
of the Romans seemed soon to promise. But his 
expectations were frustrated ; the Roman- dis- 
covered his intrigues, and though weakened by 
the valour and artifice of the Carthaginians, yet 
they were soon enabled to meet him in the field 
of battle. The consul Lsevinus entered without 
delay his territories of Macedonia, and after he 
had ob'ained a victory over him near Apollonia, 
and reduced his fleet to ashes, he compelled him 
to .sue for peace. This peace.''ul disposition was 
not ; vT-nanent, and when the Romans dis- 
covered that he had assisted their immortal 
enemy Annibal, with men and money, they ap- 
pointed T. Q. Flaminius to punish his perfidy, 
and the violation of the treaty. The Roman 
consul, with his usual expedition, invaded Ma- 
cedonia : and in a general engagement which ; 
w as fought near Cynocephale, the hostile army 
was totally defeated, and the monarch saved 
his life with difficulty by flyin? from the field of ' 
battle. Destitute of resources, without friends 
either at home or abroad- Philip w as obliged to 
submit to the mercy of the conqueror, and to 
demand peace by his ambassadors. It was : 
granted with diflBcuir. . the term.s were humili- i 
ating ; but the poverty of Philip obliged him to 
accept the conditions, however disadvantageous 
and degrading to his dignity. In the midst of ' 
these pubii, calamities, the peace of his family 
was disturbed ; and Perses, the eldest of his 
sons by a concubine, raised seditions against his ' 
brother Demetrius, whose condescension and | 
hura.anity had gained popularity among the j 
Macedonians, and who, from his residence at j 
Rome,asan hostage, bad procuredthe good graces j 
of the senate, and by the modesty and innocence : 
of his manners, had obtained forgiveness from 
that venerable body for the hostilities of his 
father. Philip listened with too much avidity 
to the false accujation of Perses : and when he 
heard it asserted that Demetrius w ifhed to rob 
bim of his crown, he no longer hesitated to 
punish with death so unworthy .ind so ungrate- 
ful a son. No sooner was Demetrius sacrificed 
to credulity than Philip became convinced of 
hi^ cruelty and rashness, and to punish the 
perfidy of Perses, he attempted to make Anti- 
ff'^nus, another son, his successor on (he Mace- 
donian throne. Bu' b. <•• •>- prevented from exe- 
cuting his purpt'fif b) ueaiQ, in the forty-eecond 



year of his reign, 179 years before the Christian 
era. The assassin of Demetrius succeeded his 
father ; and with the same ambition, with the 
same rashness and oppression, renewed the war 
against the Romans till his empire was destroyed 
and Macedonia became a Roman province. 
Pnilip has been compared with his great ances- 
tor of the same name ; but though they possessed 
the same virtues, the same ambition, and were 
tainted with the same vices, yet the father of 
Alexander was more sagacious and more in- 
triguing, and the son of Demetrius was more 
suspicious, more cruel, and more implacable ; 
and according to the pretended prophecy of one 
of the Sibyls, Macedonia was indebted to one 
Philip for her rise and consequence among na- 
tions, and under another Philip she lamented 
the loss of her power, her empire, and her dig- 
nity. Polyh. 16, Sec— Justin. 2^, Szc. - Pint, in 
Flam. —Paus. 7. 8. M. Julius, a Roman em- 
peror, of an obscure family in Arabia, from 
which he was surnamed Arabian, From the 
lowest rank in the army he gradually rose to 
the highest offices, and when he was made gene- 
ral of the praetorian guards he assassinated Gor- 
dian to make himself emperor. To establish 
himself with more certainty on the imperial 
throne, he left Mesopotamia a prey to the con- 
tinual invasions of the Persians, and hurried to 
Rome, where his election was universally ap- 
proved by the senate and the Roman people. 
Philip rendered his cause popular by his liber- 
ality and profusion ; and it added much to his 
splendour and dignity that the Romans during 
his reign commemorated the foundation of their 
city, a s jlemnity w hich w as observed but once 
every hundredth year, and which was celebrated 
with more pymp and more magnificence than 
under the preceding reigns. The people were 
entertained with games and spectacles, the thea- 
tre of Pompey was successively crowded during 
three days and three nights, and 2000 gladiators 
bled in the circus at once, for the amusement 
and pleasure of a gazing populace. His usurpa- 
tion, however, was short; Philip was defeated 
by Decius, who had proclaimed himself em- 
peror in Pannonia, and he was assassinated by 
his own soldiers near Verona, in the forty-fifth 
year of r is age, and the fifth of his reign, A. D. 
249. H:s son who bore the same name, and 
who had shared vvith him the imperial dignity, 
w as also massacred in the arms of his mother. 
Young Philip was then in the twelfth year of hig 
age, and the Romans lamented in him the loss 
of rising talents, of natural humanity, and en- 
dearing virtues. Aurel. Victor. — Zozim A 

native of Acarnania. physicia.n to Alexander the 
Great. When the monarch had been suddenly 
taken ill, after bathing in the Cydnus, Philip 
undertook to remove the complaint, when the 
rest of the physicians believed that all medical 
assistance would be ineffectual. But as he was 
preparing his medicine, Alexander received a 
letter from Parmenio, in which he was advi.sed 
to beware of his i>hysician Philip, as he had 
conspired against his life. The monarch was 
alarmed ; and when Philip presented him his 
medicine, he gave him Parmenio's lettei to per- 
use, and began to drink the potion. The se- 
renity and composure of Philip's countenance, 
as he read the iletter, removed every suspicion 
from Alexander's breast. He pursued the 
directions of bis physician, and in a few days 



PHI 



571 



PHI 



recovered. Plut. in Alex. A son of Alex- 
ander the Great, murdered by order of Oiym- 

pias. A man who pretended to be the son of 

Perses, that he might lay claim to the kingdom 
of Macedonia. He was called Pseudophilippus 

A brother of Alexander the Great, called 

also Aridajus. [ Vid. Aridaeus.] A freed man 

of Porapey the Great. He found his master's 
body deserted on the sea-shore, in Egypt, and 
he gave it a decent burial, with the assistance 
of an old Roman soldier, who had fought under 
Pompey. 

Philiscus, a famous sculptor, whose statues 
of Latona, Venus, Diana, the Muses, and a naked 
Apollo, were preserved in the portico belonging 
to Octavia. 

Philistion, a comic poet of Nieaea, in the age 
of Socrates, who is said to have died from exces- 
sive laughter. Martial. 2, 41. 

Philistus, a Syracusan, who, during his 
banishment from his native country, wrote a 
history of Sicily in twelve books, which was 
commended by some, though censured for inac- 
curacy by Pausanias. He was afterwards sent 
against the Syracusans by Dionysiusthe Younger, 
p.nd he killed himself when overcome by the 
enemy, 358 B. C. Plut. in Dion. 

PHlLO,a learned Jewish writer who flourished 
in the first century, and under the reign of 
Caligula, was of the sacerdotal family, and 
brother to the chief magistrate of his race at 
• Alexandria, where he was born. He received 
his education at his native place, and distinguish- 
ed himself by his proficiency in eloquence, 
philosophy, and scriptural knowledge. Eusebius 
says of him, that "he was a man copious in 
speech, rich in sentiments, and eminent and 
sublime in his acquaintance with the holy scrip- 
lures." He was particularly versed in the 
Platonic philosophy. If we attend to the nature 
of Jewish learning at this period, and compare 
it with the spirit of the Alexandrian schools, we 
shall perceive the manner in which Plato studied 
philosophy. From the time of the Ptolemies, 
the use of allegories had been borrowed by the 
Jews from their Egyptian neighbours, and by 
the help of these, Platonic and Pythagorean 
learning was introduced among them, as the 
concealed and symbolical sense of their own law. 
In this manner they were enabled to make w hat 
use they pleased of their systems, without ap- 
pearing to be indebted to heathen philosophers. 
These systems likewise were adulterated with 
many dogmas from the oriental philosophy, par- 
ticularly on the subject of the divine nature. 
This philosophy, which had been well received 
in Alexandria, Philo embraced, and he appears 
to have interwoven the Platonic learning and 
opinions with the doctrines of the sacred oracles, 
and ascribed them to Moses. It is also probable 
that he was, in part, influenced by the example 
of the Essenes and Therapeutae, whose method 
of philosophizing he imitated, though he did not 
adopt their manner of living : for he always 
speaks of them in the highest terms of commen- 
dation. Philo was not so completely immersed 
in philosophical studies as to neglect the culti 
vation of eloquence, and to withdraw his attention 
from civil affairs. On the contrary, he seems to 
have acquired a high reputation as an orator, 
and as a man of wisdom and prudence in the 
conduct of important negotiations : hence we 
md him placed at the head of a deputation sent 



by.his countrymen to Rome in the j ear 42, with 
the design of vindicating them from the calum- 
nies with which they were loaded by the Alex- 
andrians, and of defending their cause against 
Appian. Though his mission provtd fruitless, 
he committed the substance of his apology for 
the Jews to writing, and in it gave a favourable 
specimen of his learning, talents, and integrity. 
Eusebius relates, that after the death of Caligula 
this apology was read in the Roman senate. 
The best edition of the works of Philo is that 
of Mangey, Lond. 1742, 2 vol. fol. 

PHILOCL.es, one of the admirals of the 
Athenian fleet, during the Peloponnesian war. 
He recommended to his countrymen to cut off 
the right hand of such of the enemies as were 
taken, that they might be rendered unfit for 
future service. His plan was adopted by all tha 
ten admirals except one ; but their expectations 
were frustrated, and instead of being conquerors, 
they were totally defeated at ^Esospotamos by 
Lysander, and Philocles with 3000 of his coun- 
trymen were put to death, and refused the hon- 
ours of sepulture. Plut. in Lys. A tragic 

poet of Athens, nephew to ^schylus. He was 
ugly in his person and morose in his temper. 
He had a son of the same name, who cultivated 
the muses with equal success. Suidas. 

Philoctetes, son of Pcean and Demonassa, 
was one of the Argonauts according to Flaccus 
and Hyginus, and the arm-bearer and particular 
friend of Hercules. He was present at the 
death of Hercules, and because he had erected 
the burning pile on which the hero was con- 
sumed, he received from him the arrows which 
had been dipped in the gall of the hydra, after 
he had bound himself by a solemn oath not to 
betray the place where his as'oes were deposited. 
He had no sooner paid the las^ ofKces to Hercules, 
than he returned to Meliboea, where his father 
reigned. From thence he visited Sparta, where 
he became one of the numerous suitors of Helen, 
and soon after, like the rest of those princes who 
had courted the daughter of Tyndarus, and who 
had bound themselves to protect her from 
injury, he was called upon by Menelaus to 
accompany the Greeks to the Trojan war, and 
he immediately set sail from Meliboea with 
seven ships, and repaired to Aulis, the general 
rendezvous of the combined fleet. He was 
here prevented from joining his countrymen, 
and the offensive smell which arose from a 
wound in his foot, obliged the Greeks, at the 
instigation of Ulysses, to remove him from the 
camp, and he was accordingly carried to the 
island of Lemnos, or as others say to Chryse, 
where Phimachus, the son of Dolophion, was 
ordered to wait upon him. In this solitary re- 
treat he was suffered to remain for some time, 
till the Greeks, on the tenth year of the Trojan 
war, were informed by the oracle that Troy 
could not be taken without the arrows of Her- 
cules, which were then in the possession of 
Philoctetes. Upon this Ulysses, accompanied 
by Diomedes, or according to others, by Pyr- 
rbus, was commissioned by the rest of the 
Grecian army to go to Lemnos, and to prevail 
upon Philoctetes to come and finish the ■ edious 
siege. Philoctetes recollected the ill treatment 
which he had received from the Greeks, and 
particularly from Ulysses, and therefore he not 
only refused to go to Troy, but he even per- 
suaded Pyrrhus to conduct him to Melibcea, 



i 



PHI 



5r2 



PHI 



A? !:e embarked, the manes of Hercules forbade 
him to proceed, but immediately to repair to 
ihe Grecian camp, where he ^hould be cured of 
his wounds, and put an end to the war. Phil- 
cictetes obeyed; and after he had been restored 
to his former health by jEsculapius, or, accord- 
iiijf to soiT.e, by Machaon, or Podalirus. he 
destroyed a great number of the Trojan enemy, 
amon^ whom was i^aris, the son of Priam, with 
the arrows of Hercules. When by his valour 
Troy had been ruined, he set sail from Asia, 
but as he was unwilling to visit his native 
country, he came to Italy, where, by the assis- 
tance of his Thessalian followers, he was enabled 
to build a town in Calabria, which he called 
Petilia. Authors disagree about the causes of 
the wound which Philoctetes received on the 
foot. The most ancient mythologists support, 
that it was the bite of the serpent which Juno 
had sent to torment him, because he had attended 
Hercules in his last moments, and had buried 
his ashes. According to another opinion, the 
princes of the Grecian army obliged him to 
Uiscover where the ashes of Hercules were 
deposited, and as he had made an oath not to 
mention the place, he only with his foot struck 
the ground where they lay, and by this means 
concluded he had not violated his solemn en- 
gagement. For this, however, he was soon after 
punished, and the fall of one of the poisoned 
arrows from his quiver upon the foot which had 
struck the ground, occasioned so offensive a 
wound, that the Greeks were obliged to remove 
him from their camp. The sufferings and ad- 
ventures of Philoctetes are the subject of one of 
the best tragedies of Sophocles. f'^irg. /En. 3, 

46. - Diclys Cret. 1,14 Senec. in Herc.—Sophocl. 

Phil — Quint. Calab. 9 et Ifl - Hygin. fab. 26. 97t, 

et 102 — Diod. 2 et 4 Oiid. Met. 13, 329. 9, 234. 

Trist. 5, 2. 

PHILOCYPRUS, a prince of Cyprus in the age 
of Solon, by whose advice he changed the situo/ 
tion of a city, which in gratitude he called Soli. 
Plut. in Sol. 

Philolaus. a son of Minos, by the nymph 
Paria, from whom the island of Paros received 
its name» Hercules put him to death, because 
he had killed two of his companions. ApcMod. 

3. I. A Pythagorean philosopher of Crotona, 

B. C. 374. who first supported the diurnal motion 
of the earth round its axis, and its annual motion 
round the sun. Cicero has ascribed this opinion 
to the Syracusan philosopher Nicetas, arrd like- 
wise to Plato ; and from this passage some 
suppose that Copernicus derived the idea oT the 
system which he afterwards established. Ctc in 

Acad. 4, 39. de Orat. 3, 34 — Hut A lawgiver 

nf Thebes. He was a native of Corinth, and of 
the family of the Bacchiades, &c. Aristot. Polit. 

2 Cnp. Ult. 

Philombrotus an archon at Atnens, in 
whosf age the state was entrusted to Solon, when 
torn bv factions Ptut in Sol. 

PHILOMELA, a daughter of Pandion, kine of 
Athens, and sister to Procne, who had married 
T. reus king of Thrace. Procne separated from 
Philomela, to whom she was particularly at- 
f;irhed spent her time in great melancholy till 
sh*> prevailed upon her husband to go to Athens, 
.-.nd bring her sister to Thrace. Tereus obeyed 
1 is wife's injunctions, but he had no sooner 
obtained Pajidion's permission to conduct Phil- 
omela to Thrace, than he became enamoured of 



her and resolved to gratify his passion. He, d 
dismissed the guards, whom the suspicions ofl 
Pandion had appointed to watch his conduct,' ^, 
and he offered violence to Philomela, and after- ^ 
wards cut off her tongue, that she might not bei j 
able to discover his barbaritj', and the indignities' , 
which she had suffered. He confined her alsol j] 
in a lonely castle, and after he had taken every , . 
precaution to prevent a discovery, he returned , 
to Thrace, and he told Procne that Philomela, j 
had died by the way, and that he had paid the j J 
last offices to her remains. Procne, at this sad ' , 
intelligence put on mourning for the loss of | , 
Philomela; but a year had scarcely elapsed 
before she was secretly informed, that her sister | , 
was not dead. Philomela, during her captivity, j 
described on a piece of tapestry her misfortunes ' j 
and the brutality of Tereus, and privately con- i 
veyed it to Procne. She was then going to cele- , 
brate the orgies of Bacchus when she received 
it; she disguised her resentment, and as during 
the festivals of the god of wine, she was permit- ' 
ted to rove about the country, the hastened to 
deliver her sister Philomela from her confine- | 
ment, and she concerted with her on the best 
measures of punishing the cruelty of Tereus. I 
She murdered her son Itylus, who was in the I 
sixth year of his age, and served him up as food | 
before her husband during the festival. Tereus, 
io the midst of his repast, called for Itylus, but \ 
Prccne immediately informed him, that he was • 
then feasting on his flesh, and that instant Philo- 
mela, by throwing on the table the head of Itylus, 
convinced the monarch of the cruelty of the j 
scene. He drew his sword to punish Procne and ; 
Philomela, but as he was going to stab them to i 
the heart, he was changed into a hoopoe, Philo- ■ 
mela into a nightingale, Procne into a swallow, > 
and Itylus into a pheasant. This tragical scene ' 
happened at Daulis in Phocis; but Pausanias ) 
and Strabo, who mention the whole of the story, 1 
are silent about the transformation; and the , 
former observes, that Tereus, after this bloody j 
repast, fled to Megara, where he destroyed him- 
self. The inhabitants of the place raised a i 
moimment to his memory, where they offered 
yearly sacrifices, and placed small pebbles instead 
01* barley. It was on this monument that the ' 
birds called hoopoes were first seen; hence the | 
fable of his metamorphosis. Procne and Philo- i 
mela died through excess of grief and melan- i 
choly, and as the notes of the nightingale and of I 
the swallow are peculiarly plaintive and mourn- j 
ful, the poets have embellished the fable by 
supposing that the two unfortunate sisters were | 
changed into birds. Apollod.S, 14. — Paus. 1, 42. | 

10, 4. Hygin. fub. Ab.—Strab. 9 Ovid. Met. \ 

6. fah. 9 et 10. - Vtrg. G. 4, 15 et 511. | 

hHiLON'lDES, a courier of Alexander, who ran 
from Sicyon to Elis, 160 miles, in nine hours, 
and returned the same journey in 15 hours.: j 

P in. 2, 71. -A Greek comic poel of Athens, ; 

before the age of Aristophanes. He was tall in j 1 
stature, but unpolished in mind, whence the i 
proverb of Philonide indoctior. Suidas. i 

PhilopAtor, a surname of one of the Ptole- ' 
mies, king of Egypt. Fid. Ptolemaeus. 

Philopcemen, a celebrate d general of the 
Achaean league, born at Megalopolis. His 
father's name was Grangis. His education was 
begun and finished under Cassander. Ecdemus, 
and Demophanes, and he early distinguished 
himself in the field of battle, and appeared fond 



PIII 



573 



PHI 



of agriculture and a country life. He proposed 
to himself Epaminondas for a model, and he was 
not unsuccessful in imitating the prudence and 
the simplicity, the disinterestedness and activity 
of this famous Theban. When Megalopolis was 
attacked by the Spartans, Philopoemen, then in 
the 3Uth year of his age, gave the most decisive 
proofs of his valour and intrepidity. He after- 
wards assisted Antigonus, and was present in the 
famous battle in which the ^tolians were 
defeated. Raised to the rank of chief comman- 
der, he showed his ability by the faithful dis- 
charge of that important trust, and his personal 
valour by killing with his own hand Mechanidas, 
the tyrant of Sparta; and if he was defeated in 
a naval battle by Nabis, he soon after repaired 
his losses by taking the capital of Laconia, B. C. 
188, and by abolishing the laws of Lycurgus, 
•which had flourished there for such a length of 
time. Sparta, after its conquest, became tribu- 
tary to the Achseans, and Philopoemen enjoyed 
the triumph of having reduced to ruins one of ' 
the greatest and the most powerful of the cities 
of Greece. Some time after the Messenians 
revolted from the Achaean league, and Philopoe- 
men, who headed the Acha;ans, unfortunately 
fell from his horse, and was dragged to the 
enemy's camp. Dinocrates, the general of the 
Messenians, treated him with great severity; he 
was thrown into a dungeon, and obliged to drink 
a dose of poison. When he received the cup 
from the hand of the executioner, Philopoemen 
asked him how his countrymen had behaved in 
the field of battle; and when he heard that they 
had obtained the victory, he drank the whole with 
pleasure, exclaiming, that this was comfortable 
news. The death of Philopoemen, which hap- 
pened about 183 years before the Christian era, 
in his 70th year, was universally lamented, and 
the Achaeans, to revenge his fate, immediately 
marched to Messenia, where Dinocrates, to 
avoid their resentment, killed himself. The 
rest of his murderers were dragged to his tomb, 
where they were sacrificed; and the people of 
Megalopolis, to show farther their great sense 
of his merit, ordered a bull to be yearly offered 
on his tomb, and hymns to be sung in his 
praise, and his actions to be celebrated in a 
panegyrical oration. He had also statues raised 
to his memory, which some of the Romans at- 
tempted to violate, and to destroy, to no purpose, 
when Mummius took Corinth. Philopoemen 
has been justly called by his countrvmen the 
last of the Greeks. Plut. in Vita. - Justin. 32, 
i.—Polyb. 

Philostratus, a famous sophist, born at 
Lemnos, or according to some, at Athens. He 
came to Rome, where he lived under the pa- 
tronage of Julia, the wife of the emperor Se- 
verus, and he was entrusted by the empress 
with all the papers which contained some ac- 
count, or anecdotes of Apollonius Thyaneeus, 
and he was ordered to review them, and with 
them to compile an history. The life of Apol- 
lonius is written with elegance, but the impro- 
bable accounts, the fabulous stories, and exag- 
gerated details which it gives, render it disgust- 
in?. There is, besides, another treatise re- 
maining of his writings, &c. He died A. D. 244. 
The be&t edition of his writings is that of 

Olearius, fol. Lips. 1709- His nephew, who 

lived in the rei^'^n of Heliogabalus, wrote an ac- 
count of sophists. 



PKlliOTAS, a son of Parmenio, distinguished 
for bravery in the battles of Alexander, and at 
last accused of conspiring against his life. He 
was in consequence tortured and stoned to 
death, or, according to some, struck throagVi 
with darts by the soldiers, B. C. 330. Curt. 6, 
n.-PLut. in Alex, ^nian . 

Philotis, a servant-maid at Rome, who 
saved her countrymen from destruction. After 
the siege of Rome by the Gauls, the Fidenates 
assembled an army under the command of Lu- 
cius Posthumius, and marched against the 
capital, demanding all the wives and daughters 
in the city, as the conditions of peace. This 
extraordinary demand astonished the senators, 
and when they refused to comply, Philotis ad- 
vised them to send all their female slaves dis- 
guised in matrons' clothes, and she offered to 
march herself at the head. Her advice was fol- 
lowed, and when the Fidenates had feasted late 
in the evening, and were quite intoxicated, and 
fallen asleep, Philotis lighted a torch as a signal 
for her countrymen to attack the enemy. The 
whole was successful, the Fidenates were con- 
quered, and the senate, to reward the fidelity of 
the female slaves, permitted them to appear in 
the dress of the Roman matrons. Plut. in Rom. 
— Varro de L. L 5 — Ovid de Art. Am. 2. 

Philoxenus, an oflBcer of Alexander, who 
received Cilicia, at the general division of the 

provinces. A son of Ptolemy, who was given 

to Pelopidas as an hostage. A dithyrambic 

poet of Cythera, who enjoyed the favour of 
Dionysius, tyrant of Sicily, for some time, till 
he offended him by seducing one of his female 
singers. During his confinement, Philoxenus 
composed an allegorical poem, called Cyclops, 
in which he had delineated the character of the 
tyrant under the name of Polyphemus, and re- 
presented his mistress under the name of Ga- 
latcEa, and himself under that of Ulysses. The 
tyrant, who was fond of writing poetry, and of 
being applauded, removed Philoxenus from his 
dungeon, but the poet refused to purchase his 
liberty, by saying things unworthy of himself, 
and applauding the wretched verses of Diony- 
sius, and therefore he was sent to the quarries. 
When he was asked his opinion at a feast about 
some verses which Dionysius had just repeated, 
and which the courtiers had received with the 
greatest applau.se, Philoxenus gave no answer, 
but he ordered the guards that surrounded the 
tyrant s table to take him back to the quarries. 
Dionysius was pleased with his pleasantry and 
with his firmness, and immediately forgave him. 
Philoxenus died at Ephesus, about 380 years 
before Christ. Cic. Att. 4, 6.— Plut. de Virt. 

Alex. A painter of Eretria, who made for 

Cassander an excellent representation of the 
battle of Alexander with Darius. He was pupil 
to Nicomachus. Plin. 31, 10. 

Philyra, one of the Oceanides, who was 
met by Saturn in Thrace. The god, to escape 
from the vigilance of Rhea, changed himself 
into a horse, to enjoy the company of Philyra, 
by whom he had a son, half a man and half a 
horse, called Chiron. Philyra was so ashamed 
of giving birth to such a monster, that she 
entreated the gods to change her nature. She 
was metamorphosed into the linden tree, callrd 
bv her name among the Greeks. Hygin. fab. 
183. 

PhilyrIdes, a patronymic of Chiron, the 



I 



574 



PHL 



ton of Philyra. Ovid. Art. Am. — Virg.G. 3. 

:-oo. 

Phinsus, a son of Agenpr, king of Phoenicia, 
or, according to some, of Neptune, who became 
kinjj of Thrace, or, as the greater part of the 
mythologists support, of Bithynia. He married 
Cleopatra, the daughter of Boreas, whom some 
call Cleobula, by whom he had Plexippus and 
Pandion. After the death of Cleopatra, he 
married Idaea, the daughter of Dardanus. Idsea, 
jealous of Cleopatra's children, accused them of 
attempts upon their father's life and crown, or, 
accordmg to some, of attempts upon her vir- 
tue, and they were immediately condemned by 
Phineus to be deprived of their eyes. This 
cruelty \*as soon after punished by the gods, 
Phineus suddenly became blind, and the Har 
pies were sent by Jupiter to keep him under 
continual alarm, and to spoil the meats which 
were placed on his table. He was some time 
after delivered from these dangerous monsters 
by his brothers-in-law, Zetes and Calais, who 
pursued them as far as the Strophades. He also 
recovered his sight by means of the Argonauts, 
whom he had received with great hospitality, 
a-id instructed iu the easiest and speediest way 
by which they could arrive in Colchis. The 
causes of the blindness of Phineus are a matter 
of dispute among the ancients, some supposing 
that this was inflicted by B )reas, for his cruelty 
to his grandson, whilst others attribute it to 
the anger of Neptune, because he had directed 
the fons of Phr\xus how to escape from Colchis 
to Greece. Many, however, think that it pro- 
ceeded from his having rashly attempted to 
develope f iturity, while others assert that Zetes 
and Calais put out his eyes on account of his 
cruelty to their nephews. The second wife of 
Phineus is called by some Dia, Eurytia, Danae, 
and Idothea. Phineus was killed by Hercules. 

Arollod. 1, 9 3. Ib.—Hygin. fab. 19. The 

bro her of Cepheus, king of ^Ethiopia. He was 
going to marry his niece Andromeda, when her 
father Cepheus was obliged to give her up to 
be devoured by a sea-monster, to appease the 
resentment of Neptune. She was, however, 
delivered by Perseus, who married her by the i 
consent of her parents, for having destroyed the 
sea-monster. This marriage displeased Phi- ' 
neus ; he interrupted the ceremony, and with a 
number of attendants, attacked Perseus and his ; 
friends. Perseus defended himself, and turned 
into stone Phineus, and his companions, by 
showing them the Gorgon's head. Apollod. 2, 
1 et 4 -Oitd. Met. 5, fab. 1 et 2 — Hygin. fab. 

Phiktias, a city of Sicily, to the east of 
Gela, rn the souihern coast. It was founded j 
by Phintias, tyrant of Agrigentum, who began | 
to reigu the next year after the death of Aga- I 
thocles. Phintias transferred to his new city I 
tiie inhabitants of Qela, which latter place from \ 
this time became deserted and ceased to exist. ! 

Diod- Sic. 22, 2. Strab. 6. A tyrant of 

Agrigentum, the year after the death of Aga- ' 
thopi.es. 

PiiiNTO. a small island between Sardinia 
anil Corsica, now Figo- 

Phlegethon, a river of hell, whose waters 
were burning, as the word (pXtyiOai, from which 
the name is derived, seems to indicate. Firg. 
jEyi. ^.b^O. — Ond. yiei 1 3, Senec.in Hip. 

— Sil. 13, 5GI. 



Phlegon. a native of tralles, in Lydi.i, on» I 
of the emperor Adrian s freedmen. He wrote 

different treatises on the long lived, on won , 

derful things, besides an historical account of , 

Sicily, sixteen books on the Olympiads, an ac- i 
count of the principal places in Rome, three 

books of Fasti, &c. Of these some fragments ' 
remain. His style was not elegant, and he 

wrote without judgment or precision. His name ' 

is particularly noticed by the moderns, as he is i 

said to have made mention of the darkness , 

which prevailed during the crucifixion of our ! 

Saviour. The passage is now lost, though the j 

substance is preserved by Eusebius. The works i 

of Phlegon have been edited by Meursius, 4to.- j 

L. Bat. 1620. One of the horses of the sun. : 

The word signifies burning. Ovid. Met. 2. 154, ' 

Phlegra, or Phlegr^ls campus, a ; 
place of Macedonia, afterwards called Pallen", 

where the giants attacked the gods and wt^ e | 
defeated by Hercules, ((^Xsyo), uro). The combat 

was afterwards renewed in Italy, in a place of 1 

the same name near Cumae. The territory of ' 

Italy, which is thus denominated, forms a dis- , 

trict of Campania; and appears to have experi- ; 

enced in a great degree the destructive effects 1 

of subterraneous fires. Accordingly we here ' 

find mount Vesuvius ; the Solfaiara, still i 
smoking, as the poets have pretended, from the 
effects of Jupiter's thunder ; the Monte Nuovo, 
which was suddenly thrown up from the bo'-vels 
of the earth on the day of St Michael's feast, in 

the year 153S ; the Monte Barbaro, formerly ' 
Mons Gaurus ; the grotto of the Sybil ; the 

noxious and gloomy lakes of Avernus and ' 
Acheron ; the green bowers of Elysium, &c. It 

is not improbable that these objects terrified (he i 
Greeks in their first voyages to the coast, nn I 

that they were afterwards embellished and tx- ; 

agfferated by the fancy and fiption of the poets. I 

Phlegt^, a people of Tnessaly. S.^me au- j 

thors place them in Bceotia. They rcceivctl I 
their name from Phlegyas, the son of Mais, 

with whom they plundered and burned tha ' 

temple of Apollo at Delphi. Few of thetn • 

escaped to Phoci5, where they settled, Paus. i 

Phlhgyas, a son of Mars by Chryse, daugh- I 

ter of Halmus, was king of the Lapithsein Thes- i 

saly. He was father of Ixion and Coronis, to | 
whom Apollo offered violence. When the 

father heard that his daughter had been so ! 
wantonly abused, he marched an army against 

Delphi, and reduced the temple of the god to 1 

ashes. This was highly resented. Apollo killed ' 

Piilegyas and placed him in hell, ^^here a huge ' 

stone hangs over his head, and keeps him in I 

continual alarms, by its appearance of falling I 

every moment. Pam. 9, 36. - Apollod. 3. 5. — i 

Ovid. Met. 5, 87. Servius ad Virg. ^n. 6. 618. i 

PHLIASiA, a small independent state of tne 

Peloponnesus, adjoining Corint'o and Sicyon on | 

the north, Arcadia on the west, and the Nemean ] 

and Cleonaean districts of Argolis on the south ] 
and south-east. I;.s chief eiry was Phiiiis, so 

called from Phlius, a son of Asopus, who was , 

one of the Argonauts, but it was formerly known ! 

by the name of Araethyrea. It was at first de- ' 

pendent on the kingdom of MycenjB, but in ' 
later times it espoused the Lacedasmonian 

cause, from which it suffered not a little. It , 

joined the Achaean league soon after its org-nn- i 
ization, and met the common lot of that con- 



I 



PKO 



federacy when it fell into the hands of the Ro- j 
mans. The city possessed, amongst many i 
splendid edifices, a temple and grove of Hebe, ' 
where criminals found an inviolable asylum, i 
Tile inhabitants were noted for their fidelity i 
and bravery. Strab. 8. — Homer. II. 2, 572 et 
3(13. 

Phobetor, one of the sons of Somnus, and 
his principal minister. His office was to as- 
sume the shape of serpents and wild beasts, to 
inspire terror into the minds of men, as his 
name intimates, (<po^r,r<^pt from (po^iw). The 
other two ministers of S mnus were Phantasia 
and Morpheus. — Omd Met. 11, 640. 

Phoc^a, a city of Ionia, in Asia Minor, 
south-west of Cyme. It was founded by some 
emigrants of Phocis under the guidance of two 
Athenian chiefs named Philogenes and Damon. 
It was built, with the consent of the Cjmagans, 
on part of their territory; nor was it included in 
the Ionian confederacy till its citizens had con- 
sented to place at the head of the government 
princes of the line of Codrus. Phocaea, from 
the excellence of its harbours, and the enterpris- 
ing spirit of its inhabitants, soon obtained a 
distinguished name among the early maritime 
Slates of the world. Herodotus observes that the 
Phocaaans were the first Greeks who undertook 
distant voyages, and made their countrymen 
acquainted with the Adriatic, and the coasts of 
Tyrrhenia and Spain. Tartessus, in the latter 
country, was the spot which they most frequent- 
ed : and they so conciliated the favour of Argan- 
thonius, sovereign of the coimtry, that he sought 
to induce them to leave Ionia, and settle in his 
dominions. On their declining this offer he 
munificently presented them with a large sum 
of money, for the purpose of raising a strong line 
of fortifications round their city, a precaution 
which the growing power of the Median empire 
seemed to render necessary. The liberality of 
this Iberian sovereign was attested by the circuit 
of the walls, which were several stadia in length, 
and by the size and solid construction of the 
stones employed. Phocaea was one of the first 
Ionian cities besieged by the army of Cyrus 
under the command of Harpa^us. Having in- 
vested the place, he summoned the inhabitants 
to surrender, declaring that it would be a suf- 
ficient token of submission, if they would pull 
down one battlement of their wall, and conse- 
crate one dwelling in the city. The Phocseans, 
a«are that to comply with this demand was to 
I>irfeit their independence, but conscious also of 
their inability to resist the overwhelming power 
of Cyrus, determined to abandon their native 
S'lil, and seek their fortune in another clime. 
Having formed this resolution, and obtained 
from the Persian general a truce of one day, 
under the pretence of a wish to deliberate on his 
proposal, they launched their ships, and em- 
barking with their wives and children, and their 
most valuable effects, sailed to Chios On their 
arrival in that island they sought to purchase 
the 0<>nussifi, a neighbouring group of islands 
belonging to the Chians; but as they refused to 
comply with their wishes, they resolved to sail 
for Corsica, where, twenty years prior to these 
events, they had founded a town named Alalia, 
On their way thither they touched at Phocaea, 
and having surprised the Persian garrison left 
there by Harpagu.s, put it to the sword. They 
tiien bound themselves by a s-olemn oath to con- 



tinue the voyage on which they had determined: 
nevertheless one half of their number, overcome 
by the feelitigs which the sight of their native 
city recalled to their minds, could not be pre- 
vailed upon to forsake it a second time. Tne 
rest continued their voyage to Corsica, and were 
well received by their countrymen already 
settled in the island. During the five years in 
which they remained there, they rendered them- 
selves formidable to the surrounding nations by 
their piracies and depredations, so that at length 
the Tuscans and Carthaginians united their forces 
to check these aggressions and destroy their 
power. The hostile fleets met in the Sardinian 
sea, and, after a most obstinate engagement, the 
Phocseans succeeded in beating off the enemy. 
They sustained however so great a hiss in tlit? 
conflict, and their ships were so crippled, that, 
despairmg of being able to continue the contest 
against their powerful foes, they abandoned 
Corsica and retired to the coast of Gaul, where 
they founded Massilia. Phocaea, however, al- 
ways remained a considerable city under the 
Persian dominion; and even at a later period, 
when the Romans became masters of Asia 
Minor, it continued to be a place cf importance, 
as well from its size, as from its position and 
fortifications. The site of Phocaea retains the 
name of Phoggia. Herod. 1, 163 168. Lin. 
37, 31 et 32.— Fans. 7, 3. - Strab. 1-i.— Hor. Epod. 
16. - Ovid. Met. 6, 9. 

PhoCiON, an Athenian, celebrated for his 
virtues, private as well as public. He was edu- 
cated in the school of Plato, and of Xenocrates, 
and as soon as he appeared among the statesmen 
of Athens, he distinguished himself by his pru- 
dence and moderaiion, his zeal for the public 
I good, and his military abilities. He often 
' checked the violent and inconsiderate mea- 
sures of Demosthenes, and when the Athenians 
seemed eager to make war against Philip, king 
of Macedonia, Phocion observed that war should 
never be undertaken without the strongest and 
most certain expectations of success and victory. 
When Philip endeavoured to make himself 
master of Euboea, Phocion stopped his progress, 
and soon obliged him to relinquish his enter- 
prize. During the time of his administration 
he was always inclined to peace, though he 
never suffered his ct untrymen to become indo- 
lent, and to forget the jealousy and rivalship of 
their neighbours. He was forty-five times ap- 
pointed governor of Athens, and no greater 
encomium can be passed upon his talents as a 
minister and statesman, than that he never so- 
licited that high, though dangerous office. In 
his rural retreat, or at the head of the Athenian 
armies, he always appeared barefooted, and 
without a cloak, whence one of his soldiers had 
occasion to observe, when he saw hin; dressed 
more warmly than usual during asevere winter, 
tnat since Phocion wore his cloak it was a sign 
of the most inclement weather. If he was the 
friend of temperance and discipline, he was not 
a less brilliant example of true heroism. Philip, 
as well as his son Alexander, attempted to bribe 
him, but to no purpose ; and Phoeion boasted 
in being one of the poorest of the Aihtnian.s. 
and in deserving the appellation of the Good. 
It was through him that Greece was saved from 
an impending war, and he advised Alexander 
rather to turn his arms against Persia, tiian to 
shed the blood of the Greeks, who were either 



PHO 

Ms allies or his subjects. Alexander was so 
sensible of his merit and of his integrity, that 
he seni him a hundred talents from the spoils 
which he had obtained from the Persians, but 
I'hocion was too great to suffer himself to be 
bribed ; and when the conqueror had attempted 
a second time to oblige him, and to conciliate 
his favour, by offering him the government arid 
possession of five cities, the Athenian rejected 
the presents with the same indifference, and 
with the same independent mind. But not 
totally to despise the favours of the monarch, 
he begged Alexander to restore to their liberty 
four slaves that were confined in the citadel of 
Sardis. Antipater, who succeeded in the go- 
vernment of Macedonia after the death of Alex- 
ander, also attempted to corrupt the virtuous 
Athenian, but with the same success as his 
royal predecessor ; and when a friend had ob- 
served to Phocion, that if he could so refuse the 
generous offers of his patrons, yet he should 
consider the good of his children, and accept 
them for their sake, Phocion calmly replied, 
that if his children were like him th-ey could 
maintain themselves as well as their father had 
dune, but if they behaved otherwise he declared 
that he was unwilling to leave them any thing 
which might either supply their extravagances, 
or encourage their debaucheries. But virtues 
like these could not long stand against the in- 
solence and fickleness of an Athenian assembly. 
When the Pirseus was taken, Phocion was ac- 
cused of treason, and therefore, to avoid the 
public indignation, he fled for safety to Poly- 
perchon. Polyperchon sent him back to Athens, 
where he was immediately condemned to drink 
the fatal poison. He received the indignities of 
the people with uncommon composure ; and 
when one of his friends lamented his fate, Pho- 
cion exclaimed, " This is no more than what I 
expected ; this treatment the most illustrious 
citizens of Athens have received before me." 
He took the cup with the greatest serenity of 
mind, and as he drank the fatal draught, he 
prayed for the prosperity of Athens, and bade 
his friends to tell his son Phocus not to remem- 
ber the indignities which his father had re- 
ceived from the Athenians. He died about 318 
years before the Christian era His body was 
deprived of a funeral by order of the ungrateful 
Athenians, and if it was at last interred, it was 
by stealth, under a hearth, by the hand of a 
woman, who placed this inscription over his 
bones: " Keep inviolate, O sacred hearth, the 
precious remains of a good man till abetter day 
restores them to the monuments of their fore- 
fathers, when Athens shall be delivered of her 
phrenzy and shall be more wise." It has been 
observed of Phocion, that he never appeared 
elated in prosperity, or dejected in adversity, 
he never betrayed pusillanimity by a tear, or 
joy by a smile. His countenance was stern and 
unpleasant, but he never behaved with severity, 
his expressions were mild, and his rebukes 
gentle. At the age of eighty he appeared at the 
head of the Athenian armies like the most 
active officer, and to his prudence and cool 
valour in every period of life his citizens ac- 
knowledged themselves much indebted. His 
merits were not buried in oblivion, the Atheni- 
ans repented of their ingratitude, and honoured 
his memory by raising him statues, and putting 
tn a cruel death his guilty accusers. Plut. et C. 
Nep. in Vita. 



PHO 

Phocis, a small tract of country in Greece 1 
proper, bounded on the east by Bceotia, on the ' 
north by the Locri Opuntii, on the west by Doris 
and the Locri Ozolae, and on the south by the i 
Corinthian gulf. Its appellation was said to be 
derived from Phocus the son of .-Eacus. The ' 
mo.re ancient inhabitants of the country were , 
probably of the race of the Leleges ; but the name 
of Phocians already prevailed at the time of the . 
siege of Troy, since we find them enumerated 
in Homer's catalogue of Grecian warriors. Phocis 
is rendered famous for a war w hieh it maintained 
against some of the Grecian republics, and which ' 
has received the name of the Phocian war. This } 
celebrated war originated in the following cir- '. 
cumstances : When Philip, king of Macedonia, i 
had. by his intrigues and well concerted policy, \ 
fomented divisions in Greece, and disturbed the 
peace of every republic, the Greeks universally ' 
became discontented in their situation, fickle in j 
their resolutions, and jealous of the prosperity ' 
of the neighbouring states. The Amphictyons, 
who were the supreme rulers of Greece, and who | 
at that time were subservient to the views of the 
Thebans, the inveterate enemies of the Phocians, ' 
showed the same spirit of fickleness, and like i 
the rest of their countrymen were actuated by | 
the same fears, the same jealousy and ambition. 
As the supporters of religion, they accused the ' 
Phocians of impiety for ploughing a small 
portion of land which belonged to the god of 
Delphi. They immediately commanded, that 
the sacred field should be laid waste, and that 
the Phocians, to expiate their crime, should pay ■ 
a heavy fine to the community. The inability \ 
of the Phocians to pay the fine, and that of the 
Amphictyons to enforce their commands by- 
violence, gave rise to new events. The people i 
of Phocis were roused by the eloquence and i 
the popularity of Philomelus, one of their coun- ' 
trymen, and when this ambitious ringleader had ' 
liberally contributed the great riches he pos- j 
sessed for the good of his countrymen, they 
resolved to oppose the Amphictyonic council 
by force of arms. He seized the rich temple of 
Delphi, and employed the treasures which it 
contained to raise a mercenary army. During i 
two years hostilities were carried on between the j 
Phocians and their enemies, the Thebans and ' 
the people of Locris, but no decisive battles were ' 
fought; and it can only be observed, that the 1 
Phocian prisoners were always put to an ig- i 
niminious death, as guilty of the most abomina* ' 
ble sacrilege and impiety, a treatment which i 
was liberally retaliated on such of the army of ' 
the Amphictyons as became the captives of the 
enemy. The defeat and death of Philomelus, 
however, for a while checked their successes; 
but the deceased general was soon succeeded in 
the command by his brother, called Onomar- 
chus, his equal in boldness and ambition, I 
and his superior in activity and enterprize. i 
Onomarchus rendered his cause popular, the I 
Thessalians joined his army, and the neighbour- I 
ing states observed at least a strict neutrality, | 
if they neither opposed nor favoured his arms, i 
Philip of Maceiionia, who had assisted the j 
Thebans. was obliged to retire from the tield / 
with dishonour, but a more successful battle { 
was fought near Magnesia, and the monarch, by 
crowning the head of his soldiers with aure), ' 
and telling them that they fought in the cause 
of Delphi and heaven, obtained a complete | 
victory. Onomarchus was slain, and his body 



576 



PHO 



577 



PHOS 



exposed on a gibbet ; 6000 shared his fate, and 
their bodies were thrown into the sea, as un- 
worthy of funeral honours, and 3000 were taken 
alive. This fatal defeat, however, did not ruin 
the Phocians : Phayllus, the only surviving 
brother of Philomelus, took the command of 
their armies, and doubling the pay of his sol- 
diers, he increased his forces by the addition of 
9000 men from Athens, Lacedaemon, and Achaia. 
But all this numerous force at last proved in- 
effectual, the treasures of the temple of Delphi, 
which had long defrayed the expences of the 
war, began to fail, dissensions arose among the 
ringleaders of Phocis, and when Philip had 
crossed the straits of Thermopylae, the Phocians 
relying on his generosity, claimed his protection, 
and implored him to plead their cause before 
the Amphictyonic council. His feeble inter- 
cession was not attended with success, and the 
Thebans, the Locrians, and the Thessalians, 
who then composed the Amphictyonic council, 
unanimously decreed, that the Phocians should 
be deprived of the privilege of sending members 
among the Amphictyons. Their arms and 
their horses were to be sold, for the benefit of 
Apollo, they were to pay the annual sum of 
60,000 talents till the temple of Delphi had been 
restored to its ancient splendour and opulence ; 
their cities were to be dismantled, and reduced 
to distinct villages, which were to contain no 
more than sixty houses each, at the distance 
of a furlong from one another, and all the privi- 
leges and the immunities of which they were 
stripped, were to be conferred on Philip, king of 
Macedonia, for his eminent services in the prose- 
cution of the Phocian war. The Macedonians 
were ordered to put these cruel commands into 
execution. The Phocians were unable to make 
resistance, and ten years after they had under- 
taken the sacred war. they saw their country laid 
desolate, their walls demolished, and their cities 
in ruins, by the wanton jealousy of their enemies, 
and the inflexible cruelty of the Macedonian 
soldiers, B. C 348. They were not, however, 
long under this disgraceful sentence, their well 
known valour and courage recommended them 
to favour, and they gradually regained their in- 
fluence and consequence by the protection of 
the Athenians, and the favours of Philip. Ldv. 

32, 18 Ovid. Am. 2, 6, 15. Met. b, 276.— 

Justin. 8, &c — Diod. 16, &c Plut. in Bern. 

Lys. Per. &.c.~Strab. 5. — Paw*. 4, 5. 

Phocus, son of Phocion, was dissolute in his 
manners and unworthy of the virtues of his 
great father. He was sent to Lacedaemon to 
imbibe .there the principles of sobriety, of tem- 
perance, and frugality. He cruelly revenged 
the death of his father, whom the Athenians 

had put to death. Plut. in Phoc. et Apoph. A 

son of uEacus by Psamathe, killed by Telamon, 
Apollod. 3, 12. 

Phocyi.iDES, a Greek poet and philosopher, 
bom at Miletus, flourished about B. C 540, and 
was in high esteem for the purity of his style 
and of his sentiments. The Greek verses ex- 
tant at this day under the name of Phocylides 
are falsely attributed to this writer, being mani- 
festly of a later age, probably that of Adrian or 
Trajan, and apparently by a Christian, since 
they contain some of the forged Sibylline verses. 
They have been several times printed, separ- 
ately or with others of the minor Greek poets. 
The best edition is that of Schier, Lips. 1751, 
8vo. i 



PHfEBAS, a name applied to the priestess of 
Apollo's temple at Delphi. Ltican. 5, 128, &c. 

Phcebe, a name given to Diana, or the moon, 
on account of the brightness of that luminary. 
She became, according to Apollodorus, mother 
of Asteria and Latona. Vid. Diana. 

PhcebiDAS, aLacedaemonian general sent by 
the Ephori to the assistance of the Macedonians 
against the Thracians. He seized the citadel of 
Thebes ; but though he was disgraced and 
banished from the Lacedaemonian army for 
this perfidious measure, yet his countrymen 
kept possession of the town. He died B. C. 
377. C. Nep. in Pelop. 

Phcebigena, a surname of ^sculapius, &c. 
as being descended from Phoebus. Firg. Mn, 
7, 773. 

Phcebus, a name given to Apollo or the sun. 
This word expresses the brightness and splen- 
dour of that luminary, (^ot/Soj.) Vid. Apollo. 

PHffiNiCE, or Phcenicia, a country of Asia, 
between mount Libanus and the sea, corres- 
ponding with the modern Pacholic of Acre, and 
the southern part of the Fachalic of Tripoli. It 
extended from the river Cherseus on the south, 
to beyond the island Aradus on the north, though 
its limits in the latter direction were subse- 
quently formed by the river Eleutherus. To 
the north and east it touched upon Syria, to the 
south upon Palestine it was nearly the same 
in size as the island of Cyprus, and contained 
2900 square miles. The Phoenicians are said to 
have owed heir appellation to the great number 
of palm-trees (cpoivntes') which grew in their 
country, though there are other accounts, 
which deduce their name from Phoenix, one of 
their early kings. They were descendants of 
Canaan, and from their Jiot having been driven 
out by the children of Israel, their country 
preserved the name of Canaan much longer 
than the other portions of it, which were better 
inhabited by the Israelites : the more inland 
part of Phcenicia, touching upon Syria, was 
termed Syro-Phoenicia. The Phoenicians were 
originally governed by their own laws, each 
great city choosing its particular ruler ; such 
matters as concerned the whole nation being 
always debated at Tripolis. They were con- 
quered by the Persians, and afterwards by 
Alexander, to whom and to the Romans they 
became tributary. Under the Persians they 
extended their boundaries on all sides, obtaining 
dominion over the northern part of Palestine, 
and along its coast as far as Joppa, and the 
limits of Egypt. They were the early mer- 
chants of the world, having sent out colonies to 
all parts of the Mediterranean, and ventured 
beyond the straits of Gibraltar to the Cassiter- 
ides, and to the western coasts of Africa; com- 
merce and navigation were amongst them in the 
most flourishing state. They were the first 
who invented arithmetic, and steered their ships 
by the stars ; and according to the Greeks, 
Cadmus, a Phoenician, was the inventor of 
letters. They were a most ingenious people, 
and excelled all the other nations of the earth, 
in their elegant and beautiful manufactures; so 
great indeed was their fame, that the temple of 
Solomon, the most magnificent building men- 
tioned in the Holy Scriptures was raised under 
the direction of Tyrian artists, Herod. 4, 42. 
5, 58.— Homm Odyss. 15, 4]5.—Mela, 1, 11. 2, 
7.-Strnb. 16.~Apollod .3, 1.- Lucret. 2,829.— 
Plin. 2, 47. 5, 12.— Curt. 4, 2, — Virg, Ain. 1, 

u C 



PHCE 



5 



178 



PHO 



Sec. -Orid. Met. 12, 104. 14, -315. 15, 283.— 
Propert. 2. --0, 61 . 

PHCENICIA. Vid. Phoenice, 

Phcenicusa, now Felicudi, one of the ^Eolian 
islands at the north of Sicily. 

Phcemssa, a patrynomie ffiven to Dido as a 
native of Phoenicia. Virg jEn. 4, j29- 

PHCENIX. a fabulous bird, of which Herodotus 
gives the following account in that part of his 
work which treats of Egypt. " The Phoenix is 
another sacred bird which I have never seen 
except in effigy. He rarely appears in Egypt ; 
once only in five hundred years, immediately 
after the death of his father, as the Heliopolitans 
affirm. If the painters describe him truly, his 
feathers represent a mixture of crimson and 
gold ; and he resembles the eagle in outline and 
size. They affirm that he contrives the follow- 
ing thing, which to me is not credible. They 
say that he comes from Arabia, and, bringing 
the body of his father enclosed in myrrh, buries 
him in the temple of the sun; and that he brings 
him in the following manner. First he moulds 
as great a quantity of myrrh into the shape ot 
an egg, as he is well able to carry; and, after 
having tried the weight, he hollows out the egg, 
and puts his parent into it, and stops up with 
some more myrrh the hole through which he 
had introduced the body, so that the weight is 
the same as before : he then carries the whole 
mass to the temple cf the sun in Esypt. Such 
is the account they give of the Phoenix. Herod. 

2, 73. Son of Amyntor, king of Argos, by 

Cleobule, or Hippodamia, was preceptor to 
young Achilles. When his father proved faith- 
less to his wife, on account of his fondness for a 
concubine called Clitia, Cleobule, jealous of her 
husband, persuaded her son Phoenix to ingra- 
tiate himself into the favours of his father s 
mistress. Phoenix easily succeeded, but when 
Amyntor discovered his intrigues, he drew a 
curse upon him, and the son was soon after 
deprived of his sight by divine vengeance. 
According to some, Amyntor himself put out 
the eyes of his son, which so cruelly provoked 
him, that he meditated the death of his father. 
Reason and piety, however, prevailed over 
passion, and Phoenix, not to become a parricide, 
fled fro.m Argos to the court of Peleus, king of 
Piithia. Here he was treated with tenderness, 
Peleus carried him to Chiron, who restored him 
to his eye-sight, and soon after he was made 
preceptor to Achilles, his benefactor's son. He 
was also presented with the government of 
many cities, and made king of the Dolopes. He 
accompanied his pupil to the Trojan war, and 
Achilles was ever grateful for the instructions 
and precepts which he had received from 
Phoenix. After the death of Achilles, Phoenix, 
w ith others, was commissioned by the Greeks 
to return into Greece, to bring young Pyrrhus 
to the war. This commission he performed 
with success, and after the fall of Troy, he 
returned with Pyrrhus, and died in Thessaly. 
He was buried at .(Eon, or according to Strabo. 
ne.ir Trachinia, where a small river in the 
neighbourhood received the name of Phoenix, 
and after joining the Asopus fell into the sea 
near Thermopylae. Ond. in lb. 2.i9. —Apollod. 

2. l.-Firg. ,Sn. 2, 76i. .\ son of Agenor. 

by a nymph who was called Telephassa, accord- 
ing to Apollodorus and Moschus, or, according 
to others, Epimeuusa, Perimeda, or Agriope. 



He was, like his brothers Cadmus and Cili.T, | 
sent by his father in pursuit of his sister Europa, 
whom Jupiter had carried away under the fornrj 
of a bull, and when his inquiries proved unsuc- i 
cessful, he settled in a country, which, accord- i 
ing to some, was from him called Phoenicia. I 
Hi/gin. fab. 17S. 

Pholoe, a mountain of Elis, at the base of 
which stood the city of Pylos, between the heads , 

of the rivers Peneiis and Selleis. Strab. 8 • j 

A female servant of Cretan origin, given with I 
her two sons to Sergestus bv .-Eneas. Virg. jEtu | 
5, 

Pholus, one of the Centaurs, son of Silenus j 
and Melia, or, according to others, of Ixion and i 
the cloud. He kindly entertained Hercules j 
when he was going against the boar of Eryman- i 
thus, but he refused to give him wine, as that ■ 
which he had, belonged to the rest of the Cea- j 
taurs. Hercules, upon this, without ceremony, | 
broke the cask and drank the wine. The smell 1 
of the liquor drew the Centaurs from the neigh- 
bourhood to the house of Pholus, but Hercules 1 
stopped them when they forcibly entered the 
habitation of his friend, and killed the greatest 
part of them. Pholus gave the dead a decent 
funeral, but he mortally wounded himself with 
one of the arrows which were poisoned with the 
venom of the hydra, and which he attempted to 
extract from the body of one of the Centaurs. 
Hercules, unable to cure him, buried him when 
dead, and called the mountain, where his remains 
were deposited, by the name of Pholoe. Virg. 

G. 2, 45(5. jEu 8, IQi.—Lucan. 3, 6 et 7. ■ ; 

One of the friends of ^Eneas, killed by Tumus. j 
Virg. ^n. 12, 341. . 

Phorbas, a son of Priam and Epithesia, 
killed during the Trojan war, by Menelaus. 
The god Somnus borrowed his features when 
he deceived Palinurus, and threw him into the 
sea near the coast of Italy. Virg. Mn. 5, 843. 

A son of Lapithus, who married Hyrmine, 

the daughter of Epeus, by whom he had Actor. 
Pelops, according to Diodorus, shared his king- | 
dom with Phorbas, who also, says the same , 
historian, established himself at Rhodes, at the i 
head of a colony from Elis and Thessaly, by order ' 
of the oracle which promised, by his means only, | 
deliverance from the numerous serpents which i 

infested the island. Diod. 2.~Paus 5, 1 .A ' 

native of Syene. son of Methion, killed by Per- ' 
seus. Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 3. 

Phorcus, or Phorcys, a sea-deity son of 
Pontus and Terra, who married his sister Ceto, 
by whom he had the Gorsons, the dragon that ■ 
kept the apples of the Hesperides, and other | 
monsters. Hesiod. Theogn. 270 et 352. —Apollod. | 

One of the auxiliaries of Priam, killed by ,| 

Ajax. during the Trojan war. — Homer. II. 17. 

A man whose seven sons assisted Tumus 

against Mne^s. — Virg. Mn. 10, 328. ' 

Pkormio. an Athenian general, whose father's j 
name was Asopicus. He impoverished himself , 
to maintain and support the dignity of his army. . | 
fiis debts were some time after paid by the i 
Athenians, who wished to make him their gen- ! 
eral. an office which he refused, while he had so I 
many debts, observing that it was unbecoming i 
an officer to be at the head of an army, when he f 
knew that he was poorer than the meanest of his \ 

soldiers. A Peripatetic philosopher of Ephe- ', 

su^, who once gave a lecture upon the duties of an j 
•ilicer, and a military profession. The philoso ] 



PRO 



679 



PHR 



pher was himself ignorant of the subject which 

he treated, upon which Hannibal the Great, who 
j was one of his auditors, exclaimed that he had 
I seen many doating old men, but never one worse 

than Fhormio. Cic. de Nat. D. 2, 18. A dis- 

I ci,ple of Plato, chosen by the people of Elis, to 

make a reformation in their government, and 
I their jurisprudence. 

I Phormis, an ArcsRlian who acquired great 
I riches at the court of Gelon and Hiero in Sicily. 
He dedicated the brazen statue of a mare to 
Jupiter Olympius in Peloponnesus, which so 
much resembled nature, that horses came near 
I it, a? if it had been alive. Paus. 6, 27. 
! PhorOneus, the god of a river of Peloponne- 
sus of the same name. He was son of the river 
j Inachus, by Melissa, and he was the second king 
I of Argos. He married a nymph called Cerdo, 
: or Laodice, by whom he had Apis, from whom 
Argolis was called Apia, and Niobe, the first 
woman of whom Jupiter became enamoured. 
Phoroneus taught his subjects the utility of laws, 
and the advantages of a social life, and of friendly 
intercourse, whence the inhabitants of Argolis 
are often called Phoroncei. Pausanias relates 
that Phoroneus, with the Cephisus, Asterion, 
and Inachus, were appointed as umpires in a 
quarrel between Nepiune and Juno, concerning 
their right of patronizing Argolis. Juno gained 
the preference, upon which Neptune, in a fit of 
resentment, dried up all the four rivers, whose 
decision he deemed partial. He afterwards 
restored them to their dignity and consequence. 
Phoroneus was the first who raised a temple to 
Juno . He received divine honours after death. 
His temple still existed at Arjros, under Anton- 
inus, the Roman emperor. Pans. 2, 15, &c. — 
Apollod. 2, l.—Hygin. fab. 143. 

Phoronis, a patronymic of lo as sister of 
Phoroneus. Ovid. Met. 1, 625. 

PhotiNUS, an eunuch who was prime minister 
to Ptolemy, king of Egypt, When Pompey fled, 
to the court of Ptolemy, after the battle of 
Pharsalia, Photinus advised his master not to 
receive him, but to put him to death. His 
advice was strictly followed. Julius Caesar 
some time after visited Egypt, aod Photinus 
raised seditions against him, for which he was 
put to death. When Caesar triumphed over 
Egypt and Alexandria, the pictures of Photinus 
and of some of the Egyptians, were carried in 

the procession at Rome. Plut. A heretic of the 

fourth century, was a native of Ancyra, and 
bish(;p of Sirmium, in lUyricum. He espoused 
the opinions of Paul of Samosata, and opposed 
the doctrine of the divinity of Christ with great 
zeal; for which he was banished in 351. He 
died in 377. 

PliOTlus, patriarch of Constantinople in the 
9;h century, was a native of that city. He rose 
to the highest offices of the state, before he 
entered into orders, which took place on the 
deposition of Ignatius in 858. Photiu? was 
deprived in his turn by Basilius in 867, but after 
living in exile eleven years, he forcibly regained 
his seat, which he kept fill 886, and was then 
deprived by the emperor Leo, who sent him into 
Armenia, where he died. His Bibliotheca con- 
tains the substance of near three hundred ancient 
authors. It was printed at Vienna in 1601, but 
the best edition is that of Rouen in 1653, folio. 
The Nomocanon of this author is a valuable 
digest of the canons of councils and imperial laws 



on ecclesiastical affairs. Photius's letters were 
printed in 1651, folio; and a Geeek Lexicon by 
him was published at Leipsic.. in 1808, from two 
inaccurate manuscripts. There is a very correct 
one, with a beautiful copy, in the library of 
Trinity college, Cambridge. 

Phraates 1st, a king of Parthia, who suc- 
ceeded Arsaces the 3d, called also Phriapatius. 
He made war against Antiochus, king of Syria, 
and was defeated in three successive battles. 
He left many children behind him, but as they 
were all too young, and unable to succeed to the 
throne, he appointed his brother Mithridates 
king, of whose abilities, and military prudence, 

he had often been a spectator. Justin. 41, 5. 

The 2d, succeeded his father Mithridates as 
king of Parthia; and made war against the 
Scythians, whom he called to his assistance 
against Antiochus, king of Syria, and whom 
he refused to pay, on the pretence that they 
came too late. He was murdered by some 
Greek mercenaries, who had been once his 
captives, and who had enlisted in his armv, B. C. 

129. Justin. 42, ].—Plut. in Pomp. the 3d, 

succeeded his father Pacorus on th% throne of 
Parthia, and gave one of his daughters in mar- 
riage to Tigranes, the son of Tigranes king of 
Armenia. Soon after he invaded the kingdom 
of Armenia, to make his son-in-law sit on the 
throne of his father. His expedition was attended 
with ill success. He renewed a treaty of alliance 
which his father had made with the Romans. 
At his return into Parthia, he was assassinated 

by his sons Orodes and Mithridates. Justin. 

The 4th, was nominated king of Parthia by his 
father Orodes, whom he soon after murdered, 
as also 30 of his own brothers, that he might 
the more securely possess the supreme power. 
He made war against M. Antony with great 
success, and obliged him to retire with much 
loss. Some time after he was dethroned by the 
Parthian nobility, but by the assistance of the 
Scythians, he soon regained his power, and 
drove away the usurper, called Tiridates. The 
usurper claimed the protection of Augustus, the 
Roman emperor, and Phraates sent ambassadors 
to Rome to plead his cause, and gain the favour 
of his powerful judge. He was successful in his 
embassy: he made a treaty of peace and alliance 
with the Roman emperor, restored the ensigns 
and standards which the Parthians had taken 
from Cras?us and Antony, and gave up his four 
sons with their wives as hostages, till his engage- 
ments , were performed. Some suppose that 
Phraates delivered his children into the hands 
of Augustus to be confined at Rome, that he 
might reign with greater security, as he kriew 
his subjects would revolt, as soon as they found 
any one of his family inclined to countenance 
their rebellion, though, at the same time, they 
scorned to support the interest of any usurper, 
who was not of the royal house of the Arsacidae. 
He was, however, at last murdered by one of his 
concubines, who placed her son called Phraatices 
on the throne. FaL Max. 7, 6. — Justin. 42, 5. — 
Plut. in Anton. &c.— Tucit. Ann. 6, 32. 

PhraatTces. a son of Phraates 4th. He, with 
his mother, murdered his father, and took posses- 
sion of the vacant throne. His reign was short: 
he was deposed by his subjects, whom he had 
offended by his cruelty, avarice, and oppression. 

• PhrahAtes, the same as Phraates. Fid. 

Phraatf.s. 

3 C 2 



PHR 



580 



PHR 



Phraortes succeeded his father Deioces on 
the throoe of Media. He made war against the 
neighbouring nations, and conquered the greatest 
part of Asia. He was defeated and killed in a 
battle by the Assyrians, after a reign of 22 years, 
B. C. 625. His son Cyaxares succeeded him. 
It is supposed that the Arphaxad mentioned in 
Judith is Phraortes. Herod. 1, 102. 

Phriconis, a more ancient name for Cumae 
in ^olia. According to Strabo, ' the early 
settlers from Locris established themselves for a 
considerable space of ^ime in the vicinity of 
mount Phricium. Hence they gave to the new 
state, when they had founded it, the name of 
Phriconis. 

Phrixa, a town of Ells, on the left bank of 
the Alpheus, and a little to the east of Olympia. 
It was founded by the Minyas. Its site is now 
called Palaio Phamari. Herod. 4, 148. 

Phronima, a daughter of Etearchus, king of 
Crete. She was delivered to a servant to be 
thrown into the sea, by order of her father, at 
the instigation of his second wife. The servant 
was unwilling to murder the child, but as he was 
bound by an oath to throw her into the sea, he 
accordingly let her down into the water by a 
rope, and took her out again unhurt. Phronima 
was afterwards in the number of the concubines 
of Polymnestus, by whom she became mother 
of Battus, the founder of Cyrene, Herod. 4, 154. 

Phrontis, son of Onetor, pilot of the ship of 
Menelaus, after the Trojan war, was killed by 
Apollo just as the ship reached Sunium. Horn 
Od. 3, 282.— Paus. 10, 25. One of the Argon- 
auts. Apollod. ]. 

PhrygiA, the second in size amongst the 
provinces of Asia Minor. Its limits were alto- 
gether undefined by nature, and so very irregular 
that they touched upon all the other provinces of 
the peninsula with the exception of Paphlagonia 
and Pontus, To the east it bordered on Galatia 
and Cappadocia; to the south on Cilicia, Pisidia, 
and Lycia; to the west on Caria, Lydia, and 
Mysia; and to the north on Bithynia and Gala- 
tia. These limits include the district of Lyca- 
onia. Phrygia is supposed by some critics to 
have obtained its name from the Greek word 
(ppiyoD torreo, owing to the volcanic or burnt-up 
appearance presented by its surface. It was 
called Major in contradistinction to Phrygia 
Minor, which lay along the southern shore of 
the Propontis: prior to the irruptions of the 
; Gauls it included the province of Galatia. 
i During the confusion which ensued after the 
\ death of Alexander, the Bithynians seized upon 
-that part of Phrygia, which was contiguous to 
; their own territory, but it was subsequently 
regained from them by its original possessors, 
< and hence obtained the epithet of Epictetus. 
The southern part of the province bordering upon 
mount Taurus was called from this circumstance 
Paroreios; but the Romans during the fourth 
century took it from Phrygia, and added it to 
their new province of Pisidia; about the same 
time too, they divided Phrygia into Salutaris 
and Pacatiana, the former lying between Galatia 
and Pisidia, the latter between Bithynia and 
Caria: the district of Lycaonia retained its name. 
The Phrygians are said by the profane writers 
to have wandered, under the conduct of Midas, 
the pupil of Orpheus, from the southern part of 
Macedonia into the districts on the southern 
shores of the Propontis, many years before the 



Trojan war; it is likewise stated that they were 
called Briges in their original settlements, and 
that those of them who did not join in the great 
migration of their race, preserved the latter 
name through all subsequent ages. Their power 
and numbers are represented as having been 
exceedingly great, for they took possession of 
the whole interior of the peninsula; they are 
also mentioned as the first tibople dwelling there, 
and their own traditions, as well as those of the 
Egyptians, are said to have maintained that 
they were the most ancient race of men in the 
world. They were remarkable in an early age 
for the high state of civilization to which they 
had attained; they are said to have invented the 
pipe of reeds, and all sorts of needle-work, and 
to have brought music and dancing to such per- 
fection that they were copied even by the Greeks, 
Their chief deity was Cjbele, whose festivals 
they observed with the greatest solemnity. 
Mela, 1, 19.— Strab. 2, Sec— Ovid- Met. 13, 429, 
&c — Ctc. ad Fam. 7, 16.—Flacc. 21.—Dio. 1, 50. 
—PUn. 8, 48.— f/orof. od. 2, 9, IQ.—Paus. 5,25. 
—Herod. 7, 73. 

Phryne, a celebrated prostitute who flour- 
ished at Athens about 323 years before the 
Christian era. She was mistress to Praxiteles, 
who drew her picture. [Ftci. Praxiteles.] This 
was one of his best pieces, and it was placed in 
the temple of Apollo at Delphi: It is said that 
Apelles painted his Venus Anadyomene after 
he had seen Phr3me on the sea-shore naked, and 
with dishevelled hair. Phryne became so rich 
by the liberality of her lovers, that she offered 
to rebuild, at her own expence, Thebes, which 
Alexander had destroyed, provided this in- 
scription was placed on the walls : Alexander 
diruit, sed merelrix Phryne refedt. This was 

refused. Plin. 34, 8. There was also another 

of the same name who was accused of impiety, 
though some consider her to be the same person 
as the mistress of Praxiteles. When she saw 
that in spite of the eloquence of her defender 
Hyperides she was going to be condemned, she 
unveiled her bosom, which it is said so in- 
fluenced her judges, that she was immediately 
acquitted. Quinlil. 2, 15. 

Phrynicus, a tragic poet of Athens, disciple 
to Thespis. He was the first who introduced a 
female character on the stage. The characters 
of females were always played by males on the 
ancient stage-, it would have been more correct 
therefore to have said that Phrynichus was 
the first who introduced a female mask. In 
some of his pieces the chorus very probably was 
composed of female characters thus represented. 
The tragedies of this poet were remarkable for 
the frequent dances that were intermingled 
with them. He himself taught the art. Phry- 
nichus composed among others a tragedy which 
Themi.stocles caused to be I'epresented with 
great magnificence, and which bore away the 
prize. The.memory of this event was perpetuated 
by an inscription. The tragedy was probably 
The Phcenicians or The Persians. His piece 
entitled The Taking of Miletus made such an 
impression upon the audience at Athens, that 
the Athenians actually condemned the poet to 
pay a fine for having opened anew so deep a 
national wound, and one so dishonourable to the 
Greeks. Suidas, however, attributes this piece 
to another Phrynichus, but Bentley has shown 
that only one poet of the name composed trage- 



PHR 



581 



PHY 



dies A comic poet anterior to Aristophanes. 

A Greek sophist, a native of Bithynia, who 

flourished in the reign of Marcus Antoninus 
and Commodus. Two works are attributed to 
hirn, viz. "Apparatus Sophisticus," and " Lec- 
tiones Atticse." There is extant an abridgmeut 
of the laiter, which was first printed at Rome 
under the title of " £clogaenominum etverborum 
Atricorum," Gr. et Lat. 1517. The best edition 
of this work is that of Lobeck, Lips. 1820, 8vo. 

PHRYNIS, a musician of Mitylene, the first 
who obtained a musical prize at the Panatbenaea 
at Athens. He added two strings to the lyre, 
which had always been used with seven by all 
his predecessors, B. C 438. It is said that he 
was originally a cook at the house of Hiero, 
king of Sicily, who observed his musical genius 
and recommended bira to the care of Aristo- 
clitus. Suidas. A writer in the reign of Com- 
modus, who made a collection, in thirty-six 
books, of phrases and sentences from the best 
Greek authors, &c. 

Phryxus, a son of Athamas, king of Thebes, 
by Nephele. After the repudiation of his 
mother, he was persecuted with the most in- 
veterate fury by bis step-mother Ino, because 
he was to sit on the throne of Athamas, in 
preference to the children of a second wife. He 
was apprized of Ino's intentions upon his life, 
by his mother Nephele, or, according to others, 
by his preceptor ; and the better to make his 
escape, he secured part of his father's treasures, 
and privately left Boeotia with his sister Helle, 
to go to their friend and relation ^etes, king of 
Colchis. They embarked on board a ship, or 
according to the fabulous account of the poets 
and mythologists, they mounted on the back of 
a ram whose fleece was of gold, and proceeded 
on their journey through the air. The height 
to which they were carried made Helle giddy, 
and she fell into the sea. Phryxus gave her a 
decent burial on the sea-shore, and after he had 
called the place Hellespont from her name, he 
continued his flight, and arrived safe in the 
kingdom of iEetes, where he offered the ram on 
the altars of Mars. The king received him with 
great tenderness, and gave him his daughter Chal- 
ciope in marriage. She had by him Phrontis, Me- 
lias, Argos, Cylindrus, whom some call Cytorus, 
Catis, Lorus, and Hellen. Some time after he 
was murdered by his father-in-law, who envied 
him the possession of the golden fleece ; and 
Chaleiope, to prevent her children from sharing 
their father's fate, sent them privately from 
Colchis to Bceotia, as nothing was to be dreaded 
there from the jealousv or resentment of Ino, 
who was then dead. The fable of the flight of 
Phryxus to Colchis on a ram has been explained 
by some, who observe, that the ship on which 
he embarked was either called by that name, or 
carried on her prow the figure of that animal. 
The fleece of gold is explained by recollecting 
that Phryxus carried away immense treasures 
from Thebesi Phryxus was placed among the 
jonstellations of heaven after death. The ram 
which carried him to Asia, is said to have been 
the fruit of Neptune's amour with Theophane, 
the daughter of Altis, This ram had been 
given to Athamas by the gods, to rev.ard his 
piety and religious life, and Nephele procured 
it for her children, just as they were going to 
he sacrificed to the jealousy of Ino. The mur- 
iitr of Phryxus was S4.mie lime alter anijily re- 



Vv>nged by the Greeks. It gave rise to a cele- 
brated expedition which was achieved under 
J>ison and many of the princes of Greece, and 
which had for its object the recovery of the 
golden fleece, and the punishment of the king 
of Colchis for his cruelty to the son of Athamas 
Herod. 7, 197. — ApoUon. Arg. Orpheus- 
Flaccus—Strab.—ApoUod. 1, 9. - Pindar. I'yth. 
4.. — Hy gin. fab. 14, 188, &c — Ovid. Heroid. Id. 

Phthia. Vid. Phthiotis. 

Phthiotis, a district of Thessaly, compre 
bending the southern part of that country, from 
the Pelasgic gulf to the Pindus. It included 
the districts of Phthia and Hellas, mentioned 
by Homer, as well as the tract of country inhab- 
ited by the Dolopians. It was anciently called 
Achaia. Strab. 9.— Homer. IL 2, 6i3. 9, 474. 

Phya, a tall and beautiful woman of Attica, 
whom Pisistratus, when he wished tore-establish 
himself a third time in his tyranny, dressed like 
the goddess Minerva, and led to the city on a 
chariot, making the populace believe that the 
goddess herself came to restore him to power. 
The artifice succeeded. Herod. 1, 59. — Folycen, 
1, 40. 

Phycus, (unfis,) a promontory near Cyrene, 
and east of Ptolemais, now called liasct. Mela, 
1, 7. -Plin. 4, 12. 

Phylace, a town of Macedonia, in the 
interior of Pieria. Plin. 4, 10.— A town of 
Epirus, thought to correspond with the vestiges 
to be seen near the village of Felchista, on th^ 

western side of the lake of Joannina, A town 

of Thessaly, in the Magnesian district, near 
Phthiotic Thebes, and on the river Sperchius. 
It was the native place of Protesilaus, who is 
hence sometimes called Phylacides. There was 
a temple here consecrated to him. The ruins 
of this town probably exist near the present 
village of Agios Theodoras. Homer. II. 2, 698. — 
Find. Isthm. 1, 83. 

Phyl£, a place celebrated in the history of 
Athens, as the scene of Thrasybulus' first ex- 
ploit in behalf of his oppressed countrj'. It was 
situate about 100 stadia from Athens, ,to the 
north-west, according to Diodorus, but Demos- 
thenes estimates the distance at more than 120 
stadia. The fortress of Phyle is now Bigla Cas- 
tro. Diod. 41. — Pseph. in Or. de Cor. 

Phyllis, a daughter of Sithon, or, according 
to others, of Lycurgus, king of Thrace, who 
hospitably received Demophoon, the son of 
Theseus, who at his return from the Trojan 
war, had stopped on her coasts. She bccamf 
enamoured of him. and did not find him insen- 
sible to her passion. After some months of 
mutual tenderness and affection, Demopluxm 
set sail for Athens, where his domestic affairs 
recalled him. He promised faithfully to return 
as soon as a month was expired ; but either hi^ 
dislike for Phyllis, or the irreparable situation 
of his affairs, obliged him to violate his engage- 
ment; and the queen, grown desperate on ac 
count of his absence, hanged herself, or, accord- 
ing to others, threw herself down a precipice 
into the sea, and perished. Her friends raised 
a tomb over her body, where there grew up 
certain trees, whose leaves, at a particular 
season of the year, suddenly became wet, as if 
shedding tears for the death of Phyllis. Ac- 
cording to an old tradition mentioned by Ser- 
; vius, Virgil'.s commentator, Phyllis was changed 
' bv the gods into an almoni! 'rt-t, which is cafleu 
' 6C 6 



PHY 



582 



PIE 



PhyUa by the Greeks. Some days after this ians, possessing the eastern and north-eastern 
metamorphosis, Deraophoon revisited Thrace, ! coasts. The principal seat of the Pictish kings 
and when he heard of the fate of Phyllis, he ran [ was at Abemethy. In the ninth century, they 
and clasped the tree, which, though at that time were totally subdued by the Scots under Ken- 
stripped of its loaves, suddenly shot forth and j neth II., and since that time, their name has 



blossomed, as if still sensible of tenderness and 
love. The absence of Demophoon from the 
house of Phyllis has given rise to a beautiful 
epistle of Ovid, supposed to have been written 
by the Thraclan queen, about the fourth month 
after her lover's departure. Ovid. Heroid. 2 
de Art. Am. 2, 353. Trist. 2, iZ7.—Hygin. fab. 

59. The nurse of the emperor Domitian, who 

buried him when murdered. Suet, in Dom. 17. 

lA region of Thrace, forming part of Edonis, 

and situate to the north of mount Pangasus. 
Herod. 7, 114. 

Phyllus, a general of J'hocis during the 
Phocian or sacred war against the Thebans. He 
had assumed the command after the death of his 
brothers Philomelus and Onomarchus. He is 
called by some Phayllus. Vid. Phocis. 

Physcon, a surname of one of the Ptole- 
mies, king of Egypt, from the great prominency 
of his belly (^<p{>aKa>v., "the paunch;" from (piaxr), 
" the lower belly.' ) 

"Physcos, a town of Caria, opposite Rhodes, 
and subject to that island. It contained a 
grove sacred to Latona. Its site is occupied by 
Castro Marmora. Strab. 14. 

PiA, or PlALiA, festivals instituted in ho- 
nour of Adrian, by the emperor Antoninus. 
They were celebrated at Puteoli, on the second 
year of the Olympiads. 

PiCENi, or PiCENTES, a people of Italy, oc- 
cupying v.hat was called Picenura. Vid. Pi- 
cenum. 

PiCENTiA, a city of Campania, about seven 
miles beyond Salernum, and once the capital 
of tiie Picentini. It is now called Vicensa. 
Strab. b. — MeU, 2, ^.—Plin. 3, 5.—Flor. 3, 13. 

PiCENTiNI, a people of Italy, south of Cam- 
pania, occupying an inconsiderable extent of 
territory, from the promontory of Minerva to 
the mouth of the river Silarus, They were a 



been lost in that of their conquerors. Their 
name has been supposed to refer to the practice ■ 
of painting their bodies ; but, as the same cus- 
tom prevailed among other nation*, this has been 
questioned. The word Piochdach, the Gaelic '. 
for Pict, is used in the sense of plunderer. 

Pxct5nes, or PiCTAVI, a people of Aqui- 
' tanic Gaul, a short distance below the Ligeris, 
or Loire. Their territory corresponds to the 
modern Poitou. Cces. B. G.3, l.—Plin. 4, 19. 

PICU3INUS and PiLUMXUS, two deities at 
Rome, who presided over the auspices, that 
were required before the celebration of nuptials. 
Pilumnus was supposed to patronize children, 
as his name seems in some manner to indicate, 
quod pellat mali infanticB. The manuring of 
lands was first invented by Picumnus, for which 
reason he is called Sterquilinius. Pilumnus is 
also invoked as the god of bakers and millers, 
as he is said to have first invented how to grind 
com. Turnus boasted of being one of his lineal 
descendants. Virg. .En. 9, 4. — Farro de Fit. 
P. R. 2. 

PiCUS, a king of Latium, son of Saturn, who 
married Venilia, who is also called Canens, by 
whom he had Faunus. He was tenderly loved 
by the goddess Pomona, and he returned a 
mutual affection. As he was one day hunting 
in the woods, he was met by Circe, who became 
deeply enamoured of him, and who, upon find- 
ing her addresses treated with contempt, struck 
him with her wand, and changed him into a 
woodpecker, called by the name of picus among 
the Latins, His wife Venilia was so disconso- 



ate when she was informed of his death, that 



1; 

she pined away. Some suppose that Picus was 
the son of Pilumnus, and that he gave out pro- 
phecies to his subjects, by means of a favourite 
woodpecker, from which circumstance origi- 
nated the fable of his being metamorphosed into 



colony from Picenum, whom the Romans, after a bird. Firg. ^n, 7, 48, 171, See— Ovid, Met. 



their conquest of that province, compelled to 
settle here. The principal cities in their terri- 
tory were Salernum and Picentia. Strab. 5. — 
Piin. 3. 5. 

Picenum, a district of Italy, bounded on the 
west by the Appenines, on the north by the 
iEsis, on the east by the Adriatic, and on the 



14, 320, &c. 

PlERiA, a region of Macedonia, on the coast 
of the Thermaic gulf, bounded on the north by 
the Axius, and on the south by the Haliacmon ; 
although other authorities extend its boundary 
to the Peneus. It formed one of the most in- 
teresting parts of Macedonia, both in consid- 



south by the Suinus, although its limits in this ; eration of the traditions to which it has given 
last direction are sometimes extended to the | birth, as being the first seat of the Muses, and 



Atemus. To the north it bordered on the 
Senones, to the west on Umbria and the Sabini, 
and to the south on the Vestini. It included 
the southern part of Ancona in the Papal States, 
and northern Ahruzzo U tra in the kingdom of 
Naples. The Piceni were a branch of the Sa- 
bini who settled here under the conduct of 
Picus ; their territory was very fruitful, and 
noted for its apples. The Prsetutii, who in- 
habited Picenum south of the Helvinus, were 
of a different race from the Piceni, probably of 
Liburnian origin : their country was famed for 
its wine. Sil. Ital. 8, 441.— Plin, 3. 13. ~ Strab. 
^.—Uv. 22, 9.—Horat. Sat. 2, 3, 272. 2, 4, 70. 
—Juv. Snt. 11. 74, 

PiCT^, or PiCTi, one of the nations inhabit- 
ing North Britain in the time of the Romans, 
and supposed to be a branch of the Caledoni- 



the birth-place of Orpheus; and also of the im- 
portant events which occurred there at a later 
period, involving the destiny of the Macedonian 
empire, and many other parts of Greece. The 
name of Pieria was derived apparently from the 
Pieres, a Thracian people, who were subse- 
quently expelled by the Temenidee, the con- 
querors of Macedonia, and driven north beyond 
the Strymon and mount Pangseus, where they 
formed a new settlement. Homer. II. 14, 22&, 

— Thucyd. 2, 99. -Herod. 7, 112 Strab. 7 . 

An appellation given to the city of Seleucia in 
Syria, from its being situate at the foot of 
mount Pierus, which mountain was so called 
by the Macedonians after one in their native 
country. 

PlEUlDES, a name given to the Muses, either 
because they were born in Pieria, in Thessaly, 



PIE 



583 



PIE 



or because they were supposed by some to be 
' the daughters of Pierus, a king of Macedonia, 
I who settled in Boeotia. — -Also, the daughters 
I of Pierus, who challenged the Muses to a trial 
' in music, in which they were conquered, and 
! changed into magpies. It may perhaps be sup- 
; posed, that the victorious Muses assumed the 
I name of the conquered daughters of Pierus 
I and ordered themselves to be called Pierides, 
I in the same manner as Minerva was called, 
I Pallas, because she had killed the giant Pallas. 

Ovid. Met. 5, 300. 
PlfiRUS, a rich man of Thessaly, whose nine 

daughters, called Pierides, challenged the 

P»Iuses, and were changed into magpies when 

conquered,— —A mountain in Macedonia, in the 

district of Pieria, — -A mountain in Syria, near 

the city of Seleucia. Vid. Pieria. 

Pi ETAS, a virtue which denotes veneration for 

the deity, and love and tenderness to our friends. 

It received divine honours among the Romans, 
1 and was made one of their gods. Acilius Glabrio 
I first erected a temple to this new divinity, on the 
I spot where a woman had fed with her own milk 

her aged father who had been imprisoned by the 
I order of the senate, and deprived of all aliments. 

Cic. de Div. 1. 42. — Fa?. Max. 5, 4 — Hin. 7, 36. 
PiGRUM MARE, a name applied to the 

northern sea, from its being frozen. Plin. 4, 13. 
f — Tacit. G. 45. 

PiLUMNUS, the god of bakers at Rome. {Vid. 

Picumnus. 

PiMPLEA, a small town of Macedonia, not far 
from Dium and Libethra, where Orpheus was 
said by some to have been born. Strab, Epit. 7. 
— Apoll. Rhod. 1, 23.— Lycophr. 273. 

PiNARA, a town of Lycia, at the foot of mount 
Cragus. It was colonized by the Xanthians. 
Strab. 14. 

PiNARiUS and PoTiTius, two old men of 
Arcadia, who came with Evander to Italy. They 
were instructed by Hercules, who visited the 
court of Evander, how they were to offer sacri- 
fices to his divinity, in the morning, and in the 
evening, immediately at sun-set. The morning 
sacrifice they punctually performed, ^ut on the 
evening Potitius was obliged to offer the sacri- 
fice alone, as Pinarius neglected to come till 
after the appointed time. This negligence 
offended Hercules, and he ordered, that for the 
future, Pinarius and his decendants should pre- 
side over the sacrifices, but that Potitius, with 
his posterity, should wait upon the priests as 
servants, when the sacrifices were annually 
offered to him on mount Aventine. This was 
religiously observed till the age of Appius 
Claudius, who persuaded the Potitii, by a large 
bribe, to discontinue their sacred office, and to 
have the ceremony performed by slaves. For 
this negligence, as the Latin authors observe, 
the Potitii were deprived of s-ight, and the family 
became a little time after totally extinct. Liv. 
I, 7 Virg. Mn, 8, 269, &c. 

PinArus, a river of Cilicia Campestris, 
rising in mount Amanus, and falling into the 
Sinus Issicus, near Issus. It is now the Deli 
tou. Polyb. 12, n.-Plin, 5, 27. 

PindArus, the most celebrated of the lyric 
poets of Greece, was a native of Thebes, the 
metropolis of Boeotia, which country his name 
alone might well redeem from the stigma of 
dulness. His birth seems to have taken place 
about B. C. 520. According to some writers, 



the name of his father was Daiphantus, accord- 
ing to others, Scopilenus, and that of his mother 
Myrto, or Myrtis. It is related of him, that 
when he was an infant, a swarm of bees settled 
on his lips, and left their honey there; - an omen 
of his uture excellence in the arts of poetry and 
music. The history of Pindar's early days seems 
to refute, in some degree, the opinions of those 
who think education has a tendency to repress 
originality of genius, and to tame it down iiito 
dexterous imitation or humble correctness. No 
poet, perhaps, ever dared so much as Pindar, 
and yet none was ever instructed in the finest 
arts with greater care. It is singular, that for 
much of his instruction he was indebted to the 
female sex, at a time when they were themselves 
in general excluded from the higher departments 
of knowledge, and regarded as scarcely endowed 
with intellectual faculties. According to Suidas, 
he was first taught to combine simplicity with 
elegance in the composition of his verses by 
Myrtis— probably his mother, who was herself 
the author of poems adapted to the lyre. At a 
subsequent period the beautiful and accom- 
plished Corinna became his instructor. Not 
only poetry, but also the sister art of music, was 
carefully studied by Pindar. Athenaeus informs 
us, that Lasus of Hermione, an excellent musi- 
cian, and dithyrambic poet, imparted to him his 
skill in playing on the lyre. Certain it is, that 
he was prepared by no common attention for that 
high and glorious career in which he was about 
to leave every competitor behind him. Pindar 
seems to have been early received with great 
honour by Alexander, son of Amyntas, at the 
court of Macedon. He overcame his teacher 
Myrtis in a contest of musical skill; but was no 
less than five times defeated by Corinna in 
striving for the reward of poetry. It is inti- 
mated, indeed, by some, that the judges were 
inclined to favour the female candidate rather 
by the admiration of her personal charms, than 
of her poetical genius, Pindar must, however, 
have been very young at this time, as Diodorus 
Siculus asserts that he had only attained the age 
of forty at the time of the battle of Salamis. In 
the public assemblies of Greece, Pindar no 
sooner appeared than he attained a height of 
popular favour, which seems never to have left 
him; nor was his fame confined to the people. 
As he sung the praises of the conquerors in those 
games at which kings and the people strove for 
the prize, he naturally acquired the favour and 
patronage of the great. He particularly enjoyed 
the favour of Hiero, king of Syracuse, whose 
munificence he delighted to repay by his songs. 
His partiality to the Athenians, however, drew 
on him the resentment of his countrymen. 
Because he had celebrated Athens as the chief 
support of Greece, they laid on him a heavy fine 
on which the Athenians presented him with a 
sum of double the amount. Authors are divided 
respecting the time in which he died, some 
asserting that he only reached the age of fifty- 
six, while others maintain that he was eighty-six 
at the time of his decease. His departure from 
life was gentle, for it took place while he was 
sitting in a public assembly, and, till the specta- 
tors retired, he was thought to be slumbering. 
As a prodigy is related of his birth, so attempts 
were made by the Greeks to surround his death 
by mystery. It is said, that having in one of his 
poems represented Agamedeeand Trophonius r.s 



5B4 



PIN 



rewarded by sudden death, for having built the 
temple of Ape Ho, he was referred by the priestess, 
cia his inquiring what w as. best for mankind, to 
his own verses. This reply he understood as an 
intimation of approaching and sudden dissolu- 
tion, which soon after took place. Extraordinary 
honours were paid to Pindar, both during his 
life and after his decease. His odes and religious 
hymns were chanted in the temples of Greece 
before the most crowded assemblies and on the 
most solemn occasions. The priestess of Apollo, 
at Delphi, declared that it was the will of that 
divinity that he should receive half of the first 
fruits annually offered at his shrine. The 
Athenians erected a statue of brass in honour 
of him, representing him with a diadem, and a 
lyre, and a book folded on his knees, which was 
remaining in the time of Pausanias; and a por- 
tion of the sacrifices at the great festivals of 
Greece was, for a long time, set apart for his 
descendants. When the Lacedaemonians took 
Thebes, they spared the house and family of 
Pindar; and, when afterwards, the city was taken 
by Alexander, the same mark of veneration was 
shown to his memory. His works have been 
extolled in terms of the most ardent admiration 
by some of the first ancient writers, Quintilian 
says of him in his Institutes, " of the nine Greek 
lyric poets, Pindar is the chief, in spirit, in mag- 
nificence, in moral sentiment, and in metaphor; 
most happy both in the abundance of his matter 
and of his diction; and, as it were, with a certain 
torrent of eloquence, so that Horace says no 
man can imitate him." A yet higher authority, 
Horace himself, has thus expressed his adaiira- 
tion of our poei: 

Piniarum quisqiiis studet cBvitUiri, 

Jule, ceratis ope Dcedalea 

Nititur pennis, vitreo datarns 
Nomina panto. 

Monte decurrens velut amnis, imbres 

Que n super notas cluere rtpas, 

Fervet im nensusque ruit pro/undo 
Pindinis o e. 
"We cannot suQiaiently regret the loss of the 
compositions which called forth these eulogies, 
because, though compared with the works of 
many other renowned authors, a considerable 
number of Pindar's odes have reached us. those 
which survive are not the most interesting in 
their subjects, nor probably the most felicitous in 
their execuiion. The works of Pindar consisted 
of hymns and pseans in honour of the gods-, 
hyporchemara. songs accompanied by dances in 
honour of Apollo ; dith y rambic verses to Bacchus ; 
and some minor effusions; with the odes on 
the Olympic, Nemsan Isthmian, and Pythian 
gmies.' Of these latter for-y-five remain, which, 
with a few fragraen-s, ftirm the only ground on 
«hich we can now firm any opinion of the 
extent, or peculiar character of Piodar's genius. 
No subjects, at first sight, could seem more un- 
fi ted for sublime poetry than those of the Pin- 
dnric remains: but the poet has, with character- 
is:ic impetuosity, overcome this difinculty by 
almost invariably abandoning the professed ob- 
jects of his panegyric, and bursting into celebra- 
tions of the heroes of former days, the mighty 
exploits of demi-gods, and the gorgeous fables of 
oldest time. In the transiiion he uses little art; 
but seems to rely, as he safely mi^jht on its 
being, in itself, rnost welcome. He is chiefly 
remarkable for the gigantic boldness of his con- 



ceptions and the daring sublimity of his meta- ! 
phors ; and may be called the .^Eschylus of lyric 
poetry. The flights of his imagination are not, 
however, like those of the great tragedian, 
mingled with the intensity of human passion, 
which, while they carry us beyond ourselves, 
still come home to the heart. He has the light - 
without the heat; his splendours dazzle, but do 
not warm us. There is very little of human ; 
feeling in his works; they are little more than 
exhibitions which excite our surprise, but not 
our sympathy. His compositions have some- 
thing hard and stony about them — the sublimity ■ 
and the nakedness of the rock. The sunshine \ 
glitters on the top, but no verdure or foliage 
adorns the declivity. All the interest, such as \ 
it is, arises from the earnestness of the poet him- ' 
self, and the intense ardour with which he is ever 
impelled in his lofty career. Hence we think ' 
more of him than of his work: v\hile in Homer j 
and the Greek tragedians the author is entirely ' 
forgotten. His conception is so ardent that he ' 
cannot wait to develope his metaphors; he often j 
but half unfolds them, and suffers them to blend • 
with the literal descriptions and form part of the ' 
subject; and hence, it appears to us. the obseuri- ! 
ties so frequently complained of in Pindar have, I 
in a great degree, arisen. In the mechanical 
composition of his odes, however, Pindar is by ' 
no means so irregular as some have been dis- ' 
posed to imagine. He commonly preserves the • 
arrangement of strophe, antistrophe, and epode; 
and though the construction of these vary in ' 
different odes, all the strophes and antistrophes - 
in the same ode are framed on the same prin- I 
ciples, and al! the epodes are composed in similar j 
measures to each other. The imitators of Pin- i 
dar, from the days of Horace to Cowley, have ' 
been numerous; but the judgment of Horace, i 
that he can never, in his own peculiar excellen- j 
cies, be equalled, has not been yet disproved. ' 
Gray, in his happiest passages, has, perhaps, I 
most nearly approached him. West has done all • 
that could be accomplished towards a transla- I 
tion; and Mr Pye and subsequent writers have i 
attempted the same task. It is one in which to i 
have failed is no disgrace; faithfully to translate ' 
Pindar into modem verse, without losing his j 
spirit, appears to us impossible, even could it be i 
undertaken by a congenial lyrist. The besl ! 
editions of Pindar are, that of Heyne, Lips. ' 
1S17, 3 vols. Svo., andthatof Boeckh, Lips. ISM I 
— 21, 3 vols. 4to. • 

PI.VDE.MSSU3, a town of Cilicia, on a moun- j 

ta,in that formed part of the range of Amanus. i 

It was a strongly fortified place; and Cicero, ) 

when proconsul of Cilicia, could only take it f 

after a siege of fifty -seven davs. Cic. Evist ad i 

Fa n. 15. 4. id Jtt. 5. 20. ' I 

Fl.VDrs. a name applied by the Greeks to th° t 

elevated chain which sej^arates Tnessaly from i 

Epirus, and the waters falling into the luniani. i 
sea and Ambracian gulf, from those streamsV' 

which discharge themselves into th? -^Egean. i 

Towards the north it joined the great lllyrian t 
and Macedonian ridges of B ira and Scardus, 

while to the south it was connected with the t 
ramifications of ffita, and the ^Etolian and 

Acarnanian mountains. Herod 7, 123. — Strab. t 

9.- Find. Pyth. 9, 'ri.— Virg. Ed. 10, 11 — > 

Ovid. Met. 2, 2-25. —Lucan. 6. 33). A town I 

and river of Doris in Gieece. The river flowed I 

into the Cephissus near its source, ikrdb 9. k 



PIO 



585 



PIR 



PlON, one of the descendants of Hercules who 
built Ptojiia near the Caycus in Mysia. It is 
said that smoke issued from his tomb as often 
as sacrifices were offered to him. Paus. 9, 18. 
I PlR^us, or Piraeus, a celebrated andcapa- 
f ; clous harbour of Athens, at some distance from 
! \ it, but joined to it by long walls, called ^a«pa 
j retxv- The northern wall was built by Pericles 
j at a great expense, and contained 40 stadia. The 
i southern was built by Themistocles, of huge 
square stones, not cemented together with 
mortar, but fastened on the outside by iron and 
j leaden cramps. The height of it was 40 cubits, 
but Themistocles wished to have raised it to 80 
1 cubits. Its length was 35 stadia. Upon both of 
! the walls was erected a great number of turrets, 
j which, after the Athenians became so numerous 
that the city could not contain them, were con- 
, verted into dwelling-houses. The wall that 
encompassed the Munychia, and joined it to the 
1 Pii£eus, contained 60 atadia, and the exterior 
wall on the other side of the city was 43 stadia 
in length. Athens had three harbours, of which 
the Piraeus was by far the largest. East of it 
was the second one, called Munychia; and still 
j farther east, the third, called Phalerus, the 
least frequented of the three. The Piraeus con- 
I tained three docks: the first was called Cantha- 
rus, from a hero of that name, the second, Aph- 
rodisium, from 'Appodirr?, Venus, who had there 
[j two temples, one of which was consecrated by 
i| Themistocles, the other by Conon; and the third 
I Zea, from i^ia, bread-corn. In this harbour were 
f five porticoes, which being joined together 
I formed a very large one, called on that account 
] Macra Stoa. The Piraeus also contained two 
forums: one was near the long portico and ;the 
I sea; the other farther distant, and, therefore, 
j chiefly frequented by those who lived in the 
neighbourhood of the city. One of these forums 
was called Hippodameia, from the architect 
Hippodamus, who had been employed by The- 
mistocles to fortify the Piraeus, and to lay out its 
streets as well as those of the capital. Here the 
productions of all countries were accum.ulated; 
and )this was not the market of Athens only, but 
of all Greece. Hence originated the proverb. 

Toy UtipaCea KEvayylav fj,h (pkgeiv, that the FircBUS 

does not produce want and famine. In this 
harbour 300 galleys have sometimes been col- 
lected at once; and it was sufficiently capacious 
to contain 400. The advantages of this place 
were first observed by Themistocles, when he 
devised the plan of giving a navy to Athens. 
Markets and magazines were presently erected, 
and an arsenal capable of furnishing every thing 
necessary for the equipment of a great number 
of vessels. Hither the body of Themistocles 
was brought after his death, from the place of 
, his exile; and a square stone, devoid of orna- 
ments, resting on a simple base, and placed upon 
the neighbouring promontory, formed the sepul- 
chral monument of that great and remarkable 
man. This harbour, which was once very popu- 
lous and well inhabited, was burnt by Sylla.in 
the Mithridatic war, and reduced to a very few 
houses in the time of Strabo, who lived in the 
reigns of Augustus and Tiberius. Plut. in Per. 
el Them. — Appinn. in Mithridat. — Tlmcyd. 1 et 2. 
— Isocrat. Panegyr, — Strab. 9. — Diod. St<s 11.— 
Paus. 1. 

PlRENE, adaughterof Danaus.— — A daughter 
of (P^ibalus, or, acfcording to others, of the 



Achelou?. She had by Neptune two sons, called 
Leches and Cenchrius, who gave their names to 
two of the harbours of Corinth. Pirene was so 
disconsolate at the death of her son Cenchrius, 
who had been killed by Diana, that she pined 
away, and was dissolved by her continual weep- 
ing into a fountain of the same name, which was 
still seen at Corinth in the age of Pausanias. 
The fountain Pirene was sacred to the Muses, 
and, according to some, the horse Pegasus was 
then drinking some of its waters, when Bellero- 
phon took it to go and conquer the Chimsera. 
Paus. 2, 3. — Ovid. Met. 2, 240. 

PiRlTHous, a son of Ixion and the cloud, or, 
according to others, of Dia, the daughter of 
Deioneus, Some make him son of Dia, by 
Jupiter, who assumed the shape of a horse 
whenever he paid his addresses to his mistress. 
He was king of the Lapithas, and, as an ambitious 
prince, he wished to become acquainted with 
Theseus, king of Athens, of whose fame and 
exploits he had heard so many reports. To see 
him, and at the same time to be a witness of his 
valour, he resolved to invade his territories with 
an army. Theseus immediately met him on the 
borders of Attica, yet at the sight of one another 
the two enemies did not begin the engagement, 
but struck with the appearance of each other, 
they stepped between the hostile armie.s. Their 
meeting was like that of the most cordial friends, 
and Pirithous, by giving Theseus his hand as a 
pledge of his sincerity, promised to repair all the 
damages which his hostilities in Attica might 
have occasioned. From that time, therefore, 
the two monarchs became the most intimate and 
the most attached of friends, so much so, that 
their friendship, like that of Orestes and Pylades, 
is become proverbial. Pirithous some time 
after married Hippcdamia, and invited not only 
the heroes of his age, but also the gods them- 
selves, and his neighbours the Centaurs, to 
celebrate his nuptials. Mars was the only one 
of the gods who was not invited, and to punish 
this neglect, the god of war was determined to 
raise a quarrel among the guests, and to disturb 
the festivity of the entertainment. Eurythion, 
captivated with the beauty of Hippodamia, and 
intoxicated with wine, attempted to offer vio- 
lence to the bride, but he was prevented by 
Theseus, and immediately killed. This irritated 
the rest of the Centaurs: the contest became 
general, but the valour of Theseus, Pirithous, 
Hercules, and the rest of the Lapithae, triumphed 
over their enemies. Many of the Centaurs were 
slain, and the rest saved their lives by flight. 
iVid. Lapithus.] The death of Hippodamia left 
Pirithous very disconsolate, and he resolved, 
with his friend Theseus, who had likewise lost 
his wife, never to marry again, except to a god- 
dess, or one of the daughters of the gods. This 
determination occasioned the rape of Helen by 
the two friends: the lot was drawn, and it fell to 
the share of Theseus to have the beautiful prize. 
Pirithous upon this undertook with his friend to 
carry away Proserpine, and to marry her. They 
descended into the infernal regions: but Pluto, 
who was apprized of their machinations to 
disturb his conjugal peace, stopped the two 
friends, and confined them there. Pirithous waS 
tied to his father's wheel, or according to Hyginus, 
he was delivered to the Furies to be continually 
torrnented. His punishment, however, was 
short, and when Hercules visited the kingvlom 



PIS 



586 



PIS 



of Huto. he obtained from Proserpine the pardcn 
of Firithous, and brought him back to his king-- 
d im safe and unhurt. Some, however, assert 
that only Theseus was liberated by the interces- 
sion of Hercules, and that the punishment of 
Pirithous became more severe, while others 
suppose that he was torn to pieces by the dog; 
Cerberus. Ifid. Theseus.] Oiid. Met. VI, Job. 
4 et b. -Hesiod. in Scut. Her. 176. — Pans. 5, 10. 
--ApoU-od. I, 8. 2, 5. Hysin.fab, 14. 79, 155.— 
Plut. in Thes. — Horat. od. i, l.— Virg. ^n»7, 
304. - Mart. 7 ep. 23. 

FiSA, an ancient city of Elis, giving name to 
the district of Pisatis, in which it was situated. 
Tradition assigned its foundation to Pisus. 
grandson of ^Eolus, but, as no trace of it remain- 
ed, its very existence was questioned in later 
ages, some affirming it to have been only a 
fountain, whilst others maintained it to have been 
the ancient name of Olympia. or to have once 
stood close to it. It is generally agreed that the 
Pisatas were in possession of the temple of 
Olympia, and presided at the celebration of the 
games from the earliest period of their institu- 
tion, till their rights were usurped by the Eleans 
and Heraciidas. They did not. however, tamely 
submit to this injury on the part of their more 
powerful neighbours, and, having procured the 
assistance of Phidon, tyrant of Argos, recovered 
Oiympi.g, where, in the eighth Olympiad, they 
again celebrated the festival; but the Eleails in 
tbeir turn, obtaining succour from Sparta, de- 
feated Phidon, and once more expelled the 
Pisatae from Olympia. These, during the thirty, 
fourth 0\vmpiad, being at that time under the 
authority "of Pantaleon, who had possessed him- 
self of the sovereign power, made another effort 
to regain their ancient prerogative, and, having 
succeeded in vanquishing their opponents, re- j 
tained possession of the disputed ground for 
several years. The final struggle took place in 
the forty-eichth Olympiad, when the people of 
Pisa, supported by the Triphylians, and other 
neighbouring towns, which had revolted from 
Elis, made war upon that state. The Eleans, 
however, aided by Sparta, proved victorious, 
and put an end for ever to this contest by the 
destruction of Pisa and the other confederate 
towns. Faux. 6, 22. — Strab. 8 — Pind. Olymp. 
2, 4. 10. 51. - Herod. 2. 7. - Plin. 4, 5. 

Pis.*;, or Visa., a city of Etruria, on the river 
Arnus, or Arno. about a league from its mouth. 
Its origin stretches far back into the fabulous 
age of history. According to a tradition recorded 
by Strabo, it owed its foundation to some of the 
followers of Nestor, in their wanderings after the 
fall of Troy. That it received its name from 
Greek colonists, can scarcely be doubted; nor is | 
it improbable, that the ancient capital of Elis in 
the Olympian plain, was the mother city of the 
Etrurian Pisa. Both cities might, indeed, take i 
their name from their situation; and PiscB (as i 
the name was generally written) may have j 
Eimply denoted the meadows of the Arnus. The | 
Portus Pisanus was at the mouth of that river, i 
Tiiere it was that Scipio landed his army, when 
returning from the mouths of the Rhone, to 
oppose Hannibal in Italy; and its harbour was 
much frequented by the Romans in their inter- \ 
course with Sardinia, Gaul, and Spain. Pisa 
became a colony A. U. C. 5^2. Strabo speaks 
of it as having been in former times an impor- i 
tant naval station in his day, it was still a flour- : 



ishing commercial town, from which were ex- 
ported large supplies of timber for ship-building, 
costly marbles, wine, and «h«at. The modem' 
Pisa occupies the site of the ancient city. Strab .b. 

— Virg. /En. 10, 179— Po.'yft. 2, 16 et 27. — itV. 21, 
39. 41, 43. -Pirn. 14, 3. 18, 9 —Rutil. Itin. 1.531. 

PiSANDER, a son of Bellerophon, killed by 

the Solymi. A Trojan chief killed bv Mene- 

laus. Horwr. 11. 13, 601. One of Penelope's 

suitors, son of Polvctor. Ovid Heroid. 1, 91. 

— Horn. Od. 18, 298. 22, 243. A son of 

Antimachus, killed by Agamemnon during the 
Trojan war. He had recourse to entreaties 
and promises, but in vain, as the Grecian wnshed 
to resent the advice of Antimachus, who opposed 
the restoration of Helen. Hon.er. II. 11, 123. 

An admiral of the Spartan fleet during the 

Peloponnesian war. He abolished the democracyj 
at Athens and established the aristocratical' 
government of the four hundred tyrants. He 
was killed in a naval battle by Conon, the Atlie-; 
nian general, near Cnidus, in which the Spartans' 
lost 50 galleys, B. C. 394. C. Nep. 9, 2.—Diod. 

A poet of Rhodes, who composed a poem 

called Heradea, in which he gave an account of 
all the labours and all the exploits of Hercules. 
He was the first who ever represented his hero 
armed with a club. Paus. 8, 22. 

PiSATES. or PIS.EI, the inhabitants of Pisa in 
the Peloponnesus. 

PiSAURUM, a city of Umbria, on the sea-coast, 
below Ariminum, and near the river Pisaunis. 
Its origin is uncertain. It became a Ronjan 
colony, A. U. C 565. but whether it was cdton- 
ized again by Julius Cassar or Augustus is un- 
certain. Its present name is Pesaro. Liv. 39,' 
44. 2, 4.— Hm. 3. 15, 

PlSAURUS, a river of Umbria, running into; 
the Adriatic near Pisaurum. It is now called 
la Foglia. 

PlSELS. a king of Etruria, about 260 years! 
before the foundation of Rome. Plin. 7, 26. 

PiSlDiA, an inland country of Asia Minor, 
having around it Caria on the west, Lycia on 
the south-west, Phrygia on the north, Lycaonia 
and Isauria on the east and south-east, and, 
Pamphjlia on the south. The ancients seem 
to have known but little respecting the origin 
of the Pisidians. They generally, however, 
agreed as to the fact of their having succeeded 
to a portion of the territory once occupied by 
the Homeric Solymi. Strabo states that, ac- 
cording to some accounts, they were intermixed 
with the Leleges, which is not improbable, 
considering their proximity to the Carians- 
Occupying a wild and mountainous district 
around the highest summits of the chain o( 
Taurus, their character and habits naturally 
partook of the rugged and untractable features' 
of this highland region. As early as the epoch 
of the Peloponnesian war, we hear them spoken 
of as a marauding race, hostile to the Persiain 
monarchs. and whom it was found necessary tci 
curb and repress by force of arms. The youngei 
Cyrus had more than once led expeditions into 
their country, and they furnished him with a 
pretext for collecting the troops intended to 
overthrow his brother. These turbulent and 
savage habits had undergone but little change 
even in the time of Strabo, since he assures us 
that, like the Cilicians and Paraphylians, they 
were governed by petty chiefs, and subsisff'd 
principally by plundering their more peaceful 



PIS 



537 



PIS 



neighbours. The Romans endeavoured, by 
establishing colonies in the country, to civilize, 
or keep in check this rude and lawless people ; 
Christianity, too, lent its softening influence, 
Sind many a church was erected throughout the 
country ; but the wars with the Saracens and 
Turks, and the final ascendency of the latter, 
have plunged it once more into its original wild 
and barbarous state. Plin. 5, 24 — Strab. 12. 

PisistratiDjE, the descendants of Pisistra- 
tus, tyrant of Athens. Vid. Pisistratus, 

PisistrAtus, an Athenian, son of Hippocra- 
tes, who early distinguished himself by his 
valour in the field, and by his address and 
eloquence at home. After he had rendered 
himself the favourite of the populace by his 
liberality, and by the intrepidity with which he 
had fought their battles, particularly near Sala- 
mis, he resolved to make himself master of his 
country. Every thing seemed favourable to his 
ambitious views ; but Solon alone, who was 
then at the head of affairs, and who had lately 
instituted his celebrated laws, opposed him, and 
discovered his duplicity and artful behaviour 
before the public assembly. Pisistratus was not 
disheartened by the measures of his relation 
Solon, but he had recourse to artifice. In re- 
turning from his country house, he cut himself 
In various places, and after he had exposed his 
mangled body to the eyes of the populace, de- 
plored his misfortunes, and accused his enemies 
of attempts upon his life, because he was the 
friend of the people, the guardian of the poor, 
and the reliever of the oppressed ; he claimed a 
chosen body of fifty men from the populace to 
defend his person in future from the malevolence 
and the cruelty of his enemies. The unsuspect- 
ing people unanimously granted his request, 
though Solon opposed it with all his influence 
arnd Pisistratus had no sooner received an armed 
band on whose fidelity and attachment he could 
rely, than he seized the citadel of Athens, and 
made himself absolute. The people too late ' 
perceived their credulity, yet, though the tyrant 
was popular, two of the citizens, Megacles and 
Lycurgus, conspired together against him, and 
by their means he was forcibly ejected from the 
city. His house and all his effects were exposed 
to sale, but there was found in Athens only one 
man who would buy them. The private dissen- 
sions of the friends of liberty proved favourable 
to the expelled tyrant, and Megacles, who was 
jealous of Lycurgus, secretly promised to restore 
Pisistratus to all his rights and privileges in 
Athens, if he would marry his daughter. Pisis- 
tratus consented, and by the assistance of his 
father-in-law, he was soon enabled to expel 
Lycurgus, and to re-establish himself. By 
means of a woman called Phya, whose shape 
was tall, and whose features were noble and 
commanding, he imposed upon the people, 
and created himself adherents even among 
his enemies. Phya was conducted through 
the streets of the city, and showing herself sub 
servient to the artifice of Pisistratus, she was 
announced as Minerva, the goddess of wisdom, 
and the patroness of Athens, who was come 
down from heaven to re establish her favourite 
Pisistratus, in a power which was sanctioned by 
the approbation of the gods, and favoured by the 
affection of the people. In the .midst of his 
triumph, however, Pisistratus found himself 
unsupported ; and some time after, when he 



repudiated the daughter of Megacles, he found 
that not only the citizens, but even his very 
troops were alienated from him by the influence, 
the intrigues, and the bribery of his fkther-in- 
law. He fled from Athens, where he could no 
longer maintain his power, and retired to Euboea. 
Eleven years afxer, he was drawn from his ob- 
scure retreat, by means of his son Hippias, and 
he was a third time received by the people of 
Athens as their master and sovereign. Upon 
this he sacrificed to his resentment the friends of 
Megacles, but he did not lose sight of the public 
good; and while he sought the aggrandizement 
of his family, he did not neglect the dignity and 
the honour of the Athenian name. He died 
about 527 years before the Christian era, after 
he had enjoyed the sovereign power at Athens 
for thirty-three years, including the years of his 
banishment, and he was succeeded by his son 
Hipparchus. Pisistratus, though an usurper 
and a tyrant, claims our admiration for his 
justice, his liberality, and his moderation. If 
he was dreaded and detested as a master, the 
Athenians loved and respected his private vir- 
tues and his patriotism as a fellow-citizen ; and 
the opprobrium which generally falls on hia 
head may be attributed not to the severity of his 
administration, but to the republican principles 
of the Athenians, who hated and exclaimed 
against the moderation and equity of the mildest 
sovereign, while they flattered the pride and 
gratified the guilty desires of the most tyranni- 
cal of their fellow-subjects. Pisistratus often 
refused to punish the insolence of his enemies : 
and w hen he had one day been virulently accused 
of murder, rather than inflict immediate punish- 
ment upon the man who had criminated him, 
he went to the Areopagus, and there convinced 
the Athenians that the accusations of his ene- 
mies were groundless, and that his life was 
irreproachable. It is to his labours that we are 
indebted for the preservation of the poems of 
Homer, and he was the first, according to Cicero, 
who introduced them at Athens, in the order in 
which they now stand. He also established a 
public library at Athens ; and the valuable 
works which he had diligently collected, were 
carried into Persia when Xerxes made himself 
master of the capital of Attica. Hipparchus 
and Hippias, the sons of Pisistratus, who have 
received the name of PisistratidcB^ rendered 
themselves as illustrious as their father ; but 
the flames of liberty were too powerful to be 
extinguished. The Pisistratidae governed with 
great moderation, yet the name of a master, 
whether softened by mildness of manners, or 
rendered odious by oppression, was insupportable 
to the Athenians. Two of the most respectable of 
the citizens, called Harmodius and Aristogiton, 
conspired against them, and Hipparchus was 
dispatched in a public assembly. This murder 
was not, however, attended with any advantages, 
and though the two leaders of the conspiracy, 
who have been celebrated through every age 
for their patriotism, were supported by the 
people, yet Hippias quelled the tumult by his 
uncommon firmness and prudence, and for u 
while preserved that peace in Athens which his 
father had often been unable to command. This 
was not long to continue, Hippias was at last ex» 
pelled by the united efforts of the Athenians and 
of their allies of Peloponnesus; and he lef^ 
Attica, when he found himself unable to main. 



53S 



PIT 



tain his power and preserve his Independence. 
The rest of the family of Pisistratus followed 
him in his banishment, and after they had re- 
fused to accept the liberal offers of the princes 
of Thessaly, and of the king of Macedonia, m ho 
wished them to settle in their respective terri- 
tories, the Pisistratidae retired to Sigasum, which 
their father had in the summit of his power 
conquered and bequeathed to his posterity. 
After the banishment of the Pisistratids, the 
Athenians became more than commonly jealous 
-of their liberty, and often sacrificed the most 
powerful of their citizens, apprehensive of the 
influence which popularity, and a well-directed 
liberality, might gain among a fickle and un- 
settled populace. The Pisistratidse were ban- 
ished from Athens about eighteen years after the 
death of Pisistratus, B. C. 510. Mlian. V. H. 
13, U.—Paus. 7, 26.— flCT-orf. 1, 59. 6. 103.— 

Fal. Max. 1, 2 A king of Orchomengs, who 

rendered himself odious by his cruelty towards 
the nobles. He was put to death by them; and 
they carried away his body from the public 
assembly, by hiding each a piece of his flesh 
under their garments, to prevent a discovery 
from the people, with whom he was a great 
favourite. Plut. in Par. 

Pjso, a celebrated family at Rome, which was 
a branch of the Calpumii, descended from 
Calpus, the son of Numa. Before the death of 
Augustus, eleven of this family had obtained the 
consulship, and many had been honoured with 
triumphs, on account of their victories, in the 
different provinces of the Roman empire. Of 

this family the most famous were Lucius 

Oalpurnius, who was tribune of the people, about 
149 years before Christ, and afterwards consul. 
His frugality procured him the surname of Frugi, 
and he gained the greatest honours as an orator, 
a lawyer, a statesman, and an historian. He 
made a successful campaign in Sicily, and re- 
warded his son, who had behaved with great 
valour during the war, with a crown of gold, 
which weighed twenty pounds. He composed 
some annals and harangues, which were lost in 
the age of Cicero. His style was obscure and 
inelegant.— Caius, a Roman consul, A. U. C. 
687, who supported the consular dignity against 
the tumults of the tribunes, and the clamours of 
the people. He made a law to restrain the 
cabals which generally prevailed at the election 

of the chief magistrates. Cneius, another 

, consul under Augustus. He w as one of the 
; favourites of Tiberius, by whom he was appoint- 
" ed governor of Syria, where he rendered himself 
odious by his cruelty. He was accused of hav- 
ing poisoned Germanicus; and svhen he saw, on 
his return to Rome, that he was shunned and 
despised by his friends, he destroyed himself, 

A- D. 20. Lucius, a governor of Spain, who 

was assassinated by a peasant, as he was tra- 
velling through the country. The murderer 
was seized and tortured, but he refused to con- 
fess the cause of the murder. Lucius, a 

private man, accused of having uttered seditious 
words against the emperor Tiberius. He was 
condemned, but a natur.il death saved him 
from the bands of the executioner.— -Lucius, a 
governor of Rome for twenty years, an office 
which he discharged with the greatest justice 
and credit. He was greatly honoured by the 
friendship of Augustus, as well .is of his preceptor 
a distinction which he deserved, both as a faithful 



citizen and a man of learning. Some, however^' 
say, that Tiberius made him governor of Rome, 
because he had continued drinking with him a 
night and two days, or two days and two nights, 
according to Pliny. Horace dedicated his poem 
de Arte Poetica, to his two sons whose partiality 
for literature had distinguished them among the 
rest of the Romans, and who were fond of culti- 
vating poetry in their leisure hours. Cneius» 

a factious and turbulent youth, who conspired 
against his country with Catiline. He was 

among the friends of Julius Caesar. Caius, a 

Roman, who was at the head of a celebrated 
conspiracy against the emperor Nero. He had 
rendered himself a favourite of the people by 
his private as well as public virtues, by the 
generosity of his behaviour, his fondness ol 
pleasure with the voluptuous, and his austerity 
with the grave and the reserved. He had been 
marked by some as a proper person to succeed! 
the emperor ; but the discovery of the plot by a 
freedman, who was among the conspirators, soon 
cut him ofl', with all his partizans. He refused 
1 to court the affections of the people and of the 
j army, when the whole had been made public; 
I and instead of taking proper measures for his 
I preservation, either by proclaiming himsell 
emperor, as his friends advised, or by seeking a 
retreat in the distant provinces of the empire, 
he retired to his own house, where he opened 
the veins of both his arms, and bled to death. 

Lucius, a senator who followed the emperoi 

Valerian into Persia. He proclaimed himsell 
emperor after the death of Valerian, but he was 
defeated and put to death a few weeks afterj 

A. D. 26\, by Valens, &c. Licinianus, a 

senator adopted by the emperor Galba. He wa^ 
put to death by Otho's orders, though his manj^ 
virtues deserved a better fate. Tadt. Hist. 

14, &c. — Stiet. Galb. 17. Caius, a son-in law| 

of Cicero, remarkable for his abilities, as wel^ 
as the mildness of his disposition and the good-i 
ness of his heart. He died before Cicero's 
return from banishment. CVc. Br. 78- Ad 

Fam. ]4, ep ]. Quir. 3. Pis. 1 Lucius 

CBssoninus, a patrician, whose daughter marrie^ 
Julius Caesar. He supported Clodius in th^ 
banishment of Cicero, and disgraced himself in 
an embassy to Antony, who was engaged at the) 
siege of Mutina. Cic. Fant. 4, 4. Phil. 8, 9. 10,; 

5.-—Horat. — Tacii. An?i. et Hist Fal. Max. — 

Liv. —Suet — Cic. de Offic. 8cc.—Plut. Ccbs. &c. j 

PISOnis villa, a place near Baiae in Cam- 
pania, which the emperor Nero often frequented^ 
Tacit. Ann. 1, 

PiSTOR, a surname given to Jupiter by the* 
Romans, signifying baker, because when their 
city was taken by the Gauls, the god persuaded,' 
them to throw down loaves from the Tarpeianj 
hill where they were besieged, that the enemyi 
might from thence suppose, that they were not 
in want of provisions though in reality theyl 
were near surrendering through famine. Thisj 
deceived the Gauls, and they soon after raised, 
the siege. Ovid. Fa^t. 6, 360. S94, &c. 

PlSTORiA, a town of Etruria, north-east of 
Luca, and at the foot of the Apennines. It is 
memorable in the history of Rome, as having 
witnessed in its vicinity the close of Catiline^ 
desperate but short cancer. Its modern nam()i 
is Fistor ia. Sallust. Beli. Oat. 02. i 

PItAnB, a town of iKolis, in Asia Minor, toj 
the north west of the river Caicus. Ii was the 



PIT 



589 



PIU 



birthplace of Areesilaus the philosopher, founder 
of the middle academy. It is supposed to oc-. 
cupy the site now called Tchandeli. Strab. 13. 

PiTHECtJSA, an island off the coast of Cam- 
pania, at the entrance of the bay of Naples. The 
appellation Pithecusa, according to Pliny, was 
not derived from the number of apes {yri9ntoi.) 
j which the island was supposed to contain, but 
from the earthen casks or barrels {TtiBaKiov, doli 
! olutn), which were made there. The Romans 
' called the island Mnaria, probably from the 
I copper which they found in it. The etymology 
assigned by some, that the island obtained this 
name from ^Eneas, who landed there on bis way 
) to Latium, is a mere fable. Pithecusa was a 
volcanic island, and Virgil gives it the name of 
' Inarime, in accordance with the old traditions 
which made the body of Typhoeus to have been 
placed under this island and the Phlegraean 
plain. Homer, however, describes Typhceus as 
lying in Arima (s!/'AptVotj). The modern name 
I of Pithecusa is Ischia, and the island at the 
I present day abounds in corn, wine, fruits, &c. 
j Silk is manufactured here, and the inhabitants 
are about 22,000 in number. This island formed 
the marquisate of the celebrated sculptor Canova. 
j Plin. 3, 6.— Virg. ^n. 9, 716.— Homer. II. 2, 783. 
'i PiTHO, called also Suada, the goddess of per- 
j suasion among the Greeks and Romans, supposed 
I to be the daughter of Mercury and Venus. She 
was represented with a diadem on her head, to 
intimate her influence over the hearts of men. 
One of her arms appears raised as in the attitude 
of an orator haranguing in a public assembly, 
and with the other she holds a thunderbolt and 
fetters, made with flowers, to signify the powers 
of reasoning, and the attractions of eloquence. 
A caduceus, as a symbol of persuasion, appears 
at her feet, with the writings of Demosthenes 
and Cicero, the two most celebrated among the 
ancients, who understood how to command the 
attention of their audience, and to rouse and 
animate their various passions. 
I PlTHOLfiON, a foolish poet, the author of 
' some silly epigrams, in which Greek and Latin 
' expressions were intermingled together. Bent- 
ley thinks that the individual to whom Horace 
' refers was the same of whom Suetonius makes 
mention, under the name Pitholaus, as having 
been the author of some defamatory verses 
against Julius Caesar, and that Horace styles him 
Pitholeon, because Pitholaus would have been 
unmanageable in hexameter verse. SueL Cces. 
7b.—Harat. Sat. ], 10, 21. 

PITTACUS, a native of Mitylene in Lesbos, 
was one of the seven wise men of Greece. His 
father, whose name was Caicus, or Cyrrhadius, 
was a native of Thrace, and his mother was a 
citizen of Lesbos. With the assistance of the 
brothers of Alcaeus, he delivered his country 
from the oppression of the tyrant Melanchrus, 
and in the war which the Athenians waged 

i against Lesbos he appeared at the head of his 
countrymen, and challenged to single combat 
'^hrynon, the enemy's general. As the event of 
the war seemed to depend upon this combat, 
Pittacus had recourse to artifice, and when he 
engaged, he entangled his adversary in a net, 
I which he had concealed under his shield, and 
j easily dispatched hinru He was amply rewarded 
, for this victory; and his countrymen, sensible of 
his merit, unanimously appointed him governor 
of their city, with unlimited authority. In this 



capacity Pittacus behaved w ith great moderation 
and prudence; and after he had governed his 
fellow-citizens with the strictest justice, and 
after he had established and enforced the most 
salutary laws, he voluntarily resigned the sove- 
reign power after he had enjoyed it for ten years, 
observing that the virtues and innocence of 
private life were incompatible with the power 
and influence of a sovereign. His disinterested- 
ness gained him many admirers; and when the 
Mityleneans wished to reward his public services 
by presenting him with an immense tract of 
territory, he refused to accept more land than 
what should be contained within the distance to 
which he could throw a javelin. He died in 
the eighty-second year of his age, about 570 
years yefore Christ, after he had spent the last 
ten years of his life in literary ease, and peaceful 
retirement. One of his favourite maxims was 
that man ought to provide against misfortunes, 
to avoid them; but that if they ever happened, 
he ought to support them with patience and 
resignation. In prosperity friends were to be 
acquired, and in the hour of adversity their 
faithfulness was to be tried. He also observed 
that in our actions it was imprudent to make 
others acquainted with our designs, for if we 
failed, we had exposed ourselves to censure and 
to ridicule. Many of his maxims were inscribed 
on the walls of Apollo's temple at Delphi, to 
show the world how great an opinion the Mity- 
leneans entertained of his abilities as a philoso- 
pher, a moralist, and a man. By one of his 
laws, every fault committed by a man when 
intoxicated, deserved double punishment. Paws. 
10, 2i.—Mlian. V. H. 2, Sic—Val. Max. 6, 5. 

A grandson of Porus, king of India. 

I PiTTHEOS, a king of Troezene in Argolis, son 
of Pelops and Hippodamia, He was universally 
admired for his learning, wisdom, and applica- 
tion; he publicly taught in a school at Troezene, 
and even composed a book, which was seen by 
Pausanias the geographer. He gave his daugh- 
ter iEthra in marriage to .^Egeus, king of Athens, 
and he himself took particular care of the youth 
and education of his grandson Theseus. He 
was buried at Troezene, which he had founded, 
and on his tomb were seen, for many ages, three 
seats of white marble, on which he sat, with two 
other judges, whenever he gave laws to his 
subjects or settled their disputes. Paus. 1 et 2. 
— Plut. in Thes.— Strab. 8. 

PiTYONtsus, a small island, off the coast of 
Argolis. It lay opposite to Epidaurus, and was 
situate six miles from the coast, and seventeen 
from ^gina. Plin. 4, 11. 

PITYUS, (-untis,^ now Pitchinda, a town of 
Colchis, on the Euxine Sea, to the west of 
Dioscurias or Sebastopolis. Plin. 6, 5. 

Pity USA, a small island, off the coast of 
Argolis, near Aristera. The modern name is 
Tulea. Plin. 4, 12. 

PiTYUSiE, or pine islands, a group of small 
islands in the Mediterranean, off the coast of 
Spain, and lying to the south-west of the Bal- 
eares. They derived their name from the num- 
ber of pine-trees (tt^tj??, pinus,) which grew in 
them. The largest is Ebusus or Iviga, and next 
to it is Ophiusa, or Fvrmentera. Mela, 2, 7. — 
Plin. 3, 5. 

Pius, a surname given to the emperor Anton- 

inus, on account of his piety and virtue. A 

surname given to Metellus, because he inter, 
3 D 



PLA 



590 



PLA 



ested himself so warmly to have hU fathar re- 
called from banishmaut. 

PLACKNTiA, a city of Gallia Cisalpina, near 
ths juaction ot the Trebia and Padus- It was a 
colony formed by the Romans upon the appre- 
hension of the expedition of Hannibal, whose 
attacks, as well as those of his brother A^drubal, 
it >vitftsto )d. It was taken and burned by the 
ttauls under Hamilear, at the end of the second 
Punic war. Its modern name is Piacen^a 

Pl,AC1DiA, a daughter of Theod isius the 
Great, sister to Honorius and Arcadius. She 
married Adolphus, king of the Goths and after- 
wards Constantius, by whorn she had Valentinian 
the 3d. She died A. D. ii9. 

Plaxasia, a small island between Corsica 
and IWa, to which Posthumius Agrip la was 
banished by Augustus. It is now Pimosi. 
Tacit. Ann. 1, 3. 2, 39. 

PlancTna. a woman celebrated for her in- 
trigues and her crimes, who married Piso, and 
was accused with him of having murdered Ger- 
manicus, in the reign of Tiberius. She was 
acquitted either by means of the empress Livia, 
or on account of the p\rtiality of the emperor 
for her person. She had long supported the 
spiiits of her husband, during his confinement, 
but, when she saw herself freed from the accusa- 
tion, she totally abandoned him to his fate. 
Subservient in every thing to the will of Livia 
she, at her instigation, became guilty of the 
grreatest crimes, to injure the character of 
Agrippina. A'ter the death of Agrippina, Plan- 
cma was accused of the most atrocious villanies, 
and, as she knew that she could not elude 
justice, she put herself to death, A. D. 33. 
Tacit. Ann. 6, 26, &c. 

Plancus, Mcnatius, L. a Roman, who 
rendered himself ridiculous by his follies and 
his extravagance. He had been consul, and had 
presided over a province in the capacity of 
governor; but he forgot all his dignity, and be- 
came one of the most servile flatterers of Cleo- 
patra and Antony. At the court of the Egyptian 
queen In Alexandria, he appeared in the char- 
acter of the meanest stage-dancer, and, in com- 
edy, he personated Glaucus, and painted his 
bo ly of a green colour, dancing on a public stage 
quite naked, only with a crown of green reeds 
on his head, while he had tied behind his back 
the tail of a large sea fish. This exposed him to 
the public derision, and, when Antony had 
joined the rest of his friends in censuring him 
for his unbecoming behaviour, he deserted to 
Ostavius, who received him with great marks of 
friendship and attention. It was he who pro- 
posed, in the Roman senate, that the title of 
A'lgustus should be conferred on his friend 
Octavius, as expressive of the dignity and the 
reverence which the greatness of his exploits 
germed to claim. Horace has dedicated 1 od. 7 
to him; and he certainly deserved the honour, 
from the elegance of his letters, which are still 

extant, written to Cicero. Plut. in Anton -A 

patrician, proscribed by the second triumvirate. 
His servants wished to save him from death, but 
he rpfnssd it, rather than expose their persons 
to danger. , 

Planudes, Maximus, a monk of Constantin- ] 
ople. in the thirteenth century. He wrote a' 
romantic history of .Esnp; several fables; and] 
a collection of epigrams, in Greek, under the 
lille of Anthologia, printed at Florence in 1494. j 



Plat^A, (and -arum) a city of BcEotia, of \ 
very ancient date, situate at the foot of mount i 
Cithaeron, and near the river Asopus, which I 
divided its territory from that of Thebes. Tne I 
Platasans, animated by a spirit of independence, I 
had early separated themselves from the Boentiaa , 
confederacy, conceiving the objects of this politi- 
cal union to be hostile to their real interests; and i 
had, in consequence of the enmity of the latter 
city, been induced to place themselves under the 
protection of Athens. Grateful for the services 
which they received on this occasion fr im that i 
power, they testified their zeal in its behalf, by j 
sending a thousand soldiers to Marathon, who ! 
thus shared the glory of that memorable day. j 
The Plataeans also manned some of the Athenian i 
vessels at Artemisium, and fought in several ; 
battles which took plaae off that promontory; t 
though not at Salarais, as they had returned to j 
their homes after the Greeks withdrew from the i 
Euripus, in order to place their families and ' 
valuables in safety, and could not therefore arrive | 
in time. They also fought most bravely in the 
great battle which took place near their city ' 
^gainst Mardonius the Persian general, and 
earned the thanks of Pausanias and the confed- 
erate Greek commanders for their gallant con- 
duct on this as well as other occasions. But it 
is asserted by Demosthenes, that they afterwards 
incurred the hatred of the Lacedaemonians, and 
more especially of their kings, for having caused 
the inscription set up by Pausanias. in commem- 
oration of the victory over the Persians, to be 
altered. Plataga, which was afterwards burnt by 
the army of Xerxes, was soon restored with the 
assistance of Athens, and the alliance between 
the two cities was cemented more closely than 
before. The attack made upon Plataea by a 
party of Thebans at night, was the first act of [ 
aggression committed on the Peloponnesian side 
in the war which took place not long after. The 
enterprise failed. The natural enmity of Thebes 
against this little republic was now raised to its 
height by this defeat, and pressing solicitations 
were made to the Spartan government, to assist in 
taking signal vengeance on the Plataeans for their 
adherence to the Athenian interests. Accordingly j 
in the third year of the war. a lars;e Peloponne- 
sian force, under Archidamus, king of Sparta, 
arrived under the walls of Platasi, and, having 
summoned the inhabitants to abandon their alii- I 
anee with Athens, proceeded, on their refusal, to 
lay siege to the town. The narrative of these oper- 
ations, and the heroic defence of the Plataeans, 
the circumvallation and blockade of the city by 
the enemy, with the daring and successful escape 
of a part of the garrision, are given with the great- 
est detail by Thucydides, and certainly form one 
of the most interesting portions of his history. 
Worn out at length by hunger and fatigue, those 
Plataeans who remained in the town were com- 
pelled to yield to their persevering .and relentless 
foes, who, instigated by the implacable resent- 
ment of the Thebans,caused all who surrendered 
to be put to death, and razed the town to the 
ground, with the exception of one bui'ding, con- 
structed out of the ruins of the city, which they 
consecrated to Juno, and employed as a house of 
reception for travellers. From Pausanias we 
learn, that Platiea was again restored after the 
peace of Antalcidas; but when the Spartans 
seized on the Cadmean citadel, the Tnebans, 
suspecting that the Plataeans were privy to the ' 



PLA 



591 



PLA 



enterprise, took p issession of the town by strat- 
agem, aad once more levelled its foundations to 
the ground. Though it seems to have been the 
intention of Philip, and also of Alexander, to 
restore Plataea, this was not carried into effect 
till the rei?n of Cassander, who is said to have 
rebuilt both Thebes and Plataea at the same 
time. The ruins of Plateea are situated upon a 
promontory projecting from the base of Cithaeron. 
The place has now the usual appellation bestowed 
upon the ruins of Grecian citadels-, it is called 
PalcBO Castro. The walls are of the earliest 
kind of military structure, consisting of very 
considerable masses, evenly hewn, and well 
built. Homer. II. 2, bQ\.— Herod. 6. 108. 8, 45 
et 50. 9. 2S.— Thucj/d. 2, 1, &c. 71, &c. 3. 20, &c. 

53, &c — Demosth. in Nemr. - Diod. Sic. 11 

Pans. 9, 1 et 3.—Arrtan. I, 9. -Plut in Alex. 

PLATO, a celebrated philosopher at Athens, 
son of Ariston and Parectonia. His original 
name was Aristocles, and he received that of 
Plato from the largeness of his shoulders. As 
one of the descendants of Codrus, and as the 
offspring of a noble, illustrious, and opulent 
family, Piato was educated with care, his body 
was formed and invigorated with gymnastic 
exercises, and his mind was cultivated and en- 
lightened by the study of poetry and of geometry, 
from which he derived that acuteness of judg- 
ment, and warmth of imagination, which have 
stamped his character as the most subtle and 
flowery writer of antiquity. He first began his 
literary career by writing poems and tragedies ; 
but he was soon disgusted with his own produc- 
tions, when at the age of twenty, he was intro- 
duced into the presence of Socrates, and when 
he was enabled to compare and examine, with 
critical accuracy, the merit of his compositions, 
with those of his poetical predecessors. He 
therefore committed to the flames these produc- 
tions of his early years, which could not command 
the attention or gain the applause of a maturer 
age. During eight years he continued to be 
one of the pupils of Socrates ; and if he was 
prevented by a momentary indisposition from 
attending the philosopher's last moments-, yet 
he collected from the conversation of those that 
were present, and from his own accurate obser- 
vations, the minutest and most circumstantial 
accounts, which can exhibit, in its truest colours, 
the concern and sensibility of the pupil, and the 
firmness, virtues, and moral sentiments of the 
dying philosopher. After the death of Socrates, 
Plato retired from Athens, and, to acquire that 
information which the accurate observer can 
derive in foreign countries, he began to travel 
over Greece. He visited Megara. Thebes, and 
Elis, where he met with the kindest reception 
from his fellow. disciples, whom the violent death 
of their master had likewise removed from 
Attica. He afterwards visited Magna Grpecia, 
attracted by the fame of the Pythagorean phil- 
osophy, and by the learning, abilities, and repu- 
tation of its professors, Philolaus, Archytas and 
Eurytus. He afterwards passed into Sicily, and 
examined the eruptions and fires of the volcano 
of that island. He also visited Egypt, where 
then the mathematician Theodorus flourished, 
and where he knew that the tenets of the Pyth- 
agorean philosophy and metempsychosis had 
been fostered and cherished. When he had 
finished his travels, Plato retired to the groves 
of Academua, in the neighbourhood of Athens, 



where his lectures were soon attended by a 
crowd of learned, noble, and illustrious pupils ; 
and the philosopher, by refusing to have a share 
in the administration of affairs, rendered his 
name more famous and his school more fre- 
quented. During forty years he presided at the 
head of the academy, and there he devoted his 
time to the instruction of his pupils, and com- 
posed those dialogues which have been the 
admiration of every age and country. His studies, 
however, were interrupted for a while whilst 
he obeyed the pressing calls and invitations of 
Dionysius, and whilst he persuaded the tyrant 
to become a man, the father of his people, and 
the friend of liberty. \_Vid. Dionysius 2d.] In 
his dress the philosopher was not ostentatious ; 
his manners were elegant but modest, simple, 
without affectation; and the great honours which 
his learning deserved were not paid to his ap- 
pearance. When he came to the Olympian 
games, Plato resided, during the celebration, in 
a family who were totally strangers to him. He 
ate and drank with them, he partook of their 
innocent pleasures and amusements; but though 
he told them his name was Plato, yet he never 
spoke of the employment which he pursued at 
Athens, and never introduced the name of that 
philosopher whose doctrines he followed, and 
whose death and virtues were favourite topics 
of conversation in every part of Greece. When 
he returned home, he was attended by the 
family which had so kindly entertained him ; 
and, as being a native of Athens, he was desired 
to show them the great philosopher whose name 
he bore : their surprise was great when he told 
them that he himself was the Plato whom they 
wished to behold. In his diet he was moderate, 
and indeed, to sobriety and temperance in the 
use of food, and to the want of those pleasures 
which enfeeble the body and enervate the mind, 
some have attributed his preservation during 
the tremendous pestilence which raged at Athens 
with so much fury at the beginning of the Pelo- 
ponnesian war. Plato was never subject to 
any long or lingering indisposition, and though 
change of climate had enfeebled a constitution 
naturally strong and healthy, the philosopher 
lived to an advanced age, and was often heard 
to say, when his physicians advised him to leave 
his residence at Athens, where the air was im- 
pregnated by the pestilence, that he would not 
advance one single step to gain the top of moU&t 
Athos, were he assured to attain the great lon- 
gevity which the inhabitants of that mountain 
were said to enjoy above the rest of mankind. 
Plato died on his birth-day, in the eighty-first 
year of his age. about 348 years before the Chris ■ 
tian era. His last moments were easy a' d 
without pain, and, according to some, he expired 
in the midst of an entertainment, or, according 
to Cicero, as he was writing The works of 
Plato are numerous ; they arr? all written ia 
the form of a dialogup, except twelve letters. 
He speaks always by the mouth of others, and 
the philosopher has no where made mention of 
himself except once in his dialogue intituled 
Phaedon, and, another time in his apology for 
Socrates. His writings were so celebrated, and 
his opinion so respected, that he was called 
divine ; and for the elegance, melody, and 
sweetness of his expression!?, he was distinguish- 
ed by the appellation of the Athenian bee. 
Cicero had such an esteem for him, that, in the 



PLA 



592 



PLA 



warmth of panegyric, he exclaimed errare me- 
Iiercule malo cum Platone, quam cum istis vera 
scntire; and Quintilian said, that, when he read 
Plato, he seemed to hear not a man but a 
divinity speaking. His style, however, though 
admired and commended by the best and most 
refined of critics among the ancients, has not 
escaped the censure of some of the modems ; 
and the philosopher has been blamed, who 
supports that fire is a pyramid tied to the earth 
by numbers, that the world is a figure consisting 
of twelve pentagons, and who, to prove the 
metempsychosis and the immortality of the 
soul, asserts that the dead are bom from the 
living, and the living from the dead. The 
speculative mind of Plato was employed in ex- 
amining things divine and human, and he at- 
tempted to fix and ascertain, not only the prac- 
tical doctrine of morals and politics, but the 
more subtle and abstruse theory of mystical 
theogony. His philosophy was universally 
received and adopted, and it has not only gov- 
erned the opinions of the speculative part of 
mankind, but it continues still to influence the 
reasoning, and to divide the sentiments, of the 
moderns. In his system of philosophy, he fol- 
lowed the physics of Heraclitus, the metaphysical 
opinions of Pythagoras, and the morals of So- 
crates. He maintained the existence of two 
beings, one self-existent, and the other formed 
by the hand of a pre-existent creature, God and 
man. The world was created by that self-exis 
tent cause, from the rude indigested mass of 
matter which had existed from all eternity, and 
which had even been animated by an irregular 
principle of motion. The origin of evil could 
not be traced under the government of a deity, 
without admitting a stubborn intractability and 
wildness congenial to matter, and from these, 
consequently, could be demonstrated the devia- 
tions from the laws of natnre, and from thence 
the extravagant passions and appetites of men. 
From materials like these were formed the four 
elements, and the beautiful structure of the 
heavens and the earth, and into the active, but 
irrational, principle of matter, the divinity in- 
fused a rational soul. The souls of men were 
formed from the remainder of the rational soul 
of the world, which had previously given exi 
tenee to the invisible gods and demons. The 
philosopher, therefore, supported the doctrine 
of ideal forms, and the pre-existence of the 
human mind, which he considered as emanations 
of the Deity, which can never remain satisfied 
with objects or things unworthy of their divini 
original. Men could perceive, with their cor 
poreal senses, the types of immutable things, 
and the fluctuating objects of the material world; 
but the sudden changes to which these are con- 
tinually obnoxious, create innumerable disorders, 
and hence arise deception, and, in short, all thi 
errors and miseries of human life. Yet, ii 
whatever situation man may be, he is still an 
object of divine concern ; and, to recommend 
himself to the favour of the pre-existent cause, 
he must comply with the purposes of his creation, 
and, by proper care and diligence, he can recover 
those immaculate powers with which he was 
naturally endowed. All science the philosopher 
made to consist in reminiscence, and in recalling 
the nature, forms, and proportions of those per- 
fect and immutable essences, with which the 
human mind had been conversant. From ob- 



servations like these, the summit of felicity 
might be attained by removing from the ma- 
terial, and approaching nearer to the intellectual 
world, by curbing and governing the passions 
which were ever agitated and inflamed by real 
or imaginary objects. The passions were divided 
into two classes : the first consisted of the 
irascible passions, which originated in pride or 
resentment, and -were seated in the breast ; the 
other, founded on the love of pleasure, was the 
concupiscible part of the soul, seated in the belly 
and inferior parts of the body. These diflferent 
orders induced the philosopher to compare the 
soul to a small republic, of which the reasoning 
and judging powers were stationed in the head, 
as in a firm citadel, and of which the senses were 
its guards and servants. By the irascible part 
of the soul men asserted their dignity, repelled 
injuries, and scorned danger ; and the concupis- 
cible part provided for the support and the 
necessities of the body, and, when governed with 
propriety, it gave rise to temperance. Justice 
was produced by the regular dominion of reason, 
and by the submission of the passions ; and 
prudence arose from the.strength, acuteness, and 
perfection of the soul, without which all other 
virtues could not exist. But amidst all this, 
wisdom was not easily attained; at their creation 
all minds were not endowed with the same ex- 
cellence, the bodies which they animated on 
earth were not always in harmony with the 
divine emanation ; some might be too weak, 
others too strong, and on the first years of a 
man's life depended his future consequence ; as 
an effeminate and licentious education seemed 
calculated to destroy the purposes of the divinity, 
while the contrary produced difl'erent effects, 
and tended to cultivate and improve the reason- 
ing and judging faculty, and to produce wisdom 
and virtue Plato was the first who supported 
the immortality of the soul upon arguments 
solid and permanent, deduced from truth and 
experience. He did not imagine that th^ 
diseases, and the death of the body, could injure 
the principle of life and destroy the soul, which, 
of itself, was of divine origin, and of an uncor- 
rupted and immutable essence, which, though 
inherent for a while in matter, could not lose 
that power which was the emanation of God. 
From doctrines like these, the great founder of 
Platonism concluded that there might exist in 
the world a community of men, whose passions 
could be governed with moderation, and who, 
from knowing the evils and miseries which arise 
from ill conduct, might aspire to excellence, and 
attain that perfection which can be derived 
from the proper exercise of the rational and 
moral powers. To illustrate this more fully, 
the philosopher wrote a book, well known by 
the name of the republic of Plato, in which he 
explains with acuteness, judgment, and elegance, 
the rise and revolution of civil society ; and so 
respected was his opinion as a legislator, that 
his scholars were employed in regulating the 
republics of Arcadia, Elis, and Cnidus, at the 
desire of those states, and Xenocrates gave po- 
litical rules for good and impartial government 
to the conqueror of the east. The works of 
Plato were first published by Aldus Manutius, 
at Venice, in 1513, 2 vols, folio. The editions 
of Ficinus and Serranus are very valuable ; but 
the notes and interpretations of both are to be 
ead with caution, as not representing Plato's 



I 



PLA 



693 



PLA 



sentiments With fidelity. The most useful edi- 
tions of Plato, are, the Bipont edition, 12 vols. 
8vo. 1781—7 ; that of Bekker, Berol. 10 vols. 
8vo. 1816-8 ; and the London reprint of Bek- 
ker, with the annotations of Heindorflf, Wytten- 
bach, and others. Bekker's text is decidedly 
the best. The editions of Ast, Lips. 1819—24, 
7 vols. 8vo., and of Stallbaum, Lips. 1821 — 5, 8 
vols. 8vo. are also deserving: of high commenda- 
tion. English versions of several of Plato's 
dialogues have been published at different pe- 
riods, by various hands ; but the translators who 
have principally distinguished themselves, by 
giving the writings of this philosopher in our 
vernacular idiom, are Floyer Sydenham, and 
Thomas Taylor. Plato Dial. &c. — Cic de Offic 
1. De Div. 1, 36. De Nat. D. 2, 12. Tusc. 1. 17. 
— Pint, in Sol. Sic— Seneca ep. 58.— Quintil. 10, 
J. 8ic.—^lian. V. H. 2, 9. 4, 9. — Pans. 1, 30.— 
Diog. 7 et 8. A Greek comic poet, who flour- 
ished about the close of the fifth century B. C, 
was contemporary with Aristophanes and Euri- 
pides. He is said to have left twenty-eight 
comedies, of which the titles of many are to be 
found in Athenseus, Pollux, and other writers. 
Of his works, only a few fragments remain, 
some of which are of the epigrammatic kind. 

Pi>AUTIa lex, was enacted by M. Plautius, 
the tribune, A. U. C. 664. It required every 
tribe annually to choose fifteen persons of their 
body, to serve as judges, making the honour 
common to all the three orders, according to the 

majority of votes in every tribe. Another, 

called also Plotia, A. U. C. 675. It punished 
with the interdiciio ignis et aquce, all persons who 
were found guilty of attempts upon the state, or 
the senators or magistrates, or such as appeared 
in public armed with an evil design, or such as 
forcibly expelled any person from his legal pos- 
sessions. 

Plauttanus, Fulvius, an African of mean 
birth, who was banished for his seditious be- 
haviour in the years of his obscurity. In his 
banishment, Plautianus formed an acquaintance 
with Severus, who, some years after, ascended 
the imperial throne. This was the beginning of 
his prosperity; Severus paid the greatest atten- 
tion to him, and, if we believe some authors, 
their familiarity and intercourse were carried 
beyond the bounds of modesty and propriety. 
Plautianus shared the favours of Severus on the 
throne as well as in obscurity. He was invested 
with as much power as his patron at Rome, and 
in the provinces ; and, indeed, he wanted but the 
name of emperor to be his equal. His table was 
served with more delicate meats than that of the 
emperor; when he walked in the public streets 
he received the most distinguishing honours, and 
a number of criers ordertd the most noble 
citizens, as well as the meanest beggars, to make 
way for the favourite of the emperor, and not to 
fix their eyes upon him. He was concerned in 
all the rapine and destruction v.hich were com- 
mitted through the empire, and he enriched 
himself with the possessions of those who had 
been sacrificed to the emperor's cruelty or 
avarice. To complete his triumph, and to make 
himself stitl greater, Plautianus married his 
favourite daughter Plautilla to Caracalla, the 
son of the emperor; and so eager was the em- 
peror to indulge his inclinations in this and in 
every other respect, that he declared he loved 
Plautianus so much that he wouW even wish to 



die before him. The marriage of Caracalla with 
Plautilla was attended with serious conse- 
quences. The son of Severus had complied 
with great reluctance, and, though Plautilla was 
amiable in her manners, commanding in aspect, 
and of a beautiful countenance, yet the young 
prince often threatened to punish her haughty 
and imperious behaviour as soon as he succeeded 
to the throne. Plautilla reported the whole to 
her father, and to save his daughter from the 
vengeance of Caracalla, Plautianus conspired 
against the empei-or and his son. The con- 
spiracy was discofered, and Severus forgot his 
attachment to Plautianus, and the favours he 
had heaped upon him, when he heard of his per- 
fidy. The wicked minister was immediately 
put to death, and Plautilla banished to the island 
cf Lipari, with her brother Plautius, where, 
seven years after, she was put to death by order 
of Caracalla, A. D.- 211. Plautilla had two 
children, a son who died in his childhood, and a 
daughter, whom Caracalla murdered in the arms 
of her mother. Dio. Ca^s. 

PliAUTiUS, a Roman, who became so discon- 
solate at the (death of his wife, that he threw 
himself upon her burning pile. Val. Max. 4, 6. 
— -Aulus, a governor of Britain who obtained 
an ovation for the conquests he had gained there 
over the barbarians. 

Plautus, M. Accius, a comic poet, born at 
Sarsina, in Umbria. Fortune proved unkind te 
him, and, from competence, he was reduced to 
the meanest poverty, by engaging in a commer- 
cial line. To maintain himself, he entered into 
the family of a baker as a common servant, and, 
while he was employed in grinding corn, he 
sometimes dedicated a few m.oments to the 
comic muse. Some, however, reject this account 
as false, and support that Plautus was never 
obliged to the laborious employments of a bake- 
house for his maintenance. He wrote twenty- 
five comedies, of which only twenty are extant; 
the Amphitruo, Aulularia, Asinaria, Captivi, 
Curculio, Casina, Cistellaria, Epidichus, Bac- 
chides, Mostellaria, Menachmi, Miles gloriosus, 
Mercator, Pseudolus, Pcenulus, Persa, Rudens, 
Stichus, Trinummus, and Truculentus. He 
died about 184 year? before the Christian era; 
and Varro, his learned countryman, wrote this 
stanza, which deserved to be engraved on his 
tomb: 

Postquam morte captus est Plautus, 

Comcedia luget, sceJia est deserla; 

Deinde risus, Indus, jocusque, et mirreri 

Innumen simul omnes coll cry marunt. 
The plays of Plautus were universally esteemed 
at Rome, and the purity, the energy, and the 
elegance of his language, were, by other writers, 
considered as objects of imitation; and Varro, 
whose judgment is great, and generally decisive, 
declares, that if the Muses were willing to speak 
Latin, they would speak in the language of 
Plautus. In the Augustan age, however, when 
the Roman language became more pure and re- 
fined, the comedies of Plauius did not appear 
free from inaccuracy. The poet, when compared 
to the more elegant expressions of a Terence, 
was censured for his negligence in versification, 
his low wit. execr<ible puns, and disgusting ob- 
scenities. Yet, however censured as to language 
or sentiments, Plautus continued to be a favour- 
ite on the stage. If his expressions were not 
3 d3 



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choice or delicate, it was universally admitted 
that he was more happy than other comic writers 
in his pictures; the incidents of his plays were 
more varied, the acts more interesting, the 
characters more truly displayed, and the cata- 
strophe more natural. In the reign of the em- 
peror Diocletian, his comedies were still acted 
on the public theatres; and no greater compli- 
ment can be paid to his abilities as a comic 
writer, and no greater censure can be passed 
upon his successors in dramatic composition, 
than to observe, that for 500 years, with all the 
disadvantages of obsolete language and diction, 
in spite of the change of manners, and the re- 
volutions of government, he commanded and 
received that applause which no other writer 
dared to dispute with him. The best editions of 
Plautus are, that of Camerarius, Basil. 1558, 
8%'o., that of Lambinus, Lutet. 1577, fol., that of 
Taubmann, Witteb. 1621, 4to., that of Emesti, 
Lips. 1760, 8vo, 2vols., that of Schmieder, Gott. 
1804, 8vo. 2 vols., and that of Bothe, Berol. 
1804—11, 8vo. 4 vols. The best translation of 
Plautus is, that of Thornton, Colman, and 
Warner. Farro. apud Quintil. 10, i. — Cic.'de 
Offic. 1, 29. De Orat. 3, \2.—Horat. ep. 2, 1, 

5S et 170. De Art. Poet. 54 et 270. .^llianus, 

a high priest, who consecrated the capitol in the 
reign of Vespasian. Tacit. Hist. 4, 53. 

PleiAdes, or Vergili.e, a name given to 
seven of the daughters of Atlas by Pleione or 
^thra, one of the Oceanides. They were placed 
in the heavens after death, where they formed a 
constellation called Pleiades, near the back of 
the bull in the Zodiac. Their names were Al- 
cyone. Merope, Maia, Electra, Taygeta, Sterope, 
and Celeno. They all, except Merope, who 
married Sisyphus, king of Corinth, had some of 
the immortal gods for their suitors. On that 
account, therefore, Merope 's star is dim and 
obscure among the rest of her sisters, because 
she married a mortal; though some imagine that 
Electra's star above was dim, ever after the fall 
of Troy of which her son Dardanus had been 
the king and founder. The name of the Pleiades 
is derived from the Greek word irXhiv, to snl, 
because that constellation shows the time most 
favourable to navigators, which is in the spring. 
The name of Vergiliae they deprive from ver, the 
spring. They are sometimes called Atlantides, 
from their father, or Hesperides, from the gardens 
of that name, which belonged to Atlas. Hygin. 
fab. 192. P. A. 2. 2\.— 0cid. Met. 13, 293. Fast. 
5, 106 et 110.— Hesiod.oper. et dies — Homer. Od. 
5.—Horat. od. 4, 14.— Ftrg-. G. 1, 133. 4, 233. 
-——Seven poets, who, from their number, have 
received the name of Pleiades, near the aee of 
Philadelphus Ptolemy, king of Egypt. Their 
names were Lycophron, Theocritus, Aratus, 
Nicander, Apollonius, Philicus, and Homerus 
the younger. 

Pleione, one of the Oceanides, who married 
Atlas, king of Mauritania, by whom she had 
twelve daughters, and a son called Hyas. Seven 
of the daughters were changed into a constella- 
tion called Pleiades, and the rest into another 
called Hyades. Ovid. Fast. 5, 84. 

PLEMMYRiUM, a promontory of Sicily, in the 
immediate neighbourhood of Syracuse, and 
facing the island of Ortygia, forming with this 
island the entrance to the great harbour of that 
city. It seems to have been called Plemmy- 
rium as being the place where the tide (irX^Mvpa) 



rose and beat, making what is called in Lincoln- 
shire and Cambridgeshire an eger. Its modern 
name is Missa. d' Olivera. Thucyd. 7, 4 et 23. 

PLEUMOSil, a people of Gallia Belgiea, tri- 
bxitary to the Nervii. Ccbs. B. G. 5, 39. 

Pjledron, a son of ^tolus, who married 
Xantippe, the daughter of Dorus, by whom he 
had Agenor. He founded a city in iEtolia on 
the Evenus, which bore his name. ApoUod, 1, 
7.—Plin. 4, 2.~-Sil. 15, 310.— i'oiM. 7, 13.— 
Ovid. Met. 7, 332. 

Plextppus, a son of Thestius, brother to 
Althaea, the wife of CEneus. He was killed by 
hi.< nephew Meleager, in hunting the Calydonian 
boar. His brother Toxeus .shared his fate. [^Yd. 

Alth£ea and Meleager.] A sonof Phineus and 

Cleopatra, brother to Pandion, king of Athens. 
ApoUod^ 

PLINIUS, Secundus, C. surnamed the Elder, 
was born at Verona, of a noble family. He 
distinguished himself in the field, and, after he 
had been made one of the augurs at Rome, he 
was appointed governor of Spain. In his public 
character he did not neglect the pleasures of 
literature, the day was employed in the adminis- 
tration of the affairs of his province, and the 
night was dedicated to study. Every moment 
of time was precious to him; at his meals one of 
his servants read to him books valuable for their 
information, and from them he immediately 
made copious extracts, in a memorandum book. 
Even while he dressed himself after bathing, his 
attention was called away from surrounding 
objects, and he was either employed in listening 
to another, or in dictating himself. To a mind 
so earnestly devoted to learning, nothing ap- 
peared too laborious, no undertaking too trou- 
blesome. He deemed every moment lost which 
was not dedicated to study, and, from these 
reasons he never appeared at Rome but in a 
chariot, and, wherever he went, he was always 
accompanied by his amanuensis. He even 
censured his nephew, Pliny, the Younger, be- 
cause he had indulged himself with a walk, and 
sternly observed, that he might have employed 
those moments to better advantage. But, if his 
literary pursuits made 'him forget the public 
affairs, his prudence, his abilities, and the purity 
and innocence of his character, made him linown 
and respected. He was courted and admired by 
the emperors Titus and Vespasian, and he 
received from them all the favours which a vir- 
tuous prince could offer, and an honest subject 
receive. As he was at Misenum, where he 
commanded the fleet, which was then stationed 
there, Pliny was surprised at the sudden ap- 
pearance of a cloud of dust and ashes. He 
was then ignorant of the cause which produced 
it. and he immediately set sail in a small vessel 
for mount Vesuvius, which he at last discovered 
to have made a dreadful eruption. The sight 
of a number of boats that fled from the coast to 
avoid the danger, migfht have deterred another, 
but the curiosity of Pliny excited him to advance 
with more boldness, and, though* his vessel was 
often covered with stones and ashes, that were 
continually thrown up by the mountain, yet he 
landed on the coast. The place was deserted by 
the inhabitants, but Pliny remained there during 
the night, the better to observe the mountain, 
which, during the obscurity, appeared to be one 
continual blaze. He was soon disturbed by a 
dreadful earthquake, and the contrary wind on 



PLI 



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ilhe morrow, prevcntpcl him from returning to 
Misenum. The eruption of the volcano increas- 
ed, and, at last, the fire approached the place. 
wH-ere the philosopher made his observations 
Pliny endeavoured to fly before it, but though he 
was supported by two of his servant, he was 
unable to escape. He soon fell down, suffocated 
by the thick vapours that surrounded him, and 
the Insupportable stench of sulphureous matter. 
His body was found three days after, and de- 
cently buried by his nephew, who was then at 
Misenum with the fleet. This memorable event 
1 happened in the 79th year of the Christian era, 
' and the philosopher who perished by the erup- 
tions of the volcano, has been called by some the 
martyr of nature. He was then in the 56th 
year of his age. Of the works which he com- 
posed, none are extant but his natural history 
in 37 books. It is a work as Pliny the Younger 
says, full of erudition, and as varied as nature 
itself. It treats of the stars, the heavens, wind, 
rain, hail, minerals, trees, flowers, and plants, 
besides an account of all living animals, birds, 
fi&hes, and beasts; a geographical description of 
every place on the globe, and an history of every 
art and science, of commerce and navigation, 
with their rise, progress, and several improve- 
ments. He is happy in his descriptions as 
a naturalist, he writes with force and energy, 
and though many of his ideas and conjectures 
are sometimes ill-founded, yet he possesses that 
fecundity of imagination, and vivacity of expres- 
sion, which are requisite to treat a subject with 
propriety, and to render a history of nature 
pleasing, interesting, and above all, instructive. 
His style possesses not the graces of the Augus- 
tan age, it has neither its purity, and elegance, 
nor its simplicity, but is rather cramped, obscure, 
and sometim.es unintelligible. Yet for all this 
it has ever been admired and esteemed, and it 
may be called a compilation of every thing 
which had been written before his age on the 
various subjects which he treats, and a judicious 
collection from the most excellent treatises 
j which had been composed on the various pro- 
I ductions of nature. Pliny was not ashamed to 
mention the authors which he quoted, he speaks 
of them with admiration, and while he pays the 
greatest compliment to their abilities, his en- 
comiums show, in the strongest light, the good- 
ness, the sensibility, and the ingenuousness of 
his own mind. He had written 160 volumes of 
remarks and annotations on the various authors 
which he had read, and so great was the opinion 
in his contempories, of his erudition and abili- 
ties, that a man called Lartius Lutinus oflFered 
to buy his notes and observations for "the enor- 
mous sum of about 3,2421, English money. The 
philosopher, who was himself rich and indepen- 
dent, rejected the offer, and his compilations, 
dfter his death, came into the hands of his neph- 
sw Pliny. The best editions of Pliny are that 
of Hardouin, 3 vols. fol. Paris, 1723; that of 
Franzius,' 10 vols. 8vo. Lips. 1778-91; that of 
Brotier, 6 vols. 12mo. Paris, 1779; and the Var- 
.orum 8vo. in 8 vols. Lips. 1778-89. Tacit. Ann. 

I, 69. 13, 20. 15, 53— P«n. ep. &c C. Caeci- 

lius Secundus, surnamed the Younger, was son 
of L. Ceecilius by the sister of Pliny the elder. 
He was adopted by his uncle whose name he 
assumed, and whose estates ami effects he 
inherited. He received the greatest part of his 
education under Quintilian, and at the age of ID 



he appeared at the bar, where he distinguished 
himself so much by his eloquence, that he and 
Tacitus were reckoned the two strongest orators 
of their age. He did not make his profession an 
object of gain like the rest of the Roman orators, 
but he refused fees from the rich as well as from 
the poorest of his clients, and declared that he 
cheerfully employed himself for the protection 
of innocence, the relief of the indigent, and the 
detection of vice. He published many of nis 
harangues and orations, which have been lost. 
When Trajan was invested with the imperial 
purple, Pliny was created consul by the emperor. 
This honour the consul acknowledged in a cele- 
brated panegyric, which, at the request of the 
Roman senate, and in the name of the whole 
empire, he pronounced on Trajan. Some time 
after he presided over Pontus and Bithynia, in 
the office, and with the power of pro-consul, and 
by his humanity and philanthropy the subject 
was freed from the burden of partial taxes, and 
the persecution which had been begun against 
the Christians of his province was stopped, when 
Pliny solemnly declared to the emperor that the 
followers of Christ were a meek and inoffensive 
sect of men, that their morals were pure and 
innocent, that they were free from all crimes, 
and that they voluntarily bound themselves by 
the m«ost solemn oaths to abstain from vice, and 
to relinquish every sinful pursuit. If he ren- 
dered himself popular in his province, he was 
not le.ss respected at Rome. He was there the 
friend of the poor, the patron of learning, great 
without arrogance, afi'able in his behaviour, and 
an example of good breeding, sobriety, temper- 
ance, and modesty. As a father and a husband 
his character was amiable; as a subject he was 
faithful to his prince; and as a magistrate he was 
candid, open, and compassionate. His native 
country shared among the rest, his unbounded 
benevolence ; and Comum, a small town of 
Insubria, which gave him birth, boasted of his 
liberality in the valuable and ehoice library of 
books which he collected there. He also con- 
tributed towards the expences which attended 
the education of his countrymen, and liberally 
spent part of his estate for the advancement of 
literature, and for the instruction of those whom 
poverty otherwise deprived of the advantages of 
a public education. He made his preceptor 
Quintilian, and the poet Martial, objects of his 
benevolence, and when the daughter of the 
former was m.arried, Pliny wrote to the father 
with the greatest civility; and while he observed 
that he was rich in the possession of learning, 
though poor in the goods of fortune, he begged 
of him to accept, as a dowry for his beloved 
daughter, 50,000 sesterces, about 3001. I wtndd 
not, continued he, be so moderate, were I not 
assured from your modesty, and disinterestedness, 
that the smallness of the present will render it accept- 
able. He died in the 52 year of his age, A. D. 
113. He had written a history of his own (,imes, 
which is lost. It is said that Tacitus did not 
begin his history till he had found it impossible 
to persuade Pliny to undertake that laborious 
task, and indeed what could not have been 
expected from the panegyrist of Trajan, if 
Tacitus acknowledged himself inferior to him in 
delineating the character of the times. Some 
suppose, but falsely, that Pliny wrote the lives of 
illustrious men, universally ascribed to Corne- 
lius Nepos. He also wrote poetry, but his verses 



PLI 



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PLO 



have :A\ pprished, and nothing of his learned 
works remains, but his panegyric on the emperor 
Trajan, and 10 books of letters, which he himself 
Collected and prepared for the public, from 
a numerous and respectable correspondence. 
These letters contain Biany curious and interest- 
ing facts, they abound with many anecdotes of 
the generosity and the humane sentiments of the 
writer. They are written with elegance and 
great purity, and the reader every where dis- 
c;)vers that affability, that condescension and 
philanthropy, which so egregiously marked the 
advocate of the Christians. These letters are 
esteemed by some, equal to the voluminous 
epistles of Cicero. In his panegyric, Pliny's 
style is florid aad brilliant; he has' used to the 
greatest advantage, the liberties of the paneg-y- 
rist, and the eloquence of the courtier. His 
ideas are new and refined, but his diction is dis- 
tinguished by that affectation and pomposity 
which marked the reign of Trajan. The best 
editions of Pliny, are those of Gesner, improved 
by Schaefer, Lips. 1S05, in Svo. and of Lalle- 
mand, limo- Paris apud Barbou, and of the 
panegyric separate, that of Schwartz, ^to., 1746, 
and of the epistles, the Variorum L. Bat. 1669, 
Svo. His epistles have teen translated into 
English by lord Orrery and Mr Melm.oth: the 
version of "the latter is singularly elegant. Piin, 
Ep. — f'ossius. — Sido?iius. 

Plistarchcs, son of Leonidas, of the family 
L-f .'the Eurj sthenidsE, succeeded on the Spartan 
throne at the death of Cleombrotus. Herod. 9, 
10. 

Plisthenks, a son of Atreus, king of Argos, 
father of Menelaus and Agamemnon, according 
to Hesiod and others. Homer, however, calls 
Iilenelaus and Agamemnon sons of Atreus, 
though they were in reality the children of 
Plisthenes. The father died very young, and 
the two children were left in the house of their 
grandfather, who took care of them and in- 
structed them. From his attention to them, 
therefore, it seems probable that Atreus was 
universally acknowledged their protector and 
father, and thence their surname of Atridce. 
Ovid. Rem. Am. 77 i — Dictys Cret. 1.— Homer. 

PlistoInax and PlistoVAX, son of Pau- 
sanias, was general of the Lacedaemonian armies 
in the Peloponnesian war. He was banished 
from his kingdom of Sparta for 19 years, and was 
afterwards recalled by order of the oracle of 
D'^lDhi. He reiffned 5S years. He had succeeded 
Pli-tarchus. Thucyi. 

PlotIna. Pompeia, a Roman ladv who mar- 
ried Trajan while he was yet a private man. 
She entered Rome in the procession with her 
husband when he was saluted emperor, and 
distinguished herself by the affability of her be- 
haviour, her humanity, and liberal olBces to the 
p inr and friendless. She accompanied Trajan 
in the east, and at his death she brought back 
his ashes to Rome, and still enjoyed all the 
hinours and titles of a Roman empress under 
Adrian, who, by her means, had succeeded to 
the vacant throne. At her death, A. D. 122. 
she was ranked among the gods, and received 
divine honours, which, accDrding to the super- 
stition of the times, she seemed to deserve, 
from her regard for the go.'>d and the prosperity 
of the Roman empire, and for her private virtues. 
Dion . 



Plotinop JLIS, a city of Thrace, to the south 
of Hadrianopolis, founded and named in honour 
of the empress Plotina. On its site, at a later 
period, appeared the city of Didymotichos, now 

Demolica. 

Ploti.vus, a Platonic philosopher of LycopoHs 
in Egypt. He was for eleven years a pupil of 
Ammonius the philosopher, and after he had 
profited by all the instructions of his learned 
preceptor, he determined to improve his know- 
ledge, and to visit the territories of India and 
Persia to receive information. He accompanied 
Gordian in his expedition into the east, but the 
day which proved fatal to the emperor, nearly 
terminated the life of the philosopher. He saved 
himself by flight, and the following year he 
retired to Rome, where he publicly taiight phil- 
osophy. His school was frequented by people of 
every sex. age, and quality; by senators, as well 
as by plebeians, and so great was the opinion of 
the public of his honesty and candour, that many, 
on their death-bed, left all their possessions to 
his care, and entrusted their children to him, as 
to a superior being. He was the favourite of all 
the Romans; and while he charmed the popu- 
lace by the force of his eloquence, and the senate 
by his doctrines, the emperor Gallienus courted 
his friendship, and adm.ired and valued the 
extent of his learning. It is even said, that the 
emperor and the empress Salonina intended to 
rebuild a decayed city of Campania, and to 
appoint the philosopher over it, that there he 
might experimentally know, while he presided 
over a colony of philosophers, the validity and 
the use of the ideal laws of the republic of Piato. 
This plan was not executed, through the envy 
and malice of the enemies of Plotinus. The 
philosopher at last, become helpless and infirm, 
returned to Campania, where the liberality of 
his friends for a while maintained him. He died 
A. D. '2/0, in the 66th \ ear of his age. and as he 
expired, be declared that he made his last and 
most violent efforts to give up what there was 
most divine in him to that Divine Being, which 
fills the whole universe. Amidst the great • 
qualities of the philosopher, we discover some 
ridiculous singularities. Plotinus never per- 
mitted his picture to be taken, and he observed, 
that to see a painting of himself in the f>llowing. 
age was beneath the notice of an enlightened 
mind. These reasons also induced him to con- 
ceal the day, the hour, and the place of his birth. 
He never made use of medicines, and though 
his body was often debilitated by abstinence or 
too much study, he despised to have recourse to 
.1 physician, and thought that it would degrade 
the gravity of a philosopher. His writings have 
been collected by his pupil Porphyry. They 
consist of 54 different treatises divided into six 
equal parts, v. ritten with great spiiit and viva- 
city; but the reasonings are abstruse, and tlie 
subjects metaphysical. The best edition is that 
of Picinus, fol. Basil, 1.^80. 

Plotius Crispin cs, a stoic philosopher and 
poet, whose verses were very inelegant, and 
whose disposition was morose, for which he has 
been riuiruled by Horace, and surnamed Areta- 

logitt. Horat. Sat. 1, 1, 4 -Gallus, a native 

of Lugdunum, who taught grammar at Rome 
and had Cicero among his pupils. Cic. de Orar. 
1. Griphus. a man made senator by Vespa- 
sian. Tnrit lliil. 3. A centurion in Ca* ar's 

arsny Ois. B C. 3, 13 Tucc.i. a UivuA 



PLU 



597 



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I of Horace and of Virgil, who made iiini his 
heir. He was selected by Augustus, with Va- 
rius, to review the ^neid of Virgil. Horat. Sat. 
1, 5, 40. Lucius, a poet in the age of the 

freat Marius, whose exploits he celebrated in 
his verses. 

1 Plutarchus, a native of Chaeronea, de- 
scended of a respectable family. His father, 

I A-hose name is unknown, was distinguished for 
»iis learning and virtues, and his grandfather, 
called Lamprias, was also as conspicuous for his 
eloquence and the fecundity of his genius. 
Under Ammonius, a reputable teacher at Delphi, 

' Plutarch was made acquainted with philosophy 
and mathematics, and so well established was 
his character, that he was appointed by his 
countrymen, while yet very young, to go to the 
Roman pro-consul, in their name, upon an affair 
of the most important nature. This commission 
he executed with honour to himself, and with 
success for his country. He afterwards travelled 
in quest of knowledge, and after he had visited, 
like a philosopher and historian, the territories 
of Egypt and Greece, he returned to Rome, 
where he opened a school. His reputation 
made his school frequented. The emperor 
Trajan admired his abilities, and honoured him 
with the office of consul, and appointed him 
governor of lUyricum. After the death of his 
imperial benefactor, Plutarch removed from 
Rome to Chaeronea, where he lived in the 
greatest tranquillity, respected by his fellow 

i citizens, and raised to all the honours which his 
native town could bestow. In this peaceful arid 
solitary retreat, Plutarch closely applied himself 
to study, and wrote the greatest part of his 
works, and particularly his lives. He died in 
an advanced old age at Chaeronea, about the 
140th year of the Christian era. Plutarch had 
five children by his wife, called Timoxena, four 
sons and one daughter. Two of the sons and 
the daughter died when young, and those that 
survived were called Plutarch and Lamprias, 
and the latter did honour to his father's memory, 

I by giving to the world an accurate catalogue of 
his writings. In his private and public charac- 
ter, the historian of Chasronea was the friend of 

I discipline. He boldly asserted the natural right 
of mankind, liberty ; but he recommended obe- 
dience and deference to magistrates, to .preserve 
the peace and security of the community. He 
supported, that the most violent and dangerous 
public factions arose too often from private dis- 
putes and from misunderstanding. To render 
himself more intelligent, he always carried a 
common-place book with him, and he preserved 
with the greatest care whatever judicious obser 
vations fell in the course of conversation. The 
most esteemed of his works are his lives of il- 

, 'lustrious men. of whom he examines and delin- 

I eates the different characters with wonderful 
skill and impartiality. He neither misrepresents 
the virtues, nor hides the foibles of his heroes. 
He writes with precision and with fidelity, and 
though his diction is neither pure nor elegant, 
yet there is energy and animation, and in many 
descriptions he is inferior to no historian. In 

I some of his narrations, however, he is often too 

! circumstantial, his remarks are often injudicious; 
and when he compares the heroes of Greece with 
those of Rome, the candid reader can easily 
remember which side of the Adriatic gave the 
historian birth. Some have accused him of not i 



knowing the genealogy of his heroes, and have 
censured him for his superstition ; yet for all 
this, he is the most entertaining, the most in- 
structive, and interesting of all the writers of 
ancient history ; and were a man of true taste 
and judgment asked what book he wished to 
save from destruction, of all the profane com- 
positions of antiquity, he would perhaps without 
hesitation reply, the Lives of Plutarch. In his 
moral treatises, Plutarch appears in a different 
character, and his misguided philosophy, and 
erroneous doctrines, render some of these in- 
ferior compositions puerile and disgusting. They 
however contain many useful lessons and curious 
facts, and though they are composed without 
connection, compiled without judgment, and 
often abound with improbable stories, and false 
reasonings, yet they contain much information, 
and many useful reflections. The best editions 
of the whole works of Plutarch are, that of 
Stephens, 13 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1572 ; that of 
Reiske, 12 vols. 8vo. Lips. 1774—82; and that 
of Hutten, 14 vols. 8vo. Tubing. 1791—1804. 
The best edition of the Lives alone, is that of 
Coray, 6 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1S09 - 15 ; and the best 
edition of the Moral works is that of W^yttenbach, 
6 vols. 4to. and 12 vols. 8vo. Oxon. 1795. The 
Lives have been well translated 'by the Lang- 
homes ; and the Morals by various hands, in 5 
vols. 8vo. 

Pluto, a son of Saturn and Ops, inherited 
his father's kingdom with his brothers Jupiter 
and Neptune. He received as his lot the king- 
dom of hell, and whatever lies under the earth, 
and as such he became the god of the infernal 
regions, of death and funerals. From his func- 
tions, and the place he inhabited, he received 
different names. He was called Dis, Hades or 
Ades, Clytopolon, Agelastus, Orcus, Eubulus, 
Isidotes, Leptinis, Clymencn, Anapompus, &c. 
As the place of his residence was obscure and 
gloomy, all the goddesses refused to marry him; 
but he determined to obtain by force what was 
denied to his solicitations. As he once visited 
the island of Sicily, after a violent earthquake, 
he saw Proserpine, the daughter of Ceres, gather- 
ing flowers in the plains of Enna, with a crowd 
of female attendants. He became 'enamoured 
of her, and immediately carried her away upon 
his chariot, drawn by four horses. To make his 
retreat more unknown, he opened himself a 
passage through the earth, by striking it with 
his sceptre, in the lake of Cyane in Sicily, or, 
according to others, en the borders of the 
Cephissus in Attica. Proserpine called upon her 
attendants for help, but in vain, and she became 
the wife of her ravisher, and the queen of hell. 
Pluto is generally represented as holding a 
sceptre with two teeth ; he has also keys in his 
hand, to intimate that whoever enters his king- 
dom can never return. He is looked *ipon as a 
hard-hearted and inexorable god, with a grim 
and dismal countenance, and for that reason no 
temples were raised to his honour as to the rest 
of the superior gods. Black victims, and parti- 
cularly a bull, were the only sacrifices which 
were offered to him, and their blood was not 
sprinkled on the altars, or received in vessels, 
as at other sacrifices, but it was permitted to run 
down into the earth, as if it were to penetrate as 
far as the realms of the god. The Syracusans 
yearly sacrificed to him black bulls, near the 
fountain of Cyane, where, according to the re- 



FLU 



598 



P(EC 



ceived traditions, he had disappeared with 
Prosprpine. Among plants, the cypress, the 
narcissus, and the maiden-hair, were sacred to 
him, as also every thing which was deemed 
inauspicious, particularly the number two. Ac- 
cording to some of the ancients, Pluto sat on a 
throne of sulphur, from which issued the rivers 
Lethe, Cocytus, Phlegethcn, and Acheron. The 
dog Cerberus watched at his feet, the Harpies 
hovered around him, Proserpine sat on his left 
hand, and near to the goddess siood the Eumen- 
ides, with their heads covered with snakes. The 
Parcae occupied the right, and they each held in 
their hands the symbols of their office, the dis- 
taff, the spindle, and trie scissors. Pluto is called 
by some the father of the Eumenides. During 
the war of the gods and the Titans, the Cyclops 
made a helmet, which rendered ihe bearer in- 
visible, and gave it to Pluto. Perseus was 
armed with it when he conquered the Gorgons. 
Hygin. fab. l55.—Oiid. Met. 3, fab. 6. — Pans. 
2. 36.— Cic. de Nat. D. 2 26.—Firg. G. 4, 502. 
.En. 6. 273. 8, 296. ~ Lucan. 6, 715. —Horat. Od. 
2, 3 et 18. 

Plutoxidm, a temple of Flute in Lydia. 
Cic. de Div. I. 36. 

Plutus, a son of Ja?on or Jasius, by Ceres, 
the godJeis of corn, has been confounded by 
many of the mythologiscs with Pluto, though 
plainly distinguished from him as being the goJ 
of riches. He was born at Tripolis in Crete, 
where his mother was employed in bestowing 
cultivation on the eartn, aud he was brought up 
by the goddess of peace, and on that account, 
Pax was represented at Athens, as holding the 
god of wealth in her lap. The Greeks spoke of 
him as of a fickle divinity. They represented 
him as blind, because he distributed riches in- 
discriminately; he was lame, because he came 
slow and gradually; but had wings, to intimate 
that he flew away with more velocity than he 
approached mankind. Paus. 9, l& Qt2,%.— Hygui. . 
P. A.—Aristoph. hi Pint. 

PUJTics, a surname of Jupiter as god of rain. 
His worship was established at Athens, where, 
on mount Hymettus, an altar and a statue were 
erected, and sacrifices regularly offered in the ' 
times of drought. He was also invoked by that 
name among the Romans, whenever the earth 
was parched up by continual heat, and was in , 
want of refreshing show ers. He had an altar in 
the temple on the capitol, and the Romans had | 
reason to be grateful to a divinity who sent a { 
plentiful shower of rain to the prayers of the 
thirsty army of Trajan. In consequence of this j 
event the statue of the god was placed on 
Trajan's column, representing him as an old ! 
man with a long beard, and extended arms, 
while at his feet the soldiers spread their shields , 
to receive the showers which dropped from his i 
beard and -his hands. Tthall. 1, 7, 26. —Sueton. , 
in Tr j. — Paus. 2, 19. | 

Plynteria, a festival among the Greeks, in 
honour of Aglauros, or rather of Minerva, who 
received from the daughter of Cecrops the name } 
of Aglauros. The word seems to be derived i 
from tr^vytiv. lat nre, because, during the solem- ! 
nitr, they undressed the statue of the goddess 
and icashed it. The day on w hich it was observed ' 
was universally looked upon as unfortunate and . 
inauspicious, and on that account, no person [' 
was permitted to apuear in the temples, as they 
were purposely sui rounded with ropes. Tae \ 



arrival of Alcibiades in Athens that day, was 
deemed very unfortunate; but, however, the 
success that ever after attended him, proved it 
to be otherwise. It was customary at this festi- 
val to bear in procession a cluster of figs, which 
Intimated the progress of civilization among 
the first inhabitants of the earth, as figs served 
them for food after they had found a dislike for 
acorns. Pollux. 

Pnyx, a place of Athens, set apart by SoloQ 
for holding assemblies. It was so called cc<i to 

■KStrvKvihaSat tv avrr] Toif ^ovXsvrds, from the 

croicdi7ig together of the people in it. The Pnyx 
was near the citadel. In later times the theatre 
of Bacchus was the usual place for public assem- 
blies. 

PodalirTus, a son of.Esculapius and Epione. 
He was one of the pupils of the Centaur Chiron, 
and he made himself under him sucha master of 
medicine, that during the Trojan war, the 
Greeks invited hira to their camp, to stop a pes- 
tiience which had baffled the skill of all their 
physicians. Some however suppose, that he 
went to the Trojan war not in the capacity of a 
physician in the Grecian army, but as a warrior 
attended by his brother Machaon. in thirty ships, 
with soldiers from ll^.chalia. Ithome, and Trica. 
At his return from the Trojan war, Podalirius 
was shipwrecked on the coast of Caria, where he 
cured of the falling sickness and married a 
daughter of Damcetas the king of the place. He 
fi.^ed his habitation there, and built two towns, 
one of which he called Syrna, by the name of 
his wife. The Carians, after bis death, built 
him a temple, and paid him divine honours, 
Dictys Cret. — Q. Smyrn. 6 et 9- — Odd de Art. 

Am. 2, Trist. et. 6 A Rutulian engaged ia 

the wars of .£neas and Turnus. yirg, /En. 12. 
304. 

PODARCES, a son of Iphiclusof Thessaly, who 
went to the Trojan war, with his brother Prote- 
silaus, at the head of 40 ships. He succeeded to 
the command of the army after his brother's 

death. The first name of Priam. When 

Troy was taken by Hercules, he was carried 
away in the number of the captives, but his sister 
Hesione, to whom the hero had given the pow er 
of choosing any one she pleased, redeemed him 
from slavery, by giving the golden ornaments of 
her head to the conqueror, and from that cir- 
cumstance he received the name of Priam. Vid. 
Priamus. 

PODARGE, one of the Harpies, mother of two 
of the horses of Achilles, by the Zephyrs. The 
word intimates the swi_iJness of her feet. Hygin. 

PCEAS. the father of Philoetetes. The son is 
often called Pceantia proles, on account of his 
father. Ovid. Met. 13, 45. 

PCECILE, a celebrated portico at Athens, which 
received its name from the variety (iroiKtXof) of 
paintings which it contained. It was there that 
Zeno kept his school, and the Stoics also received 
their lessons there, whence their name from 
<rroa, a porch'). The Poecile was adorned with 
pictures of gods and benefactors, and among- 
many others were those of the siege and sacking 
of Troy, the battle of Theseus against the 
Amazons, the fight between the Lacedaemonians 
and Athenians at (linoe in Argolis, and of Atticus, 
the great friend of Athens. The only reward 
which Miltiades obtained after the battle of 
Marathon, was to have his picture drawn in the 
fi>ie ground and more conspicuous than that uf 



PCF.N 



599 



POL 



the rest of the officers that fought with him, in 
the representation which was made of the en- 
gagement, which was hung up in the PcEcile, in 
commemoration of that celebrated victory. C. 
Nep. in Milt, et in Attic 3. 

PCENi, a name given to the Carthaginians. It 
seems to be a corruption of the word Phceni or 
Phcenices, as the Carthaginians were of Phoenician 
origin. Servius ad Virg. 1, 302. 

POGON, a name given to the harbour of 
Troezene from its shape, being formed by a 
curved strip of land which resembled a beard 
(jr<Oya)i/): hence arose the proverbial pun, TrXeu- 
oiiai ely TpoiXr]va, which was addressed to those 
whose chins were but scantily provided. This 
port was formerly so capacious as to contain a 
large fleet: we are told by Herodotus that the 
Greek ships were ordered to assemble there 
prior to the battle of Salamis. At present it is 
shallow, obstructed by sand, and accessible 
only to small boats. Herod. 8, 42 — Strab. 8. 

POLA, a town of Istria, on the western coast, 
near the southern extremity, or Promontorium 
Polaticum. It is said to have been founded by 
the Colchians, whom .^etes sent in pursuit of 
Medea and the Argonauts . It became afterwards 
a noble Roman colony, with the surname Pietas 
Julia. It still preserves its name unchanged. 
Plin. 3 19.- Mela, 2, 4. 

POLEMARCHUS. Vid. Archontcs. 

POLEMON, a youth of Athens, son of Philos- 
tratus. He was much given to debauchery and 
extravagance, and spent the greatest part of his 
life in riot and drunkenness. He once, when 
intoxicated, entered the school of Xenocrates, ^ 
and with an air of insolence derided the remarks ', 
and stifled indignation of the spectators. Xeno- 
crates did not notice the conduct of his former 
pupil with pointed severity, but changing the 
discourse in which he was engaged, he mildly 
enlarged on the virtues of modesty and the hor- 
rors of intemperance. The rebuke was gradually 
felt, and Polemon was so struck with the elo- 
quence of the academician, and the force of his 
argyaments, that from that moment he renounced 
the dissipated life he had led, and applied him- 
self totally to the study of .philosophy. He was 
then in the 30th year of his age, and from that 
time he never drank any other liquor but water: 
and after the death of Xenocrates he succeeded 
in the school where his reformation had been 
effected. He died about 270 years before Christ, 
in an extreme old age. Diofr. in Vita — Horat, 

Sat. 2, 3, 254. A son of Zeno the rhetorician, 

made king of Pontus by Antony. He attended 
his patron in his expedition against Parthia. 
After the battle of Actium, he was received into 
favour by Augustus, though he had fought in the 
cause of Antony. He was killed some time after 
by the barbarians near the Palus Maeotis, against 

whom he had made war. His son, of the same 

name, was confirmed on his father's throne by 
the Roman emperors, and the province of Cilicia 

was also added to his kingdom by Claudius. 

An officer in the army of Alexander, intimate 
with Philotas, &c. Curt. 7, 1, &c. A rhetor- 
ician at Rome, who wrote a poem on weights 
and measures still extant. He was master to 
Perseus, the celebrated satirist, and died in the 

age of Nero. A sophist of Laodicea in Asia 

Minor, in the reign of Adrian. He was often 
sent to the emperor with an embassy by his 
countrymen, which he executed with great suc- 



cess. He was greatly favoured by Adrian, from 
whom he obtained much money. In the ofith 
year of his age he buried himself alive, as he 
laboured with the gout. He wrote declamations 
in Greek. 

POLEMONiUM, a city on the coast of Pontus, 
situate according to Pliny, eighty miles to the 
west of Pharnacia. It was founded by king 
Polemon and named after him. Its site was 
occupied by an earlier place called Side. Strab. 
12 — Piin. 6, 4. 

POLiAS, a surname of Minerva, as protectress 
of cities. She was particularly worshipped under 
that name at TrcEzene, where her statue of gold 
and ivory was one of the best piec^ss of Phidias. 
She was also worshipped at Tegea in Arcadia, 
where her temple, served by one priest, was 
entered only once a year. The locks of Medusa's 
head were said to be preserved there, which had 
the power to render such as possessed them more 
than a match for their enemies, Apollod, 2. — 
Strab. 9.— Pans. 2, 30. 3, 17. 8, 4?. 

POLIEIA, a festival at Thebes in honour of 
Apollo, who was represented there with grey hair 
(TToXtiy,) contrary to the practice of all other 
places. The victim was a bull, but when it 
happened once that no bull could be found, an 
ox was taken from the cart and sacrificed. From 
that time the sacrifice of labouring oxen was 
deemed lawful, though before it was looked 
upon as a capital crime. 

POLIORCETES, (^besieger of cities,) a surname 
given to Demetrius, son of Antigonus. Plut. in 
Demetr. 

PolistrAtus, an Epicurean philosopher, bora 
the same day as Hippoclides, with whom he al- 
wa:ys lived in the greatest intimacy. They both 
died at the same hour. Diog. — Vol. Mux. 1, 8. 

POLTTES, a son of Priam and Hecuba, re- 
markable for his swiftness, and therefore fre- 
quently engaged to watch the motions of the 
Grecian army. Iris once assumed his form to 
inform the Trojans of the unexpected approach 
of the Grecian forces. Polites was killed by 
Pvrrhus in his father's presence. Virg. Mn. 2, 

526, Sic— Homer. II. 2, 298. 13, 533. 24, 250 

His son, who bore the same name, followed 
iEneas into Italy, and was one of the friends of 
young Ascanius. Virg. Mn. 5, 564. 

POLLA ARGENTARIA, the wife of the poet 
Lucan. She assisted her husband in correcting 
the three first books of his Pharsalia. Stat. Sylv, 
1 et 2. 

POLLENTiA, a town of Liguria, south-east of 
Alba Pompeia. It was a municipium, and is 
chiefly celebrated for its wool. A battle was 
fought in its vicinity between Stilico and the 
Goths, the success of which appears to have been 
very doubtful. But Claudian speaks of it as the 
greatest triumph of his hero. The modern 
village of Polenzi stands near the site of the 
ancient city. Plin. 8, 48.— S/i!. Itnl. 8, 599. 

POLLlO, C. ASINIUS, a Roman consul, under 
the reign of Augustus, who distinguished himself 
as much by his eloquence and writings as by his 
exploits in the field. He defeated the Dalma- 
tians, and favoured the cause of Antony against 
Augustus. He patronized, with great liberality, 
the poets Virgil and Horace, who have immor- 
talized him in their writings. He was the first 
who raised a public library at Rome, and indeed 
his example was afterwards followed by many of 
the emperors. In his library were placed the 



POL 



POL 



statues of all the learned men of every age, and 
Yarro was the only person who was honoured 
there durin» his life-time. He was with Julius 
Caesar when he crossed the Rubicon. He was 
greatly esteemed by Augustus, whose cause he 
• spoused upon the disgraceful alliance of Antony 
with Cleopatra, and he did not offend him by re- 
fusing to share his dangers at the battle of 
Actium. PoUio wrote some tragedies, orations, 
and a history of the civil wars of Pompey and 
CcBsar, which was divided into seventeen books. 
All these compositions are lost, and nothing re- 
mains of his writings except a few letters to 
Cicero. He died in the eightieth year of his age, 
A. D, 4. He is the person in whose honour 
Virgil has inscribed his fourth eclogue, PoUio, 
as a reconciliation was effected between Augus- 
tus and Antony durrng his consulship. Horai, 
Od- 2. 1. Sat. 1, IQ.—Appian: de B. Civ. 5.— 

FelL Bat. 2, 44 at S6. — Virg. Eel. 3, 8. 4, 12. 

Annius, a man accused of sedition before Tibe- 
T'm\ and acquitted. He afterwards conspired 

against Nero, <S:c. Tacit. 6, 9, 15, 56 

Vedius, one of the friends of Augustus, who 
used to feed his fishes with human flesh. This 
cruelty was discovered when one of his servants 
broke a vase in the presence of Augustus, who 
had been invited to a feast. The master ordered 
the servant to be seized; but he threw himself at 
the feet of the emperor, and begged him to in- 
terfere, and not to suffer him to be devoured 

by fishes. [Vii. Pausilypus.] A man who 

poisoned Britannicus, at the instigation of 
Nero. 

Pollux, a son of Jupiter by Leda, the wife 
of Tyndarus. He was brother to Castor. [T^d. 

Castor.] Julius, a grammarian, who was bom 

at Naucratis in Egypt, and flourished in the 
reign of Commodus, about A. D. 175. He wrote 
an epithalamium for that emperor, and opened 
a school for rhetoric at Athens. He was author 
of a dictionary, or " Onomasticon," which is 
extant, and is a valuable aid to the study of the 
Greek language, and the elucidation of its 
writers. The best edition of this work is that 

of Hemsterhusius, 2 vols. fol. Amst. 1706 

There was another of the same name, but much 
posterior. He wrote a " Chronicon" in Greek, 
which commences at the creation, and comes 
down to the reign of the emperor Valens. Of 
this an edition was given by Hardt, Svo. Monach. 
1792. 

Pol DSC A, a town of Latium, formerly the 
capital of the Volsci. The inhabitants were 
called PoUusiini. Liv. 2, 39. 

POLY^XUS, a native of Lampsacus, and one 
of the friends of Epicurus. He had attended 
previously to mathematical studies. Cic 

Fi7i. 1, 6. A native of Sardis, a sophist in the 

time of Julius Csesar, and who is thought to have 
taken his praenomen (^Julius) from the family 
that protected him. We have four epigrams by 

him remaining A native of Macedonia, 

flourished about the middle of the second cen- 
tury of our era, and wrote a work entitled 
Srp"aTr,y>7;*aT4«a {''Military Stratagemt'')^ which he 
dedicated to the emperors M. Antoninus and 
Verus. It is an entertaining performance, in an 
easy and elegant style, and though in many re- 
spects trifling, it contains some curious informa- 
tion. It was first published by Casaubon, in 
L'lSQ; but the best edition is that of Mursinna, 
l;imo. Berol. 1766. There is an English trans- 



lation by Shepherd. A native of Athens aa 

historical writer. 

PoLTBics, or PoLYBUS, a king of Connth, j 
who married Periboea, whom some have called i 
Merope. He was son of Mercury bv Chthono- : 
phyle, the daughter of Sicyon, king of Sieyou. 
He permitted his wife, who had no children, to 
adopt and educate as her own son, O^^dipus, who 
had been found by his shepherds exposed in the 
woods. He had a daughter called Lysianassa, 
whom he gave in marriage to Talaus, son of 
Bias, king of Argos, As he had no male child, 
he left his kingdom to Adrastus, who had been : 
banished from his throne, and who had fied to 
Corinth for protection. Eygin. fab, 66.— Puu*. 
2, ^.—ApoVx,d. 3, 5. 

POLYBius, an eminent Greek historian, was 
bom at Megalopolis, in Arcadia, about 203 B. C. 
His father, Lycortas, was praetor of the Achjean 
republic, and "an intimate friend of Philopcemen. 
He was brought up to arms and public affairs, 
and at the age of twenty- four, he was one of { 
the deputies sent by the state to negotiate with 
Ptolemy Epiphanes. After this he was employed 
in various other embassies, and at length, when 
the Romans found it necessary no longer to 
preserve appearances with the Greeks, he was 
one of the thousand suspicious persons demanded 
of the Achaeans as hostages to be detained under 
custody in Italy. Polybius was kept in close 
custody at Rome, and not suffered to plead 
before the senate in favour of his countrj'men. j 
By his learning, virtue, and talents, he ingra- 
tiated himself with many of the most eminent \ 
senators, especially with the two sons of Paulus 
,^milius. Through the interest of the latter, : 
the exiles, after seventeen years absence from ' 
their country, were permitted to return to i 
Greece, but only three hundred survived to I 
enjoy that liberty. Polybius himself not wishing ' 
to see his native land in its humiliated state, j 
chose to remain at Rome, and attach himself to 
the service of Scipio ^milianus, whom he | 
accompanied into Africa, and materially aided , 
by his counsel. After this he was witness to the 
sack and destruction of Corinth, and of the ' 
reduction of Achaia to the condition of a Roman j 
province. Amidst these dreadful scenes he , 
displayed noble traits of patriotism and disinter- , 
estedness, which obtained for him so much credit, ' 
that he was entrusted with the care of settling | 
the new form of government in the cities of 
Greece, which ofiSee he performed to the satis- | 
faction both of the Romans and the Greeks. The i 
people of Achaia erected several statues to his ( 
honour. He accompanied Scipio to the siege of ] 
Numantia, and, upon the subsequent death of] 
his great friend and benefactor, he retired to his j 
native countrv, where he died, in consequence j 
of a fall from his horse, at the age of eighty-two. 
During a long period of his life he employed his j 
leisure and opportunities in composing a history , 
from the beginning of the second Punic war, to I 
the subversion of the Macedonian kingdom, ^ \ 
period of fifty- three years. It was comprized in 
thirty-eight books, besides two introductory ones, I 
containing an abridgment of the Roman history 
from the taking of Rome by the Gau's. The 
history of Polybius, though principally devoted \ 
to Roman affairs, yet relates to the contempo- ■ 
rary transactions in several other countries, [ 
whence he entitled it Catholic or universal. Only 
;a very small part of this work remains, viz., the | 



POL 



601 



POL 



five first books, which are entire, and considera- 
ble fragments of the twelve following. No 
historian of antiquity is more valuable for the 
accuracy and fidelity of his narrations, and the 
abundance of his information. His style is not 
to be commended, and he is one of those authors 
[ Vrho are read exclusively for their matter. He 
has been closely copied in many parts by Livy, 
who does not acknowledge his obligations, and 
only mentions him as "a writer by no means to 
I be despised." Marcus Brutus was fully sensible 
} of his value, and studied him even in the midst 
of his most anxious engagements. The best 
; edition of Polybius is that of Schweighaeuser, 9 
j vols. 8ro. Lips, 1789 — 95. Orellius published 
] in 1818, from the Leipsic press, the commentary 
of ^neas Tactitus, in one volume Bvo., as a 
1 supplement to this edition. Polybius has been 
i translated into English by Hampton. Plut. in 

Phil, in prcEC.—Liv. 30, 45.— Paws. 8, 30. A 

I freedman of Augustus. Smt. A physician, 

I disciple and successor of Hippocrates. A 

j soothsayer of Corinth, who foretold to his sons 
i the fate that attended them in the Trojan war. 
! POLYBOTES, one of the giants who made war 
against Jupiter. He was killed by Neptune, 
who crushed him under a part of the island of 
Cos, as he was walking across the .^gean, and 
thus, with his body and the broken fragment, 
formed, as the mythologists relate, the island of 
Nisyros. Pam. 1, 2. — Hygin. in prcsf./ab. 

POLYBUS, a king of Thebes in Egypt in the 
time of the Trojan war. He kindly received 
Menelaus and Helen on their return to Greece 
from Troy, and loaded them with rich presents. 

Horn. Od. 4, 126. One of Penelope's suitors. 

Ovid. Heroid. I.— Horn. Od. 22, 284. A king 

of Sicyon. A king of Corinth. Vid. Poly- 
bius. 

PoLYCARPUS, a Christian father and martyr, 
probably bom at Smyrna, in the reign of Nero. 
He is said to have been a disciple of St John the 
Evangelist, who consecrated him bishop of 
Smyrna, and addressed him in his apocalyptical 
epistle. Ignatius also held Polycarp in high 

j estimation, and recommended to his care the 
church of Antioch. He visited Rome to confer 

I with Anicetus about the time of celebrating 
Easter, and during his stay there, opposed the 
heresies of Marcion and Valentinus. The for- 
mer, meeting him one day in the street, said, 
" Polycarp, acknowledge us ;" to which he 
replied, "Yes, I acknowledge thee to be the 
first-born of Satan I" He governed the church 
of Smyrna till A. D. 167, when he was sentenced 
to be burnt ; but the flames passing over him 
like an arch, one of the soldiers ran him through 
with a sword, on which such a quantity of blood 
issued forth as extinguished the fire ; and, at the 
same time, a dove was seen to fly from the 
wound. His " Kpistle to the Philippians,'' the 
only one of his pieces which has been preserved, 
is contained in archbishop Wake's "Genuine 
Epistles." The best edition of the original is 
that by Aldrich, Bvo. Oxon. 1708. 

POLYCASTE, the youngest of the daughters of 
Nestor. According to some authors she married 
Telemachus, when he visited her father's court 
in quest of Ulysses, and by him had a son called 
Perseptolis. Horn. Od. 3, 464. 

POL"?CLES, an Athenian in the time of Dem- 
etrius, &c. Pohjcen. 5. A famous athlete, 

often crowned at the four solemn games of the 



Greeks. He had a statue in Jupiter's grove at 
01>mpia. Paus. 6, 1. 

POLYCLETUS, a celebrated statuary of Sicyon, 
about 232 years before Christ. He was univer- 
sally reckoned the most skilful artist of his pro- 
fession among the ancients, and the second rank 
was given to Phidias. One of his pieces, in 
which he had represented a body guard of the 
king of Persia, was so happily executed, and so 
nice and exact in all its proportions, that it was 
looked upon as a most perfect model, and ac- 
cordingly called the Rule, He was also acquaint- 
ed with architecture, and was therefore employed 
to finish the beautiful temple and the elegant 
theatre of ^Esculapius at Epidaurus. Paus. 2, 

17 et 27. 6, 6.~PluU in Per Slat. Sylv. 4, 6, 28. 

—Juv. §, 2^7.— Martial 8, ep. 51. 10, ep. 89.— 
Quintil. 12, 10. 

PoLYCRATES, a tyrant of Samos, well known 
for the continual flow of good fortune which at- 
tended him. He became very powerful, and 
made himself master, not only of the neighbour- 
ing islands, but also of some cities on the coast 
of Asia. He had a fleet of a hundred ships of 
war, and he was so universally respected, that 
Amasis, the king of Egypt, made a treaty of 
alliance with him. The Egyptian monarch, 
however, terrified by his continued prosperity, 
advised him to chequer his enjoyments, by relin- 
quishing some of his most favourite objects; 
Polycrates complied, and threw into the sea a 
beautiful seal, the most valuable of his jewels. 
The voluntary loss of so precious a seal afifticted 
him for some time, but a few days after, he re- 
ceived as a present a large fish, in whose belly 
the jewel was found. Amasis no sooner heard 
this, than he rejected all alliance with the tyrant 
of Samos, and observed, that sooner or later his 
good fortune would vanish. Some time after, 
Polycrates visited Magnesia on the Maeander, 
where he had been invited by Orcetes,the gover- 
nor. He was shamefully put to death, 522 years 
before Christ, merely because the governor 
wished to terminate the prosperity of Polycrates. 
The daughter of Polycrates had dissuaded her 
father from going to the house of Oroetes, on ac- 
count of the bad dreams which she had had, but 
her advice was disregarded. Paus. 8, 14. — Strnbi. 

U.— Herod. 3, 39, &c A sophist of Athens, 

who, to engage the public attention, wrote a 
panegyric on Busiris and Clytemnestra. Quintil. 
2, 17. 

POLYCTOR, the father of Pisander, one of 
Penelope's suitors. He was killed by Philaetius. 
Horn. Odyss. 22 243 et 268. 

POLYDi35MON, an Assyrian prince killed by 
Perseus. Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 3. 

PolydAmas, a Trojan, son of Antenor by 
Theano, the sister of Hecuba. He married 
Lycaste, a natural daughter of Priam. He is 
accused by some of having betrayed his country 

to the Greeks. Dares Phryg A son of Pan- 

thous, born the same night as Hector. He was 
inferior in valour to none of the Trojans, except 
Hector; and his prudence, the wisdom of his 
counsels, and the firmness of his mind, claimed 
equal admiration, and proved most salutary to 
his unfortunate and often misguided country- 
men. He was at last killed by Ajax, after he 
had slaughtered a great number of the enemy. 

Diciys Cret. 1, 8cc. — Homer. II. 12, &c. A 

celebrated athlete, son of Nicias, who imitated 
Hercules in whatever he did. He killed a lion 
ii E 



POL 



602 



POL 



with his fist, and it is said that he could stop 
with his hand a chariot in its most rapid course. 
He was one day with some of his friends in a 
cave, when on a sudden a large piece of rock 
came tumbling: down; and while all fled away, 
he attempted to receive the falling fragment in 
his arms. His prodigious strength, however, 
was insufficient, and he was instantly crushed to 

pieces under the rock. Pans. 6, 6. One of 

Alexander's officers, intimate with Parmenio. 
Curt. 4, 15. 

POLYDAMNA, the wife of Thonis, king of 
Egypt. It is said that she gave Helen a certain 
powder, which had the wonderful power of driv- 
ing away the most poignant cares and the most 
rooted melancholy. Homer. Od. 4, 22S. 

POLYDECTES, a king of Sparta, of the family 
of the Proclidae. He was son of Eunomus. 

Paus. 3, 7. A son of Magnes and Nais, king 

of the island of Seriphos. He received with 
great kindness Danae and her son Perseus, who 
had been exposed on the sea by Acrisius. [Fid. 
Perseus.] He took particular care of the educa- 
tion of Perseus; but when he became enamoured 
of Danae, he removed him from his kingdom, 
apprehensive of his resentment. Some time 
after, he paid his addresses to Danae, and when 
she rejected him, he prepared to oflfer her vio- 
lence. Danae fled to the altar of Minerva for 
protection, and Dictys, the brother of Polydecte?, 
who had himself saved her from the sea-waters, 
opposed her ravisher and armed himself in her 
defence. At this critical moment, Perseus ar- 
rived, and with Medusa's head he turned into 
stones Polydectes, with the associates of his 
guilt. The crown of Seriphos was given to Dic- 
tys, who had shown himself so active in the 
cause of innocence. Ovid, Met. 5, 242. — Hygin. 
fab. 63, &c. 

POLYDORA, a daughter of Peleus, king of 
Thessaly, by Antigone, the daughter of Eury- 
tion. She married the river Sperchius, by whom 
she had Mnestheus. Horn. II. 16, \75. — ApoUod. 

3. One of the Oceanides. Hesiod. A 

daughter of Meleager, king of Calydon, who 
married Protesilaus. She killed herself when 
she heard that her husband was dead. The wife 
of Protesilaus is more commonly called Laoda- 
mia. [ Fid. Protes'ilaus.J Paus. 4, 2. 

PolydOeus. a son of Alcamenes, king of 
Sparta. He put an end to the war which had 
been carried on during twenty years, between 
Messenia and his subjects; and during his reign, 
the Uacedaefnonians planted two colonies, one at 
Crotona, ami the other at Locri. He was uni- 
versally respected. He was assassinated by a 
nobleman, called Polemarchus, but his memory 
was honoui-ed by the gratitude and the tears of 
his countrymen. His son Eurycrates succeeded 
him 724 years before Christ. Paus 3. — Herod. 

7, 2Q4 A celebrated carver of Rhodes, who 

with one stone made the famous statue of Lao- 
coon and his children. Plin. 34, 8. A son of 

Hippomedon» who went with the Epijjoni to the 

second Theban war. Paus. 2, 20. A son of 

Cadmus and Hermione, who married Nycteis, 
by whom he had Labdacus, the father of Laius. 
He had succeeded to the throne of Thebes, when 
his father had gone to Illyricum. Apollod. 3. 
——A son of Priam by Hecuba, or, according to 
others, by Laothoe, the daughter of Altes, king 
of Pedasus. As he was yoimg and inexperienced 
when Troy was besieged by the Greeks, his 



father forbade him to appear in the field, but his 
valour and his swiftness made him disregard the \ 
parental admonitions, and he was, according to j 
Homer, killed by Achilles. Succeeding poets i 
and historians have related a diff"erent account, i 
and mentioned, that instead of appearing in the 
war, Polydorus was sent by his father to the ' 
court of Polymnestor, king of Thrace, and that , 
with him also was intrusted to the care of the' 
monarch a large sum of money, and the greatest I 
part of the treasures of Troy, till the country, 
was freed from foreign invasion. No sooner was ! 
the death of Priam known in Thrace, than Po-( 
lymnestor made himself" master of the richesj 
which were in his possession ; and to ensure them ! 
the better, he assassinated youug Polydorus, andj 
threw his body into the sea, where it was found 
by Hecuba. {Fid. Hecuba.] According to Vir- 1 
gil, the body of Polydorus was buried near thej 
shore by his assassin, and there grew on his! 
grave a myrtle, whose boughs dropped blood, 
when ^neas, going to Italy, attempted to tearl 
them from the tree. [Fid. Polymnestor.] Firg, 
Mn. 3, 21, See— Apollod. 3, 12. — Ovid. Met. 13,' 
432.— Homer. H. 20, 407. 21, 85 — Diclys. Cret.^ i 
IS. i 

Polygnotus, a celebrated painter of Thasos, 
about 422 years before the Christian era. His' 
father's name was Aglaophon. He adorned the 
public porticos of Greece with his paintings, but 
those which claimed the highest admiration were 
the two that were preserved at Delphi, the one 
of which represented the most striking events 
of the Trojan war, and the other the descent of, 
Ulysses to the infernal regions. The subjects of 
these pieces are interwoven with the history and^ 
mythology of ancient times, and it is a happyi 
reflection to know that a very minute description; 
of them is preserved and embellished by Pausa-j 
nias in a manner which, in showing his taste and 
judgment, presents to our view the actions andj 
characters of the heroic ages. Polygnotus was 
said particularly to excel in giving grace, liveli- 
ness, and expression to his pieces. He rose 
superior to his predecessors, and instead of em- 
ploying, like them, only the various shades of 
black and white, he improved his art by the in-| 
troduction of new materials, and applied to his; 
pieces with delicacy and taste the difl"erent 
powers of four colours. The Athenians were 
so pleased with him, that they off"ered to reward] 
his labours with whatever he chose to accept. 
He declined this generous offer, and the Am- 
phyctyonic council, which was composed of the! 
representatives of the principal cities of the, 
country cf Greece, ordered that Polygnotus | 
should be honoured with the thanks of universal! 
Greece, and that for his services and his meritsj 
he should be maintained at the public expencei 
wherever he went. Quiniil. 12, \Q.—Piin. 33,' 
13. 31, 8. 35, 6, 9 et\].-Plut. in Cim.- Paus»\ 
10, 25. &c. A statuary. Plin. 34. 

POLYHYMNIA, and POLYMNIA, One of tbe| 
Muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne.] 
She presided over singing and rhetoric, and was 
deemed the inventress of harmony, and of theat-| 
rical gestures. She was represented veiled in 
white, holding a sceptre in her left hand, and 
with her right raised up, as if ready to harangue.. 
She had a crown of jewels on her head. Hesiod. 
Theog. 75 et91^.— P/ui. in Symp. 9et 53 — Horat.\ 
Od. I, 1, d'd. — Ovid. Fast. 5, 9. I 

PolVIdIus; a physician who brought back to| 



POL 



603 



POL 



life Glaueus, the son of Minos, by applying to 
his body a certain herb, with which he had seen 
a serpent restore life to another which was dead. 

l^id. Glaueus.] Apollod. 3,3. A son of Eury- 

damas skilful in the interpretation of dreams. 
He was killed by the Greeks during the Trojan 
war. Homer. 11.5, 150. 

FOLYMELA, one of Diana's companions. She 
was daughter of Philas, and had by Mercury a 
son called Eudorus who signalized himself dur- 
ing the Trojan war. She afterwards married 
Echeleus, whose origin is not known, but whose 
riches are celebrated. Homer. II. 16, 176. 

FolymElus, a Trojan killed before Troy by 
Patroclus. Homer. II. 16, 417. 

PoLYMNESTES, a Greek poet of Colophon, 
son of Meles or Miletus. He used a particular 
sort of metre which from hira was called 
Polymnestian. Some of his compositions were 
extant still in the age of Pausanias. Paus. 1, 

14. A native of Thera, father of Battus, or 

Aristocles, by Phronima, the daughter of Etear- 
chus, king of Oaxus. Herod. 4, 150.— Pmd 
Pyth. 4, i04. 

POLYMNESTOR, a king of the Thracian Cher- 
sonesus, who married llione the eldest of Priam's 
daughters. When the Greeks besieged Troy, 
Priam sent the greatest part of his treasures, 
together with Polydorus, the youngest of his 
sons, to Thrace, where they were intrusted to 
the care of Polymnestor. The Thracian monarch 
paid every attention to his brother-in-law; but 
when he was informed that Priam was dead, he 
murdered him to become master of the riches 
which were in his possession. At that time, the 
Greeks were returning victorious from Troy, 
followed by all the captives, among whom was 
Hecuba, the mother of Polydorus. The fleet 
stopped on the coast of Thrace^where one of the 
female captives discovered on the shore the body 
of Polydorus, whom Polymnestor had thrown 
into the sea. The dreadful intelligence was 
immediately communicated to the mother, and 
Hecuba, who recollected the frightful dreams 
which she had had on the preceding night, did 
not doubt but Polymnestor was the cruel assassin. 
She resolved to revenge her son's death, and 
immediately she called out Polymnestor, as if 
wishing to impart to him a matter of the most 
important nature. The tyrant was drawn into 
the snare, and was no soonei introduced into the 
apartments of the Trojan princess, than the 
female captives rushed upi n him and put out 
his eyes with their pins, while Hecuba murdered 
his two children who had accompanied him. 
According to Euripides, the Greeks condemned 
Polymnestor to be banished into a distant island 
for his perfidy. Hyginus, however, relates the 
whole differently, and observes, that when Poly- 
dorus was sent to Thrace, llione, his sister, took 
him instead of her son Deiphilus, who was of 
the same age, apprehensive of her husband's 
cruelty. The monarch was unacquainted with 
the imposition, he looked upon Polydorus as his 
own son, and treated Deiphilus as the brother of 
llione. After the destruction of Troy, the con- 
querors, who wished the house and family of 
Priam to be totally extirpated, offered Electra, 
the daughter of Agamemnon, to Polymnestor, if 
he would destroy llione and Polydorus. The 
monarch accepted the offer, and immediately 
dispatched his own son Deiphilus, whom he had 
been taught to regard as Polydorus. Polydorus, 



who passed as the son of Polymnestor, con- 
sulted the oracle after the murder of Deiphilus, 
and when he was informed that his father was 
dead, his mother a captive io the hands of the 
Greeks, and his countiy in ruins, he communi- 
cated the answer of the god to llione, whom he 
had always regarded as his mother. llione told 
him the measure she had pursued to save his 
life, and upon this he avenged the perfidy of 
Polymnestor, by putting out his eyes. Eurip. 
in Hecub. — Hygin. Jab. IQd. — Virg. JEn. 3, 45, 
&c.- Ovid. Met. 13, 430, &c. 

FOLYNiCES, a son of (Edipus, king of Thebes, 
by Jocasta. He inherited his father's throne 
with his brother Eteocles, and it was mutually 
agreed between the two brothers, that they 
should reign each a year alternately. Eteocles 
first ascended the throne b'Jr right of seniority; 
but when the year was expired, he refused to 
resign the crown to his brother. Folynices, 
upon this, fled to Argos, where he married Argia, 
the daughter of Adrastus, the king of the coun- 
try, and levied a large army, at the head of which 
he marched against Thebes. The command of 
this army was divided among seven celebrated 
chiefs, who were to attack the seven gates of the 
city of Thebes. The battle was decided by a 
single combat between the two brothers, who 
both killed one another. \_Vid. Eteocles.] 
Mschyl. Sept. ante Tlieb. — Eurip. Phcenis.— 
Senec in Theh. — Diod. 4 — Hy gin. fab. 68, &c. 
—Paus. 2, 20. 9, 5. — Apollod. 3, 5. 

FOX-YPEMON, a famous thief, called also Fro- 
cmsies, who plundered all the travellers about 
the Cephisus, and near Eleusis in Attica. He 
was killed by Theseus. Ovid calls him father of 
Procrustes, and Apollodorus, of Sinis. [Vid, 
Procrustes,] Paus. 1, 38.— Oiid. in lb. 409.— 
Plut. in Thes. 

POLYPERCHON, or POLYSPERCHON, one of 
the officers of Alexander. Antipater, at his 
death, appointed him governor of the kingdom 
of Macedonia, in preference to his own son Cas- 
sander. Polyperchon, though old, and a man 
of experience, showed great ignorance in the 
administration of the government. He became 
cruel, not only to the Greeks, or such as opposed 
his ambitious views, but even to the helpless 
and innocent children and friends of Alexander, 
to whom he was indebted for his rise and mili- 
tary reputation. He was killed in a battle 309 
B. C. Curt - Diod. 17, &c - Justin. 13. 

Polyphemus, a celebrated Cyclops king of 
all the Cyclopes inSicily, and son of Neptune and 
Thoosa, the daughter of Phorcys. He is repre^ 
sented as a monster of strength, of a tall stature, 
and with one eye only in the middle of the fore- 
head. He fed upon human flesh, and kept his 
flocks on the coasts of Sicily, when Ulysses, at 
his return from the Trojan war, was driven 
there. The Grecian prince, with twelve of his 
companions, visited the coast, and were seized 
by the Cyclops, who confined them in his cave, 
and daily devoured two of them. Ulysses would 
have shared the fate of his companions, had he 
not intoxicated the Cyclops, and put out his eye 
with a firebrand while he was asleep. Polyphe- 
mus was awakened by the sudden pain, he stopped 
the entrance of his cave, but Ulysses made his 
escape by creeping bptween the legs of the rams 
of the Cyclops, as they were led out to feed on 
the mountains. Polyphemus became enamoured 
of Galataea, Uut his addresses were disregarded, 
3 K 2 



POL 



604 



POM 



and the nymph shunned his presence. The' 
Cyclops was more earnest, and when he saw 
Galataea surrender herself to the pleasures of 
Acis, he crushed his rival with a piece of a broken 
rock. Ond. Met. 13, 772. — Homer. Od. 19 — 
Eurip. in Cyclop — Hy gin. fab. 125. — Virg. Mn. 
3, 619, &c. 

POLYPHONTES, one of the Heraclidae, who 
killed Cresphontes, king of Messenia, and usurp- 
ed his crown. Hygin. fab. 157. One of the 

Theban generals, under Eteocles. ^schyl. Sept. 
ante Theb. 

POLYPCETES, a son of Pirithous and Hippo- 
damia, at the Trojan war. Homer. U. 2. — Pans- 

10, 26. One of the Trojans whom jEneas saw 

when he visited the infernal regions. Virg. ^n, 
6, 484. 

POLYSPERCHON. • Vid. Polyperchon. 

POLYSTRATUS, a Macedonian soldier, who 
found Darius after he had been stabbed by Bes- 
Bus, and who gave him water to drink, and carried 
the last injunctions of the dying monarch to 
Alexander. Curt. 5, 13. 

POLYXENA, a daughter of Priam and Hecuba, 
celebrated for her beauty and accomplishments. 
Achilles became enamoured of her, and solicited 
her hand, and their marriage would have been 
consummated, had not Hector her brother 
opposed it. Polyxena, according to some au- 
thors, accompanied her father when he went to 
the tent of Achilles to redeem the body of his 
son Hector. Some time after the Grecian hero 
came into the temple of Apollo to obtain a sight 
of the Trojan princess, but he was murdered 
there by Paris; and Pulyxena, who had returned 
his affection, was so afflicted at his death, that 
she went and sacrificed herself on his tomb.- 
Some, however, suppose that that sacrifice was 
not voluntary, but that the manes of Achilles 
appeared to the Greeks as they were going to 
embark, and demanded of them the sacrifice of 
Polyxena. The princess, who was in the num- 
ber of the captives, was upon this dragged to 
her lover's tornb. and there immolated by Neo- 
ptolemu«, the son of Achilles. Olid. Met. 13, 
fab. 5, &c — Dictys Cret. 3 et 5 — rirg. ^n. 3, 
321 — CatuU. ep. 65. -Hygin. fab. 90. 

POLYXENUS, one of the Greek princes who 
went to the Trojan war at the head of the Mto- 
lians, in 10, or, according to Hyginus, in 40 
ships. His father's name was Agasthenes. 
Homer. Jl. 2, 130 — Pans. 5, 3. 

PoLYXO, a priestess of Apollo's temple in 
Lemuos. She was also nurse to queen Hypsipyle. 
It was by her advice that the Lemnian women 
murdered all their hustiands. Apollon. 1, 664. — 

Ftacc. 2, 316 — Hygin. fab. 15 One of the 

Atiantides. A native of Argos, who married 

Tlepolemus, son of Hercules. She followed him 
to Rhodes, after the murder of her uncle Licym- 
nius, and when he departed for the Trojan war 
with the rest of the Greek princes, she became 
the sole mistress of the kingdom. After the 
Trojan war, Helen fled from Peloponnesus to 
Rhodes, w here Polyxo reigned. Polyxo detained 
her, and to punish her as being the cause of a 
war, in which Tlepolemus had perished, she 
ordered her to be hanged on a tree by her female 
servants, disguised in the habit of Furies. [Vid. 
Helena. 1 Pans. 5, 19. 

PoLYZKLUS, a Greek poet of Rhodes. He 
ha(i written a poem on the origin and birth of 
Eacchus, Venus, the Muses, &c. Some of his 



verses are quoted by Athenaeus. Hygin. P. A, I 
2, 14. An Athenian archon. 

PosiETiA. Vid. Suessa Pometia. 

Pomona, a nymph at Rome who was sup- 
posed to preside over gardens, and to be the 
goddess of all sorts of fruit-trees. She had a 
temple at Rome, and a regular priest called 
Flamen Pomoncdis, who oflFered sacrifices to her 
divinity, for the preservation of fruit. She was 
generally represented as sitting on a basket jfull 
of flowers and fruit, and holding a bough in one 
hand, and apples in the [other. Pomona was 
particularly delighted with the cultivation of 
the earth, she disdained the toils of the field, 
and the fatigues of hunting. Many of the gods 
of the country endeavoured to gain her affection, 
but she received their addresses with coldness. 
Vertumnus was the only one, who, by assuming 
different shapes, and introducing himself into | 
her company, under the form of an old woman, 
prevailed upon her to break her vow of celibacy, 
and to marry him. This deity was unknown I 
among the Greeks. Ovid. Met. 14, 628, &c. 

POMPEIA, a daughter of Sextus Pompey, by 
Scribonia. She was promised to Marcellus, as 
a means of procuring a reconciliation between 
her father and the triumvirs, but she married 

Scnbonius Libo A daughter of Pompey 

the Great, Julius Caesar's third w ife. She was 
accused of incontinence, because Clodius had 
introduced himself in woman's clothes into the 
room where she was celebrating the mysteries 
of C}bele. Caesar repudiated her upon this I 

accusation. Plut, The wife of Annsus Sen j 

eca, was the daughter of Pompeius Paulinus. 

There was a portico at Rome, called Pom- i 

peia, much frequented by all orders of people. | 
Oi-ii. Art. Am. 67. Martial. 11, 48. i 

POMPEIA LEX, by Pompey the Great, de I 
ambiiu, A. U. C 701. It was directed against I 
bribery and corruption at elections, with the I 
infliction of new and severer punishments. Duk ' 

30, 37. 40. 52. Another by the same, A. U. O. i 

701, which forbade the use of laudaiores in trials, ' 
or persons who gave a good character of the ' 

pfisoner then impeached. Another by the | 

same, A. TJ. C. 683. It restored to the tribunes i 
their original power and authority, of which they ' 
had been deprived by the Cornelian law.— — I 
Another by the same, A. U. C. 701. It short- 1 
ened the forms of trials, and enacted that the i 
three first days of a trial should be employed in ! 
examining witnesses, and it allowed only one , 
day to the parties to make their accusation and |i 
defence. The plaintiff was confined to two ' 
hours, and the defendant to three. This law j 
had for its object the riots, which happened from 

the quarrels of Clodius and Milo Another 

by the same, A. U. C. 699. It required, that j 
the judges should be the richest of every century, t 
contrary to the usual form. It was however i 
requisite that they should be such as the Aure- I 

lian law prescribed Another of the same, I 

A. U. C 701. Pompey was by this empowered j 
to continue in the government of Spain five i 
years longer. j 

Pom PEI ANUS, a Roman knight of Antioch, 
raised to offices of the greatest trust, under : 
the emperor Aurelius, whose daughter Lucilla 
he married. He lived in great popularity at ^ 
Rome, and retired from the court when Coro- j 
modus succeeded to the imperial crown. He, ' 
ought, according to Julian s opinion, to have 



POM 



605 



POM 



been chosen and adopted as successor by M. 
Aurelius. 

Pompeii, or Pompeia, a city of Cimpania in 
the immediate vicinity of mount Vesuvius. Of 
ihis city it may be truly said, that it has become 
^.ir more celebrated in modern times than it ever 
could have been in the most flourishing period 
of its existence. Tradition ascribed the origin 
of Pompeii, as well as that of Herculaneum, to 
Hercules ; and like that city it was in turn oc- 
cupied hy the Oscans, Etruscans, Samnites, and 
Romans. At the instigation of the Samnites. 
Pompeii and Herculaneum took an active part 
in the social war, but were finally reduced by 
Sylla, In the general peace which followed, 
Pompeii obtained the rights of a municipal town, 
and became also a military ci lony, at the head 
of which was Publius Sylla, nephew of the dic- 
tator. This oflScer being accused before the 
senate of having excited some tumult at Pompeii, 
was ably defended by Cicero. Other colonies 
appear to have been subsequently sent here 
under Augustus and Nero. In the reign of the 
latter, a bloody affray occurred at Pompeii dur- 
ing the exhibition of a fight of gladiators, between 
the inhabitants of that place and those of Nuceria, 
in which many lives were lost. The Pompeiani 
were, in consequence, deprived of these shows 
for ten years, and several individuals were ban- 
ished. Shortly after, we hear of the destruction 
ol a considerable portion of the city by an earth- 
quake. Of the more complete catastrophe which 
buried Pompeii under the ashes of Vesuvius, we 
have no positive account; but it is reasonably 
conjectured that it was caused by the famous 
eruption under the reign of Titus. \_Vid. Her- 
culaneum.] The opinion generally maintained 
that the people of this city were surprised and 
overwhelmed by the volcaoic storm while in 
the theatre is not a very probable one. The 
number of skeletons discovered in Pompeii does 
not amount to sixty; and ten times this number 
would be inconsiderable, when comparca with 
the extent and population of the city. Besides, 
the first agitation and threatening aspect of the 
mountain, must have banished all mirth and 
amusemeut, and filled every breast with terror. 
No doubt the previous intimations were of such 
a nature as to have fully apprized the inhabitants 
of their danger, and induced the great mass of 
them to save themselves by flight. The dis- 
covery of Pompeii, [Fid. Herculaneum,] after 
having lain so long buried and unknown, has 
furnished us with many curious and valuable 
remains of antiquity. Dion. Hal. 1,44. — Veil. 
Paterc. 2, \6.— Cic. Oral, pro SyU. 2\. — Tacit. 
Ann. 14, 17. 15, 22.-Senec. QufPst. NrU. 6, 1. 

PompeiopOlis, a city of Paphlagonia, situate 
on the banks of the river Amnias, and founded 
by Pompey the Great. Its site has been fixed 
near the modern Tash-Kupri. Strab. 12.— —A 
city of Cilicia Campestris. Vid. Soloe. 

POMPEIUS, Q. a consul who carried on war 
against the Numantines, and made a shameful 
treaty. He is the first of that noble family, of 

whom mention is made. Flor. 2, 18 Cueus, 

a Eoman general, who made war against the 
Marsi, and triumphed over the Piceni. He 
declared himself against Cinna and Marius, and 
supported the interest of the republic. He was 
eurnamed Strabo, because he squinted. While 
he was marching agaijist M.'\riU'<, a plague broke 
out in his army, and r;!ged witti such ^iuUnce, 



that it carried away 11,000 men in a few days. 
He was killed by a flash of lightning, and as he 
had behaved with cruelty while in power, the 
people dragged his body through the streets of 
Rome with an iron hook, and threw it into the 

Tiber. Plut. in Pomp Rufus, a Roman 

consul with Sylla. He was sent to finish the 
Marsian war, but the army mutinied at the 
instigation of Pompeius Strabo, whom he was 
to succeed in command, and he was assassinated 

by some of the soldiers. Appian. Civ. 1. A 

tribune of the soldiers in Nero's reign, deprived 
of his office when Piso's conspiracy was discov- 
ered. Tacit, A consul praised for his learn- 
ing and abilities. Oxid. ex Pont. 4, 1. A 

son of Theophanes of Mitylene, famous for his 
intimacy with Pompey the Great, and for bis 

writings. Tacit. Ann. 6 A Roman knight 

put to death by the emperor Claudius for his 

adultery with Messalina. Tacit. Ann. 1\ 

Cneus, surnamed Magnus, from the greatness of 
his exploits, was son of Pompeius Strabo and 
Lueilia. He early distinguished himself in the 
field of battle, and fought with success and 
bravery under his father, whose courage and 
military prudence he imitated. He began his 
career with great popularity, the beauty and 
elegance of his person gained him admirers, and 
by pleading at the bar he displayed his eloquence, 
and received the most unbounded applause. In 
the disturbances which agitated Rome, by the 
ambition and avarice of Marius and Sylla, Pom- 
pey followed the interest of the latter, and by 
levying three legions for his service he gained 
his friendship and his protection. In the twen- 
ty-sixth year of his age, he conquered Sicily, 
which was in the power of Marius and his ad- 
herents, and in forty days he regained all the 
territories of Africa, which had forsaken the 
interest of Sylla. This rapid success astonished 
the Romans, and Sylla, who admired and 
dreaded the rising power of Pompey, recalled 
him to Rome, Pompey immediately obeyed, 
and the dictator, by saluting him with the ap- 
pellation of the Great, showed to the world what 
expectations he formed from the maturer age of 
his victorious lieutenant. This sounding title 
was not sufficient to gratify the ambition of 
Pompey, he demanded a triumph, and when 
Sylla refused to grant it, he emphatically ex- 
claimed, that the sun shone with more ardour at 
his rising than at his setting. His assurance 
gained what petitions and entreaties could not 
obtain, and he was the first Roman knight who, 
without an office under the appointment of the 
senate, marched in triumphal procession through 
the streets of Rome. He now appeared, not as 
a dependant, but as a rival, of the dictator, and 
his opposition to his measures totally excluded 
him from his will. After the death of Sylla, 
Pompey supported himself against the remains 
of the Marian faction, which were headed by 
Lepidus. He defeated them, put aiiend to the 
war which the revolt of Sertorius in Spain h-.d 
occasioned, and obtained a second triutniih, 
though still a private citizen, about seventy- 
three years before the Christian era. He was 
soon after made consul, and in that office he 
restored the tribunitial power to its original 
dignity, and in forty days removed the pirates 
from the Mediterranean, where they had reiened 
for many yc'ar.«, and bv their continual jiliinder 
and au;!;icitv, a!r;,n.st d^■st!•<)y(•U the win, If n;.\ul 

3 li a 



POM 



GOG 



POM 



I 



pow-r of Rome. While he prosecuted the pir- 
atical war, and extirpated these maritime rob- 
bers in their obscure retreat in Cilicia, Pompey 
was called to greater undertakings, and by the 
influence of his friends at Rome, and of the 
tribune Manilius, he was empowered to finish 
the war against two of the most powerful mon- 
archs of Asia, Mithridates king of Pontus, and 
Tigranes king of Armenia. In this expedition 
Pompey showed himself no ways inferior to 
Lucullus, who was then at the head of the 
Roman armies, and who resigned with reluctance 
an oflBce which would have made him the con- 
queror of Mithridates and the master of all 
Asia. His operations against the king of Pontus 
were bold and vigorous, and in a general en- 
gagement, the Romans so totally defeated the 
enemy, that the Asiatic monarch escaped with 
difficulty from the field of battle. [Ftd. Mithri- 
daticum helium.] Pompey did not lose sight of 
the advantages which dispatch would ensure; he 
entered Armenia, received the submission of 
king Tigranes, and after he had conquered the 
Albanians and Iberians, visited countries which 
were scarce known to the Romans, and, like a 
master of the world, disposed of kingdoms and 
provinces, and received homage from twelve 
crowned heads at once; he entered Syria, and 
pushed his conquests as far as the Red Sea. 
Part of Arabia was subdued, Judea became a 
Roman province, and when he bad now nothing 
to fear from Mithridates, who had voluntarily 
destroyed himself, Pompey returned to Italy 
with all the pomp and majesty of an eastern 
conqueror. The Romans dreaded his approach, 
they knew his power, and his influence among 
his troops, and they feared the return of another 
tyrannical Sylla. Pompey, however, banished 
their fears, he disbanded his army at Brun- 
dusium, and the conqueror of Asia entered 
Rome like a private citizen. This modest and 
prudent behaviour gained him more friends and 
adherents than the most unbounded power aided 
with profusion and liberality could have done. 
He was honoured with a triumph, and the 
Romans, for three successive days, gazed with 
astonishment on the riches and the spoils which 
their conquests had acquired in the east, and 
expressed' their raptures at the sight of the dif- 
ferent nations, habits, and treasures, which 
preceded the conqueror's chariot. But it was 
not this alone which gratified the ambition, and 
flattered the pride of the Romans; the advan- 
tages of their conquests were more lasting than 
an empty show, and when 20,000 talents were 
brought into the public treasury, and when the 
revenues of the republic were raised from fifty 
to eighty-five millions of drachmae, Pompey 
became more powerful, more flattered, and more 
envied. To strengthen himself, and to triumph 
bver his enemies, Pompey soon after united his 
interest with that of Cassar and Crassus, and 
formed the first triumvirate, by solemnly swear- 
ing, that their attachment should be mutual, 
their cause common, and their union permanent. 
The agreement was completed by the marriage 
of Pompey with Julia, the daughter of Cssar, 
and the provinces of the republic were arbitra 
rily divided among the triumvirs. Pompey wa<! 
allotted Africa and the two Spains, while Cras- 
sus repaired to Syria, to add Partbia to the 
empire of Rome, and Caesar remained satisfied 
with tlie rest, and the coulinuatio« of his power 



as governor of Gaul for five additional years. 

But this powerful confederacy was soon broken; 
the sudden death of Julia, and the total defeat 
of Crassus in Syria, shattered the political bands 
which held the jarring interest of Caesar and 
Pompey united. Pompey dreaded his father.in- 
law, and yet he afifected to despise him ; and by 
sufifering anarchy to prevail in Rome, he con- 
vinced his fellow-citizens of the necessity of in- 
vesting him with dictatorial power. But while 
the conqueror of Mithridates was as a sovereign 
at Rome, the adherents of Caesar were not 
silent. They demanded that either the consul- 
ship should be given to him, or that he should 
be continued in the government of Gaul. This 
just demand would perhaps have been granted, 
but Cato opposed it,, and when Pompey sent for 
the two legions which he had lent to Caesar, the 
breach became more wide, and a civil war in- 
evitable. Caesar was privately preparing to meet 
his enemies, while Pompey remained indolent, 
and gratified his pride in seeing all Italy cele- 
brate his recovery from, an indisposition by uni- 
versal rejoicings. But he was soon roused from 
his inactivity, and it was now time to find his 
friends, if anything could be obtained from the 
caprice and the fickleness of a people which he 
had once delighted and amused by the exhibition 
of games and spectacles in a theatre which could 
contain 20,000 spectators. Caesar was now near 
Rome, he had crossed the Rubicon, which was a 
declaration of hostilities, and Pompey, who had 
once boasted that he could raise legions to hia 
assistance by stamping on the ground with his 
foot, fled from the city with precipitation, and 
retired to Bmndusium with the consuls and.part 
of the senators. His cause, indeed, was popular, 
he had been invested with discretionary power, 
the senate had entreated him to protect the repub- 
lic against the usurpation and tyranny of Caesar, 
and Cato, by embracing his cause, and appearing 
in his camp, seemed to indicate that he was the 
friend of the republic and the assertor of Roman 
liberty and independence. But Caesar was now 
master of Rome, and in sixty days all Italy ac- 
knowledged his power, and the conqueror has- 
tened to Spain, there to defeat the interest of 
Pompey, and to alienate the hearts of his soldiers. 
He was too successful, and when he had gained 
to his cause the western parts of the Roman em- 
pire, Caesar crossed Italy and arrived in Greece, 
where Pompey had retired, supported by all the 
power of the east, the wishes of the republican 
Romans, and by a numerous and well-disciplined 
army. Though superior in numbers, he refused 
to give the enemy battle, while Caesar contin- 
ually harassed him, and even attacked his camp. 
Pompey repelled him with great success, and he 
might have decided the war, if he had continued 
to pursue the enemy, while their confusion was 
great, and their escape almost inevitable. Want 
of provisions obliged Cassar to advance towards 
Thessaly; Pompey pursued him, and in the 
plains of Pharsalia the two armies engaged. 
The whole was conducted against the advice and 
approbation of Pompey ; and by sutTering his 
troops to wait for the approach of the enemy, he 
deprived his soldiers of that advantage which 
the array of Caesar obtained by running to the 
charge with spirit, vigour, and animation. The 
cavalry of Pompey soon gave way, and the 
general retired to his camp, overwhelmed with 
grief and sliame. But here there was no safety. 



POM 



60? 



POM 



the conqueror pushed on every side, and Pompey 
disguised himself, and fled to the sea-coast, 
whence he passed to Egypt, where he hoped to 
find a safe asylum, till better and more favour- 
able moments returned, in the court of Ptolemy, ' 
a prince whom he had once protected and en- 
[ sured on his throne. When Ptolemy was told 
! that Pompey claimed his protection, he con- 
sulted his ministers, and by their advice he had 
I the baseness to betray and deceive him. A boat 
I was sent to fetch him on shore, and the Roman 
general left his galley, after an affectionate and 
i tender parting with his wife Cornelia. The 
i Egyptian sailors sat in sullen silence in the boat, 
I and before Pompey disembarked, Achillas an 
! Egyptian, and Septimius a Roman, wbo had 
j served under the banners of this unhappy exile, 
j assassinated him. His wife, who had followed him 
with her eyes to the shore, was a spectator of 
I the bloody scene, and she hastened away from 
the bay of Alexandria, not to share his miserable 
I fate. Pompey died B. C. 48, in the 58th or 69th 
I year of his age, the day after his birth-day. His 
I head was cut off, and after being embalmed was 
' sent to Caesar, who turned away from it with 
I horror, and shed a flood of tears. The body 
i was left for some time naked on the sea- shore, 
' till the humanity of Philip, one of his freedmen, 
and an old soldier, who had often followed his 
standard to victory, raised a burning pile, and 
I deposited his ashes under a mound of earth. 

Cagsar erected a monument on his remains, and 
I the emperor Adrian, two centuries after, when 
he visited Egypt, ordered it to be repaired at 
his own expense, and paid particular honour to 
the memory of a great and good man. The 
character of Pompey is that of an intriguing 
and artful general, and the oris probi and animo 
. inverecundo of Sallust; short and laconic as it 
I may appear, is the best and most descriptive 
picture of his character. He wished it to appear 
that he obtained all his honours and dignity from 
merit alone, and as the free and unprejudiced 
favours of the Romans, while he secretly claimed 
them by faction and intrigue; and he who wished 
' to appear the patron, and an example of true 
discipline and ancient simplicity, was not a- 
shamed publicly to bribe the populace to gain 
an election or to support his favourites. His great 
misfortunes interest indeed the heart, and his 
character, compared to that of his successful 
rival, who at last overthrew the liberties of 
Rome, appears with more splendid lustre, and 
more strongly claims our respect, but had Pom- 
pey obtained the victory, he might have become 
a more tyrannical master than Caesar. The 
?ame thirst after power, the same ambition, and 
the same overbearing consequence formed the 
I character of the two rivals, and it was not un- 
known to the friends of Pompey, of those who 
shared his retirement, his pleasures, and his 
confidence, that he meditated subjection for his 
country, and had frequently threatened to forge 
for the Romans those chains of slavery, which, 
with more dissimulation and dexterity, Caesar 
gradually imposed. Yet amidst all these proofs 
of public ambition and private intrigue, which 
were perhaps but too congenial with the age, we 
perceive many other striking features; Pompey 
was kind and clement to the conquered, and 
I generous to his captives, and he buried at his 
j own expense Mithridates, with all the pomp and 
, the solemnity which the greatness of his power, 



and the extent of his dominions seemed to claim. 
He was an enemy to flattery, and when his char- 
acter was impeached by the malevolence of 
party, he condescended, though consul, to appear 
before the censorial tribunal, and to show that 
his actions and measures were not subversive of 
the public peace or the independence of the 
people. In his private character he was as 
remarkable; he lived with great temperance and 
moderation, and his house was small and not 
ostentatiously furnished. He destroyed with 
great prudence the papers which were found in 
the camp of Sertorius, lest mischievous curiosity 
should find cause to accuse the innocent, or 
jealousy meditate their destruction. With great 
disinterestedness he refused the presents which 
princes and monarchs offered to him, and he 
ordered them to be added to the public revenue. 
He might have seen a better fate, and terminated 
his days with more glory, if he had not acted 
with such imprudence when the flames of civil 
war were first kindled; and he reflected with 
remorse, after the battle of Pharsalia. upon his 
want of usual sagacity and military prudence, in 
fighting at such a distance from the sea, and in 
leaving the fortified places of Dyrrachium, to 
meet in the open plain an enemy, without pro- 
visions, without friends, and without resources. 
The misfortunes which attended him after the 
conquest of Mithridates, are attributed by Chris- 
tian writers to his impiety in profaning the 
temple of the Jews, and in entering with the 
insolence of a conqueror the Holy of Holies, 
where even the sacred person of the high priest 
of the nation was not admitted but upon the 
most solemn occasions. His duplicity of beha- 
viour in regard to Cicero is deservedly censured, 
and he should not have violently sacrificed to 
party and sedition, a Roman, whom he had ever 
found his firmest friend and adherent. In his 
meeting with Lucullus he cannot but be taxed 
with pride, and he might have paid more defer- 
ence and more honour to a general, who was as 
able and more entitled than himself to finish the 
Mithridatic war. Pompey married four different 
times. His first matrimonial connection was 
with Antistia, the daughter of the prsetor Antis- 
tius, whom he divorced with great reluctance to 
marry ^mylia, the daughter-in-law of Sylla. 
iEmylia died in child-bed; and Pompey's mar- 
riage with Julia, the daughter of Czesar, was a 
step more of policy than affection. Yet Julia 
loved Pompey with great tenderness, and her 
death in child-bed was the signal of war between 
her husband and her father. He afterwards 
married Cornelia, the daughter of Metellua 
Scipio, a woman commended for her virtues, 
beauty, and accomplishments. Plut, inVita. — 
Flor. i.— Paierc. 2. 29.~Dto. Cass.—Lncan. — 
Appian — Cces. Bell. Civ.— Cic Oral. 68, Ad 
Attic. 7, ep. 25. Ad Fam. 13, ep. 19.— Eutrop. 

■ The two sons of Pompey the Great, called 

Cneus and Sexius, were masters of a powerful 
army when the death of their father was known. 
They prepared to oppose the conqueror, but 
Caesar pursued them with his usual vigour antl 
success, and at the battle of Munda they were 
defeated, and Cneus was left among the slain. 
Sextus fled to Sicily, where he for some time 
supported himself; but the murder of Caesar gave 
rise to new events, and if Pompey had been as 
prudent and as sagacious as his fathor, he rr.iglit 
have become, perhaps, as great and as formida- 



POM 



COS 



PCN 



ble. He treated with the triumvirs as an equal, 
and when Augustus and Antony had the irapru- 
fienee to trust themselves without arms and 
without attendance in his ship, Pompey by fol- 
low ing the advice of his friend Menas, who 
wished him to cut off the illustrious persons who 
w ere masters of the world, and now in his power, 
might have made himself as absolute as Caesar ; 
but he refused, and observed it was unbecoming 
the son of Pompey to act with such duplicity. 
This friendly meeting of Pompey with two of 
the triumvirs was not productive of lasting ad- 
vantages to him, he wished to have no superior, 
pjjd hostilities soon after began. Pompey was 
at the head of 350 ships, and appeared so formid- 
able to his enemies, and so confident of success 
in himself, that he called himself the son of 
Neptune, and the lord of the sea. He was how- 
ever, soon defeated in a naval engagement by 
Octavius and Lepidus, and of all his numerous 
fifet, only 17 sail accompanied his flight into 
Asia. Here for a moment he raised seditions, 
but Antonj-* ordered him to be seized, and he 
was put to death by Titius at Miletus, about 35 
vears before the Christian era, in his 46th year. 
'Plut. in Anton. ^c.-Paterc 2, 55, &e.— FZor. 4, 

2, &c. Trogus. Vid. Trogus. 

POMPELO, a city of Hispania Terraconensis, 
in the territory of the Vascones.now Pampeluna. 
Piin. 1, 3. 

PoMPlLlDS NUMA, the second king of Rome, 
[rid. Nuraa.j The descendants of the monarch 
were called Pompilius Smguis, an expression 
applied by Horace to the Pisos. Art. Poet. 292. 

PoMPONiA, the wife of Q. Cicero, sister to 
Pomponius Atticus. She punished with the 
greatest cruelty Philologus, the slave who had 
betrayed her husband to Antony, and she order- 
ed him to cut his flesh by piece-meal and after- 
wards to boil it and eat it in her presence. Cic. 

AH. 1, 5. A daughter of Pomponius Grsecinus, 

in the age of Augustus, &c. 

POMPONiuS, the father of Numa, advised his 
FOii to accept the regal dignity which the Roman 

ambassadors offered to him. A celebrated 

Roman intimate with Cicero. He was surnamed 
Atticus from his long residence at Athens, by 
which name he is best known. [Fid. Atticus.] 

Labeo, a governor of Moesia, accused of ill 

management in his province. He deslroyed 
himself by opening his veins. Tacit. Ann. 6, 
29.— —Mela, a Spaniard, who wrote a book on 

geography. [Hd. Mela.] A Roman tribune 

who accused Manlius the dictator of cruelty, 
but did not prosecute his purpose through the 
threats of the son of the accused. He triumphed 
over Sardinia, of which he was made governor. 
He escaped from Rome, and the tyranny of the 
triumvirs, by assuming the habit of a praetor, 
and by travelling with his sprvants disguised in 
the dress of lictors with their fasces. Liv. 7, 4 

et 5 A friend of C Gracchus, He was 

killed in attempting to defend him. Pint, in 
Graccho. 

POMPTIX^ Paludes. Vid. Pontinas Paludes. 

POMPTINUS, C. a Roman officer who con- 
quered the Allobroges after the defeat of Cati- 
line. Cic. Ait. 4, 16. 6, 3. 

Pons, .iELlus, was built by the emperor 
Adrian at Rome- It was the second bridee of 
Rom*^^ in follo.ving the current of the Tiber. It 
is srr; to b^- sf-en, the largest and most beautiful 
IP. R <nae.— — .fimilius, an ancient bridge at 



Rome, originally called Sublicius, because built 5 
with wood (^subiicfe). It was raised by Ancus , 
Martins, and dedicated with great pomp and ] 
solemnity by the Roman priests. It was rebuilt 1 
with stones by .^milius Lepidus, whose name i 
it assumed. It was much injured by the over- 
flowing of the river, and the emperor Antoninus, ; 
who repaired it, made it all with white marble. \ 
It was the last of all the bridges of Rome, in 
following the course of the river, and some ves- i 

tiges of it may still be seen. Aniensis was j 

built across the river Anio, about three miles 1 
from Rome. It was rebuilt by the eunuch Nar- | 
ses, and called after him, when destroyed by the i 

Goths. Cestus was built in the reitjn of Tibe- I 

rius. by a Roman called Cestius Gallus, from , 
whom it received its name, and carried back i 
from an island of the Tiber, to which the Fabri- 

cius conducted. Janicularis received its name i 

from its vicinity to mount Janiculum. It is still 1 

standing. Milvius was about two miles from ; j 

Rome. Fid. Milvius. Fabricius was built j 

by Fabricius, and carried to an island of the 1 

Tiber. Palatinus, near mount Palatine, was ; j 

also called Senatorius, because the senators -. i 
walked over it in procession when they went to , ^ 
consuU the Sibylline books. It was begun by 
M. Fulvius, and finished in the censorship of ' 
L. Mummius, and some remains of it are still 

visible. Trajani was built by Trajan across 

the Danube, celebrated for its size and magui- j 
ficence. The emperor built it to assist more '. 
expeditiously the provinces against the barbar- , i 
ians, but his successor destroyed it, as he sup- 
posed that it would be rather an inducement for j 
the barbarians to invade the empire. It was ' 
raised on 20 piers of hewn stones, 150 feet from 
the foundation, 60 feet broad, and 170 feet distant 
one from the other, extending in length above a 
mile. Some of the pillars are still standing. — 
Another was built by Trajan over the Tagus, 
part of which still remains. Of temporary 
bridges, that of Caesar over the Rhine w as the 

most famous. Suffragiorum was built in the 

Campus Martius, and received its name from 
the populace being obliged to pass over it when- 
ever they delivered their suffrages at the elections 

of magistrates and ofiBcers of the state. 

Triumphalis was on the way to the capitol. and 

passed over by those who triumphed Nanii- 

ensis joined two mountains near Narnia, built 
by Augustus, of srupendous height, 60 miles 
from Rome; one arch of it remains about 100 
feet high. 

PONTTA, a woman condemned by Nero a? 
guilty of a conspiracy. She killed herself by 
opening her veins. She was daughter of Petro- 

nius, and wife of Bolanus. Juv. 6,637, An 

island off the coast of Latium, and south of the 
promontory of Circeii. It received a Roman 
colony, A. U. C. 44J, and it obtained the thanks 
of the Roman senate in the second Punic «ar. 
It became afterwards the spot to which the vic- 
tims of Tiberius and Caligula were secretly 
conveyed, to be afterwards despatched, or 
doomed to a perpetual exile. Its modern name 
is Ponsa. Liv. 9, 38. - Suet. Tib. 64.— CaL 15. 

PontIcus, a poet of Rome, contemporary 
with Propertius, by whom he is compared tr 
Homer. He wrote an account ot the Theban 
war in heroic verse. Pi opert. 1. 7. 

Pontine Paludes, or FoMPTTN.ffi Pa- 
LUUli:s,'a marshy tract of country in the territory 



PON 



PON 



j of the Volscf, obtaining its name from the city 
, of Suessa Pometia, in whose vicinity it was 
' situate. These fens are occasioned by the 
quantity of water carried into the plain by num- 
erous streams which rise at the foot of the neigh- 
bouring mountains and for want of a sufficient 
declivity creep sluggishly over the level space, 
and sometimes stagnate in pools, or lose them- 
selves in the sands. Two rivers principally con- 
tributed to the formation of these marshes, the 
Ufens or Vffente, and the Amasenus or Amaseno. 
The fiat and swampy tract spread to the foot of 
the Volscian mountains, and covered an extent 
of eight miles in breadth, and thirty in length 
with mud and infection. It is not easy to fix the 
date of the origin of these marshes. Homer de- 
scribes the abode of Circe as an island; and Virgil 
agrees with him in this description. Pliny not 
only notices this opinion of Homer, but corro- 
borates it by the testimony of Theophrastus, who 
give the island a circumference of about eighty 
stadia., or ten miles; and that, too, as late as the 
year 440 of Rome. But whatever may have been 
the condition of this tract in times prior to the 
records of history, Pliny tells us, on the authority 
of a more ancient writer, that, at an early period 
of the republic, it comprised within its limits no 
less than thirty-three cities: all of which gra- 
dually disappeared before the ravages of war, or 
the still more fatal effects of malaria. Few, 
perhaps, will be disposed to credit this assertion 
of Pliny, even admitting that the Volsci were a 
populous nation, and the marshes once healthy 
and dry. But healthy they never were; nor does 
any authentic record prove that, from the first 
attempt to drain them to the last, one half of 
them was ever habitably dry. Virgil found them 
"a black bog-," and Silius, filling up as usual the 
sketch of his master, describes them exactly as 
they now are, A few square miles of meadow, 
and some arable land, have been drained on the 
left; but, towards the sea, the marshes present 
one unpenetrable thicket of reeds and saplings, 
which screen every object except the Circasan 
promontory. The first attempt to drain these 
marshes was made about 300 years before the 
Christian era, by Appius Claudius, while em- 
ployed in carrying his celebrated road across 
them; and his example was followed though at 
considerable intervals, by consuls, emperors, 
and kings, down to the time of Theodoric. 
Julius Caesar is said to have conceived the de- 
sign of turning the course of the Tiber, and car- 
rying it through the marshes into the sea at 
Terracina; but this vast project died with him, 
his successors having adopted the more practic- 
able one of endeavouring to carry off the redun- 
dant waters by opening a canal from one end of 
the marsh to the other. Many of the inconven- 
iences of the marshes, however, still continued 
to be felt, as appears from Horace's catalogue of 
the annoyances he met with on this road, as well 
as from the epithet applied to it by Lucan: 
Et qua PompHnas via dividit uda paludes. 
During the short and turbulent reigns of the 
succeeding emperors, the drains were neglected, 
the waters were suffered to increase, and the 
road became nearly impassable. At length 
Nerva resumed the task, and Trajan continued 
it with such perseverance, that the whole country 
from Treponti to Terracina was drained, and the 
Appian Way onee more restored. During the 
decline and fail of the empire, the marshes were 



again ovei flowed, and again drained by Cascilius 
Decius, in the reign of Theodoric. Many of the 
Roman pontiffs subsequently turned their atten- 
tion to the same object, Boniface VIII. and 
Martin V. began to cut new canals; and Sixtus 
Quintus followed up the task. But his death 
put a stop to the work; and the quarrels, with 
regard both to temporals and spirituals, in which 
succeeding popes were involved, left them little 
leisure and less resources for objects of this 
nature. The stagnating waters were thus left to 
their natural operation, till at length these plains 
reached the desolate condition in which they 
were found by Pius VI; who resolved to remedy 
the evil. To hasten the work, he established 
himself at Terracina. The marshes were again 
drained; new levels were taken; new ditches and 
new canals were cut; the land was divided and 
planted; and the road restored on the substruc- 
tions of the Appian Way. For this work, Pius 
VI. will receive the thanks of every traveller; 
but this, like most of his other undertakings, 
exposed him to the satire of his contemporaries; 
and it became a proverb; when talking of sum& 
expended in extravagance, to say, "they were 
thrown into the Pontine Marshes." Plin. 3, 5. 

—Liv. 2, 34. 6, 21. 9, 29.— D/o. Cnss. 44 et 68 

Virg. Mn. 7, SOL— Sil. Ital. 8, 381.— Lmcqw. 3, 
85. — Horat. Sat. 1,5, 9. 

PoNTius, Herennids, a general of the Sam- 
nites, who surrounded the Roman army under 
the consuls T. Veturius and P, Posthumius. As 
there was no possibility of escaping for the 
Romans, Pontius consulted his father what he 
could do with an army that were prisoners in 
his hands. The old man advised him either to 
let them go untouched, or put them all to the 
sword. Pontius rejected his father s advice, and 
spared the lives of the enemy, after he had ob- 
liged them to pass under the yoke with the 
greatest ignominy. He was afterwards con- 
quered, and obliged, in his turn, to pass under 
the yoke. Fabius Maximus defeated him, when 
he appeared again at the head of another army, 
and he was afterwards shamefully put to death 
by the Romans, after he had adoined the tri- 
umph of the conqueror. Liv, 9, 1, &c.— — Comi- 
nius, a Roman who gave information to his 
countrymen who were besieged in the capitol, 
that Camillus had obtained a victory over the 
Gauls. P/wf.— — Aquila, a lieutenant of D. 
Brutus, who perished at Mutina. Cic. Fam. 10, 
33 — — Pilatus, the Roman governor of Judiea, 
under whom our Saviour was crucified. Tacit. 
Ann. 15, 44. 

PONTUS, a country of Asia Minor, bounded 
on the north by the Euxine sea, on the south by 
Cappadocia, on the west by Paphlagonia and 
Oalatia, and on the east by Armenia and Colchis. 
It was reckoned famous for its poisons and poi- 
sonous herbs. The name of Pontus was first 
applied by the Greeks to the whole tract of 
country along the southern shores of the Euxine, 
and thus included territories to which the sub- 
sequent kingdom of Pontus did not extend, as 
Sinope, Tium, Heraclea, &:c., which are all de- 
scribed as ''in Ponto:" the appellation was, 
however, afterwards limited to the country east 
of the river Halys, and which, after having been 
dismembered from Cappadocia, was erected into 
a satrapy under the Persian kings, and finally 
into a separate kingdom, about 800 years before 
the Christian era. The most remarkable of its 



FON 



610 



POP 



kings was Mithridates the great, whose ambi- 
tious designs upon the kingdom of Cappadocia, 
of which he had been stripped by the Romans, 
plunged him into hostilities with the latter people, 
and brought on a war which was one of the 
longest and most diflBeult in which the Romans 
had ever been engaged with a foreign power. 
During the struggle, Mithridates became master 
of the greater part of Asia, and of the Hellespont, 
subdued nearly all the islands of the JEgean sea, 
and compelled the whole of Greece to pay him 
tribute; but his career was suddenly checked by 
Sylla, who defeated his armies in the plains of 
C'haeronea, and afterwards at Orchomenus, when 
peace was made between the two contending 
parties, Mithridates consenting to resign some 
of his conquests, and to indemnify the Romans 
for the expenses of the war. This peace, which 
appears to have been no actual cessation of hos- 
tilities, was but of short duration; for on the 
death of the Bithynian Nicomedes, who left his 
kingdom to the Romans, Mithridates disputed 
their right to the possessions of the deceased 
monarch, and declared open war against them: 
he was attacked by Lucullus, who defeated him 
in several bloody engagements, and drove him 
into Armenia, after which he was again defeated 
by Pompey, and compelled to fly for safety into 
the country of the Scythians, where he died by 
his own hands. The kingdom of Mithridates 
was henceforward gradually divided into several 
portions: that next to Galatia was called Pontus 
Galaticus, being governed by a Galatian prince; 
the northern and eastern parts received the name 
of Pontus Polemoniacus from Polemon, whom 
Antony raised to its throne; Pontus Cappadocius 
touched upon the great province whence it re- 
ceived its name. In the time of Diocletian and 
Constantine the Great, these divisions were again 
altered, and Pontus was divided into two parts; 
the western of which, called Heleno-Pontus, after 
Constantine's mother, included the old Pontus 
Galaticus. and part of Paphlagonia, as far as 
Sinope; the other, or eastern province, preserved 
the name of Pontus Polemoniacus. Virg. G. 1, 
58. Appian. Bell. Mithr. 9, Scc.— Strab. 12 — 
Diod. Sic. 20 1U.—Po!yb. 4, 56. 5, 43. 8, 22.— 
Justin. 37, l.—Ctc. pro Leg. Manil. 3-5. - Veil. 
Piterc. 11, 18.— Pm/. in Syll. Lucull. Po'up. et 
Ccps. 

POXTCS EuxTNUS, the ancient name for the 
BlacK. Sea. It washed the shores of Asia Minor 
on the south, those of Sarmatia on the east and 
north, and those of Dacia, Mcesia, and Thracia 
on the west. Its greatest length is 640 miles, 
and its average breadth about 240 : it covers a 
superficial extent of 102,500 square miles. It 
abounds with fish, and receives the waters of 
more than forty rivers, three of which, viz. the 
Danube, Borysthenes, and Tanais are the largest 
in Europe. It was formerly called Axenus, from 
Ashkenaz, the son of Gomer, who settled on its 
shores in Asia Minor. But this original being 
forg 'tten in course of time, the Greeks explained 
the term by Sfi-u'oy iTthospiiaUs, in which they 
were favoured by the inhospitible and stormy na- 
ture of the sea itself, as well as by the savage 
manners of the people who dwelled around it; in 
the course of time, however, when their ferocity 
had been gradually softened by intercourse with 
foreign nations, and oy the numerous colonies, 
which had been planted on their coasts, the name 
of the sea was changed to 6v5^»ivoj hospitalis. The 



Greeks were for a long time only acquainted 
with its southern and eastern shores, and doubted 
at first whether they should reckon it a part of 
the great ocean, or a separate sea, until about 
650 years B. C. the Clazomenians and Milesians 
settled the point by sailing round it: they fancied 
also that it had a subterraneous communication 
with the Caspian. It5 modern name, the BL .ck 
Sea, has been obtained from the gloomy appear- 
I ance of its black and rocky shores, covered with 
I dark and impenetrable woods, as well as from 
i the dreadful storms and thick fogs with which it 

j is infested in winter. Pind. Nem. 4. 79 Orph, 

I Argon. 719. — Ovid. Trist. 4, 4, 56. 4. 10. 97.— 
, Plin. 1. U. 6, I.— Mel. 1, l^.— Herod. 4, 86.— 
i Strab. 12. 

I POPILICS, M. a consul who was informed, as 
j he was oflFering a sacrifice, that a sedition waa 
I raised in the city against the senate. Upon this 
: he immediately went to the populace in his 
: sacerdotal robes, and quieted the multitude with 
1 a speech, from which circumstance he was sur- 
j named Lsenas. He lived about the year of Rome 

; 404. Liv. 9, 2\.— Fal. Max. 7, 5. Caius, a 

consul, who, when besieged by the Gauls, aban- 
doned his baggage to save his army. Ctc. ad 

Eerenn. 1, 15. LcEnas, a Roman ambassador 

to Antiochus, king of Syria, He was commis- 
sioned to order the monarch to abstain from hos- 
tilities against Ptolemy, king of Egypt, who was 
an ally of Rome. Antiochus wished to evade 
him by his answers, but Popilius, with a stick 
w hich he had in his hand, made a circle round 
him on the sand, and bade him, in the name of 
the Roman senate and people, not to go beyond 
it before he spoke decisively. This boldness 
intimidated Antiochus; he withdrew his garrisons 
from Egypt, and no longer meditated a war 
against Ptolemy. Fa'. Max. 6, 4. — Liv. 45, 12.— 
Paierc. I, IJ. — —A Roman emperor. Vid- Ne- 
potianus. 

PoplicCla, one of the first consuls. Vid. 
Publicola. 

POPP^A SabTXA, a celebrated Roman ma- 
tron, daughtt=r of Titus Ollius. She married a 
Roman knight called Rufus Crispinus, by whom 
she had a son. Her personal charms, and the 
elegance of her figure, captivated Otho, who was 
then one of Nero's favourites. He carried her 
away and married her; but Nero, who had seen 
her. and had often heard her accomplishments 
extolled, soon deprived him of her company, and 
sent him out of Italy, on pretence of presiding 
over one of the Roman provinces. After he had 
taken this step. Nero repudiated his wife Octa- 
via, on pretence of barrenness, and married Pop- 
psea. The cruelty and avarice of the emperor 
did not long permit Poppaea to share the imperial 
dignity, and though she had already made him 
father of a son, he began to despise her, and even 
to use her with barharity. She died of a blow 
which she received from his foot when many 
months advanced in her pregnancy, about the 
sixty-fifth year of the Christian era. Her funeral 
was performed with great pomp and solemnity, 
and statues were raised to her memory. It is 
said that she was so anxious to preserve her 
beauty and the elegance of her person, that 500 
asses were kept on purpose to afford her milk in 
which she used daily to bathe. Eyen in her 
banishment she was attended by fifty of these 
animals for the same purpose, and from their 
milk she invented a kind of ointment or poma- 



POP 



611 



FOR 



turn, to preserve beauty, called poppceanum 
from her. Plin. 11, 41.- Sueton. in Ner. et 

0th. — Tacit. 13 et 14 A beautiful woman at 

the court of Nero. She was mother to the pre- 
ceding. Tacit. Atm. 11, 1, &c. 

POPULONlA, or Populonium, acityof Etruria, 
on the coast, on a line with Vetulora. It was 
the great naval arsenal of the Etrurians, and 
was destroyed in the civil wars of Syila. Strab. 

5 Firg.Mn. 10, 172. 

PORATA, a river of Dacia, rising on the east- 
em side of the Bastarnic Alps, and flowing with 
a southerly course into the Danube, near Galatz. 
It is now the Pruth. 
PORCIA, a sister of Cato of Utica, greatly 

commended by Cicero. A daughter of Cato 

of Utica, who married Bibulus, and after his 
death, Brutus. She was remarkable for her 
prudence, philosophy, courage, and conjugal 
j tenderness. She gave herself a heavy wound in 
I the thigh to see with what fortitude she could 
I bear pain; and when her husband asked her the 
! reason of it, she said that she wished to try 
t whether she had courage enough to share not 
I only his bed, but to partake of his most hidden 
i secrets. Brutus was astonished at her constancy, 
j and no longer detained from her knowledge the 
' conspiracy which he and many other illustrious 
Romans had formed against Julius Caesar. Por- 
cia wished them success, and though she betrayed 
fear, and fell into a swoon the day that her 
I husband was gone to assassinate the dictator, yet 
i she was faithful to her promise, and dropped 
nothing which might affect the situation of the 
conspirators. When Brutus was dead, she 
refused to survive him, and attempted to end 
her life as a daughter of Cato. Her friends 
attempted to terrify her; but when she saw that 
, every weapon was removed from her reach, she 
i swallowed burning coals and died, about forty- 
I two years before the Christian era. Valerius 
Maximus says, that she was acquainted with her 
husband's conspiracy against Cassar when she 
gave herself the wound. Val. Max. 3, 2. 4, 6. 
—Plut. in Brut. ^c. 

PORCiA LEX, de civitate, by M. Porcius the 
tribune, A. U. C. 453. It ordained that no 
magistrate should punish with death, or scourge 
with rods, a Roman citizen when condemned, 
but only permit him to go into exile. Sallust. 
in Cat. 51.— Liu. 10, 9. 

PoRCius Latro, M. a celebrated orator who 
killed himself when labouring under a quartan 

ague, A. U. C. 750. Licinius, a Latin poet 

during the time of the third Punic war, com- 
mended for the elegance, the graceful ease, and 

happy wit of his epigrams Lsca, a Roman 

senator who joined the conspiracy of Catiline. 
Poredorax, one of the forty Gauls whom 
j Mithridates ordered to be put to death, and to 
' remain unburied for conspiring against him. 
His mistress at Pergamus buried him against 
the orders of the monarch. Plut. de Virt. Mul. 

PorphyrTon, a son of Coslus and Terra, one 
of th« giants who made war against Jupiter. He 
was so formidable, that Jupiter, to conquer him, 
inspired him with love for Juno, and while the 
giant endeavoured to obtain his wishes, he, with 
the assistance of Hercules, overpowered him, 
Horat. od. 3, A.— Martial. 13, 78 — Apollod. 1, 6. 

PORPHYRiUS, a celebrated Plotinian philoso- 
pher, of the Platonic school, a learned and 
zealous supporter of pagan theology, and an in- 



veternte enemy to the Christian faith. He was 
a native of Tyre, and born A. D. 233. He was 
introduced at an early age to the study of litera- 
ture and philosophy under the Christian Origen, 
while the latter was teaching at Caesarea, in 
Palestine. He then went to Athens, where he 
cultivated rhetoric under the famous Longinus, 
who changed his Syrian name, which was Melek 
(king), into that of Porphyrins, as something 
synonymous and more pleasing to Grecian ears. 
It is chiefly owing to this able teacher that the 
writings of Porphyrins exhibit so many proofs of 
erudition and so much elegance of style. He 
subsequently proceeded to Rome where, at 
thirty years of age he heard Plotinus, under 
whom he studied the eclectic system for six 
years; and being of a melancholy temperament^ 
was with difiiculty persuaded by his master from 
putting an end to his existence, in order, in the 
spirit of the Platonic doctrine, to release his 
soul from its wretched prison, the body. In 
order to divert his melancholy he visited Sicily, 
and took up his abode at Lilyboeum ; where, 
according to Eusebius and Jerome, he composed 
those famous books against the Christians, which, 
by reason of his name and authority, and the 
acuteness and learning with which they were 
written, were suppressed by particular edicts, 
under Constantine and Theodosius. The cir- 
cumstances ©f the life of Porphyrins are little 
known after his arrival in Sicily; except that he 
died at Rome at the end of the reign of Diocle- 
tian, about 304 A. D. He wrote a great number 
of books, the greater part of which, in conse- 
quence of the mistakf^n zeal above described, 
have perished. From the fragments which re- 
main, he appears to have been a writer of erudition 
and eloquence, neither of which can altogether 
atone for his mysticism, his credulity, and the 
very doubtful honesty of much of his fanaticism. 
Of his numerous works, the only pieces which 
have escaped the depredations of time, are his 
" Life of Pythagoras," a book " On the Cave of 
the Nymphs in the Odyssey," ''Homeric Ques- 
tions," a fragment " On the Styx, 'J '"■ An Epistle 
to Anebo, the Egyptian,'' a trea'tise " On the 
Five Predicables," commonly prefixed to the 
logical works of Aristotle, " Thoughts on Intel- 
ligibles," "A Treatise on Abstinence from Ani- 
mal food," *• A Life of Plotinus, " "A Commen- 
tary on the Harmonies of Ptolemy," anH a few 
other unimportant pieces. The best edition of 
the life of Pythagoras is that given by Kiessling 
at the 'end of his edition of Jamblich'us' life of 
Pythagoras (Lips. 1818, 2 vols. 8vo.); of the 
Treatise on Abstinence from animal food, the best 
is that of Rhoer, (Lugd. Bat. 1792. 4to.) which 
contains also in the same volume Van Goen's 
edition of the work on the Cave of the Nymphs, 
PORSENNA, or PORSENA, a king of Etruria, 
who declared war against the Romans because 
they refused to restore Tarquin to liis throne 
and to his royal privileges. He was at first suc- 
cessful, the Romans were defeated, and Porsenna 
would have entered the gates of Rome, had not 
Codes stood at the head of a bridge, and sup- 
ported the fury of the whole Etrurian army, 
while his companions bphind were cutting cff 
the communication with the opposite shqre. 
This act of bravery astonished Porsenna ; but 
when he had seen Mutius Scaevola enter his 
camp with an intention to murder him, and 
when he had scon him burn his hand without 



FOR 



612 



FOS 



pmotion, to convince him .of his fortitude and' 
intrepidity, lie no longer dared to make head 
against a people so brave and so generous. He 
concluded a peace with the Romans, and for 
ever after abandoned the cause of Tarquin. 
The generosity of Porsenna's behaviour to the 
captives was admired by the Romans, and to 
reward his humanity they raised a brazen statue 
to his honour. Liv. 2, 9, &e. — Plut. in Public — 
Flor. 1, 10. —Horat. Ep. 16, i. — Virg. Mn. 8, 646. 
Porta Capena, a gate at Rome which leads 

to the Appian way. Ovid. Fast. 6, 192. Au- 

relia, a gate at Rome, which received its name 
from Aurelius, a consul who made a road which 

led to Pisa, all along the coast of Etruria. 

Asinaria led to mount Ccelius. It received its 

name from the family of the Asinii Carmen- 

talis was at the foot of the capitol, built by 
Romulus. It was afterwards called Scelerata, 
because the 300 Fabii marched through when 
they went to fight an enemy, and were killed 

near the river Cremera. Janualis was near 

the temple of Janus. Esquilina was also called 

Metia, Taurica, or Libitinensis . and all criminals 
who were going to be executed generally passed 
through, as also dead bodies which were carried 

to be burned on mount Esquilinus Flaminia, 

called also Flument ma, was situate between the 
capitol and mount Quirinalis, and through it 

the Flaminian road passed. Fontinalis led to 

the Campus Martins. It received its .'name 
from the great number of fountains that were 
near it.— Navalis was situate near the place 

where the ships came from Ostia. Viminalis 

was near mount Viminalis. Trigemina, called 

also Ostiensis, led to the town of Ostia. Catu- 

laria was near the Carmentalis Porta, at the foot 

of mount Viminalis. Collatina received its 

name from its leading to CoUatia CoUina, 

called also Quirinalis, Agonensis^ and Silarii, 
was near Quirinalis Mons. Annibal rode up 
to this gate and threw a spear into the city. It 
is to be observed, that at the death of Romulus 
there were only three or four gates at Rome, but 
the number was increased, and in the time of 
Pliny there were tMrty-seven, when the circum- 
ference of the walls was thirteen miles and 200 
paces. 

PORTIA and Fortius. Vid. Porcia and Por- 
cins. 

PORTUMNALiA. festivals of Portumnus at 
Rome, celebrated on the seventeenth of August, 
in a very solemn and lugubrious manner, on 
the banks of the Tiber. Ovid. Fast. 6, 547.— 
Varro, de L. L. 5, 3. 

Portumnus, a sea-deity. Vid. Melicerta. 

PORUS, the god of plenty at Rome. He was 
son of Metis or Prudence. Plato in Symp.—^ 
A king of India, when Alexander invaded Asia. 
The conqueror of Darius ordered him to come 
and pay homage to him as a dependent prince. 
Porus scorned his commands, and declared he 
would go and meet him on the frontiers of his 
kingdom sword in hand, and immediately he 
marched a large army to the banks of the Hy- 
daspes. The stream of the river was rapid; but 
Alexander crossed it in the obscurity of the 
night, and defeated one of the sons of the Indirm 
monarch. Porus himself renewed the battle, 
but the valour of the Macedonians prevailed, 
and the Indian prince retired covered with 
wounds, on the back of one of his elephants. 
Alexander sent one of the kings of India to 



demand him to surrender, but Porus killed the 
messenger, exclaiming. Is not this the voice oi 
the wretch who has abandoned bis country 
and when he at last was prevailed upon to come 
before the conqueror, he approached him as an 
equal. Alexander demanded of him how he f 
wished to be treated ; like a king, replied the U 
Indian monarch. This magnanimous answer' I 
so pleased the Macedonian conqueror, that he i 
not only restored him his dominions, but hej le 
encreased his kingdom by the conquest of new] % 
provinces; and Porus, in acknowledgment ot h 
such generosity and benevolence, became onej i 
of the most faithful and attached friends ol p 
Alexander, and never violated the assurances of g| 
peace which he had given him. Porus is repre-j n 
sented as a man of uncommon stature, greati I 
strength, and proportionable dignity. Plut. in\ bl 
Alex. — Philostr. 2, 10 — Curt. 8, 8, &c.— Claud, m 
Cons. Honor. 4, 375. | j 

PoslDES, an eunuch and freedman of the; \i 
emperor Claudius, who rose to honours by the ^ 
favour of his master. 14, 94. < «i 

PosiDEUM. a promontory in Caria, between | ft 

Miletus and the lassiangulf. Mela, 1, 17. A p 

promontory of Chios, nearest the mainland of tt 
Ionia.— — -A promontory in the northern part, u 

of Bithynia, now Tchantsche-Aggisi, Sic ; g| 

The name implies a promontory sacred to Nep- k 
tune (nocrttcMv.) i fc 

PosiDON, a name of Neptune among the! 
Greeks, about the derivation of which the mo-| 
derns are greatly divided. Some form it from, 
ffovy, ueiai and y^^, because the divinity shook the 
earth; others from a-o'XXo tliaiv, because the god! 
sees many things; and others from irrfo-ij, because, 
Neptune is the god of water. 

POSIDONIA. Fid. Psstnm. } 

PosiDONius, an astronomer and mathemati-j 
cian of Alexandria. He was the disciple of! 
Zeno, and, therefore, must have lived not long \ 
after Eratosthenes. He probably flourished, 
about 260 B. C. He employed himself in ascer-^ 
taining the measure of the circumference of the i 
earth by means of the altitude of a fixed star; i 
and he concluded it to be 240,000 stadia, accord- 
ing to Cleomedes, but only 18,000 according to 
Strabo. He is also supposed to have been the i' 
author of a treatise on military tactics, of which j 
.^lian speaks in the first chapter of his work on 
the same subject. No fragments, however, of . 

his writings remain. Diog. Laert. 7, 1- A. 

celebrated Grecian philosopher of the Stoic sect, ' 
who flourished about fifty or sixty years before 
Christ, was a native of Apamea in Syria. He 
taught philosophy at Rhodes, with such reputa- 
tion, that Pompey, on his return towards Rome, 
after the successful termination of the war I 
against Mithridates, came thither with the de- i 
sign of attending his lectures. When he came 
to his house, he forbad his lictor to knock at j 
the door, but, by ordering him to lower the i 
fasces at the gate of Posidoniui, the conqueror 
of the eastern and western world paid respectful i 
homage to philosophy. Being informed that he 
was at that time confined by an attack of the 
gout, Pompey visited him in his chamber, and 
expressed his regret that the philosopher's situ- 
ation would deprive him of the pleasure of | 
hearing his discourses. Upon this Posidonius | 
made an effort for the gratification of his illus- I 
trious visitor, and delivered a discourse to prove 
that nothing would be deemed good that waa not 



POS 



613 



FR.E 



honourable. He is said to have constructed a 
kind oC sphere, with which he exhibited the ap 
I)arent motions of the sun, moon and planets 
round the earth He is thought, besides, to 
have written a continuation of the history of 
Polybius in a polished and elegant style. Strab. 
li. — Cic. Tunc. 5, 37. 

PosthumjUS, Albinus, a mm who suffi-red 
himself to be bribed by Jugurtha, agair^st whom 
he had been sent with an army. Sallust. Jug. 

36 A writer at Rome, whom Cato ridicuiPd 

for composing a history in Greek, and afterward - 
offering apologies for the inaccuracy and inelf 

gance of his expressions. Tubeio, a master 

of horse to the dictator .(EmiUus Mamercus. Ha 
was himself made dictator in the wai which tiie 
Romans waged against the Volsci, and he pun- 
ished his son with death for fightir.g against his 

orders, A. U. C. 312. Liv. 4, 23, &c. Spurius, 

a consul sent against the Samnites. He was 
taken in an ambush by Pontius the enemy's 
general, and obliged to pass under the yoke 
with all his army. He saved his life by a shame- 
ful treaty, and when he returned to Rome, he 
■ persuaded the Romans not to reckon as valid 
the engagements he had made with the enemy, 
as it was without their advice. He was given 
up to the enemy because he could not perform 
his engagements; but he was released by Pontius 

for his generous and patriotic behaviour. 

Aulus, a dictator who defeated the Latins and 
the Vol ci. Liv. 2, 19 et 20 Tubertus, an- 
other dictator, who defeated the .^qui and Volsci. 

■ Lucius, a consul sent against the Samnites. 

-A general who defeated the Sabines, and 

who was the first who obtained an ovation. 

Regillensis, a general who conquered the ^qui, 
and who was stoned by the army, because he 
refused to divide the promised spoils. Liv. 4, 

49 et 5Q.—Flor. 22 Lucius, a Roman consul, 

who was defeated by the Boii. He was left 
among the slain, and his head was cut off from 
his body, and carried in triumph by the barbar- 
ians into their temples, where they made with 
the skull a sacred vessel to off^fr 'libations to 

their gods Marcus Crassus Latianus, an 

officer proclaimed emperor in Gaul, A. D. 260. 
He reigned with great popularity, and gained 
the affection of his subjects by his humanity and 
moderation. He to? k his son of the same name 
as a colleague on the throne. They were both 
assassinated by their soldiers, after a reign of 

six years.- Megilihus, a consul against the 

Samnites and Tarentinrs. Aibun, a Roman 

decemvir, sent to Athens to collect the mo.st 

salutary laws of Solon, &:c. Lit: 3, 31. 

Sylvius, a son of ..^^neas and Sylvia. 

POSTVERTA, a goddess at Ronie, w ho presided 
over the painful travails of women. Ovid. Fast. 
1, 6i3. 

PosTUMiA VIA. a Roman road about the town 
of Hostilia. 

PosTUMiUS. Vid. Posthumius, 

PoTAMiDES, nymphs who presided over rivers 
and fountains, as their name (jroTo/toy Jluvim) 
implies. 

POTAMON,a philosopher of Alexandria, whose 
era 's not determined. While he selected what 
he judged most tenable from every system, he 
pretended to form of these extracts a separate 
doctrine of his own; concerning which we have 
not sufficient details to enable us to judge. Dic^. 
Lacrt. 1, 21. 



POTAr^OS, a borough of Attica, conrser-led 
with the tribe Leontis, where was the tuniL ..f 
Ion, thp son of Xanthus. Fans. 1,3!. 

POTHOS, one of the deities of the Samotlr.a- 
cians. Piin. 36, 5. 

POTIDiEA, a city of Macedonia, situated on 
tlie isthmus connecting the peninsula of Pallene 
with the mainland. It was founded by the Cor- 
inthians, from whom it was taken by the Athe- 
nians, and from the latter again by Philip, who 
gave it to the Clynlhians. Cassander increased 
and beautified it, after which it was called Cas- 
sandria. It was one of the most opulent and 
sulendid cities in Macedonia. Thunjd. 1, bG, 
&e. 2. 70.- Herod. 7, 123- 8, 127. 9. 2y. Viod. 
Sic. 18. 

POTlDANiA a town of iEtolia. Liv. 28, 8. 

POTlTlLS Vid. Pinarnjs. 

POTNi^, a city of Bo?otia, abtuit ten miles to 
the south west of Tlit bes. Ii t ad a sacred 
grove dedicated to Ceres and Proserpine. It 
was here that Glaucus was said to have been 
torn to pieces by his infuriated mares. The site 
of this place corresponds nearly with that occu- 
pied hy the village of Taki. Fans. 9, 8. - Slrab. 
9. - Virg. G. 3, k67. 

Pr.4;neste, n;.w Palestrina, acity of Latium, 
south east of Rome. Strabo makes the inter- 
vening distance twenty-five miles (,200 stadia); 
but the Itineraries give, miore correctly, twenty- 
three miles. Its citadel is described by Strabo 
as remarkable for its strength of position. It 
stood on the brow of a lofty hill which overhui g 
the city, and wrs cut off from the prolongation 
of the chain by a narrow slip of inferior eleva- 
tion. The origin ( f Prcenesie, like that of many 
of the ancient towns in Italy, is fabulou=. Ac- 
cording to some, it was founded by C£eculus,the 
son of Vulcan, while others ascribe it to a chief 
of the name of Praenestus, grandson of Ulysses 
and Circe. Strabo, however, tells us more 
plainly, that it claimed a Greek origin, and had 
been named formerly noXvartipavos. We may 
infer from Dionysius that Praeneste was after- 
wards colonized by Alba. It shared the fate of 
the other Latin towns, in becoming subjf ct to 
Rome, upon the failure of the a'tem.pt made in 
eomm.on to assist the family of Tarquin. Sub- 
sequently we find the Praenestini oftener uniting 
with the Volsci and other enemies, in lh< ir 
attacks on Rome, than remaining firm in their 
allegiance to that power. The y were defeated, 
however, by T. Quinctius Cincinnatus, near the 
river Allia. and eight of their towns and casth s 
fell into the victor's hands, when thry thought 
proper to submit. Again they revolted, and 
were a^ain conquered by Camillus. Virff- Mn. 
678 et 682. Slrub. 5.- Dion. 1, 31.- Liv. 2, 19. 
6, 27 et 29. 8, 13. 

PRiElOR, one of the chief magistrates at 
Rome. The rame of pra;tor v as anciently com- 
mon to all the magistrates. Thus the dictator 
is called in Livy (3, 55,) praetor maximus. Bui 
when the consuls, being engaged in almost con- 
tinual warg, could not attend to the administra- 
tion of justice, a magistrate was created for that 
purpose, A. U. C. 3S9, to whom the name of 
praetor was thenceforth appropriated. He was 
at first created only from among the patricians, 
as a kind of compensation for the consulship 
being communicated to the plebeians, tut after- 
wards, A. U. C. 419, from the plebeians also. 
One of them was whoUv empl(«ycd in adminis- . 



PR.E 



€14 



taring justice amors: the citizens, whpnce he 
W is called prtetor urb mis; and the other ap- 
p .inted judges in all causes which related to 
foreigners, and was called praitdr peregrinuf. 
In the ye.-;r of Rome 520, two more praetors w ere 
created to assist tiie consul in the government of 
the provinces of Sicily and Sardinia, w hich had 
been lately conquered, and two more when 
Spain was reduced into the form of a Roman 
province. A. U- C. 551. The pr;i;tor urb^-7ius, 
and peregrinus. administered justice only in 
minor or private causes, but in public and im- 
portant causes the people either judged them- 
S;''ves, or appointed persons, one or more, to 
preside at the trial. In A. U. C- 604. it was 
determined that the praetor urbjiius and pere- 
gihrns should continue to exercise their usual 
jurisdictions; and that the other four praetors 
should, during their magistracy, also remain in 
the city, and preside at public trials; one at 
trials concerning extortion; another concerning 
bribery; a third concerning crimes committed 
against the state; and a fourth about defrauding 
the public treasury. Still, however, when any 
thing unu.^ual or atrocious happened, the people 
or senate judged about the matter themselves, 
or appointed inquisitors to preside at the trial, 
as in the case of Clodius for violating the fhys- 
teries of the Bona D^-a. and of Mi'.o for the 
murder of Clodiu*. Sylla the dictator added 
two more, and Julius Caesar encreased the num- 
ber to 10, and afterwards to 16, and the second 
triumvirate to 61. After this their numbers 
fluctuated, being sometim.es 18, 16, or 12, till, in 
the decline of the empire, their dignity decreased, 
and their numbers were reduced to three. In 
hi.s public capacity the praetor administered 
justice, protected the rights of widows and 
orphans, presided at the celebration of public 
festivals, and in the absence of the consul 
assembled or prorogued the senate as he pleased. 
He also exhibited shows to the people, and in 
the festivals of the Bona Dea, where no males 
were permitted to appear, his wife presided over 
the rest of the Roman matrons. Feasts were 
a.mounced and proclaimed by him and he had 
the power to make and repeal laws. If it met 
w ith the approbation of the senate and people. 
The quaestors were subject to him, and in the 
absence of the consuls, he appeared at the head 
of the armies, and in the city he kept a register 
of all the freedmen of Rome, with the reasons 
for which they h?.d received their freedom. In 
the provinces the praetors appeared with great 
pomp, six lictors with the fasces walked before 
theni. and when the empire was encreased by 
cjvjquest, they divided their government, like 
the consuls, and provinces were given them by 
lot. When the year of their prsetorship was 
elapsed, they were called proprcptors^ if they 
still conrinued at the head of their province. 
At Rome the praetors appeared also with much 
pomp, two lictors preceded them, they wore the 
prcFtexia. or the white robe with purple borders 
they sat in curule chairs, and their tribunal was 
distinguished by a sword and a spear while they 
administered justice. The tribunal was called 
prevtorium. When they rode, they appeared on 
white horses at Rome, as a mark of distinction. 
Tn-' praetors Cere 7«. appointed by JuliusCassar, 
were employed in providing corn and provision 
for the city. They were on that account often 
called jriimenfir^. 



PR-STORi.a, or Aujnsta Prrefiria, a city o\ 
Cisalpine Gaul, in the territory of the Salassi. 
It was built on the site occupied by the camp of 
Terentius V^'irro, when that c<!mmander was 
sent by Augustus to repress the plundering 
movements of the Salassi and to seize upon 
their country. Augustus honoured the rising' 
colony by giving it the name of Augusta Prae- 
toria. It is now known as Adste. «hich gives its 
n.nme to the fine valley in which it lies, .md' 
where several remams of the ancient city are| 
still to oe seen. Slmb. 4. 

Pr^torTus. a name ironically applied to As.' 
Sempronius Rufus, because he w as di>appointed; 
in his solicitations for the prsetorsliip, as being 
too dissolute and luxurious in hi.-; manners. He 
was the first who had a stork brought to b>S| 
table. Hrrat. Sat. 2. 2. 50. I 
PraTiKAS, a native <j[ Phlius, contemporary 
with .Eschylus, and a dramatic poet of consider-l 
able ta'.ent. He once obtained a tragic victory. 
But the superiority of ..Eschylus led him to con-: 
trive a novel and mixed kind of play. Borrow ing| 
from tragedy its external form and mythological j 
materials, Pratinas added a chorus of Satyrs, 
with their lively songs and gestures. The new i 
composition was called the S:tyr:c Drama, of; 
which he must be regarded as the inventor. He 
exhib ted fi'ty dramas, or which thiity-two were 
satyric. Su d.'in Pr.it. Athen. 14. 

PRAXAG IRAS, an Athenian writer, who pub-' 
lished a history of the kings of his own country, ^ 
the life of Constantine the Great, and the life of 
Alexander, all now lost. 

Praxiteles, a famous sculptor of Magna; 
Grjec'ia, who flourished about 3"3+ years before, 
the Christian era. He chiefly worked on Parian: 
marble, on account of its beautiful whiteness.' 
He carried his art to the greatest perfection, andi 
was so happy in copying nature, that his statues' 
se' med to be animated. The most famou^of his 
pieces was a Cupid, which he gave to Phryne. 
This celebrated courtezan, who wished to have 
the best of all the statues of Praxiteles, and who i 
could not depend upon her own judgment in the | 
choice alarmed the sculptor, by telling him his ' 
house was on fire. Praxiteles upon this showed ' 
his eagerness to save his Cupid from the flames, > 
above all his other pieces; but Phryne restrained | 
his fears, and by discovering her artifice, obtained 
the favourite statue. The sculptor employed ' 
his chisel in making a statue of this beautiful ' 
Courtezan, which was dedicated in the temple of ^ 
Delphi, and placed between the statues of 
Archidamus, king of Sp<irta, and Philip, king of j 
Macedon. He also made a statue of Venus, at i 
the request of the people of Cos, and gave them 
their choice of the goddess, either naked or ' 
veiled. The former was superior to the other j 
I in beautv and perfection, but the inhabitants of 
! Cos preferred the latter. The Cnidians, who j 
did not wish to patronise modesty and decorum i 
with the same eagerness as the people of Co.s, | 
bought the naked Venus, and it was so univer- | 
sally esteemed that Nicomedes, king of Bithjnia, 
offered the Cnidians to pay an enorm<nis debt ■ 
under which they laboured if they would give , 
him their favourite statue. This offer was not L 
accepted. The famous Cupid was bought of the 
Thespians by Caius Caesar, and carried to Rome, 
but Claudius restored it to them, and Nero 
afterw ards obt.iined possession of it. Pans. 1, 40. 
8, 9. -Plin. 7, 34 et 3ti. 



PRA 



C15 



PR! 



' PRAXITHfiA, a daughter of Phrasimus and 
Diogenea. She married Erechtheus, kins of 
Athens, by whom she had Cecrops. Pandarus, 
and Metion, and four daugViters, Procris, Creusa, 
Chthonia, and Onthyia. ApoUod 3, 15. 

Prelius, or Frilis, a lake of Etruria, on 
the coast, not far from which the Gauls and 
Gaesataewere defeated by the Romans, B. C. 225. 
It is now called Lngo di C stiglione. Cic. pro 
Mil. Ml. — Plin. i3, 5. 

PREXASPES, a Persian who put Smerdis to ' 
death by order of king Cannbyses. Herod. 3. 30. 

PriaMiDES, a patronymic applied to Paris, 
as being son of Priam. It is also given to Hec- 
tor, Deiphobus, and all the other children of , 
the Trojan monarch. Ot id. Heroid.- Virg. ^n. i 
3, 235. { 
Priamus, the last king of Troy, was son of < 
Laomedon, by Strymo, called Placia by some. 
When Hercules took the city of Troy {^F'id. \ 
La.imedon], Priam was in the number of his 
prisoners, but his sister Hesione redeemed him 
from captivity, and he exchanged his original 
name of Podarces, for that o{ Priam, which signi- ; 
hes bought or ransomed. [Vid. Podarces.] He was i 
also placed on his father s throne by Hercules, 
and he employed himself with well directed I 
diligence in repairing, fortifying, and embellish- j 
ing, the city of Troy. He had married, by his 
father's orders, Arisba, whom now he divorced j 
for Hecuba, the daughter of Dimas, or Cisseus 
a neit;hbouring prince. He had by Hecuba 17 
children, according to Cicero, or according to 
Homer, 19; the m.ost celebrated of whom are 
Hec'or, Paris, Deiphobu?, Helenus, Pammon, 
Polites, Antiphus, Hipponous, Troilus, Creusa, 
Laodice, Polyxena, and Cassandra. Besides 
these he had many others by concubines. Their 
names, according to Apollodorus, are Melam- 
pus, Gorgythion, Philaemon, Glaucus, Agathon, 
Evagoras, Hippothous, Chersidamas, Hippo- 
damas, Mestor, Atas, Dorcylus, Dryops, Lycaon, 
Astygonus, Bias, Evander, Chromiu.s, Telestas, 
Melius, Cebrion, Laodocus, Idomeneus, Arche- 
machus, Kchephron, Hyperion, Ascanius, Ar- 
rhetus, Democoon, Dejoptes, Echemon, Clovius, 
iEgioneus. Hypirychus, Lysithous, Polymedon, 
Medusa, Lysimache, Medesicaste, r.nd Aristo- 
(ieme. After he had reigned for some time in 
Ihe greatest prosperity, Priam expressed a desire 
to recover his sister Hesione, whom Hercules 
had carried into Greece, and married to Telamon 
his friend. To carry this plan into execution, 
Priam manned a fleet, of which he gave the 
command to his son Paris, with orders to bring 
back Hesione. Paris, to whom the goddess of 
beauty had promised the fairest woman in the 
world, [Vid. Paris] neglected in some measure 
his father's injunctions, and as if to make repri- 
sals upon the Greeks, he carried away Helen 
the wife of Menelaus, king of Sparta, during the 
absence of her husband. Priam beheld this | 
with satisfaction, and he countenanced his son i 
by receiving in his palace the wife of the king | 
of Sparta. This rape kindled the fiames of wai ; 1 
aU the suitors of Helen, at the request of Mene- ; 
laus, [Vid. Menelaus] assembled to revenge the ! 
violence offered to his bed, and a fleet according | 
tn .<some. of 140 ships under the commnnd of the ^ 
(i9 chiefs that furnished them, set sail for Truy, 
, V iam might have averted the impending blow ; 
\>j the restoration of Helen; but this he refused 
"''^o do, when the ambassadors of the Greeks carac . 



to him, and he immediately raised an army to 
i defend himself. Troy was soon besieged, fre- 
I quent skirmishes took place, in which the success 
was various, and the advantages on both sides 
j inconsiderable. The siege was continued for 
ten successive years, and Friam had the misfor- 
tune to see the greatest part of his children 
massacred by the enemy. Hector, the eldest of 
these, was the only one upon whom now the 
Trojans looked for protection and support; but 
he soon fell a sacrifice to his own courage, and 
was killed by Achilles. Priam severely felt his 
loss, and as he loved him with the greatest ten- 
derness, he wished to ransom his body, which 
was in the enemy's camp. The gods, according 
to Homer, interested themselves in favour of old 
Priam. Achilles was prevailed upon by bis 
mother, the goddess Thetis, to restore Hector 
to Priam, and the king of Troy passed through 
the Grecian camp conducted by Mercury the 
messenger of the gods, who with his rod bad 
made him invisible. 'The meeting of Priam 
and Achilles was solemn and affecting, the con- 
queror paid to the Trojan monarch that atten- 
tion and reverence which was due to his dignity, 
his years, and his misfortunes, and Priam in a 
suppliant manner addressed the prince whose 
favours he claimed, and kissed the hands that 
had robbed him of the greatest and the best of 
his children. Achilles was moved by his tears 
and e\"treaties; he restored Hector, and per- 
mitted Priam a truce of 12 days for the funeral 
of his son. Some time after 'Troy was betrayed 
into the hands of the Greeks by Antenor and 
JSneas, and Priam upon this resolved to die in 
defence of his country. He put on .his armour 
and advanced to meet the Greeks, but Hecul;a 
by her tears aud entreaties detained him near 
an cltar of Jupiter, whither she had fled for pro- 
tection. While Priam yielded to the prayers 
of his wife, Politts, one of his sons, fled also to 
the altar before Neoptolemus, who pursued him 
w ilh (ury. Polites, wounded and overcome, fell 
dead at the feet of his parents, and the aged 
father, fired with indignation, vented the most 
bitter invectives against the Greek, who paid no 
regard to the sanctity of altars and temples, 
and raising his spear darted it upon him. The 
spear hurled by the feeble hand of Priam, 
touched the buckler of Neoptolemus, and fell to 
the ground. This irritated the son of Achilles; 
he seized Priam by his grey hairs, and. w ithout 
compassion or reverence for the sanctity of the 
place, he i lunged his dagger into his breast. 
His head was cut off, and the mutilated body 
was left among the heaps of slain. Dictys Cret. 
1, &c.- Dnes PIryg.- Herod. 2 120. -Paw*-. 10, 
25- - Hower 11. 22, &c.- Eurip. in Troad. — Cic. 
Tunc. 1, 35. Virg. Mn. 2, 507, &.c.— Hor,.t Od. 
10. 14._ Hygin.Jnh. 110.— Q. Coluber. 15. 226. 

PriapuS, a deity among the ancients, who 
presided over gardens, and the parts of genera- 
tion in the sexes. He was son of Venus by Mer- 
cury or Adonis, or according to the m.ore received 
oiiinion, by Bacchus. The goddess of beauty, 
who was enamoured of Bacchus, went to meet 
him as he returned victorious from his Indian 
expedition, and by him she had Prianus, who 
was born at Lampsacus. Priapus was so de- 
formed in all his limbs, particularly the genitals, 
by means of Juno, who had ass!.«;ted at the de- 
livery of Venus, that the mother, ashamed to 
have given birth to such a monster, oriicrcd h:ra 
Z hi 



PRI 



616 



PRO 



to be exposed on fhe mouafains. UU life, how- 
ever, was preserveii by the shepherds. He soon 
became a favourite of the people of Lampsacu?, 
but he was expelled by the inhabitants on account 
of his immoral conduct. This violence was pun- 
ished by the son of Venus, and when the Lamp- 
Eacfnians had been afflicted witli a disea;e in the 
t;caitals, Priapus was recalletl, and temples 
erected to his Lonour. Festivals-were also cele- 
brated, and the people, naturally idle and in- 
lio'ent, gave themselves up to every lascivious- 
ness Rud impurity during the celebration. His 
worship was also introduced in Rome: hut the 
Romans revered him more as a god of orchards 
and gardens, than as the patron of licentiousness. 
A crown painted with different colours was of- 
fered to him in the spring, and in the summer a 
garland of ears of corn. An ass was generally 
F.icrificed to him. He is generally represented 
with a human face and the ears of a goat he 
holds a stick in his hand, with which he terrifies 
bin's, as also a club to drive away thieves, and a 
scythe to prune the trees and cut down corn. 
He was crowned with the leaves of the vine, and 
sometimes with laurel or rocket. The last of 
ihese plants was sacred to him, as it is said to 
raise the passions and excite love. Catull. ep. 19 
el 20. — Coluni. de cult. hort. 2. — Rorat. sat. 1, 1. 
— Tibull. 1, 1, \%.—Ovid. F.ist. 1,415. 6,319.— 
f^irg. Eel. 7, 33. G. 4, 111 — Pans. 9, 31 — Btjgin. 

fib. 190. A town of Mysia, near Lampsacus, 

and about fifteen miles from Parium. Accord- 
ing to some, it was founded by a colony from 
Miletus, while others ascribe it to the inhabi- 
tants of Cyzicus. The god Priapus, whom it 
was said a nymph had born to Bacchus, gave 
his name to this town, whose territory produced 
excellent wine, a circumstance which sufficiently 
accounts for the worship paid to him there. The 
modern nai^e of Priapus is K-.rabon. ^Slrib. 13. 

— Schol. Theocr. 1, tl. An island near 

Ephesus. Prin. 5, 31. 

PiafiNE, a city of Caria, north of the mouth of 
the Maeander. and at the foot of mount Mycale. 
It was founded at first by .Jipytus, son of Neleus, 
but received afterwards a second colony, brought 
by Philotas of Thebes; hence it was sometimes 
called Cadme. It could boast of having given 
birth to Bias, one of the seven sages of Greece. 
According to Strabo, the Prienians had the ri^ht 
of electing the presidenr of the Panionian sacri- 
fices. The remains of Pri«^ne are to be snen near 
the modern village of 6'.; r.sowi. Sirati 14. — 
Herod. I. 27 et 170 

PeiSC'ANTjs, an eminent grammarian, was a 
native of Cajsarea, and went to Constantinople, 
where he taught grammar and rhetoric with great 
reputation rfbout A. D. 525. He composed vari- 
ous works, of which his treatise, *' De Arte 
Grammatica'' was first published by Aldus, at 
Venice, in 1476, from a MS. found in France. 
!t has been reprinted frequently, but the best 
edition is that of Krehl, 2 vols. 8vo. Lips. 1B19. 
A translation of the Peripgesis of Dionysius 
into Latin ver?e is atrributed to Priscian: it has 
been printed with the Oxford edition of that 
author. 

PRISCUS, ServilTus, a dictator at R -me who 

defeated the Vcientes and the Fidenates. A 

surname of the elder Tarquin king of Rome. 

[Fid. Tarquinius.l A governor of Syria, 

brother to the emx>er>^r Philip. He proclaimed 
himself emperor in lJaced<iiua v.hen he was in- 



formed of his brother's death, but he was s<.on| 
after conquered and put to death by l)p<'!ug,| 

Piiilip's murderer Helvidius, a qusestor in 

Achaia during the reign of Nero, remarkable fur 
his independent spirit. Tacit. Hist. 4, 6. 

PRIS ■ IS. the name of one of the ships that; 
engaged in the naval combat which was exhibited! 
by ^neas at the anniversary of his father's' 
death. She was commanded by Mnesiheus.i 
Firg. Mil. 1, 116. 

Privernus. a Rutulian killed by Capys in' 
the wars between Jineas and Turnus. Vim.\ 
^n. 9. 576. I 

Privernum, acityof Latiura, in the territory' 
of the Volsci; the ancient name of which is but 
partially lost in that of the modern Pip^mo, w h i-hj 
marks its situation. Virgil makes it the birthj 
place of Camilla. We have the authority of the 
same poet for ascribing it to the Volsci; buti 
Strabo would seem to consider the Privernates' 
as a distinct people from the Volsci, for he par-, 
tlcularises them among the petty nations con- 1 
quered by the Romans and incorporated in; 
Latiura. Firg. Mn. 11, b^i).— Strub. b, — Liv. 7,' 
15. 8, 1, &c. 

Pi^OBUS. M. Aurelius Severus, a native of 
Sirmlum in Pannonia. His father was originally 
a gardener, w ho, by entering the army, rose to 
the rank of a military tribune. His son obtained, 
the same office in the twenty-second year of his' 
age, and he distinguished himself so much by his ^ 
probity, his valour, his intrepidity, moderation, 
and clemency, that at the death of the emperor ■ 
Tacitus, he was invested with the imperial purple I 
by the voluntary and uninfluenced choice of his 
soldiers. His election was universally approved: 
by the Roman senate and the people; and Pro- I 
bus, strengthened on his throne by the affection i 
and attachment of his subjects, marched against' 
the enemies of Rome, in Gaul and Germany. 
Several battles were fought, and after he had left 
400,000 barbarians dead in the field, Probus 
turned his arras against the Sarmatians. The ) 
same success attended him, and after he had | 
quelled and terrified to peace the numerous ' 
barbarians of the north he marched through I 
Syria against the Blemmyes in the neighbour- 1 
hood of Egypt. The Blemmyes were defeated j 
with great slaughter, and the military character of 
the emperor wa^ so well established, that the king . 
of Persia sued for peace by his ambassadors, and ! 
attempted to buy the conqueror's favour w ith the 
most splendid presents. Probus was then feast- 
ing upon the most common food when the ara^ } 
bassadors were introduced; but without even i 
casting his eyes upon them, he said, that if their I 
master did not give proper satisfaction to the ! 
Romans, he would lay his territories desola'e, i 
and as naked as the crow n of his head. As he 
spoke, the emperor took off his cap, and showed | 
the baldness of his hea<l to the ambassadors. I 
The conditions were gl.'jdly accepted by the Per- ! 
sian monarch, and Probus retited to Rome to | 
convince his ^subjects of the greatness of his 
conquests, and to clAim from them the applause ' 
which their ancestors had given to the conqueror i 
of Macedonia or the destroyer of Carthage, as he :~ 
passed along the streets of Rome. His triumph 
lasted several days, and the Roman populace 
were long entertained with shows and combats. | 
But the Roman empire, delivered from its fi>reigr» , 
enemies, was torn by civil discord; and iie.ice was , 
not re established till three usurpers had been ' 



PRO 



617 



PRO 



Sf vrrs.Uy defpritcd. AVhile his subject'; enjoyed 
tranquillity, Probus encouraged the liberal arts; 
lie permitted the inhabitants of Gaul and Illyri- 
cxim to plant vines in their territories, and he 
himself repaired seventy cities in different parts 
of the empire which had been reduced to ruins. 
He also attempted to drain the waters which 
were stagnated in the neighbourhood of Sirmium, 
I by conveying them to the sea by artificial cr.nals. 

His armies were employed in this Uborioiis 
I undertaking ; but as they were unaccustomed to 
such toils they soon mutinied, and fell upon the 
emperor as he was passing into one of the towns 
of lllyricum. He fled into an iron tower which 
he himself had built to observe the marshes, but 
as he was alone, and without arms, he was soon 
overpowered and murdered, in the fiftieth year 
of his age, after a reign of six years and four 
months, on the second of November after Christ 
2S2. The news of his death was received with the 
i greatest consternation; not only his friend?, but 
I his very enemies deplored his fate, and even the 
I army, which had been concerned in his fall, 
erected a monument over his body, and placed 
upon it this inscription. Hie Probus imperator, 
vere probus, situs est, victor omnium gentium bar- 
bnrarum, nctor etinm tyrannorum. He v^as then 
preparing in a few days to march against the Per- 
sians that had revolted, and his victories there 
might have been as great as those he obtained in 
the two other quarters of the globe. He was 
succeeded by Carus; and his family, who had 
shared his greatness, immediately retired from 
Rome, not to become objects either of private or 

public malice. Zos.— Prob. — Saturn. Mm- 

ilius, a grammarian in the age of Theodosius. 
The lives of excellent commanders, written by 
Cornelius Nepos, have been falsely attributed to 

him, by some authors. An oppressive prefect 

of the pr«torian guards, in the reign of Valen- 
tin! an. 

Frocas, a king of Alba after his fathor Aven- 
tinus. He was father of Amulius and Numitor. 
Idv. 1, 3. - Omd. Met. 14, 622.— Virg. Mn. 6. 767. 

Prochyta, an island off the coast of Cam- 
pania, and adjacent to jEnaria. It is said to 
have derived both its origin and name from a 
profusion of mountainous parts, upon the occa- 
sion of the island ^naria being- moved by an 
earthquake. Virg. ^n. 9- l\b. — SiL Hal. 8, 542. 

Procles, a son of Aristodemus and Argia, 
born at the same birth as Eurysthenes. There 
were continual dissensions between the two 
brothers, who both sat on the Spartan throne. 
iVid, Eurysthenes and Laced£emon.] A na- 
tive of Andros in the .^gean sea. who was 
crowned at the Olympic games. Pans. 6, 14. 

A leader of the lonians. claiming descent 

from Ion son of Xuthus. He was invited by 
the Samians to come with his followers, and 
settle in their island, which he did, and obtained 
the sovereignty. Paus. 7, 4, 

PROCLiD^,'the descendants of Procles, who 
sat on the throne of Sparta, together with the 
EurysthenidEe. Fid. Lacedaemon and Eurjs- 
thenes. 

Proclus, a Platonic philosopher, born at 
Constantinople, A. D. 412. He studied at Alex- 
andria, and next at Athens, where he succeeded 
Syrianus in the Platonic school, and died A. D. 
485. His existing works are — " Hymns to Ihe 
Sun, Venns and the Muses;" Commentarit s 
on Plato;" Ptolemy's " De judiciis Astroruni;" 



the first book of Euclid's Elements, pnd fir.siod's 
"Works and Days;" also a treatise * De Syhaira,'' 
and " Argumenta adversui Christianos." 

Proconnesus, now Marmara, an island of 
the Propontis, at the north-east of Cyzicus; also 
called Elaphonesus and Neuris. It was much 
celebrated for its marble quarries, which sup- 
plied most of the public buildings in Cyzicus 
with their materials, as also the palace of king 
Mausolu . The marble was white, with black 
streaks intermixed. Plin. 5, 32.—Slrab. 13. — • 
Vitruv.2, 8 

ProcopiUS, a celebrated officer of a noble 
family in Cilicia, related to the emperor Julian, 
with whom he lived in great intimacy. He was 
universally admired for his integrity, but he was 
not destitute of ambition or pride. After he 
had signalized himself under Julian and his 
successor, he retired from the Roman provinces 
among the barbarians in the Thracian Cherso- 
nesus, and some time after he suddenly made his 
appearance at Constantinople, when the em- 
peror Valens had marched into the east, and he 
proclaimed himself master of the eastern empire. 
His usurpation was universally acknowledged, 
and his victories were so rapid, that Valens 
would have resigned the imperial purple, had 
not his friends intervened. But now fortune 
changed, Procopius was defeated in Phrygia, 
and abandoned by his army. His head was 
cut off, and carried to Valentinian in Gaul, 
A. D.366. Procopius was slain in the forty- 
second year of his age, and he had usurped the 
title of emperor for above eight months. Am- 

m-an. Marcel. 25 et 26. A historian of the 

sixth century, was born at Caesarea in Palestine. 
He was a pleader of causes at Constantinople in 
the reign of Anastasius, who held him in great 
estimation, as also did the emperors Justin and 
Justinian. He next became secretary to Beli- 
sarius, whom he attended in his wars; after 
which he was admitted into the senate, and ap- 
pointed prefect of Constantinople, where he 
died about 560. He wrote the History of his 
Times, particularly of the Persian war; and the 
wars with the Vandals and Goths; also a work 
on the public edifices, built or restored by Jus- 
tinian, and a book of anecdotes, printed at Paris 
in Greek and Latin 1662, folio. It is a matter 
of dispute, whether Procopius was a Christian 
or a Pagan. 

Procrustes, a famous robber of Atrica, 
killed by Theseus, near the Cephissus. He tied 
travellers on a bed, and if their length exceeded 
that of the bed, he cut off part of their limbs to 
make it equal, but if they were shorter he 
stretched their bodies till they were of the same 
length. He is called by some Damastes and 
Polvpemon. Ovid. Heroid. 2. 69.— Met. 7, 43. 
—P'lut. in Thes. 

Proculeius, a Roman knif:ht, very intimate 
with Augustu'!. He is celebrated for his hu- 
manity, and fraternal kindness to his brothers 
' Mura?na and Scipio, with whom he divided his 
possessions, after they had forfeited their estates, 
and incurred the displeasure of Augustus, for 
siding with young Pompey. He was sent by 
Augustus to Cleopatra, to endeavour to bring 
her alive into his presence, but to no purpose. 
He destroyed himself when labouring under a 
heavv disease. Horat. Od.2,2. — Plut in Anton. 
- Plin 3G 24. 
I I'KOCULUS, JULtUS, a Roman who, after the 



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CIS 



PRO 



death of Rr)>r ulus, declared that he had se^n 
him in his appearance more than human, and ; 
that he had ordered him to bid the Romans to j 
offer him sacrifices under the name of Quirinus, j 
and to rest assured that Rome was destined by | 
the gods to become the capital of the world. ; 
PLut. iji Rom.-Liv. I, 16. — — An Afiican in i 
the age of Aurelius. He published a book en- ' 
titled de regionibus, or reJigionibus, on foreign ; 

countries, &.c. An ofEcer who proclaimed 

himself emperor in Gaul, in the reign of Probus. 
He was soon after defeated, and exposed on a j 
gibbet. He was verj- debauched and licentious j 
in his manners, and had acquired riches by ' 
piraticaWxcursions. i 

Procyon, a constellation so called from its | 
rising just before the dog- star. {UgoKvwv, from j 
T-po ante and Kvmv canis.) whence i:s Latin nnme | 
of Ayitecanis, or Ante Canein. Cic- de Nat. D. 2, i 
44. -P/m. IS, 23. j 

PRODicUS, a sophist and rhetorician of Cos, j 
about 396 years before Christ. He was sent as 
ambassador by his countrymen to Athens, where j 
he publicly taught, and had among his pupils ; 
Euripides, Socrates, Theramenes, and Isocratts. j 
He travelled from town to town in Greece, to j 
procure admirers and get money. He made his 
auditors pay to hear him harangue, which h.;s 
given occasion to some of the ancients to speak 
of the orations of Prodicus for fifty drachmas, j 
In his writings, which were numerous, he com- ! 
posed a beautiful episode, in which virtue and 
pleasure were introduced, as attempting to ; 
make Hercules one of their votaries. The hero j 
at last yielded to the charms of virtue, and re- ; 
jected pleasure. This has been imitated by ! 
l.ucian. Prodicus was at last put to death by ' 
the Athenians, on pretence that he corrupted 
the morals of their youth. Xenophon. Memor. i 

PrcetIDES, the daughters of Proetus, king of ; 
Argoli^, were three in number, Lysippe, Iphinoe, i 
and Iphianassa. They became insane for ne- j 
glecting the worship of Bacchus, or, according i 
to others, for preferring themselves to Juno, 
and ihey ran about the fields, believing them- ! 
stives to be cows, and flying away not to be 
harnessed to the plough or to the chariot. 
Pioeius applied to Melampus to cure his daugh- 
ters !;f their insanity, but he refused to employ 
him when he demanded a third part of his king- 
dom as a reward. This neglect of Prcetus was 
punished, the insanity became contagious, and 
the monarch at last promised Melampus two 
parts of his kingdom and one of his daughters, if j 
he would restore them and the Argian women 
to their sen-es. Melampus consented, and after ] 
he had wrought the cure, he married the most i 
beautiful of the Proetides. Some have called j 
them Lvsippe, Ipponoe. and Cyrianassa. Apol- 
h>d. 2, 2.~Virg. Eel. 6, 43. — Oird. Met. 15. - 
Lnctant. ad Stat. Theb. 1 et 3. i 

PrcetUS, a king of Argos, son of Abas and ! 
Ocalea. He was twin brother to Acri.-ius, with : 
«hom he quarreled even before their birth, j 
This dissension between the two brothers en- ; 
creased with their years. After their father's 
death, they both tried to obtain the kingdom of 
Ar^os ; but the claims of Acrisii^ prevailed, 
and Proetus left Peloponnesus and retired to 
the court of Jobates, king of Lycia, where he 
married Sfenobcea, called by some Antea or 
Antinpp. He afterwards returned to Argolis, 
and by means of his faiher-in-law, he made 



him elf master of Tirynthus. Stenoboja had' 
accompanied her husband to Greece, and she 
became by him mother of the Proetides, and of a 
son called Megapenthes, who, after his father's 
death, succeeded on the throne of Tirynthus. ; 
IFid. Stenobcea.] Horn. lU 6, 1 6Q.—Apollod. 2, 2. i 
Progne, a daughter of Pandion, king of' 
Athens, by Zeuxippe. She married Tertus,} 
king of Thrace, by whom she had a son calledl 
Ityius or Itys. rid. Philomela. ' 

ProMEN>s,a, one of the priestesses of thei 
temple of Dodona. It ^*r.s from her that Hero-, 
dotus received the tradition that two doves liad ' 
flown from Thebes, in Egypt, one to Dodona, . 
and the other to the temple of Jupiter Ammon, 
where they gave oracles. Herod. 2, 55. ] 
Prometheus, a son of lapetus by Clymene, 
one of the Oceanides. He was brother to Atlas, i 
Rlenoetius, and Epimetheus, and surpassed all I 
mankind in cunnins: and fraud. He ridiculed; 
the gods, and deceived Jupiter himself. He: 
sacrificed two bulls, and filled their skins, one , 
with the flesh and the other with the bones, and' 
asked the father cf the gods, which of the two he i 
preferred as an offering. Jupiter became the 
dupe of his artifice, and chose the bones, and 
from that time the priests of the temples were 
ever after ordered to burn the whole victims on 
the altars, the flesh and the bones altogether. | 
To punish Prometheus and the rest of mankind, 
Jupiter tork fire away from the earth, but the ' 
son of Tapetus outwitted the father of the gods. 
He climbed the heavens by the assistance of j 
Minerva, and stole fire from the chariot of the 
sun, which he brought down upon the earth, at 
the end of a ferula. This provoked Jupiter the 
moie; he ordered Vulcan to make a woman of 
clay, and after he had given her life, he sent her 
to Prometheus, with a box of the richest and 
most valuable presents which she had received 
from the gods. [_Vid. Pandora.] Prometheus, 
who suspected Jupiter, took no notice of Pan- 
dora or her box, but he made his brother Epi- 
metheus marry her, and the god, now more 
irritated, ordered Mercury, or Vulcan, accord- 
ing to ^schylus, to carry this artful mortal to 
mount Caucasus, and there tie him to a rock, 
where for 30 000 years, a vulture was to fted 
upon his liver, which was never diminished, 
though continually devoured. He was delivered 
from this painful confinement about thirty year.* 
afterwards by Hercules, who killed the bird of 
prey. The vulture, or, according to others, 
the' eagle, which devoured the liver of Prome- 
theus, was bom from Typhon and Echidna. 
According to Apnllodorus, Prometheus made 
the first man and woman that ever were upon 
the earth with clay, which he animated by 
means of the fire which he had stolen from 
heaven. On this account, therefore, the Athen- 
ians raised him an altar in the grove of Aca- 
demus, where they yearly celebrated eames to 
his honour. During these games there was a 
race, and he who carried a burning torch in his 
hand without extinguishing it obtained the 
prize. Prometheus, as it is universally credited, 
had received the gift of prophecy; and all the 
gods, and even Jupiter himself, consulted him 
as a most infallible oracle. To him mankind 
are indebted for the invention of many of the 
useful arts; he taught them the use of plants, 
with their physical power, and from him they 
jcceived the knowledge of taming horses ai;d 



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619 



PRO 



rHfTt-rent animals, either to cultivate the ground, - 
or for the purposes of luxury. Hedod. Theog. 
6J0 et 550. -Apollod. 1 et 2. - Pans. 1, 30. 5, 11. 
Hygin. fab. 144. - Mschyl. in Prom. — Virg. EcL 
6, 42. - Ovid. Met. 1, 82.— Ho, at. od. i, 3.— 
Seneca in Med. 823. 

PROMETHIS and PromethiDES, a patrony- 
mic applied to the children of Prometheus, as 
to Deucalion, &e. Ovid. Met. 10, 390. 

Promethus and Damasichthon, two sons 
of Codrus, who conducted colonies into Asia 
Minor. Pans. 1, 3. 

Probiijlus, a Trojan killed by Turnus. Firp. 
^n. ;.), 574. 

PronapIdes, an ancient Greek poet of 
Athens, who was, according to some, preceptor 
to Homer. It is said that he first taught the 
Greeks how to write from the lei't to the right, 
contrary to the custom of writing from the right 
to the left, which is still observed by some of 
the eastern nations. Died. Sic. 3, 66. 

Pronomus, a Theban who played so skilfully 
on the lute, that the invention of that musical 
instrument is attributed to him. Puus- 9, 12. 
Alhen. 14, 7. 

PronOba, a sui-name of Juno, because she 
presided over marriages. Virg. 4, JG-;. 

Propertxus, Sextus Aurelius, a Roman 
poet, was a native of Umbria, probably of the 
town anciently called Mevania, now Bevagna. 
He flourished in the reign of Augustus, by wliom, 
and by Mecaenas, he was favoured, and whose 
praises are a frequent theme of his verse. In 
the list of Roman elegiac poets according- to the 
order of time, Ovid places him between TibuUus 
and himself. Of his history little is known. 
His father was of the equestrian order, and lost his 
life at Perusia, among other partisans of Antony. 
The confiscation of most of his property fol- 
lowed ; and young Propertius came to Rome, 
where his poetry made him advantageously 
known, and obtained for him the patronage of 
the great. The time of his death is not recorded, 
but it is placed by conjecture B. C. 10. Of this 
poet we have four books of elegies remaining. 
In this branch of composition he was an imitator 
of the Grecian Philetas and Callimachus, and 
he has always been ranked among the most 
eminent of the Latin elegiacs. Less natural 
and pathetic than Tibullus, with whom he is 
generally compared, he is more learned, various, 
and ornamented, abounding in allusions to fable 
and mythology. He is elegant, often ingenious, 
and frequently obscure. His language and ver- 
sification are pure and refined. His amatory 
poems throughout the four books are addressed 
to a single object of passion, whom he calls 
Cynthia, the poetical name of a Roman lady 
named Hostia or Hostilia, and with whom his 
connection, if real, appears to have been of the 
licentious kind. The elegies of Propertius have 
been frequently printed, both separately and in 
conjunction with those of Tibullus. The best 
editions are those of Brouckhusius, 41^1. Amst. 
1727 ; of Vulpius, 2 vols. 4to. Patav. 1755 ; of 
Burmann,4to. Traj. ad Rhen. 1780; and of Lach- 
mann, 8vo. Lips. 1816. Ovid. 2, 465. 4, 

)0,53. de Art. Am. 3, 333. - Martial 8, 73. 14, 
im. — Qmniil. 10, 1. -Plin. ep. 6, 9, 22. 

PropcetiDES, some women of Cyprus, se- 
verely punished by Venus whose divinity they 
hail despised. They sent their daughters to the 
sea-ohore, where they prostituted themselves to 



stranjjpr.n. The poets l:ave reignid rhat (hey 
were changed mto stones, on at'count oi thru" 
insensibility to everv virtuous sentiment. Jus- 
tin. 18, 5.— Ovid. Met. 10, 238. 

Propontis, a sea between Europe and Asia, 
which has a communication with the Euxine 
by the Thracian Bosphorus, and with the 
.^igean by the Hellespont, now called the sea 
of MMmara. It is about ninety miles long, 
and received its name from its lying before the 
Pontus Euxinus (irpo ndyToj.) Its modern ap- 
nellalion is derived from that of the isla; d 
Proeonnesui. Mela, 1, I'd.— Ovid. Trist. 1, 9, 
29 — Froperi 3, 22. 

Proserpina, a daughter of Ceres by Jupitt-r, 
called by the Greeks Persephone. She wa> .so 
beautiful, that the father of the gods himself be- 
came enamoured of her, and deceived her by 
changing himself into a serpent, and folding her 
in his wreaths. Proserpine made Sicily the 
place of her residence, and delighted herself with 
the beautiful views, the flowery meadows, and 
limpid streams, which surrounded the plains of 
Enna. In this solitary retreat, as she amused 
herself with her female attendants in gathering 
flowers, Pluto carried her away into the infernal 
regions, of which she became the queen. [Vid. 
Pluto.] Ceres was so disconsolate at the loss of 
her daughter, that she travelled all over the 
world, but her inquiries were in vain, and she 
never would have discovered whither she had 
been carried, had not she found the girdle of 
Proserpine on the surface of the waters of the 
fountain Cyane, near which the ravisher had 
opened himself a passage to his kingdom by 
striking the earth with his trident* Ceres soon 
learned from the nymph Arethusa that her 
daughter had been carried away by Pluto, and 
immediately she repaired to Jupiter, and de- 
manded of him to punish the ravisher. Jupiier 
in vain attempted to per.snade the mother, that 
Pluto was not unworthy of hfer daughter, and 
when he saw that she was inflexible for the re- 
stitution of Proserpine, he said that she might 
return on earth, if she had not taken any ali- 
ments in the infernal regions. Her return, how- 
ever, was impossible. Proserpine, as she walked 
in the Elysian fields, bad gathered a pomegranate 
from a tree and eaten it, and Ascalaphus was the 
only one who saw it, and for his discovery the 
goddess instantly turned him into an owl. Jupi- 
ter, to appease the resentment of Ceres, and 
sooth her grief, permitted that Proserpine should 
remain six months with Pluto in the infernal 
regions, and that she should spend the rest of the 
year with her mother on earth. As queen of 
hell, and wife of Pluto, Proserpine presided over 
the death of mankind, and, according to the 
opinion of the ancients, no one could die, if the 
goddess herself, or Atropos her minister, did 
not cutoff one of the hairs from the head. From 
this superstitious belief, it v-'as usual to cut off 
some of the hair of the deceased, and to strew it 
at the door of the house, as an offering for Pro- 
serpine. The Sicilians were very particular in 
their worship to Proserpine, and as they believed 
that the fountain Cyane had risen from the earth, 
at the very place where Pluto had opened him- 
self a passage, they annually sacrificed theie a 
bull, of which they suffered the blood to run into 

Ithe water. Proserpine was universally wor- 
shipped by the ancients, and she was known by 
Ihe ditferenl nanies_of C'o/c, 'I7ieo{',uiiiia, Lilii/ina 



PRO 



PRU 



Uc -afe- -hnh) viferni^ Anthcsphorii, Cotyto,DeoiSt some daughters, among wh-nu were C-ibira, 
l.ihe-.n. §-c. F'ld. in Liic.-Faus. 8, S7. 9, 3i.— Eidothea. and Rhetia. Homer Od. 4, £560. - 
Ovid. Met. 5 fib. G. F st. 4, 417.— Hr^. ^n. 4, Ovid. Met.8. fub iO. Am. 12, 36. - Ttrg'. G. 4,387. 
5 8. 6, 13::!, ffygJrt. /«6. 16. -Apollod. 1, 3 — —Hygin. f,.b. UQ. — Herod. 2, 112. 
Orpheus. Hy nn. 28. — Ctaudiun. de R :pi. Pros. \ ProtogeneS, a painter of Rhodes, who flour- 
PaoSPEa, one of the fathers who died A. D. ished about 3i8 years before Christ. He was! 
4'jii. His "Aorks have been edited by Mangeant, originally so poor that he painted ships to main-l 
ful. Paris, 1711 tain himself. His countrymen were ignorant of j 

Protag oras, a Greek philosopher, who was his ingenuity before Apelles came to Rhodes, I 
a disciple of De.Tiocritus. He was a native of a-id offered to buy all his piece.'?. This opened 
A-;dera, and is s iid to have been a p srter before the eyes of the Rhodians, they became sensible. 
l!e stud ed philosophy, in which he hoivever be- of the merits of tlieir countryman, and liberallyl 
came so eminent, that he opened a school at rewarded him. Protogenes was employed forj 
A'.hens. He is principally noted on account of seven years in finishing a picture of lalysus, a 
his having incurred the charge of atiieism, from ' celebrated huntsman, supposed to have been the| 
the extreme licentiousness of his public dis- ; son of Apollo, and the founder of Rhodes, 
courses; and being banished from Athens, he ' During all this time the painter lived only upon! 
went to Epirus, and aft"r'.vards took a voyasre to lupines and water, thinking that such aliments 
Sicily, in the course of which he died, bu' in would leave him greater flights of fancy ; butai| 
what y^ar is not known. He belonged to the this did not seem to make him more successful 
Eleac sect of philosophers, and he flourished in the perfection of his picture. He was to re-' 
B. C 423. Diog. 9 —Plut. in Protasr. i present in the piece a dog panting, and withi 

PROTESILAI TURRIS, the monument of Pro- i froth at his mouth, bat this he never could do; 
fe.silaus, on the Hellespont. PUn. 4, i\.~Mela. j with satisfaction to himself; and when all his 
2, 2. i labours seemed to be without success, he threw 

Protesilaus. a king of part of Thessaly, son his sponge upon the piece in a fit of anger., 
of Iphiclus, originally called lolaui, grandson of Chance alone brought to perfection what the 
Payla'jus, and brother to Alcimede, the mother , labours of art could not do, the fall of the sponge 
of Jason. He married Laodamia, the daughter j upon the picture represented the froth of the] 
of Acastus, and some ;ime after he departed with mouth of the dog in the most expressive and' 
the rest of the Grei ks for the Trojaa war with : natural manner, and the piece was universally! 
forty sail. He was the first of the Greeks who ; admired. Protogenes was very exact in his re-' 
set fool on the Trojan shore, and as such he was | presentations, and copied nature with the greatestj 
doomed by the oracle to perish, therefore he «as| nicety, but this was blamed as a fault by hi.sl 
killed as soon as he had leaped from his ship, | friend Apeiles. When Demetrius besieged! 
by ..Eneas or Hector. Homer has not mentioned j Rhodes he refused to set fire to a part of the city! 
the person who killed him. His wife Laodamia ' which might have made him master of the' 
destroyed herself, when she heard of his de.nth. whole, because he knew that Protogenes w&sj 
[Vid. Laodamia.] Protesilaus has received the | then working in that quarter. When the town ^ 
patrony.mic of Phylncides, either because he was i was taken, the painter was found closely em-| 
descended fiora Phylacus, or because he was a! ployed in a garden in finishing a picture; &m\ 
native of Phylaje. He was buried on the Trojan ! when the conqueror asked him, why he showed 
phorC: and, according to Pliny, there were near j not more concern ai; the general calamity; hel 



tomo certain trees which grew to an extraor- 
dinary height, which as soon as they could be 
discovered and seen from Troy immediately 
withered and decajed, and afterwards grew up 
again to their former height, and suffered the 
same vicissitude. Hom-r. II. 2, 205.— Ot^ Met. 
12. fab. 1. Hero.d. 13, \l.—Propert. 1, 19 — Hygin. 
fch. lU.-i, &c. 

Proteus, a sea deity, son of Oceanus and 



replied, that Demetrius made war against the 
Rhodians, and not against the fine arts. Paia. 
1, 3. -P.m. 35, 10 — Mlian. V. H. 12.— ^uu. 3, 
120. -Plui. in Dem. 

Proxenus. a Boeotian, one of the commanders 
of the Greek forces in the army of Cyrus the 
younger. He was put to death with his fellow- 
commanders by Artaxerxes. Proxenus was the 
one who induced Xenophonto join in theexpedi- 



Tethy-, or, according to some, of Neptune and • tion of Cyrus, and after the death of Proxenus, 1 



Pncenice. He had received the gift of prophecy 
from Neptune, bec ause he ha;l tended the mon- 
sters of the sea, and from his knowledge of 
futurity, mankind received th? greatest services. 
He u'U.iUy resided in the Carpathian sea, and, 
like tiie rest of the gods, he reposed himself 
the sea-shore, where such as wished to cons 
him generally resorted. He was difficult of 
access, and when consulted he refused to give 
answers, by immediately assuming different 
shape.-;, and if not properly secured in fetters, 
eluding the grasp in the form of a tiger, or a lion, 
or disappe.iring in a flame of fire, a whirlwind, 
or a rushing stream. Aristaeus and Menelaus 
w;>re in the number of those who con.^ulted him, 
as also Hercules. Some suppose that he was 
originally a kmg of Egypt, known among his 
Pi:bjects by the name of Cetes. and they assert 
that he had two sons, Telegonui; and Poly,»onus, 
who were both kl'kd by Hercules. He had also 



Xenoohon was chosen to supplv his place. Anab. 
1, 1, 11. 2, 6, 1, &c. 1 
Prudentics, AURELius Clemens, a Latinj 
poet, -who flourished about A. D. 392. He was' 
born at Calagurris (^Cilahorm), or, according to( 
a less probable opinion, at Cassarangusta (S-im-i 
gossa.) He was brought up to the bar, and be-' 
came chief magistrate in two considerable cities. ' 
He also served in the army, and obtained honour-; 
able employment at the court of Honorius. He' 
was a zealous Christian, and his poetical talents 
were devoted to the service of his religion. His 
compositions are chiefly valuable as documents 
of Christian antiquity, for their defects of style 
and versification exclude them from the list o! 
classics even of a low order. The be.'st editions 
of Prudentius are, that of Weitzius, Svo. Hannv. 
1613; that of Heinsius, 2 vols. 24mo. Lugd. Bat. , 
1607; nnd that <>f Arjv.alus 4t<). Romoe. I7S8. 
I'UUSA, a town of Bithyuia, at the foot cf, 



PUU 



621 



PSE 



mount Olympus, and hence called Prusa ad 
yurpum. It was founded by Prusias. king ot 
B ihynia, or, according to Pliny, by Hannibal. 
Prusa enjoyed a good government. It continued 
to flourish under the Roman empire; but under 
the Greek emperors it suffered much from the 
wars carried on against the Turk?. It finally 
remained in the hands of the descendants of Os- 
man, who made it the capital of their empire, 
under the corrupted name of Brusa or Broussi. 
It is still 0!.e of the most flourishing towns pos- 
sessed by the Infidels in Anatolia. Strab. 12.— 
Plin. b, 32. 

Prcsias, a king of Bithynia, who flourished 

221 B. C. Another, su; named Venator, who 

made an alliance with the Romans when they 
waged war v.ith Aniiochus, king of Syria. He 
gave a kind reception to Annibal, and by his 
advice he made war against Eumenes, king ol 
Pergamus, and defeated him. Eumenes, who 
was an ally of Rome as well as Prusias, com- 
plained before the Romans of the hostilities o( the 
king of Bithynia. Q. Flaminius was sent from 
Rome to settle the disputes of the two monarchs, 
and he was no sooner arrived in Bithynia, than 
Prusias, to gain his favour, prepared to deliver 
to him, at his request, the celebrated Cartha- 
ginian, to whom he was indebted for all the ad- 
vantages which he had obtained over Eumenes; 
but Annibal prevented it by a voluntary death. 
Prusias was obliged by the Roman ambassador 
to make a restitution of the provinces he had 
conquered, and by his meanness he continued to 
enjoy the favours of the Romans. When some 
time after he visited the capital of Italy, he ap 
peared in the habit cf a manumitted slave, call- 
ing him.seif the freed-man of the Romans; and 
when he was introduced into the senate-house, 
he saluted the senators by the name of visible 
deities, of saviours and deliverers. Such abject 
behaviour rendered him contemptible not only 
in the eyes of the Romans, but of his subjects, 
and when he returned home the Bithynians re- 
volted, and placed his son Nicomedes on the 
throne. The banished monarch fled to Nico- 
media, where he was assassinated near the altar 
of Jupiter, about 149 years before Christ. Some 
say that his son became his murderer. Prusias, 
according to Polybius, was the meanest of mon- 
archs, without honesty, without m.orals, virtue, 
or principle; he was cruel and cowardly, intem- 
perate and voluptuous, and an enem.y to all 
learning. He was naturally deformed, and he 
often appeared in public in the habit of a woman, 
to render his deformities less visible. Po'yb. — 
Liv. — Justin. 31, &c.- C. Nep. in Annib.—PluU 
in Fla,,.. &c. 

PrytAnes, certain magistrates at Athens 
who presided over the senate, and had the priv- 
ilege of assembling it when they pleased, festivals 
excepted. They generally met in a large hall, 
called pjyi'ineum, where they gave audiences, 
ofTered sacrifices, and (easted together with all 
those who had rendered signal service to their 
country. The Prytanes were elected from the 
senators, which were in ntirnber 500, 50 of whom 
were chosen from each tiibf. When they were 
elected, the names of the 10 tribes of Athens 
were thrown into one vessel, and in anotlier 
were placed nine black beans and a white one. 
The tribe whose name was drawn with the white 
bean, preshh d the first, a-.^dtbe rest in the crdi r 
in which tt:ey were drawn. Tht y presided each 



for 35 days, as the }ear was divided into 10 p.-^rts^ 
! but it is unknown what tribe presided the rest ot 
those days which were supernumerary. When 
the number of tr bes w as increased to 12, each of 

the Prjtanes presided one full month Some 

of the principal magistrates of Corinth were also 
called Prytanes. 

PryTANIS, a king cf Sparta, of the family of 

the Proclidffi. Pans. 2, 36. One of the friends 

of ..'Knt-as killed by Turnus. Vir^- Mn. 9, 'i67. 

PSAMATHE, one of the Nereides, mother of 
Phocus by uSiacus, king of ^^".gina. Apollod. 3, 
{2.- Ovid. Met, 11, 398. 

PsAWMENiTUS, succeeded his father Amasis 
on the throne of Egypt. Cambyses made war 
against him, and as he knew that the Egyptians 
paid the greatest veneration to cats, the Persian 
monarch placed some of these animals at the 
head of his army, and the enemy, unable to de- 
fend themselves, and unwilling to kill those 
objects of adoration, were easily conquered. 
Psammenitus was twice beaten at Pelusium and 
in Memphis, and became one of the prisoners of 
Cambyses, who treated him with great humanity. 
Psammenitus however raised seditions again.'t 
the Persian monarch ; and attempted to make 
the Egyptians rebels. !or which he was put to 
death by drinking bull's blo< d. He had reigned 
about six months. He flourished about b'ib 
rears before the Christian era. Herod. 3, 10, 
&c. 

PSAMMETICHUS, a king of Egypt. He was 
one of the 12 princes who shared he kingdom 
among themselves; but as he was more popular 
than the rest, he was banished from his domin- 
ioiis, and retired into the marshes near the sea- 
shore. A descent of some of the Greeks upon 
Egypt, proved favourable to his cause; he joined 
the enemy, and defeated the 11 princes who had 
expelled him from the country. He rewarded 
the Greeks, by whose valour he had recovered 
Egypt, he allotted them some territory on the 
sea-coast, patronized the liberal arts, and en- 
couraged commerce among his subjects. He 
made u.'eless enquiries to find the sources of the 
Nile^ and he stopped by bribes and money, a 
large army of Scythians that were marching 
against him. He died 617 years before the 
Christian era, and was buried in Minerva's tem- 
ple at Sais. During his reign there was a con- 
tention among some of the neighbouring nations 
about the antiquity of their langunge. Psamme- 
tichus took a part in the contest. He confined 
two young children and fed them with miik; the 
shepherd to whose care they were entrusted, was 
ordered never to speak to them, but to watch 
diligently their articulations. After some iin:e 
the shepherd observed, that whenever he entered 
the place of their confinement they repeatt dly 
exclaimed Beccos, and he gave information of 
this to the monarch. Psamimetichus made en- 
quiries, and found that the word Beccos signified 
bread in the Phoenician language, and from that 
circunristance, th< refore, it was universally con- 
cluded that the language of Phoenicia v, as of the 

greatest antiquity. Herod. 2, 28, &c. A son 

of Gordius, brother to Periander, who held the 
tvrannv at Cerinth for three years, B. C. 584. 
Aristrd. PoUt. 5, J2. 

PSAMMis, or PsAMMUTHIS, a king of Egypt, 
B. C. 37f,. 

Fs: CAS, one of Diana's attendant rjnuihs. 
Ovid. Met. 3. 



L2i 



PTO 



PsOPHIS, a very ancient city, in the north- 
western part of Arcadia. It was situate at the 
foot of the chain of Erymanthus, from whence 
(iescended a river of the same name, which 
flowed near the city, and, after receiving another 
sn-.A l stri^am called Aroanius, jninedthe Alpheus 
on the bordt-rs of Elis. I s remains are to be 
svrn near the Kh:tn of Trlpot nnia, socal'.ed from 
the janct'on of three rivers. Pans. 8, 24. 

Psyche, a nymuh whom Cupid married and 
cariied into a place of bliss, where he long en- 
j..yed her conipv.ny. Venus put her t^i death 
because she had robbed the world of her .«on ; 
but Jupiter at the request of Cupid, granted 
immortality to Psyche- The word si?niries the 
soul, and tnis personification of Psyche fi;st men- 
tioned by Apuleius is posterior to the Augus an 
au'e, thou2:h still it is connected with ancient 
mythoU^tf}'. Psyche is eenerally represent-'d 
with the wings of a butterfly to intimate ihe 
lightness of the soul, of which the buiterfl?- is 
the symbol, and on that account, among the an- 
cients, "hen a man bad just expired, a butterfly 
appeared fluttering above, as if rising from the 
mouth of the deceased. 

PsYLLi, a people of Libya near the Syrtes, 
wh ) were said to be remarkable for their po^ er 
of charming serpents and of curing such as had 
been bitten by them. Tney are mentioned on 
this account by Lucan, in his description of the 
serpents which infested the army of Ca'O, during 
his march between the Syrtes, and their descend- 
ants are said to affect the same skill at the 
present day, althoush their feats in these arts 
are said to be cipable of imitation w ithout either 
danger or dii^iculty. They are said to have 
once undertaken an expedition against the South 
wind, because he had destroyed all their weils; 
but he rolled great hills of sand upon them, and 
having overwhelmed them, their land was seized 
upon by the Nasamones. The Nasamones are 
said by another account to have falien suddenly 
upon the Psyili, and almost exterminated them, 
which niav probablv account for the preceding 
f;ible. DiO. 51.14 — Lucan. 9, 894, 937.- He; ocJ. 
4, 173 — Pans. 9. 28. 

Pteleu.m, a town of Thessaly on the borders 
of Eoeotia. Lucan. 6, 852. — Liv 35, 43. 

PtkrelAUS. a son of Taphius, presented 
with immortality by Neptune, provided lie kept 
on his head a yellow lock. When Taphos, over 
which he reigned, was besieged by Amphitryon 
iind the Teleboans.his daughter Cometho became 
enamoured of the general of the enemy, and cut 
ofT the fatal hair, on which depended her father's 
life and the prosperity and independence of her 
country. Her perfidy, however, was punished, 
and not rewarded with the expected return of 
l!'ve, and she was pu' to death by order of Am- 
phitryon. ApoUod. 2, 4. 

PTERTA, a small territory, forming part of 
Cappadocia, and in the vicinity of the city of 
Sinope. Here the first batrle took place betw een 
Croesu; and Cyrus. Heroi. 1 76. 

PrOLEMJEUS. 1st, surnamed L^gus, a king of 
Ezypt, son of A.rsinoe, who, when pregnant by 
Pnilip of Macedonia, married Lagus, a man of 
mean extraction. [fVd. Lagus.] Ptolemy was 
educated in the court of the king of Macedonia, 
lie bt'came one of the frien(;.<; and associates of 
Alexander, and when V'.Rt monarch invaded Asia, 
the snn of Ar^inoe attended him as one of his 
generals. Duri;ig the e.\;i di .'on, he behased 



with uncommon valour; he killed one of the 
Indian monarchs in single combat, and it was id 
his prudence and courage that Alexander was 
indebted for the redueti m of the rock Aornus.- 
After the conqueror's death, in the grenernl 
division of the Macedonian emjiire, Ptolemy 
obtained as his share the government of Egypr» 
with Libya, and part of the neighbouring terri- 
tories of Arabia. In this appointment the gov- 
ernor soon gained the esteem of the people by 
acts of kitidness, by benevolence, and clemency; 
and though he did not assume the title of inde- 
pendent monarch till ly years after, yet he was 
so firmly established, that the attempts of Per- 
diccas to drive him away from his possessions 
proved abortive; and Ptolemy, after the murder 
of his rival by Grecian soldiers, might have 
added the kingdom of Macedonia to his Egyp- 
tian territories. He made himself master of 
Coelosyria, PhcEnicia, and the neighbouring- 
coast of Syria, and w hen he had reduced Jerusa- 
Ir-m, he carried about 101,000 prisoners to Egypt, 
to people the ex^^er.sive city of Alexandria, which 
became the capital of his dominions. After he 
had rendered these prisoners the most attached 
and faithful of his subjects by his liberality antf 
the grant of privileges, Ptolemy assumed the 
title of king of Egypt, and soon after reduceq 
Cyprus under his power. He made war witH 
success against Demetrius and Antigonus, whd | 
di.sputed his right to the provinces of Syria; anq 
from the assistance he gave to the people of 
Rhfides against their common enemies, he re" 
ceived the name of Soter. While he extended 
his dominions, Ptolemy was not negligent of the 
advantages of his people. The bay of Alexan- 
dria being dangerous of access, lie built a tower 
to conduct the sailors in the obscurity of the 
night, IVid. Pharos,] and that his subjects might 
be acquainted with literature, he 1 -.id the found- 
ation of a library, which, under the succeeding 
reigns, became the most celebrated in the world. 
Ke also establi.shed in the capital of his domi- 
nions, a society called museu n, of which the 
members maintained at the public expense, were 
employed in philosophical researches, and in 
the advancement of science and the liberal arts-j 
Ptolemy died in the S4th year of his age, after a' 
reign of 39 year.s, about 2S4 years before Christ, j 
Ke vvas succeeded by his son Ptolemy Philadel- 
phus, who had been his partner on the throne 
the last ten years of his reign. Ptolemy Lagus 
has been commended for his abilities, not only 
as a sovereign, but as a w riter, and among the 
many valuable compositions which have beeni 
iost, we are to lament a history of Alexin der| 
the Great, by the king of Egypt, greatly admired; 
and valued for elegance and authenticity. All' 
his successors w ere called Ptolcnies from him j 
Paus. 10, 7." Jiisiin. 13, &c. - Polyb 2. - ^rrinn 

— Curt. — Pint, in Alex The 2d sono' Ptolemjl 

the first, succeeded his father on the Egyptian 
throne, and w as called P/i i7(i(Wp,'i us by ant iphra-j 
sis. because he killed two or his brothers. He| 
showed himself worthy in every respect to suC-j 
ceed his ereat father, and consci ous of the advan-| 
tages which arise from an alliance with powerful 
nations, he sent ambassadors to Italy to solicit' 
the friendship of the Romans, whose name and 
military reputation had become nnivprfally' 
known for the vietorics which thpy had just ob ' 
tai".»tl ove,- l'vr:!,ii> H;id the Tarenrine:». II y 
auiljass^^do! s v.\.e r^ceiveu wi'h uiasks of liu 



PTO 



C28 



PTO 



fTrPiti'st at'pr.tion, .tnd immediately After four 
n au .senators came lo AlcxHanria, where the} 
{i- ill id the acinjiraiion t-l' the monarch and of 
his subjects, and by refusinfj the crowns of gold 
and the rich presents which were offered to them, 
c nvinc'^d the world of the virtue and of the 
(! ■ interestedness of their nation. But while 
]■ . lemy strengthened himself by alliances with 
i'( r ign powers, the internal peace of his kingdom 
V. J!S disturbed by the revolt of Manas his bro- 
ther, king of Cyrene. The sedition however 
va^ :toi;ped, though kindled by Antiochus, king 
of Sjria, and the death of the rebellious prince 
re-established peace lor some time in the family 
of PhilR(ielphus. Antiochus the Syrian king, 
married Berenice the daughter of Pti>lcmy, and 
the father, though old and infirm, conducted his 
daughter to her husband's kingdom, ar d assisted 
at the nuptials. Philadelphus died in the 64th 
year of his --ige, 2-36 years before the Cliristian 
era. He left two sons and a daughter, by Arsi- 
noe, the daughter of Lysimachus. He had 
afterwards married his sister Arsinoe, whom he 
loved with uncommon tenderness, and to whose 
memory he began to erect a celebrated monu- 
ment. IVid Dinocrates.] During the whole of 
his reign. Philadelphus was employed in excit- 
ing industry, and in encouraging the liberal arts 
and useful knowledge among his subji^cts. The 
inhabitants of the adjacent countries were allured 
by promises and presents to increase the number 
of the Egyptian subjects, and Ptolem.y could 
boast of reigning over 33,339 well peopled cities. 
He gave every possible encouragement to com- 
merce, and by keeping two powerful fleets, one 
in the Mediterranean, and the other in the Red 
sea, he made Egypt the mart of the world. His 
array consisted of 200,000 foot, 40,000 horse, 
besides bOO elephants, and 2000 armed chariots. 
With justice therefore he has been called the 
richest of all the princes and monarchs of his 
age, and indeed the remark is not .''alse when it 
is observed, thr.t at his death he left in his 
treasury 75 000 Egyptian talents, a sum eqiviv- 
alent to two hundred millions sterling. His 
palace was the asylum of learned men, whom he 
admired and patronized. He paid particular 
attention to Euclid, Theocritus, Callimaehus, 
and Lycophron, and by increasing the library 
which his father had founded, he showed his 
taste for learning, and his wish to enc<mrage 
genius. This celebrated library at his death 
contained 200 000 volumes of the best and choic- 
est b 'oks, and it was afterwards increased to 
70!),000 volum^^s. Part of it was burnt by the 
flames of CiEsar's fleet when he set it on fire to 
s.^ve himself, a circumstance however not men- 
tioned by the general, and the whole was a^ain 
magnificently repaired by Cleopatra, who added 
to the Egyptian library that of the kings of 
Pergamus. It is said that the Old Testament 
was translated into Greek during his reign, a 
translation which has been called Septuagint. 
"because translated by the labours of 70 different 
persons. Eutrop. Justin. 17. 2, &c. — Liv. — 
Phit. Theocrit/ Athen. 12, - Fiin. 13, 12. - 

Gcllim 6, 17 The 8d, succeeded his father 

Philadelphus, on the Egyptian throne. He 
«arly en^ag^ d in a war against Antiochus Theu% 
.for his unk'.ndness to Berenice the Egyptian 
king's sister wh()ra he had married with the 
•jponsent of Philadelphus. With the most rapid 
Imccess he conquered Syria and CiUcia, and ad- 



vai-'CPd as f;ir as the Tigri.=, btit a sedition .ni 
home stopped iiis progress ar.ti he r< turned to 
Kgypt loaded with the spoils of conqueied na- 
tions. Among the immense nches which be 
brought, he had above 2500 statues of the E^^ [>- 
tian gods, which Cambyses bad carried a-^ay 
into Persia when he ct nquered Egypt. The.se 
were restored to the temples, and the Egyptians 
called their sovereign Evergetes, in acknowledg- 
ment of his attention, bene.ticence, and religiou.-i 
zeal for the gods of his country. The last years 
of Ptolemy's reign were passed in peace, if we 
except the refusal of the Jews to pay the tribute 
of 20 silver talents which their ancestors had 
alw ays paid to the Egyptian monarchs. He also 
interested himself in the affairs of Greece, and 
assisted Cleomenes the Spartan king against 
the leaders of the Achasan league; but he had 
the mortification to see his ally defeated, and 
even a fugitive in Egypt. Evergetes died 2-i 
years before Christ, after a reign of 25 years, and 
like his two illustrious predecessors, he was the 
patron of learning, and indeed he is the last of 
the Lagides who gained popularity among his 
subjects by clemer;cy, nn^deration and humanity, 
and who commanded respect even from his 
enemies, by valour, prudence, and reputation. 
It is said that he deposited 15 talents in the 
hands of the Athenians, to be permitted to trans- 
late the orifiinal manuscripts of iEschylus, Euri- 
pides, and S< phocles. Plut. in Cleom. Src — 

Polyb. 2.— Jnsun. 29. &c. The 4th, succeeded 

his father Evergetes on the throne of Egypt, and 
received the surname of Phiiopater by antiphra- 
iis, because, according to some historians, he 
destroyed his father by poison. He began his 
reign with acts of the greatest cruelty, and he 
successively sacrificed to his avarice his own 
mother, his wife, his sister, and his brother. 
He received the name of Tiphon from his extra- 
vagance and debauchery, and that of GALus, 
because he appeared in the streets of Alexandria 
like one of the bacchanals, and with all the 
gestures cf the priest of Cybele. In the midst 
of his pleasures, Phiiopater was called to war 
against Antiochus king of Syria, and at the head 
of a powerful army he soon invaded his enemies' 
territories, and might have added the kingdom 
of Syria to Egypt, if he had made a prudent use 
of the victories which attended his arms. In his 
return he visited Jeru-alem, but the Jews pre- 
vented him. forcibly from entering their tem.ple, 
for which insolence to his majesty the monarch 
determined to extirpate the whole nation. He 
ordered an immense number of Jews to be ex- 
posed in a plain, and trodden under the feet of 
elephants, but by a supernatural instinct, the 
generous animals turned their fury not on those 
that had been devoted to death "but upon the 
Egyptian spectators. This circumstance terrified 
Phiiopater, and he behaved with more than 
common kindness to a nation which he had so 
lately devoted to destruction. In the latter 
part of his reign, the Romans, whom a danger- 
ous war with Carthage had weakened, but at the 
same time roused to superior activity, renev.ed, 
for political reasons, the treaty of alliance which 
had been made with the Egyptian monarchs. 
Phiiopater at last, weakened and enervated by 
intemperance and continual debauchery, died in 
the 37th year of his age. after a reign of 17 years, 
204 years before the Christian era. His death 
was immediately follo-ved by the murder of the 



PTO 



621 



PTO 



rnmpanions of his Toluptnoaeness and extrava- 
gance, and their carcases were dragged with 
the greatest isnominT through the streets of 
Alexandria. Po'yb. Justin. 30, Sfc.—Piut. in 

Cleom. The 5th, succeeded his lather Philo- 

pater, as king v{ Egypt, though only in the 4th 
year of his age. Durins the \ears of his minor- 
ity he was under tho protection of Sosibius and 
of Aristoraenes, by whose prudent administration 
Antiochus was dispossessed of the provinces ot 
Coelosyria and Palestine, which he had con- 
quered by war. The Romans also renewed 
their alliance with him after their victories over 
Annibal, and the conclusicn of the second Punic 
war. This flattering embassy induced Ari^to- 
menes to offer the care c' the patronsge of the 
young monarch to the Romans, but the resrent 
was confirmed in his honourable office, and by 
making a treaty of alliance with the people of 
Achaia, he convinced the Egyptians that he 
was qualified to wield the sceptre and to govern 
the nation. But now that Ptolemy had, reached \ 
his 14th year, according to the laws and customs 
of iigypt, the years of his minority had expired, 
fie received the surname of Epiphmps, or Illus- 
trious, and was crowned at Alexandria, with the 
greatest solemnity, and the faithful Aristomenes 
resigned into his hands an empire which he had 
governed with honour to himself, and with credit 
to his sovereign. Young Ptolemy was no sooner 
delivered from the shackles of a superior, than 
he betraved the same vices which had charac- 
terised his father ; the counsels of Aristomenes 
were despised, and the minister who for ten j 
years had governed the kinsdom with equity 
and moderation, was sacrificed to the caprice of I 
the sovereign who abhorred him for the salutary ! 
advice which hia own vicious inclinations did | 
not permit him to follow. His cruelties raised 
seditions among his subjects, but these were 
twice quelled by ;he prudence and the modera- 
tion of one Polycrates, the most faithful of his 
corrupt ministers. In the midst of his extrava- 
gance. Epiphanes did not forget his alliance with 
the Romans; above all others he showed himself 
eager to cultivate friendship with a nation from 
whom he could derive so many advantages, and 
during their war against Antiochus he offered 
to assist them with money against a monarch 
whose daughter Cleopatra he had maiTied, but 
whom he hated on account of the seditions he 
raised in the very heart of Egypt. After a reisn 
of 24 years, 180 years before Christ, Ptolemy 
was poisoned by his ministers, whom he had 
threatened to rob of their possessions, to carry 
on a war against Seleucus king of Syria. Liv. 

35. 13. ^c- Justin, The 6th, succeeded 

his father Epiphanes on the Egyptian throne, 
and received the surname of Philometor, on ac- 
count of his hatred against his mother Cleopa- 
tra. He wa'* in the 6 h year of his atre when he 
.• scended the throne, and durine his minority 
the kingdom was g-overned by his mother, and 
Ft her death by a eunuch, who was one of hi* 
favourites. He made war against Antiochus 
Epiphanes, king of Syria, to recover the provin- 
ce.* of Palestine and Coelosyria, which were part 
( f the Efyptian dominions, and after several 
.successes he fell into the hands of his enemy, 
who detained him in confinement. During the 
captivity of Philometor. the Ecyptians raised 
to the throne hi;i younqrer brother Ptolemy Ever- 
getes, or Physcon, .ilso son of Epiphanes, but] 



] he was no sooner established in his power than 
J Antiochus turned his arms against Egypt drove' 
I away the usurper, and restored Philometor to all 
i his rights and privileges as king of Egypt. This 
j artful behaviou'r of Antiochus was soon com- 
I prehenJed by Philometor, and when he saw 
that Pelusium. the key of Egypt, had remained 
I in the hands of his Syriati ally, he recalled 
: his brother Physcon, and male him partnei 
; the throne, and concerted with him how to 
repel their common enemy. This union of 
interest in the two royal brothers incensed 
Antiochus; he entered Egypt with a large army, 
but the Romans checked his progress and obliged 
him to retire. No sooner were they delivered 
\ from the impending war, than Philometor 
and Physcon, whom the fear of danger had 
united, began with mutual jealousy to oppo- 
each other's views. Physcon was at last banished 
by the superior power of his brother, and as he 
could find no support in Egypt, he immediatelv 
repaired to Rome. To excite more effectually 
the compassion of the Romans, and to gain their 
assistance, he appeared in the meanest dress, 
and took his residence in the most obscure! 
corner of the city. He received an audience 
from the senate, and the Romans settled the 
dispute between the two royal brothers, by 
making them independent of one another, and 
giving the government of Libya and Cyrene to 
Physcon, and confirming Philometor in the 
possession o.'' Egypt, and the island of Cyprus. 
These terms of accommodation were gladly ae- 
cepted. but Physcon soon claimed the dominioii 
of Cyprus, and in this he was supported by the; 
Romans- who wished to aggrandize themselves, 
by the diminution of the Egyptian power. Phil-; 
ometor refused to deliver up the island of Cyprus,' 
and to call away his brother's attention, he fo- 
mented the seeds of rebellion in Cyrene. Bm( 
the death of Pnilometor. 145 years before the" 
Christian era, left Physcon master of Kgypt and' 
all the dependent provinces. Philometor has! 
been commended by some historians for hi^ 
clemency and moderation, Diod, — Lit. — Polybl 

Tiie 7th Ptolemy, surnamed Physcon, onr 

account of the prominence of his belly, ascendedj 
the throne of Esrypt after the death of his brother 
Philometor, and as he had reigned for some 
time conjointly with him [Vid. Ptolemaeus fith], 
his succession was approved, though the wi.f^^ 
and the son of the deceased monarch laid claim' 
to the crown. Cleopatra was supported in hei* 
claims by the Jews, and it was at last agreed 
that Physcon should marry the queen, and that 
her son should succeed on the throne at his 
death. The nuptials were accordingly cele- 
brated, but on thfit very day the tyrant murdered 
Cleopatra's son in her arms. He ordered him-- 
self to be called Evergetes, but the Alexandrians' 
refused to do it, and stigmatized him with th^ 
appellation of Kakergetes, or evil doer, a sur-; 
name which he deserved by his tyranny and opv 
pression. A series of barbarity rendered hirW 
odious, but as no one attempted to rid Egypt of 
his tyranny, the Alexandrians abandoned their' 
habitations, and fled from a place which conlinJ 
ually stre.imed with the blood of their massacrecv 
fellow citizens. If their migration proved fatal 
to the commerce .and prosperity of Alexandria^ 
it was of the most essential service to the conn-^ 
tries where they retired ; and the numbers nl 
Egyptians that stiugiit a safer asylum in Greer* 



PTO 



e25 



PTO 



and Asia, introduced amonn the inhabitants of 
those ctuintries the different professions that were 
practised with success in tlie capital of Egypt. 
Phys<on endeavoured to re-people the city 
whii'h his cruelly had laid desolate; but the 
fear of sharing the fate of the former inhabitants, 
prevailed more than the promise of riches, rights, 
and immunities. The king at last disgusted 
with Cleopatra, repudiated her, and married 
her daughter by Philometor, called also Cleo- 
patra. He still continued to exercise the great- 
est cruelty upon his subjects, but the prudence 
and vigilance of his ministers kept the people 
in tranquillity, till all Egypt revolted when the 
king had basely murdered all the young men of 
Alexandria. Without friends or support in 
Kgypt he fled to Cyprus, and Cleopatra the 
divorced queen ascended the throne. In his 
banishment Physcon dreaded lest the Alexan- 
drians should also place the crown on the head 
: of his son, by his sister Cleopatra, who was then 
governor of Cyrene, and under these apprehen- 
sions, he sent for the young prince, called Mem- 
phitis, to Cyprus, and murdered him as soon as 
he reached the shore. To make the barbarity 
more complete he sent the limbs of Memphitis 
to Cleopatra, and they were received as the 
queen was going to celebrate her birth-day. 
Soon after this he invaded Egypt with an 
army, and obtained a victory over the forces 
of Cleopatra, who, being left without friends or 
assistance, fled to her eldest daughter Cleopatra, 
Mho had married Demetrius king of Syria. 
This decisive blow restored Physcon to his 
throne, where he continued to reign for a 
considerable time, hated and despised by his 
subjects, and feared by his enemies. He died 
at Alexandria in the sixty-seventh year of his 
age, after a reign of twenty-nine years, about 
116 years before Christ. Some authors have 
extolled Physcon for his fondness for literature; 
they have observed, that from his extensive 
knowledge he was called the philologist, and that 
he wrote a comment upon Homer, besides a 
history in twenty-four books, admired for its 
elegance, and often quoted by succeeding au- 
thors whose pen was employed on the same 
subject. Died. — Justin. 38, Scc—Athen. 2. — 

Porphyr The 8th, surnamed Lathyrus, from 

an excrescence like a pea on the nose, succeeded 
his father Physcon as king of Egj pt. He had 
no sooner ascended the throne, than his mother 
Cleopatra, who reigned conjointly with him, 
expelled him to Cyprus ; and placed the crown 
on the head of his brother Ptolemy Alexander, 
her favourite son. Lathyrus, banished from 
Egypt, became king of Cyprus; and soon after 
he appeared at the head of a large army, to 
make war against Alexander Jannnsus, king of 
Judaea, through whose assistance and intrigue 
he had been expelled by Cleopatra. The Jew- 
ish monarch was conquered, and 50. 000 of his 
men were left on the field of battle. La- 
thyrus, after he had exercised the greatest 
cruelty upon the Jews, and made vain attempts 
to recover the kingdom of Egypt, retired to 
Cyprus till the death of his brother Alexander 
restored him to his native dominions. Some of 
the cities of Egypt refused to acknowledge him 
is their sovereign; and Thebes, for its obstinacy, 
pi as closely besieged for three successive year.^, 
pud from a powerful and populous city, it was 
Reduced to ruins. In the latter part of his 



reign Lathyrn.'; was cjllfd upon to assist the 
j Romans with a navy for tiie conquest of Athens; 
but Lucullus, who had been sent to obtain the 
wanted supply, though received with kingly 
honours, was dismissed with evasive and unsat- 
isfactory answers, and the monarch refused to 
part with troops which he deemed necessary 
to preserve the peace of his kingdom. Lathyrus 
died eighty-one years before the Christian era, 
after a reign of thirty-six years since the death 
of his father Physcon, eleven of which he had 
passed with his mother Cleopatra on the Egyp- 
tian throne, eighteen in Cyprus, and seven after 
his mother's death. He was succeeded by his 
only daughter Cleopatra, whom Alexander, the 
son of Ptolemy Alexander, by means of the 
dictator Sylla, soon after married and murdered. 

Joseph, liisl.— Justin. 3V.~Plut in Luc Ap- 

pian. in Mithrid. The itth. [Vid. Alexander 

Ptolemy 1st; - for the Iflth Ptolemy, vid. Alex- 
ander Ptolemy 2d; — for the 11th, vid. Alexander 

Ptolemy ,3d.] The 12th, the illegitimate son 

of Lathyrus, ascended the throne of Egypt at 
the death of Alexander 3d. He received the 
surname of ^M.'e^es, because he played skilfully 
on the flute. His rise showed great m?irks of 
prudence and circumspection; and as his prede- 
cessor by his will had left the kingdom of Egypt 
to the Romans, Auletes knew that he could not 
be firmly established on his throne, without the 
approbation of the Roman senate. He was 
successful in his applications, and Caesar, who 
was then consul, and in want of money, estab- 
lished his succession, and granted him the alli- 
ance of the Romans, after he had received the 
enormous sum of about a million and 162,5001. 
sterling. But these measures rendered him 
unpopular at home, and when he had suffered the 
Romans quietly to take possession of Cyprus, 
the Egyptians revolted, and Auletes was obliged 
to fly from his kingdom, and seek protection 
among the most powerful of his allies. His 
complaints were heard at Rome, at first with in- 
difference, and the murder of 100 noblemen of 
Alexandria, whom the Egyptians had sent to jus- 
tify their proceedings before the Roman senate, 
rendered him unpopular and f uspected. Pom.pey 
however, supported his cause, and the senators 
decreed to establish Auletes on his throne; but 
as they proceeded slowly in the execution of 
their plans, the monarch retired from Rome to 
Ephesus, where he lay concealed for some time 
in the temple of Diana. During his absence 
from Alexandria, his daughter Berenice had 
made herself absolute, and established herself on 
the throne by a marriage with Archelaus, a priest 
of Bellona's temple at Comana; but she wps soon 
driven from Egypt, when Gabinius, at the head 
of a Roman army, approached to replace Auletes 
on his throne. Auletes was no sooner restored 
to power, than he sacrificed to his ambition his 
daughter Berenice, and behaved with the great- 
est ingratitude and perfidy t() Rabirius, a Roman 
who had supplied him with money when expel- 
led from his kingdom. Auletes died fovir years 
after his restoration, about fifty-one years before 
the Christian era. He left two sons and two 
daughters; and by his will ordered the etrest of 
his sons to marry the eldest of his tisters, and 
to ascend with her the vacant throne. As the.'^e 
children were young, the dying monarch recom- 
mended them to the protection and paternal care 
of the Romans, and accordingly Pompev the 
3 G 



PTO 



e26 



PTO 



GT*^^t vras appointpd by the spnate to be tbeir 
■V ir')n and iheir guardian. Tneir reign was as 
luron'.fnt as that of their predecessors, and it is 
rtTTiark^ble for no uncommon events, only we 
may observe that the yovmg queen was the C'eo- 
j.a.ra who soon after became so celebrated ss 
being the mistress of J. Cas.=ai', the wife of M. 
Antonv, and the last of the Egvptian monarchsof 
th- faitiily of Lagu--. Cic p'O Rahir.—Strab. 17. — 

Dion. 3J. —Afpian. de Civ. The thirteenth, 

surnami-d Dionvsius or Bscc'.us^ ascended the 
throne (if E^ypt conjointly witri his sister Clecv 
patra. whom he had married, according to the 
directions of his father Aulete.-. He was under 
the care and protection of P.jmpey the Great, 
[r?i. Ptolemceus 12,] but the wickedness and 
avarice of his ministers soon obliged him to reign 
independent. He was then in the ihirleenth 
year of his age, when his guardian after the fatal 
bat.le of Phar5alia. came to the shores of Egypt, 
and claimed his protection. He refused to grant 
the require:! assistance, and by the advice of his 
ministers he basely murdered Pompey, after he 
had broui^ht him to shore under the mask of 
friendship and cordiality. To curry the favour 
of the conqueror of Pnarsalia, Ptolemy cut ofT 
the head of Pompey; but C'ssar turned with in- 
dignation from such perfidy, and v. hen he arrived 
at Alexandria, he found the king of Egypt as 
faithless to his cauie as to t.hat of his fallen 
enemy. Caesar sat as judge to hear the various 
claims of the brother and sister to the throne: 
and to satisfy the people, he ordered the will of' 
Auletes to be read, and confirmed Ptolemy and 
Cleopatra in the posses5ion of Egypt, and ap- 
pointed the two younger children masters of the 
inland of Cyprus. This fair and candid decision 
might have left no room for dissatisfaction, but 
Ptolemy was governed by cruel and avaricious 
ministers, and therefore he refused to acknow- 
ledge Caesar as a judge or a mediator. The 
R iman enforced h's authority by arms, and three 
victories W3re obtained over the Eg} ptian forces. 
Ptolemy, who had been for some time a prisoner 
in the hands of Caesar, now headed his armies; 
but a defeat was fatal, and as be attempted to 
save his life by flight, he was drowned in the 
Nile, about forty-.^ix years before Christ, and 
three years and eii^ht months after the death of 
Atiletes. C eipatra, at the death of her brother, 
Decame sole m.istress of Egypt; but as the Egyp- 
tians were no frierids to female government, 
Caesar obliged her to marry her younger brother 
Ptolemy, who was then in the eleventh year of 
his age. Aprirm. Ci'-.— CcBs. in Alex. — Strab, 17. 
- Joseph. Ant. — Dio- — Plut. in Ant, Src. — 

Sueton. in Cces. .\pion, king of Cyrene, was 

the illegitimate son of Ptolemy Physcon. After 
a reign of twenty years he died; and as he had 
no children, he made the R imans heirs of his 
(I 'lninions. The Romans presented his fub- 

j'^cts with their independence. Li-. 70. 

Ceraimus, a son of Ptoli-my Snter, by Eurydice 
the daughter of Antipater. Unabie to succeed 
to the throne of Egypt, Ceraunus fled to the 
court of Seleucus, where he was received with 
friendly marks of attention. Seleucus was then 
king of Macedonia, an empire which he had 
lately acquired by the' death of Lysimachus in a 
"oattle in Phrygia; but his reign was short, and 
Ceraunu? perfidiously murdered him and as- 
cmded his thr.>np, 2^0 B C. The murderer, 
however, could not be firmly established in 



Macedonia, as long as Arsinoe the widow, and i 
the children tjf Lj simachus were aiive, nJ en- 
titled to claim his kingdum as the lawful posses- ; 
sion of their father. To remove these obstacle.s 
Ceraunus made offers of marriage to Arsinoe, , 
who was his own sister. The queen at first re- 
fused, but the protestations and solemn promises 
of the usurper at last prevailed upon her to con- 
sent. The nuptials, however, were no so(<ner 
celebrated, than Ceraunus murdered the two 
young prmces, and confirmed his usurpation by 
rapine and cruelty. But now three powerful 
princes claimed the kingdom, of Macedonia as 
their own; Antiochus, the son of Seleucus; An- 
tigonus. the son of Demetrius; a.nd Pyrrhus, the 
king of Epirus. These enemies, however, were 
soon removed; Ceraunus conquered Antigonus 
in the field of battle, and stopped the hoalilities 
of his two other rivals by promises and money. 
He did not long remain inactive; a barbarian 
army of Gauls claimed a tribute from him. and 
the monarch immediatel}' marched to meet them 
in the field. The battle was long and bloodj-. 
The Macedonians might have obtained the vic- 
tory, if Ceraunus had shown more prudence. He 
was thrown down from his elephant, and taken 
prisoner by the enemy, who immediately tore 
bis body to pieces- Piolemy had been king of' 
Macedonia only eighteen months. Justin. 24, 

&ic. — P:iUS. 10 10 An illegitimate son of 

Ptolemy Lathyrus, king of Cyprus, of which he 
wp^ tyrannically dispossessed by the Romans. 
Cato was at the head of the forces which were 
sent against Ptolemy by the senate, and the 
Roman general proposed to the monarch to re- 
tire from the throne, and to pass the rest of his 
; days in the obscure office of high priest in the 
tetriple of Venus at Paphos. This offer was re- 
jected with the indignation which it merited, 
and the monarch poisoned himself at the ap- 
proach of the enemy. The treasures found in 
the island amounted to the enormous sum of 
1,356,2501. sterling, which were carried to Rome 
by the conquerors. Plut. in Cat.— J'al. Max. 9.: 
A son of Pyrrhus king of Epirus, by Anti- 
gone, the daughter of Berenice. He was left, 
governor of Epirus, when Pyrrhus went to Italy' 
to assist the Tarentines against the Romans, 
where he presided with great prudence and 
moderation. He was killed, bravely fighting in 
the expedition which Pyrrhus undertook against, 

Sparta and Argos. An eunuch, by whosei 

friendly assistance Mithridates the Great saved! 

his life after a battle with Lucullus, A kir>g: 

of Chalcidice in Syria, about thirty years before 
Christ. He opposed Pompey when he invaded 
Svria, but he was defeated in the attempt, and' 
the conqueror spared his life only upon receiving, 
lOilO talents. Joseph Ant. I'd-— — A nephew of 
Antigonus who commanded an army in the Pelo- 
ponnesus. He revolted from hi.> uncle to Cas- 
Sander, and some time after he altemptt-d tn bribe 
the soldiers of Ptolemy Lagus, king of Egypt, who 
had invited him to his camp. He was seized 
and imprisoned for his treachery, and the Egyp- 
tian monarch at last ordered him to drink hem- 
lock. A son of Juba, made king of Mauri- 1 

tania. He was son of Cleopatra Selene, the 
daughter of M. Antony, and the celebrated 
Cleopatra, He was put to death by C.iiuA Cali- 
gula. Do. —Tacit. Ann. 11. Claudius, a 

Cflebrated Egyptian geographer, astronomer, ani.; 
mathematician, was born At Pelusium, about 



PTO 627 PUN 

A. D. 70. He taught Estrono^ny at Aloxandria, j were desirous of obtaining: good materials for 
where he ti uurisheci under the rei-in of liie em- | ship-building, It derived its name from the 
perors Marcus Antoninus and Adrian. He has number of wild elephants w Uh which the country 



; been regarded as the prince of astrono- 
mers among the ancients, and in his works he 
has left us a complete body of the science. He 
corrected Hipparchus's catalogue of the fixed 



abounded, and which the Egyptians hunted for 
the sake of taming and using them in battle. 
PUBLICOLA, a surname given to PubliusVal- 
on account of his protecting the 



,nd formed tables, by which the motions i the people, [populurn and coLo, Popiicola, Pub- 



of the sun, moon, and planets, might be calc ul- 
ated and regul;ited. He digested the observa- 
tions of the ancients into a system entitled 
MtyiX?? SivTafif, or Great Construction. In this 
work he has adopted and exhibited the ancient 
system of the world, which placed the earth in 
the centre of the universe, and this has been 
called, after him, the Ptolemaic system, to dis- 
tinguish it from, those of Copernicus and Tycho 
Brahe. By order of the kings of Arabia, in 827, 
this work was translated into Arabic, in which 
language it was stvled Almagest, and from the 
Arabic it was translated into Laiin, about the 
year 1230. The best and most useful edition is 
that of Halma, 2 vols. 4to. Paris. Another im- 
portant work of Ptolemy was his Fecuypa^iAcr) 
' k<priyn<ni,{ ' Geographical Narralion," or ^'System 
of Geography ;") in which he informs us that he 
followed the geography of Marinus of Tyre, but 
with numerous additions and corrections. Pto- 
lemy was the first who carried into full execution 
and practice the invention of Hipparchus, for 
designating the situation of places by latitude 
and longitude, after it had lain dormant for more 
than !ii50 years; and though, for want of observa- 
tions, it is far from being perfect, yet his work 
has been found very useful to modern geogra- 
pliers. The best edition is that of Berfius, fol. 
Amst. 3618. There are other works of Ptolemy 
still extant, particularly one entitled 'Ap/xovtwa, 
{^^ Elentenls of Harmo>iy") in three books. He has 
the merit of having reduced the thirteen or fifteen 
tones of the ancients to seven. It is generally 
supposed also that he determined the true rela- 
tions of certain intervals, and thus rendered the 
riiatotiic octave more conformable to harmony. 
The best edition is that of Wallis, 4to. Oxon. 

1{)8"2. A nat've of Ascalon, who followed the 

profession of a grammarian at Rome, before the 
time of Herodian, by whom he is cited. He 
wrote a work on Synonyms, Ueol cia<popai 'Kt^emv^ 
(" On the difference of words.") It is properly the 
fragment merely of a larger work that ha< 

reached us. Surnamed Chennus, flourished 

under the emperors Trsjan and Adrian. Photius 
has preserved for us some fragments of his work, 

IJspl TTj; si'r ■KoXvfj.aOLav Kaivr]^ laropCa; Aew his- 
tory of varied erudition,' ) in seven books. 

Ptolemais. a seaport town of Phoenicia 
Vid. Ace. - — A city on the coast of Cyrenaica 
in Africa, now Tolometn. It was originally 
merely the harbour of Barce, but w as afterwards 
raised by the Egyptian kings to the rank of a 
city, and became more important than any other 

in the province. Hermii, a city of Egypt, in 

the northern part of Thebais, north-east of 
Abydus. It was built by one of the Ptolemies. 
It rose in importance as Abydus declined, and 
eventually rivalled Memphis in size. Its ruins 
are to be seen near the modern village of Men- 

shieh Theron or Ferarum, a city of .Ethiopia, 

on the western coast of the Sinus Arabicus. 
r founded by the Egyptians during the reign of 
; Ptolemy Philadelphus, in consi qus-nce of the 
i oroxiniiiy of an extensive iiom which ihey 



lie la.) Pb.it. in Fiib. - Liv. 2. I 

PUBLILIA Lex, a law proposed by Publilius 
the Dictator, A. U. C 414, ordaining, that be- 
fore the people gave their votes, the senate 
should authorize whatever they might deter- 
mine. Liv. 8, 12. — —A law ordaining the ple- 
beian magistrates should be created of the comitia 
Tiibuta. Liv. 2 56. 

PUBLiUS Syrus, a celebrated composer of the 
dramatic pieces called Mimes, was a native of 
Syria, and was brought, while young, in the con- 
dition of a slave, to the Roman capital. He had 
the good fortune to fall into the hands of a kind 
master, who gave him an education, and after- 
rds liberated him. He became distinguished 
the time of Julius Caasar; and after the death 
of Laberius, succeeded him with still greater 
applause on the mimetic theatre. His writings 
were in high estimatiori, and obtained the praise 
of Julius Cagsar, of Cassius Severus, and of 
Seneca. There remain of them only fragments 
in the writings of Macrobius and A. Gellius, 
which are moral sentences, many of them of con- 
siderable beauty, and which have been admired 
by the moderns as well as by the ancients. They 
have been published along w ith the fragments of 
Laberius and other writers, and illustrated by 
the notes of various critics. The most useful 
edition is that of Gruter, 8vo. Lugd. Bat. 1727. 
PUBLlus, a prasnomen common am.ong the 

Romans Caius, a man who conspired with 

Brutus against Julius Csesar. A prajtor who 

conquered Palaopolis. He was only a plebeian, 
and thotigh neither consul nor dictator, he ob- 
tained a triumph in spite of the opposition of the 
senators. He was the first who was honoured 

with a triumph during a praetorship. A Roman 

consul who defeated the Latins, and was made 

dictator. A Roman flatterer in the court of 

Tiberius. 

PULCHERTA, a daughter of the emperor The- 
odosius the Great, famous for her piety, modera- 
tion, and virtues. A daughter of Arcadius, 

who held the government of the Roman empire 
for many years. She was mother of Valentinian. 
Her piety, and her private as well as public vir- 
tues have been universally admired. She died 

A. D. 452. and was interred at Ravenna, vkhere 

her tomb is still to be seen. A sister of Thco- ' 

dosius. 

PuLCHRUM Phomontopium, the same with 
Hermaeum Promontorium. Fid. Hermasum. 

PUNiCUM BELLUM. The first Punic war was 
undertaken by the Romans against Canhage, 

B. C. 264. The ambition of Rome was the 
origin of this war. For upwards of 240 years, 
the two nations had beheld with secret jealousy 
each other's power, but they had totally eradi- 
cated every cause of contention, by settling, in 
three different treaties the boundaries of their 
respective territories, the number of their allies, 
and how far one nation might sail in the Mediter- 
ranean without giving offence to the other. 
Sicily, an island of the highest consequence to 
the Carthaginians as a comuitrcial nalicn, v fis 

3g2 



the 'ea> of the first dissesisions. Ti.e Mamrrtini, 
a body ot iialian mtrceuaries, were appointed 
by the king of Syracuse to guard the town of 
Messana. but this tumultuous tribe, instead of 
protecting the citizens, baseiy massacred them, 
and seized their possessions. This act of cruelty 
raised the indignation of all the Sicilians, and 
Hiero, king of Syracuse, who had employed 
them, prepared to punish their perfidy; and the 
Mamertini, besieged in Messana, and without 
f iends or resources, resolved to throw themselves 
for proiection into the hands of the first power 
that could relieve them. They were, however, 
divided in their sentiments, and while some 
implored the assistance of Carthage, others called 
upon the Ron ans for protection. Without hesi- 
tation or delay, the Carthaginians entered Mes- 
sana, and the Romans also hastened to give to 
the Mamertini that aid which had been claimed 
from them with as much eagerness as from the 
Carthaginians. At the approach of the Roman 
troops, the Mamertini, who had implored their 
assistance, took up arms, and forced the Cartha- 
ginians to evacuate Messana. Fresh forces were 
poured in on every side, and though Carthage 
seemed superior in arms, and in resources, yet 
the valour and intrepidity of the Romans daily 
appeared more formidable, and Hiero, the Syra- 
cusan king vsho hitherto had embraced the 
interest of the Carthaginians, became the most 
faithful ally of the republic. From a private 
quarrel the war became general. The Romans 
obtained a victory in Sicily, but as their enemies 
were masters at sea, the advantages which they 
gained were small and inconsiderable. To j 
make themselves equal to their adversaries, | 
they aspired to the dominion of the sea, and in [ 
sixty days timber was cut down, and a fleet of 
120 galleys completely manned and provisioned. | 
The successes they met with at sea were trivial, I 
and little advantage could be gained over an | 
enemy that were sailors by actual practice and ' 
long experience. Duilius at last obtained a : 
victory, and he was the first Rnman who ever 
received a triumph after a naval bittle. The [ 
losses which they had already sustained induced 
the Ciirthaginians to sue for peace, and the ' 
Romans whom an unsuccessful descent upon , 
Africa, under Regulus, [ Fid. Regulus,] had ren- ' 
dered diffident, listened to the proposal, and the ! 
first Punic war was concluded B. C. 241, on the , 
following terms : — The Carthaginians pledged [ 
themselves to pay to the Romans, within twenty 
years, the sum of 30O0 Euboic talents; they pro- 
mised to release all the Roman captives without 
ransom, to evacuate Sicily, and the ether islands 
in the Mediterrane.nn, and not to molest Hiero. 
king of Syracuse, or his allies. After this treaty, 
the Carthaginians, who bad lost the dominion 
of Sardinia and Sicily, made new conquests in i 
Spain, and soon began to repair their losses by ' 
industry and labour. They planted cf^lonies, 1 
and secretly prepared to revenge themselves { 
uion their po»vprful rivals. The Romans were 
n )t insensible of their successe.s in Spain, and to | 
stop their pros^rtss towards Italy, they made; 
stipulations with the Carthaginians, by which i 
they were not permitted to cross the Iberus, or, 
to molest the ci iesof their allies the Sfiguntines. 1 
This was for some time observed, but when I 
Anniba'. succeeded to the command of the Car- I 
fhaginian a.-niics in Spain, h." -purnp<l the | 
boundaries w hich the jealousy of Rome had set j 



to his arms, and he itrimediHtely formed the si«giB | 
ot Saguntum The Romans were apprised of : 
the hostilities which had been begun against i 
their allies, but Saguntum was in the hands of 
the enemy before they had taken any steps to i 
oppose him. Complaints were carried to Car- | 
thage, and war was determined on by the influ- 
ence of Annibal in the Carthaginian senate. 
Without delay or diffidence, B. C. 218. Annibal ' 
marched a numerous army of 90 000 foot and ' 
12, COO horse, towards Italy, resohed to carry! 
on the war to the gates of Rome. He cros.Ned I 
the Rhone, the Alps, and the Apennines, withi ' 
uncommon celerity, and the Roman consuls w ho | 
were stationed to stop his progress, were sever- I 
ally defeated. The battles of Trebia, of Ticinus, ' 
and of the lake of Tfarasymenus, threw Rome | 
into the greatest apprehensions, but the prudence j 
and the dilatory measures of the dictator Fabius, 1 
soon taught the m to hope for better times. Yet | 
the conduct of Fabius was universally censured I 
as cow ardice, and the two consuls who succeeded i 
him in the command, by pursuing a different i 
plan of operations, soon brought on a decisive j 
action at Cannae, in which 45,000 Romans were 
left in the field of battle. This bloody victory ' 
caused so much consternation at Rome, that i 
some authors have declared that if Annibal had i 
immediately marched from the plains of Cannae | 
to the city, he would have met w ith no resistance, j 
but would have terminated a long and dangerous ) 
war with glory to himself, and the most inestim- I 
able advan'ages to his country. This celebrated , 
victory at Cannae left the conqueror master of 
two camps, and of an immense booty; and the 
cities which had hitherto observed a neutrality, 
no sooner saw the defeat of the Romans, than 
they eagerly embraced the interest of Carthage, i 
The news of this victory was carrie i to Carthage ■ 
by Mago, and the Carthaginians refused to be-*^ ' 
lieve it till three bushels of golden rings were ' 
spre.-id before them, which had been taken fron? \ 
the Roman knights in the field of battle. After" ' 
this Annihal called his brother Asdrubal frona 1 
Spain with a large reinforcement; but the marcfr" i 
of Asdrubal was intercepted by the Romans, his , 
army was defe.'^ted. and himself slain. Affairs ! 
now had taken a different turn, and Marcellua 
who had the command of the Roman legions in ' 
Italy, soon taught his countrymen that Annibal ' 
was not invincible in the field. In different . 
parts of the world the Romans were making . 
very rapid conquests, and if the sudden arrival I 
of a Carthaginian army in Italy at first raised | 
fears and apprehensions, they were soon enabled j 
to dispute with their enemies for the sovereignty : 
of Spain, and the dominion of the sea. Annibal ! 
no longer appeared formidable in Italy: if he ; 
conquered towns in Campania or Magna Graecia, ' 
he remained master of them only w h tie his army ' 
hovered in the neighbourhood, and if he marched ' 
towards Rome the alarm he occasioned was bur ' 
momentary, the Romans were prepared to op- 
pose him, and his retreat was therefore the more 
dishonourable. The conquests of young Scipio 
in Spain had now raised the expectations of the 
Romans, and he had no sooner returned to Rome 
than he proposed to remove Annibal from the 
capital of Italy by carrying the war to the gates 
of Carthage. This was a bold and hazardous 
enterprizp, but though Fahiu-'s opposed it, it was 
universally approved bv the Roman senate, and 
young Scipio was e:npjwerrd to sail to Afiica, 



PUN 



C29 



PUN 



j; The conqtipsia of the youn? Roman were ns , 
I rapid in Africa fts in Spain, and the Carthagin- | 
I ians. apprehensive for the fate of their capital, 
I recalled Annibal from Italy, and preferred their 
I safety at home, to the maintaining of a long and 
I expensive war jn another quarter of the globe. 

Annibal received their orders with indignation, 
i and with tears in his eyes he left Italy, where 
1 for 16 years he had known no superior in the 
field of battle. At his arrival in Africa, the 
I Carthaginian general soon collected a large 
army, and met his exulting adversary in the 
i plains of Zama. The battle was long and bloody, 
and though one nation fought for glory, and tlie 
j other for the dearer sake of liberty, the Romans 
obtained the victory, and Annibal, who had 
sworn eternal enmity to the gods of Rome, fled 
,! from Carthage after he had advised his country- 
j men to accept the terms of the conqueror. This 
1 battle of Zama was decisive, the Carthaginians 
i sued for peace, which tbe haughty conquerors 
I granted with dilSculty. The conditions were 
I these; Carthage was permitted to hold all the 
j possessions which she had in Africa before the 
war, and to be governed by her own laws and 
; institutioris She was ordered to make restitu- 
; tion of all the ships and other effects which had 
been taken in violation of a truce that had been 
agreed upon by both nations. She was to sur- 
! render the whole of her fleet, except 10 galleys; 
I she was to release and deliver up all the captives. 
1 deserters, or fugitives, taken or received during 
! the war; to indemnify Masinissafor all the losses 
j which he had sustained; to deliver up all her 
! elephants, and for the future never more to 
tame or break any more of these animals. She 
was not to make war upon any nation whatever, 
without the consent of the Romans, and she was 
to reimburse the Romans, to pay the sum of 
10,000 talents, at the rate of 200 talents a year 
for flfty years, and she was to give up hostages 
from the noblest families for the performance of 
these several articles; and till the ratification of 
the treaty, to supply the Roman forces with 
money and provisions. These humiliating con- 
ditions were accepted 201 B C. and immediately 
I 4000 Rom.an captives were released, five hundred 
galleys were delivered and burnt on the spot, 
but the immediate exaction of 200 talents was 
more severely felt, and many of the Carthaginian 
senators burst into tears. During the 50 years 
which followed the conclusion of the second 
Punic war, the Carthaginians were employed in 
repairing their losses by unwearied application 
and industry; but they found still in the Romans 
a jealous rival, and a haughty conqueror, and in 
Masinissa, the aUy of Rome, an intriguing and 
ambitious monarch. The king of Numidia 
made himself master of one of their provinces; 
but as they were unable to make war with- 
out the consent of Rome, the Carthaginians 
Eoujiht relief by embassies, and made continual 
romplaint'? in the Roman senate of the tyran- 
ny and oppression of Masini-sa. Commis- 
sioners were appointed to examine the cause of 
their complaints; but as Masinissa was the ally 
of Rome, the interest of the Carthaginians was 
neglected, and whatever seemed to depress their 
republic, was agreeable to the Romans. Cato, 
who was in the number of the commissioners, 
examined the capital of Africa with a jealous 
' eye; he saw it with concern, rising as it were 
from its ruins; and when he returned to Rouse 



he declared in full sen.ate, that the pf accof ISaly 
would never be established while Carthage was 
in being. The senators, however, were not 
guided by his opinion, and the delenda est Cur- 
thngo of Cato did not prevent the Romans from 
acting with moderation. But while the senate 
were debating about the existence of Carthage, 
and while they considered it as a dependent 
power, and not as a.n ally, the wrongs of Africa 
were without redress, and Masinissa, continued 
his depredations. Upon this the Carthag nians 
resolved to do their cause that justice which the 
Romans had denied them; they entered the 
field against the Numidians, but they were de- 
feated in a bloody battle by Masinissa, who was 
then 90 years old. In this bold measure they 
had broken the peace; and as their late defeat; 
had rendered them desperate, they hastened 
with all possible speed to the capital of Italy to 
justify their proceedings, and to implore the 
forgiveness of the Roman senate. The news of 
Masinissas victory had already reached Italy, 
and immediately some forces were sent to Sicily, 
and from thence ordered to pass into Africa. 
The ambassadors of Carthage received evasive 
and unsatisfactory answers from the senate; and 
when they saw the Romans landed at Utica. 
they resolved to purchase peace by the most 
submissive terms which even the most abject 
slaves could offer. The Romans acted with the 
deepest policy, no declaration of war had been 
made, thougli hostilities appeared inevitable; 
and in answer to the submissive offers of Car- 
thage the consuls replied, that to prevent every 
cause of quarrel, the Carthaginians must deliver 
into their hands 300 hostages, all children of 
senators, and of the most noble and respectable 
families. The demand was great and alarming, 
but was no sooner granted, than the Romans 
made another demand, and the Carthajjinians 
were told that peace could not continue, if they 
refused to deliver up all their ships, their arms, 
engines of war, with all their naval and military 
stores. The Carthaginians complied, and im- 
mediately 40,000 suits of armour, 20,000 large 
engines of war, with a plentiful store of ammu- 
nition and missile weapons were surrendered. 
After this duplicity had succeeded, the Romans 
laid open the final resolutions of the senate, 
and the Carthaginians were then told that, 
to avoid hostilities, they must leave their an- 
cient habitations and retire into the inland 
parts of Africa, and found another city, at the 
distance of not less than ten m.ilos from the sea. 
This was heard with horror and indignation; the 
Romans were fixed and inexorable, and Carthaee 
was filled with tears and lamentations. But the 
spirit of liberty and independence was not yet 
extinguished in the capital of Africa, and the 
Carthaginians determined to sacrifice their live": 
for the protection of their gods, the tombs of 
their forefathers, and the place which had given 
them birth. Before the Roman army approach- 
ed the city, preparations to support a siege were 
made, and the ramparts of Carthage were covered 
with stones, to compensate for the weapons and 
instruments of war which they had ignorantly 
betrayed to the duplicity of their enemies. As- 
drubal, whom the despair of his countrymen 
had banished on account of the unsuccessful 
expedition against Masinissa, was immediately 
recalled; and, in the moment of danger, Car- 
thage se; Died to have poss« sscd mure spirit ;.uid 
3 G 3 



PUP 



630 



PY A 



jTinre vig";Tir, th.in V. hen Aniii'.nl vvas vicJo:io!is 
at the gates vf Rome. The town was bloek.ed 
lip by the Romans, and a regular siege begun. 
Tmo years were spent in useless oper tions, and 
Carthage seemed still able to rise from its ruins, 
to dispute for the empire of the world ; when 
Scipio, the descendant of the great Scipio, who 
finished the second Punic war, was sent to 
conduct the siege. The vigour of his operations 
S!)on baffled the efforts, and the bold resistance 
of the bsiieged; the communications which they 
had with the land were cut off, and the city 
which vas twenty miles in circumference, was 
completely surrounded on all sides by the ene- 
my. Despair and famine now raged in the city, 
and Scipio gained access to the city w alls, where 
the battlements were low and unguarded. His 
entrance into the streets was disputed with 
uncommon fury, the houses as he advance ! 
were set on fire to stop his progress ; but when 
a body of 50.000 persons of either sex, bad claim- 
ed quarter, the rest o! the inhabitasits were dis- 
heartened, and such as disdained to be prisoners 
of war, perished in the flames, which gradually 
destroyed their habitations, 147 B. C, after a 
continuation of hostilities for three years. 
During seventeen days Carthage was in flames; 
and the soldiers were permitted to redeem from 
the fire w hatever possession they could. But 
while others profited from the destruction of 
Carthage, the philosophic general, struck by the 
melancholy aspect of the scene, repeated two 
lines from Homer, which contained a prophecy 
concerning the fall of Troy. He was asked by 
the historian Polybius, to what he then applied 
his prediction ? To my country, replied Sciv>io, 
for her too I dread the vidssitucle of human affairs, 
and in her turn she may exhibit another flaming 
Carthage. This remarkable event happened 
about the year of Rome 606. The news of this 
victory cau-ed the greatest rejoicings at Rome; 
and immediately commissioners were appointed 
by the Roman senate, not only to raze the walls 
of Carthage, but even to demolish and burn the 
very materials w ith which they w ere made ; and 
in a few days, that city which had been once the 
seat of commerce, the model of magnificence, 
the comm.oa store of the wealth of nations, and 
one of the most powerful states of the world, 
left behind no traces of its splendour, of its 
power, or even of its existence. Fo'yb. ~ Orosi- 
us.—^fpian. de Punic, fyc. - Flor. — flut. in Cat. 
^c- Strab. - Liv. Ep'it. -Diod. 

PUPIENUS, Marcus Claudius Maximus, a 
man of an obscure family, who raised himself 
by his merit to the highest ofiBces in the Roman 
armies, and gradually became a praetor, consu', 
prefect of Rome, and a governor of the pro- 
vinces. His father was a blacksmith. After 
the death of the Gordians, Pupienus was electf^d 
with Balbinus to the imperial throne, and to rid 
the world of the usurpation and tyranny of the 
Maximini, he immediately marched against 
these lyrants ; but he was soon informed that 
they had been sacrificed to the fury and resent- 
ment of their own soldiers ; and therefore he 
retired to Rome to enjoy the tranquillity which 
his merit claimed. He soon p.fter prepared to 
make war against the Persians, who in=ulted 
the majesty of Rome, but in this he wa^ pre- 
vented, and massacred A. D- 236 by the praj- 
lorian guards. Balbinus shaped his fate. 
Pupier.us is sometimes called Maximus. In his 



private character he appeared always grave and] f 
serious, he was the constant friend of justice,| f 
moderation and cleraencj', and no greater en- 
comium can be passed upon his virtues, than toi i; 
say that he was invested with the purple without! r 
soliciting for it, and that the Roman senate said' A 
that they had selected him from thousands be- 
cause they knew no person more worthy or' a 
better qualified to support the dignity of an !: 
emperor. 

Puppi'us. a tragic poet in the age of Julius 
, Ceesar. His tragedies were so pathetic, th;it 
when they were represented on the Riman 
j stage, the audience melted into tears, from 
j which circumstance Horace calls them lacry- 
; mosa. ep. 1, 1, 67. 

I PURPUUART^ INSUL.E, two i-lands of thei . 
' Atlantic, on the African coast, now called the! 
: Salvage Isle^. i , 

I PUTKOLI, a city of Campania, now Pozguoli,. j; 
I on the coast, and not far from the Lucrine lake.' g 
: Its Greek name was Dicaearchia; but when »he. j, 
I Romani; sent a colony there, they gave it the, i] 
\ name of Puteoli, probably from the number of] j, 
its wells, or perhaps from the stench which was j 
i emitted by the sulphureous and alumincusi ( 
' springs in the neighbourhood. Respecting the' , 
; origin of this place, we learn from Strabo that it j 
was at first the harbour of Cumie. Hence we , 
may fairly regard it as a colony of that city,; , 
^ without calling in the Samians to assist in its j 
: foundation, as Steph.Byz. reports, and Hiero- , 

■ nymus. The Romans appear to have first , 
: directed their attention to this spot in the , 

seccnd Punic war, when Fabius the consul was v 
; ordered to fortify and garrison the town, which j 
had only been frequented hitherto for commern 
cial purposes. In the following year it was ' 
attacked by Hannibal without success ; and j 
about this time became a naval station of con- , 
siderable importance; armies were sent to Spain | 
from thence; and the embassy fr'}m Carthage, 
«hich was sent to sue for peace at the close oj 
the second Punic war, disembarked here, and i 
proceeded to Rome by land, as did St Paul 
about 250 years afterwards. The apostle re-i 
mained seven d.ays at Puteoli, before he set 
forward on his journey by the Appian Way. In , 
the time of Strabo, the city appears to have \ 
been a place of very ereat com.merce, and pafT 
titularly connec ed with Alexandria: the imports 
from that city, which was then the emporiunti 
i of the east, being much greater than the export^ 
of Italy. Str b. 5 et \7.—PUn. 31, 2. -Liv. 24j 
, 7 et 13. 26, 17. 30, 22. - Act. Apost. 28, 13. 
1 FuticCl^e, a place at Rome, in the vicinity 
of the Esqui.ine. Tne Campuis Esquilinus was, 
in the early days of Rome, without the walls of 
; the city, and a number of pits were dug in it tc 
I receive the dead bodies of the lower orders.' 
i These holes were called puticuli, from theii; 
I resemblance to wells, or more probably frond 
\ the stench which issued from them in consei 
quence of this practice. The Esquiliae seem to 
\ have been considered as unwholesome, till this 
. mode of burial was discontinued; which change 
trok place in the reign of Augustus, when th^ 

■ gardens of Maecenas were laid out here. Mon 
' Sit. \, 8, 8. Ep. 5, 101. Varro, L. L. 4, .'i. 
} FyanepsiA, an Athenian festival, c^iebratP(^ 
j in honour of Theseus and his companions, whoJ 
' after their rrtum from Crete, were eniertainetfl 
; with all maimer of fruits, and particularly pulse^ 



PYD 



Cvl 



PYL 



From this cirrurrstar.ce the P_Viti'.cpsi,i y.sxs fver' 
a!ter commemorated by the bo ting oj pulse, Atto 
TOW fi/'filf TTvava- Some, however, suppose thai 
it was observed in commemoration of the Her- 
aclidje, who were entertained with pulse by the 
Athenians. 

Pydna, a city of Macedonia, on the western 
coast of the Sinus Thermaicus, above Dium. 
It is famous for the decisive victory gained in 
its neighbourhood, B. C. 163, by P. /Emilius 
over the Macedonian army under Perseus, 
which put an end to that celebrated empire. It 
is also remarkable as the place where Olympias, 
the mother of Alexander the Great, was besieged 
and put to death by Cassandcr. Its modern 
name is Kidros. Thucyd. 1, SI et i3'/. - Diod. 
Sic. 18. 

J'YGM^I, a nation of dwarfs in the extremest 
parts of India, who spoke the same language as 
the other Indians, but were so small that the 
tallest amongst them seldom exceeded two feet 
in height. Some of them were said to build 
their houses with egg shells, whilst others lived 
in holes under the earth, whence they came out 
in harvest-time with hatchets to cut down he 
corn, as if to fell a forest. They were admirable 
archers, for which reason the king of India kept 
3C00 of them as guards. Their animals were 
all of a proportionable stature with themselves, 
and upon these they went out to make war 
against certain birds, called cranes, who came 
annually from Scythia to plunder them. They 
were once governed by a princess, named Ger 
ana, who was changed into a crane for boasting 
herself fairer than Juno. Later traditions, how- 
ever, remove these Pygmies to the deserts of 
Africa, where they represent them to have 
attacked Hercules when sleeping after his vic- 
tory over Antssus; they discharged their arrows 
with great fury upon the arms and legs of the 
hero, who, being effectually roused, was sn 
pleased with their intrepidity, that he wrapped 
a number of them in the skin of the Nemaean 
lion, and carried them to Eurysthenes. Ou'd. 
Mel 6, 90. - Homer. IL3. 6 — Artst Anim. 8 12. 
— Juv. 13, 1&6. ' Mela, X 8. - Suet, in Au^r. 83. 

Pygmalion, a king of Tyre, son of B< lus, 
and brother to the celebrated Dido, who founded 
Carthage. At the death of his father, he as- 
cended the vacant throne, and soon became 
odious by his cruelty and avarice. He sacrificed 
every thing to the gratification of his predomin- 
ant passions, and he did not even spare the life 
of Sichceus, Dido's husband, because he was the 
most powerful and opulent of all the Phceni- 
cians. This murder he committed in a temple, 
of which Sichasus was the priest; but instead of 
obtaining the riches which he desired, Pygmalion 
was shunned by his subjects, and Dido to avoid 
further acts of cruelty, fled away with her hus- 
band's treasures, and a large colony to the coast 
of Africa, where she founded a city. Pygmalion 
died in the fifty-sixth year of his age, and in the 
fortv-spventh of his reign. Firg. JEn, 1, 347, 

&c. Justin. 18, i.-Apollod. 3. Itnl. \ A 

celebrated statuary of the island of Cyprus. The 
debauchery of the females of Amathus. to which 
he was a witness, created in him such an aver- 
sion for the fair sex, that he resolved never to 
marry. The affection which he had denied to 
the other sex, he lib 'rally bestowed upon the 
works of his own hantis. He lie came enamoured 
of a beautiful statue of marble vyhich he had 



maiie, and at his earnest request and prayer?, 
according to the mytholosists, the goddess of 
beauty changed the favourite statue into a 
woman, whom the artist married, and by whom 
he had a son called Paphus who founded the 
city of that name in Cyprus. Ovid. Met 10, 9. 

PYLADES, a son of Strophius, king of Phocis, 
by one of the sifters of Agamemnon. He was 
educated, together with his cousin Orestes, 
with whom he formed the most inviolable friend- 
ship, and whom he assisted to revenge the mur- 
der (;f Agamemnon, by assassinating Clytemnf s- 
tra and ^Egyst^hus. He also accompanied him 
to Taurica Chersonesus, and for his services 
Orestes rewarded him, by giving him his sister 
Electra in marriage. Pylades had by her two 
sons, Medon anrl Strophius. The friendship of 
Orest< s and Pylades became proverbial. [Vid. 
Orestes.] Eurip. in Iphig.—/Eschyl. in A<^. &c. 

A celebrated Greek musician, in the age of 

Philopoemen. Plut. in Phil. A celebrated 

actor in the reign of Augustus, banished by that 
emperor, for pointing with his finger to one of 
the audience, who had hissed him, and thus 
making him known to all. Suel. in Oc/av, 45. 

PyL/E, a general name among the Greeks for 
any narrow pass. The most remarkable were 
the following. Pylae Albaniae. [FVti. Caucasus ] 

P\l3 Amanicag, a pass through the range 

of mount Amanus, between Cilicia Campestris 
and Syria. Darius marched through this pa.s8 
to the battle-field of Issus. Quint. Curt. 3, 4. — 
riin. 5, 27- Pyl;« Caspias. [Fid. Caspiae Por- 
ta;. 1 Pylae Caucasiae. [Fid. Caucasus.] 

Pylae Cilici£e, a pass of Cilicia, in the range of 
mount Taurus, through which flows the river 

Sarus. P/w. 5, 27 Pylae Sarmatiie. [fid. 

Caucasus.] Pylce Syriae, a pass leading from 

Cilicia into Syria, and bounded on the one side 
bv the sea. Xen. Anab. 1, 4. - Arr-an. Exp. 
Alex. 2, 8. 

PYLAGORiE, a name given to the Amphicty- 
"onic council, because they always assembled at 
Pylss, near the temple of Delphi. 

"Pylartes, a Trojan killed by Patroclus. 
Homer. 11. lb, 695. 

PylAs, a king of Megara. He had the mis- 
fortune accidentally to kill his uncle Bi.is, for 
which he fled away, leaving his kingdom to 
Pandion, his son-in-law, who had been driven 
from Athens. Apollod 3, 15 — Paw,?. 1,39. 

Pylos, an ancient city of Elis, about eighty 
stadia to the east of the city of Elis, and which 
contended with two other towns of the same 
name for the honour of being the capital of 
Nestor's dominions. It was situated at the foot 
of mount Pholoe, now Maurobouni^anA between 
the heads of the rivers Peneus and Selleis. 

Horn. II. b, 546 —Strab. 8. A city of Klis, in 

the district of Tryphylia, regarded by many as 
Nestor's capital. It stood at a distance of thirty 
stadia from the coast and near a small river 
once called Arnathus and Pamisus, but subse- 
quently Mamaus and Arcadicus. Its vestiges are 
thought to correspond with a PalaioCaslro situated 
at Piskine or Pischini, about two miles from the 

coast. Strab. 8- A city of Messenia, on the 

western co.iSt, off which lay the island of Sphac- 
teria. It was situated at the foot of mount 
/Efffileus, now Geranio. or Agio Elia. It was 
built by Pylus,son of Clcson, and was accounted 
b> son)e the royal residence of Nestor, vihose 
house and tomb were both shown there. Its 



PYR 



632 



PYR 



haven, which was more frequented than any 
oiiier in Me^senia, was the scene of a severe 
contest betw een the fleets of Athens and Sparta. 
The maritime situation of this Pylos accords 
better with Homer's description of the Nelean 
city, than either the Pylos of Triphylia or Elis, 
but the point is one of some uaeercaintv. Strab. 
8 — Thucijd. 4. 3. -Horn. 9, 153. 6d. 3, 4. 

Pyra, a pirt of mount U^ta. on which ihe 
bo^ly of Hercules was burnt, Liv. 36, 30. 

PyRACMOX, one of Vulcan's workmen in the 
forsjes tif m!>unt jEtna Tne name is derived 
fr:)m t-vo Greek words which signify fire and 
an arvil U5., ^.f^^v.) Virg. /En. 8, 42j. 

PyRA>I!DES. famous monuments of E^ypt, 
now called by the Arabs Gehel Phaiaon or 
Pharaoh's Mountains. They commence mimedi- 
ateiy south of C urn, but on the opposite side of- 
th ' Nile, and extend in au uninterrupted rang-e 
for many miles in a southerly direction parallel 
with the banks of the river. They are many in 
number, and two of them were reckoned amongst 
the Seven wonders of the world: they were in- 
tended as sepulchres for the kings and gr<^at 
people of Egypt, and were of such high antiquity, 
that even Diodnrus Siculus, w ho flourished lorty- 
four years before the Christian era, has recorded 
that in his time neither natives nor foreigners 
were able to ascertain their age. The first and 
largest of these pyramids, said to have been 
built by the profligate king Cneops, was a work 
of twenty years, and employed 370,000 men; it 
w as of a square form, each side being 800 Greek 
feet long and as many in height, the stones were 
very skilfully cemented, and were never less 
than thirty feet long. It had several subterrane- 
ous chambers, and a channel for the admis.-ion 
of the Nile which flowed round a little island, 
wherein the body of Cheops was said to be de- 
];os!ted. Close by the great pyramid was the 
enormous statue of a Sphinx cut out of a solid 
ruck with great ingenuity; its height from the 
stomach to the top of the head was sixty. three 
feet, and its length 113 feet, and it was said that 
king Amasis was buried in it. 

PYRAMUS, a youth of Babylon, who became 
enamoured of Thisbe, a beautiful virgin, wiio 
dwelt in the neighbourhood. The flame was 
mutual, and the two lovers, whom their parents 
forbad to marry, regularly received each other's 
addresses through the chink of a wall, which 
separated their houses. After the most solemn 
vows of sincerity they both agreed to elude the 
vigilance of their friends, and to meet one 
another at the tomb of Ninus, under a white 
rauiberry-tree, without the walls of Babylon. 
Thisbe came first to the appointed place, but 
the sudden arrival of a lioness frightened her 
away; and as she fled into a npighbouiing cave 
she d'.oppel her veil, which the lioness found 
and besmeared with blood. Pyramus soon 
arrived; be found Thisba's veil all bloody, and 
concluding that she had been torn to pieces by 
thp wild beasts of the place, he stabbed himself 
with his sword. Tnisbe. when her fears were 
vanished, returned from the cave, and at the 
sight of the dying Pyramus, she fell upon the 
sword which still reeked with his blood. This 
tragical scene happcne.i u.ider a white mulberry- 
tree, which, as the poets mention, was stained 
with the blood of the lovers, and ever after bore 
fruit of the colour of blood (h'iil Met. 4. 55, 
&c — Hijiiin./.b. 243 A.river Cilicia Cam- 



pestris, rising in mount Taurus, and falling intai 
the Sinus Issicus. It is now the Gihoon. \ 

Pyren^I, a well known range of mountains,' 
separating Gallia from Hispania. Tne name waa 
commonly supposed to be derived from the! 
Greek term irvp, 'fire." and various explana-' 
tions were attempted to be given of this etymo-j 
logy. According to some, these mountains had' 
once been devastated by fire, an opinion which 
Posidonius deemed not improbable. The true 
ueriv,nii)n, however, is evidently the Celtic 
Pyrea or Pyrn, "a high mountain," and fnmv 
t iis same may in like manner be deduced trie? 
name of mount Brenner in the Tyrol; that oft 
Pye n, in upper Austria, that Ferner, in the 
Tyrol, and many others. The range of the 
Pyrenees is about 994 miles in length. These 
mountains are so steep and ditSculr of access, 
that five narrow passes only are frt-quented from 
France to Sp^iin. Tne first is at St Sebastian ia 
Bisciy; the second at Miya and Pampelnna ia 
Navarre; the third at Tar Jfx; the fourth fromi 
Co nminge into A r go\; and the last from Lan~\ 
guedoc to Catu-onid. A few more have 'jeenj 
attempted in cases of e.xtreme necessity. 

Pyren^EUS, a king of Thrace, who,' during al 
sliower of rain, gave shelter in his house to the' 
nine mu=;es, and attempted to ofl^er them vio-i 
lence. The goddesses upon this took to theirl 
wings and flew away. Pyreuceus, who attempted 
to follow them, as if he had wings, threw him.'ielf' 
down from the top of a tower and was killed.! 
Olid. Met. brin- ! 

PYRKNE, a daughter of Bebrycius king of the 
southern parts of Spain. Hercules otfereJ vio- 
lence to her before he went to attack Geryon, and 
she brought into the world a serpent, which so 
terrified her, that she Aid into the woods, where 
she was torn to pieces by wild beasts« Sil. Ita', 
3, 4iO. 

Pyrgo, the nurse of Priam's children who 
followed ^neas in his flight from Troy, rirg, 
^n. 5. 615. 

Pyrgot£LES, a celebrated engraver on gems 
in the age of Alexander the Great. He had the I 
exclusive privilege of engraving the conqueror, ' 
as Lysippus was the only sculptor who was") 
peniitt. d ^o make statues of him. ftm. 37, 1» 

PYRODES, a son of Cilix, said to be the first 
who discovered and applied to human purposes i 
the tire concealed in flints. Pii)L. 7, 56. j 

PyrRHA. a daughter oi Epimetheus and Pan- 
dora, who married Deucalion, the son of Pro- ' 
metheus, who reigned in Thessaly. In her age j 
all mankind were destroyed by a deluge, and j 
she alone, with her husband, escaped from the' 
general destruction by saving themselves in a j 
boat which Deucalion had made by his father's , 
advice. AVhen the waters had retired from the j 
surface of the earth. Pyrrha, with her husb.md, 
went to the oracle of Themis, where they were 
directed, to repair the loss of mankind, to throw 
stones behind their backs. They obeyed, and 
the stones which Pyrrha threw were changed 
into women, and those of Deucalion into men. j 
iVid. Deu.-alion.l Pyrrha became moth^^r of! 
Amphictvon, Hellen, and ProtOirenea, by Deu- I 
calion. O.id. Met. 1, 350. Szc.—Hygin./ub. 153. ' 

—Apollun. Rhod. 3, 1065. The name which 

Achilles bore when he disguised himself in ! 
women's clothes, at the court of Lyeomedes. 

Hygin. fub- 96. A promontory of Thessaly, . 

on the westvrn c^ast of the Sinus P.uraiapus, atid 



FYR 



e33 



FYR 



B short distance below Demetiias. It is now 

cape Ankisiri. A rock, with another in its 

vicinity named Deucalion, near the promontory 
mentioned in the preceding paragraph. Slrab. 9. 

PyrrhIAS, a boatman of Ithaca, remarkable 
for his humanity. lie delivered from slavery 
an old man vrho had been taken by pirates, and 
robbed of some pots full of pitch. The old man 
was so grateful for his kindness, that he gave the 

:! pots to his deliverer, after he had told him that 
they contained gold under the pitch. Pyrrhias, 
upon this, offered the sacrifice of a^Lull to the 
old roan, and retained him in his house, v.ith 
every act of kindness and attention, till the 

i time of his death. Plut. in qucpst. G. A gen- 

Ieral of the ^tolians, defeated by irhilip, king of 
Macedonia. 
PYRRHiCHA, a kind of dance said to be in- 
vented and introduced into Greece by Pyrrhus 
I the son of Achilles, or by the Gorybantes or 
j Dactyli. The dancers were generally armed, 
11 and they exhibited at the sound of the flute, all 
f the evolutions of military, discipline. Xenoph. 
! Cyr. 6. — Dionys. Hal. 2. — Suet, in Cces- 39. AVr. 
1 12. 

PyrrhTd^, a patronymic given to the suc- 
cessors of Neoptolemus in Epirus. 

Pyrrho, a celebrated Greek philosopher, 
born at Elea, in Peloponnesus, who in early 
life studied painting, but aspiring to philosophi- 
cal pursuits he became a disciple of Anaxarchus, 
and accompanied him as far as India. In this 
journey he followed Alexander the Great; and 
hence we may know in what time he nourished. 
In India he conversed with the Brachmans and 
Gymnosophists, imbibing from their doctrine 
whatever might seem favourable to his natural 
disposition towards doubting; a disposition which 
was cherished by his niaster, who had formerly 
been a diiciple of a sceptical philosopher, Met- 
rodorus of Chios. As he was involved in fresh 
uncertainty by every advance he made in the 
study of philosophy, he left the school of the 
Dogmatists, who professed to be possessed of 
certain knowledge, and established a new school, 
in which he taught, that every object of human 
inquiry is involved in uncertainty, so that it is 
impossible ever to arrive at the knowledge of 
truth. Some have said, that this philosopher 
acted upon his own piinciples, and carried his 
scepticism to an extreme so ridiculous, that his 
friends were obliged to accompany him wherever 
he went, that he might not be run over by car- 
riages, or fall down precipices. These reports, 
however, are inconsistent with the respect that 
is paid to him by ancient writers, and with the 
general history of his life, and are charged, as 
' calumnies, upon the Dogmatists, whom he op- 
posed. A great part (if his life was spent in 
solitude; and he always preserved a settled 

i composure of countenance, undisturbed by fear, 
or joy. or grief. He endured bodily pain wifh 
great fortitude; and in the midst of dangers he 
manifested no signs of apprehension. As a 
disputant, he was celebrated for the subtlety of 
his arguments, and the perspicuity of his lan- 
guage. So highly was Pyrrho esteemed by his 
ci/untrymen, that they honoured him with the 
, office of chief priest, and from respect to him, 
1 passed a decree by which all philosophers were 
j -indulged with an exemption from public taxes. 
I iOf the poets, and particularly of Humer. he was 
j la great admirer; and frequt-atly repeated pas- 



sages from his poems. He flourished aboot 
B. C. 340, and died about the ninetieth year of 
his age, probably about B. C. 288. After hi.s 
death, the Athenians honoured bis memory 
with a statue ; and a monument was erected to 
him in his own country. Dio^. Laeit. 58, &c. 

Pyrrhus, a son of Achilles and Deidamia, 
the daughter of king Lycomedes, who received 
this name from the yellowness of his hair. Re 
was also called Neoptolemus, or neu- Wurrior, 
because he came to the Trojan war iu the last 
year of the celebrated siege of the capital of 
Troas. [FVd Neoptolemus.] A king of Epi- 
rus, descended from Achilles, by the side of his 
mother, and from Hercules, by that of his father, 
and son of .^Eacides and Phthia. He was saved 
when an infant, by the fidelity of his servants, 
from the pursuits of the enemies of his father, 
who had been banished from his kingdom, and 
he was carried to the court of Glautias king of 
lUyricum, who educated him with great tender- 
ness. Cassander, king of Macedonia, wished to 
dispatch him, as he had so much to dread from 
him; but Glautias not only refused to deliver 
him up into the hands of his enemy, but he even 
went with an army and placed him on the throne 
of Epirus, though only 12 years of age. About 
five years after, the absence of Pyrrhus to attend 
the nuptials of one of the daughters of Glautias, 
raised new commotions. The monarch was 
expelled from his throne by Neoptolemus, who 
had usurped it after the death of .liiacides ; and 
being still without resources, he applied to his 
brother-in-law Demetrius for assi-stance. He 
accompanied Demetrius at the battle of Ipsus, 
and fought there with all the prudence and 
intrepidity of an experienced general. He after- 
wards passed into Egypt, where by his marriage 
with Antigone the daughter of Berenice, he 
soon obtained a sufficient force to attempt the 
recovery of his throne. He was successful in 
the undertaking, but to remove all causes of 
quarrel, he took the usurper to share w ith him 
the royally, and some time after he put him to 
death under pretence that he had attempted to 
poison him. In the subsequent years of his 
reign, Pyrrhus engaged in the quarrels which 
disturbed the peace of the Macedonian monar- 
chy; he marched against Demetrius, and gave 
the Macedonian soldiers fresh proofs of his 
valour and activity. By dissimulation he ingra- 
tiated himself in the minds of his enemy's sub- 
jects, and when Demetrius laboured under a 
momentary illness, Pyrrhus made an attempt 
upon the crown of Macedonia, which, if not 
then successful, soon after rendered him master 
of the kingdom. This he shared with Lysima- 
chus for seven months, till the jealousy of tiie 
Macedonians, and the ambition of his colleasue, 
obliged him to retire. Pyrrhus was meditating 
new conquests, when the Tarentines invited him 
to Italy to assist them against the encroaching 
power of Rome. He gladly accepted the invi- 
tation, but his passage across the Adriatic proved 
nearly fatal, and he reached the shores of Italy, 
after the loss of the greatest part of his troops in 
a storm. At his entrance into Tarentum, B. C. 
250, he began to reform the manners of the in- 
habitants, and by introducing the slricte.^^t disci- 
pline among their troops, to accustom them to 
bear fatigue and to despise dangers. In the 
first battle which he fought with the Romans, he 
obtained the victory, but for this he was more 



PYR 



C34 



PYT 



particularly indebted to his elephants, who:?e [ experience and sagacity the king of Epirus was | 
bulk and uncommon appearance astonished the the first of commanders. He bad chosen Alex- 
Romans and terrified their cavairy. The num- ander the Great for a model, and in every thing 
ber of the slain was equal on both sidps, and the ( he wished not only to imitate, but to surpass 
conqueror said that such another victory would him. In the art of war none was superior to 



totally ruin him. He also sent Cineas, his chief 
minister, to Rome, and though victorious, he 
sued for peace. These offers of peace were 
refused, and when Pyrrhus questioned Cineas, 
about the manners and the character of the 
Romans, the sagacious minister replied, that 
their senate was a venerable assembiy of kings, 
and that to fight against them, was to attack 



him, he not only made it his study as a general, 
but even he wrote many books on encampments, 
and the different ways o*" training up an array, 
and whatever he did was by principle and rule. ' 
His uncommon understanding, and his penetra- ■ 
tion, are also admired; but th« general is severe- 
ly censured, who has no sooner conquered a ■ 
country, than he looks for other victories, with- 



another Hydra. A second battle was fought { out regarding or securing what he has already | 
near Asculum. but the slaughter was so great, obtained, by measures and regulations honoura- i 
and the valour so conspicuous on both sides, j ble to himself, and advantageous to his subjects, 
that the Romans and their enemies reciprocally ; The Romans passed great encomiums upon him, 
claimed the \i .-tory as their own. Pyrrhus stiil ! and Pyrrhus was no less sLruck with their mar- 
oon inued the war in favour of the Tarentines, jnanimity and valour; so much indeed, that he 
when he was invited into Sicily by the inhabi- j exclaimed that if he had soldiers like the Ro- i 
tants who laboured under the yoke of Carthage, i mans, or if the Romans had him for a general, , 
and the cruelty of their own petty tyrants. His | he would leave no comer of the earth unseen, ' 
fondness of novelty soon determined him to quit 'and no nation unconquered. Pyrrhus married . 
Italy, he left a garrison at Tarentum, and crossed i many wives, and all for political reasons; be- 
over to Sicily, where he obtained two victories j sides Antigone, he had Lanassa the daughter of 
over the Carthaginians, and took many of their i Agathocles, as also a daughter of Autoleon king 
towns. He was for a while successful, and [ of Pseonia. HiS childrr=n, as his biographer / 
formed the project of invading Africa; but soon { observes, derived a wariike spiric from their 1 
his popularity vanished, his troops became inso- i father, and when he was asked by one to which , 
lent, and he behaved with haughtiness, and ' of them he should leave the kingdom of Epirus, 
>hov. ed himself oppressive, so that his return to he replied, to him who has the sharpest sword. ; 

Italy was deemed a fortunate event for aU\.Sl)a7i. H. A. 10 Plut. in -ita. — Justin. 17. &c. • 

Sicily. He had no sooner arrived at Tarentum | — Liv. 13 et 14. - Horat. Od. 3, 6. A king of 

than he renewed hostilities with the Romans | Epirus, son of Ptolemy, murdered by the people 
v. ith great acrimony, but when his army of ! of Ambracia. His daughter, called Laudamia, 
80,000 men had been defeated by 20.000 of the : or Deidamia, succeeded him. Paus. 
er.emy, under Curius, he left Italy with precip- PYTHAGORAS, a celebrated philosopher, horn 
itation, B. C '274. ashamed of the enterprizp, ' at Samos. His father Mnesarchus was a persDn 
and mortified by the victories which had been i of distinction, and, therefore, the son received 
obtained over one of the descendants of Achilles, j that f ducaticn which was most c ilculated to en- 
In Epirus he began to repair his military char- i lighten his mind and invigorate his body. Like 
acter by attacking- Antigonus, who was then on ■ his contemporaries, he was early made acquaint- i 
the Macedonian throne. He gained some advan- j ed with poetry and music; eloquence and 
tages over his enemy, and was at last restored to , astronomy became his private studies, and in ' 
tne throne of Macedonia. He afterwards marched gymnastic exercises he of en bore the palm for 
ajainst Sparta, at the request of Cleonymu.=!. strength and dexterity. He first made himself, 
but when all his vigorous operations were known in Greece, at the Olympic games, where ' 
insufficient to take the capital of Laconia, he i he obtained, in the ISch year of his age, the 
retired to Argos where the treachery of Ai-isteus j prize for wrestling; and, after he h.".d been 
invited him. The Arrives desired him to retire ! admired for the elegance and the dignity of his 
and not to intpr.''ere in the affairs of their repub- i person, and the brilliancy of his understanding, , 
lie, which were confounded by the ambition of i he retired into the east. In Egypt and Chaldaeahe | 
two of their nobu s. He complied with their , gained the confidence of the prirsts, and learned i 
wishes, but in the night he marched his forces : from them the artful policy, and the symbolic ' 
ioto the town and miaht have ma ie himself i writings, by which they governed the prince as 
taaster of the place h?.d he not retarded his pre- ' well as the people, and, after he had spent many 
i;re33 by entering it with his elephants The . years in gathering all the information which 
combat that ensued was obstinate and bloody, I c. uld be collected from antique tradition con- 
and the monarch, to fight with more boldness, j ceming the nature of the gods and the imtr.o'- 
and to encounter dangers with more facility, j tality of the soul, Pythagoras revisited his n■lt;v^ 
exchanged his dress. He was attacked by one ■ island- The tjranny of Polycrates at Sam.:^' 
of the enemy, but as he was going to run him ; disgusted the philosopher, who was a great hd ; 
through in his own defence, the mother of the i voeate for national independence; and thonf 
Argive, who saw her son's danger from the top i he was the favourite of the tyrant, he retire | 
of a house, threw down a tile and brought Pj-r- ! from the island, and a sfcond time assistecJ ■• ' 
rhu3 to the ground. His head was cut off. and j the Olympic games. His fame was too wp i| 
carried to Antigonu'', who gave his remains a knowa to escape notice ; he was salutetl in rU- I 



nagniflcent *"unera!, and presented his a?hes to 
his son Helenus, 272 years before the Christian 
era. Pyrrhus has been deservedly commended 
for his talents as a general; and not only his 
friends, but al.so his enemies, have been warm 
In extolling him; and A:inibal declared, that for 



public assembly by the name of Sophist, 
wise man ; but he refused the appellation, an«li 
was satisfied with that of philosopher, or A^^? 
friend of wisiloni. " At the Olympic pam^^, '! 
s-aid he, in explanation of this new Rpp;':lat5»nii 
he wished to assume, •"s;'nie are attracted with! 



PYT 



6S5 



PYT 



• !? u.-si"re of obtainir:!? crn'^ns and hor=ours, 
( iriers come to expose their dilFerpnt ccmniodities 
t.i sale, w hile curiosity draws a third class, and 
I the dfsiie of contemplating whatever deserves 
notice in that celebrated assembly ; thus on the 
more extensive theatre of the world, while many 
stroggle for the glor>' of a name, and many 
pant for the advantages of fortune, a few, and 
iiideed but a few who are neither desirous of 
money nor ambitious of fame, are sufiRciently 
er«fified to be spectators of the wonder, the 
I hfirry, and the magnificence of the scene." 
Frnm Olympia, the phil.'sopher visited the re- 
T uhiirs of Elis and Sparta, and retired ro Magna 
Gia-cia, where he fixed his habi ration in the 
K'.vii of Crotona, about the fortieth year of his 
nut?. Here he founded a sect which has received 
the name of the Ilalian, and he soon saw himself 
surrounded by a great number of pupils, which 
the recommendation of his mental, as w ell as hi; 
personal accomplishments had prccured. His 
skill in music and medicine, and his knovvledge 
of mathama'ics and of natural philosophy, gained 
him friends and admirers, and amidst the volup- 
tuousness which prevailed among the inhabitants 
Oi Crotona, the Samian sage found bis instruc- 
tions respected, and his approbation courted; the 
n.ost debaufbed and effeminate were pleased 
with the eloquence and the graceful delivery 
of the philosopher, who boldly upbraided them 
fur their vices, and called them to more virtuous 
and manly pursuits. These animated harangues 
were attended with rapid success, and a reform 
arion soon took place in the morals and the life 
of the people of Crotona. The females were 
exhorted to become modest, and they left off 
their gaudy ornaments; the youths were called 
away from their pursuits of pleasure, and in- 
stantly they forgot their intemperance, and paid 
to their parents that submissive attention and 
deference which the precepts of Pythagoras 
required. As to the old, they were directed 
I'.o longer to spend their time in am.issing money, 
but to improve their understanding, and to seek 
that peace and those comforts of mind which 
frugality, benevolence, and philanthropy alone 
can produce. The sober and religious behaviour 
of the philosopher strongly recommended the 
necessity and importance of these precepts. 
Pythagoras was admired for his venerable as- 
pect, his voice was harmonious, his eloquence 
persuasive, and the reputation he had acquired 
by his distant travels, and by being crowned at 
the Olympic gam.es, was great and important. 
He regularly frequented the temples of the gods, 
?.nd paid his devotion to the divinity at an early 
liMur; he lived upon the purest and most inno- 
cent food, he clothed himself like the priests of 
the Egyptian gods, and by his continual purifi- 
cations and regular offerings, he seemed to be 
.superior to the rest of mankind in sanctity. 
These artful measures united to render him an 
object not only of reverence, but of imitation 
To set himself at a greater di.-tance fron- his 
pupils, a number of years was required t" try 
their various dispositions ; the most talkative 
7 were not perm.itted to speak in the presence of 
(their master before they bad been his auditors 
^for five years, and those v. ho possessed a natuval 
ftaciturnity were allowed to speak after a proba- 
jtion of two years. When they were cap.Hble of 
jr< ceiving the secret instructions of the philt)?o- 
Ipher, they were taught the use of cyphers, and 



hieroglyphic writing.^, and Pythagoras might 
boast tiiat his pupils couiO ct; ( spund toeethi r, 
though in the most distant rt-gions, in unknown 
charattc-rs ; and by the signs and words which 
thty had received, they could discover, though 
strangers and barbarians, those that had been 
educated in the Pythagorean scho<il. So great 
was his authority among his pupils, that, to dis- 
pute his word was deemed a crime, and the 
m.ost stubborn were drawn to coincide with the 
opinions of their opponent, when they helped 
their arguments by the words of the master saul 
so, an expression which becamie pruverbial in 
jurare in verba tnogistri. The great influence 
which the philosopher possessed in his school, 
was transferred to the world: the pupils divided 
the applause and the approbation of the people 
with their venerable master, and in a short 
time, the rulers .-nd the legislators of all the 
principal tovns of Greece, Sicily, and Iiah, 
boasted in being the disciples of Pythagoras. 
The Samian philos(;pher was the first who sup- 
ported ihe doctrine of meiempsychosis, or trans- 
migration of the soul into difiVrent bodies, and 
those notions he seemed to have injbibed among 
the priests of Egypt, or in the solitary retreats 
of the Brachmans, More strenu( usly to support 
his chimerical system; he declared he recolk cted 
the diffirrent bodies which his soul had animated 
before that of the son of Mnesarchus. lie re- 
membered to have been .Sithalides, the son of 
Mercury, to have assisted the Greeks during 
the Trojan war in the character of Euphorbus, 
IFid. Euphorbus,] to have been Hermotim^us, 
afterwards a fisherman, p.nd last of all Pytha- 
goras. He forbade his disciples to eat flesh, as 
also beans, because he supposed them to have 
been produced from the same putrefied matter 
from which, at the creation of the world, man 
was formed. In his theological system, Pytha- 
goras supported that the universe was created 
from a shapeless heap of passive matter by the 
hands ol a powerful being, who himself was the 
mover and soul of the world, and of whose 
substance the souls of mankind were a portion. 
He considered numbers as the principles of 
every thing, and perceived in the universe 
regularity, correspondence, beauty, proportion, 
and harmony, as intentionally produced by the 
Creato-. In his doctrines of morality, he per- 
ceived in the human mind. propensitiHS common 
to tts with the brute creation-, but besides these, 
and the passior^s of avarice and ambition, he dis- 
covered the nobler seeds of virtue, and supported 
that the most ample and perfect gratification 
was to be found in the enjoyment of moral and 
intellectual pleasures. The thougi-.ts of the 
past he considered a,s always present to us. and 
he believed that no enjoym.ent could be had 
where the mind was disturbed by consciousness 
of {£tillt, or fears about futurity- This opinion 
induced the philosopher to recommend to his 
followers a particular mode of education. The 
tender years of the Pythagt rean* were employed 
in continual labour, in study, in exercise, and 
repose ; and the philosopher maintained his 
well known and important maxim, that many 
things, especially love, are best learnt late. In 
a m.ore advanced age, the aduit was desired to 
b'^have with caution, spirit, and patriotism, and 
to remember, that the community and civil 
society demanded his exertions, and that the 
good of the public, and not liis own j)rivaie 



PYT 



63G 



PYX 



enjoyments, were tVie ends of his creation. From ; element", about the square of the hypothenuse. 
lessons Vike these, th»' PythaEroreans were strictly j It is said that he was so ela'.ed after making the 
enjoined to call to mind, and carefully to review, ; discovery, that he made an offering of a heca- 
the actions not only of the present, but of the comb to the gods; but the sacrifice was undoubt- 
preceding days. In their acts of devotion, they i edly of small oxen, made with wax, as the 
earl}' repaired to the most solitary places of the philosopher vi-as ever an enemy to shedding the 
mountains, and after they had examined their blood of all animals. His system of the universe. 



private and public conduct, and conversed with 
themselves, they joined in the company of their 
friends and early refreshed their boJ.ies wiih 
li?ht and frugal aliments. Their conversation 
was of lha most innocent natui 
p'.iilosophic subjects were disc; 



hich he placed the sun in the centre, and 
all the planets moving in elliptical orbits round 
it. was deemed chimerical and impriibable, till 
the deep enquiries and the philosophy of the 
pnlitieal or s'xt' enth century proved it, by the most accurate 
led with propri- calculations, to be true and incontestable. Dio. 



ety. but without warmth, and after the conduct genes. Porphyry, lamblicus, and others, have 

of the following day was reijulated, the evening written an account of his life, but with more 

•no.' spent with the same relijious ceremony as erudition perhaps than veracity. Cic. de Nat. 

the morning, in a strict and impartial self-ex- D. 1, 5. — Tusc. 4, 1 Diog: (^c 8. — Hygin. fab. I 

ation. From such regularitv nothing but \V2.—0vid. Met. 15, tO, &LC.—Plato.~Pdn, 34, 



the most salutary consequences could arise, .q 
it will not appear wonderful that the disciples 
o! Pythagoras were so much respected and ad- 
mired as legislators, and imitated for their con- 
s ancy, friendship, and humanity. The authors 
that lived in, and after, the ag^e of Alexander, \ 
have rather tarnished than brightened the glory \ 
of t!ie founder of the Pythagorean school, and 
they have obscured his fame by attributing to ; 
him actions which v,ere dissonant with his char- 



-Gell. 9. - I^mblic— Porphyr. - Plut A I 

soothsayer of Babylon, who foretold the death of i 
Alexander, and of Hephaestion, by consulting the 

entrails of victims. A tyrant of Ephesus 

\ One of Nero's wicked favourites. 

Pytheas, a native of Massilia {M rseiUes.') 
3is era is uncertain; some writers place him 
under the reign of Ptolemy Philadelphus, but 
I others have undertaken to show ttiat he was an- 
terior to Aristotle. Pytheas is numbered among 
acter ?is a man and a moralist. To give more the Greek geographical writers. He made many 
weight to his exhortarions, as some writers men- important discoveries in a voyage which he 
tion, Pythasroras retired into a subterraneous u -.dertook to the north of Europe, and was the 
cave where hi* mother sent him intellisence of first geographer who could call astronomical' 
every thin? -.vhioh happened during his ab??;'ce. knowledge to his aid. Leaving the harbour of' 
After a certain number of months he ag iio re- ^ Massilia, and sailing from cape to cape, he 
appeared on the earth, with a grim and ghi.^tly coasted along all the eastern shore of Spain, 
countenance, and declared, in the assembly of passed the straits of Gibraltar, navigated the; 
the people th.it he was returned from. hell, coasts of Lusitania, Aquitania, and Armorica, 
From similar exaggerations, it has been asserted entered the English Channel, followed the eastern! 
that he appeared at the Olympic games with a shores of Britain, and, on reaching its northern 
golden thigh, and that he could write in letters extremity, advanced six days' sail farther to the 
of blood whatever he pleaded on aJooking-glass, north, until he reached a country which the io- 
and that, by setting it opposite to the moon, habitants called Thule, and where the length (rf 
when full, all the characters which were on the the solstitial day was twenty-four hours, whichj 
glass became legible on the moon's disc. They corresponds to 66" 30' N. L. or modern Iceland: 
also support, that, by some magical words, he In a second voyage, Pytheas p.issed through thei 
tamed a bear, stopped the flisht of an eagle, and English Channel into the German Ocean, and 
appeared on the same day and at the same in- thence into the Baltic, where he reached the 
stant in the cities of Crntona and Metapontum, 
&c. The time and the place of the death of this 
great philosopher are unknown : yet many 
suppose that he died at Metapontum about -^97 
years before Christ: and so great was the vener- 
ation of the people of Magna Grracia for him, 



mouth of a river which he calls the Tanais, but 
which is, perhaps, the Vistula. In this vicinity 
the amber of commerce was obtained. Pytheak 
wrote in Greek two works, one entitled " A De-, 
: scripiioti of the Ocean," of which Gemi^ms Rho^ 
dius makes mention, and the other a "Periphis," 
that he received the same honours as were paid or *' Periodus of the earth," mentioned by M;tr- 
to the immortal gods, and his house became a cianus, the scholiast on Apollonius Rhndius.' 
> acred temple. Succe3ding ages likewise ac- Plut. de Opin 3. 17. Srab 2, Szc. — Ptin. 37. 
knowled^eti his merit.-, and when the Roman', PVTHEUS, a Lydian. famous for his riches in 
A. U. C 4il, were commanded by the oracle (;f the age of Xerxes. He kindly entertained the 
Delphi to erect a statue to the bravest and wisest monarch and all his army, when he was marchJ 
of the Greeks, the distinguished honour was ing on his expedition against Greece, and offered 
f onferred on Alcibiades and Pythagoras. Py- him to defray the expenses of the who^e warJ 
th.iLToras had a daughter, called Damo. There Xerxes thanked him with much gratitude, and 
is now pxtant a poeiical composition ascribed to promised to give him whatever he should re<^ 
t! e rhilosopher. and called the golden verses of quire. Pytheus asked him to dismiss hi^ son 
Pijthu^oris, which contain the greatest part of from the expedition; upon which the monarch 
hi< doctrines and moral precepts ; but many ordered the young man to be cut into two, an«l 
support, that it is a supposititious composition, one half of the body to be placed on the righ^ 
and that the true name of the writer was Lysis, hand of the way. arid the other on the left, that 
Pythagoras distinguished himself also by' his his army might march between them. Herod, j 
discoveries in geometry, astronomy, and ma- | PytHi.\, the priestess of Apollo at Delphi.' 
thematics, and it is to him that the world is ' She delivered the answers of the god to such Hi 
indebted for the demon«tr.ation of the forty- ! came to consult the oracle, and was supposed td 
seventh propn^ition of the first book of Eucliil's l be suddenly inspired by tiie sulphureous vapour^ 



PYT 



(537 



PYT 



which issued from the hcle of a suLteri aneotis 
cavit}' within the temple, over which she sat bare 
on a three-legged stool, called a tripod. In the 
htool was a small aperture, through which the 
vapour was inhaled by the priestess, and, at this 
"divine inspiration, her eyes suddenly sparkled, 
her hair stood on end, and a shivering ran over 
; all her body. In this convulsive state she spoke 
i the oracles of the god, often with loud bowlings 
and cries, and her articulations were taken down 
by the priest, and set in order. Sometimes the 
1 spirit of inspiration was more gentle, and not al- 
j ways violent; yet Plutarch mentions one of the 
I priestesses who was thrown into such an excessive 
iury, that ftot only those that consulted the or- 
I 8cle, but also the priests that conducted her to 
the sacred tripod, and attended her during the 
I inspiration, were terrified, and forsook the temple; 
i and so violent was the fit, that she continued for 
I some days in the most agonizing tortures, and at 
j last died. The Pythia, before she placed herself 
on the tripod, used to wash her whole body, and 
particularly her hair, in the waters of the foun- 
tain Castalis, at the foot of mount Parnassus. 
She also shook a laurel tree that grew near the 
place, and sometimes eat the leaves, with which 
she crowned herself. The priestess was origin- 
ally a virgin, but the institution was changed 
I when Echecrates, a Thessalian, had offered vio- 
lence to one of them, and none but women who 
' were above the age of fifty, were permitted to 
i enter upon that sacred office. They always ap- 
peared dressed in the garments of virgins to in- 
timate their purity and modesty, and ihey were 
solemnly bourd to observe the strictest laws of 
i? temperance and chastity, that neither fantastical 
cresses nor lascivious behaviour might bring the 
( ffice, the religion, or the sanctity of the place 
into contempt. There was originally but one 
Pythia, besides subordinate priests, yet after- 
wards two were chosen, and sometirr.es more. 
] The most celebrated of all these is Phemonoe, 
I vho is supposed by some to have been the first 
vho gave oracles at Delphi. The oracles were 
always delivered in hexameter verses, a custom 
; vvhich was some time after discontinued. The 
Pythia was consulted only one month in the 
] J ear, about the spring. It was always required, 
that those who consul ted the oracle should make 
! large presents to Apollo, and from thence arose 
ihe opulence, splendour, and the magnificence 
of that celebrated temple of Delphi. Sacrifices 
were also offered to the divinity, and if the cmens 
proved unfavourable, the priestess refused to give 
an answer. There were generally five priests 
who were engaged at the offering of the sacrifices, 
, and there was also another who attended the 
< Pythia, and assisted her in receiving the oracle. 
[Fid Delphi, Oraculum.] Pans. IQ, 5-— Justin. 
24, 5.- Pint, de Oral. def.— Eurip. in Ion. - 

. i Chrysost. Games celebrated in honour of 

! j Apollo, near the temple of Delphi. They were 
, I at first instituted, according to tlie more received 
opinion, by Apollo himself, in commemoration 
of the victory which he had obtained over the 
serpent Python, from which they received their 
tiame; though others maintain that they were 
, first established by Agamemnon, or Diomedes, 
or by Aniphictyon, or, lastly, by the council of 
the Amphictyons, B. C. 1263. They were origin- 
I pUy celebrated once in nine years, butafterwards 
I ' pvery fifth year, on the second year of every 
Olympiad, according to the number of the Par- 



nassian nymphs who congtattilated Apollo after 
his victory. The gods themselves were origin- 
ally among the number of the combatants, and, 
according to some authors, the first prizes were 
won by Pollux, in boxing; Castor, in horse races ; 
Hercules, in the pancratium; Zetes, in fighting 
with the armour; Calais, in running; Telamon, 
in wrestling; and Peleus, in throwing the quoit. 
These illustrious conquerors were rewarded by 
Apollo himself, who was present, with crowns 
and laurels. Some, however, observe, that at 
first it was nothing but a musical contention, in 
which he who sung best the praises of Apollo 
obtained the prize, consisting of presents of gold 
or silver, which were afterwards exchanged for 
a garland of the palm-tree, or of beech leaves. 
It is said that Hesiod was refused admission to 
these games because he was not able to play 
upon the harp, which was required of all such as 
entered the lists. The songs which were sung 
were called nvOncol vS^iOi, ihe Py'iaan modes, divid- 
ed into five parts, which contained a represen- 
tation of the fight and victory of Apollo over 
Python ; ava/cpovaii, the preparation for ihe fight ; 
e>7r«tpa, the first nttempt ; KaTaKtXevofio^, toking 
breath and collecting courage : lafi^ot xal caxTvXoi, 
ihe insulting sarcasms of the god over his vanquished 
enemy; avpiyysi, un irnitoiion of ihe hisses oj the 
serpent, just as he expired under the blows of 
Apollo. A dance was also introduced ; and in 
the forty-eighth Olympiad, the Amphictyons, 
who presided over the games, increa.5ed the 
number of musical instruments by the addition 
of a flute ; but, as it was more peculiarly used in 
funeral songs and lamentations, it was soon re- 
jected as unfit for merriment, and the festivals 
which represented the triumph of Apollo over 
the conquered serpent. The Romans, according 
to some, introduced them into their city, and 
called them ApoUinares Ludi. Pr.us. 10, 13,37. 
— Ovid. Met. 1, 447. 
PythiAS, a Pythagorean philosopher, intimate 

with Damon. \_Vid. Phintias.] A road which 

led from Thessaly to Tempe. Mli'n. 

PytHius, a Syracusan, who defrauded Canius, 
a Roman knight, to whom he had sold his gar- 
den, &c. Cic. de Off. 3. 14 A surname of 

Apollo, which he received for having conquered 
the serpent Python, or because he was worshipp- 
ed at Delphi; called also Pytho. Proper. 2, 33, 16. 

Pytho, the ancient name of the town of Del- 
phi, which it received airo rov vvOtadai, because 
the serpent which Apollo killed rotted there. It 
was also called Parnassia Nape. V'd. Delphi. 

Python, a native of Byzantium, in the age of 
Philip of Macedonia. He was a great favourite 
of the monarch, who sent him to Thebes, when 
that city, at the instigation of Demosthenes, was 
going to take up arms against Philip. Pint, in 

Dem —Diod. One of the friends of Alexander, 

put to death by Ptolemy Lagus. A man who 

killed Cotys. king of Thrace, at the instigation 

of the Athenians. A celebrated serpent, 

sprui'gfrom the mud and stagnated waters which 
remained on the surface of the earth after 
the deluge of Deucalion. Some, however, 
supp se that it was produced from the earth 
by Juno, and sent by the goddess to perse- 
cute Latona, who was then pregnant by Jupiter. 
Latona escaped his fury by means of her lover, 
who changed her into a quail durine the remain- 
ing months of her pregnancy, and afterwards re- 
stored her to her original shape in the island of 
3 II 



PYT 

Delos, where she gave birth to Apollo and Disina. 
Apollo, as FOOD as he was born, atlackei the 
monster, and killed him with his arrc ws, and in 
commemoration of the victory which he had ob- 
lair.ed, he instimted the celebrated Pythian 
games. Strab. 6, — Paus. 2. 7 ; 10, 6 — Bygin. — 
Ovid Met. 1,4S8, &e. Luc n. 5, 134. 

Pythoxissa, a name giveu to the priestess of 
Apollo's temple at Delphi. She is more gene- 
rally called Pythia. [Fid. Pythia.] The word 
Py.honiss i v. as commonly applied to won.en w ho 
attempted to explain futurity. 



QUI 



Q 



QUAD I, a German nation, on the south-eastern 
borders of the country, in what is now Mori^vi ■. 
They were connected with the Marconianni, and 
along- with them w aged war against the Romans. 
The emperor, Marcus Antoninus, proceeded 
ag^ainst them in person, and repietsed their in- 
roads, but they soon after rene-?sed hostilities 
with increased vigtiur. Their name disappears 
from hitt! ry about the fifth century. Their 
territory was bounded on the south by the Da- 
nube, on the east by the river Gran and the 
Jaz\gei, on the north by the Carpates and Sud- 
etes, and on the north bv the Marcomauni. 
l\:c:t. in Germ. 42 et 43. Ann. 2, tZ. 

QUADRATUS, a surname given to Mercury, 

because some of his statues were square. T- 

Ummidius a governor of Syria in the age of 
Nero. T.ci\ Ann. 12 4j et d'.. 

QtJADRiFRONS, or QuADRiCEFS, a surname 
of Januj, because he was repreifnted with four 
heads. He had a temple ou the Tarpeian rock, 
raised by L. Catulu?. 

Qr^STORES, two officers at Pvome, first cre- 
ated A.U C. 269- They received their name a 
cucFrendo, because they collected ihe revenues 
of the state, and had the total management or 
the public treasury. The quaestorship was the 
fir.^t office which could be had in the state. It 
was requisite that the candidates should be 
twenty-lour or twtnty-five years of age, or ac- 
cording to some, tw enty-seven. In the j ear 3S2, 
U. C. t-vo more were added to the others, to at- 
tend the consuls, to take care of the pay of the 
armies abroad, and to sell the plimder ai d 
booty which had been acquiiad by conquest. 
These were cal'.ed pe egrii.i, whilst the others, 
whose employment was in tlie city, received the 
name of nrb-uii. "SVhea the Eomaiis were mas- 
ts rs of sU Italy, four more were created. A. CC. 
4 S>, to att< i d ihe proconsuls and prcpraitors in 
their provinces, and to collect ail the taxes and 
customs which each particular district owed to 
the republic. They were called provinci ^les. 
Syl'a the dictator, created twenty qusstcrs, and 
Julius Caesar, forty, to fiil up the vacant seat; in 
tlie senate; from whence it is evident that 
the qucBstors ranked as senators in the senate. 
The quaestors were alwajs appointed by the 
. tnate at Rome, and if any person was ap- 
1 ointed to the quae>torship without their per- 
i!j ssion, he wa^ oniy called proqucestor. The 
qr.aisiores uroaid were apparently of more con- 



sequence than the rest, the treasury was entrust-j 
ed lo tiicir care, they kept an account of all re- 
ceipts and disbursements, and the Roman eagles 
or ensigns were always in their po5se=sion when 
the armies WL-re not on an expedition. They 
required every general before he triumphed to 
tell them, upon his oath, that he had given a juit, 
account of the number of the slain onbothsiucs, 
and that he had been saluted imperator by ihe 
soldiers, a title which every commander gene- 
rally received from his army after he had ob- 
taiiiird a victory, and which was afterwards con- 
firmed and approved by the senate. The city 
quaestors had also the care of :he ambassadors ; 
th.^y lodged and received them. They took care 
also of the funerals of those w ho were buried at 
the public expense. Augustus took from them; 
the charge of the treasury, and gave it to the 
praetors, or to those who had been praetors, but' 
Claudius restored it to the qucertors. After- 
wards prsfects of the treasury seem to have been 
appointed. Augustus, as a compensation f; r 
depriving them of the care of the treasury,' 
allowed the quagstors the charge of the public' 
records, v.'hich the tediles h? d formerly exercised. 
He introduced also a kind of qusestors, calledj 
q-i(Psiores eaud.djti^ who used to carry the mes-' 
saxes of the emperor to the senate, and who 
were called cmdidati, because they sued f r 
higher preferment, which by the interest of the 
emperor they w ere sure to obtain. Constantine 
instituted a new kind of quaestors, called quo-s- 
tores pihitii, who were much the same with what 
Me call chancellors. The tent of the qiiazstor in 
the camp was called quastonum. It stood near 
that of the general. 

QUERCENS, a Rutulian who fought against 
the Trojans. Vircr. J£.ri. 9, fciS4. 

QCERQUETULAXUS, a name given to mount 
CcElius at Rom.e, from the oaks which grew 
there. Tacit. Ann. 4, 65. 

QUI£TIS FANCM, a temple without the walls 
of the city of Rome, near the Collir.e gate, 
Quiss was the goddess of rest, whom the Romans? 
refused to receive within their city, prubabi>-; 
because the glory o-f their empire rested on 
activity. Seme suppose that Quies means 
Death, or Proserpine. Liv. 4, 4. — Augtut. de 
Civ. D. 4, 16. 

QUIXCTIA PRATA. [Fid. Quintia.] 

QciNCTlUS, T. a Roman consul whopainedj 
some victories over the iEqui and the Volsci, 
and obtained a triumph for subduing Praeneste. 

A Roman celebrated for his frugality. [Vid. 

Cincinnatus.] 

Qui.NDEClMViRI, an order of priests whom 
Tarquin the Proud appointed to take care of the 
Sib} liine books. They w ere originally two, but 
afterguards the number was increased to ten, tO| 
whom Syila added five more, whence their ranir,; 
Vid- Decemviri and Duumviri. ( 

Qui N'QC ATRIA, a festival in honour of Min-i 
erva at Rome, which continued during five days. 
The beginning of the celebration was the ISlhof 
March. The first day sacrifices and oblationsj 
were presented, hut however, without the eCfu-i 
sion of blood. On the second, third, and fourth i 
days, shows of gladiators were exhibited, and on' 
the fifth day there was a solemn procession 
through the streets of the city. On the days oft 
the celebration, scholars obtained holidays, aiid! 
it W.1S usual for them to offer prajers to Minert'til 



I 



QUI 



QUI 



for leamiag and wjsdor.i, uhich the goddess 
patronized ; and on their return to school they 
presented their mas'er wiih a gilt «hieh has re- 
ceived the name of Minervii. They were much 
the same as the Panatl.e.-.aea of the Greeks. 
E^iays ".ere also acti=d. anl disputations held on 
literature. They received their name from the 
f. e days v> hich were devoted to the celebration. 

QuiNQUENNALESLUDi, games celebrated by 
the Chians in honour of Homer every fifth year. 
There vi ere also some games among the Romans 
wh.ch bore this name. They are the same as 
the Actian game.s. Vid. Actia. 

QuiNTTA Prata. a place on the borders of 
the Tiber near Rome, which had been cultivatf d 
by the great Cincinnatus. Liv. 3, 26. 

QuiNTlLlANi:s. Marcus Fabius, a celebra'ed 
teacher of eloquence, -.vas born about A. D. 42, 
in the reign of the emperor Claudius. He is 
supposed to have descended from a family origin- 
ally Spanish, but that hi> father, or grandfather, 
had settled in Rome. The place of" his birth is 
not known, but it seems certain that he v as 
educated at the capital, where he studied rhetoric 
under Domitius Afer. a celebrated orator. He 
opened a school at Rome, and was the first who 
obtained a salary, from the state as a public 
teacher. Arter he had remained twenty years in 
this laborious employment, and obtained the 
applause of the most illustrious Romans, not 
merely as a preceptor, but as a pleader at the 
bar, Qiiintilian reti;ed to enjoy the fruits of his 
laboU'S and industry. In his retirement he as- 
siduously devoted his time to the study of litera- 
ture, and wrote a treatise on the " Causes of the 
Corruption of Eloquence." Some time after, he 
wrote his "Institutiones Oratoriae," the most 
perfect and complete system of oratory extant. 
It is, in truth, one of the most valuable remains 
of sntiquity. It was composed for the use of his 
son, whose early death he had occasion to de- 
plore, and is ^n institute for the education of an 
orator, whom he takes up from the cradle, and 
conducts through all the periods of instruction 
to the exercise of his proper art. It accordingly 
contains many excellent precepts with respect to 
education in general, especially the early par-s 
of it, which are applicable in ali times and coun- 
tries, as being founded on the nature of the 
mind. The style cf Quintilian is said by critics 
to exhibit tokens of the deterioratirn of the Latin 
tongue; but, on the other hand, it must be ob- 
served, that every deviation from the usage of 
the Augustan age has been too readily regarded 
as a depravation. Quintilian was appointed 
preceptor to the two young princes whom Dnmi- 
tian destined for his successors on the throne; 
but the celebrity which the rhetorician received 
from the favours and attention of the emperor, 
and from the success which his writings met with 
in the world, were embittered by the loss of his 
wife, and of his two sons, one of whom he d^- 
fcrihes as a prodigy of early excellence. It is 
said that Quintilian was poor in his retirement, 
and that his indigence was relieved by the liber- 
ality of his pupil, Pliny the younger. He is sup- 
posed to have died about A. D. 95. His " Insti- i 
tutiones" were discovered in the 1415ih year of i 
the Christian era, in an old tow er of a monas e y 
«.t-St Gall, by Poggio acchiolini. The treatise 
pn the " Causes and Corrupiion of Eloquence" 
pas not come down to us- The nf!me of Quin- 
tilian is affixed to certain "Dcclair.ations, " of 



. which there are nineteen of moderate length; but 
as the style, method, and manner, are totally 
different from the rules laid down in the " Insti- 
tutiones,'' no good judges attribute them to the 
name of Quintilian. Of the editions of Quintilian 
some of the most valuable are those of Burmann, 
3 vols. 4to. Lugd. Bat. 1/20; of C;ipperonier, fol. 
Paris, 1725; of Gesner, 4to. Gotting. 1766; and 
that of Spalding, 4 vols. 8vo. Lips. 17^8 — 1816, 
increased by the addition of a hsux volume in 
1829, containing supplementary annotation.-;, and 
an Index to the entire work, by Zumpt. Tnere 
is an English translation by Mr Guthrie. 

QCINTILLUS, M. Aurelius Claudius, a brother 
of Claudius, who proclaimed himself emperor, 
and seventeen days after destroyed himself by 
opening his veins in a bath, when he heard thai 
Aurelian was marching against him, about the 
270lh year of the Christian era. 

QuiNTlcs or QuiNXTius, one of the names 

of Cincinnatus. Pers. 1, 7a Coeso, the son 

of Cincinnatus was banished for opposing the 
tribune.s. He was the first who gave bail for his 
; appearance, a.id by forfeiting it, his father was 
I almost reduced to ruin, and obliged to sell his 
I property and live in ob.cure ret.rement. Liv. 3, 
■ 11, &e. 

i QuixVTUS CURTIUS RUFUS, a Roman histor- 
I ian, who i^ koowM no-v only for his history of 
^ the reign of Alexander the Great, is supp-sed lo 
1 have flourished in the reign of Vespasian or 
Trajan; but ma.ny doubts have been entertain.^d 
I on tne subject. No notice is taken of his wo^k 
'■ till the twelfth century, though it is thought that 
Suetonius refers to the author as one among the 
eminent rhetoricians of those times. This his- 
t'lry was divided into ten books, of which ihs 
: first two, the end of the fifth, and the commence- 
ment of the sixth are lost: it has ever been es- 
teemed for the elegance, purity, and floridness 
ot its style. It is, however, vastly defective as 
a history, abounding with anarbroiu^ms, and 
various geographical mistakes. The best editio ns 
of this work are, th.dt of Snakenburo-, Lugd. Bat. 
1724, 4to., and that of Schmf ider, Gotting. 1«03, 
Svo. There is an English translation by Digby 
in 2 vol.«. l2mo. 

QuirinalJa, festivals in honour of Romulus, 
surnamed Qurinus, celebrated on the 13th of the 
calends of March, 

QriRiNALiS a hill at Rome, originally called 
Agonius, and afterwards CoUiuus. The name of 
Quirinalis is obtained from the inhabitants of 
Cures, who settled thereunder their king Tatius. 
It was also c.lled Cabclinus, from two marble 
statues of a horse, one of which v. as the work of 
Phidias, and the oth^T of Praxiteles. Liv. 1, -44. 

— Olid. Fast. 375. Met. 14, 815. One of the 

gates of Rome near mount Quirinalis. 

QuirTNUS, a surname of Mars among t;;e 
Roma' s. Tnis name was also given to Romulo.-< 
when he had been m.ade a god by his supersti- 
tious subjects. Ovid. Fcst. 2, 475. — Also a 

surname of the god Janus. Sulpitius. a 

Roman consul, boin at Lanuvium. Though de- 
scended of an obscure family, he was raised to the 
greatest honours by Augustus. He was appointed 
governor of Syria, and was afterwards made pre- 
ceptor to Caiu';, the grr.nd>on of the erapernr. 
He married ^^^milia Lepida, the grand-daughter 
of Sylla and Pompey, but sonie time after l.e 
shamefully repudiated her. He ditd A. D. 22, 
Tacit- Ann. 3, &c. 

3 11 2 



QUI 



640 



REG 



QtJiRlTES, a name given to the Roman citi 
Z(>ns, because they admitted into iheir city the 
Sabines, who inhabited (he town of Cures, and 
who on that account were called Q ^iriies After 
tliis union, the two nations were indiscriminately 
and prnmiscuously called by that name. It i.«, 
hoHever, to be observed that the word was con- 
tined to Rome, and not used in the armies, a? 
we find some of the generals applying it only to 
such of their S')ldiers as they d smissed or dis- 
graced. Even some of the emperors appeased a 
sedition, by calling their rebellious soldiers bv 
the degrading appellation of Quirites. Sti"toh 
Crps. 170. Lainprid. 53. - Lucan. 5, 55>, — 

Horat. od. 4, 14. 1. — Fano de L. L. 4 Liv. 

1. 13. - O id. F..st. 2, 479. 



RABIRIUS, C Posthumus, a RomaT kni?ht, 
viho lent an immense sum of money to Pt olemy 
Auletes, king of Egypt. The monarch afier- 
wards. not only refused to repay him, but evf-n 
ccmfined him, and endangered his life. Rabirius 
escaped from Etrypt wish difficulty, but at his 
return to Rome, he was accused by the senate 
of having lent money to an African prince, for 
unlawful purp. ses. He was ably defended by 
C cero, and acquitted with difficulty. Cic. pro 

Ko.b. Caius. a senator, accused by Labienus, 

at the solicitation of C«sar, of killing the tribune 
Saturninus 30 years before. He appealed from 
the sentence of death pronounced agamst him by 
Caesar, and was acquitted by the popular assem- 
bly. Hortensius and Cicero were his defenders. 

D o. 37. 26. &c. A Roman epic poet, of whom 

little is known. He flourished during the Au- 
gustan age. Velleius Paterculus names him 
immediately after Homer, but Quintilian speaks 
of him in a much more moderate tone. The 
grammarians have preserved for us some verses 
of one of his poems. Its subject was the battle 
of Actium. Veil. Pat. 2, c&.— Quuitil. 10. 1. 

RaCILIUS, L, a tribune who complained in 
the senate of the faction of Clodius. Cic. in, Ver. 
2, 12. ad Q.fr. ?, 1 

Ra'^'nes, or Rhamnens 5, one of the thre? 
centuries insti utfd by Romulus. Aftsr thi.- 
Roman people had been divided into three tribes, 
the monarch elected out of each 100 young men 
f f the best and no?.lest families, with which he 
formpd three compHnies of horse. One of them 
was calle<i Rmmes. either from the tribiJ o' 
which it was chosen, or from Romulus. An- 
other was called TaJian, and the third Luceres 
either from Lucumo, an Etrurian, or fromlucus 
the grove which Romulus madp an asylum. 
The Rliamnenses consisted of Romans, and 
inhabited the Palatine hill; the Tatienses of 
Sabines, and dwelt on the Capitoline hill; the 
Luceres were composed of all the foreigners who 
came successively to Rome, after the union with 
the Sabines. This arrangement, however, was 
suhsequently al'ered. [Fid. Equites ] Farr 
de L. L. 4, 9.— Liv. 1, 13. - Eorat. de Art. Pod. 
o04. Phil, in Rom. 

RampsinTTCS, an Egypti;m monarch, of 
whom lIerodotu3 relates the following Icsjend. 



*' ^^^^J this, they said, Rampsinitus descended 
alive into those places which the Grecians call 
Hades; when playing at dice with Ceres, be 
sometimes won, and at other times lost; that at 
his return he brought with him as a present a 
napkin of gold." Herod. 2, 122, 

Raphia, now Ret h, a town of Palestine, 
near the sea-coast at the south of Gaza. It was 
near _it that Antiochus, king of Svria, was de- 
feated by the forces of Ptolemy the' 4th king of 
Egypt, under the conduct of Nicolaus the iEto- 
lian fe-eneral. Polyb. 5, 82. 

Rascip^lis, a Macedonian sent to the assis- 
tance of Pompey. Cfesar. Bell. Civ. 3, 4. 

Ravenna, a city of Cisalpme Gaul, situate oa 
the coast, a short distance below the Spinetic 
mouth of the Padus, or Po. It was originally 
f'-unJed by some Thessalians; but they subse- 
que.itly abandoned it to the Umbri, being 
un b e to resist the aggressions of the Tusci. It 
received afterwards a Roman colony. "When 
Rome was possessed by the barbarians 'it became 
the residence of the emperors of the west, and 
afterwards of the exarchs appointed by the em- 
perors of the east, when the northern part of, 
Italy was in the possession of the Lombards. It 
was badly supplied with water, but though situ- 
ated in the midst of marshes, it was a healthy 
place, owing to the regularity of its tides. Its 
port, at the mouth of the river Bedesis, or Ronco, 
became the arsenal and great naval station of the 
Ro.mans on the Adriatic; but Augustus caused a 
new port to be constructed near the mouth of 
the neighbouring river Candianus, or Candiatio, 
which was then called Portus Classis, and may 
be still traced in Fal di Chsse. Slrab. 5.~Plin. 
J, 15. 14, 2 — Sil. hal. S 603. - Mot Hal. 3, 56. 13, 
IS. — CLoudi-m de VI. Cons. Hon. 494. - Suet, in 
Aug. 49. - Tacit. Ann. 4, 5. Hist. 2, 100. 

Rauraci, a people of Belgic Gaul, on the; 
Upper Rhine, north-east of the Sequani. Their 
chief towns w re Ba.-ilia, now BiUel, and Au-; 
Kusta, now B sel Augst. Cccs. B. G. 1. 29- —i 
P in. 4, 17. 

Reate. now Rieti. a tr>wn in the country of! 
the Sabines. on the river Veliims, a branch of 
the Nar. It is said to have been built before 
the Trojan war. and to have deriv.'d its name 
from Rhea or Cvbele. It was celebrated for its, 
breeds of mules and asses, and was situated in, 
a valley so plea.>ant, as to merit the appellatioal 
of Tempe Its luxuriant meadows obtained the; 
name of Rosei Campi, and are still called Le 
Ro'e. Si. ltd. S, 417 — Strab. 5. - Varro. R. R. 
\. 7. 2, l.—Plin. 8, 43. 17, 4. -Cic. Eu. ad .Ut ' 
4. 15. 

REDICULUS, a deity whose name is deriv-1^ 
from the word redire (to return). The Romans 
rai-ed a temple to this imaginary deity on the' 
spot where Annibal had retired when' he ap-' 
proached Rome, as if to besiege it. 

Red jnes, a Gallic nation in the interior ofj 
Lui;dunensis Tertia, north of the Namnetes andi 
the mouth of the Liger, or Loire. Their capital, 
was Condate, now Rennes. Cces. B. G. 7, 75. —I 
Pli7i. i, \8. I 

RKGlFUGlUM,af.-stival at Rome, to celebrate! 
the flight of the Tarquins. On that oreasion. 
after sacrifices were otfered to the goddess of| 
liberty, the chirf or king of the priests was 
obliged to fly from the temple, and to take re- 
fiigi- in the country for a few days. Ovid. Fait, 
i, Co5. 5, 728. ' 



REG 



C41 



Tin A 



Rrgil,L/K, or IlKGlLLUW, 'A Sabine town, 
near Eretum, which latter place was north of j 
Nomentum and north-west of Tibur. Regillum l 
is only known as the birth-place of Atta Clausus, I 
who, under the name of Appius Claudius, be- j 
came the founder of the Claudian family at j 
Rome. Liv. 2, \Q.—Dion. It. 5, i{).—Suet. Tib.l. ; 

RegilliAnus, Q, Nonics, a Dacian who I 
entered the Reman armies, and was raised to the \ 
"reatest honours under Valerian. He was elected \ 
■jiiip 'ror by the populace, who were dissatisHt-d , 
v^ith Gallieniis, and was soon after murdered by I 
bis soldiers, A. D. 25-2. j 

Regillus, a small lake of Latium, north- ! 
west of Pneneste. and south-east of Gabii. It ; 
was the scene of a great battle between tha S 
Romans and Latins, after the expulsion of Tar- [ 
quin, in which the latter were totally defeated. | 
The lake Regillus is thought to be il Lighelto 
dell-L C'o'onn i, near the .small town of that name. 
Cic. de Nat. D. 2 efd. - Plin. 33, 6.— Fed. Mjx. \ 
J, 8.— JP/or. 4, 2. I 

REGIUM LepiDUM. or Forum Lepidi. a town j 
of Cisalpine Gaul, between Parma and Mutina. ' 
It is noticed m history as having witnessed tha \ 
death of the elder Brutus by order of Pompey, I 
to whom he had surrendered himself. Cic. Ep. j 
ad Fam. 12, b - Liv. Epit. 90.— TaZ. Max. 6, 8. I 

ReGuLUS, M. AttiliUS, a consul during the i 
first Punic war. He reduced Brundusium, and 
in his second consulship he took 64. and sunk SO 
galleys of the Carthaginian fleet, on the coasts of 
Sicily. Afterwards he landed in Africa, and so 
rapid was his success, that in a short time he 
defeated three generals, and made himself mas- 
ter of about 200 places of consequence on the 
coast. The Carthaginians sued ior peace, but 
the conqueror refused to grant it, and soon after ; 
he was defeated in a battle by Xanthippus, and i 
30,000 of his men were left on the field of battle, ; 
and 15,000 taken prisoners. Regulus was in ! 
the number of the captives, and he was carried j 
in triumph to iCarlhage. He was afterwards i 
sent by the enemy to Rome, to propose an ec- | 
commodation, and an exchange of prisoners ; \ 
and if his commission was unsuccessful, he was 
bound by the most solemn oaths to return to 
Carthage without delay. When he came to 
Rome, Regulus dissuaded his countrymen from 
accepting the terms which the enemy proposed, 
and when his opinion had had due influence on 
the senate, he then retired to Carthage agreeably 
to his engagements. The Carthaginians were 
told that their offers of peace had been rejected 
at Rome, by the means of Regulus, and there- 
fore they prepared to punish him with the great- 
est severity. His eyebrows were cut, and he 
was exposed for some days to the excessive heat ; 
of the meridian sun, and afterwards confined in ! 
a barrel, whose sides were every where tilled ! 
with large iron spikes, till he died in the greatest | 
agonies. His sufferings were heard of at Rome, i 
and the senate permitted his v, idow to inflict ! 
whatever punishments she pleased on some of ; 
the most illustrious captives of Carthage, who i 
were in their hands. She confined them also in : 
presses filifd with sharp iron points, and was so 
exquisite in her cruelty, that the senate at last ; 
interfered, and stopped the barbarity of her : 
punishmpn:s. Regulus died about 251 years 
before Christ. Sd. 6, Zl'd. - Flor. 2, ^.—Hor-d. 

Od. 3 5. Cic de Off. I, 13 Vid. M x. I. I. 9, 

2t—Liv. ep- 16.- Memmiuj, a Roman made 



governor of Greece by Caligula. While R. -ijlus 
was in his province, the emperor wished to 
bring the celebrated statue of Jupvter Olympius. 
by Phidias, to Rome; but this was supernaturaily 
prevented, and, according to ancient authors, 
the ship which was to convey it was (iestr. yf-d 
by lightning, and the workmen who atiempted 
to remove the statue, were terrified away by 

sudden noises. Dio. Cass. A man who coji- 

demned Stjanus. Roscius, a man who held 

the consulship but for one day, in the reii^n of 
Vitellius. 

Remi, a people of Gallia Belgica, south- west 
of the Treveri, and south-east of the Veioman- 
dui. Their chief cities were Durocortorum, 
noA- Rheims, and Bibrax. now Bievre. Ccet. B. 
G. 2, 5 — Tacit. Hist. 4, C7.— Piin. 4, 17. 

REMMiA lex de judiciis, was enacted to 
punish all calumniators. The letter K was 
marked on their forehead. This law was 
abolished by Constantine the Great. Cic. pro 
Ros. 

REMl LUS, a chipf of Tibur, whose arms were 
spized by the Rutulians, ard afterwards became 
part of the plunder which Euryalus obtained. 
Firg. j^n. 9, 360. A friend of Turnus, tram- 
pled to dea'h by liis horse, which Orsilochus 

had wounded. Id. U, 636, &c. Sylvius, a 

king of Alba, destroyed by lightning on account 
of his impiety. Ovid. Tr'ist. 4, 50. 

REMURiA, festivals established at Rome by 
Romulus, to appease the manes of his brother 
Remus. They were afterwards called Lemurii, 
and celebrated yearly. 

Remus, the brother of Romulus, was exposed 
together with him, by the cruelty of his grand- 
father. In the contest which happened between 
the two brothers about building a city, Romulus 
obtained the preference, and Remus for ridi- 
culing the rising walls, was put to death by his 
brother's orders, or by Romulus himself. \_Vid. 
Romulus.] The Romans were afflicted with a 
plague aftej- this murder, upon which the oracle 
was consulted, and the manes of Remus appeased 
by the institution of Remuria. Ovid. Fast. 4, 

837. 5, 469. One of the auxiliaries of Turnus 

against iEneas. Firg. .Mn. 9, 330. 

RESiENA, now R s al Ain, a town of Mesop'o- 
tamia, not many miles from the source of the 
river Chaboras. It was famous for the defeat 
which the Persians there suffered from the em- 
peror Gordian. It was made a Roman colony 
by Septimius Severus, after which its name was 
changed to Theodosiopolis, 

Rha, a large river, now the Volga, which 
rises from two sources; the more eastern of these, 
or the Rha Orientalis, now the Kama, has its 
source in the Hyperborei Monies, whilst the 
Rha Occidentals, or true Vo gi , rises consider- 
ably to the westward of it, in the heart of Russia: 
after their junction, the united stream flows with 
a southerly direction into the Caspian sea, 
which it enters by many mouths al Astrjkhan. 
Its greatest length is 2i00 miles, or about 500 
more than the Danube. It was famed for the 
root Rha birbarum, now called Rhubi^rb, which 
grew upon its banks, and was held in great 
e.steem among the medicines of the ancients. 

RhaCIUS, a Cretan prince, the first of that 
nation who entered Ionia with a colony. He 
seized Claros, of which he became the sovereign. 
He married Manto, the daughter of Tire-ias, 
who had been seized <m his coasts. Pans 7, 3. 
3 H3 



R'!A 



RHE 



HIIACStis, the mme of a maritime place in 
E^ypt, on the site of which Alexandria was sub- 
sequ^ntly erected. Strnb. 17 

Rhadam - nthcs. a son of Jupiter and En- 
ropa. He was bom in Crete, which he abandoned 
ab )Ut the thirtieth year of his age. Repassed 
ii.ti sonie o' the Cyelades, where he reigned 
Hi;h s"> much justice and impartiality, that the 
ancients have said he became one of the judges 
of hell, and that he was employed in the infernal 
regions in obliging the dead to confess their 
crimes, and in punishing them for their offences. 
Rhadamamhus reizned not only over some of 
the Cyelades. but over many of the Greek cities 
of Asia. PaiLS. 8, 53.— 6vi\ Met. 9, 435. - 
Ho-ner. II. 4. orA.—Virg. /En. 6, 565. 

RHADAMISTCS, a son of P lamasmanes. king 
of Iberia. He married Zenobia. the daughter 
of his uncle Mithridates, king of Armenia, and 
soma time after put him to death. He was put 
to death by his father for his cruelties, aboat 
the yer.r fifcy-two of the Christian era. Tacit. 
Ann 13, 37. 

Rk^ti or R^TI an ancient and warlike 
nati. n of Etruria. Fid. Rhastia, 

Rh^tIa, a c UTtry of Europe. Rhaetia in 
its extended sense, comprehended the country 
between Italy and the Danube, from the confines 
of the Helvetii to Noricum ; but these limits 
included the territory of the Vindelici. Rhae'ia 
Prop-ia was boun led' on the north by Vindelicia, 
on ;he east by Noricum, on the south by the 
Italian provinces Venetia and Gallia Cisalpina, 
and on the west by the G^.llic province Maxima 
Sequanorum. It contained nearly the whole of 
Tyrol, the Valteliina, Vorarlberg, Lichtenstein, 
and the east part i f Switzerlnid (or the cantons 
of G isons, Tessin, Giarus, S. Gallen, Thurgau, 
and Appenzeli). The Rhaeti were said to be 
Tuscans, who fled from the Gauls when that 
nation invaded Italy, and to have been so called 
from their leader Rhastus. They were composed 
of many small tribes, who in time became pow- 
erful to make frequent incursions into the 
Roman territory, till their submission was 
eflFected, during the reign of Augustus, by the 
Roman armies under the command of Drusus 
and Tiberius Nero. Virg. G. 2. 96 — P in. 3, 
20. 14. 'Z, Scc. — Horit. Od. 4, 4 et 14. 

Rhamnes. a king and augur, who assisted 
Turnus against ^npas. He was killed in the 
nieht by Nisus. Fhg. ^n. 9, 325. 

Rhamxus, a town of Attica, situate on the 
coast sixty stadia north-ea;t of Marathon. It 
was so called from the plant rhamnus {ihorn- 
lush) which grew there in abundance. It was 
much celebrated f r the worship of Nemesis, 
hr-nce styled Rhamnusi i rirgo, in whose temple 
was a colossal statue of Parian marble. Its 
modern name is Evreo Cisho. Paus. 1, 32 et 
33. - Ovid. Met. 3, 406. -Stat. Si'.r. 3. 5, 4. 
RHAMPSINlTUS. Vid. Rampsinitus. 
RHAMSE3, or RamTSES, a powerful king of 
E^ypt, who with an army of 700, COJ men, con- 
quered Ethiopia, Libya, Persia, and other 
eastern nations. In his reign, according to 
Pliny, Troy was taken. Some authors consider 
him to be the same as Sesostris. Tacit. Aim. 2, 
60. — Piin. 36 3. 

Rharius Campus, a part of the Thriasian 
plain in Attica, near Eleusis. It was in this 
l>lain that Ceres was sa d to have first sown corn. 
Paui. I, 35. 



1 RtljisCUP 'iliis, a kini; ul Tatace, •viio invaded 
{ the possessions of Cotys, and was put to death 
' by order of Tiberius, &c. Tacit. Ann. 2, 64. 
j Rhea, a daughter of Coeius and Terra, who 
married Saturn, b) whom she had Vesta. Ceres, 
, Juno, Pluto, Neptune, &c. Her husband, how- 
■ ever, devoured all his children a^ soon as born, 
I as he had succeeded to the throne with the 
' solemn promise that he would raise m male 
offspring, or, according to others because he 
had been informed by an oracle, that one of his 
: sons would dethrone him. To stop the cruelty 
I of her husband Rhea consulted her parents, 
] and was advised to impose upon him, or perhaps 
j to fly into Crete. Accordingly, when she brought 
I forth, the child was immediately concealed and 
Saturn devoured up a stone which his wife had 
given him as her own chiid. The fears of 
Saturn were soon proved to be well-founded. 
A year afte-, the child whose name was Jupiter, 
became so strong and powerfal, that he drove 
his father from his throne, Rhea has been con- 
founded by the mythologists with some of <he 
other goddesses, and many have supposed that 
I she was the same divinity that received adoration 
unde.' the various names of Bona Dea, Cybele, 
D n .v.Tiena, Magna Mater. Ceres, Vesta. Tita?a 
and Terra, Tellus, and Ops. {^Fid. Cybele. 
Ceres, Ve-ti, S:c.] Rhea, after the expulsion of 
\e huband from his throne, rollowed him to 
j lialy, where he establish^'d a kinadom. Her 
i benevolence in this part of Europe was so ffreat, 
] that the golden age of Saturn is often called the 
ase of Rhea. Orph. in Hymn. Homer, ib. — 
.Er-chyl. Prom.—Euripid. Bacch. et E'ect. - O id. 

Fast. 4, 197. -Apollod 1, 1, &c. Sylvia, the 

mother of Romulus and Remus. She is also 

called Ilia. [Fii. Hi.'..] A nymph of Italy, 

who is said to have born a son called Aventinus 
to Hercules. Firg. ^'i. 7 659. 

Rhfbas, or Rhsbc'3, a little river of Bithy- 
nia, iio Mi:g from mount Olympus into the 
Euxine sea. It is now the JRiJca. ApoU. Argon. 
2, 65-i. Dionys. Pcrieg. 794. 
Rhhdoxes- rid. Redones. 
RhbgIUM. a city of Magna GrjEcia, at the 
extremity of Italy, in the territory of the Brutii, 
and in a south-eastern direction from Messanaun 
the opposite coast of Sicily. It is supposed to have 
taken its name from the violent bursting .isunder 
of I aly and Sicily from (^prjrroia franco.) It 
was built by a colony from Chalcis, and increased 
by the Zanclians and Messeni ms. It gave birth 
to many eminent men, amongst whom may be 
mentioned the poet Ibvcus. Its modern name is 
Reogio. Slrab. 5. - Justin. 4, 2 et 3. - Pin. o5, 
S. Pam. 6, 4. 

RhenE, or RHEXEA a small island near 
Delos; so near in tact, that Pnlyc rates uf Samos 
is said to have dedicated it to ApoUo.connecting 
it to the latter island by means of a chain. Its 
modern n^rae is Sdili. Thucvd. 3, 104. —Strab. 
lQ.~HenJ. 6, 97. 

Rhen'I. a people on the borders of the Rhin*» , 
Rhe.vus, a celebrated river of Europe, risina; 
in the Lepontine Alps, a little to the east of ' 
mount St Gothard, in the country of the Orisons. 
It passes through Lacus Brigantinus, or the 
L.ike of Constance, and afterwards through 
Lacus Acronius, or the Lake of Zell, and con- 
tinues to run nearly west until it reaches B.asilia, 
or B -.sel. Here it takes a northern direction, 
and becomes the bou:idary between Gillia and 



RHE 



643 



RHO 



Gprniania, and a.'Ttr-Aai ds netween the Inner 
and Bt'lgiuin. At Sclieisk, or Schenken Schans, 
t!ie Rhtnus sends off its leU-haud branch, tl e 
Vahalis, or Whaal, which flows west, and joins 
the Mosa, or Meuse. After parting with that of 
the Vahalis, the Rhenus flows on a few miles 
farther to the north, and then divides into two 
streams, of which the one to the right hand had 
the name of Flevo, or Flevus, or Flevum, now 
tlie Issel, and the other that of Helium, now 
the Leek. The latter joins the Meuse above 
Rotterdam. The Issi 1 was originally uncon 
nected with the Rhine, but was joined to it by 
the canal of Drusiis. Before it reached the sea, 
it traversed a small lake called Flevo, which, by 
the increase of waters it received through the 
Issel from the Rhine, became in time expai ded, 
and forms now the Zuyder Zee. The whole 
course of the Rhine is 900 miles, of which 630 
are navigable from Basel to the sea. The Rhine 
was long a barrier between the Romans and 
Germans ; it was first crossed by Julius Cajsar. 
Crps. B. G. 4, 20.— r. c. Germ. 1, 28 et 29. An>i. 
2, 6 Hist. 2, 26.- Mela, 2, 5. 3, 2.— Pan. 4, 15. 

• A small river of Cisalpine Gaul, rising in 

the northern part of Etruria, and falling into 
the Padus, or Po. It is now the Reno, and is 
celebrated in history for the meeting of the 
second triumvirate, which took place A. U. C. 
709, in an island formed by its stream. Plut. 
Cic. et Ant. - Suel. Au^. 96. 

RHE.SUS, a king of Thrace, son of the Strymon 
and Terpsichore, or, according to others, of Eio- 
neus by Euterpe. After many warlike exploits 
and conquests in Europe, he marched to the 
assistance of Priam, king of Troy, against th^ 
Greeks. He was expected w ith great impatience, 
as an ancient oracle had declared, that Troy 
should never be taken, if the horses of Rhesus 
drank the waters of the Xanthus, and fed upon 
the grass of the Trojan plains. This oracle was 
well known to the Greeks, and therefore two of 
their best generals, Diomedf s and Ulysses, were 
commissioned by the rest to intercept the 
Tnracian prince. The Greeks entered his camp 
in the night, slew him, and carried away his 
horses to their camp. A]joUod. 1, 3. — Virg. Mn. 
1, M'd.—Ovid. Met. 13, 98. 

Rhexenor a son' of Nausithous, king of 
Ph acacia. Homer. Od. 7, 65. 

RhIanus, a Greek poet, a native of Bena in 
Crete, who flourished about 230 B. C. He was 
originally a slave in a school of exercise. Rhia- 
nus wrote a Heracleid, Thessalica, Messeniaca, 
Achaica, and Eliaca. Of all these poems we 
have only about thirty-three lines remaining. 

Rhinocorura, a town on the coast of the 
Mediterranean; assigned atone time to Egypt, 
at another to Syria, and lying on the confines of 
both. It received its name from the Greek 
words plv nasus, and Ko'Koio) mutilo, owing to the 
circumstance of certain criminals having been 
sent hither by one of the kings of Egypt, after 
he had slit their noses to mark them, and thus 
prevent their returning. It is now called El 
Arish. Strab. 16 — Liv. 45 11. 

Rhion, or Rhium, a promontoi-y of Achaia, 
opposite Antirrhium is-iEtolia The strait is 
seven stadia across. The castle of the Morea 
occupies the site of this place at the present day. 

RHlPll.ai;r, large mountains at the north of 
Scjthia where, as some suppose, the Gnrirons 
had fixed their residence. The name ut PJiij- ka-an 



was applied to any cold mountain in a northern 
couiiti}, and indeed these niouniains stein to 
have existed only in the iniJ^gination ol the poets, 
though some make the T;.na s rise there. Plin. 
4. }2.~Luccm. 3, 272. 3, 282. 4, 418.— Virg. G. 
1, 240 4. 518. 

RhodAnus, or Phone, a large and impetuous 
river of Europe, rising among tiie Lepontire 
Alps, two leagues from the sources of the Rhine, 
In a westerly direction, it proceeds to the Lacus 
Lemanus, or Lake o/ Gene, a, which it travi rses 
fiom one extremity to the other. Five leagi es 
below the lake, it disappears between two rock.- ; 
but, soon after emerging, it continues to run 
southward to Augustum, or Aoste, where it sud- 
denly changes its direction, and north-v,e.<^t 
sv\iftly flows to Lyons. Thence it moves due 
south with rapidity, and discharges itself by three 
mouths into the Mediterranean. The largest of 
these mouths was called Maspiiiotieimi, from its 
being the nearest to Massilia;the other two were 
much less, and had the common name of Libyca, 
although each was also known by a distinc?. 
appellation. Hispaniense Ostium denoted the 
western or the one next to Hispania, and Meta- 
pinum, that in the middle. The course of (he 
Hhone is about 400 miles, during which it falls 
540O feet. Meli, 2, 5. 3, Z.— Ovid. Met. 2, 258 — 

Sil. Ital. 3, b^T.rr-Cces. B. G. 1, \.—Plin. 3, 4 

Lvcan. 1, 433. 6, 475. 

RhodOpb, or Rhodofis, a celebrated cour- 
tezan of Greece, who was fellow servant with 
.^sop, at the court of a king of Samos. She was 
carried to Egypt by Xanthus, and her liberty was 
at last bought by Charaxes of Mitylene, the 
brother of Sappho, who was enamoured of her, 
and who married her. She sold her favours at 
Naucratis, where she collected so much money, 
that, to render her name immortal, she conse- 
crated a number of spits in the temple of Apollo 
at Delphi; or, according to others, erected one 
of the pyramids of Egypt, ^.iian says, that as 
Rhodope was one day bathing herself, an eagle 
carried away one of her sandals, and dropped it 
near Psammetichus, king of Egypt, at Memphis. 
The monarch was struck with the beauty of the 
sandal, strict enquiry was made to find the 
owner, and Rhodope, when discovered, married 
Psammetichus. Eerod. 2, 134, &.e.— Ovid.Ee7oid, 
15, 15.— mien. V. H. 13, 33. 

Rhodope, now Despoio. a mountain range of 
Thrace, detaching itself from mount Scomius at 
itsjunction with the Heemus, and winding 
throut;h the western and southern parts of 
Thrace . It was fabled to have received its name 
from Rhodope, the wife of the Thra<;ian kinji 
Hsemus, who was changed into tliis m.ountain 
for presuming to rival Juno. Theocritus classes 
Rhodope with the highest summit.s of the ancient 
world. Ovid. Met. 6, 87, &c. - Virg. Eel. 6, 30. 
G. 3, 3b\.— Theocr. loyL 7, 77- 

RhodopeiU-S, is used in the same signification 
as Thracian, becau.'^e Rhodope was a mountain 
of that country. Ovid. A. A. 3, 321. Eeroid. 2. 
— Virg. G. 4, 461. 

RhoduniA, the top of mount G'^ta. Liv. 36, 16. 
Rhodus, or Rhodes, a celebrated island in the 
Mediterranean sea, lying south-west of the coast 
of Caria, and being about forty-three miles dis- 
tant from the main land. It is about forty miles 
in length, fifteen in breadth, and 120 in circuit. 
It anciently bore sever.il other names, and is 
j said to have derived that of Rhodes, either fioui 



RH(E 



644 



ROM 



the beautiful nymph Rhode, a favourite of 
Apollo, or from the word '■p6cov rosa-, owing to the 
profusion of roses with which it abounded; or, as 
others say, from pd^oj undarum slrepiius, from 
its shores being lashed by violent seas. It is 
presumed, however, to have obtained its appella- 
tion from the Dodanim, otherwise called Rho- 
danim, an opinion which seems to have been 
entertained by the Seventy Interpreters, who 
render the Hebrew word 'Poiioi. Its capital was 
Rhodus or Rhodes, near the northern point of the 
island, famous for its immense brazen statue of 
the Sun, called the Colossus. [Vid. Colossus), 
and reckoned one of the seven wonders of the 
world. Its three other principal cities were 
Lindus, lalysus, and Camirus. The island of 
Rhodes is said to have formerly joined the con- 
tinent, but others assert that it rose from the sea; 
it was especially sacred to the Sun, and the sky 
is said to have never been so overcast but that he 
might be seen. The inhabitants were celebrated 
for their navigation, and the enterprising spirit 
which led them to send out colonies to so many 
parts of the world: they were, during many ages, 
the most powerful nation by sea. They had 
their own form of government till Alexander 
overran Asia, when they lost their independence, 
but regained it under his successors. They 
assisted Pompey, against Caesar, and being de- 
feated by Cassius, became dependent on the 
Romans: for the discontented amongst whom it 
was a common place of retreat. Their maritime 
laws were so universally respected, that every 
country made use of them to decide disputes 
concerning such matters; they were adopted by 
other commercial nations, and at last introduced 
into the Roman code, whence they have been 
extracted to form the basis of the maritime re- 
gulations of modern Europe. Striib. 14. — Horn. 

11. 2.— Mela, 2, 7. —Diod. b.—Plin. 2. 62 et 87. 
5. 31.— F:or. 2, 7. - Pindar. O ymp. 7. ~ Lucayi. 
8. 24 ^. — Cic.. pro Man. Leg. in Brut. 13. -Liv. 
27, 30. 31, 2. 

Rhcebus, a horse of Mezentius, whom his 
master addressed with the determination to con- 
quer or to die, when he saw his son Lausus 
brought lifeless from the battle. This beautiful 
address is copied from Homer, where likewise 
Achilles addresses his horses. Virg. /En. 10, 
S61. 

Rhceccs. one of the Centaurs, who attempted 
to ofiFer violence to Atalanta. He was killed at 
the nuptials of Pirithous by Bacchus. O'Hd. Met. 

12. 301 — Virg. G. 2, 455 One of the giants 

killed by Bacchus, under the form of a lion, in 
the war which these sons of the earth wa^ed 
against Jupiter and the gods. Hor. Od. 2, 19,23. 

Rhceteum, a town of Troas, on the shore of 
the Hellespont, in a north-eastern direction 
nearly from Sigsum. On the sloping side of it 
the body of Ajax was buried, and a tumulus sfiil 
remains on the spot. Mela, 1, 18. —Plin. 5, 30. 
—Liv. 37. 37. 

Rhosl'S. a city of Syri.»-. the southernmost one 
in the district of Pieria, fifteen miles fr mi Seleu- 
cia. and lying on the Sinus Issicus. It was north- 
west of Antiochia. It was famous for the 
manufacture of earthen vessels. Plin. 5, 22. — 
Cic. Ep. ad AH. 6, 1. 

RHOXOLANI,a Sarmatian race to the north of 
the Palus Moeotis. From the testimonies a.l- 
duced by M.ilte Brun and others, there is n" 
reason to doubt thai the appellation of Itw^siu ii 



is derived from that of the Rnoxolani. orRhoxarrt; 
Tacit. Hist. 1,79. 

Rhoxaj^A, or ROXANA, a wife of Alexander, < 
daughter of a Persian satrap. J^id. Rc'xana. 

RhudI^, a city of Italy, in the territory of i 
the Calabri in lapygia, and below Brundisium. 
It was rendered famous by being the birth-place ! 
of Ennius. Its remains are still known by the 

name of Ruge. SU. Ital. 12,396.— Sir ,b. £ 

A town of Apulia, in Italy, between Canusium; 
and Rubi. It is sometimes called for distinction ' 
sake RhudiEe Peucetae. as it lay in the district of 
Peucetia; the other RhudieE being styled Rhu- 
dice Calabrias. Its site probably corresponds! 
with that of Aitdria. Plin. 3. 11. —Meli, 2. 4. I 

RhL'TENI, a people of Gallia Aquitanica, in; 
Narbonensis Prima. The territory was situate I 
on either side of the Tamis, or Tarn. Sego-I 
dunum, ncv Rodez, was their chief city. C<ss. 
B. G. 1, -I. -Plin. 4, 19. 

RhyndacCs, a river of Asia Minor, which! 
separates Mysia from Bithynia. It rises in' 
Azanitis, a district of Phrygia; and after receiv- 
ing the waters of the Macistus, and other streams? 
of Mysia, discharges itself into the Propontis,- 
opposite to the little island of Besbicus. Stra. 12. 

RlGODULUM, a town of Gallia Belgica, in the 
territory of the Treveri, and north-east of Augusta 
Trevirorum. It lay on the river Mosella, and 
answers to the m.odern Riol. Tacit. H. 4, 71. 

RlPH^I. \_Vid. Rhiphasi.] 

RlFHEUS. a Trojan who joined ^neas th.? 
night that Troy was reduced to ashes, and was 
at last killed after making a great carnage of the 
Greeks. He is commended for his love of 
justice and equity. Virg. ^n. 2, 339 et 42f). 

One of the Centaurs killed by Theseus at 

the nuptials of Pirithous. Ond. Met. 12, 352. ; 

ROBlGO, or RUBIGO, a goddess at Rome,' 
particularly worshipped by husbandmen, as she: 
presided over corn. Her festivals, called RobU 
galia, were celebrated on the 25th of April, and 
incense was oflfered to her, ns also the entrails of 
a sheep and of a dog. She was intreated to 
preserve the corn from blishts. Ovid. F'st. 4, 
911 — Virg. G. 1, 151.— Fnrro de L L. 5. de R. 
R. I, 1. 

Ro:>lA, a city of Italy, the capital of the! 
Roman empire; situate on the banks of the river, 
Tiber, at the distance of about 16 miles from the 
sea. The name of its founder, and the manner 
of its foundation, are not precisely known. 
Romulus, however, is universally supposed toi 
have laid the foundations of that celebrated 
city, on the 20lh of April, according to Varro, 
in the year 3P61 of the Julian period, 3251 years 
after the creation of the world. 753 before the 
birth of Christ, and 431 years after the Trojan 
war, and in the 4th year of the sixth Olympiad. 
In its original state, Rome was but a small castle' 
on the summit of mount Palatine ; and the 
founder, to give his followers the appearance of 
a nation or a barbarian horde, was obliged to| 
erect a standard as a common asylum, for everyl 
criminal, debtor, or murderer, who fled fromj 
their native country to avoid the punishment! 
which attended them. From such an assemblagei 
a numerous body was soon collected, and before 
the death of the founder, the Romans had covered^ 
with their habitation,';, the Palatine, Capitoline,, 
Aventine. E>quiline hills, with mount Coeliusi 
and f}':ir'nalis. After many successful wars! 
agaiiut the neighbouring £tate3, the views ofl 



ROM 



e45 



ROM 



Romulus were directed to regulate a nation , 
naturally fierce, warlike, and uncivilized. The I 
people were divided into classes, the interests of 
the whole were linked in a common chain, and 
the labours of the subjects, as well as those of 
his patron, tended to the same end, the aggrand- 
izement of the state. Under the successors of 
Romulus, the power of Rome was encreased, 
and the boundaries of her dominions extended; 
while one was employed in regulating the forms 
of worship, and inculcating in the minds of his 
subjects a reverence for the deity, the other was 
engaged in forcing discipline among the army, 
and raising the consequence of the soldiers in 
the government of the state; and a third made 
the object of his administration consist in adorn- 
ing his capital, in beautifying its edifices, and 
in fortifying it with towers and walls. During 
244 years the Romans were governed by kings, 
but the tyranny, the oppression, and the violence 
of the last of these monarehs, and of his family, 
became so atrocious, that a revolution was 
effected in the state, and the democratical gov- 
ernment was established. The monarchical 
government existed under seven princes, who 
began to reign in the following order: Romulus, 
B. C. 753; and after one year's interregnum, 
Numa,7ia; Tullus Hostilius, 672; Ancus Mar- 
tins, 640; Tarquln Priscus, oi6; Servius Tullius, 
578; and Tarquin the Proud, 634, expelled 25 
years after, B. C. 509; and this regal administra- 
tion has been properly denominated the infancy 
of the Roman empire. After the expulsion of 
the Tarquins from the throne, the Romans 
became more sensible of their consequence : 
with their liberty they acquired a spirit of faction, 
and they became so jealous of their indepen- 
dence, that the first of their consuls who had 
been the most zealous and animated in the 
assertion of their freedom, was banished from 
the city because he bore the name, and was of 
the family of the tyrants; and another, to stop 
their suspicions, was obliged to pull down his 
house, whose stateliness and magnificence above 
the rest, seemed incompatible with the duties 
and the rank of a private citizen. They knew 
more effectually their power when they had 
fought with success against Porsenna, the king 
of Etruria, and some of the neighbouring states, 
who supported the claim of the tyrant, and 
attempted to replace him on his throne by force 
of arms. A government which is entrusted into 
the hands of tvro of the most distinguished of its 
members, for the limited space of one year, 
cannot but give rise to great men, glorious 
exploits, and tremendous seditions. The general 
V, ho is placed at the head of an array during a 
ampaign, must be active and diligent, when 
he knows that his power is terminated with the 
year, and if he has a becoming ambition, he will 
distinguish his consulship by some uncommon 
act of valour, before he descends from the dignify 
of an absolute magistrate to the dependence of 
a fellow citizen. Yet these attempts for the 
attainments of glory, often failed of success; 
pnd though the Romans could once boast that 
every individual in their armies could di=charge 
with fidelity and honour the superior offices of 
magistrate and consul, there are to be found in 
their annals many years marked by overthrows, 
' or disgraced by the ill conduct, the oppression, 
' arA the wantonness of their generals, [fid. 
J Consul.] To the f.-in)e whic; their conqutsts 



and daily successes had gained abroad, the Ro 
mans were not a little indebted for their grAdual 
lise to superiority; and to this may be added 
the policy of the census, which every fifth year 
told them their actual strength, and how many 
citizens were able to bear arms. And indeed it 
was no small satisfaction to a people who were 
continually making war to see, that in spite of 
all the losses which they might sustain in the 
field, the increase of the inhabitants of the city 
was prodigious, and almost incredible, and had 
Romulus lived after the battle of Actium, he 
would have been persuaded with difficulty that 
above four millions of inhabitants were contained 
within those walls, which in the most flourishing 
period of his reign could scarce muster an armv 
of 3000 infantry, and 300 horse. But when 
Rome had flourished under the consular govern- 
ment for about V20 years, and had beheld with 
pleasure the conquests of her citizens over the 
neighbouring states and cities, which, according 
to a Roman historian, she was ashamed to 
recollect in the summit of her power, an irrup- 
tion of the barbarians of Giul rendered her very 
existence precarious, and her name was nearly 
extinguished. The valour of an injured indi- 
vidual, IFid. Camillus,] saved it from destruc- 
tion, yet not before its buildings and temple.s 
were reduced to ashes. This celebrated event, 
which gave the appellation of another founder 
of Rome to Camillus, has been looked upon as 
a glorious era to the Romans. The huts and 
cottages which Romulus had erected, and all his 
successors repaired, were totally consumed, and 
when the city arose again from its ruins, the 
streets were enlarged, convenience as well as 
order was observed, taste and regularity were 
consult»-d, and the poverty, ignorance, and rus- 
ticity of the Romans, seemed to be extinguished 
with their old habitations. But no sooner were 
they freed from the fears of their barbarian 
invaders, than they turned their arms against 
those states which refused to acknowledge their 
superiority, or yield their independence. Their 
wars with Pyrrhusand the Tarenlines, displayed 
their character in a different view ; if they before 
had fought for freedom and independence, they 
now drew their sword for glory; and here we 
may see them conquered in the field, and yet 
refusing to grant that peace, for which their 
conqueror himself had sued. The advantages 
they gained frrmi their battles with Pyrrhus, 
were many. The Roman name became known 
in Greece, Sicily, and Africa, and in losing or 
gaining a victory, the Romans were enabled to 
examine the manoeuvres, observe the discipline, 
and contemplate the order and the encampments, 
of those soldiers whose friends and ancestors had 
accompanied Alexander the Great in the con- 
quests of Asia. Italy became subjected to the 
Romans at the end of the war with the Taren- 
tines, and that period of time has been called 
the second age, or the adolescence of the Roman 
empire. After this, m.emorable era they tried 
their strength not only with distant nations, but 
also upon a new element; and in the long wars 
I which they waged against Carthage, they ac- 
, quired territory, and obtained the sovereignty 
j of the sea, and though Annibal for sixteen years 
! kept them in continual alarms, hovered round 
! their gates, and destroyed their armies almost 
before their walls, yet they were doomed to 
conquer, [f'trf, Punicum belluni,] and foon to 



ROM 



6=46 



ROM 



add the kingdom of Macedonia, IFid. lilaceddn- 
icum bellura ] and the provinces of Asia, [_f'id. 
Mithridatitum bellum.] to their empire. But 
while vve oonsider the Romans as a nation sub- 
duing their neighbours by war, their manners, 
their eounseU, and their pursuits at home are 
not to be forgotten. To be warriors ".vas their 
profession; their assemblies in liie Campus Mar- 
tius were a meeting of armed men, and very 
properly denominated an array. Yet while their 
conquests '.vere so extensive abroad, we fnd 
them torn by factions at home; and so far was 
the resentment of the poorer citizens carri<^di 
that we see the enemy at the gates of the city, 
while ail are unwilling to take up arms and to 
unite in the defence of their common liberty. 
The senators and nobles wore ambitious of 
power, and endeavoured to rttain in their hands 
that influence which had been exercised with so 
much success, and such cruelty, by iheir mon- 
archs. This was the continual occasion of 
tumults ard ssdition. The people were jealous 
of their liberty. The oppression of the nobles 
irritated them, and the stripes to which they 
were too often exposed without mercy, was often 
productive of revolutions. The plebeians, 
though originally the poorest and most contemp- 
tible citizens of an indigent nation, whose food 
in the first agf^s of the empire was oniy bread 
and salt, and whose drink was water, sonn 
gained rights and privileges by their opposition. 
Though really slaves they became powerful in 
rhe state ; one concession from the patricians 
'produced another, and when their independence 
Tvas boldly asserted by their tribunes, they were 
admitted to share in the highest offices of the 
srate. and the laws which forbad the interm:^r- 
riage of plebeian and patrician families, were 
repealed, and the meanest peasant could by 
valour and fortitude be raised to the dignity of 
dictator and consul. It was not till these privil- 
eges were ob«ained by the people from th? sen- 
.-ite, that Rome began to enjoy internal peace and 
tranquillity, her ba'tles were then fought with 
mere vigour, her joldiers were more animated, 
and her s.ivereig-nty was more universally estab- 
lished. But supreme power lodged in the hands 
of a factious and ambitious citizen becomes too 
often dangerou?. The greatest oppression and 
tyranny took place of subordination and obe- 
dience; and from those causes proceeded the 
unparalleled slaughter and effusion of blo^ d 
under a Sylla a' d a Marius. It hss been justly 
observed, that the first Romans conquered their 
enemies by valour, temperance and fortitude ; 
their moderation also and their justice were 
well known among their neighbours, and not 
onlv ;'ri\ate possessions, but even mighty king- 
dorns and empires, were left in their power, to 
be distributed among a family or to be ensured 
in the hand of a successor. They were also 
chosen umpirps to decide quarrels, bat in this 
honourable oflRee they consulted their own in- 
terest; they ar.'fully supported the weaker side, 
th.'.t the more powerful might he reduced, and 
graduallv become their prey. Under J. Caesar 
and Porapev, the n-.ge of civil war was carsied 
to unprecedented excess; it was not merely to 
avenge a private injury, but it was a contest 
for the s >ver»*igntv; and though each of the 
adversaries wore ih^ mask of pretended sincei-iry, 
and professed hims-U to be the suopurter of !he 
republic, no less than the abolition of freed-Mu I 



an i the public liVierty v is ihe lim. Wnat Juiius , 
began, his atlopted son achieved: the ancient ; 
spirit of national independence was extinguished 
at Rome; and a't^r the battle of Actium, the 
Romans seemed unable to govern theroselvt'S 
without the assistance of a chief, who under the 
title of jjiper .i9r. an appellation given to every 
command ?r by his army after some si;£n.'vl victory, 
reigned with ?^ much power and as much 
sovereignty as anoti';er Tarquin. Under thpir 
emperors, the Romans lived a luxurious and 
ind')lent life, they had long forgot to appear in 
the field, andt'ieir wars were leit to be wagedby, 
mercenary troops, who fought without spirit or ^ 
animosity, and who were ever rpady to yield to. 
him who bought their allegiance and fidelity , 
with the greatest sums of money. Their leaders , 
themselves vvere not the most prudent or the 
most aumanf, the power which they had ac- . 
quired by bribery was indeed precarious, and. 
among a people, where not only the highest' 
oiiices of the state, but even the imperial purple ' 
itself are exposed to sale, there cannot be expected i 
much happiness or tranquillity in the palace of; 
the emperor. Trie reigns of the successors of, 
Augustus were dstinguished by variety; one, 
was the most ab mdoned and profligate of men, | 
whom his own vices and extravagance hurried 
out of the world, while his succes.sor, perhaps 
the most clement, just, and popular of princes, 
was sacrificed in the midst of his guards and 
attend.ints by the dagger of some offended 
favourite or disappointed eunuch. Few in- 
deed were tha emperors of Rome whose days, 
were not shorlened by poison, or the sword of, 
an as^a55in I:' one for some time had the im- ' 
prudfoce to trust himself in the midst of a mul- 
titude at last to perish by his own credulity, the ; 
other consulted his safety, but with nobettersuc-, 
cess, in the innumerable chambers of hia palace, ■ 
and chan£ed every dxy, to elude discovery, the,' 
place of his retirement. After they had been, 
governed by a r.ace of princes, rema-f-kable for' 
the variety of their characters, the Roman pos- 
sessions were divided into two distinct empires, 
by the enterprizing Constantine, A.D.323. Con- 
stanrinople became the seat of the eastern em-, 
pire, and Rome remained in the possession of the j 
westpru emperors, and continued to be the caoi- i 
tal of their dominions. In the year S09 of the 
Christian era, Rome with Italy was delivered , 
by Charlem.agne. the then emperor of the west, , 
into the hands of the Pop?, who still continues ' 
to hold the sovereignty, and to maintain his in- , 
dependence under the name of the Ecclesiastical ; 
States. —The original poverty of the Romans has 
of:en been disguised by their poets and historians, | 
who wished it to appear thit a nation who wore ■ 
masters of the world, had had better beginning, j 
than to be a race of shepherds and robbers. Yet 
it was to this simplicity they were indebted for j 
their successes. Their houses were origimlly J 
destitute of every ornament, they were made i 
with unequal boards, and covered with mud, and : 
these served them rather as a shelter against the , 
inclemency of the seasons, than for relaxation . 
and ease. Till the ase of Pyrrhus, they despised '.i 
riches, and many salutary laws were enacted to ^ 
restrain luxury and to punish indolence. Tficy 
observed great temp >r.?nce in their meals; yoiiti» 
men were not permitted t«> drink wine till thej 3 
had att.iined their thirtieth year, and it ""ts P 
to-ally forbidden to women. Their uational T 



ROM 



647 



ROM 



spirit was supportpfl bv p'.liev; the (-"iiiTiphal 
pr'.{;ps-;ion v{ a conqtieror along th;? sufets 
anndst the applause of thousands, was well oal- 
fulated 10 promote emulation, and the number 
ctt fjladiators w ho were regularly introduced not 
only in public frames and spectacles, but also at 
private meetin'Ts, «erved to cherish their fond- 
ness for war, while it steeled their hearts against 
the calls of compassion, and when they could 
gaze with pUasure upon wretches whom they 
forcibly obliged to murder one another, they 
were not inactive in the destruction of those 
whom they considered as inveterate foes or for- 
midable rivals in the field. In their punish- 
ments, civil as well as military, the Rom.ans 
were strict and rigorous ; a deserter was severe- 
ly whipppd and sold as a slave, and the degrj-da- 
ton from the rank of a soldier and dignity of a 
citizen was the most ignominious stigma which 
could be affixed upon a seditious mutineer. The 
transmarine victories of the Romans proved at 
last the ruin of their innocence and bravery. 
They grew fond of the luxury of the Asiatics ; 
and conquered by the vices and indolence of 
tiiose nations whom they had subdued, they be- 
came as effeminate and as dissolute as their 
captives. Marcellus was the first who introduced 
a taste for the fine arts among his countrymen. 
Tiie spoils and treasures that were obtained in 
tiie plunder of Syracuse and Corinth, rendered 
the Romans partial to elegant refinement and 
ornan'.ental equipage. Though Cato had de- 
spised philosophy, [F'j'd. Carneades.]anddeclared 
that war was the only profession of his country- 
men, the Romans, by their intercourse with the 
Greeks, soon became fond of literature; and 
though they had once banished the sophists of 
Athens from their city, yet they beheld with 
rapture their settlement among them in the 
principal towns of Italy, after the conquest of 
Achaia. They soon after beg n to imitate their 
polished captives, and to cultivate poetry with 
success. From the valour of their heroes and 
conquerors, indeed, the sublimest subjects were 
offered to the genius of their poets; but of the 
little that remains to celebrate the early victories 
of Rome, nothing can be compared to the nobler 
effusions of the Augustan age. Vir:?il has done 
so much for the Latin name that the spiendour 
and the triumphs of his country are forgotten 
for a while, when we are transported in the 
admiration of the majesty of his numbers, the 
elegant delicacy of his expressions, and the fire 
of his muse ; and the applauses given to the 
lyric powers of Horace, the softnef5s of Tibullus, 
the vivacity of Ovid; and to the superior compo- 
sitions of other respectable poets, shall be un- 
ceasing so long as the name of Rome excites our 
reverence and our praises, and so long as genius, 
virtue, and abilities are honoured amorgyt man 
kind. Though they originally rejected with 
liorror a law which proposed the building of a 
} ublic theatre, and the exhibition of plays, like 
the Greeks, yet the Romans soon proved favour- 
able to the compofitions of their countrymt^n. 
Livius was the first dramatic viriter of conse- 
quence at Rome, w hose plays began to be exhi 
bited A. U. C. 614. After him Naevius and En- 
nius wrote for the stage; and in a more polished 
period Plautus, Terence, Caecilius, and Afranius, 
claimed the public attention and gained the 
most imbounded applause. Satire did not make 
its appearance at Rome till one hundred years ' 



after I'o? in'roducfion of con-edy, anil so prle- 
..brated was Lucilius in This kind of w-riting. th: i 
he was called the inventor of it. In historical 
writing the progress of the Romans was slow 
and inconsiderable, and for many years they em- 
I'loyed the pen of foreisners to compile their 
annals, till the superior abilities of a Livy were 
made known.— In their worship and sacrilicps 
the Romans were uncommonly superstitious, 
the will of the gods was consulted on every occa- 
I sion, and no general marched to an expedition 
without the previous assnmnce from theaupu s, 
that ihe omens were pri^pitious, and his success 
almost indubitable. Their sanctuaries were 
numerous, they raised altars not only to the 
gods, who, as they supposed, presided over their 
city, but also to the deities of coiiquered nations, 
as well as to the different passions and virtues. 
There were no less than 420 temples at Rome, 
crowded with statues, the priests were numerous, 
and each divinity had a particular college of 
sacerdotal servants. Their wars were declared 
in the most awful and solemn manner, and 
prayers were always offered in the temples for 
the prosperity of Rome, when a defeat bad been 
sustained, or a victory won. The power of 
fathers over their childien was very extensive, 
and indeed unlimited; they could sell them or 
put the~i to death at pleasure, without the forms 
of a trial, or the interference of the civil magis- 
trate. Many of their ancient families vere 
celebrated for the great men whom they had 
produced, but the vigorous and interested part 
they took in the government of the republic 
exposed them often to danger; and some have 
observed that the Romans sunk into indolence 
and luxury when the Cornelii, the Fabii, thft 
jEmylii, the Marcelli, &c., who had so often 
supported their spirit and led them to victory, 
had been extinguished in the bloody wars of 
Marius and of the two triumvirates. When 
Rome was become powerful, she was distinguish- 
ed from other cities by the flattery of her neigh- 
bours and citizens ; a form of worship was 
established to her as a deity, and temples were 
raised in her'honour, not only in the city but in 
the provinces. The goddess Roma was repre- 
sented like Minerva, all armed and sitting on a 
rock, holding a pike in her hand, with hpr head 
covered with a helmet, and a trophy at her feet. 
Liv. 1, &e — Cato de R. R. Vhg. Eel G. ^71. 
—Eomt Sat. 2.. 6, &c. — F/or. ] et 1, &c — Pnferc. 

— Tacit. Ann. et Hist Tibidl. 4.- Lucnn. - 

Pint, in Rom, Num. Sfc. — Cie. de Nat. D. 1, &c. 

- Pii?i. 7, &c — Justin. 43.- Varro de L. L. 5 — 
Fa'. Max. 1, tkc. - Maitial. 12, ep. 8. 

ROMANI, the inhabitants of Rome. Vid. 
Roma. 

ROMULA, a name given to the fig-tree under 
w.hich Romulus and Remus were found. 0ml 
Fast. 2, 412. 

ROMULiD-'E, a patronymic given to the Roman 
people from Romulus, their first king, and the 
founder of their city. Virg. j^n. 8, 638. 

ROMUI^TJS, a son of Mars, and Ilia, grandson 
of Numitor king of Alba, was born at jhe same 
birth with Remus. These two children were 
thrown into the Tiber by order of Amulius, wh(> 
usurped the crown of his brother Numitor; but 
they were preserved, and, according to Floru*. 
the river stopped its course, and a she-wolf 
came and fed th.em with her milk, till fhev 
vTere found by F:vustulus, one of the king's shep- 



R ?.I 



64S 



ROS 



hprds, who edMoafed them a« hi9 nvrn childrj'n. 
Wf-.en they knew their real origin, the twins, 
called Romulus and Rtmus, put Amulius to 
death, and restored the crown to their grand- 
father Numitor. They afrerwards undertook to 
buiid a city, and 'o determine which of the two 
brothers should have the management of it, they 
had recourse to omens and the flight of birds. 
Remus went to mount Aventine, and Romulus 
to mount Palatine. Remus saw first a flight of 
six vultures, and soon after, Romulu«, twelve ; 
and therefore, as his number was greater, he 
began to lay the foundations of the city, hopeful 
that it would become a warlike and powerful 
nation; as the birds from which he had received 
the omen were fond of prey and slaughter. 
Romulus marked with a furrow the place where 
he w ished to erect the walls; but their slenderne-s 
was ridiculed by Remus, who leaped over them 
vpi'.h the greatest contempt. This irritated 
Romulus, and Remus was immediately put to 
death, either by the hand of his brother or one 
of the workmen. When the walls were built, 
the city was without inhabitants; but Romulus, 
by making an asylum of a sacred grove, soon 
collectrd a multitude of fugitives, foreigners, and 
criniina's, whom he received as his lawful sub- 
jects Yet, however numerous ihese might be, 
they were despised by the neighbouring inhabi- 
tant?, and non^■ were willln? to form matrimonial 
connections with them. But Romulus obtaired 
by force what «as denied to his petitions. The 
Romans ce'.ebrafed gam.es in honour of the god 
Consus, and forcibly carried away all the females 
who had assembled there to be spectators of 
these unusual exhibitions. These vif)lent 
measures offended the neighbouring nations ; 
they made war against the ravishers with various 
success, till at last they entered Rome, which 
had been betrayed to them by one of the stolen 
virgins. A violent engagement was begun in 
the middle of the Roman forum; but the Sabines 
were conquered; or, according to Ovid, the two 
enemies laid down their arms when the women 
had rushed between the two armies, and by 
their tears and entreaties raised compassion in 
the bosoms of their parents and husbands. The 
Sabines left their original possessions and came 
to live in Rome, where Tatius, their king, 
shared the sovereign power with Romulus. The 
introduction of the Sabines into the city of Rome 
was attended with the most salutary corse 
quences, and the Romans, by pursuing this plan, 
a!'d admitting the conquered nations among 
their citizens, rendered themselves more power- 
ful and more formidable. Afterwards Romulus 
divided the lands which he had obtained by 
conquest ; one part was reserved for religious 
uses, to maintain the priests, to erect temples, 
and to consecrate altars; the other was appro- 
priated for the expenses of the state ; and the 
third p.irt was equally distributed among his 
subjects, who were divided into three classes or 
tribes. The most aged and experienced, to the 
number of 100, were also chosen, "hom the 
monarch might consult in matters of the highest 
importance, and from their age they were called 
senators, and from their aui^hority patres. The 
whole body of the people was also distinguished 
by the name of patrifi.ins and plebeians patron 
jind client, who by mutual interest were induced 
to preserve the peace of the s^ate, and to promote 
the public good. Some time after Romulus 



disappeared as he was giving instructions to thej 
senators, and the eclipse of the sun, which^ 
happened at that time, was favourable to thcj 
rumour which asserted that the king had been' 
taken up to heaven. 714 B. C. after a reign oi] 
thirty-nine years. This was further confirmed!; 
by J. Proculus, one of the senators, ■» ho solemnly , 
d eclared, that as he returned f ora Alba, he had, 
seen Romulus in a form above human, and that' 
he had directed hira to tell the Romans to pay 
him divine honours under the name of Quinnus, 
and to assure them that their city was doomedj, 
one day to become the capital of the worid.i 
This report was immediately credited, and thoi 
more so as the senators dreaded the resentment} 
of the people, who suspected them of having 
offered him violence. A temple was raised to 
him, and a regular priest, called Flamen Quiri- 
nalis, was appointed to offer him sacrifices.^ 
Romulus was ranked by the Romans amon;.' the| 
twelve great gods, and it is not to be wondered, 
that he received such distinguished honours.p 
« h- n the Romans considered him as the founder? 
of their city and empire, and the son of the gtwlj 
of war. He is generally represented like hisi 
father, so much that it is diffloult to distinguish'; 
them. The fable of the two children of Rhea, 
Sylvia being nourished by a she wolf, ar.iset 
from Lupa, Faustulus's wife, having brousht 
them up. I Vid. Acca] Dionys- H. 1 et 2.— Lit'. 
1,4. &c. — Justin. 43, 1 et 2. Kor. 1. 1,-Plut. 
in Romul—Val. M~'x. 3. 2. 5, 3. - Plin. 15, 18, 
^Q.^Virg. ^n. 8. 312 et ^b.-Cmd. Met. 14^ 
616 et 845. Fast. 4, Sic.-Horat. od. 3, 3.~Juv. 
IS, 272. ' 

Romulus Sylvius, a king of -Alba.— — 
Momylius Augustulus, the last of the emperord 
of the western empire of Rome. His countryj 
was conquered A. D 476, by the Heruli, under 
Odoacer, who assumed the name of king ot 
Italy. ] 

ROMUS, a son of .fflneas, by Lavinia. Some 
supao^e that he was the founder of Rome. 

ROSCTa lex. de theUris, by L. Roscius Otbo 
the tribune, A. U. C. 6?5. It required th.i( 
none should sit in the first fourteen seats of th^ 
theatre, if they were not in possession of 4jQ 
sestertia, which was the fortune required to be a 
Roman knighi. I 

ROSCIANUM, a fortified port on the coast oi 
Brutium. below Sybaris. It is now RosS'ino. | 

RosCiUS, Q. a Roman actor of great famCf 
was a native of Gaul. He was contemporary at 
Rome with the celebrated actor Esopus. Sd 
great were his talents for the stage, and =u(^ 
was the degree of perfection to which he can icq 
his art, that a complete master in any other artj 
was popularly called the Roscius of it. Ro-oi«9 
was not less esteemed for his morals and conducJ 
than admired for his professional talents.' 
Cicero, in defending him from a pecuniary] 
action brought against him by C Fannius, a.f'.vT 
.stating the vast profits he gained and mightj 
gain by his acting, says that he was liberal and 
munificent even before he was rich, and that 
for ten years he had refused the public compert-1 
sation of his labours, and yet continued to serve 
the Roman people. He is said not to have been' 
favour?d by nature in his features, and to haves 
had some obliquitj' of vision, yet his speech and 
.icli m were so pleasing that he had no occasior^ 
to use a mask. The greatest men in the state 
were his intimate friends, and his loss wasj 



ROT 



649 



RUT 



rjmversally lamented. His death took place at 
Rome, B. C. G2. Ke composed a parallel 
between theatrical and oratorical action, which 
is lost. Hoffit. Ep. 2. 1. — Quintil. — Cic. pro 

Rose, de Or,.t 3. de Div. 1, &c. Tusc- 3, &c 

Plut. 171 Cic. Sf xtus, a rich citizen of Ameria, 

' murdered in the dictatorship of Sylla. His son, 
VI the same njime, was accused of the murder, 
and eloquently defended by Cicero, in an oration 
siill extant, A. U. C. 673. Cic. pro S. Roscio 

Amer. Otho, a tribune who made a law to 

discriminate the knights from the common 
people at public spectacles. Vid. Roscia Lex. 
j RotomAgus, a city of Gallia Lugdunensis, 
at a later period the metropolis of Lugdunensis 
Spcunda. It is now Rouen. 

ROXANA, a Persian woman, taken prisoner 
by Alexander. The conqueror became ena- 
moured of her, and married her. She behaved 
with great cruelty after Alexander's death, and 
she was at last put to death by Cassander's 
order. She was daughter of Darius, or, accord- 
ing to others, of Oxartes one of his satraps. 

Curt. 8, 4. 10, 6 — Plut. in Alex A wife of 

Mithridates the Great, who poisoned herself. 

ROXOLANI. Vid. Rhoxjlani. 

RuBEAS Promontorium, a promontory men- 
tioned by Pytheas, and supposed by many to be 
the same with the North Cape, but shown by 
Mannert to correspond rather to the northern 
extremity of Curland. Plin. 4, 13. 

RUBI, now Ruvo, a town of Apulia, between 
Canusium and Butuntum. The inhabitants 
were called Rubustini, and. Rub itini. Plin. 3 11. 
- Horat. Sai. 1, 5, 94. 

Rubicon, a small stream of Italy, falling into 
the Adriatic a little to the; north of Ariminum, 
and forming in part the northern boundary of 
Italia Propria. It was on this last account that 
it was forbidden the Roman generals to pass the 
Rubicon with an armed force, under the most 
dreadful imprecations; for in violating this in- 
junction they would enter on the immediate 
territory of the republic, and would be in effect 
declaring war upon their country. Cffi-ar crossed 
this stream with his army at the commencement 
of the civil war, and harangued his troops at 
Ariminum. When Auijustus subsequently in- 
eluded Gallia Cisalpina within the limits of 
Italy, the Rubicon sank in importance; and in 
modern times it is difficult to ascertain the posi- 
tion of the true stream. D' Anviile makes it 
correspond with a current which, formed of three 
brooks, is called at its mouth Fiumicino. Lucan. 
1 16.0 et 213. Cic. Phil. 6. d.-Strab. 5.— Plin. 
3, 15. 

KUBIENUS Lappa, a trasic poet in the age of 
Juvenal, conspicuous as much for his great genius 
.13 his poverty. Juv. 7, 72. 

RUiilGO, a goddess. Fed. Robiso. 

RUBO, or Rhubon, a river of Sarmatia, flow- 
ing with a north western course of 515 miles, 
into the Baltic sea., a little to the north of the 
Vistula. It is now the Neman. 

Rubra saxa. a place of Etruria, near Veil, 
at the distance of above eight miles from Rome. 
Mar Hal. Ep. 4, 61, 15. - Liv. 3 49. 

RUBRUM Mare, the Red Sea. Vid. Arab- 
Jcus Sinus and Erythraeum Mare. 

RuFFiNUS, a general in Gaul in the reign of 
Vitellius, &c. Tacit. H. 2, 94. 

RUFFUS CRISPJNUS. an officer of the pretorian 
guards under Claudius- He was banished by 



Agrippina for his attachment to Britannicus and 
,.Octavius, the sons of Messalina, and put himseif 
to death. His wife Poppaea Sabina, by whom iie 
had a son called Ruffinas Crispinus, afterwards 
married Nero. Tacit. Hist. 12, 42. 16, 17- 

Rufiana, a town of Gaul, now Rufush., in 
Alsace. 

RUFILIUS, a Roman ridiculed by Horace, 
Sat, 2, 27, for his effeminacy. 

RUFlNUS, a minister of state to the emperors 
Theodosius and Arcadius, and a native of Gaul. 
He was naturally vindictive and cruel, and is 
supposed to have stimulated Theodosius to the 
dreadful massacre of Thessalonica.. After the 
death of this monarch, he succeeded to absolute 
authority over the eastern empire in the reign of 
Arcadius. He soon, however, fell beneath the 
power of Stilicho, general under Honorius in the 
western empire, and was put to death by the 
army. He is said to have aspired to the supreme 

authority An ecclesiastical writer, was born 

about the middle of the fourth century, at Con- 
cordia, in Italy. He became a priest in the 
monastery of Aquileia, where he contracted a 
friendship with St Jerome, whom he followed to 
the east; but while in Egypt, he suffered much 
persecution from the Arians. On his arrival in 
Palestine, he founded a monastery on mount 
Olivet, where he employed himself in translating 
Greek authors into Latin. His version of Origen 
gave such offence to his old acquaintance, Jerome, 
that he wrote bitterly against him, and Rufinus 
was cited to Rome by pope Anastasius, who con- 
demned his translation. Rufinus then retired 
to Sicily, where he died, about 410. He wrote a 
defence of Origen, which, with his other works, 
was printed at Paris, in 15£0, folio. 

RUFRiUM, a town of Samnium, now Ruvo. 
Liv. 8, 25. 

RUFUS, a Latin historian. IVid. Quintus 

Curtius Rufus.] One of the ancestors of Sylla, 

degraded from the rank of a senator because ten 
pounds weight of gold were found in his house. 

A poet of Ephesus in the reign of Trajan. 

He wrote six books on simples, now lost. 

RugIi, a people of Germany, on the coast of 
the Sinus Codanus, between the Viadrus, or 
Oder, and the Vistula, and situate to the west of 
the Gothones. They were in possession of ihe 
isle of Rugia, now Rugen, where the goddess 
Hertha was worshipped with peculiar reverence, 
Tacit, de Germ. 43. 

RUPILiUS, an officer surnamed Rex, for his 
authoritative manners. He was proscribed by 
Augustus, and fled to Brutus. Horat. Sat. 1, L 

Publius, a consul A. U. C 621. He 

severe against the faction of the Gracchi, and 
put an end to the servile war in Sicily, and in- 
troduced wholesome regulations for the govern- 
ment of that island. Ftor. 3, 19 — Liv. 59. 

RUSTiCUS, L. JUN. Arulenus, a man put 
to death by Domitian. He was the friend and 
preceptor of Pliny the younger, who praises his 
abilities; and he is like^^ise commended bv 
Tacitus, H. 16, 26. - Plin. Ep. I, 14.— Suet, in 
Dom. 

RUTKNi a people of Gaul, now Rouvergne, in 
Guienne. Cces. B. G. 1, 7. 

RUTILIUS, Rufus, P. a Roman consul in the 
age of Sylla, celebrated for his virtues and 
writings. He refused to comply with the re- 
quests of his friends because they were unjust. 
When Sylla had banished him from Rome he 



RLT 



650 



SAB 



retired to Smyrna, amidst the arelamations and ' grrand on of Cush: it is sometimes called Sabfi, 



praises of ttie p-oule; and wlien some 
friends wished him to be recalled home by means | 
of a civil war, he severely reprimanded them, 
and said, that he wished rather to see his country 
blush at his exile, than to plunge it into distress 
by his return. He was the first who taught the 
Roman soldiers the principles of fencing, and 
by thus mixing dexterity with valour, rendered 
their attacks more certain, and more irresistible. 
During his banishment he employed his time in 
study, and wrote a history of Rome in Greek, 
an l an account of his own life in Latin, besides 
many other works. O' id. Fast. 6, 563. —Sener.^i, 
de Benef. — Cic. in Brul. de Or d. 1, 53. Val. 

Max. 2, 3. 6, 4. Palerc. 2, 9 Lupus, a 

rhetorician, a treatise of whose, in two books, 
de Figutis Senlentiirum et Elocutionis , still 
remains. The period when he flourished is 
uncertain. The work of Rutilius was edited 

by Ruhnken, L. Bat. 1768, 8vo. Numatianus, 

a Latin poet, who was prefect of Rome about 
A. D. 414. He wrote a description of Gaul, 
under the title of Ilinerarium, which was dis- 
covered in a monastery in 1494, and printed in 
I5S2. It is aUo in the Poeta> Latini Minores. 

RUTUBA, now la. Rolti. a river of Liguria, 
falling from the Apennines into the Medi erra- 
nean. LiLcan. 2, 422. 

RUTULI, a people of Latium. along the coast 
below the mouth of the Tiber. They were a 
small community, who, though perhaps origin- 
ally distinct from the Latini, became subsequent- 
ly a part of that nation. Their chief city was 
Ardea, and Turnus was their prince, according 
to the fable of the jEneirt, when the Trojans 
arrived in Italy. Vid. Ardea, Latium, Turnus. 

RUTUPi^, a harbour on the coast of Britain, 
celebrated for its oysters and as the general 
landing-place from Gaul. It is generally con- 
sidered as corresponding to Richborough,{ho\xg\\. 
D'Anville is in favour of Sandwich. Liiean. 6, 
67 — Juv. 4,141. 



SABA, thecapital of the Sabaei, in Arabia Felix, 
situate on a rising round, in the interior of the 
coaniry, and in a north eastern direction from 
t^e harbour of Pudum, {Dsjesun.) It corresponds 
with the modern Saade. Vid Sabaei. 

SABACHUS, or SABACON, a king of Ethiopia, 
who invaded Egypt and reigned there, after the 
expulsion of king Amasis. After a reign of 50 
years he was terrified by a dream, and retired 
into his own kingdom. Herod. '2. 137, &c. 

SAB^I, a people of Arabia Felix, who were 
thought to be more wealthy than any other 
Dation not only of Arabia but of the wliole known 
world. Their country is called by the orientalists 
the south country, and in the scriptures its 
queen is called the queen of the south; she is 
said to have come from the uttermost parts of 
the earth, to hear the wisdom of Solomon, from 
her dominions lying at the southern extiemity of 
the then kn')vin woild. The chief city of the 
Sabaei was Shcba, so named after Sheba, the 



proiane auth.irs, or utiierwise Mariaba 
word sieiiifying meiropnlis in the language of tht, 
country. It was here that the vast wealth wa;, 
Seen, of which they had become possessed, anc, 
which has led some to suppose that their territory 
was the Ophir of the bible, from which Solomot: 
fetched great quantities of gold: the length oj 
time, however, employed in the voyage seem.'i 
to render it probable that Ophir was much more, 
distant, possibly in the islaJid of Sumatra. Thf^ 
winds which blew from the country round Shebs; 
were laden with the smell of such an exquisite 
variety of spices, that tlieir fragrance was quitq 
overpowering and not to be described, 1 Kings]i 

I, 13.-2 Chron. 9, 1—12 — Matt. 12, 42. Luj, 

II. 31. Sirub. i&.-Firg. G. 1, 57. 2, U7. ^n.^ 
I, 416. J 

Sabate, a town of Etruria, north east oj, 
Caere, and not f.r from the -iLe of the present, 
Biacciano. It was in the immediate vicinisy oij 
a lake, called from it the Lacus Sabatinus.t 
Columell. 8, 16. \ 

SabatIni, a people of Campania, who derived^ 
their name from the small river Sabatus, tha^: 
flviwed through their territory. Liv. 36, 23. jj 

Sabatus, a river rising in Campania, andj 
flowii g into Samnium, where it joined the Calorj 
near Bf^neventum. It is now the S bbato. ^ 

SabaziUS, a surname of Bacchus given him,[ 
according to some, by the Thracians, or, accord-, 
ing to others, by the Phrygians. Scho!. ad Arist.\ 

Vesp. 9. Strab. 10 ^^A surname of Jupiter 

whose worship was introduced at Rome unde^ 
the emperors, though in vain attempted during, 
the times of the republic, by Cornel. Hispallus. 
Val. Max. 1, 3. 

sabbata, or Sahbatha, the capital of the- 
Chatramotitae, in Arabia Felix, which, from, 
having been called Mariaba or the metropolis., has, 
obtained its present name of M ireb. It was thej, 
great mart for the valuable productions of thCj 
surrounding country, which upon pain of death,i 
were only allowed to be brought into the city by 
one particular gate; where, when a tithe ol 
them had been given to the god Sabis, theyi 
were permitted to be sold. 

SABELLI. Vid. vSamnites. 

SABiNA, Julia, a Roman matron, who mar- 
ried Adrian hy means of Plotina the wife ol 
Trajan. She is celebrated for her private aa^' 
well as public virtues Adrian treated her with 
the greatest asperity, though he had received, 
from her the imperial purple: and the empress^ 
was so sensible of his unkindness, that she, 
boasted in his presence that she had disdaii 
to make him a father, lest his children shouldi 
become more odious or more tyrannical than he| 
himself was. The behaviour of Sabina at last, 
so exasperated Adrian that he poisoned her, 
according to some, obliged her to destroy herself .j 
The emperor at that time laboured under a, 
mortal disease, and therefore he was the morel 
encouraged to sacrifice Sabina to his resentment, 
that she might not survive him. Divine honours 
were paid to her memory. She died after she 
had been married 38 years to Adrian, A. D. 

SabiNI, one of the most ancient people of, 
Italy, whose territory was bounded on the west 
t)y the Tiber, on the north by the Nar, on the 
east by Picenum, and on the south by the Anio, 
The Sabini were probably descendants of tht 
Uinbi i; they are said to have derived their namo 



SAB 



651 



SAC 



from the deity Sabus or Sabinus, their leader 
'\ or progenitor. They were remarkable for their 
j braveiy and hardihood, as well as /or their 
i gravity and purity of manners; they were slso 

celebrated for their incantations, and knowUdge 
i_ of herbs. They were said by some to have been 
T: the first people who took up arms against the 

Romans, to avenge the rape of their women; 
I but Livy mentions the war with the Cajninenses, 
I Crustumini, and Antemnates, as preceding that 
I with the Sabines. On that occasion, iheir king 

Tatius left his possessions and joined Romulus 
i in the regal power, whilst his subjects, the 

inhabitants of Cures, were incorporated with the 
j Roman citizens; after this union the two nations 
1 were indiscriminately called Quirites. In the 
I reii;n of Hostilius, the third king of Rome, the 
■j Sabini who had not left their ancient territory 
, went to war with the Romans, and after having 

been through a series of years repeatedly defeat- 
' fd, were at last completely subjected to the 
j Romans by the consul Curius Dentatus, B. C. 

2:)-i. Strab. b.—Dionys. 2, b\.-PLin. 3, 12,— 
f liv. J, 9 et 18.— F^r. 1, 1, 3, 18 — Sil. Hal. 8, 
! hi. - Virg. G. 2, 532. 

j ■ SABINIANUS, a general who revolted in Africa, 
in the reign of Gordian, and was defeated soon 
s after, A. D. 240. 

I SABiNUS, Aulus, a Roman poet, the friend 
I and contemporary of Ovid, and to whom the 
! last six of the heroic epi.stles of that bard are 
! generally ascribed by commentators. These 
are, Paris to Helen, Helen to Paris, Leander to 
Hero, Hero to Leander, Acontius to Cydippe, 
and Cydippe to Acontius. He was the author 
also of several answers to the epistles of Ovid, 
as Ulysses to Penelope, .tineas to Dido, &c., 
j and likew ise of a work on Days, which his death 
prevented him from completing. The last men- 
tioned production is thought by some to have 

given Ovid the idea of his Fasti. Julius, an 

officer among the Lingones in Gaul, who, by 
pretending to be descended from Julius Caesar, 
gained popularity, and proclaimed himself em- 
peror in the beginning of Vespasian's reign. 
He was soon after defeated in a battle; and to 
escape from the conqueror he hid himself in a 
subterraneous cave, with two faithful domestics, 
where he continued unseen for nine successive 
years. His wife Empona found out his retreat, 
and spent her time with him, till her frequent 
visits to the cave discovered the place of his 
concealment. He was dragged before Vespasian, 
and by his orders put to a cruel death, though 
his friends interested themselves in his cause, 
and his wife endeavoured to raise the emperor's 
pity, by showing him the twins whom she had 
brought forth in their subterraneous retreat. 
Tiicit. H. 4. 55 — — Titius, a Roman senator, 
shamefully accused and condemned by Sejanus. 
His body, after execution, was dragged through 
the streets of Rome, and treated with the great- 
est indignities. His dog constantly followed the 
body, and when it was thrown into the Tiber, 
the faithful animal plunged in after it, and was 

drowned. Plin. 8, 40. Poppajus, a Roman 

consul, who presided «bove twenty-four years 
over Moesia, and obtained a triumph for his 
victories over the barbarians. He was a great 
I favourite of Augustus and of Tiberius. Tacit. 

Ann. 1. 8(1. 4, 9(i. 6. 39. Flavins, a brother of 

Vespasian, killed by the populace. He was 
well known for his fidelity to Yitellius. He 



commanded in the Roman armies thirty-five 
years, and was governor of Rome for twelve. 
Tacit Hist. J, 46. 2, 63. 3, 74. 

Sabis, a river of Gallia Belgica, rising in the 
territory of the Nervii, and falling into the 
Mosa {Mocse) at Namurium {Numur) in the 
territory oi the Aduatici. It is now the Sambre. 
Cces. B. G. 2, 16 et 18. 

Sabrata, a city of Africa, in the Regie 
Syrtica, west of O^a and east of the Syrtis 
Minor. It was originally founded by the Tynans, 
but subsequently enlarged and beautified by the 
Romans, who raised it to the rank of a colony. 
It; was the birthplace of Flavia Domitilla, the 
consort of \ espasian, and mother of Titus and 
Domitian, to which honour it owed much of 
the favour bestowed upon if. It is now Sabart, 
or Tripoli Vecchio. Sii. Ital. '6. 2^6 — Plin. 5,4. 
Sabrina, now the Severn in England. 
SaburAnus, an (ifiicer of the praetorian 
guards. When he was appointed to this <>ffiee 
by the emperor Trajjin, the prince presented 
him with a sword, saying, " Use this weapon in 
my service as long as my commands are just; 
but turn it against my own breast, whenever I 
become cruel or malevolent." 

SACADAS, a musician and poet of Argos, who 
obtained three several times, the prize at the 
Pythian game.s. Plut. de Mus.- Pans. 6, 14. 

SACae, a name given by the Persians to all 
the moie northern nations of Asia, but which at 
a subsequent period designated a particular 
leople, whose territory was bounded on the 
west by Sogdiana, nor:h and east by Scythia. 
and south by Bactriana and their chain of Imaus. 
Their dominions therefore correspond in some 
degree to Little Bukaria, and the adjacent dis- 
tricts. The Sacaj had no towns, but lived j> 
romantic lite, dwelling sometimes in caverns, 
and sometimes in forests. They were a brave 
people, and possessed sufficient strength to repel 
Cyrus when he made his a'tack upon them. 
Herod. 7, 9.— Mela, 3,7. - Plin. G, M.- Amm. 
Marcel. '23, 6. 

Sacer MONS, a mountain near Rome. Fid. 
Mons Sacer. 

Sacer portus, or Sacri portus. a place 
in Italy, near Praeneste, famous for a battle that 
was fought there between Sylla and Marius, in 
which the former obtained the victory. Pnterc. 
2, 26.— Lucan. 2, 134. 

Sacra Insula, an island in the Tiber, not 
far from its mouih, formed by the separation of 
the two branches of that river. It was sacred to 
iEsculapius, who, it was said, had come tber^ 
in the form of a serpent from Epidaurus. Pro- 
cop. R. G. 1, 26. 

Sacra via, a celebrated street of Rome, 
where a treaty of peace and alliance was made 
between Romulus and Tatius. It led from th'! 
amphitheatre to the capitol, by the temple n 
the goddess of peace, and the temple of Caesar. 
The triumphal processions passed through it to 
go to the capitol. Horat. Od. 4. 2. Sat. 1, 9. — 
Liv. 2. 13.— C(C. Plonc. 7. Att. Ep. 4, 4. 

SacRATA lex militaris, A. U. C 411, by the 
dictator Valerius Corvus, enacted that the name 
of no soldier which had been entered in the 
muster-roll, should be struck out but by his 
consent, and that no person who had been a 
military tribune should act a? dvctor nrdimnn. 

SACBATlVIff, M. a friend of CcEsar kiWt-d at 
Drrrachium. Cccs. Bell. C. 

3 I 2 



SAC 



652 



SAL 



Sacri fortus. Fid. Sacer portus. 

Sacrum bellum, a name given to the wars 
carried on concerning the temple of Delphi. 
The first began B. C.'448, and in it the Athen- 
ians and Lacedaemonians were auxiliaries on 
opposite sides. The second war began 357 B. C, 
snd finished nine years after by Philip of Mace- 
donia, who destroyed all the cities of the Pho- 
cians, ^Fid. Phocis ] Promontorium, a pro- 
montory of Spain, now Cape St Vincent, called 
by Strabo the most westerly part of the earth. 
It was called Sacrum, because the ancients 
believed this to be the place where the sun at 
his setting plunged his chariot into the sea, 

Mela, 2. 6. - Plin. 4, 22. Another promontory, 

in Lycia, between the mouth of the river Lymi- 
rus and the city of Olympia. It is now called 

Cape Kelidonia. Plin. 5, 27. Another, at the 

northern extremity of Corsica, now Cape Cor so 

Sadyates, one of the Mermnadae.who reigned 
in Lydia twelve years after his father Gyges. 
He made war against the Milesians for six years. 
Herod. 1,16, &c. 

S.^ITABIS a river of Spain, between the Iberus 
and the Pillars of Hercules. It is now the 

Montesa. Mnla, 2, 6. A city of Spain, in the 

territory of the Contestani, ard situate on a 
height, just below the river Sucro, or Xucar, It 
was famed for its linen manufacture. Its modern 
name is S. Felipe Xativa. Pliri. 19, 2.—CatulL 
12, 14. -Sil. Iial. 3, 373. 

Sag ANA, a woman acquainted with magic and 
enchantments. Horat. Epod. 5, 25. 

SAGaRIS. Vid. Sangaris. 

SAGRA, or Sagras, a river of Magna Graecia, 
in the territory of the Brutii, falling into the 
Sinus Tarentinus, a short distance above the 
Zephyrian prom.ontory. It was on the banks of 
the Sagras that the memorable overthrow of the 
Crotoniatas took place, when'they were defeated 
by a force of 10.000 Locrians, with a small body 
of Rhegians. Among other marvellous circum- 
stances connected with this event, it was re- 
ported, that the issue of the battle was known at 
Olympia the very day on which it was fought. 
The Sagras is now called Alaro. Slrab. 6. — Sic. 
de Nat. D. 2, 2— Justin. 20, 2- 

SagunTUM, now Murviedro, a city of His- 
pania Terraconensis, north of Valetitia, and some 
distance below the mouth of the Iberus. It was 
situate on a rising ground, about 1000 paces from 
the shore. It was originally founded by colonists 
from Zacynthus, who were afterwards joined by 
some Rutulians from Ardea. It was famed for 
its beautiful clay, from which cups were made. 
The inhabitants were faithfully attached to the 
Romans, and withstood a siege of eight months 
against Hannibal, till, urged by famine, they 
destroyed themselves and their valuables in a 
general conflagration, rather than fall into the 
hands of their enemy, B. C. 219. This siege 
was the cause of the second Punic war. Liv. 21, 
7. 8, 14. 24. 42.— S/^ Ita\ 1. 291, Sec— Martini. 
4, 46, SnQ. — Pohjh. 30. —Mela, 2, 6 

Sais. a city of E?ypt, situate in the Deltn, 
between the Sebennytic and Canopic arms of the 
Nile, and nearly due west from the city of Seb- 
ennytus. It was the most famous and important 
city in the Delta, and was reputed to have been 
the place where Osiris was buried. It derived 
much of its t randeur from having given birth to 
the last dynasty of the Pharaohs, whose tombs 
were erected in its famous temple of Minerva. 



It was also remarkable for a great festival held 
in honour of the goddess, as well as for the 
celebration of that splendid *' feast of lamps," 
during which on the same night all the lamps of 
Egypt were seen burning. Its site agrees witli 
that now called Sa. Herod. 2, 59 et 169.— S.'ra6. 
17. 

SalAmis, a daughter of the river Asopus, by 
Methone. Neptune became enamoured of her, 
and carried her to an island of the .^gean, which 
afterwards bore her name, and where she gave 

birth to a son called Cenchreus. Diod. 4, 72. 

An island in the Sinus Saronicus, opposite I 
Eleusis and the coast of Attica, and said to have j ■ 
recei ved its name from Salamis , a daughter of the I 
Asopus. It was also anciently called Scyras and j 
Cychrea, from the heroes Scyrus and Cychreus, 
and Pityussa from its abounding in firs." It had ] 
been already celebrated in the earliest period of 
Grecian history from the colony of the .^acidfe, I 
who settled there before the siege of Troy. The : 
possession of Salamis was disputed by the Alhen-| 
ians and Megareans, each party interpolating the 
poems of Homer to prove their riiht; it was, j, 
however, finally seized by the former people |i 
under Pisistratus, and was thenceforward always | 
subject to them. It was here that the Persian 
fleet of Xerxes was so gloriously defeated by| 
that of the Athenians, commanded by Themis-' 
tocles, B. C. 480. In commemoration of this 
splendid victory, a trophy was erected on the 
promontory Cynosura, opposite the Piraeus, the| 
place which the oracle had foretold to the Athen-; 
ians should be the scene of the defeat of theirj 
enemies. Salamis was the birth-place of Aj ax; 
Teucer, and Solon the lawgiver. Its modernj 
name is Coulouri. Strab. 9. —Plut. in Solon. — ' 

Herod. 8. 56 et S3. — Puus. I, 30 A city in the! 

island of Cyprus, situate about the middle of thej 
eastern side. It was founded by Teucer, son of 
Telamon, and called by him after Salamis his| 
native island from which he had been banished 
by his father. It was a very important and I 
powerful place, and gave name to the distrieti 
Salamina. It suffered much from an insurrec- 
tion of the Jews in the time of Trajan, and still j 
more during the reign of Constantius from an| 
earthquake, which completely destroyed thej 
city, aod killed most of its inhabitants; it was, > 
however, restored by the latter emperor, whoj 
called it Constantia. Salamis was especially! 
sacred to Venus, hence surnamed Salaminia. 
Horut. Od. 1, 7, 2\.—Diod. Sic. 12, 3. 14, 93. 16,1 
42. ' 

SalapiA, now Salpi, a citv of Apulia, near I 
the coast, above the river Aufidus, and between I 
that river and the Salapina Palus. It was I 
founded by the Rhodians. under a chief named 
Elpias. It was, at one time, the emporium of i 
Arpi. and was the place to which Hannibal with- 
drew after the battle of Cannae. Lucan. 5, 377. | 
— S'r ,b. 6 et U.—Lh. 24, 20. 26, 28. 

SalarIa, a street and gate at Rome which 
led towards the country of the Sabines. It re-' 
ceived the name or Salarin, because salt (s'd) was j 
generally conveyed to Rome that way. Martial. ' 

4, 64. A bridge cilled S.l'rius. was biiilt four i 

miles from Rome, through the Salarian gate on 
the river Ani'>. ' \ 

Salassi, a people of Gallia Cisalpina, in the | 
north-western angle of that country, and at the | 
foot of th*^ Al ps. The main part of their territory | 
lay chiefly, however, in a long valley whicn 



I, 



SAL 



653 



SAL 



I reached to the summits of the Graian and 

(Pennine Alps, the Little and Great St Bernard. 
The Salassi harassed the Romans for a long 
time, and resisted their attacks till they were 
j totally subdued by Terentius Varro, and sold 
as slaves. Their chief town was Augusta Prie- 
i toria, now Aosta built in honour of Augustus 
j on the site of Varro's camp, and colonized by 
Prae'orians. Strab. 4 — Dio. C ss. 1, 53. L v 
i Epit. 53. 

Saleius Bassus, a poet of great merit in the 
age of Domitian, yet pinched by poverty, though 
born of illustrious parents, and distinguished by 
purity of manners and integrity of mind. Juv. 
7, 80.— Quint. 10, 1. 

SaleniIni, a people of Italy, in the territory 
of lapygia. It was asserted, that they were a 
colony of Cretans, who, under the conduct of 
] Idomeneus their king, had arrived thither in 
^ j their wanderings after the capture of Troy. The 
I Romans, under pretence of their having assisted 
I Pyrrhus in his expedition into Italy, soon after 
I invaded the territory of this insignificant ppople. 
( and had no difficulty in taking the few towns 
jj which they possessed. The Salentini subse- 
j quently revolted, during the second Punic war. 

but thev were again reduced, by the consul 
I Claudius Nero. Strab. e.— Firg. j^n. 3, m. - 
j Ftorus, 1, 20 — Liv. 27, 36. 

! Salernum, now Salerno, a city of Campania, 
south-east of Neapolis, and near the shore of 
, the Sinus Paestanus. It was said to have been 
built by the Romans as a check upon the Picen- 
tini. It became a Roman colony seven years 
after the conclusion of the second Punic war. 
Horace was recommended by his physician to 
try the air of Salernum. for the benefit of his 

! eyes. Liv, 3i, ^5.- Veil. Paterc. 1, 14:.— Hor at. 
Ep. 1, 15. 

SalIi, a college of priests at Rome, instituted 
in honour of Mars, and appointed by Numa to 
fake care of the sacred shields called Ancilia 
B. C. 709. [Vid. Ancile.] They were twelve 
in number. Their chief was called prcvsul, 
who seems to have gone foremost in the proces- 
( sion; their principal musician, loies; and he who 
admitted new members, mngister. Their number 
was afterwards doubled by Tullus Hostilius, 
after he had obtained a victory over the Fidenates, 
in consequence of a vow which he had made to 
Mars. The Salii were all of patrician families, 
and the office was very honourable. The first 
of March was the day on which the Salii observed 
their festivals in honour of Mars. They were 
generally dressed in a short scarlet tunic, of 
which only the edges were seen; they wore a 
large purple coloured belt about the waist, which 
was fastened with brass buckles. They had on 
their heads round bonnets with two corners 
standing up, and they wore in their right hand 
a small rod, and in their left a small buckler, 
one of the Ancilia, or shields of Mars. Lucan 
I says that it hung from their neck. In the 
, observation of their solemnity they first offered 
I sacrifices, and afterwards went through the 
streets dancing in m.easured motions, sometimes 
'. all together, or at other times separately, while 
, musical instruments were playing before them, 
i They placed their body in different attitudes, 
and struck with their rods the shields which 
they held in their hands. They also sung hymns 
in honour of the gods, particularly of Mars, 
Juno, Venus, and Minerva, and they were 



acoompanied in the choruF by a certain mirrber 
of virgins, habited like themselves, and caiUd 
Salics. The Salii instituted by Numa were 
called Pal tini, in contradistinction from the 
others, because they lived on mount Palatine, 
and offered their sacrifices there. Those that 
were added by Tullus were called Collini, Jgon- 
ales, or Quirinnles, from a mountain of the same 
name, where they had fixed their residence. 
Their name seems to have been derived a «oK- 
endo, or saltondo, because during their festivals 
it was particularly requisite that they should 
leap and dance. Their feasts and entertainments 
were uncommonly rich and sumptuous, whence 
dapes saliares is proverbially applied to such 
repasts as are most splendid and costly. It was 
usual among the Romans when they declared 
war, for the Salii to shake their shields with 
great violence, as if to call upon the god Mars 
to come to their assistance. Liv.\, 20. — Varro. 
de L. L. 4, \b.—OHd.Fnst. 3, 387.— Dionys. 3.— 

Flor. 1, 2, 8ce.— fiyg. Mn. 8,285. A German 

tribe of Prankish origin, whose original seat i» 
not clearly ascertained. They first made their 
appearance on the Insula Batavorum, where 
they were conquered by Julian, afterwards, in 
the territory of the Chimavi, by the Mosa or 
Meuse. Amm. MarcelL 17, 8, &c. 

Sallustius, Crispus, an eminent Roman 
historian, was born at Amiternum, in the coun- 
try of the Sabines, B. C 85. He was educated 
at Rome, and was not less distinguished for his 
1 icentiousness than for his talents. It is recorded 
of him, that being detected in an adulterous 
mtercourse, he was actually scourged by the 
hand of Milo, and obliged to pay a fine before he 
obtained his dismission. His extravagance and 
debauchery caused him to be expunged from the 
list of senators by the censors Appius Claudius 
and CalpUrnius Piso. He was afterwards re- 
stored by Julius Ceesar, promoted to the dignities 
of quaestor and praetor, and nominated to the 
government of Numidia- In this high office he 
enriched himself so much by pillage and rapine, 
that on his return to Rome he was enabled to 
build himself a magnificent villa, with extensive 
gardens, on the Quirinal hill, which even still 
retain the name of Sallust. He married Teren- 
tia, the divorced wife of Cicero, and from this 
circumstance, it has been said by some, arose an 
everlasting hatred between the orator and the 
historion ; though, according to others, this 
enmity was occasioned by the defence which 
Cicero undertook to make for Milo in the case 
of Clodius. Sallust died in the 51st year of his 
age, 35 years before the Christian era. The vices 
of this man deserve a peculiar stigma, on account 
of their contrast with the rigid m.orality con- 
tained in his writings, which might lead the 
incautious reader to take him for a Cato. But 
while the man and the statesman must be ever 
held in contempt and abhorrence, the author 
has always been regarded as one of the orna- 
ments of the age and country in which he flour- 
ished. He had composed a history of the Roman 
republic, from the death of Sylla to Catiline's 
conspiracy: of this nothing remains but a few 
fragments. His only compositions that have 
come to modern times, in a state of tolerable 
perfection, are the history of Catiline's conspir- 
acy, and of the wars of Jugurtha, king of Nu- 
midia. In these works, which have met with 
uniform applause, the author is greatly admired 
S I 3 



Sal 



SAL 



for the elegancs^, tb^■ vigour, ansl the primation 
<•! his sentences ; he every v, here displays a 
wonderful knowledge of the human heart, and 
Vaiats with a most masterly band the causes 
that gave rise to the great events which he 
relates. No one was better acquainted w ith the 
vices that prevailed in Italy, from his own 
practice of many of them; and no one seems to 
have been more severe against the follies of the 
age, and even those failings of which he not only 
stood guilty in the face of the world, but must 
have stood self-condemned. His descriptions are 
elegantly correct, and his harangues are nervous 
and animated, and, apparently, extremely well 
adapted to the character and different pursuits 
of the great men in whose mouths they are 
placed. By the modems it is agreed that the 
concise energy of the Latin language is nowhere 
displayed to more perfection than in the existing 
works of Sallust, in which there is great skill 
shown in sketching the characters that come 
under his notice. By his contemporaries his 
style was criticised for an affectation of the use 
of old words, and an ocasional obscurity, pro- 
duced by the boldness of figure and excess of 
brevity. Notwithstanding this defect, if it were 
a defect, his reputation stood very high in Rome: 
Martial calls him ' primus in Romana historia; ' 
f.nd Tacitus speaks of him as ' rerum Romanarum 
fl >rentissimu< auctor."' Tr ough faithful in 
every other respect, he has not painted the 
character nf Cicero with all the fidelity and 
accuracy which the reader claims from the his- 
torian ; and in pass ng over in silence many 
actions which reflect the greatest honour on the 
first husband of Terentia, the rival of Cicero has 
fiisjraced himself, and rendered his compositions 
in some respects suspicious. The best editions 
of Sallust are that of Cortius, 4 to. Lips. 1742; 
that of Havercamp, 2 vols. 4to. Amst. 1742; that 
r,r GerUch, 2 vols. 4to. Basil. 1823; and that of 
Krotscher. 2 vols. 8vo. Lips. 1S25. There are 
four English translations, one by Gordon, an- 
other by Rose, a third by Murphy, and a fourth 

by Steuart A nephew of the historian, by 

whom he was adopted. He is said to have 
imitated the moderation of Maecenas, and to 
have remained satisfied with the dignity of a 
Roman knight, when he could have made him- 
self powerful by the favour of Augustus and of 
his successor Tiberius. Horace dedicated one 
of his odes to him- Tacit. A-ui. 1, 6. — P/m. 34. 

Secundus Promotus, a native of Gaul, and 

rhe intimate friend of the emperor Julian. He 
is remarkable for his integrity, and the sotmd- 
ness of his counsels. He was prefect of Gaul 
There is another " Secundus," sometimes con- 
founded with Promotus, w ho was also a favourite 
nf Julian, who made him prefect of the east. 
He conciliated the good graces of the Romans 
by the purity of his morals, and the excellence 
of his religious p'-inciples. After the death of j 
Jovian he was universally named by the officers ■ 
of the Roman empire to succeed to the imperial i 
throne, but he declined the honour, pleading old j 
a?p, and its attendant infirmities, as his excuse, i 
The Romans would have invested his son with i 
tiie imperial purple. b\it the father very wisely I 
opposed so dangerous a sittiation, sayine that | 
he hart n^it experience to support the dignity 
to which they w. u'd have elevated him. 

SalmACIS, a fountain near Halicarnassus in : 
Cari.i, which was fabled to render effeminate all , 



who drank of its waters. It wss here that 
Hermaphroditus, according to the poets, u^dt-r ' 
went his strange metamorphosis- Ovid. Met. 
2S5. 15. 319. -Hyg-m./afe. 271. 

SALMANTiCA. a citv of Hispania, in the 
north-eastern angle of Lusitania. It is now 
Salamanca. \ 

Salmone, a city of Ells, of great antiquity,! 
norrh-west of Olympia. It was said to tiave 
been founded by Salmoneus. Strab. 8. 

SALMO.VErs, a king of Elis, son of Eolus and 
Enarette, who married Altidice, by whom be 
had Tyro. He wished to be called a god, and to^ 
receive divine honours from his subjects-, there- 
fore, to imitate the thunder, he used to drive 
his chariot over a brazen bridge, and darted 
burning torches on every side, as if to imitate| 
the lightning. This impiety provoked Jupiter, i 
Salmoneus was struck with a thunderbolt, and 
placed in the infernal regions near his broiheri 
Sisyphus. Ho-er. Od. \\,2:i5.—Apollod. 1,9.1 
— Hygin. fab. 6!l,— Diod. 4 — rirff. ^^n. 6. 6S5., 

SAi.MYDi:ssrs. Vid. Halmydessus. , 

Salo, no-.v Xrilon, a river in Spain, falling! 
into the Iberus. Mart. 10, 20. 

Salon, now Salona, the principal harbour of 
Dalmatia, and always considered as an impor- 
tant post by the Romans after their conquest of 
that country. Pliny styles it a colony, w hieh is 
confirmed by various inscriptions. The name 
is sometimes written Salona and Salonae. At 
Spalatro, about three miles from Salona, are to 
be seen the ruins of Diocletian's palace. Plin. 
3. 22. — Cces. B. C. 3. 9.-Htrt. .B Aler. i?,. 

SaloxiNA. a celebrated matron w ho married 
the emperor Gallienus. and distinguished herself 
by her private ss well as public virtues. She 
was the patroness of all the fine arts, and to her 
clemency, mildness, and benevolence, Rome, 
was indebted some time for her peace and pros-' 
perity. She accompanied her husband in some 
of his expeditions, and often called him away 
from the pursuits of pleasure to make wj»r 
against the enemies of Rome. She was put tO| 
death bj' the hands of the conspirators, who alsoi 
assassinated her husband and family, about the' 
year 26S <2f the Christian era. 

SaloniNUS, a son of Asinius Pollio. Hei 
receive i his name from the conquest of Salona, 
by bis father. Som.e suppose that he is the hero' 
of Virgil's fourth eclogue, in which the return, 
of the golden age is so warmly and beautifully ' 

anticipated P. Licinius Cornelius, a son of 

Gallienus, by Salonina, sent into Gaul, there to: 
be taught the art of war. He remained there; 
some time, till the usurper Posthumius aro-^e, , 
and proclaimed himself emperor. Saloninu-? j 
was upon this delivered up to his enemy, and' 
put to death in the tenth year of his age, , 

Saltiakcs, a father' of the church, who' 
flourished fcbout .A. D.440. He is supposed to j 
have been a native of Gaul, and died at Massilia i 
at a very advanced age. Nothin? of his remains, \ 
but eight books " De gubernatione Dei;" four | 
books "Adver.sus Avaritiam ;" ard nine epistlei, 
printed by Baluziu>. in 1663, 8vo. 

S.ALViUS. a flute player, saliued kin? by the 
rebellious slaves of Sicily ii the ase of Marius. 
He maintained for some time war against the I 
Romans. j 

SALUS, the goddess of health at Rome, wor- 
shipped bv the Greeks under the name of Uygeia. 
La. 9 et 10. 



SAL 



655 



SAM 



' f'ALfES. a people of Gaul, extending from 
the Rhone nearly to the Alps, and from the 
Durantia, or Durance, to the sea. They were 
powerCul ooponents to the Greeks of Massilia. 
Lv>. 5, 34. ' 

Samara, a river of Gaul, now called the 
Sonime. Vid. Samarobriva. 

SAJJARiA, the capital of the kingdom of 
Israel. It was situated on a hill v.hich derived 
its name from Shemer, of whom it was purchased 
by Omri king of Israel, B. C 921. who made it 
-he seat of his government, and called it Samaria 
(Heb. Shomeron), from its former owner. By 
nis-succpssors it was greatly improved and forti- 
9ed: and, after resisting the repeated attacks of 
the kings of Assyria, it was destroyed by Shal- 
maneser, B. C 71", i ho reduced it to a heap of 
stones. Samaria seems to have risen again 
from its ruins during the reign of Alexander, 
B. C. 549, after whose death it was subject to 
the Egyptian and Syrian kings, until it was 
besieged, taken and razpd to the ground by the 
high priest Hyrcanus, B. C. 129 or 130. It was 
afterwards wholly rebuilt, and considerably 
enlarged by Herod, siirnamed the Great, who 
gave it the name of Sebaste, and erected a 
temple there in honour of the emperor Augustus 
Cassar. It is still called Sebaste, or Kalaat 
Samour. 2 Kings, 17, Q.—Micah, 1. Q.—Jos. 
Ant. 8, 7. 13, 15. 15, 11. Bell. Jud. 1, 6. 

SamarobrIVA, a town of Gaul, now Amiens 
the chief city of the Ambiani. Its name indicates 
that it was a place of passage over the river 
Samara, the word brivu signifying in Celtic a 
bridge. Amrn. Marcell. 15, 21.—C(ps. B. G. 5, 
24, 45, 51. 

SAME, or Sam OS. a town on the eastern side 
of the island of Cephallenia, the inhabitants of 
which were closely besieged, and afterwards 
reduced to slavery bv the Romans. It retains 
the name of &mo. Strah. 'iO.—Liv. 3S, 28 et 29- 
SamniTES, a people of Italy, whose territory 
touched to the north on the Frentaniand Peligni, 
to the west and south on Campania, and ro the 
east on Apulia. It comprehended the southern 
part of Abruzzo Citra, the greater part of Sannio, 
the eastern part of Terra di Lavora, and nearly 
the whole of Principato Ultra. The Sabines 
being engaged in a long and obstinate war with 
the Umbri, promised, in the event of victory, to 
consecrate to the gods whatsoever should be 
produced in their country during the spring of 
that year. They conquered, and kept their 
vow: they dedicated the children born to then 
in that year to Mars, who, when they had at- 
tained a certain age, were sent forth from their 
country to seek another land. Under the guid- 
ance of a bull they arrived in the mountainou;; 
country of the Opici, wh' m they drove out, and 
then settled there under the name of Sabe li and 
Samnites. They were a hardy, brave, and 
ambitious race, remarkable for their inveterate 
haired to the Romans, who were unable to 
subdue them after a war of seventy years, till 
the success of Sylla put an end to them as a 
nation. Strab. b —Liv. 9, 12. 10, 32. 23, 42. — 
Veil. Paterc. 2, 15. 
SamMCM, a region of Italy, inhabited by 

the Samnites. iVid. Samnites.] A city of 

Samnium, near the source of the Vullumus. 
Its site is now called Cerro. Flor. 1, 16. 

SAMO'^IOM, or Salnione, a promontory of 
Crete, forming the extreme poiut of tiie islai;d 



fo^a'-f-s :!ie rr^a'^t. It is now crpe S himon-j. 
Dionys. Perieg. Y'-O.—Acts, 27, 7. 

Samos, an island of the JEgean. lying off the 
lower part of the coast of Ionia, and nearly 
opposite the promontory of Mycale. The inter- 
vening channel was not more than seven stadia 
in the narrowest part. It is said to have borne 
in .-mcient times the names of Parthenia, Dryusa, 
Anthemi^a, Melamphylos, &c.; that of Samos 
was derived either from a hero so called, or from 
the isle of Cephallenia, which formerly was 
known by thit appellation, and may have sent 
a colony to its Ionian namesake. Samos was 
the most important and powerful island of the 
Ionian?. Fi-om the reign of Polycrates, 56G 
B. C, it is celebrated in history for the worship 
ot Juno, who was fabled to have been born here; 
and it was also distinguished ft-r its skilful 
seamen and enterprising merchants, who even 
sailed as far as the mouth of the Guadalquivtr, 
through the Pillars of Hercules. The fleets of 
the rich Samians often made the Persians 
tremble. At Samos were first Ciist statues in 
bronze. It lost the shadow of republican freedom 
under the reign of Vespasian, A. C 70. The 
island of Samos is 175 square miles in extent, 
and very fruitful. It was the birth-place of 
Pythagoras. The capital was also called Samos, 
and its ruins are to be seen at the present day 
near the modern town of Megalochora. This 
city was famed for its Heraeum, or temple of 
Juno, which Herodotus considers, together with 
the temple of Ephesus. as the most admirable of 
all the works of the Grecians. Only one colum n 
of this splendid structure is standing; its length 
was 34f^ feet, its breadth 189. Strab. 14. - Pans. 
7, A.— Eerod. 2, 148. 3, 60. 

Samosata, now S rtiisat. a city of Svria, the 
capital of the district of Commagene, and the 
residence of a petty dynasty. It was not only a 
strong city itself, but had also a strong citadel, 
and in its neighbourhood was one of the ordinary 
passages of the Euphrates, on the we>tern bank 
of which river Samosatawas situated. It was 
the birth-place of Lucian. Amm. MnrceV. IH, 4. 

SAMOTHllACE, now Sm.olhmki. an i-land in 
the ^gean, off the coast of Thrace. It lay 
opposite the mouth of the Hebru-, and v. as 
twenty-eight miles f'-om the coast cf Thrac, 
and sixty-two from Thasos. It once bore the 
names Lettcosia. Melite. Electris, Dardania, 
&c.-, but is s'ated to have been named Samos 
by a colony from the Ionian island of tbat name, 
and to have received the epitiiet Thrsc'a byway 
of di^tinc-ion. Homer sometimes calls it simply 
Samos, at other tim.es the Thracian Samos. It 
is about twenty-five miles in circuit, and was 
said to be one of th-^se islands which were inun. 
dated by the sudden ov^rfl w of the waters of 
the Euy.ine, when fi rcing their way into the 
Mediterranean. The orijfinal inhabitants were 
]'robably Thracians, and appear to have been 
afterwards joined by Pelasgi. Samians, and 
Phoenicians. Samothrace derived its chief 
celebrity from the mysteries of Cvbele and her 
Corybantes, as well as from the Cabiric worship 
which was intimately connected with them; all 
mysteries were supposed to have origfnated in 
this island, whence it received the surname of 
Sacred, and became an inviolable asylum for 
criminals. In it was the mountain Saoce. whence 
Homer renre^ents Neptune as contemplating 
the fight before Troy. Pin. 4, 12. Struh. 10. 



SAN 



653 



SAP 



— Homer. II. 13. 12- 24. 7S. —DIonys. Perieg.bii. 
~~ Herod. 2, 61. -Flor. 2, 12. 

Sana, a town of Macedonia, on the Sinus 
Singiticus, and situated on a neck of land con- 
necting Athos with the continent. On the 
opposite side was Acanthus, and between the 
two places was cut the canal of Xerxes. Fid. 
Acanthus. 

Sanchoniathon, a Phcsnician historian, 
who is said to have lived at the tinrie of the 
Trojan war, B. C 1-274. Philo Byblius tran- 
slated his Antiquities of the Phoenicians into 
Greek, and Eusebius preserved a fragment of 
this work, which has been considered by many 
writers as a strong confirmation of the Mosaic 
history. There is an English translation of it 
by bishop Cumberland. 

Sancus, Sangus, or Sanctus, a deity of 
the Sabines introduced among the gods of Rome 
un ler the name of Dius Fidius- According to 
some, Sancus was fatner to Sabus, or Sabinus, 
the first king of the Sabines. If.nl. 8, 421, — 
Var'O de L. L. 4, 10. — Olio!. Fast. 6, 213. 

SandaLIOTIS, a name given to Sardinia, 
from its resemblance to a sandal, {aav&aXLov.) 
Plin. 3, 7. 

Sandrocottus, an Indian of a mean origin. 
His impertinence to Alexander was the begin- 
ning of his sreatn ss : the conqueror ordered 
him to be seized, but Sandrocottus fled away, 
and at last threw himself down overwhelmed 
with fatigue. As he slept on the ground, a lion 
came to him, and gently licked the sweat from 
his face. This uncommon tameness of the 
animal appeared supernatural to Sandrocot'us, 
and raised his ambition. He aspired to the 
monarchy, and after the death of Alexander, he 
made himself master of a part of the country 
which was in the hands of Seleucus. Justin. 
1.5. 4. 

SangarTUS, or Sa.vgAris. one of the largest 
and most celebrated of the rivers of Asia Minor. 
Strabo says, " it takes its course in Upper Phry- 
gia, near a place called Sangia, about 150 stadia 
from Pessinus. It then traverses a great part 
of Galatia and Phrygiaand Bithynia, receiving 
ill its course the waters of the Thymbres and 
Gallus, and other streams; and becoming navi- 
gable near its mouth, falls into the Euxine." 
The modern name is the Saknria. Horn. II. 3, 
187. — Outi. ex Pont. 4, 10. 47.-S<ra&. 12 — Liv. 
38. 18. 

Sannyrion, an Athenian comic poet, con- 
t-^mporary with Aristophane-. Little is known 
of him. One of his plays, entitled Danae, in 
which he burlesqued a verse of the Orestes of 
Euripides, appears to have been acted about 
407 B. C. 

SantTwes, a people of Gallia Aquitanica, 
north of the mouth of the Garumna, on the 
co!ist Their capital was Mediolanu'n Santo- 
mmi. now S^intes. Plin. 4, 19. -Ccbs. B. G. 1, 
JO. 3. 11. 

SapIS, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, rising in 
Umbria, and falling into the Adriatic below 
Ravenna. It is now the Sivio. Plin. 3. 15 — 
Lvmn. 2. 406. 

Sapor, a king of Persia, who succeeded his fa- 
ther Artaxerxes about the 238th year of the Chris 
tian era. Naturally fierce and amldtidin. Sapor 
wish'd to increase his paternal dominions by 
conquests; and as the indolence of the emperors 
uf Home seemed favourable to his views, he laid 



waste the provinces of Mesopotamia, Syria, antf 
Cilicia; and he might have become master of ali 
Asia, if OJenatus had not stopped his progress. 
If Gordian attempted to repel him, his efforts 
were weak and unavailing, and Philip, who 
succeeded him on the imperial throne, bought 
the peace of .Sapor with money. Valerian, w h > 
w as aiterwards invested with the purple, marche 1 
against the Persian monarch, Imt he was defeat- 
ed and taken prisoner. Odenatus no sooner 
heard that the Roman emperor was a captive 
in the hands of Sapor, than he attempted to 
release him by force of arms. The forces of 
Persia were cut to pieces, the wives and the 
treasures of the monarch fell into the hands of 
the conqueror, and Odenatus penetrated, with 
little opposition, into the very heart of the 
kingdom. .Sapor, soon after this defeat, was 
assassinated by his subjects, A. D, 273, after a 
reign of 32 years. He was succeeded by his 

son called Hormisdas. The 2d of that name 

succeeded his father Hormisdas on the throne 
of Persia. He was as great as his ancestor <.f 
the same name; and by undertaking a war 
against the Romans, he attempted to enlarge 
his dominions, and to add the provinces on the 
-.vest of the Euphrates to his empire. His 
victories alarmed the Roman emperors, and 
Julian would hare perhaps seized him in the 
capital of his dominions, if he had not received 
a mortal wound. Jovian, who succeeded Julian, 
made peace with Sapor ; but the monarch, 
always restless and indefatigable, renewed hos- 
tilities, invaded Armenia, and defeated the 
emperor Valens. Sapor died A, D. 380, after 
a reign of 70 years, in which he had often been 
the sport of fortune. He was succeeded by 
Artaxerxes, and Artaxerxes by Sapor the third, 
a prince who died after a reign of five years, 
A. D. 3^9, in the age of Tneodosius the Great. 

Sappho, a celebrated Greek poetess, was a 
native of Mitylene, in the isle of Lesbos, and 
flourished about B. C. 610. She married a rich 
inhabitant of Andros, by whom she had a daugh- 
ter, and it was not, probably, till after she 
became a widow, that she rendered herself so 
distinguished by her poetry and amours. Her 
verses were .chiefly of- the lyric kind, and love 
was their general subject, which she treated 
with so much warmth and nature, and with 
such beauty of poetical expressions, as to have 
acquired thetitle of the " Tenth Muse." From 
various authors, Greek and Roman, we learn 
the esteem in which her compositions were held 
among those of the same class; and no female 
name has risen higher in the catalogue of poets. 
Her morals, however, have been as much depre- 
ciated, as her genius has been extolled. Besides 
her desperate passion for Phaon, she has been 
accused of an unnatural attachment to several 
of her own sex. There are various accounts of 
her death, but that most generally received 
states, that unable to bear the neglect of Phaon, 
she repaired to the famous precipice of Leucate, 
popularly called the Lover's Leap, and threw 
iierself into the sea. which torminated at once 
both her life and her love. The Mifyleneans 
are s.iid to have honoured her memory by stamp- 
ing her image upon their coin . Of the poems of 
^''appho, two pieces only are left, an Ode to a 
Youna: Female, and a Hymn to Venus, with 
some fraementa quoted by the sclioliast and 
oUu rs. The most eateemed text of these is that 



SAR 



657 



SAR 



given by Dr Bloomfield, in tbe Museum Criti- 
cum, vol. ]. Of the Ode an elegant translation 
is given by Catullu5. That and the Hymn are 
known to the English reader by the versions of 
Ambrose Philips. Ovid. Hemi'd. 15 et 21. Trist. 
2, 365 — Horat. Od. 2, 13. Herod. 2, ]d5.— Stat. 
Sylv. 5, 3. 156. - A^ian. V. H. 12, 18 et 29. — 
i'lin . 22, 8. 

SaeacENI, or Arraceni, a name first belong- 
ing to a people in Arabia Felix, and derived 
mQst probably from that of the town Arra. The 
application of the name Saraceni to all the 
Arabians, and thence to all Mahometans, is of 
comparatively recent origin. 

Saravus. now the Sarre, a river of Belgium, 
falling into the Moselle. 

Sardanapalus. the 40th and last king of 
Assyria, celebrated for his luxury and voluptu- 
ousness. The greatest part of his time was 
spent in the company of his eunuchs, a):d the 
monarch generally appeared in the midst of his 
concubines disguised in the habit of a female, 
and spinning wool for his amusement. This 
effeminacy irritated his officers; Belesis and 
Arsaces conspired against him, and collected a 
numerous force to dethrone him. Jsardanapalus 
quitted his voluptuousness for a while, and 
appeared at the head of his armies. The rebels 
were defeated in three successive tattles, but at 
last Sardanapalus was beaten and besieged in 
the city of Ninus for two years. When he 
despaired of success, he burned himself in his 
palace, with his eunuchs, concubines, and all 
his treasures, and the empire of Assyria was 
divided among the conspirators. This famous 
event happened B. C S20, according to Euse- 
bius; though Justin and others, wiih less proba- 
bility, place it 60 years earlier. Sardanapalus 
was made a god after death. [Vid. Anchiale.] 
Herod. 2, J 50 Cic. Tusc 5, 35. 

Sardi, the inhabitants of Sardinia. Vid 
Sardinia. 

Sardes. T'id. Sardi s. 

Sardica, or SERDICA, a city belonging ori- 
ginally to Thrace, but subsequently included 
within the limiis of Dacia Ripensis and made 
the capital of this province. It was situate in a 
fertile plain, through which fl iwed the river 
Pe.-cus. The emperor Maxim ian was born in 
its vicinity', and it is known in the annals of the 
church from a council having been held within 
its walls. Euhop. 9, 22. 

SardxisiA, an island in the Mediterranean 
south of Corsica and west of Italy. It w as called 
vSardo by the Greeks, and Ichnusa or Sandaliotis, 
from its resemblance to the print of a foot or 
sandal. The name of the island is said to have 
been obtained from Sardus, a son nf Rercules, 
who settled therewith a colony from Libya, and 
dispossessed some Ilians, who had gone thither 
after the destruction of Troy. The Iberians 
followed the Libyans, and after these, came 
other colonies of Thcpians and Athenians, under 
iolas; the Tvrr'ienians had rettlements there 
for a time, and the Carthaginians were lonjj 
masters of it, till it fell into the hands of the 
Roman?, with Cor«ipa. It was called by some, 
one of the granaries of Rome; its climate was 
fertile, though unwholesome : no serpents or 
wolves werp there to be niet with, and only one 
poisonous herb, v\hirh, if eaten, contracted the 
nerves, and produced a grin of laughter ( ' Sar 
dous risus") under which the patient died. 



Herod. 1, 170. 5, 106. — ylm^o^-A. Vesp. 720.— 
CLuvdinn. de Bell. Gild. 'A\1.~SiL Hal. 12, 3j5. 
— Horat. Od. 1, 31, 2.-Plin. 35, U.— Firg. Ed. 
7, 4L 

Sardis, or Sardes, now Si7i, a city of Lydi.i. 
•he ancient capital of the nionarchs of the coun- 
try. It was situate at the foot of the northern 
slope of mount Tmolus. It is famous for the 
many sieges which it sustained against tbe 
Cimmerians, Persians, Medps, Macedonians, 
lonians, and Athenians. It fell into the hands 
of Cyrus, B. C. 548, on which occasion Croesus 
was made his prisoner. It was burnt by the 
Athenians B. C. 504, which afforded Darius his 
pre'pxt for invading Attica, and burning all the 
G.'-eek temples that fell into his power, Anlio- 
ohus Soter was here defeated by Eumenes, king 
of Pergamus, B. C. 262. Sardes was one of the 
seven churches mentioned in the Revelation of 
St John. It was destroyed by an earthquake, 
with eleven other cities, in the reign of Tiberius. 
Herod. 1. 7, 8ic. - Xen. An-.b. 1, 2. 5— Horat. 
Ep. 1, 11, 2. ~ Tacit, ^.nn. 2, 47.- St:rab. 13.— 
Rev. J, IL 3, 1. 

S.-VRDUS, a son of Hercules, who led a colony 
to Sardinia and gave it his name. 

Sarepta, or Zarepharh, a city on the sh(.re 
of the Mediterranean, between Tyre and Sidon, 
It was the place where the widow dw elt to w hom 
the prophet Elijah was sent, and was preserved 
by her cruise of oil and barrel of meal that 
wasted not. It is now a small village called 
Z rfa. ] Kings 17, 9. 

Sarmatia, an extensive country, extending 
from the river Vistula to the Caspian sea, and 
from mount Caucasus and the shores of the 
Euxine to the northernmost limits of the know n 
world. It was divided by the river Tanais into 
Europaea and Asiatica. Sarmatia EuropEeawas 
bounded on the e^st by the Tanais; on the 
south by the Palus Maeotis, the Pontus Euxinus, 
and the river Tyras : on the west by a part of 
the Danube, by the Vistula, and the Sinus 
Codanus; and on the north by the Hyperboreus 
Oceanus or Arctic Ocecn. It corrf .sponded gen- 
erally with modern Ruxsin in Europe. Sarmatia 
Asiatica was bounded upon the west by the 
Tanais, upon the south by the Euxine sea and 
by mount Caucasus, and upon the east by the 
Caspian sea, the river Rha, and the Rhymnici 
Montes. All the inhabitants of this vast extent 
of country w ere formerly known to the ancients 
by the collective name of Scythians, as being a 
portion of that powerful nation inhabiting the 
w hole northern part of Asia as well as of Europe, 
from the shores of the Ister to the utmost nor- 
thern and eastern limits of the known world. 
The appellation Sauromatae or Sarmatze was 
originally described as being that of a spparate 
Scythian tribe on the shores of the Palus Msn- 
tis, between the Borysthenes and Tanais: the 
Sarmatae and Scythians are by others, however, 
called Inz^ges, an indigenous name signifying 
merely people, that of Scuhians having never 
been used by the natives themselves The 
Sauromatas or Sarmatae, from being one of the 
most powerful tribes of (he whole nation, con- 
trived to make their name the collective one 
for the whole Scythian horde on the borders of 
the Euxine sea and Dacia. And when the 
Romans found people speaking the same lan- 
guage, and using the same customs as these 
southern Sarmatae, on the shores of ihe Danube, 



SAR 



C5S 



SAT 



the Vistula, and the Biliic Sen, they readily 
ado;jted a general appellatioa, which they had 
long wanted to distinguish all the people as far 
eastward as the Caspian sea, and henceforward 
called them Sarmatas and their country Sarmatia. 
The SarmatcB are described by the ancients as a 
most savage and uncultivated people, exceed- 
ingly immoral, and addicted to war and rapine : 
they «ere accustomed to paint their bodies in 
order to appear more terrible to their enemies. 
They lived a nomadic life, plundering all who 
fell in their way; and many of them are said to 
have fed upon the blood of horses mixed with 
milk, whence they were surnamed Hippomoigi. 
They generally lived under tents or in wasffon?, 
and were from the lattT custom, particularly 
me t'ibe on the banks of the B-r\ sthenes, called 
Hamaxobii. St'-nb. 7. Sec. - Mel 2, 4. D cd 

2. FloT. 4 12. - Lucan. 2 &c. - Juv. SA. 2. 1. 

3, 69. l.T. 125. - Ovid. Trht. 3, Sec. 
SarMATiCCM mare, a name given to the 

Euxine sea, because on the coast of Sarmatia. 
Ovid ex Po7it. 4, 10, 3 5. 

Sarnvs, d river of Campania, now the Samo, 
falling in;o the sea about a mile from Pompeii. 
Str-:b. 5. f'irg. .'En. 7. 753. 

Sarox. a king of Troezene, unusually fond of 
hun:ing. He was drowned in the sea, where he 
had swum for some time in pxirsuit of a stag. 
He was made a sea-god by Neptune, and divine 
honours were paid to him by the Trcezenians. 
It was cu tomary for sailors to offer him sacrifices 
before they embarked, That part of the sea 
where he was drowned was called Saronicus 
sinus, on the coast of Acaaia, near the isthmus 
of Corinth. Saron built a temple to Diana at 
Trcezene, and in tituted fps'ivals to her honour, 
called from himself .Saronia. Paus. 2, 30. — 
Mela, 2 3. 

SaroMCCS sinus, now the Gidf of .Eg'na. 
a bay of ihe -Egein sea. lying at the south-west 
of Attica, and north-east of Argolis, and com- 
mencing between the promontories of Sunium 
and Scylleum. Some suppose that thi> part cf 
the sea received its name from Saron, who was 
drowned there ; or from a small river which 
discharged itself on the coast ; or from a small 
harbour of the same name. The true root is 
Saron. which in ancient Greek signified an oak- 
leaf. The Saronic bay is about sixty-two miles 
in circumference, twenty-three miles in its 
broadest, and twenty-five in its longest part, 
according to modern calculation. 

SarpEdos, a son of Jupiter by Europa, the 
daughter of Agenor. He banished himself from 
Crete, after he had in vain attempted to make 
himself king in preference to his elder brother 
Minos, and he renred to Caria, where he built 
the town of Miletus. He went to the Trojan 
war to assist Priam against the Greeks, where 
he was attended by his friend and companion 
Glaucus. He was at last killed by Patroclus, 
after he had made a great slaughter of the enemy, 
and his body by order of Jupiter, was conveyed 
to Ijvcia by Apollo, where his friends and rela- 
tions paid him funeral honours, and raised a 
monument to perpetuate his valour. .4ccor.iing 
to some mythologi-ts the brother of king M'nos, 
and the prince who assisted Priam, «ere two 
different persons. This last was king of Lycia. 
«nf1 son of Jupiter, by Laodamia, the daughter 
of T?elleroplion, and lived about a hundred V'^irs 
aflf r the age of the son of Europa. Aj.rl'ud. 3, 1. j 



! —Herod. 1. 173. —Ho uer II. 16 A preceptor 

, of Cato of Ucica, famous for his learning arnl 
the excellent qualities of his mind. Plut, ir. 

Cat A promontory in Cilicia, beyond which 

Antiochus was not permitted to sail by a treaty 
of peace which he had made with the Romans 

Liv. 38, Z^.—Mela, 1, 13. A promontorv < f 

T .rHce,b"t>* een the river Erginus and the Smu^ 
Melas. Herod. 7, 5S. 

.Sarra, a town of Phoenicia, the same ps 
Tyre. It receives its name from a small she'.; 
fish of the same name, which was found in th° 
neighbourhood, and with whose blood garmen ^ 
<^ ere dyed. Hence came the epithet of Sarrawu.« 
so often applied to Tyrian col mrs, as well as Id 
the inhabitants of the colonies of the Tvrians, 
particularly Carthage. Sil. 6, 662- 13, 205.—: 
rirg. G 2. hUQ. 

Sarrastes. a ppop'e of Campania on th# 
Sarnus, who assisted Turnus against .£ueas> 
Virg. yEn. 7, 73S. 

SarsiNA, a city of Umbria in the northerrt | 
part of the country and on the left bank of the 
Sapis, to7»ar l5 its source. It was the birth-pla<"- 
of Plautu=. the cnmic ooet. It still retains its 
name. F in. 3,U.-Sil. Ital. 8, 462. — Martttrf. 
9, 59. 

SATlcrXA, a town of Samnium, the site of 
whicn has not been precisely determined. It is 
suoposed to correspond to the modern Agit'i dei 
Go'.i. Lv:. 9 21. 23, 39. 

,S TCREiUM, a town in the Tarentine territory, 
frequently alluded to by th^ ancient writers. It 
was famed for the fertility of the surrounding 
countrv, and for its breed of horses. Virg. G. % 
197- - Horif. Sjf. 1, 6, 51). 

SATURNALIA, festivals in honour of Saturn^ 
celebrated the sixteenth or the seventeenth, or, 
-Tcc.irding to others, the eighteenth of December. 
They were instituted long before the foundatioa 
of Rome, in commemoration of the freedom and 
eqnality which prevailed on earth in the golden 
reign of Saturn. Some however suppose, that 
the Saturnalia were first observed at Rome in 
the reign of Tullus Hostilius, a.fter a victory 
obtained over the Sabines; while others support, 
that Janus first instituted them in gratitude te 
."^aiurn, from whom he had learnt agriculture. 
Others suppose, that they were first celebrated 
in the year of Rome 257. after a victory obtained 
over the Latins by the dictator Posthumius. The 
Saturnalia were originally celebrated only for 
one dav, but afterwards the solemnity continued 
for three, and at last, by order of Caligula, 
for five days. The celebration was remarkable 
for the liberty which universally prevailed. The 
slaves were permitted to ridicule their masters, 
and to speak with freedom upon every subject. 
It was usual for friends to make presents one to 
another; all animosity ceased, no criminals were 
executed, schools were shut, war was never! 
declared, but all was mirth, riot, and debauchery. 
In the sacrifices the priests made their offerings 
with their heads uncovered, a custom which was 
never observed at other festivals. Senec. ep- IS. 
- Ca/o ..e R R. b7.—Suelon. in Vesp. 19. — Cic. 
ad Attic. 5. 20. 

S.\TURMa, a name given to Italy, because) 
Saturn had reigned there during the golden age- 

Virg. G^. 2, 173. A name given to Juno, «sp 

being the daughter of Saturn Hrg. G. 2, 173. ji 

■E ,. 3. RQ An ancient citv of Etruria. w ho«€|l 

ruins may be seen near the s jurce of the Albiui^t 



S.iT 



059 



SAT 



atMi which is mentioned hy Diony ius of Hali- ' 
carnassus, as fi)rmerly occupied by the Prlas^i. 
I it received a colony from Rome, A. U. C. 569. 
I Dion. Hal. 1, 21 — Liv. 39 55. I 
SATUR-nInus, p. Sempronius. a general of 
Valerian, proclaimed emperor in Egypt by his | 
! troops after he had rendered himself celebrated 
\ by his victories over the barbarians. His integ- | 
rity, his complaisance and affability, had gained 
him the affection of the people, but his fondness 
for ancient discipline provoked his soldiers, w ho 
wantonly murdered him in the 43d year of his | 
age. A. D. 262. Sextus Julius, a Gaul, inti- 
mate with Aurelian. The emperor esteemed 
1 him greatly, not only for his private virtues, but 
1 for his abilities as a general, and for the victories 
which he had obtained in different parts of the 
i empire. He was saluted emperor at Alexandria, 
'■ and compelled by the clamorous army to accept 
of the purple, which he rejected with disdain and 
I horror. Probus, who w as then emperor, marched 
his forces against him, and besieged him in 
I Apamea, where he destroyed himself when un- I 
j able to make head against his powerful adver- 

i sary. Lucius Appuleius, a tribune of the I 

people, who raised a sedition at Rome, intimi- 
da'ed the senate, and tyrannized for three years 
1 Meeting at last with opposition, he seized the 
capitol, but being induced by the hopes of a 
reconciliation to trust himself amidst the people, 
he was suddenly torn to pieces. His sedition 
I has received the name of Appuleiana in the 

i Roman annals. F/or. 3, 16 Lucius, a sedi- 

I tious tribune, who supported the oppression of 
Marius. He was at last put to death on account 
of his tumultuous disposition. Flut. in Mario. 

I Pompeius, a writer in the reign of Trajan. 

He was greatly esteemed by Pliny, who speaks 
I of him with great warmth and approbation, as 
an historian, a poet, and an orator. Pliny al- 
ways consulied the opinion of Saturninus before 
he published his compositions. 

SATURNiUS a name given to Jupiter, Pluto, 
and Neptune, as being the sons of Saturn. 

SatlrnCS, a son of Coelus, or Uranus, by 
Terra, called also Titea, Thea, or Titheia. He 
was naturally artful, and by means of his mother, 
he revenged himself on his father, w hose cruelty 
to his children had provoked the anger of Thea. 
The mother armed her son with a scythe, which 
was fabricated with the metals drawn from her 
bowels, and as Coelus was going to unite himself 
to Thea Saturn mutilated him, and for ever pre- 
vented hira from increasing the number of his 
children, whom he treated with unkindness and 
confined in the infernal regions. After this the 
sons of Coelus were restored to liberty, and Saturn 
(*bt^ined iiis father's kingdom by the consent of 
his brother, provided he did not bring up any 
male children. Pursuant to this agreement, 
Saturn always devoured his sons as soon as born, 
because, as some observe, he dreaded from them 
a retaliation of his imkindness to his father, till 
his wife Rhea, unwilling to see her children 
perish, concealed from her hu-band the birth of 
Jupiter, Neptune, and Pluto, and instead of the 
children she gave him large stones, which he 
I immediately swallowed without perceiving ^ie 
deceit. Titan was some tirne after informed 
that Saturn had concealed his male children, 
therefore he made vvar against him, dethroned 
and imprisoned him with Rhea; and Jupiter, 
who was secretly educated in Crete, was no 



soonpr grown up, than he tlew to deliver his 
l>ither, and to replace him on the throne. 
Saturn, unmindful of his son's kindness, con- 
spired against him. when he heard that he raised 
cabals against him, but Jupiter banished him 
from his throne, and the father fled for safety 
into Italy, where the country retained the name 
of Latium. as being the place of his conceulrnent 
(lateo). Janus, who was then king of Italy, re- 
ceived Saturn with marks of attention, he made 
him his partner on the throne; and the king of 
heaven employed himself in civilizing the bar- 
barous manners of the people of Italy, and in 
teaching them agriculture and the useful and 
liberal arts. His reign there was so mild and 
popular, so beneficent and virtuous, that man- 
kind have called it the golden age, to intimate 
the happiness and tranquillity which the earth 
then enjoyed. Saturn way father of Chiron the 
centaur by Philyra, whom he had changed into 
a mare, to avoid the importunities of Rhea- The 
worship of Saturn was not so solemn or so uni- 
versal as that of Jupiter. It was usual to offer 
human victims on his altar?, but this barbarous 
custom was abolished by Hercules, who substi- 
tuted small images of clay. In the sacrifices of 
Saturn, the priest always performed the cere- 
mony with his head uncovered, which was un- 
usual at other solemnities. The god is generally 
represented as an old man bent throueh a^e and 
infirmity. He holds a scythe in his right hand, 
with a serpent which bites its own tail, which is 
an emblem of time and of the revolution of the 
year. In his led hand he holds a child, which 
he raises up as if instantly to devour it. Tatius, 
king of the Sabines, first built a temple to Saturn 
on the Cnpitcline hill, a second was afterwards 
added by Tullus Hostilius, and a third by the 
first consuls. On his statues were generally 
hung fetters, in commemorarion of the chains 
he had worn w hen imprisoned by Jupiter. From 
this circumstance all slaves that obtained their 
liberty, generally dedicated their fetters to him. 

During the celebration of the Saturnalia, the 
chains were taken from the statues to intimate 
the freedom and the independence which man- 
kind enjoyed during the golden age. One of his 
temples at Rome was appropriated for the public 
treasury, and it was there also that the names of 
foreign ambassadors were enrolled. Hesiod. 

Theog.- ApoUod. 1, 1. Virg. JEn. 8, 319— 
Paris. 8, S.-Tibull. EL 3. 35. - Horn. II.- Ovid. 
Fast. 4, 197. Met 1, 123. 

Satyri, demigods of the country, whose 
origin is unknown. They are represented like 
men, but with the feet and the legs of goats, 
short horns on the head, and the whole body 
covered with thick hair. They chiefly attended 
upon Bacchus, and rendered themselves knov^n 
in his orgies by their riot and lasciviousness. 
The first fruits o; everything we.re generally of- 
fered to them. The Romans promiscuously 
called them, Fauni. Panes, and Syl'ani, It is 
said that a Satyr was brought to Sylla, as that 
general returned from Thessaly. The monster 
had been surprised asleep in a cave-, but his 
voice was inarticulate when brought into the 
presence of the Roman general, and Sylla was 
so disgusted with it, that he ordered it to be in- 
stantly removed. This monster answered in 
every degree the description which the poets and 
painters have given of the Satyrs. Pans. 1, 23. 
—Pint. inSyll.— Virg E. 5, 13.- Qv. Her. 4, 171 



SAT 



eeo 



SCA 



SatyruS, a king of Bosphorus, who reigned 
fi urteen years, &c. His father's came was 

SpaitHcus. Diod. 20. An Athenian who 

attempted to eject the garrison of Demetrius 

from the citadel, &c. Polycen. A Gieek 

actor who instructed Demosthenes, and taught 
him how to have a good and strong delivery. 

A man who assisted in murdering Timo- 

phanes, by order of his brother Timolecn. A 

Rhodian sent by his countrymen to Rome, when 
Eumenes had accused some of the allies of 
intentions to favour the interest of Macedonia 
asainst the republic. A peripatetic philoso- 
pher and historian, who flourished B. C. 148. 
A tyrant of .Heraclea, 346 B. C. 

Saufeius, Trogus. one of Messalina's fa- 
vourites, punished by Claudius, &c. Tacit. Ann. 

11, 35. Appius, a Roman, who died oa his 

return from the bath upon taking mead, &c. 
Plin. 7, i.3. 

Sauromatje, a people called Sarmatce by the 
Lat;n5. Fid. Sarmatia. 

Saurus, a famous robber of Elis, killed by 
Hercules. Paus. 6, 21. A statuary. Plin. 

aa, 5. 

Saus or Savcs. a river of Pannonia, rising 
in the Alpes Carnicas, and flowing into the 
Danube at Singidunum. It forms near its 
mouth the south-eastern boundary of Pannonia, 
and is now the Sau or Saaie. Pan. 3, 18. 

Saxones, a people of Germany, whose ori- 
ginal seats appear to have been on the neck of 
the Ciiersonesus Cimbrica, from the mouth of 
the Elbe to the Sinus Codanas and the river 
Chalusus (or Ty<ne), corresponding to modern 
Ho stein. PloL. 3, 11. 

Sc.i;A, one of the gates of Troy, where the 
tomb of Laomedon was seen. It received its 
name from oKathu sinister, as it was on the left 
side of the city, facing the sea and the Grecian 

camp. Homer. II. — Sil. 13, 73. One of the 

Daiiaides. Her husband's name was Dayphron. 
Apollod. 

SCiEVA, a soldier in Cesar's army, who be- 
haved with great courage at Dyrrachium. Lucan . 

6. 144. Meraor, a Latin poet in the reign of 

Titus and Domitian. A friend of Horace to 

whom the poet addressed ep. 1, 17. He was a 
Roman knight. 

SCiEVOLA. Vid. Mutius. 

ScalAbis, a city of Lusitania. north of the 
Tagus. It answers to the modern San/arem a 
corruption for Si Irene. PHn. 4, 22. 

SCALDIS. a river of Gallia Belgica Secunda, 
rising in the territory of the Atrebates, and 
falling into the Mosa or Meuse. It is now the 
Scheldt or Escaut. Ccvs. B. C 6, 37. 

SCAMANDER, or iSCAMANDROS. a celebrated 
rivtr of Troas, rising in the highest part of 
mount Ida, in the same hill with the Granicus 
und ^sopus, and falling into the sea at Sigasum. 
It received in a part of its course the river 
Simois, and between these two streams Troy is 
supposed to have stood. According to Homer, 
it was called Xanthus, by the gods, ard Scarnan- 
der among men. The name Xanthus would 
seem to refer to the yellow hue of its waters. It 
is generally supposed to be the modern Mendere. 

A son of Corybas and Demodice, who 

brought a colony from Crete into Phrygia, and 
settled at the foot of mount Ida, where he intro- 
duced the festivals of Cybele, and the dances of 
the Curybanfes. He some time after lost the 



; use of his senses, and threw himself into the:' 
I river Xanthus, nhich ever after bore his name.f 
His son-in-law Teucer succeeded him in th»\ 
government of the colony. He had two daugh-i 
terg, Thymn, and Callirhoe. Apollod. 3, 12. : 
I SCAMANDRiA, a town on the Scamander.r 
' Piin. 4, 30. 

fciCAMANDfilUS, one of the generals of Priam,i 
son of Strophius. He was killed by Menelaus.1 
Homer. II. 4.1. ; 

SCANDlNAViA, a name given by the ancients: 
to that tract of territory which contains tliei 
modern Norwav. Sweden, Denmark, Lauland, 
I Finland, &:c. Piin. 4, 13. I 
; SCANTiNiA LEX. f^id. Scatinia. ■ 
i SCAPTESYLE, or Scapte-Kyle, a place on the 
coast of Thrace, over against the island ol 
Thasos, famous for its gold mines, where ThucyH 
dides retired on his banishment from Athens,' 
and wrote the history of the Peloponnesian war. 
Thttcyd. 4, 104. 

SCARDUS, or Scordus, a ridge of lofty moun- 
tains, forming the natural boundary of Iliyria 
on the side of Macedonia. The Turks and 
Servians call it Tchar D:,sh. Liv. 43, 20 . 44, 31. 

SCATINlA LEX, de pudicitia , by C. Scatinluf 
Aricinus ttie tribune, was enacted against thost 
who were guUty of unnatural offences. Thf 
punishment at first was a fine; but it was after- 
wards made capital. It is sometimes called 
Scantinia Lex ; not, howevr^r. from one Scan^ 
tinius, who, according to Valerius Maximus ! 
was the first person condemned under it ; bui 
probably from the name of the individual whc 
proposed the law, Scantinius and not Scatinius. 

SCAURUS, M. -^milius, a Roman consul, who! 
distinguished himself by his eloquence at the 
bar, ard by his successes in Spain. He w*; 
sent against Jugurtha, but his exertions a; 
commander and as ambassador, were checkec 
by the bribes of the Numidiao prince, and th< 
Romans seemed more anxious to obtain th? gok 
of Jugurtha, than avenge the wrongs of Masin- 
issa's murdered family. Every accusatior 
against Scaurus for corruption or dereliction o 
duty was silenced by his superior influence, ant' 
he was invested with new ofBees. In an ensuint 
campaign he conquered the Lisurians, and in 
his censorship he buUt the Milvian bridge a 
Rome, and began to pave the road, which fron 
him was called the^Emilian. He was i-nginall^ 
very poor. He wrote some books, and amon| 
these a history of his ow n life, all now lost. Hi; 
son, of the same name, made himself known bj 
the large theatie which he built during hii 
edileship. This theatre, which could contaiit 
30,000 spectators, was supported by 360 column 
of marble, 38 feet in height, an<l adorned witrj 
3000 brazen statu-s. Tiiis celf-brated edififc 
proved more fatal to the manners and the simj 
plicity of the Romans, than the pr<)scription5j 
and wars of Sylla had done to the inhabitants ol 
the city. Scaurus married Murcia. CVr. iV 

Brut. - Fal. Max. 4, 4 Plin. 34, 7. 36, 2 A 

Roman of consular dignity. When the Cimbi^ 
invaded Italy, the sou of Scaurus behaved witi 
gre \t cow ardice, upon which the father sterni; 
ordered him never to appear again in the fiel* 
of battle. The severity of this command reO: 
dered young Scaurus melancholy, and he plungei 
a sword into his own heart, to free himself frotJ 
farther ignominy.— —Aurvlius, a Roman consuli 
taken prisoner by the G lie w.hs put to . 



SCE 



651 



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cruel death because he told the king of the 
eiieixiy not to cross tlie Alps to invade Italy, 
wiiich was universally deemed unconquerable. 
I ^CRLERATUS, Collis, a plain at Roras near 
) the Colline gate, where the vestal Minucia was 
! buried alive, when c. nvicted of adultery. Lii. 

' 8. 1j. One of the ^ates of Rome w;is called 

Heeler ia. because iiOO Fabii, who were killed at 
the river Cremera, had passed through it when 
they went to attack the enemy. It was before 

named Cirmentcilis. There was also a street 

ac Rome formerly called Cyprius, which received 
tiie name of the Sceleratus licus, because there 
Tullia ordered her postilion to drive her chariot 
over (he dtad bodv of her father, king Servius. 
Liv. 1 -^8. - Ovid. 'lb. 365. 

Scena, or Scenus, a river of Hibernia, now 
the Shannon. Oros. 1, 2. 

SCENiE, a city of Mesopotamia, on the borders 
of Babylonia. Slrab. 16. 

SCENlT^, a nomadic tribe in Arabia Felix. 
Plin. 5, II. 

Scepsis, a city of Troaa, situate beyond the 
river Cebren, near the highest part of Ida. It 
was hither that the libraries of Aristotle and 
Theophrastus were brought by Neleus, to whom 
they had been left by the latter, and whose heirs, 
fearing they might be forcibly seized by the 
king of Pergamus in his zeal for collecting, 
buried them under ground. After the lapse of 
160 years, during which they suffered materially 
fj-om the wet, they were dug up and sold ic 
Apellicun the Teian, who conveyed them to 
Athens and di-figurt d them with frequent inter- 
polations; at his death his library was removed 
lo Ronrie by Sylla. Str'ih. 13. 

SCHEDiA, a considerable village of Egypt, on 
the western side of the Canobic branch of the 
Nile, and the place where duties were levied 
on exports and imports. Slrab. 17. 

SCHERiA, an ancient name of Curcyra, Paus. 
2, b. — Min. 4, 12. 

SCI ATHOS, now Ski'itho., an island off ihe coa«t 
Of Thessaly, about four miles to the east of ttie 
Magnesian promontory. It was originally in- 
habited by the Pelasgi, and subsequently by the 
Eulic£ans. It jjroduced good w ine, and once pos 
fiessed a town of some size, which v. as destroyed 
by Philip the son of Demetrius, to prevent its 
falling into the hands of Attalus andthe Romans. 
Plin. 4, n.-Liv. 31, 23. 44, 13. 

ISClLLUS. a town of Elis, below the Alpheus, 
and not far from the coast. It was given to 
Xenophon by the Lacedaemonians, when he was 
banished by his fellow-citiztns for having served 
in the army of the younger Cyius. He built a 
temple here to Diana Ephesia, in periormance 
of a vow made during the retreat of the ten 
thousand, after the fatal battle of Cunaxa. When 
the Eleans gained possession of the place, they 
tried him for having accepted it from the Spar- 
tans, but being acquitted, he was allowed to 
reside here. His tomb was shown here, and 
f;ver it, his statue of Pentelic marble. Puus. 5. 
6.-Xen. Anab. 5, 3, 7- 

SCIMS, a cruel robber who tied men to Ihi- 
boughs of trees, w hich he had forcibly brought 
together, and which ne afterwards unloosed, so 
ti;at their limbs were torn in an instant ficm 
their body. Oxid. Met. 7, 440. 

SCIPIAD*^;, a name applied to the two Scipios, 
v.iio obtained the surname of A/ticanus, from 
the conquests of Cait .age, f^irg. /En. G. oJJ. 



SciPiO, a celebrated fansily at Rome wlio 
obtained the greatest honours in the repubiic 
The name seems to be derived from acipio, 
which signifies a stitk, because one of the 
family had conducted his blind father, and had 
been to him as a stick. The Scipios were a 
branch of the Cornelian family. The most 
illustrious were — P. Corn, a man made master of 

horse by Camillus, &c A Roman dictator. 

L- Cornel, a consul A. U. C. 436, who 

defeated the Etrurians near Volaterra Cn. 

surnamed Asina was consul A. U. C 4y4 & fiUU.. 
Pie was conquered in his first consulship ia a 
naval battle, and lost 17 ships. The following 
year he took Aleria, in Corsica, and defeated 
Hanno, the Carthaginian general, in Sardinia, 
He also took 2U0 of the enemy's ships, and the 
city of Panormum in Sicily. He was father to 
Publius and Cneus Scipio. Publius, in the 
beginriing of the second Punic war, was sent 
with an army to Spain to oppose Annibal; but 
when he heard that his enemy had passed over 
into Italy, he attempted by his quick marches 
and secret evolutions to stop his progress. lie 
was conquered by Annibal near the Ticinus. 
where he nearly lost his life, had not his son, 
w ho was afterwards surnamed Africanus. C( ur- 
a^ieously defended him. He again passed into 
Spain, where he obtained si>me memorable 
victories over the Carihaginians, and the inhab- 
itants of the country. His brother Cneus shared 
the supreme command with him, but their great 
confidence proved their ruin. They separated 
their armies, and soon after Publius w as furiously 
attacked by the two Asdrubals and Mago, wiio 
commanded the Carthaginian armits. The 
forces of Publius were too few to resist with 
success the three Carthaginian generals. The 
Romans were cut to pieces, and their comman- 
der t^as left on the field of battle. No sooner 
had the enemy obtained this victory than tiiey 
immediately marched to meet Cneus Scipio, 
whom the revolt of 30,000 Celtiberians had 
weakened and alarmed. The general, who was 
already apprized of his brother's deaih, secured 
an eminence, where he was soon surrounded on 
all sides After desperate acts of valour he was 
-left among the slain, or according to some, he 
fled into a tower where he was burnt with some 
of his friends by the victorious enemy, Liv. 21, 
&c — Fior. 2, 6, &c. — Eulrop. 3, 8, &c. Publ.u.s 
Cornelius surnamed Africanus., was son of Pub- 
lius -Scipio, who was killed in Spain. He first 
distinguished himself at the battle of Ticinus, 
where he saved his father's life by deeds of 
unexampled valour and boidr.ess. The battle 
of Cannte, which proved so iai.al to the Roman 
arms, instead of disheartening Scipio, raised 
his expectations, and he no sooner heard, that 
some of his desperate countrymen wished to 
abandon Italy, and to fly from the insolence of 
the conqueror, than with his sword in his hand, 
and by his firmness and example, he obliged 
them to swear eternal fidelity to Rome, and to 
put to immediate death the first man who 
aitemp-ed to retire from his country. In his 
2ist year, Scipio was made an edile, an honour- 
able office, which was never given but to such as 
had reached their 27th year. Some time aftt r, 
the Romans were alarmed by the intelligence 
that the commanders of their forces in Spain, 
Publius and Cneus Scipio, had been slaughtered, 
and immediately young Scipio was appointed 

3 K 



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662 



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to avfnjje the death of his father, and of his un- j 
cle. and to vindicate the military honour of the 
republic It was soon known how able he was 
to be at the head of an army ; the various nations 
of Spain were conquered, and in four years the 
Carthaginians were banished from that part of 
the continent, the whole province became 
tributary to Rome; new Carthao:e submitted in 
cne day, and in a battle 54,000 of the enemy 
were left dead on the field. After these signal 
victories, Scijjio was recalled to Rome, which 
still trembled at the continual alarms of 
Annibal, «ho was at her gate?. The conqueror 
of the Carthaginians in Spain was looked upon 
as a proper general to encounter Annibal in 
Italy ; but Scipio opposed the measures which 
his countrymen wished to pursue, and he de- 
clared in the senate that if Annibal was to be 
conquered he must be c mquered in Africa. 
These bold measures were immediately adopted, 
thouali opposed by the eloquence, age, and ex- 
perience of the great Fabius, and Scipio was 
empowered to conduct the war on the coasts of 
Africa. With the dignity of con?ul he embarked 
for Carthage. Success attendi^d his arms, his 
conquests were here as rapid as in Spain; the 
Carthaginian armies were rented, the camp of 
the crafty Asdrubal was set on fire during the 
night, and his troops totally defeated in a drawn 
battle. These repeated losses a'.arm d Carthage; 
Annibal, who was victorious at the gates of 
Rome, was instantly recalled to defend the 
walls of his country, and the two greatest gen- 
er-ils of the age met each other in the field. 
Terms of accommodation were proposed ; but 
in the parley which the two commanders had 
together, nothing satisfactory was offered, and 
while the one enlarged on the vicissitudes of 
human aflfairs, the other wished to dictate like a 
conqueror, and recommended the decision of 
the controversy to the sword. The celebrated 
battle was foug:ht near Zama, and both generals 
displayed their military knowledge in drawing 
up their armies and in choosing their ground- 
Their courage and intrepidity were not less 
conspicuous in charging the enemy; a thousand 
acts of valour were perf.-.rmed on both sides, and 
though the Carthaginians fought in their own 
defence, and the Romans for fame and glory, 
yet the conqueror of Italy was vanquished. 
About '20,000 Carthaginians were slain, and the 
same number made prisoners of war, B. C. 202. 
Only 2000 of the Romans were killed. This 
battle was decisive; the Carthaginians sued for 
peace, which Scipio at last granted on the most 
severe and humiliating terms. The conqueror 
after this returned to Rome, where he was re- 
ceived with the most unbounded applause, 
honoured with a triumph, and dignified with 
the appellation of Africanus. Here he enjoyed 
for some time the tranquillity and the honours 
which his exploits merited, but in him also as in 
other great men. fortune showed herself incon- 
stant. Scipio offended the populace in wishing 
to distinguish the senators from the rest of the 
people at the public exhibitions ; and when he 
canvassed for the consulship for two of his 
friends, he had the mortification to see his 
application sligh'ed, and the honours which he 
claimed bestowed on a man of no character, and 
recommended by neither abilities nor meritorious 
actions. He retired from Rome no longer to be 
a spectator of the iogralifude of his coujitrynien, 



and in the capacity of lieutenant he aceompanied \ 
his brother against Antiochus, king of Syria. 
In this expedition his arms were attended wiih 
usual success, and the Asiatic monarch submitted 
to the conditions which the conquerors dictated. 
At his return to Rome, Africanus found the ^ 
malevolence of his enemies still unabated. 3 
Cato, his inveterate rival, raised seditions I 
against him, and the Petilli, two tribunes of the f 
people, accused the conqueror of Annibal off 
extortion in the provinces of Asia, and of living i; 
in an indolent and luxurious manner. Scipio j 
condescended to answer to the accusation of his [f 
calumniators; the first day was spent in hearing 1, 
the different charges, but when he again appeared [ 
on the second day of his trial, the accused inter- j, 
rupted his judges, and exclaimed, "Tribunes, 
and fellow-citizens, on this day, this very day, L 
did I conquer Annibal and the Carthaginians: I 
come, therefore, with me, Romans; let us go to 
the capitol, and there return our thanks to the 
immortal gods for the victories which have^ 
attended our arms," These words had the desired) 
effect, the tribes, and all the assembly followed!^) 
Scipio, the court was deserted, and the tribunesj 
were left alone in the seat of judgment. Yet} 
when this memorable day was past and forgotten,;^ 
Africanus was a third time summoned to appear; ^ 
but he had fled before the impending storm, and j 
retired to his country-house at Liternum, ThC) 
accusation was therefore stopped, and the ac-f 
cusers silenced, when one of the tribunes, for-j 
merly distinguished for his malevolence against, 
Scipio rose to defend him, and declared in theu 
assembly, that it reflected the highest disgrace^ 
on the Roman people, that the conqueror of An-,; 
nibal should become the sport of the populace, 
and be exposed to the malice and envy of disap-j 
pointed ambition. Some time after Scipio diedj 
in the place of his retreat, about 184 years beforei 
Christ, in the 4Sth year of his age; and so greati 
an aversion did he express, as he expired, for thei 
depravity of the Romans, and the ingratitude of; 
their senators, that he ordered his bones not to; 
be conveyed to Rome. They were accordingly 
inhuniated at Liternum, "here his wife^milia,j 
the daughter of Paulus .Erailius, who fell at thej, 
battle of Cannae, raised a mausoleum on hi* 
tomb, and placed upon it his statue, with that ofc 
the poet Ennius, who had been the companion; 
of his peace and of his retirement. If Scipioj 
was robbed during his life-time of the honours) 
which belonged to him as the conqueror of Africa,:; 
he was not forgotten when dead. The Romany 
viewed his character with reverence ; with rap-l 
tures they read of his warlike actions, and Afri-i, 
canus was regarded in the following ages as a| 
pattern of virtue, innocence, courage, and libera 
ality. As a general, the fame and greatness oi 
his conquests explain his character; and indeed 
we hear that Annibal declared himself inferioti 
to no general that ever lived except Alexandeik 
the Great, and Pyrrhus king of Epirus; and when| 
Scipio asked him what rank he would claim, if hs 
had conquered him, the Carthaginian general 
answered, " If I had conquered you, Scipio, t 
would call myself greater than the conqueror oin 
Darius and the ally of the Tarentines." As arg 
instance of Scipio's continence, ancient authors} 
have faithfully recorded that the conqueror oi 
Spain refused to see a beautiful princess thafc 
had fallen into his hands after the taking of Ne^ 
Carthage, and that he not only restored hei 



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inviolate to her parents, but also added im- 
mense presents for the person to whom she was 
betrothed. It was to the artful complaisance of 
Africanus that the Romans owed their alliance 
with Masinissa, king ol Numidia, and also that 
with king Syphax. The friendship of Scipio and 
Leelius is well known. Polyb. 6.- Flor. 2, 6-- 

Cic. in Bi ui. ^c. Eufrop. Lucius Cornelius- 

surnamed Asiuticus, accompanied his brother 
Africanus in his expeditions in Spain and Africa. 
He was rewarded with the consulship, A. U. C. 
5()4, for his services to the state, and he was em- 
powered to attack Antiochus king of Syria, who 
had declared war against the Romans. Lucius 
was accompanied in this c -mpaign by his brother 
Africanus; and by his own valour, and the advice 
of the conqueror of Annibal, he soon routed the 
enemv. and in a baitle near the city of Sardes 
he killed 50,{i00 toot and 4000 horse. Peace was 
soon alter settled by the submission of Antiochus, 
and the conqueror, at his return home, obtained 
a triumph, and the surname of Asiaticus. He 
did not, however, long enjoy his prosperity; 
Cato, after the death of Africanus, turned his 
fury against Asiaticus, and the two Petilli, his 
devoted favourites, presented a petition to the 
people, in which they prayed that an enquiry 
might be made to know what money had been 
Received from Antiochus and his allies. The 
petition was instantly received, and Asiaticus, 
charged to have suffered himself to be corrupted 
by Antiochus, was summoned to appear before 
the tribunal of Terentius Culeo, who was on this 
occasion created praetor. The judge, who w as 
an inveterate enemy to the family of the Scipios, 
soon found Asiaticus, with his two lieutenants 
and his qucestor, guilty of having received, the 
Brst 6,0( pounds weight of gold, and 480 pounds 
weight of silver, and the others nearly an equal 
sum, from the monarch against whom, in the 
name of the Roman people, they were enjoined 
to make war. Immediately they were con- 
demned to pay large fines-, but while the others, 
gave security, Scipio declared that he had ac- 
counted to the public for all the money which 
he had brought from Asia, and therefore that he 
was innocent. For this obstinacy Scipio was 
dragged to prison, but his cousin Nasica pleaded 
his cause before the people, and the praetor in- 
stantly ordered the goods of the prisoner to be 
seized and confiscated. The sentence was exe- 
cuted, but the effects of Scipio were insufficient 
to pay the fine, and it was the greatest justifica- 
tion of his innocence, that whatever was found 
in his house had never been in the possession of 
Antiochus or his subjects. This, however, did 
not totally liberate him; he was reduced to 
poverty, and refused to accept the offer of his 
friends and of his clients. Some time af.er he 
was appointed to settle the disputes between 
Fumenes and Seleucus, and at his return the 
Romans, ashamed of their severity towards him, 
rewarded his merit with such uncommon liber- 
ality, that Asiaticus was enabled to celebrate 
games in honour of his victory over Antiochus, 
for ten successive days, at his own expense. 

Liv. 38, 55, &c. — Eulrop. 4 Nasica was son 

of Cneus Scipio, and cousin to Scipio Africanus. 
He was refused the consulship, though sup- 
ported by the interest and the fame of the con- 
queror of Annibal; but he afterwards obtained 
it, and in that honoural)le office conquered the 
Boii, and gained a triumph. lie was also suc- 



cessful in an expedition which he undertook in 
Spain. When the statue of Cybele was brought 
to Rome from Phrygia, the Roman senate dele- 
gated one of their body, who was the most 
remarkable for the purity of his manners and the 
innocence of his life, to go and meet the goddess 
in the harbour of Ostia. Nasica was the object 
of their choice, and as such he was enjoined to 
bring the statue of the goddess to Rome with the 
greatest pomp and solemnity. Nasica also dis- 
tinguished himself by the active part which he 
took in confuting the accusations laid against 
the two Scipios Africanus and Asiaticus. There 
was also another of the same name, who dis- 
tinguished himself by his emnity against the 
Gracchi, to whom he was nearly related Pat. 

2, 1, ULC.—Flor. 2, 15.- Liv. 29, 14, &c. Publ. 

yEmilianus, son of Paulus, the conqueror s f 
Perseus, was adopted by the son of Scipio Afri- 
canus. He received the same surname as his 
grandfather.and was called Africanus iheyounger, 
on account of his victorie's over Carthage. jEmi- 
lianus first appeared in the Roman armies under 
his father, and afterwards distinguished himse.f 
as a legionary tribune in the Spanish provinces, 
where he killed a Spaniard of gigantic stature, 
and obtained a mural crown at the siege of In- 
tercatia. He passed into Africa to demand a 
reinforcement from king Masinissa, the ally of 
Rome, and ne was the spectator of a long and 
bloody battle which was fought between that 
monarch and the Carthaginians, and which soon 
produced the third Punic war- Some time after 
^Emilianus was made edile, and next appointed 
consul, though under the age required for that 
important office. The surname which he had 
received from his grandfather, he was doomed 
la w fully to claim as his ow n. He was empowered 
to finish the w ar w ith Carthage, and as he was per- 
mitted by the senate to choose his colleague, Le 
took with him his friend Laelius, whose father of 
the same name had formerly enjoyed the con- 
fidence and shared the victories of the first Afri- 
canus. The siege of Carthage was already 
begun, but the operations of the Romans were 
not continued with vigour. Scipio had no sooner 
appeared before the walls of the em my, than 
every communication wiih the land was cut off, 
and that they might not have the command of 
the sea, a stupendous mole was thrown across 
the harbour with immense labour and expense. 
This, which might have disheartened the most 
active enemy, rendered the Carthaginians more 
eager in Uie cause of freedom and independence; 
all the inhabitants, without distinction of rank, 
age, or sex, employed themselves without ces- 
sation to dig arother harbour, and to build ai d 
equip another fleet. In a short time, in spite of 
the vigilance and activity of ^^milianus, the 
Romans were astonished to see another harbour 
formed, and fifty galleys suddenly issuing under 
sail, ready for the engagement. This unexpected 
fleet, by immediately attacking the Roman ships, 
might have gained the victory, but the delay of 
the Carthaginians proved fatal to their cause, 
and the enemy had sufficient time to prepare 
themselves. Scipio soon got the possession of a 
small eminence in the harbour, and. by the suc- 
cess of his subsequent operations, he broke open 
one of the gates of the city and entered the 
streets, where he made his way by fire and 
sword. The surrender of above 50,000 men w us 
followed by the reduction of the citadel, and Xhi 
3 K 3 



SCI 



654 



SCI 



total submission of Cartha^^e B. C. 1^7- The 
captive citv was set on f.ie, and though Scipio 
was obliged to demolish its very walls to obey 
the orders ot the Romans, yet he wept bitterly 
over the melancholy and tragical scene; and in 
Dewailins the miseries of Carthage, he expressed 
nis fears lest Rome, in her turn, in some future 
age, should exhibit such a dreadful conflagra- 
tion. The return of iEmilianus to Rome was 
that of another conqueror of Annibal, and like 
him he was honoured with a magnificent triumph, 
and received the surname of ^fricanus. He was 
not long left in the enjoyment of his glory, be- 
iore he was called to obtain fresh honours. He 
was chosen consul a second time, and appointed 
to finish the war which the Romans had hitherto 
carried on without success or vigorous exertions 
against Numantia. The fall of Numantia was 
more noble than that of the capital of Africa, and 
the conqueror of Carthage obtained the victory 
only when the enemies had been consumed by 
lam'ine or by self-destruction, B. C. 133. From 
his conquests in Spain, ^Emilianus was honoured 
with a second triumph, and with the surname of 
Numaniinus. Yet his popularity was short, and, 
by telling the people that the murder of their 
favourite, his brother-in-law Gracchus, was law- 
ful, since he was turbulent and inimical to the 
peace of the republic, Scipio incurred the dis- 
pleasure of the tribunes, and was received with 
hisses. His authority for a mom.ent quelled their 
sedition, when he reproached them for their 
cowardice, and exclaimed, " Factious wretches, 
do you think that your clamours can intimidate 
me; me, whom the fury of your enemies never 
daunted? Is this the gratitude that you owe to 
xny father Paulus who conquered Macedonia, 
and to me? Without my family you were slaves. 
Is this the respect you owe to your deliverers? 
Is this your affection?'' This firmness silenced 
the murmurs of ihe assembly, and some time 
after Scipio retired from the clamours of Rome 
to Ca-eta. where, with his friend Laelius, he 
passed the rest of his time in innocent pleasure 
and am.usemenr, in diversions which had pleased 
them when children-, and the two greatest men 
that ruled the state, were often seen on the sea- 
shore picking up light pebbles, and throwing 
them on the smooth surface of the waters. 
Though fond of retirement and litemry ease, yet 
Scipio often interested himself in the affairs of 
t.-ie state. His enemies accused him of aspiring 
to the dictatorship, and the clamours were most 
1 ud against him, when he had opposed the 
Sempronian law, and declared himself the pat- 
ro > of the inhabitants of the provinces of Italy. 
This active part of Scipio was seen with pleasure 
by the friends of the republic, and not only the 
senate, but also the citizens, the Latins, and 
neighbouring states conducted their illustrious 
friend and patron to his hou.^e. It seemed also 
tl:e universal wish that the troubles might be 
quieted by the election of Scipio to the dietator- 
.<:hip and many presumed that that honour w ouhl 
be on the morrow conferred upon him. In this, 
however, the expectations of Rome were frus- 
t! «ted, Scipio was found dead in his bed to the 
s-tonishment of the world; and those who in- 
quired for the causes of this sudden death, p.M - 
ceived violent marks on his neck, and concluded 
that he hnd been strangled, B. C. 128- This 
x^s.'^assination, as it was then generally believed, 
was committed by the triumvirs, Papirius 



CarVo C. G'-acclius, and Fulvius Flacetis, who 
supported the Sempronian law, and by bis wife 
Sempronia, who is charged with having intro- 
duced the murderers into his room. No inquiries 
were made after the authors of his death; 
Gracchus was the favourite of the mob. and 
the only atonement which the populace m.ade 
for the death of Scipio was to attend his funer.nl, 
and to show their concern by their cries and 
loud lamentations. The second Africanus has 
often been compared to the first of that name ; 1 1 
they seemed to be equally great and equally 
meritorious, and the Romans were unable to ) ' 
distinguish which of the two was entitled to a ' 
greater share of their regard and admiration, 
ii^milianus, like his grandfather, was fond of 
literature, and he saved from the flames of 
Carthage many valuable coropositions, written I ' 
by Phoenician and Punic authors. In the midst | 
of his greatness he died poor, and his nephew, I j 
Q. Fabius Maximus, who inherited his estate, i 
scarce found in his house thirty-two pounds 
weight of silver, and tw o and a half of gold. His 
liberality to his brother and to his sisters de- 
serves tlie greatest commendations, and indeed 
no higher encomium can be passed upon hi = 
character, private as well as public, than the 
words of his rival Metellus, who told his sons, i '' 
at the death of Scipio, to go and attend the • 
funeral of the greatest man that ever lived or ' 
should live in Rome. Liv. 44, &c.— CiV. de 
'. S">iec. OraC. in End. & c — Polyb. — Appiaii. ~ \ 1 

Paterc. 1, 12, &ic. — Flor. A son of the first' 

Africanus, taken captive by Antiochus. king of | ] 
Syria, and restored to his father without a ran- , ' 
som. He adopted, as his son. young JUmilianus, ! ' 
the son of Paulus ..■Emilius, w ho was afterwards I * 
surnamed Africanus. Like his father Scipio, i ] 
he distinguished himself by his fondness for " 
literature, and his valour in the Roman armies. ' • 

Cic. Sen. 9 et W. — Liv. 40, 42. Metellus, thej • 

father-in-law of Pompey, appointed commander 
in Macedonia. He was present at the battle of; ] 
Pharsalia, and afterw ards retired to Africa, with * 
Cato. He was defeated by Cae?ar at Thapsus. * 

Plat'. Salutio, a mean person in Cajsar's' ^ 

army in Africa. The general appointed himj f' 
his chief commander, either to ridicule him, orj " 
because there was an ancient oracle that declared, " 
that the Scipios would ever be victorious in' " 

Africa. Plut. L. Cornelius, a consul whol • 

opposed Sylla. He was at last deserted by his * 

army, and proscribed. The comimander of ai 

cohort in the reign of Vitellius. 1 

SCIRA, an annual solemnity observed at| 
Athens in honour of Minerva, or, according to! " 
others, of Ceres and Proserpine, It received its! ^■ 
name either from Sciras, a small tow n of Attica,| * 
or from a native of Eleusis, called Scirus. ] " 

SCIRON. a celebrated thief in Attica, who 
plundered the inhabitants of the country, and] » 
threw them down from the highest rocks infoi 
the sea, after he had obliged them to w ait upon} »| 
him and to wash his feet. Theseus attacked 
him, and treated him as he treated travellers, i 
According to Ovid, the earth as well as the sea,' " 
refused to receive the bones of Sciron, which B 
remained for some tmie suspended in the air, * 
til! they were changi d info large rrcks called 
Scironia Sa.ra, situate befv\efn Megara and| ~ 
Corinth. There was a road near them whichj c 
bore the name of Sciron, naturally small and| 
narrow, but afterwards enlarged by "the emperor ^ 



SCO 



SCY 



Adrian. Srme suppose that^lno threw herself 
into the sea, from one of these rocks. Sciron 
had married the daughter of Cychreus a king of 
Salamis. Be was brother-in-law to Tel«mon 
the &on of .'Eacus. Ovid. Met. 7, 444. — Hercid. 
2, m.— &tn-b. 9.— Mela, 2, 13 — 1 lin. 47— 
Heneca, N. Q. 5, !?• 

ftCODRA, a city of Illyria, the capital of Gt n- 
tius, situate between the rivers Clausula and 
Barbana. It was a place of great strength, and 
might have easily defended itself against the 
Rorrans. in their war with Gentius; hut in.-tead 
of ofFerirg any resistance, it surrendered on the 
first approach of the enemy's forces. Liv.ii, 31. 

SCOMBKUS, or Scomius, a mountain range of 
Thrace, near Rhodope, and, together with the 
latter, forming part of the same great central 
chain. Thucyd. 2, 96 — Bristol Met. 1, 13. 

SCOPAS, an architect and sculptor of Kphesus, 
for some time employed in making the n auso- 
leum which Artemisia raised to her husband, 
and which was reckoned one of the seven vi onders 
of the world. One of his statues of Venus was 
among the antiquities with vhich Rome was 
adorned. Scopas lived about 430 years before 
Christ. Pans. 1, 43, &.c.— Horat. Od. 4, 8.— 

Vitr. 9, 9. An ^tolian who raised some 

forces to assist Ptolemy Epiphanes, king of 
Egypt, against his enemies Antiochus and his 
allies. He afterwards conspired against the 
Egyptian monarch, and was put to deaih, B. C. 
196. Liv. 26, 24. 

SCORDISCI, a mighty and extensive tribe of 
Illyria, in the interior of the country, and reach- 
ing as far as the Danube. The Scordisci having 
successively subdued the nations around them, 
extended their dominions from the borders of 
Thrace to the Adriatic. They were, however, 
in their turn conquered by the Romans, though 
not without numerous struggles and much blood- 
shed. Str,ib. 7.- Flor. 3, i.—Liv. Epit. 63. 

SCOTl, the ancient inhabitants of Scotland. 
It is generally conceded that the earliest inhab- 
itants of Caledonia were of Celtic origin. Ac- 
cording to .Scottish traditions, the Scoti came 
from Spain, took possession of Ireland, which, 
from them, was long called Scotia, and thence 
invaded the west coast of North Britain, where 
thev settled in the third century. In the reign 
of Kenneth II., A. D. 840, the Scoti and Picti 
were incorporated; but the kingdom was still 
denominated Pictland, and did not assume the 
name it now bears until the reign of Malcolm 
II. Ammian. Marcell. 20, 1. &6. 4. 27, 8. 

SCRIBONIA, a daughter of Scribonius, who 
married Augustus after he had divorced Clau- 
dia. He had by her a daughter, the celebrated 
Julia. Scribonia was some time after repudi- 
ated, that Augustus might marry Livia. She 
had been married twice before she became the 
wife of the emperor. Sueton. in Aug. 62. 

SCRlBONlUS. I.. Libo, a Roman historian, 
authf:r of Annals cited by Cicero. Ep. ad Att. 

13, 31. Largus Designatianus, a Roman 

physician, who lived in the time of Claudius, 
and is said to have attended that emperor to 
Britain. He wrote a treatise " De Compnsitione 
medicamentorum,'' the best edition of which is 
that of Rhodius, Patav. 1655, 4to. 

SCULTENNA. a river of Cisalpine Gaul, rising 
on the northern confines of Etruria, and flo'^iiiir 
to fbp e.-ist (■( :^.^.lti^l;l in'o the Padus. liis now 
the i'auaro. Sli,ih.b~Liv 11,12. 



SCYLLAClUM, a Greek city, on Ihe coast of 
the Brutii, in a south-west direction from 
Crotona, and communicating its name to the 
neighbouring gulf (Sinus Scyllacius). Accord- 
ing to Strabo, it was colonized by the Athenians 
under Mnestheus, but he neither mentions the 
time, nor the circumstances which led to its 
establishment. Servius, however, observes, 
that these Athenians were returning from Africa. 
At a later period it received a P.oman colonj . 
Scyllacium was the birth place of Cassiodorus, 
It is now Squillace. Strab. 6.- Serv. ad Firg. 

JEn. 3, 553 Veil. Puterc. 1, 15. 

SCYLAX, a celebrated geographer and ma- 
thematician, was a native of Car^anda in Caria ; 
and is noticed by Herodotus, and by Suidas. the 
latter of whom has evidently confounded differ- 
ent persons of the same name. A periplus 
remains bearing the name of Scylax, which is a 
brief survey of the countries along the shores of 
the Mediterranean and Euxine seas, together 
with part of the w tstern coast of Africa, surveyed 
by Hanno. It has come down to us in a cor- 
rupted state. The best edition is that of Grono- 
vius, 4to L. Bat. 1677. Herod. 4, 44. 

SCYLLA, a daughter of Nisus, king of Megara, 
who became enamoured of Minos, as that mon- 
arch besieged her father's capital. To make 
him sensible of her passion, she informed him 
that she would deliver Megara into his hands, 
if he promi^:ed to nsarry her. Minos consented, 
and as the prosperity of Megara depended on the 
golden hair, which was on the head of Nisu.<, 
Scylla cut it off as her father was asleep, and 
from that moment the sallies of the Megareans 
were unsuccessful, and the enemy easily became 
masters of the place. Scylla was disappointed in 
her expectations, and Minos treated her with 
such contempt and ridicule, that she threw 
herself from, a tower into the sea, or, according 
to other accounts, she was changed into a lark 
bv the gods, and her father into a hawk. Ovid. 
Trist. 2, 393.- Paws. 2, ■i'^. — Propert. EL 3, 19, 

21.— Hygin, fal. 198.- Vir^. G. 1, 405. &c 

A daughter of Typhon, or, as seme say, of 
j Phorcys, who was greatly loved by Glaucus, 
j one of the deities of the sea. Sc%lla scorned 
the addresses of Glaucus, and the god, to render 
: her more propitious, applied to Circe, whose 
I knowledge of heibs and incantations was uni- 
; versally admired. Circe no sooner saw him 
: than she became enamoured of him, and instead 
' of giving him the required assistance, she at- 
j tempted to make him fcrget Scylla, but in vain. 

To punish her rival, Circe poured the juice of 
: some poisonous herbs into the waters of the 
' fountain where Scylla hathed, and no sooner 
■ had the nymph touched the place, than she 
i found every part of her body below the waist, 
; changed into frightful monsters like dogs, which 
: never ceased barking. The rest of her body 
; assumed an equally hideous form. She found 
: herself supported by twelve feet, and she had 
I six different heads, each with three rows of 
' teeth. This sudden metamorphosis so terrified 
her, that she threw herself into that part of the 
sea w hich separates the coast of Italy and Sicily, 
where she was changed into rocks, which con- 
' tinued to bear her nan e, and which were uni- 
versally deemed by the ancients as very dan- 
gerous to sailors, as well as the whirlpool of 
Cbarybdis on the coast (,f Sicily. During a 
itiiipest li.e v^oViS ar< 'h bcntj- .J b\ modern 
3 K3 



SCY 



666 



SEJ 



n-viifators as roaring dreadfully when driven 
into ihe rough and uneven cavities of the rock. 
Homer. Ud. 12, So.— Ovid. Met. 14. 66, &c. — 
Pints. 2. dA.—nygin. fab. 199 Some authors, 
as Propertius, El. 4, 4, 39, and Virgil, Ed. 6, 74, 
with Ovid, Fast. 4, 500, have confounded the 
daughter of Tvphon with the daughter of Nisus. 

Virg. /En. 3, '424. &c A ship in the fleet of 

yEneas, commanded by Cloanthus, &c. Virg. 
.En 5, 122. 

SCYLL-5;u>l. a promontory of Argnlis, op- 
posite the Attic promontory of Sanium, and said 
to have derived its name fromScylla, the daughter 
of Nisus. It formed, together with the promon- 
tory of Sunium, the entrance of the Saronic gulf, 
and eloped also the bay of Hermione. Strab. S. 

ScvLLiAS, a celebrated swimmer of Scione, 
who enriched himself by diving after the goods 
which had been shipwrecked in the Persian 
ships near Pelium. It is said that he could dive 
eighty st£dia under the water. Herod. S, 8. 

SCYLURUS, a monarch who left eighty sons. 
He called them to his bed-side as he expired, 
and by enjoining them to break a bundle of 
sticks tied together, and afterwards separately, 
he convinced them, that when altogether firmly 
united, their power would be insuperable, but if 
ever disunited, they would fall an easy prey to 
their enemies. Ptut. de garr. 

SCYRiAS. a name applied to Doidamia as a 
native of Seyros. Ovid. A. I. < 82. 

SCYROS, an island of the ^^^gean Sea, north- 
east of Eubosa, and now called Skuro. It was 
the country of kins Lycomedes, v.here Achi'les 
lay concealed in the habit of a girl, to escape 
{Toing to the Trojan war. Here also Thespus, 
king of Athens, retired into exile, and is said to 
have terminated his existence by falling down a 
precipice. Scyros was celebrated for a superior 
bread of goats, and for its wine and marble; 
which were in much r^qut st. It was anciently 
inhabited by a set of Dolopian robbers, whom 
the Athenians, tmder Cimon, expelled. SfraB. 9. 
— Homer. Od. 10, bOS.-^Lycophr. V3li.— Tkucyd. 
1, 93. 

SCYTH'E, the inhabitants of Scythia. Fid. 
Scythia. 

SCYTHiA, a general name g'ven by the an- 
cient Greeks and Romans to a larffe portion of 
Asia: and divided by them into Scythia intra and 
extra Imium, that is. on either side of mount 
Imaus. Scythia intra Imaum corresponded 
generally with the modern province of Indepen- 
dent T'irtary and the north western portion of 
Mongolia: it touched to the we.st on Sarmatia 
Asiaiica, to the south on Ilyrcania, Sogdiana, 
and the dominion* of the Sacae. and to the east 
on Scythia extra Imaum. Scythii extm Imaum 
touched to the west upon Scythia intra Imaum 
and upon the dominions of the Sacas, to the south 
upon India, and to the east upon Serica: it cor 
responded with the central part of Mongolia. 
The Scythians were divided into many tribes, 
who possessed no towns, but lived a wandering 
nomadic life. They inured themselves to fatigue 
and labour, and are rppresented by some authors 
to have been so birbarous and savage, as to h.Tve 
fed upon human fl"sh, and to have drimk the 
blood of their enemies. Other accounts, h iw- 
ever, state them to have lived upon milk, and to 
have clothed themselves with the skins of their 
cattle; to have utterly despised money, and fo 
have instinctively practised that philosophy and 



virtue, which oiJier nations acquired only hy 
lo ig study. Ttie Scythians made several irrup- 
tions upon the more southern provinces of 
Asia, especially B. C. 624, when they remained 
in possession of Asia Mmor for twenty-eigh: 
years; and we find them at diflfc-rent periods ex- 
tending their conquests in Europe, and penetrat- 
ing as far as Egypt. Their government wa-; 
monarchical, and the deference «hich they paid 
to their sovereigns was unparalleled. When the 
king died, his body was carried through every 
province, where it was received in solemn pro- 
cession, and afterwards biiried. Herod. 1, 4,&c. 
— Fa/. Max. 5, 4.— Justin. 2, i. Sec— Ovid. Met. 
1, 64. 2, 224. 

SCYTHON, a man said to have had the power 
of changing himself into a woman whenever he 
pleased. O'-id. Met. 4, 280. 

SCYTH0F5HS, a city of Judaea, belonging to I 
the half tribe of Manasseh, not far from the 
western bank of the Jordan. Its Hebrew name 
was Bethshan or Bethshean. It was called Scy- 
thopolis, or the city of the Scythians, as the 
Septuagint has it, from its having been taken 
possession of by a body of Scythians in their 
invasion of Asia Minor and Svria. It is now 
Bysan. Plin. b. \S. - Amm. MarceU. 19, 27. - 
Judges, 1 . 27. 

Sebasta, Vid. Samaria The name was 

common to several cities, as it was in honour of 
Augustus. Sebaxte {Xe^aoTh. ?c. TrdXiy,) is the 
Greek form for Augusta, sc. itrbs. \ 

Seben-xitus, a town of the Delta in E?ypt, 
north of Busiris, and the capital of the Sebe'nny- ' 
tic nome. Tne modern Samanoud corresponds 
to its SA^p. Plin. 5 IS. j 

SEBETL'S. a small riv.'^r of Camnania. now the \ 
Madda'nna. falling into the bay ut Ix.iples, whence | 
the epithet Sebethis, given to one of the nymphs I 
who frequented i«? borders, and bpcame mother i 
of CEbalus by Telon. Hrj. .En. 7, 734. i 

SeditANI, or SEDENTAXI, a people of Spain, 
supposed to have been the same with the Ede- 
tani. 

Seduni, a nation of Gaul on the south bank , 
of the Rhodanus, to the e.ist of Lacus Lemanus. | 
Ccps. B G. 3. 

Sfdusii, a German nation on the south-east 
bank nf the Rsienus. 

S^GESTA, a town of Sicily. Vid. .l^gesta. 

Seqni, a people w ith a to^\ n of the same name 
in Belgic Gaul. Ccps. B. G. 6. 

SegobRiGA, the capital of the Celtiberi, in 
Hispania Terraconensis, south-west of Caisar- 
augusta. It is now Segorbe. \ 

Sf< GO.NTiA, or SEGUNTiA.a town of Hispania 
Terraconensis, in the territory of the Celtiberi 

and to the west of Caesaraugusta. .A city o^ 

the Arevaci, in Hispania Terraconensis, now 
Sguen;:a. 

SE(.ovi.4., a city of Hispania Terraconensis, 
in the farthest part of the territory of th° Are- I 
vaci, towards the south-west. It is now Segovia. I 
Plin. "i. 4. 

Skguntium, a town of Britain. suT)posed to i 
he raern :rrr.n in Wales. C.-ps. B G. 5. 21. 

Segi siani, a people of Gaul on the Loir«», 
near its source. Ca-s. B. G. 1, 10.— P/m.4. IS. i 

Sejanl'S. .^Lius. a native of Vulsinii in !- 
Etruria. who distinguished himself in the court ' 
of Tiberiii<!. His father's name was Seius Strab' >, 
a Roman knight, commander of the prsetoriaji 
guards. His motiicr was descended from u.j 



SEJ 



SEL 



J'snian family. Sf^junus first gained the favoxirs 
pf Cains Cccsar, the gr^ndscn of Augustus, but 
arterwards he attached himself to the interest 
and the views of Tifaprius, who then sat on the 
imperial throne. The emperor, who was na- 
turally of a suspicious temper, was free and cpen 
with Sejanus, and while he distrusted others, he 
communicated his greatest secrets to this fawn- 
ing: favourite. Spjanus improved this confid- 
ence, and nhen he had found that he possessed 
the esteem of Tiberius, he next endeavoured to 
become the favourite of the soldiers and the 
darling: of the senate. As commander of the 
pr^rorian guards he was the second man in 
Rome, and in that important office he made use 
of insinuations and every mean artifice to make 
himself beloved and revered. Kis affability and 
condescension gained him the hearts of the com- 
mon soldiers, and by appointing his ow n favour- 
ites and adherents to places of trust and honour, 
all the officers and centurions of the army becam.e 
devoted to his inierest. The views of Sejanus 
in this were well known; yet to advance with 
more success, he axtempted to gain the affection 
of the senators. In this he met with no opposi- 
tion. A man who has the disposal of places of 
honour and dignity, and who has the command 
of the public money, cannot but t>e the favourite 
of those who are in need of his assistance. It is 
even said, that Sejanus gained to his views all 
the wives of t^e senators, by a private and most 
secret promise of marriage to each of them 
whenever he had made himself independent and 
sovereign of Rome. Yet however succes-.ful 
with the best and noblest families in the empire. 
Sejanus had to combat numbers in the house of 
the emperor; but these seeming obstacles were 
soon removed. All the children and grand- 
children of Tiberius were sacrificed to the am- 
bition of the favourite under various pretences: 
and Drusus, the son of the emperor, by strikinjr 
Sejanus, made his destruction sure and inevit- 
able. Livia. the wife of Drusus, was gained by 
Sejanus, and though the m.other of msny chil- 
dren, she was prevailed upon to assist her 
adulterer in the murder of her husband, and she 
consented to marry him when Diusus was dead. 
No sooner was Drusus poisoned than Sejanus 
openly declared his wish to rr.arry Livia. He 
was strongly opposed by Tibeiius; and the 
emperor, by recommending Germ.anicus to the 
senators for his successor, rendered Sejanus bold 
nd determined. He was more urgent in his 
demands; and when he could not gain the con- 
sent of the emperor, he persuaded him to retire 
to solitude from the noi?e of Rome and the 
troubles of the governm.ent. Tiberius, naturally 
fond of ease and luxury, yielded t > his represen 
tations, and retired to Campania leaving Sej;.nus 
?.t the head of the empire. This was highly 
gratifying to the favourite, and he was now 
without a master. Prudence and moderation 
might have made him what he ^vished to be; but 
j Sejanus offended the whole empire when he 
1 declared that he was emperor of Rome, and 
! Tiberius only the dependenr prince of the island 
j of Capreas, where he had retired. Tiberius was 
I upon this fully convinced of the designs of .*^e- 
I janus; and when he had been informed that his 
lavourite had had the meanness and audacity to 
ridicule him by introducing him on the stage, 
the emperor ordered him to be accused before 
the senate. Sejanus was deserted by all hi.- 



pret^nded friends, as so^ n as by fortune; and the 
man who aspired to the empire, and who called 
himself the favourite of the people, the darling 
of the praetorian guards, and the companion of 
Tiberius, was seized without resistance, and the 
s^,me day strangled in prison, A. D. 31. His 
rfmains were exposed to the fury and insolence 
of the populace, and afterwards.thrown into the 
Tiber. His children and all his relations were 
involved in his ruin, and Tiberius sacrificed to 
riis resentment and suspicions, all those who 
were even connected with Sejanus, or had shared 
his favours and enjoyed his confidence. Tacit. 
Ann. 3 &c — Dio. 58 — Suet, in Tib. 

Seius, Cx. a Roman w ho had a famous horse 
of large size and uncomm.or; beauty. He was 
put to death by Antony, and it was observed, 
that w hoever obtained possession of his horse, 
which was called Seianns equus, became unfor- 
tunate, and lost all his pioperty, with every 
member of his family. Hence arose the proverb, 
ille homo habet Seianum equvm applied to such 
as were oppressed with misfortunes. Aul. GeLl. 
3, 9. 

Seleucena, or SELEUCIS, a cruntry of 
Syria, in Asia. Vid. Seleucis. 

"SelkucIa, a famous city of Asia, built by 
Seleucus Nicator and situate on the western 
bank of the Tigris about forty-five miles to the 
north of ancient Babylon, to the honours of 
which it succeeded, it was the capital of the 
Macedonian conquests in Upper Asia, and the 
feat of the Seleui-idan dynasty. Many ages after 
the fall of the Mscedonian empire, it retained 
the character of a flourishing Greek colony, and 
is said to have contained 600. OCO citizens, 
governed by a senate of 300 nobles. It was 
taken by the Romans in the reign of Marcus 
Aurelius, and given up to pillage and conflagra- 
tion, w hen 300,000 of the inhabitants are stated 
to have been massacred. It is now, together 
with Ctesiphon on the opposite side of the river, 
a heap of lubbish, the two ruins being known 
by the common name of Al Mcdain or "the two 
cities." Plin. 6, 26.- Dio. Cass. 68, 30. 71, 2.— 

Euirop. 8 5. A city of Cilicia Trachea, a 

short distance to The north of the mouth of the 
Calycadnus. It was built by Seleucus Nicator, 
find is sometimes called, for distinction sake, 
Seleuci.^ Trachea. It is still named Selefkiek. 

Arr:m. Marcell. 14, 25. A city of Apamene, 

not far from the city of Apamea. It was some- 
times called Seleuda ad Belum. Plin 5, 23 

A city of Syria, on the sea-coast, near the mouth 
of the Orortes, and south-west of Antioch. Ii 
was called Seleucia Pieria, from its situation at 
the foot of mount Pierus. It was founded by 
Seleucus Nicator, and was an exceedingly strong 
plsce. Strnb. ]6.— Pclyb. 5, 59. — We/a, 'l, 12. — 

Plin. 5, 18. 

SELEX'CiD.^:, a surname given to those mon- 
archs who sat f.n the throne of Syria which was 
founded by Seleucus, the son of Antiochus, from 
whom the word is derived. The era of the 
Seleucidae begins with the tsking of Babylon by 
Seleucus, B. C. 312, and er.ris at the conquest 
of Syria by Pnmpey. B. C. 65. The order in 
which these monarchs reisned, is shown in the 
account of Syria. Vid. Syria. 

Seleucis, adivi.sion oi Syria, which receirfd 
its name from Seleucu = , the founder of the 
Syrian empire, after the death of Alexander the 
Great. It was also called Telr-ijiolis, frcno llie 



SEL 



668 



SEL 



four cities which it contained, called al^o sister 
ciiis-s-, Seleucia c:illed after Seleucus, Ant.ioch 
called after his father, Laodicea after his mother, 
aad Apamea after his wife. 

Seleucus, Ist, one of the captains of Alex- 
ander the Great, surnamed iVtca/or, ovVictorious, 
v/as son of Antiochus. After the king's death, 
he received Babylon as his province; but his 
ambitious views, and his attempt to destroy 
Eumenes as he passed through his territories, 
rendered him so unpopular, that he fled for 
satety to the court of his friend Ptolemy, kin? of 
Ei!ypt. He was soon after enabled to recover 
Babylon, which Antigonus had seized in his 
absence, and he encreased his dominions by the 
immediate conquest of Media, and some of the 
neighbouring provinces. When he had strength- 
ened himself in his empire, Seleucus imitated 
the example of the rest of the generals of Alex- 
ander, and assumed the title of independent 
monarch. He afterwards made war against 
Antigonus, with the united forces of Ptolemy, 
Cassander, and Lysimachu^; and after this 
monarch had been conquered and slain, his ter- 
ritories were divided among his victorious ene- 
mies. When Seleucus became master of Syria, 
he built a city there, which he called Antioch, 
in honour of his father, and made it the capital 
of his dominions. He also made war against 
Demetrius and Lysimachus, though he had 
originally married Stratonice, the daughter of 
the former, and had lived in the closest friend- 
ship with the latter, Seleucus was at last 
murdered by one of his servants called Ptolemy 
Ceraunus, a man on whom he bestowed the 
greatest favours, and whom he had distinguished 
by acts of the most unbounded confidence. Ac- 
cording to Arrian. Seleucus was the greatest and 
most powerful of the princes who inherited the 
Macedonian empire after the death of Alexander. 
His benevolence has been commended; and it 
has been observed, that he conquered not to 
enslave nations, but to make them more happy. 
He founded no less than thirty four cities in 
different parts of his empire, which he peopled 
with Greek colonies, whose national industry, 
learning, religion, and spirit, were communi- 
cated to the indolent and luxurious inhabitants 
of Asia. Seleucus was a great benefactor to the 
Sreeks; he restored to the Athenians the library 
and the statues which Xerxes had carried away 
from their city when he invaded Greece, and 
a nong them were those of Harmodius and Aristo- 
giton, Seleucus was murdered 2S0 years before 
the Christian era, in the 32d year of his reign, and 
the 78th, or according to others the 73d year of 
his age, as he was going to conquer Macedonia, 
where he intended to finish his days in peace 
and tranquillity in the province where he was 
born. He was succeeded by Antiochus Soter, 
Justin. 13, 4. 15, 4. I'j. 3, &c. -Plut. in Dem.— 

Plin. 6, \7.—Paus. 8, 51. - Joseph. Aiit. 12 

The 2d, surnamed Callinicus, succeeded his 
father Antiochus Theus on the throne of 
Syria, He attempted to make war against 
Ptolemy, king of Egypt, but his fleet was ship- 
wrecked in a violent storm, and his armies soon 
after conquered by his enemy. He was at last 
taken prisoner by Arsaces, an ofBcer who made 
himself powerful bv the dissensions which 
reigned in the house of the Seleuci<l3e, between 
the two br others, Seleucus and Antiochus; and 
after he h;id been a prisoner for some time in 



Parthia, he died of a fall from his horse, B. C. ' 

226, after a reign of twenty years. Seleucus bad , 

received the surname of Pogon, from his long i 

beard, and that of Catlinicus, ironically to express I 
his very unfortunate reign. He had married 

Laodice, the sister of one of his generals, by . 

whom he had two sons, Seleucus and Antiochus. | 
and a daughter whom he gave in marriage to 
Mithridates king of Pontus, Strib. 16.— Justin. 

27. — Appian. de Syr The 3d, succeeded his 

father Seleucus 2d, on the throae of Syria, and 
received the surname of Cerait?iMS, by antiphrasis, 
as he was a very weak, timid, and irresolute 
monarch. He was murdered by two of his 
officers, after a reign of three years, B. C 2i3, 

and his brother Antiochus, though only fifteen | 

years old, ascended the throne, and rendered j 

himself so celebrated that he acquired the name j 

of the Great. Appian. Tne 4th, succeeded 

his father Antiochus the Great, on the throne of ! 

Syria. He was surnamed Philopaier, or, accord- 1 

ing to Josephus, Soter. His empire had been | 

weakened by the Romans when he became . 

monarch, and the yearly tribute of a thousand , 

talents to those victorious enemies, concurred i 

in lessening his power and consequence among' | 

nations. Seleucus was poisoned after a reign of ^ 

twelve years, B. C 175. His son Demetrius , 

had been sent to Rome, there to receive his ' 
education, and he became a prince of great 
abilities. Strab. 16. — Justin. 32. —Appian.—^ 

Th.' 5th, succeeded his father Demetrius Nicator | 

on the throne of Syria, in the 20th year of his i 

age. He was put to death in the first year of I 

his reign by Cleopatra, his mother, who had also ! 

sacrificed her husband to her ambition. He is j 

not reckoned by many historians in the number ' 

of the Syrian monarchs. -The 6th, one ot the j 

Seleucidas, son of Antiochus Gryphus, killed his j 

uncle Antiochus Cyzicenus, who wished to ob- j 

tain the crown of Syria. He was some time | 
after banished from his kingdom by Antiochus 

Pius, son of Cyzicenus, and fled to Cilicia,where I 

he was burned in a palace by the inhabitants, i 

B. C, 93. Appian. - Joseph. -A prince of 

Syria, to whom the Egyptians offered the crown j 

of which they had robbed Auletes, Seleucus | 

accepted it, but he soon disgusted his subjects, j 

and received the surname of Cybiosactes, or Sctd- \ 

lion, for his meanness and avarice. He was at ; 

last murdered by Berenice, whom he had | 

married, ' 

Seloe, the greatest city of Pisidia, situate I 

north of the Eurymedon, It was founded by the ' 

Lacedaemonians, and was remarkable for the • 

intrepidity of its inhabitants, as well as for their I 

sobriety and honesty. Slrab. 12, —Polyb. 5, j 
72 -77. 

SeliNUNS, or SeliNUS, {u7itis.) a large, and I 

flonnshin^ city of Sicily, situate on the southern , 

shore of the western part of the island, and in a 1 
south-west direction from Lilybaeum. It was 
founded by a Doric colony from Megara or 

Hybla, on the eastern coast of Sicily, 100 years 1 

after tlie establishment of the parent city, which j 

latter event to;)k place about the eighteenth ' 

Olympiad. It was demolished by the Cartha- ! 
gin'ians. who slew 16,000 of its inhabitants, ani 
took 5031) prisoners. It was rebuilt by Hermo- 

crates, and a:,'ain destroyed by the Carthaginians, ^ 

who razed its walls and temple?. The ruins of | 

Sdliiius .^.ti>t noar what is c^Wed Torre di PoUwr, j 

an I th?ir aio 1,-rn Ay-.y. ll.ilion u Pilieri dd CustH ] 



SEL 



G69 



Vetr.mo. Thucy L 6- 4, Diod. Sic. 13. 42. 57 et 

24, 1. A city of Cilicia Trachea, the most 

V esterly place in that province with the excep- 
tion of Laertes, and situated on the coast. It w as 
surrounded on almost every side by the sea. and 
seated on a precipitous rock, by which position : 
n was rendered nearly impregnable. The em- 
})eror Trajan died here; and from him the place ' 
took the newnameof Trajanopolis. The modern ; 
name is Silinty. Liv. 33, 20. I 

SELLASiA, a town of Laconia, north-east of 
Sparta, and commanding one of the principal 
passes in the country. It was situate near the ; 
confluence of the (i;nus and Gonsylus, in a valley 
confined between two mountains, named Evas 
and Olympus. It eommanded the only road by 
which an army could enter Laconia from the 
north, and was therefore a position of great im- ; 
portance for the defence of the capital. Polyb. i 
2, 6 -A'en. Hist. Gr. 5. n, 17. • i 

SELLi-IS, a river of Eli?, in the Peloponnesus, | 
rising in mount PhoJoe. and falling into the sea | 
below the Peneus. Near its mouth stood the \ 
lown of Ephyre. Strab. 8. j 

.SelymbrIa, now Silivria, a city of Thrace, ! 
founded by the Megarensians at a stili earlier ^ 
period than Byzantium. Its name signifiLS , 
"The city of Selys," bj ii signifying "a city ' in the , 
language of the Thracians. Herod 6, 33. 

SEMELE, a daughter of Cadmus by Hermione, ! 
the daughter of Mars and Venus. She was ' 
tenderly beloved by Jupiter; but Juno, who was | 
a:iways jealous of her husband's amours, and who 
hated the house of Cadmus because they were 
related to the goddess of beauty, determined to ' 
punish this successful rival. She borrowed the 
girdle of Ate, w hich contained every wickedness, 
deceit, and perfidy, and in the form of Beroe, 
Semele's nurse, she visited the house of Jupiter's 
mistress. Semele listened with attention to the , 
artful admonitions of the false Beroe, and was 
at last persuaded to entreat her lover to come to ! 
her arms w ith the same majesty as he approached 
Juno. This rash request was heard w ith horror 
by Jupiter; but as he had sworn by the Styx to 
grant Semele whatever she required, he came to 
her bed attended by the clouds, the lightning, 
and thunderbolts. The mortal nature of Semele 
could not endure so much majesty, and she was , 
instantly consumed by fire. The child, how- | 
ever, of which she was pregnant, was saved 
from the llames by Mercury, or. according to 
others, by Dirce, one of the n} mphs of the Ache 
lous, and Jupiter placed him in his thigh the 
rest of the time which he ought to have been in 
his mother's womb. This child was called : 
Bacchus, or Dionysius. Semele immediately ; 
after death was honoured with immortality | 
under the name of Thyone. Some, however, j 
suppose that she reroain-'^d in the infernal re- ; 
gions till Bacchus her son was permitted to bring ; 
her back. There were in the Temple of Diana | 
at TrcEzene, two altars raised to the infernal ; 
gods, one of which was over an aperture, through ; 
which, as Pausanias reports. Bacchus return»-ri 1 
from hell with his mother. S^-mele was parti- ! 
cularly worshipped at Brasiae in Laconia, where, j 
according to a certain tradition, she had bpen j 
driven by the winds with her son, after Cadmus ! 
had exposed her on the sea, on account of her i 
incontinent amour with Jupiter. The mother 
of Bacchus, though she received divine honours, I 
bad uo temples; she had a statue in a temple of j 



C res, Bt Thebes in Bos ^tia. Paui. 3, 2!. 0- 
—Horn. II. 14, 323.- Eurip. in Bcc.—AioUod. 
3, ^. — Ovid. Met. 3, 2ol. Fust. 3, lib.- Diod. 
3 et4. 

Semiramis, a celebrated queen of Assyria, 
daughter of the goddess Derceto, by a young 
Assyrian, She was exposed in a desert, hut her 
life was preserved by doves for one whole year, 
till Simmas, one of the shepherds of Ninas, 
found her and brought her up as his own child. 
Semiramis, when grown up, married Menones, 
the governor of Nineveh, and accompanied him 
to the siege of Bactra, where, by her advice End 
prudent directions, she hastened the king's oper- 
ations, and took the city. These eminent ser- 
vices. but chiefly her uncommon beauty, endeared 
her to Ninus. The monarch asked her of her 
husband, and offered him his daughter Sosana 
instead; but Menones, who tenderly loved Semi- 
ramis, refused, and when Ninus had added 
threats to intreaties, he hung himself. No 
sooner was Menones dead than Semiramis, who 
was of an aspiring soul, married Ninus, by « horn 
she had a son called Ninyas. Ninus was so 
fond of Semiramis, that at her request he re- 
.signed the crown to her, and commanded her to 
be proclaimed queen and sole empress of As- 
syria. O! this, however, he had cause to rep^^nt; 
Semiramis put him to death, the better to estab- 
lish herself on the throne, and w hen she had no 
enemies to fear at home, she began to repair the 
capital of her empire, and by her means Babylon 
became the most superb and magnificent city in 
the world. She visited every part of her dom- 
inions, and left every where immortal monu- 
ments of her greatness and benevolence. To 
render the roads passable and communication 
easy, she hollowed mountains and filled up val- 
leys, and water was conveyed at a great expence, 
by large and convenient aqueducts, to barren 
desarts and unfruitful plains. She was not less 
distinguished as a warrior. Many of the neigh- 
bouring nations were conquered; and when 
Semiramis was once told, as she was dressing 
her hair, that Babylon had revolted, she left her 
toilette with precipitation, and though only half 
dressed, she refused to have the rest of her head 
adorned before the sedition was quelled, and 
tranquillity re-established. Semiramis has been 
accused of licentiousness, and some authors have 
observed that she regularly called the strongest 
and stoutest men in her army to her arms, and 
afterwards put them to death, that they mijiht 
not be living w itnesses of her incontinence. Her 
passion for her son was also unnatural, and i' 
was this criminal propensity which induced 
Ninyas to destroy his mother with his own 
hands. Some say that Semiramis was changed 
into a dove after death, and received immortal 
honours in Assyria. It is supposed that she 
lived about 1965 years before the Christian era, 
and that she died' in the 62d year of her age, and 
the 25th of her reign. Many fabulous reports 
have been propagated about Semiramis, and 
some have declared that for som.e time she dis- 
guised herself, and passed for her son Ninyas. 
Val. Max. 9 3 — Herod. 1, 184.— 3Ma. 1, 3. — 
Paterc 1, 6.— Justin 1. 1, fic- Proper t. 3, 11, 
2\. -Plut. de Fort ^c. - Or id. Amor. 1, 5, 11. 
Met. 4, Marcell. 14, 6. 

Sfmnonks, a people of Germany, who boasted 
of being the most illustrious and ancient amon? 
the Suevi. They inhabited Lusniia, and part of 



SEM 



670 



SEN 



Mittelmaric, and extended from the Elbe to the 
Oder. Tacit, de Mor. Germ. 39. 

Semones, inferior deities of Rome, that were 
not in the number of the twelve great gods. 
Among these were Faunus, the Satyrs, Priapus, 
Vertumnus, Janus, Pan, Silenus, and all such 
illustrious heroes as had received divine honours 
after death. Tne word seems to be the same as 
semihomines, because they were inferior to the 
supreme gods and superior to men. 

Semosanctus. one of the gods of the Romans 
among the Indigetes, or such as were burn and 
educated in their country. 

SemproNiA, a Roman matron, daughter of 
Scipio Africanus, and mother of the two Gracchi, 
celebrated for her learning and her private as 

well as public virtues Also a sister of the 

Gracchi, who is accused of having assisted the 
triumvirs Carbo, Gracchus, and Flaccus, to 
murder her husband, Scipio Africanus tiie 
Younger. The name of Sempronia was common 
to the female descendants of the family of the 
Sempronii, Gracchi, and Scipios. 

Sempronia lbx, de magistratihus. by C. 
Semproiius Gracchus, the tribune, A. U. G. 
630, ordained that no person who had been 
legally deprived of a magistracy for mi-de- 
me;mours should be capable of bearing an office 
again. This law was afterwards repealed by the 

author. Another, de cvitate, by the same, 

A. U. C. 631'. It ordained that no capital judg- 
mt^nt should be passed over a Roman citizen 
without the concurrence and authority of the 
senate. There were also some other regulations 

included in this law. Another, de comihis, by 

the same, A. U. C. 635. It ordained that in 
giving their votss, the centuries should be 
chosen by lot, and not give it according to the 
order of their classes.— "Another, de comitiis, 
by the same, the same year, which granted to 
tiie Latin allies of Rome, the privilege of giving 
votes at elections, as if they were Roman citi- 
zens Another, de provinciis. by the same, 

A. U. C. 630. It enacted that the senators 
should appoint provinces for the consuls every 

year before their election. Another, called 

agraria prima, by T. Sempronius Gracchus the 
tribui? ;, A. U. C. 620. [Vid. Agrariae Leges.] 

Another, called a^raria altera, by the same. 

It required that all the ready money which was 
found in the treasury of Actalus, king of Per- 
gamus, who had left the Romans his heirs, should 
be divided among the poorer citizens of Rome, 
to supply them with all the various instruments 
requisite in husbandry, and that the lands of 
that monarch should be farmed by the Roman 
censors, and the money drawn from thence 
should be divided among the people. An- 
other . frumentar in, by C Sempronius Gracchus. 
It required that a certain quantity of corn should 
be distributed among the people, so much to 
every individual, for which it was required thnt 
they should only pay the trifling sum of a semissis 
and a iriens Another, de usura, by M. Sem- 
pronius, the tribune, A. U. C. 560. It ordained 
that in lending money to the Latins and the 
allies of Rome, the Roman laws should be ob- 
serve'! as wf\\ as among the citizens. An- 

rt^'er.de judicibus, by the tribune C. Sempronius, 
A. U. C. 630. It required that the right of 
J dging, which had been assigned to the sena- 
torian order by Romulus, should b? transferred 
from them to the Roman knights. -.\nolher, I 



militaris, by the same, A. U. C 630. It enacted 
that the soldiers should be clothed at the public 
expence without any diminution of their usual 
pay. It also ordered that no person should be 
obliged to serve in the army before the age of 
seventeen. 

Sempronius, A. Atratinus, a senator who 
opposed the Agrarian law, which was proposed 
by the consul Cassius soon after the election of 

the tribunes L. Atratinus, a consul A. U. C. 

311. He was one of the first censors with his 

colleague in the consulship, Papirius. Caius, 

a consul summoned before an assembly of the 
people, because he had fought with ill success 

against the Volsci. Bleesus, a consul who ob- j 

tained a triumph for some victories, gained in 

Sicily. Sophus, a consul against the JEqui. j 

He also fought against the Picentes. and during 
the engagement there was a dreadful earthquake. | 
The soldiers were terrified, but S.)phus encour- 
aged them , and observed that the earth trembled j 

only for fear of changing its old masters A 

ma,n who proposed a law that no person should i 
dedicate a temple or altar, without the previous j 
approbation of the magistrates, A. U. C. 449. 
He repudiated his wife because she had gone to 
see a spectacle without his permision or know- < 

ledge Rufus, a senator, banished from the 

senate, because he had killed a crane to serve 

him as food A legionary tribune, who led 

away from Cannae the remaining part of the i 
soldiers who had not been killed by the Cartha- I 
ginians. He was afterwards consul, and fought | 
in the field against Annibal with great success. , 

He was killed in Spain. Tiberius Longus, a i 

Roman consul defeated by the Carthaginians in I 
an engagement which he had begun against the i 
approbation of his colleague C. Scipio- He 
afterwards obtained victories over Hanno and 

the Gauls Tiberius Gracchus, a consul who 

defeated the Carthaginians and the Campanians. 
He was afterwards betrayed by Fulvius. a Lu- j 
canian, into the hands of the Carthaginians, and . 
was killed, after he had made a long and bloody i 
resistance against the enemy. Annibal showed I 
great honour to his remains; a funeral pile was I 
raised at the head of the camp, and the enemy's 
cavalry walked round it in solemn procession. J 
The father of the Gracchi. Fid. Gracchus. | 

Sena, Julia, a city of Etruria. to the east of 
Volaterras. The designation Julia implies a ! 
colonv founded by Julius or Auffustus Caesar. It j 
is now called Sienria. Ticit. H. 4, 45.— P/in. 3, , 

5. Gallica, a city of Umbria, in Italy, on the | 

sea-coast, north-west of Ancona, and near the j 
mouth of the river Misus. It was built by the j 
Senones, and after their extermination, made a 
Roman colony. Its modern name is Si?n^a^lia. 
Polyh. -2, 19. 

SknAtus. the chief council of the state among 
the Romans. The members of this body called i 
senatores on account of their ngr. and patres on 
account of their authority were of the greatest | 
consequence in the republic The senate was i 
first instituted by Romulus, to govern the city, I 
and to preside over the affairs of the state dur- , 
ing his absence. This was continued by his 
successors; but Tarquin the second disdained i 
to consult them, and by having his own council^ p 
chosen from his favourites, and from men who 
were totallydevoted to his interest.he diminished 
the authority and the conseqiipnce of the sena- | 
tor?, and slighttd the concurrence of the people. 



SEN 



671 



SEN 



Ti e senators whom Ri n.ulus created were an 
hundred, to whom he altcrv^ards added the 
same number when the Sabinea had migrated 
to Rome. This is rather doubtiul, since Livy 
expressly states that there were only 100 senators 
at the deaih of Romulus, and that their number 
was increased by Tullus Hostilius, after the 
destruction of Alba. Tarquinius Priscus added 
100 more. After the expulsion of the last Tar- 
quin, whose tyranny had thinned the patricians 
as well as the plebeians, 364 new senators were 
chosen to complete the 300; and as they were 
called conscripfi, the senate ever afterwards 
consisted of m.embers who were denominated 
patres and conscripti. The number of 300 con- 
tinued with small variation to the time of Sylla, 
who increased it, but how many he added is 
uncertain. It appears that there were at least 
above 400. In the time of Julius Caesar, the 
number of senators was increased to 900, and 
after his death to lOCO; but, many worthless 
persons having obtained admittance into the 
senate during the civil wars, Augustus reduced 
the number to 600. The place of a si-nator 
was always bestowed upon merit. The monarchs 
had the privilege of choosing the members, and 
after the expulsion of the Tarquins, it was one 
of the rights of the confuls, till the election of 
the censors, who, from their office, seemed most 
capable of making choice of men whose charac- 
ter was irreproachable, whose morals were pure, 
and relations honourable. Sometimes the as- 
sembly of the people elected senators, but it w as 
only upon some extraordinary occasions; there 
was also a dictator chosen to fill up the number 
of the senate after the battle of Cannae. Only 
particular families were admitted into the senate; 
and when the plebeians were permitted to share 
the honours of the state, it was then required 
that they should be born of free citizens. It 
was also required that the candidates should be 
-knights before their admission into the senate. 
They were to be above the age of twenty-five, 
and to have previously passed through the in- 
ferior offices of quaestor, tribune of the people, 
aedile, prajtor, and consul. Some, however, sup- 
pose that the senators whom Romiulus chose 
were all old men; yet his successors neglected 
this, and often men who were below the age of 
twenty- five were admitted by courtesy into the 
senate. The dignity of a senator could not be 
supported without the possession of 80,000 ses- 
terces, or about 70001, English money; and 
therefore such as squandered aw ay their money, 
and whose fortune was reduced below this sum, 
were generally struck out of the list of sena^^ors. 
This regulation was not made in the first ages of 
the republic, when the Romans boasted of their 
poverty. The senators were not permitted to 
be of any trade or profession. They were dis- 
tinguished from the rest of the people by their 
dress. They wore the laticlave, a white tunic, 
or waistcoat, with an oblong broad stripe of 
purple, like a ribband, sewed to it; it was broad, 
to distinguish it from the equites, who wore a 
narrow one, half boots of a black colour, with a 
crescent or silver buckle in the form of a C, in- 
dicative of the ancient number of the senate, one 
hundred, [Centum.) They had the sole right of 
feasting publicly in the capitol in ceremonial 
habits; (hey sat in curule chairs, and, at the re- 
presentation of plays and public spectacles, they 
were honoured with particular seats. Whenever 



they travelled abroad, even on their own bi si- 
ness they were maintained at the public eyp< r ce, 
and always found provisions for themselves antl 
; their attendants ready prepared on the roati; a 
privilege that was generally termed/ree legation. 
On public festivals they wore the prcctexta. or 
I long white robe, with purple borders, The 
i right of convocating the senate belonged only to 
the monarchs; and after the expulsion of the 
I Tarquins, to the consuls, the dictator, master of 
the horse, governor of Rome, and tribunes of 
j the people; but no magistrate could exercise this 
i privilege except in the absence of a superior 
officer, the tribunes excepted. The time cf 
meeting was generally three times a month, on 
the calends, nones, and ides. Under Augustus 
they were not assembled on the nones. It was 
requisite that the place where they assembled 
should have been previously consecrated by the 
augur. This was generally in the temple of 
Concord, of Jupiter Capitolinus, Apollo, Castor 
and Pollux, &c.. or in the Curiae called Hostilia, 
Julia, Pompeia, &c, "When audience was given 
to foreign ambassadors, the senators assembled 
without the walls of the city, either in the 
temples of Bellona or of Apollo; and the san^e 
ceremony as to their meeting was also observed 
when they transacted business with their gen- 
erals, as the ambassadors of foreign nations, and 
the commanders of armies, while in comm.issioo, 
were not permitted to appear within ti e walls 
of the city. To render their decrees valid and 
authentic, a certain number of members was 
requisite and such as w ere absent without some 
proper cause, were always fined. In the reign 
of Augustus, 400 senators were requisite to make 
a senate. Nothing was transacted before sun- 
rise, or after sun-set. In their oflfice the sena- 
tors were the guardians of religion. They dis- 
posed of the provinces as they pleased, they 
prorogued the assemblies of the people; they 
appointed thanksgivings, nominated their am- 
bassadors, distributed the public money; and, in 
short, had the management of every thing 
political or civil in the republic, except the 
creating of magistrates, the enacting of laws, 
and the declarations of w ar or peace, which w ere 
confined to the assemblies of the people. Rank 
was always regarded in their meetings. The 
chief magistrates of the state, such as the con- 
suls, the praetors, and censors, sat first; after 
these the inferior magistrates, such as the asdiles 
and quaestors, and last of all, those that then 
exercised no office in the state. Their opinions 
were originally collected, each according to his 
age: but when the office of censor was institut- 
ed, the opinion of the princeps senatus, or the 
person whose name stood first on the censor's 
list, was first consulted, and afterwards those 
who were of consular dignity, each in their 
respective order. In the age of Cicero the con- 
suls elect were first consulted; and in the age of 
Caesar, he was permitted to speak first till the 
end of the year, on whom the consul had origi- 
nally conferred that honour. Under the emperors 
the same rules were observed, but the consuls 
were generally consulted before all others. 
When any public matter was introduced into 
the senate, which was always called referre ad 
S"natum, any senator whose opinion was askr d, 
was permitted to speak upon it as long as he 

f)leased; and on that account it w as often usua' 
or the senators to protract their speeches till / 



SEN 



67: 



^'2 



SEN 



was too Ifite to deiermine. When the question 
was put, they passed to the side of that speaker 
whose opinion they approved, and a majority of 
votes was easily collected, without the trouble of 
counting the numbers. This mode of proceed 
ing was called pedibus in alicujus sementiam ite: 
and therefore on that account, the senators who 
had not the privilege of speaking, but only the 
right of giving a silent vote, such as bore some 
eurule honours, and on that account were per- 
mitted to sit in the senate, but not to deliberate, 
were denominated pedarii senatores. After the 
majority had been known, the matter was de- 
termined, and a senatusconsultum was immedi- 
ately written by the clerks of the house, at the 
feet of the chief magistrates, and it was signed 
by all the principal members of the house. When 
there was not a sufficient number of members to 
make a senate, the decision was called sewdus 
auctorit s; but it was of no consequence if it did 
not afterwards pass into a senatusconsultum. The 
tribunes of the people, by the word veto, could 
stop me debates, and the decrees of the assem- 
bled senate, as also any one who was of equal 
authority with him who had proposed the n^atter. 
The senatusconsulta were left in the custody of 
the consuls, who could suppress or preserve 
them; but about the year of Rome 304, they 
were always deposited in the temple of Ceres, 
Hud afterwards in the treasury, by the aediles of 
the people. The degradation of the senators was 
made by the censor, by omitting their names 
when he called over the list of the senate. This 
was called prcpterire. A senator could be again 
introduced into the senate if he could repair his 
character, or fortune, which had been the causes 
why the censor had lawfully called him unquali- 
fied, and had challenged his opposition. The 
meeting of the senate was often sudden, except 
the particular times already mentioned, upon 
any emergency. After the death of Julius Caesar, 
they were not permitted to meet on the ides of 
March, which were called pnrricidium, because 
on that day the dictator had been assassinated. 
The sons of senators, after they had put on the 
tngi virilis, were permitted to come into the 
senate, but this was afterward limited. [F't'd. 
Papirius.] The rank and authority of the sen- 
ators, which were so conspicuous in the first 
ages of the republic, and which caused the 
minister of Fyrrhus to declare, that the Roman 
senate was a venerable assembly of kings, 
dwindled into nothing under the emperor?, Mf^n 
of the lowest character were admitted into the 
senate. The emperors took pleasure in robbios 
this illustrious body of their privileges and 
authority, and the senators themselves, by their 
manners and servility, contributed as much as 
the- tyranny of the sovereign to diminish their 
own consequence; and by applauding the follies 
rf a Nero, and the cruelties of a Domitian, they 
convinced the world that they no longer pos- 
sessed sufHcient prudence or authority to be 
con.-ulted on matters of weight and importance. 
In the election of successors to the imperial 
• •urple after Augustus, the approbation of the 
senate was consulted, but it was only a matter 
of courtesy, and the concurrence of a body of 
men was little regarded who v. ere without pow er, 
and under the control of a mercenary army. 
The title of clart'ssinius was given to the senators 
under the emperors, and indeed this was the 
only distinction which they had in compensation 



for the loss of their independence. The senate 
was abolished by Justinian, thirteen centuries 
after its firs? institution by Romulus. 

Seneca, M. Axn^eus, a celebrated philoso- 
piier. was born at Corduba, near the commence- 
ment of the Christian era. His father was a 
man of equestrian rank, and an eminent orator, 
of whom some declamations and controversies 
are extant. His mother was Helvia, a Spanish , 
lady of distinction. Being educated at Rome, • 
he was early initiated in the study of eloquence , 
by his father, and other m.asters; but his own., 
propensity led him to devote his talents to the' 
study of philosophy. He first joined the Pytha- 
goreans, whom he soon left for the Stoics: be, 
however, confined himself to no sect, but ex- 
tended his inquiries to all the systems of Grecian 
philosophy. In conformity to the wishes of his 
father, he pleaded some time in the courts of , 
justice, and acquired by the practice a consider- j 
able reputation but it is thought he relinquished . 
the bar, through fear of the jealousy of Caligula, 
who was ambitious of oratorical f;)me. Entering j 
into public life, he obtained the office of qucestor, 
and had risen to some consequence in the couit 
of Claudius, when, at the instigation of Mes- ' 
salina. he was accused of an adulterous commerce , 
with Julia, the daughter of Germanicus, and was , 
banished to the island of Corsica. In that island 
he remained in exile eight years, consoling him- j 
self with the maxims of philosophy, though 
never resigned to the severity of his lot, as may j 
be inferred from his complaints, and his abject ' 
application to the emperor for pardon. Upon l 
the marriage of Claudiu.s to his second wife 
Agrippina, Seneca was through her influence, j 
recalled, and, after being raised to the prcetor- • 
ship, was appointed preceptor to her son Nerov , 
while Burrhus was made his governor and [ 
military instructor. They are said to have acted , 
with the most perfect unanimity in restraining j 
him from those vices, to which his situation and . 
inclination prompted him; and obtained anas- : 
cendency over him, to which is attributed the ( 
flattering promise of the first years of his reign, t 
When Nero began to display his real character, I 
his quarrels with his mxher, who was as violent ^ 
and wicked as her son, laid his governors under 
great difficulties. O.nce they were the means of |[ 
reconciling them, but at length the breach was 
irreparable, .-md Nero determined to free himself j, 
from one whom he regarded as a fi.ingerous com- |j 
petitor, by the horrid crime of m.itricide. Seneca j, 
and Burrhus were apprised of his intention, and ^ 
did not oppose it as they ought to have done; ! 
and after the deed was perpetrated, Seneca wrote ; 
to the senate, in the name of the emperor, to ] 
justify it. Burrhus died very soon, and the in- 
fluence of Seneca over his pupil was entirely jj 
lost; nevertheless the tyrant heaped upon hiSh 
preceptor unbounded wealth, which not only ' | 
exposed the character of the philosopher to 
.*evere censure, but was in the end the princip.il 
cause of his dfstruction. Finding that he wu~ 
an object of envy to the favourites of the princt . 
he requested permission to retire from court, 
and refund all that he had received from tht 
imperial liberality. Nero assured him of hi^ 
continued regard, and would not hear of the 
proff'ered restitution of regards, which he had soj, 
well merited. Seneca, however, knew him too)^ 
well to place any confidence in his declarations,:^ 
and kept him? elf out of sight as much as possi-T 



! 



SEN 



673 



SER 



b!?, Notwithstandirgr his prudpnc, it is said 
that the yrant engaged one of his freedmen to 
poison him, and that Seneca by good (oriune j 
escaped the snare. It was not long, however, 
before an occasion was given to the emperor to ! 
gratify his hatred against one. whom he felt as a 
secret censor of his vices. Under the pretence ; 
of Seneca's connection with a conspiracy, aj 
military tribune was sent with a band of soldiers 
to Seneca's house, where he was at supper with 
his wife Paulina, and two friends. He was, 
without much ceremony, commanded to put an 
end to himself. The philosopher heard the 
sentence with equanimity, and only asked for 
time sufficient to make his will. This was re- 
fused, and turning to his friends, he said, that 
since he was not allowed to show his gratitude 

j to them in any other way, he would leave ihem 
the image of his life, as the best memorial of 

I their friendship. He then exhorted them to 
moderate their grief. He embraced Paulina, and 

' endeavoured to comfort her; but she refused any 

I other consolation than that of dying with him. 

I The death which he chose was that by opening 

I his veins, and he expired in the year 65, and in 
the 12th year of Nero's reign. The emperor 

j would not suffer Paulina to die with her hus- 
band; but she never recovered the loss of blood 
which she had experienced, before the imperial 
decree arrived. The character of Seneca has 
been greatly extolled by some writers; and not 
less deprecated by others; but Tacitus, without 
pretending to conceal his faults, inclines to a | 
favourable opinion of him; and it is completely ' 
ascertained that while Nero followed the pre- 
cepts of his master, he appeared a good prince; 
and that all virtue was banished from the court, 
when Seneca left it. If a writer could be es- 
timated by his works, a purer moralist could 
not easily be found; for their constant tenor is 
that of solid virtue, tempered with humanity, 
and exalted by the noblest principles of theism. 
They are indeed marked with the tumid pride 
inculcated by the Stoical sect, to which he 
chiefly adhered, though he freely adopted what 
he found good in others. Of his writings which 
have come down to us, the greater part are 
moral, consisting of epistles, 124 in number, and 
of distinct treatises cn Anger, Consolation, 
Providence, &c. There are, moreover, seven 
books on physical topics, entitled " Natural 
Questions," in, which are to be found the rudi- 
mefits of some notions regarded as fundamental 
in modern physics. A number of tragedies are 
extant, under the name of Seneca, but they are 
probably not his; nor is it at all known to whom 
they ought to be ascribed. The best editions of 
Seneca are that of Lipsius, fol. Antv. 1652, that 
I cum notis varioruni, 3 vols. 8vo. Amst. 167i, and 
j that of Ruhkopf, 5 vols. 8vo. Lips. 1797--1811. 
Tb.'i best editions of the tragedies separately, 
are, that of Gronovius, 8vo. Lugd. Bat. IGei^and 
thyt of Baden, 2 vols. 8vo. Lips. 1821. 

SeNuNES, an uncivilized nation of Gallia 
Transalpina, who left their native possessions 
on the Sequana or Seine, about seventy miles 
from Paris, and under the conduct of Brennus, 
invadtd Italy, and pillaged Rome. They after- 
wards united with the Umbri, Latins, and Etru- 
rians, to make Nvar against the Romans, till they 
were totally destroyed by Dolabella. The chief 
of their towns in that part oi' lfal3' where tliev 
settled near Unibria, and which from ihem was 



called Senagallica, were Fanura Fcrtunse, Sena, 
Pisaurum, and Ariniinura. IFid. Cimbri-I 
Liicnn. 1, 25i.~Sil. 8. 454.-iiu.5, 35, &c. 
SepiAS, a cape of Thessaly, now St George. 
Septjsm AQU.2E, a portion of the lake near 

Reate. Cic. Ait. 4, 15. Fratres, a mountain 

of Mauritania, now Gel el-Mousa. Strab. 17. 

■ Maria, the entrances of the seven mouths 

of the Po. 

Septerion, a festival observed once in nine 
years at Delphi, in honour of Apollo. It was 
a representation of the pursuit of Python by 
Apollo, and of the victory obtained by the god. 

SEPTlMiUS, TiT. a Roman knight, distin- 
guished by his poetical compositions both lyric 
and tragic. He was intimate with Augustus as 
well as Horace, who has addressed the sixth of 
his second book of Odes to him. 

Sequana, a river of Gaul, which separates 
the territories of the Belgae and the Celtae, and 
is now called la Seine. The course of this river 
extends 250 miles. Mela, 3, 2.—Lucan. 1, 425. 

SequAni, a people of Gaul, near the terri- 
tories of the /Edui, between the Soane and 
mount Jura, famous for their wars against Rome, 
&c. [Fid. iEdui ] The country which they 
inhabit is now called Franche Compie, or Upper 
Burgundy. Cces. B. G. 

SerapIo, a surname given to one of the 
Scipios, because he resembled a swine-herd 

of that name. A Greek poet who flourished 

in the age of Trajan. He was intimate with 
Plutarch. 

Serapis, one of the Egyptian deities, sup- 
posed to be the same as Osiris. He had a 
magnificent temple at Memphis, another, very 
rich, at Alexandria, and a third at Canopus. 
The worship of Serapis was introduced at Rome, 
by the emperor Antoninus Pius, A. D. 146, and 
the mysteries celebrated on the 6th of May, bu.t 
with so much licentiousness that the senate 
were soon after obliged to abolish them. Hero- 
dotus, who speaks in a very circumstantial 
manner of the deities, and of the religion of 
the Egyptians, makes no mention of the god 
Serapis. Apollodorus says it is the same as the 
bull Apis. Pans. 1, 18. 2, 34. Tacit. Hist. 4, 
83. Martial. 9, SO. 

Serbonis, now S ,bakni-Bardowal, a lake bp- 
tween Egypt and Palestine, and near mount 
Casius. Here Typhon, the murderer of Osiris, 
was said to be concealed. 

Seres, a nation of Asia. Fid. Serica. 
Sergestus, a sailor in the fleet of iEneas, 
from whom the family of the Sergii at Rome 
were descended. Virg. ^n. 5, 121. 

SERGiUS, one of the names of Catiline A 

military tribune at the siege of Veil, Th<^ 
family of the Sergii was patrician, and branched 
out into the sever 1 families of the Fidenates, 
Sili, Catilinae, Natta2, Ocellae, and Planci. 

SeRiCA or the Lan<i of Silk, a country o' 
Asia, touching to the west upon Scythia extra 
Imaum, and corn so. nding with the modern 
Chinese province of Shensee, together with parts 
of such other provinces as border immediately 
upon it. To the south it joined the territory of 
tiie Sinae, between whom and the Seres, from 
their being the same people, the ancients were 
unable to draw any line of separation ; indeed 
one of their authors plainly asserts that the silk 
r;>me from Tiiina- The name Seres was alto- 
.pother unknown in V.ie couuiry to which iba 

■6 I> 



671 



SER 



Ancients applied it an 1 vvas used by fhem as a 
collective appellatiia for rnany tribe--, derived 
from the production which they furnished : the 
Greeks called the insect from which silk was 
procured Ser, the thickly woven stuff itself 
Holosericum and the Cvjuntry which produced 
it Serica. The Indians were familiar wit'.i the 
productions of Serica many years before the 
Greeks and Romans ; it was not till the time 
of Augustus that the latter people became ac- 
quainted with them. The most important of 
its productions, silk, was then for the first time 
brought into the western countries, and was 
purchased with the greatest avidity, especially 
after a Greek woman of Co5 discovered a method 
of uuravelling the stuff and waaving it in a more 
thin and elegant manner. Tns Indians at last 
successfully introduced the culture of silk iat ) 
their own country at Serinda or Sirhind, after 
which it became a common article of clothinsf 
amongst the western nations. The ancients 
were for a long time ignorant of the way in 
which silk was produced ; the Indians told them 
it was a fiae coating which covered the leaves of 
certain trees, and which the Seres moistened, 
combed off, and farther prepared : this mc'thod 
of procuring it is mentioned by Virgil, the ."irst 
author who alludes to the Sericum. Others 
were of opinion that the Seres had a raittiod of 
interweaving the beautiful flowers of their pro- 
lific meadows ; but they at last became fully 
acq iainted witu the nature and properties of the 
silk worm, or bombyx as it was called by the 
Latins, of which a very tolerable description is 
given by Pliny. The fact of the Romans having 
despatched an embassy to the Chinese, seems to 
be very fairly established by the historians of the 
latter people, wh > state it to have been sent 
from An-toun (i. e. Antoninu5j emperor of the 
west, to Oan-ti, who reigned in China about 

A. D. 150. Ptol. 6, \5. — Hora'. Od 1, 29, 9 

Lucan. 10, 142. —Firg. G. 2, 121. 

SBRlPHUS. an island of the ^gean, south of 
Cythnus, and now Serpho. It was celebrated in 
mythology as the scene of some of the most 
remarkable adventures of Perseus, who changed 
Polydectes, king of the island, and his subjects, 
into stones, to avenge the wrongs offered to his 
mother Danae. Strabo seems to account for this 
fable from the rocky nature of the island. 
Pliny makes its circuit twelve miles. In Juve- 
nal's time state prisoners were sent there. 
Pini Pi/Jh. 12, 19 — Strab. IO.—Jwk Sii. 10. 170. 

Serranus, a surname given to Cincinnatus, 
because he was found sowing his fields when 
told that he had been elected dictator. Some, 
however, suppose that Serranus was a different 
person from Cincinnatus. Plin. 18, 3 — Liv. 3, 

26.— Firg. JEn. 6 844 One of the auxiliaries 

of Tarnus, killed in the night by Nisus. Virg. 

/En. 9, 335 .\ poet of some merit in Domi- 

tian's reisM. Juu. 7, SO. 

SbrtorHTS, Quint us, a Roman general, son 
of Quiiitus and Rhea, born at Nursia. His first, 
campaign was under the great Marius, against 
the Teutones and Cimbri. He visited the 
enemy's camp as a spy, and had the mis.''ortuae 
to lose one eye in the first battle he fought. 
When Marius and Cinna entered Rome and 
slauihtered all their enemies, Sertorius accom 
pinied th!?m, but he expressed his sorrow and 
c vncern at the melancholy death of so many of 
his countrymen. He afterwards fled for safety 



I i ito .Spain, whe.i Sylla had proscribed him, aiiidi 
I in this distant province he behaved himself with! 
1 so much address and valour that he was looked' 
j upon as the sovereign of the country. The' 
j Lusitanians universally revered and loved him,, 
and the Roman general did not show himself 
! less attentive to their mterest, by establishing! 
public schools, and educating the children of the! 
country in the polite ai ts and the literature of 
Greece and Rome. He had established a! 
senate, over which he presided with eonsularl 
authority, anJ the Romans, who followed hiaj 
standard, paid equal reverence to his person.! 
Tiiey were experimentally convinced of his,' 
valour and magnanimity as a general, and the* 
artful manner in which he imposed upon the; 
creduli ly of his adherents in the garb of religion,! 
did not, diminish his reputation, He pretended 
to hold commerce with heaven by means of a 
white hind which he had tamed with greatj 
success, and which followed him every where,! 
even in the field of battle. The success of Ser- [ 
tnrius in Spain, and his popularity among the! 
natives alarmed the Romans. They sent some 
troops to oppose him. but with little success.' 
Four armies were found insufiieient to crush or, 
even hurt Sertorius; and Pompeyand MetsUus,' 
who never engaged an enemy without obtaining' 
the victory, were driven with dishonour from' 
the field. But the favourite of the LuUtauiarisj 
was exposed to the dangers which usually attend) 
greatness. Perpenna, one of his officers whoj 
was jealous of his famj, and tired of a superior,' 
conspired against him. At a banquet the con-' 
spirators began to open their intentions byl 
speaking with freedom and licentiousness in th^ 
presence of Sertorius, whose age and character 
had hitherto claimed deference from othersj 
Perpenna overturned a glass of wine, as a signal! 
to the rest of the conspirators, and immediately 
Antonius, one of his officers, stabbed Sertorius; 
and the example was followed by all the rest} 
seventy-three years before Christ. Sertorius 
has been commended for his love of justice and! 
moderation. The flattering description which 
he heard of the Fortunate Islands when he past 
into the west of Africa, almost tempted htm td 
bid adieu to the world, and perhaps he woulJ 
have retired from the noise of war, and thej 
clamours of envy, to end his days in the bosomj 
of a peaceful and solitary island, had not the 
stronger calls of ambition and the love of famej 
prevailed over the intruding reflections of a| 
mbment. ^ It has been observed, that in his| 
latter days Sertorius became indolent, and fono 
of luxury and wanton cruelty, yet we musj 
confess that in affability, clemency, complaisj 
ance, generosity, and military valour, he no' 
onlv surpassed his contemporaries, but the resj 
of the Romans. PUit. in Pita — Patere. % 31) 
&c. -Flor. 3, 21, &c. -Appian. de Civ. 

SERVIlTa, a sister of Cato of Ucica, greatlj} 
enamoured of Julius Cifisar, though her brothei 
was one of the most inveterate enemies of hei 
lover. To convince Caesar of her affection, she; 
sent him a letter filled with the most tendei 
expressions of regard for his person. The lette( 
was delivered to C;Esar in the senate-housej 
while they were debating about punishing the 
associates of Catiline's conspiracy ; and wheq 
C:iio saw it, he exclaimed that it was a letteu 
from the conspir.itorv and insisted immedi^telj; 
oa its being mide public Upon this CasaC 



SER 



675 



SER 



gave it to Cato, and the stern senator had no , 
sooner read its contents, than he threw it back 
with the words of ''take it drunkard " From 
the intimacy which existed between Servilia and 
CjEsar, some have supposed that the dictator 
was the father of M. Brutus. Flut. in Cces. - 
C. Nep. in Attic. — Another sister of Cato, who 
married Silanus.— — A daughter of Thrasea, put 
to death by order of Nero, with her father. Her, 
crime was the consulting of magicians only to 
know what would happen in her family. 

SkrvilxA lex, de pecuniis repetundis, by C 
Ssrvilius, the praetor, A. U. C.653. It punished 
severely such as were guilty of peculation and 
extortion in the provinces. Its particulars are 

not precisely known. Another, de judicibus, 

by Q. Servilius Caepio, the consul, A. U. C. 647. 
It divided the right of judging betwet^n the 
senators and the equites, a privilege which, 
though originally belonging to the senators, had 
been taken from them and given to the equites, 
Another, de ci'ntate, by C. Servilius, ordain- 
ed that if a Latin accused a Roman senator, so 
that he was condemned, the accuser should be 
honoured with the name and the privileges of a 

Roman citizen. ■ Another, agraria, by P. 

Servilius Rullus, the tribune, A. U. C (390. It 
required the immediate sale of certain houses 
and lands which belonged to the people, for the 
purchase of others in a different part of Italy. 
It required that ten commissioners should be 
appointed to see it carried into execution, but 
Cicero prevented its passing into a law by the 
three orations which he pronounced against it. 

Servilius PuBLius, a consul who supported 
the cause of the people against the nobles, and 
obtained a triumph in spite of the opposition of 
the senate, after defeating the Volsci. He 
afterwards changed his opinions, and very 
violently opposed the people, because they had 

illiberally treated him. Ahala, a master of 

horse to the dictator Cincinnatus. When Mielius 
refused to appear before the dictator to answer 
the accusations which were brought against him 
on suspicion of his aspiring to tyranny, Ahala 
slew him in the midst of the people whose 
protection he claimed- Ahala was accused for 
this murder and banished, but his sentence was 
afterwards repealed. He was raised to the dic- 
tatorship. A praetor ordered by the senate to 

forbid Sylla to approach Rome. He was ridi- 
culed and insulted by the conqueror's soldiers. 

Publius, a proconsul of Asia during the 

age of Mithridates. He conquered Isaurica, 
for which service he was surnamed Isauricus, 

and rewarded with a triumph Nonianus, a 

Latin historian, who wrote a history of Rome, 
in the reign of Nero. There were more than 
one writer of this name, as Pliny speaks of a Ser- 
vilius remarkable for his eloquence and learn- 
\n'jr ; and Quintilian mentions another equally 

illustrious for his genius and literary merit. 

Casca, one of Caesar's murderers. The family 

of the Servilii was of patrician rank, and came 
to settle at Rome after the destruction of Alba, 
where they were promoted to the highest offices 
of the state. To the several branches of this 
family were attached the different surnames of 
Ahala, Axilla, Priscus, Caepio, Slructus, Ge- 
aiinus, Pulex, Vatia, Casca, Fidenas, Longus, 
and Tu.;ca. 

SkuViUS, TULLTUS, the sixth king of Rom^, 
fe^-^^ aoa of Ocrisia a slave of Corniculum, by 



Tullius, a man slain in the defence of his country 
against the Romans. Ocrisia was given by Tar 
quin to Tanaquil his wife, and she brought t i) 
her son in the king's family, and'addedthe name 
of Servius to that which he had inherited from 
his father, to denote his slavery. Young Ser- 
vius was educated in the palace of the monarch 
with great care, and though originally a slave, 
he raised himself so much to consequence, that 
Tarquin gave him his daughter in marriage. 
His own private merit and virtues recommended 
him to notice not less than the royal favours, 
and Servius, become the favourite of the people 
and the darling of the soldiers, by his liberality 
and complaisance, was easily raised to the 
throne on the death of his father-in-law. Rome 
had no reason to repent of her choice. Servius 
endeared himself still more as a warrior and as 
a legislator. He defeated the Veientes and the 
Tuscans, and by a proper act of policy he estab- 
lished the census, which told him that Rome 
contained about 84,000 inhabitants. He in- 
creased the number of the tribes, he beautified 
and adorned the city, and enlarged its boundaries 
by taking within its walls the hills Quirinalis, 
Viminalis, and Esquilinus. He also divided the 
Roman people into tribes, and that he might not 
seem to neglect the worship of the gods, he built 
several temples to the goddess of fortune, to 
whom he deemed himself particularly indebted 
for obtaining the kingdom. He also built a 
temple to Diana on mount Aventine, and raised 
himself a palace on the hill Esquilinus. Servius 
married his two daughters to the grandsons of 
his father-in-law ; the elder to Tarquin, and the 
younger to Arunx. This union, as might be 
supposed, tended to ensure the peace of his 
family; but if such were his expectations, he was 
unhappily deceived. The wife of Arunx, na- 
turally fierce and impetuous, murdered her own 
husband to unite herself to Tarquin, who had 
likewise assassinated his wife. These bloody 
measures were no sooner pursued than Servius 
was murdered by his own son-in-law, and his 
daughter TuUia showed herself so inimical to 
filial gratitude and piety, that she ordered her 
chariot to be driven over the mangled body of 
her father, B. C. 534. His death was universally 
lamented, and the slaves annually celeb'-ated a 
festival in his honour, in the temple of Diana, 
on mount Aventine, the day that he was 
murdered. Tarquinia, his wife, buried his re- 
mains privately, and died the following day. 
Lin. 1, 41 — Dionya. H. 4 — Flor. 1, 6.-Cic. de 
Div. 1, 53.— Val. Max. I, 6. — Ovid. Fas/. 6.601. 

Sulpilius Rufus, an eminent Roman jurist 

and statesman, descended from an illustrious 
family. He was contemporary with Cicero, and 
probably born about a century B. C. He cul- 
tivated polite literature from a very early period, 
especially philosophy and poetry. At an early 
age he appeared aS a pleader at the bar. In 
consequence of a reproof received from Quintus 
Mucins, an eminent lawyer, grounded upon his 
ignorance of the law, he applied himself with 
great industry to legal studies, and became one 
of the most eminent lawyers of Rome. Cicero 
highly commends his legal knowledge. Sul- 
pitius passed through the various civil ofTices of 
the Roman state, and was consul B.C. .'il. C.-esar 
made him governor of Achaia after the battle of 
I'harsalia, but when that chief was taken nff, 
Sulpitms reluiued to Rouse, and acted wiih the 
3 L 2 



SES 



676 



SEV 



rppublicaa pirty. H;- d ed ia the camp of An- 
tjiiy unler the walls of Moiena, having been 
sent oa aa embassy to that leader from the 
Romai senate. Cicero, in his 9th Philippic, 
pleads for a br izen statue to be erected to Snl- 
pitius, which h )nour was granted by the senate. 

Claaliui, a gr im iianan. Suet, de CI. Gr. 

4ono -ata> M iurus.a gramm irian and critic, 

who fljurished in the reigns of Arcadius and 
H ) iorius- He is priaaipally known by his com- 
mentaries o.i Virgil, wh:ch contain some valu- 
able nitices of the geography an i arts of antiquity. 
Tne commentaries or Servius are given most 
correctly in the edition of Virgil by Barmann, 
4 vols. 4to, Amst. 1746. A trac; on prosody by 
this author, entitled '• Ceatirnetrum," is printed 
in the c jHeL'tioas of the ancient grammarians. 

ScSOSTRis, a celebrated king of Egypt some 
ages belbre the Trojan war. His father ordered 
all the children in his dj.ninloas who were born 
on the same day with him to be pub'iely edu- 
caceJ, aa l to pass their youth in the company of 
his son. Tais sueeee lei in the highest degree, 
and Sesostris had the pleasure to find himself 
surrounded by a number of faithful ministers, 
and active warriors, whose education and inti- 
macy with their prince rendered them insepar- 
r.hlv devoted to his interest. Wnen Sesostris 
had succeeded on his father's throne he became 
ambitious of military fame, and after he had 
divide! his kingdom into thirty-six different dis- 
Ir cts, he marched at the head of a numerous 
a-myto make the conquest of the world. Libya, 
^Sthiopia, Arabia, with all the islands of the 
Red Sea, were cnq iered, and the victorious 
monarch marched through Asia, and penetrated 
farther into the eist than the conqueror of 
Dariu;. H» also invaded Europe, and subdued 
the Tnracians; and that the fame of his coa- 
que5ts m'ght long survive him, he p'.aeed 
c o'umns in the several provinces he hal sub- 
dned; and manv ages after, this p^mpou? ins3rii> 
li ^a was rea I in many parts of Asia, " Sesostris 
the king of kings has conquered this teritory by 
iiis a;ms," At his return home the monarch 
employed his time in ene ouragiui^ the fine arts, 
and in improving the revenues of his kingdom. 
He erected 103 temples to the gods for the vic- 
tories which he had obtained, and mounds of 
earth were heaped up in several par:s of Egypt, 
where cities were built for the reception of the 
i )h ibicants during the inundations of the Nile. 
Some canals were also dug near Memphis to 
facilitate navigation, and the communication 
or one province with another. In his old age, 
Sesostris gro vn infirm and blind, destroyed 
himself, after a reign of forty -four years, acaord 
i ig to s .'Tie. His mildness towards the con- 
quer? J has been admired, while some have 
>i,)Oraided him for his crueltv and Insolence in 
causing his chariot to be drawn by some of the 
monarciis whom he had conquered. The age of 
Seso.'tris is so remote from every authentic re- 
cord, that many have supported that the actions 
and conquests ascribed to this ra inarch are un- 
certain an 1 totally fabulou?. Herji. 2, 102. &e. 
—Diol. 1. -ralFUcj. 5, 419.— PJm 33, 3. - 

Lucan. 10, 276 S'rah. 16. 

SE33ITE5, now Seal, a river of Cisalpine 
Gaul, falling into th*' Po. PIU 3, 16 

Sestos, a city of Thrace, on the shores of the 
Hellespont, nearly ono nite to Abydos, which 
lay somewhat to the south. It apoears tJ have i 



beea foaadeJ at an early period by soms ^Eta- 
li.ans. Sestos was the place where Xerxes uuilt 
iiis famous bridge of boats, aad where Leaader 
was drowned, after swimming from Abydos to 
visit his mistress, Hero, the priestess of Venus 
here. Toe site of Sestos is now called Jaloisa. 
Mala, 2, 2.—Slrab. \d.—Firg, 3, 25S.— Ot)jJ. 
Heroid. 18, 2. 
SetAbis, Vid. Saetabis. 

Sethox, a priest of Vulcan, who made him- 
self king of Egypt after the death of Anysis. Hs 
was attacked by the Assyrians and delivered 
from this power.'ul enemy by an immense number 
of rats, which in one night gnawed their bow- 
strings and thongs, so that on the rairroiv their 
arms were found to be useless. From this 
wonderful circumstance Sethon had a statue 
which represented him with a rat in his hand, 
with the inscription of, " Whoever fixes his eyes 
upon me, let him be pious.'' Herod. 2, J+l. 

Setia, now Sessa, a town of Latium, north,- 
east of Antium and north of Circeii. Its wine 
was in considerable repute, and Augustus gave 
it tne preference, as being of all kinds the least 
calculated to injure the stomach. Plin. 14, 6.— 
Juv. Sit. 10, 27.—M.rliiL 13, 112. 

SEV£a\, Julia Aquilia; a Roman lady, whom 
the emperor Heliogabalus married. She was 
soon after repudiated, though possessed of all 
the charms of mind and body which could cap- 
tivate the mjst virtuous Valeria, the wife of 

Valentinian, and the mother of Gratianj was 
well known for her avarice and ambition. The 
emperor her husband, repudiated her and after- 
wards took her again. Her prudent advice at 
last ensured her son Gratian oa the imperial 

throne The wife of Philip, the R^jraan eoa- 

peror. 

SEV.eRUS, Lucius Sepiimius, a Rom\a 
emperor born at Leptis in Africa, of a noble 
family. He gradually exercised all the offii^ej 
of the state, and recomaiended himself to the 
notice of the world by an ambitious mind, and a 
restless activity, that could, for the gratification 
of avarice, endure the most complicated hard- 
ships. After the murder of Pertinax, Severus 
resolved to remove Didius Julianus who had 
bought the imperial purple when exposed to 
sale by the licentiousness of the praetorians, and 
therefore he proclaimed himself emperor on the 
borders of Illyricum, where he was statidlfed 
against the barbarians! To support himself i.a 
this bold measure, he took as his partner in the 
emoire Albinus, who was at the head of the 
Roman forces in Britain, and immediately 
marched to vards Rome, to crush Didius and all 
his partizans. He was reaeiveJ as he advanced 
through the country with universal acclamations, 
and Julianus himself was soon deserted by his 
favourites, and assassinated by his own soldiers. 
The reception of Severus at Rome was sufficient 
to gratify his pride ; the streets were strewed 
with flowers, and the submissive senate were 
ever ready to grant whatever honours or titles 
the conqueror claimed. In professing that he 
had assumed the purple only to revenge the 
death of the virtuous Pertinax, Severus gained 
many adherents, and was enabled not only to 
disar.m, but to banish the priCtorians, whoso 
insolence and avarice were become alarminy 
not only to the citizens, but to the e m ).°ror. 
But while he was victorious at Rome, Severus 
did n)t forget that there was anoth»>r competitor 



SEV 



677 



SEV 



for the imperial purple. Ptjscennius Niger was 
ia the east at the hea l of a powerful army, and 
with the Qame and ensigns of Augustus. Many 
obstinate battles were fought between the troops 
and officers of the imperial rivals, till on the 
plains of Issus which had been above five cen- 
turies before covered with the blood of the 
Persian soldiers of Darius, Niger was totally 
uined by the loss of 20,000 men. The head of 
Niger was cut off and sent to the conqueror, who 
punished in a most cruel manner all the parti- 
zans of his unfortunate rival. Severus after- 
wards pillaged Byzantium, which had shut her 
gates against him ; and after he had conquered 
several nations in the east, he returned to Rome, 
resolved to destroy Albinus, with whom he had 
hitherto reluctantly shared the imperial power. 
He attempted to assassinate him by his emis- 
saries ; but when this had failed of success, 
Severus had recourse to arms, and the fate of 
the empire was again decided on the plains of 
Gaul. Albinus was defeated, and the conqueror 
was so elated with the recollection that he had 
now no longer a competitor for the purple, that 
he insulted the dead body of his rival, and 
ordered it to be thrown into the Rhone, after he 
had suffered it to putrify before the door of his 
tent, and to be torn to pieces by his dogs. The 
family and the adherents of Albinus, shared his 
fate ; and the return of Severus to the capital 
exhibited the bloody triumphs of Marius and 
iSylla. The richest of the citizens were sacri- 
ficed, and their money became the property 
of the emperor. The wicked Commodus 
received divine honours, and his murderers 
were punished in the most wanton manner. 
Tired of the inactive life which he led in 
Rome, Severus marched into the east, with his 
two sons Caracalla and Geta, and with uncom- 
mon success made himself master of Seleucia, 
Babylon, and Ctesiphon; and advanced without 
opposition far into the Parthian territories. 
From Parthia the emperor marched towards 
the more southern provinces of Asia; after 
he had visited the tomb of Pompey the Great, 
he entered Alexandria ; and after he had 
granted a senate to that celebrated city, he 
viewed with the most criticising and inquisitive 
curiosity the several monuments and ruins 
which that ancient kingdom contains. The re- 
v.)lt of Britain recalled him from the east. After 
he had reduced it under his power, he built 
a wall across the northern part of the island 
t > defend it against the frequent invasions of 
the Caledonians. Hitherto successful against 
his enemies, Severus now found the peace of 
his family disturbed. Caracalla attempted to 
murder his father as he was concluding a treaty 
of peace with the Britons ; and the emperor 
was so shocked at the undutifulness of his son, 
that on his return home he called him into his 
presence, and after he had upbraided him for 
his ingratitude and perfidy, he offered him a 
drawn sword adding, " If you are so ambitious 
of reigning alone, now imbrue your hands ia the 
blood of your father, and let not the eyes of the 
world be witnesses of your want of filial tender- 
ness." If these words checked Caracalla, yet he 
did not show himself concerned, and Severus, 
worn out with infirmities which the gout and the 
uneasiness of his mind encreased, soon after 
died, exclaiming thnt he had been every thing 
iiiati could wish, but that ho was then nothin^'. 



Some say that he wished to poison himself, but 
that when this was denied, he eat to great exeeis. 
and soon after expired at York on the 4th of 
February, in the 21 1th year of the Christian era, 
in the 66th year of his age, after a reign of 
seventeen years eight months and three days. 
Severus has been so much admired for his mili- 
tary talents, that some have called him the most 
warlike of the Roman emperors. As a monarch 
he was cruel, and it has been observed that he 
never did an act of humanity, or forgave a fault. 
In his diet he was temperate, and he always 
showed himself an open enemy to pomp and 
splendour. He loved the appellation of a man 
of letters, and he even composed a history of his 
own reign, which some have praised for its cor- 
rectness and veracity. However cruel Severus 
may appear in his punishments and in his re- 
venge, many have endeavoured to exculpate 
hira, and observed that there was need of 
severity in an empire whose morals were so cor- 
rupted, and where no less than 3000 persons 
were accused of adultery during the space of 
seventeen years. Of him, as of Augustus, some 
were fond to say, that it would have been better 
for the world if he had never been born, or had 

never died. Dio. — Her odian. — Victor. SfC. • 

Alexander, (Marcus Aurelius,) a native of Phoe- 
nicia, adopted by Heliogabalus. His father's 
name was Qenesius Marcianus, and his mother's 
Julia Mammaea, and he received the surname 
of Alexander, because he was born in a temple 
sacred to Alexander the Great. He was care- 
fully educated, and his mother, by paying par- 
ticular attention to his morals, and the character 
of his preceptors, preserved him from those 
infirmities, and that licentiousness, which old 
age too often attributes to the depravity of youth. 
At the death of Heliogabalus, who had been 
jealous of his virtues, Alexander, though only in 
the 14th year of his age, was proclaimed emperor, 
and his nomination was approved by the univer- 
sal shouts of the army, and the congratulations 
of the senate. He had not long been on the 
throne before the peace of the empire was 
disturbed by the incursions of the Persians 
Alexander marched into the east without delay, 
and soon obtained a decisive victory over the 
barbarians. At his return to Rome he was 
honoured with a triumph, but the revolt of the 
Germans soon after called him away from the 
indolence of the capital. His expedition into 
Germany was attended with .some success, but 
the virtues and the amiable qualities of Alex- 
ander were forgotten in the stern and sullen 
strictness of the disciplinarian. His soldiers, 
fond of repose, murmured against his severity; 
their clamours were fomented by the artifice of 
Maxiniinus, and Alexander was murdered in his 
ten;, in the midst of his camp, after a reign of 
thirteen year-; and nine days, on the 18th of 
March, A. D. 235. His mother Mammaea 
shared his fate, with all his friends; but this was 
no sooner known than the soldiers punished 
with immediate death all such as had been con- 
cprned in the murder, except Maximinus, Alex- 
ander has been admired for his many virtues, 
and every historian, except Herodian, is bold to 
assert, that if he had lived, the Roman empire 
might soon have been freed from those tumults 
and abuses which continually disturbed her 
peace, and kept the lives of her emperors anil 
senators in perpetual alarms. His severity in 

;3 r. 



set; 



C78 



SIB 



p-jn'shin? off -nces was great, and ?ueh ss had 
r' bbed the public, were they even ihe most in- 
timate friends of the eniperor, were indiscrimin- 
ately sacrificed to the tranquillity of the stale, 
which they had violated. The great offices of 
the state, which had before his reign been ex- 
p;)sed to sale, and occupied by favourites, were 
now bestowed upon merit, and Alexander could 
b'^ast that all his officers were men of'trust and 
abilities. He was a patron of literature, and he 
dedicated the hours of relajration to the study of 
the best Greek and Latin historians, orators, 
Hiid poets; and in the public schools, which his 
liberality and the desire of encouraging learning 
had founded, he often heard with pleasure and 
satisfaction the eloquent speeches and declama- 
tions of his subjects. The provinces were well 
supplied with provisions, and Rome was embel- 
lished with many sta'ely buildings and ma?nifi- 
cent porticos. Alexand. l it.— Hercdian.—Zos^im. 

Victor. Flavius Valerius, a native of 

Illyricum, nominated Coes^r by Galerius. Re 
ivas put to death by Maximianus A. D. 307- 

= Libius, a man proclaimed emperor of the 

vest, at Ravenna, after the death of Maj -rianus. 

fie was soon after poisoned. Cas>iu-:, an 

rrator banished into the island of Crete by Aug- 
ustus, for his illiberal language. He was ban- 
i.'^hed seventeen years, and died in Seriphos. He 
is commended as an able orator, yet declaiming 
with more warmth than pnidence. His writings 
were destroyed by order of the senate. Suet, in 
Oct. — Quint. Sulpitiu?, an ecclesiastical his- 
torian, who died A. D. 420. The best of his 
works is his Historia Sicra, from the creation of 
the world to the consulship of Stilicho, of which 
the style is elegant, and superior to that of the 
age in which he lived. The best edition is in 
2 vols. 4to. Patavii, 1741 A celebrated archi- 
tect employed in buildmg Nero's golden palace 
at Rome, after the burning of that city. 

Seuthes, a Tiiracian kinsf, who enoourij^ed 
his countrymen to revolt, &c. This name is 
com.Tiom to several of the Thracian princes. 

Sevo, a ridge of mountains between Norway 
and Sweden. It assumes various nymes in dif- 
ferent parts of its course; as, the Lanyfleld 
mountains, the Do/rajield mountains, &c. Plin. 
4, 15. 

SexTiA LlCINiA Ln:x, de magidrntibus, by 
C. Licinius and L. S^^xtiu-s the tribunes, A. U.C. 
SSS. It ordained that one of the consuls should 
be elected from among the plebeians. An- 
other, de religione, by the same. A. U. C. 3S5. 
It enacted that a decemvirate should be chosen 
from the patriciani; and plebeians instead of the 
decemn'ri sacris ficiundis. 

Sf.XTi^ AQIJJE, now Air. a town of G, Ilia 
Narbonensis, and the metropolis of Narbmensis 
Secunda. It owed its f;iundation to Sextius 
Calvus, who in the fir*t expedition of the Ro- 
mans into Gaul, reduced the Salyes, in whose 
territory it was situate. It was noted for its 
warm mineral springs; but they had lost their 
warmth and much of their efficacy in the time 
of Ausustus. Marius defeated the Cimbri and 
Teutones near this place. Lir. Epit. Gl. — Sfrab. 
4. -Pluf. i>i Mar. ~^Flor. 3, 3. 

SextiLiUS, a governor of Africa, who ordered 
Marius when he landed there to depart immedi- 
ately from his province. Marius heard this 
vith some concern, and said to the messenger, , 

vio and tell your master that vou have seen ! 



the exiled Marius sitting on the ruins of C.ir- > 
tlio^e." P^ui. in Mar. I 

.Sextius Lucius, was remarkable for hfs ' 
friendship with Brutus. He gained the <ioi.fi- ! 
dpnce of Augustus, and was consul, A. C. 730. . 
Hjrace, who was in the number of his friends, 

dedicated od. 1. 4, to him Oae of the sons of 

Tarquin. Vid. Tarquinius. \ 

Sextus, a son of Pompey the Great. [Fid. ' 

Pompeius ] A stoic philostipher, born at ( 

Cheronaea in Boeotia. Some suppose that he 
was Plutarch's nephew. He was preceptor to I 
M. Aurelius, and L. Verus. " 1 

SiBYLL-E, certain women said to have been { 
inspired by heaven with the knowledge of futu- i 
rity. They flourished in dififerent parts of the i 
world, but their number is unknown. Piato 
speaks of one, others of two, Pliny of three, 
.Elian of four, and Varro of ten, an opininn 
which is universally adopted by the learned, i 
These ten Sibyls generally resided in the follow- I 
ing places; Persia,' Libya, Delphi, Cumse in | 
Italy, Erythraja. Samos, Cumse in ^olia, Mar^ j 
pessa on the Hellespont, Ancyra in Phr}-gi:i, and | 
Tibur. The most celebrated of the Sibyls is ' 
that of Cumae in Italy, whom some have called , 
by the different names of Amalthaea, Demophile, 
Herophile, Daphne. Manto, Phemonoe, and 
Deiphobe. It is said that Apollo became en- 
amoured of her, and that, to make her sensible j 
of his passion, he offered to give her whatever I 
she should ask. The Sibyl demanded to live as j 
many years as she had grains of sand in her ' 
hand, but unfortunately forgot to ask for the ! 
enjoyment of the health, vigour, and bloom, of |' 
which she «as then in possession. The god , 
granted her her request, but she refused to I 
gratify the passion of her lover, though he of- I 
fered her perpetual youth and beauty. Some j 
time after she became old and decrepid, her ' 
form decayed, and melancholy paleness and i 
haggard looks succeeded to bloom and cheerful- ' 
ness. She had already lived about 700 years j 
when Mneas came to Italy, and, as some have j 
imagined, she had three centuries more to live 
before her years were as numerous as the grains 
of sand which she had in her hand. She gave ' 
vEneas instructions how to find his father in the ! 
infernal regions, and even conducted him to the ( 
entrance of hell. It was usual for the Sibyl to 
write her prophecies on leaves which she placed | 
at the entrance of her cave, and it required par- i 
ticular care in such as consulted her to take up | 
those leaves before they were dispersed by the | 
wind, as their meaning then became incompre- i 
hensible. According to the most authentic his- 
torians of the Roman republic, one of the Sibyls 
came to the pal.ace of Tarquin the Second, with 
nine volumes which she offered to sell for a very 
high price. The monarch disregarded her, and 
she immediately disappeared, and soon after I 
returned, when she hnd burned three of the ' 
volumes. She asked the same price for th(-> 
remaining six books; and when Tarquin refused 
to buy tliem, she burned three more, and srill 
persisted in demanding the same sum of money 
for the three that were left. This extraordinary i 
behaviour astonished Tarquin; he bousht the \ 
books and theSibyl instantly vanished, and never 
after appeared to the world. These books were 
preserved with great care by the monarch, and | 
called the Sibylline versrs. A college of prie-'s i 
was appointed to have the care of them;(ria. j 



SIC 



G' 



;79 



SIC 



Duurr-iri,) F.nd such reverence did the Romans 
entertain for these prophetic books, that they 
were consulted with the greatest solemnity, and 
only when the state seemed to be in danger. When 
the capitol was burnt in the troubles of Sylla, 
the Sibylline verses, which were deposited there, 
perished in the conflagration; and to repair the 
loss which the republic seemed to have sus- 
tained, commissioners were immediately sent to 
different parts of Greece, to collect whatever 
verses could be found of the inspired writings of 
the Sibyls. What the ancients tell us respecting 
these prophetesses is all very obscure, fabulous, 
and full of contradictions. It appears that the 
name Sibylla is properly an appellative term, and 
denotes "an inspired person;" and the etym.o- 
l"gy of the word is commonly sought in the 
Molic or Doric 7ihi {D-iuf) and BuXt; {consilium.) 
As regards the final fate of the Sibylline verses 
some uncertainty prevails. It would seem, how- 
ever, according to the best authorities, that the 
emperor Honorius issued an order, A. D. 399, 
for destroying them; in pursuance of which 
Stilieho burned all these prophetic writings, and 
demolished the temple of Apollo in which they 
had been deposited. Nevertheless there are still 
preserved, in eight books of Greek verse, a col- 
lection of oracles, pretended to be .Sibylline. 
Plat in Phcpd ^lian. V. H. 12. 35.- Pans. 10, 

12, ikc. — Diod. 4. — Ovid. Met. 14 109 et 140. - 
firff. M7}. 3, 445. 6, c6. Lucan 1, Flin. 

13. yj—Flor. 4, \. - Salluxt.~Cic. Catil. 3. — 
Val. Max. 1, I. 8, 15, &c. 

SiCAMBRi, or Sygambri. a powerful Ger- 
man tribe, whose original seats were around the 
Rhine, the Sieg, and the Lippe. They were 
dangerotis foes to the Romans, who finally con- 
quered them under the leading of Drusus. Ti- 
berius transferred a larpe part of this people to 
the left or southern bank of the Rhine, where 
they were surnamed Gugerni, and som.etimes 
Excisi. Flor. 42, \2.~Ccbs. B. G. 4, 16- — Dto 
Cass. 54, Z2. — Tac. Ann % 26. 4, 12. 

SiCAMBRfA, the country of the Sicambri. 
Claud, in Eutrop. 1. 3S3. 

SlCANl, an ancient nation of Sicily. Vid. 
Sicilia. 

SlCANiA, an ancient name of Sicily. Vid. 
Sicilia. 

SICCA, Venerea, a city of Numidia, on the 
banks of the river Bagradas, and at some dis- 
tance from the coast. It received the appella- 
tion of Venerea from a temple of Venus which 
it contained, and where, in accordance with a 
well known oriental custom, the young maidens 
of the place were accustomed to prostitute their 
persons, and thus obtain a dowry for marriage. 
SaU. in Jug. m.— Val. Max. 2, 6. 

SICELIS, (SlCfiLiDES, plur.') an epithet ap- 
plied to the inhabitants of Sicily. T^ e Muses 
are called Sicelides by Virgil, because Theocritus 
was a native of Sicily, whom the Latin poet, as 
a writer of Bucolic poetry, professed to imitate. 
Firg. Ed. 4. 

SicHjEUS, called also Sii^hirhns nnd Ahcrbas, 
was a priest of the terr pie of Herctiles in Phoe- 
nicia. His father's name was Plisthenes. Ke 
married Elisa, the daughter of Belus, and sister 
of king Pygmalion, better known by the name 
of Dido. He was so pxrrpmply rich, that his 
brother-in-law murdered him to obtain his pos- 
sessions. This murder Pygmalion concpaled 
from his sister Dido; and he amu.-cd her by till- 



ing her, that her husband had gone upon an 
aflair of importance, and that he would soon 
return. This would have perhaps succeeded 
had not the shades of Sichaeus appeared to Dido, 
and related to her the cruelty of Pygmalion, and 
advised her to fly from Tyre, after she had pre- 
viously secured some treasures, which, as be 
mentioned, were concealed in an obscure ard 
unknown place. According to Justin, Acertas 
was the uncle of Dido. Virg. ^n. 1, 347, &c. 
— Patfire. 1, 6. — Justin. IS, 4. 

SicilTA, the largest, most fruitful, and popul- 
ous island of the Mediterranean, lying to the 
south of Italy, from which it is separated by the 
Fretum Siculum, the strait of Messina, which in 
the narrowest part is only two miles wide. Its 
short distance from the mainland of Italy gave 
rise to an hypothesis, among the ancients writers, 
that it once formed part of that country, and was 
separated from it by a powerful flood. The 
Cyclopes and Laestrygones were said to have 
been the first inhabitants of the island. It was 
formerly called Sicania, from the Sicani» who 
passed into it from Italy, and afterwards Sicilia 
trom the Siculi, who also crossed over from the 
mainland, and drove the Sicani to the western 
extremity of the island; the latter people, how- 
ever, are said by some to have retreated from the 
desolating eruptions of .(Etna farther into the 
interior. The Elymi once dwelled in the wes- 
ternmost part of the island; the Sicani, and some 
wandering bands of Trojans and Achseans* are 
supposed to have been included under this name. 
Sicily was likewise called, at a veryearly period, 
Trinacria and Triquetra, owing to its triangular 
shape, and Provincia Suburbana by the Romans, 
from its vicinity to Italy: owing to its great 
fertility, it has been styled the granary of the 
Romans. It received at various times Phoeni- 
cian and Greek colonies; the Carthaginians af- 
terwards held it in subjection, but they in their 
turn were dispossessed of it by the Romans. 
Cic. Att. 14, 12. Ferr. 2, 13.— Horn. Od, 9, 109. 

Justin. 4, 1, &c. - Virg. Mn- 3, 414, &c.~ lial. 
14, 11, 8cc.—Piin. 3. 8, &e. 

SICINIUS, Dentatus L. a tribune of Rome, 
celebrated for his valour and the honours he 
obtained in the field of battle, during the period 
of forty years, in which he was engaged in the 
Roman armies. He was present in 121 battles; 
he obtained fourteen civic crowns; three mural 
crowns : eight crow ns of gold; eighty-three golden 
collars; ICO bracelets; eighteen lances; twenty- 
three horses with all their ornaments, and all as 
the reward of his uncommon services. He 
could show the scars of forty-five wounds, which 
he had received all in his breast, particularly in 
opposing the Sabines when they took the capitol. 
The popularity of Sicinius became odious to 
Appius Claudius, who wished to make himself 
absolute at Rome, and therefore to remove him 
from the capital, he sent him to the army, by 
which, soon after his arrival, he was attacked 
and murdered. Of 100 men who were ordert d 
to fall upon him, Sicinius killed fifteen, and 
wounded thirty; and according to Dionysius, 
the surviving number had recourse to artifice to 
overpower him, by killing him with a .«hower of 
stones and darts thrown at a distance, about 40.) 
years before the Christian era. For his uncom- 
mon courage Sicinius has been called the Roman 

Achilles. Fal. Max 3. 2. - Dionys. 8. Vel- 

lutus, one of the first tTibrmes in Rome. IW 



SIC 



SiL 



raised cabals against Coriolanii?, and was one of 
his accuseri. Piut. in Cor. 1 
Sic5rus, a river of Spain, now the Segre, ! 
rising in the Pyrenees, and running into the i 
Iberus, after flowing by the city of Ilerda. It 
divided the territories of the Ilergitaj from those 
of the Lacetani. Some writers regard it as the 
Sicanus of Thucvdides. Cces. B. C. 1, 40.— 
Plin 3, 3. 

SlCULl, an ancient nation of Latium, who 
migrated to Sicily, which touk this name from 
them, and settled in the eastern parts of the 
island. Fid. Silicia. 

SICULUM FRETUM, now the Strail of Messina, 
the sea which separates Sicily from Italy, fifteen 
• miles long, but in some places so narrow, that 
the barking of dogs can be heard from shore to 
shore. Opposite Messina, the distance across is 
only three miles. This strait is supposed to 
have been formed by an earthquake, which 
separated the island from the conii.ient. 

SiCYON, a city of Greece in the territory of 
Sicyonia, north-west of Corinth, This was one 
of the most ancient cities of Greece, having ex- 
isted under the names of ^^igialea and Mtcone, 
long before the arrival of Pelops in the peninsula; 
it was famous for its olives. It was at first 
governed by its own kings, but afterwards formed 
a part of the kingdom of Mycenas, with the w hole 
of Aehaia; it was conquered by the Dorians and 
Heraclid£E, and became for a time subject to 
Argos. It, however, regained its independence, 
and under the guidance of its able general Aratus, 
who was a native of Sicyon, possessed very con- 
siderable power. The inhabitants are charac- 
terized by some as luxurious and dissolute, and 
hence the proverb " Sicyonii calcei," used in 
reference to effeminate gaiety. Notwithstand- 
ing this, it produced many celebrated men, 
particularly painters and statuaries, who were 
by no means inferior to those of Corinth ; amongst 
the latter was the celebrated Lysippus. The 
ruins or Sicyon are still to be seen near the 
small village of BasUico. Strab. S.—Paus. 2. 6- 
- - Horn. 11 2. 573. - Ovid ex Pont. +. 15, 10. - 
Firg. G. 2, b\9.—Plut. Fit. Aral. Plin. 35, 12. 
Athen. 4. 

SiCYONiA., the territory of Sicyon, on the 
Sinus Corinthiacus, west of Corinthia and sepa- 
rated from it by the small river Nemea. Fid. 
Sicyon. 

Side, a city of Pamphylia, west of the river 
Melas, and lying on the Chelidonian bay. It 
was founded by the Cumaeans of .^^olis. It 
was the scene of a .severe naval action between 
the fleet of Antiochus, commanded by Hannibal, 
and that of the Rhodian?, in which the former 
wasdefeated. Its site isnow called E,ky Adalia. 
Slr.ib. 14. — Liu. 37, 23 et 24. 

SlDIClNUM, or Teanum Sidicinum, a town 
of the Sidicini, in Campania. [Fid. Teanum.] 
The territory of the Sidicini was situate to the 
east of that of the Aurunci. 

SiDON, or Zidon, the most ancient and im- 
portant city of P.icenicia, about twenty-five 
miles north of Tyrui. on the sea-coast. It is 
supposed to have taken its name from Sidon, 
the eldest son of Canaan. It rose to a high 
pitch of power and splendour through the in- 
gen jity and industry of its inhabitants, who 
rendered themselves very famous by their man- 
ufnctures of glass and fine linen, an ' workinir of 
metals, as well as by their piirpV dye; sj inuen 



so, that Homer, when describing a beautiful' 
work of art, often speaks of it as the production I 
of .Sidonian artists. It was destroyed by the 
Persian king Ochus, B, C, 351, but was after- 
wards rebuilt by the inhabitants. Its modern 
name is S-jide. ' Lucan. 3, 217. 10, 141. Diod. 
16.— Justin. 11, 10.— P^m. 36, 26- —Homer. Odys. 
15,411. Mela. A, 12. 

SlDONlORUM iNSULiE, islands in the Persian 
gulf, supposed to be the same with the Sidodona 
of Arrian. 

SlDONIS, the country of which Sidon was the 
capital, situate at the west of Syria, on the coast 
of the Mediterranean. Ovid. Met. 2, Jab. 19. 

Dido, as a native of the country, is often 

called Sidor.is. Ovid. Met. 14, 80. . 

SiDOXius Apollixaris. an ecclesiastic ofj 
the filth century, was born at Lugdunum {Lyons 
He married the daughter of Avitus, who wasi: 
raised to the imperial dignity on the death of': 
Maximus, but wa.s afterwards deposed by Major- il 
ianus. Sidonius also was made prisoner, andp 
carried to Rome, where he obtained favour by|t 
his pcem m honour of the victor. After this, hef 
was made a patrician, and governor of the city;(; 
but in 472 he became bishop of Augustunometum \ 
{Ctermont), where he died in 487. His letters j 
were printed at Paris in 1614. ' 
SIGA, a city in the western part of Numidia,!' 
1 or what was afterwards called Mauritania Caes'ii 
! ariensis. It was the capital of the Massaesylii, . 
I and the royal residence of Syphax before he con- i 
quered the Massylii, and removed his court to; 
Cirta, after which it lost nearly all its conse- i 
' quence, till it fell into the hands of the Romans. ? 
; who raised it to the dignity of a colony. Iti 
, stood at the mouth of acognominal river, on the^ 
: shore of the Sinus Laturus or Gulf oj Tremezen., 
\ and is now called Takumhreet. 
j SlG^CM, or SIGEUM, now cape Yeni-cher, a 
I promontory of Troas, near the mouth of the 
; Scamander. It was adorned with a temple and 
i monument of Achilles, who was buried there, 
and was the place w here the Greeks, in their I 
war against the Trojans, drew up their ships, ^ 
and where the greaier part of the bat; les between I' 
them was fought. Firg. JEn. 2, 312. 7. 294, 
Ovid. Met. 12, 71.— Lucan. 9, 9t52. —Mela, 1, 18. \ 

—Strab. 13. A town of Troas, on the sloping 

side of the promontory. It wa* founded pos- 
terior to the siege of Troy by an iEolian colony, 
' headed by Archsanax of Mitylene. He is said 
• to have eniployed the stones of ancient Ilium 
in the cunstruction of his town. Strab. 13. — 
' He7od. 5, 65 et 95. 

i SiGN'lA. now Segni, a city of Latium, south- 
i west of Anagnia. The Carthaginian hostages 
I were at their request transferred from Norba to 
i Signia, as affording a more comfortable resi- 
dence. Signia is noticed by several writers as 
producing a wine of an astringent nature. It ' 
; was aiso noted for a particular mode of flooring: 
I with bricks, which was called the "opus Signi- 
num." Liv. 32, 2.— Strab. b.—PLm. 14, b. 1> 
I 12.-71/ rtinl. 13, 116. 

SILA SILVA, a forest of vast extent in the 
I country of the Brutii, to the south of Consentia. 
It consisted chiefly of fir, and was celebrsted for 
the quantity of pit<rh which it yiehled. Pltn. 15, 
7 —Strnb. 6. - Firg. /En. 12, 716. 
! Sll.lNUS. Decimus. a son of T. Manlius Tor- 
quatui. acciiscd of extortion in the managemeoC 
of tni- pruvir.ce of Macedonia. The falh- r hiib- 



SIL 



GSl 



SIL 



sHf desired to hs'ar the complaints laid against 
his son, and, after he had spent two days in tx- 
aminlDg the charges of the Macedonians, he 
pronounced on the third day his son guilty of 
f'Xtortion, and unworthy to be called a citizen of 
Rome. He also banished him from his presence, 
a.nd so struck was the son at the severity of his 
ip.ther, that he hanged himself on the following 
night. Liv. 54 — CVc. de Fin. — FuL Max. b, 8. 

C- Junius, a consul under Tiberius, accused 

of extortion, and banished to the island of Cy- 

tlieraea. Tacit. Marcus, a lieutenant of 

Cassar's armies in Gaul. The father-in-law 

of Caligula. Suet. Cal. 22 A propraeror in 

Spain who routed the Carthaginian forces there, 

"hile Annibal was in Italy. Turpilius, an 

:i otiieer of Metellus, in the Jugurthine war. 
Having been left by that commander at the 
head of the Roman garrison in Vacca, and hav- 
ing, through want of care, allowed the town to 
be retaken by the inhabitants, he was tried, and 
condemned to death. Plutarch, however, makes 
the accusation to have been a false one, and 
Turpilius to have been condemned through the 
asency of Marius. SalL Bell. Jug. 66, C9.— 

PLut. Vic. Mar. Torquatus, a man put to 

(ieath by Nero. Lucius, a man betrothed to 

Octavia, the daughter of Claudius. Nero took 
Octavia away from him, and on the day of her 
nuptials, Silanus killed himself. 

SILARUS, a river of Lucania in Italy, divid- 
ing that province from Campania. It takes its 
rise in that part of the Apennines which belonged 
to the Hirpini ; and, after receiving the Tana- 
ger, now Negro, and the Calor, now Calore, it 
< mpties itself into the gulf of Salerno. Its waters 
were said to possess the property of incru5ting 
with a calcareous deposition wood or twigs 
thrown into them. Its modern name is the 
Sele. Strab. b.~Plin. 2, lOtj.- -S<7. Ital. 8, 5S2. 

Firg. G. 3, 146. A river of Cisalpine Gaul, 

to the east of Bononia, running into the Padusa, 
or Spinetic branch of the Padus. It is now the 
Silaro. 

SlLENUS, a demigod, who became the nurse, 
the preceptor, and attendant of the god Bacchus. 
He was, as some suppose, son of Pan, or, ac- 
cording to others, of Mercury, or of Terra. 
Malea in Lesbos was the place of his birth. 
A:ter death he received divine honours, and had 
a temple in Ellis. Silenus is generally repre- 
i-^cnted as a fat and jolly old man, riding on an 
a;-.s, crowned with flowers, and always inioxicat- 
ert. He was once found by some peasants in 
Phrygia, after he had lost his way, and could 
riot follow Bacchus, and he was carried to king 
Midas, who received him with great attention, 
fie detained him for ten days, and afterwards 
restored him to Bacchus, for which he was re- 
warded with the power of turning into gold 
whatever he touched. Some authors assert, 
that Silenus was a philosopher, who accom- 
panied Bacchus in his Indian expedition, and 
assisted him by the soundness of his counsels. 
From this circumstance, therefore, he is often 
inrroduced speaking with all the gravity of a 
philosopher concerning the form.ation of the 
world, and the nature of things. The Fauns in 
f neral, and the Satvrs are often called Sileni. 

Puns. 3, 2b. 6, 24 PMlnsl. 23. - Ovid. Met. 4.— 

Ihjtfin. fab. \\)\. -Diod 3 &c. Cic. Tusc 1,48. 
AMan. V. H. 3, V-i.-^rirg. Ed. 6, 13- 

iiJLlL's iTALiCUS, C. a Latin pjet, born about 



the fifteenth year of the Christian era. T'r.a 
place o! his birth is not known; and though it 
has been conjectured, from his name, that he 
was a native^of Italica in Spain, his not being 
claimed, as a fellow-countryman, by Martial, 
who has bestowed lavish praises on him, renders 
the supposition improbable. It is certain that 
he lived chiefly in Italy, in which he possessed 
several estates. Our knowledge of him is chiefly 
derived from a letter of Pliny the younger to 
Caninius Rufus, announcing his death. From 
this we learn, that he incurred some reproach in 
the reign of Nero, as having been forward in 
accusations, and that he was consul at the time 
of that tyrant's death; that he made a discreet 
and humane use of the friendship of Vitellius ; 
and that, having acquired much honour from 
his conduct in the proconsulship of Asia, he 
thenceforth withdrew from public offices, and 
maintained the rank of the principal persons ot 
the city, without power, and without envy. He 
passed his time chiefly in literary conversation, 
and in composing verses, which he sometimes 
recited in public. He had great taste for ele- 
gance, and purchased a number of villas, which, 
after enjoying for a time, he deserted for new 
ones. He collected a number of books, statues, 
and busts, to som.e of the latter of which he paid 
a kind of religious veneration. This was es- 
pecially the case with respect to that of Virgil, 
whose birth-day he kept with more ceremony 
than his own, and whose tomp was included in 
one of his villas, as Martial informs us ; and 
from the same authority we learn, that he was 
possessed of a villa which had been Cicero's. In 
his latter years he retired altogether to his seat 
in Campania, which he did not quit upon any 
account; and the general tide of his prosperity 
did not cease to flo w, except in the instance of 
the death of the younger of his two sons, which 
was in some degree compensated by the consular 
dignity of the elder. In his seventy-fifth year 
he was attacked with an incurable ulcer, and he 
is said to have put an end to his life, by ab- 
staining from food. The work of Silius, which 
has come down to the present time, is an epic 
poem on the second Punic war. In this he 
scarcely deviates from Livy, in the narration of 
transactions ; but occasionally introduces a 
machinery, copied from Virgil, of whose style 
and manner he is an imitator. Pliny says, that 
"he writes with more diligence than genius." 
The best edition of this work is that of Ruperfi, 
2 vols. 8vo. Gott. 1795. Other editions of value 
are, that of Drakenborch, 4to. Ultraj. 1717; that 
of Cellarius, 8vo. Lips. 1695; and that of Ville- 
brune, 4- vols. 12mo. Paris, 1781. 

SiLVANUS, a rural deity, son of an Italian 
shepherd by a goat. From this circumstance 
he is generally represented as half a man and 
half a goat. According to Virgil, he was son of 
Picus, or, as others report, of Mars, or, accord- 
ing to Plutarch, of Valeria Tusculanaria, a 
young woman who introduced herself into h-er 
father's bed, and became pregnant by him. 
The worship of Silvanus was established only in 
Italy, where, as some authors have imagined, he 
reigned in the age of F.vander. This deity was 
sometimes represented holding a cypress in his 
hand, because he became enamoured of a 
beautiful youth called Cyparissus, who was 
changed into a tree of the same name. Silvanus 
presided over gardens and limits, and he is often " 



SIL 



682 



SIN 



confounded wtth the Fauns, Satvrs, and Silenus. 
Plui. inParaU — Virg. Eel. 10. G. 1, 20. 1. 2, 
^i)3.— /Elian, yiniin. 6, 42. -Ovid. Met. 10 — 
Hot at. ep 2. 

SlLtJRES, a people of Britain, dwelling in the 
^Yelsh counties of Radnor, Brecknock, Glamor- 
gan, and Monmouth, in the English county of 
Hereford, and in such parts of Worcestershire 
and Gloucestershire as are west of the Severn. 
Their capital was Isca Silurum. now Caerleon, 
on the river Itca, or Vske, in Monmouthshire. 
Caractacus was a prince of the Silures. Tacit. 
Ann. 12, 32.— Plin. 4. 16. 

SIMBRIVIUS, or SlMBRUVlUS, a lake of La- 
tiura, formed by the Anio. Tacit- Ann. 14, z2. 

SlMETHUS, Df iSYM^THUS, a river of Sicily, 
rising in the Heraean mountains, and falling 
inv;) the sea below Catana. It receives a number 
of small tributaries, and is now the Giaretta. 
Thucyd. 2, 65. - Plin. 3, 8. 

SiMMiAS, a native of Rhodes, who flourished 
lx:-tween the 120ta and 170th Olympiad. Tne 
period when he existed cannot be ascertained 
with more precision Three pieces of his com- 
position ren;ain, '• The AVings," '* The Egg," 
and "The Axe." thus denominated from the 
arrangement of the verses so as to form the 
respective figures- These elaborate trifles may 
be found in various editions of the Poets Grseci 

Minores, A Theban philosopher, a disciple 

of Socrates. He was the author of twenty-three 
dialogues, which are losr. 

SimOiS, {entis,) a river of Troas which rises 
in mount Ida, and falls into the Xanthus. It is 
celebrated by Homer, and most of the ancient 
poets, as in its neighbourhood were fought many 
battles during the Trojan war. Homer. II 6, 4. 
12. 22 —rirg. ^n. 1, 101. 3, 302, Sic.-Ovid. 
Met. 13, Sii.—Meli, 1, IS. 

SIMOISIUS aTrojan prince, son of Anthemion, 
killed by Ajax. Homer. 11. 4, 473. 

Simon, a disciple of Socrates, whose occupa- 
tion was that of a leather. dresser at Athens, and 
whose shop was resorted to by Socrates and his 
friends. He is said to have been the first who 
published the Socratic dialogues; but none are 
extant. Simon so much valued freedom of in- 
quiry, that when Pericles invited him to make 
his house his residence, with the promise of an 
ample recompence, he refused, alleging, that he 
would not sell the liberty of speaking his mind 
at any price. IKog. Laert. 2. 12". 

SiMONlDES, a celebrated poet of Ceos, son of 
Leoprepes, born about B. C 556. His fame 
wad not confined to the narrow precincts of 
Ct'os, but extended, long b' fore his d~-ath, 
through Greece and Sicily. The estimation in 
which his genius was held by the polite and 
learned of those ages may be inferred from the 
terms of familiarity with which he lived at 
Athens with the tyrant Hipparchus; the honours 
w ith which he was welcomed to Sparta by Paus- 
anlas, the Lacedaemonian general, and finally, 
the attentions which he received at the elegant 
court of Hiero. The Sicilian monarch parti- 
cularly value\i his comjwsitions for their pathos, 
elegance, and sweetness; and he is said to have 
preferred the effusions of his muse to the sub- 
iimer str.iins of Pindar or the moral dignity of 
Baccbylides. Simonides, according to Cicero 
and Quinijlian, added the two long vowels „>, 
and the two double con.v>nant$ ^, lo the Gre( 
alphabet; Bnd is said to havelirsi introduced ll 



artificial improvemeot of memory: he is a1st)| 
reported by Horace to have been the inventor ofi 
elegiac writing. He carried off the prize for| 
poetry when he was eighty years of age, but thisi 
was not the only instance' which is recorded by; 
the ancient writers of his good fortune; for' 
Phaedrus, in one of his fables, informs us, thati 
he was so great a favourite with the gods, thati 
the life of the poet was miraculously preserved} 
at an entertainment when the roof of the house! 
fell down upon all those who were present at! 
the banquet. The life of Simonides was pro- 1 
tracted to the advanced period of ninety years;! 
he died in the capital of his royal friend and' 
patron; and the inhabitants of Syracuse who had! 
highly honoured and esteemed him when living,! 
erected a magnificent monument to his memory.' 
According to some writers the lyric and elegiac* 
poet of Ceos left behind him a grandson, whose 
name also was Simonides; it is likewise said} 
that he was the author of some books of inven-' 
tions and genealogies, and flourished a few yearsi 
before the breaking out of the Peloponnesian| 
war. The poetical writings of Simonides, com- 
posed in the Doric dialect, consisted of lyrics,* 
elegies, epigrams, and dramatical pieces, and' 
we are told that he composed an epic poem on 
Cambyses, king of Persia; but Pindar more than ' 
once insinuates that his muse was prostituted! 
for the love of gain. Of his writings only a few' 
fragments and epigrams remain, which are pub-i 
lished in the collections of Stephens, Winterton, • 
Brunck, Gaisford, and Boissonade. ; 

SiMPLlcIUS, a philosopher of the sixth cen-' 
tury, was born in Cilicia. He was the disciple! 
of Ammouius, the peripatetic, and settled atj 
Athens, where he laboured to effect a union of 
the different sects without success. Simplicius! 
wrote commentaries on the works of Aristotle;- 
and also a valuable one upon Epictetus, of' 
which last, dean Stanhope published a transla-i 
tion in 1704. ' 

SlN^. or Thinae, a people of India, bounded I 
on the west by India extra Gangem, on the north! 
by Serica, and on the south by the Ocean: all 
the country to the eastward of them was Terra- 
Incognita to the ancients, who therefore reck- 
oned them the most eastern people in the world. | 
They were undoubtedly the same with the; 
Chinese of the present day, and it is from the^ 
principle which these people have always ob-' 
served, of excludina foreigners from their dom-' 
inions, or of tb rowing such obstacles in their J 
way as only a few have ever surmounted, that 
the ancients knew so little about them. 

SlND^, islands in the Indian Ocean, supposed^! 
to be the Nicohar islands. j 

SiNDI, a people of Asiatic S.irmatia below, the I 
Cimmerian Bosphorus, and opposite the Tauric 1 
Chersonese. ) 

SlNGARA, a citv of Mesopotamia, on thef 
banks of the river Mygdonius. It was conquered ( 
by Trajan, and subsequently made a Roman ' 
colony, and a strong military post, but it fell at * 
last into the hands of the Persians. It is now ' 
Sinjnr Plin. 5, 25.— Amm. Marc. IS, 5. 

Sing US, a town of Macedonia, in the penin- i 
sula of Sithonia, on the lower shore of and f 
giving name to the Sinus Singiticus. The I 
modern name of the gulf is that of Monte Sanie.^ 
I Herod. 7, Vii. - Thucyd. 5, 18. 
I SiNON, a son of Sisyphus, who accompanleit 
1 the Gieeks io t,he Trojan war, and there distia* 



SIN 



GS3 



SIR 



guished himseif by his cunnir.jr and fr.iu I. ar.d 
4ifS intimacy with Ulysses. When the Grei 
had fabricated the lanious wootltn hoise, Siiuin 
went to Troy with his hands bound b< hind his 
back, and by the most solenin protestations, 
assured Priam, that the Gretks were gone t'rcim 
Asia, and that they had been oidered to sacrifice 
one of their soldiers, to render tlie wind favour- 
able to their return, and that because the lot 
had fallen upon him, at the instigation of 
Ulysses, he had fled away from their camp, not 
to be cruelly immolated. These false assertions 
were immediately credited by the Trojans, and 
Sinon advised Priam to bring into his city the 
wooden horse which the Greeks had left behind 
them, and to consecrate it to Minerva. His 
advice was followed, and Sinon, in the night, to 
complete his peifidy, opened the side of the 
horse, from which issued a number of armed 
Greeks, who surprised the Trojans, and pillaged 
their city. D .res Phryg.^ Homer. Od. 8. 492. 
11, 521. rirg ^71. % 79,8cc. Faus. 10, 27. ~ 
Q Snyrn. 12. &c. 

fcilNOPE, adaugbler of the Asopus by Methone. 
She was beloved by Apollo, who carried her 
away to the borders of the Euxine sea, in Asia 
Minor, where she gave birth to a son called 

Syius. A city of Paphlagonia, on the eastern 

coast, and a little below its northern extremity. 
It was a place of great antiquity, since its origin 
was referred by some to the Arjionauts, by 
others to the Amazons. Its name was fabled to 
have been derived from the nymph Sinope, 
daughter of the Asopus. It was colonized by 
the Milesians, and became, in process of time, 
more important and famous than any other city 
on the shores of the Euxine. It was taken by 
Pharnaces, king of Pontus, after which it became 
the capital of that kingdom, until retaken by 
Lucullus during the Mithridatic war. It was 
the birth-place of Diogenes the Cvnic. It is 
still called Sinuh. Apoll. Rhod. 2,' Q47.~- Fal. 
Place. 5, l\0. — Polyb. 4, 56. ~ Strab. 12. Xen. 
Anab. 5 et 6. — An ancient Gieek city of 
Campania. Vid. Sinuessa. 

SiNTi, a Thracian community, who appear to 
have occupied a district on the banks of the 
Strymon, north of the Siropicones. Strabo 
affirms that they once occupied the island of 
Lemnos, thus identifying them with the Sinties 
of Homer. Horn. II. 1, 594. Od. 8, 294.— S/rafe. 
Epit. 7. 

Sinuessa, a city of Campania, subspquently 
of New Latiuin, <;n the sea coast, south-east of 
Minturnce and the mouth of the Liris. It was 
said to have been built on the ruins of Sinope, 
an ancient Greek city. It stood on the shore of 
the Sinus Vescinus. and derived its name from 
that circumstance, or, in other words, from the 
sinuosity of the coast. It was colonized together 
with Minturnae, A. U- C. 456, and ranked also 
among the maritime cities of Italy. Its terri- 
toiy suffered considerable devastation from 
Hannibal's troops when ot)posed to Fabius. It 
answers to the rock of Monte Dra^one. L>v. 
10,21. '27, 38. PUn. 3, 5.- Mel. 2, 4 - Ovid. 
Met. 15, 7}o.— Slrab. 5. 

SiON, one of the hills on which Jerusalem 
was built. Vid. Hierosolvma. 

SiPHNUS, now Siphanto, an island in the 
.ffigean sea, one of the Cyclades, south-east of 
Seriphus, and north-east of Melos. It was c!)l- 
onized by the lonians- It was famous for its 



mines of gold and silver, of which a tenth part 
was for a tiri.e ofTercd to Apollo at Delphi, but 
this being subsequently withheld, the whole of 
the mines were destroyed by an inundation. 
The inhabitants were proverbially licentious. 
Herod. 3, 57, &c. 8, 48, - Pans.- 10, 11.— S.irab. 
10 

SIPONTUM, a city of Apulia, in the district 
of Daur.ia, and to the south-west of the pro- 
montory of Garganum. It was called Sipus by 
the Greeks, and is said to have derived its name 
from the cuttle-fish (Sepia) there thrown on 
shore. It was colonized by the Romans, and 
had a large, though ii. convenient port, now 
called Pjnta7io S:ilso. Strab. (i.—Liv. 6, 24. 34, 
45. 39. 'z2—Sil. Hal. 8, 634. 

SIPYLLM, a city of Lydia. built on fhe site 
of an older city named Tantali>. It was the 
capital of Meeonia, and was destroyed by .-xn 
earthquake, a lake or pool called Sale thence- 
forward occupying its place. Plin. 2, 91. 5, 29. 

SiPYLUS, amoun'ain range of Lydia, branch 
ing off from Tmoltis, and stretching, in a south- 
western direction from Sardis, as far as the river 
Hfrmus. Horn 11. 24, 615. 

SiRENES, sea-nymphs who charmed so much 
with their meiodiou-. voices, that ali forgot their 
employments to listen with more attention, and 
at last were seized and devoured by them. They 
were daughters of the Achelous, by the Muse 
Calliope, or, according to others, by Melpom- 
ene or Terpsichore. They were three in 
number, called Parfhenope, Ligeia, and Leu- 
cosia, or, according to others, Molpe, Agla- 
ophonos, and Thelxiope, or Thelxione, and they 
usually lived in a small island near cape Pelorus 
in Sicily. Some authors suppose that they 
were monsters, v^ho had the form of a woman 
above the waist, and the rest of the body like 
that of a bird; or rather, that the whole body 
was covered with feathers, and had the shape of 
a bird, except the head, which was that of a 
beautiful female. This monstrous form they 
had received from Ceres, who wished to punish 
them, because they had not assisted her daugh- 
tei when carried away by Pluto. But, accord- 
ing to Ovid, they were so disconsolate at the 
rape of Proserpine, that they prayed the gods to 
give them wings that they might seek her in the- 
sea as well as by land. The Sirens were in- 
formed by the oracle, that as soon as any persons 
passed by them without suffering themselves to 
be charmed by their songs, ihey should perish; 
and their melody had prevailed in calling the 
attention of all passengers, till Ulysses, informed 
of the power of their voice b} Circe, stopped the 
ears of his companions with wax, and ordered 
himself to be tied to the mast of his ship, and no 
attention to be paid to his commands, si.ouid he 
wish to Slay and listen to the song. Tiiis W3S a 
salutary precaution. Ulyssess niade signs for 
his companions to stop, but they were disre- 
garded, and the fatal coast was passed with 
safety. Upon this artifice of Ulysses, the Sirens 
were so disappointed, that they threw them, 
selves into the sea, and periahed. Some authors 
say, that the Sirens challenged the Muses to a 
trial of skill in singing, and that the laitej 
proved victorious, and p uf ked the feathers frorn 
the wings of their adversaries, with which they 
rnade themselves crowns. The place where the 
Sirens destroyed themselves was afterwards 
called Sircnis, on the coast of Sicily. Virgil, . 



SIR 



631 



SIS 



h »wever, .S,*. 5, S64, places the Siremim Sc^puli 
on the coast of Icaly, near the island of Caprea. 
Few fables of antiquity have given rise to so 
mach speculation as that of the Sirens. Isidorus 
aad maay others regard them as females of 
meretricious character, who allured to them 
those that sailed by the coast where they dwelt, 
and, havinsf reduced them to poverty, were 
fabled to have destroyed them. Other and 
more recent expounders of mythology deduce 
tae fable from three dangerous rocks in the 
vicinity of the sp )C wnere tnev are said to have 
lived. Fuus. 10, 6. -Ho-ner. 01. 12, 167- — 
Strab. 6.—Ainnian. 29,2 — Hyg^in. fab. Hi. - 
Apollod. 2. 4. —Odd. Met. 5,bJb. de'Art. Am. 3, 
Si \. -Itcd. 12, 33. 

Siau.vus^, Insulae, three small rocks, on the 
s iWia side of the prom mtory of Surrentura or 
Mi-ierva, detached from the island, and cele- 
brated in fable as the islands of the Sirens. 
Stnib. I et 5 Msla, 2, 4. -PLin. 3, 5. 

SiRIS, a city of Lucania, on the Sinus Taren- 
(inus, at the mouth of a river of the same name, 
now the Sinno. It was founded by some 
Tr 'jans, wnom an Ionian colony afterward- ex- 
pelled, changing the name of the town to Poli- 
ffium. It suffered muea in a subsequent war 
With Metapontum and Syb iris, and became at 
last the harbour of Heraclea. Strab. 6. — D.oi. 
S.c. li. 36. 

SiRIUS, or CanicCla, the dog-star, whose 
appearance, as th? ancients supposed, always 
caused gre it heat on the earth. Tti. CanicuU. 

SlR>HO, a peninsula, on the nirtfi -western 
shore of the Lacus Benacus, now Sirmione- It is 
celebrated as having been the favourite residence 
of Catullus. Carm. 31. 

SlRMiUM. an important city of Panaonia In- 
ferior, on the northern side of the Savus, or 
Sive, between Ulmi and Bassiana. Under the 
Roman sway it was the metropolis of Pannonia. 
Tne emperor Probus was born here. Plin. 3, 
23. -A nm. Marc. '21, 10. 

SISAMNE3, a judge flayed alive for his par- 
tiality, by order of Cambyses, His skin was 
nailed on the bench of the other judges, to incite 
them to act with candour and impartiality. 
Herod. 5, 2j. 

SisApo, a town of Hispania. in the nnrth»»rn 
part of Baetica, supposed to answer to Almaden, 
on the south- western limits of La Mancha. It 
was fam )us for its vermilion. 

SiSHN'yA, L., a Roman historian, the friend 
of Potny mius Atticus. He wrote a history, 
from the taking of Rome by the Gauls down to 
thtT wars of Svlla, of which some fragments are 
quoted in different authors. He was considered 
superior to all the Ro.man historians that had 
preceded hira, and hence Varro entitled his own 
treatise on history, Sisenna. This same writer 
eommente 1 on Plautus. 

SI>IGAMBIS, or SiSYGAMBis, the mother of 
Darius, the last king of Persia. She wis takan 
prisoner by Alexander the Great, at D'le ba:cle 
of Issus, with the rest of the royal family. 
Tae conqueror treated her with uncommon 
tenderness and attention; he saluted her as his 
o^n mother, and what he had sternly denied to 
tie petitions of his favourites and ministers, he 
often granted to the intercession of Sisygambis. 
Tae regard of the queen for Alexander was 
n icomnion. and indee l, she no sooner heard 
tu it he was dead, than sne killed herself, un- 



willing to survive the loss of so generous an' ' 
enemy, though she had seen, witn less concern, 
the fall of her son's kingdom, the ruin of hi 
subjects, and himself murdered by his servants. 
She had also lost in one day, her husband and 
eighty of her brothers, whom Ocaus had assass-, 
inated to make himself master of the kingdoinl • 
of Persi I. Cu7 t. 4, 9. 10, 5. : ^ 

SISYPHUS . a brotaer of Athamas and Salrar)n-I ' 
eu3, son of .'E )lus and Enarotta, tne most craftyi 
prince of the heroic ages. He married Merope,' ' 
the daughter of Atlas, or, according to others;* t 
Of Pandareus, by whom he had several children.: 
Hs built Ephyre, called afterwards Corinth,' • 
and he debauched Tyro, the daughter of Salmon-i S 
eus, because he h.ad been told by an oracle thati 
bis children by his brotoer's daugnter wouldi f 
avenge the injuries which he had suffered from'- " 
the malevolence of Salmoneus. Tyro, however, 
as Hyginus says, destroyed the two sons whom 
sbe had had by her uncle. It is reported tha: 
Sisyphus, mistrusting Autolycus, who stole thr 
neighbouring fl )cks, marked his bulls under irir 
feet, aad when chey had been carried a-vay b . 
the dishonesty of his friend, he confounded aa. 
astonished the thief by selecting from his num- / 
erous flocks those bulls, which by tue mark he t 
knew to be his own. Tne artifice of Sisyphus H 
was so pleasing to Autolycus, who had nrMV( i 
found one more cunning than himself, that be 
permitted hira to enjoy the com;)aay of his; r 
daughter Anticlea, whom a few days after he a 
gave in marriage to Laertes of Itiiaca. After '■ 
his death, Sisyphus was condemned in hell, tol i 
roll to the top of a hill a large stone, which hadi C 
no sooner reached the summit than it fell backi i 
into the plain with impetuosity, and rendered' li 
his punishment eternal. Tne causes f thisi » 
rigorous sentence are variously reported. Soma f 
attribute it to his cjntinu*il depredations in the il 
neighbouring country, and his cruelty in laying: n 
heaps of stones on those whom he had plundert?d.' ? 
and suffering them to expire in the most agonizing* i 
torments. Others, to the insult ofiered tol t 
Pluto, in chaining Death in his palace, and' t 
detaining her till Mars, at the request of the t; 
king of hell, went to deliver her from confi.ie- 
menc Others suppose that Jupiter inflictsdl ti 
this punishment upon him because he toid: ic 
Asopus where his daughter Mgma. had been; I 
carried away by her ravlsher. Tne more fol- 
lowed opinion, however, is that Sisyphus, on) K 
his death-bed. entreated his wife to leave his! u' 
body unburied, and when he came into Piuto';^ 
kingdom, he received the permission of returningi 
upon earth to punish this seeming negligence '»p is 
his wife, but, however, on promise of imme-' f, 
diately returning. But he was no sooner out ofj % 
the infernal regions, than he violated his en- re 
gagements, and when he was at last broughtl I, 
back to hell by Mirs, Pluto, to punish his ha'H 
of fidelity and honour, condemned him. to roill il 
a huge stone to the top of a mountain. T lel i 
institution of the Pythian games is attributed is 
by some to Sisyphus. To be of the blood of u 
Sisvphus was deemed disgraceful among the ih 
ancients. Ho ner. Od. 11, b^l.— Virg. Mn. 6,, ^ 
6\6. —Onid. Met. 4, 459. FasL 4, J-j, Ibid.l v 
191. -Hyain. fab. eO.—Horit. Od. 2, 14,20. -) ^ 

Apollod. 3, 4 A dwarf of M. Antonv. He.i u 

was of very smull stature, under two feet, but t 
extremely shrfwd and acute, wh>*nc;^ h2 o )t.<ti ledi u 
the name of Sisyphus, in allusioii to tae cua iin^ 



SIT 



6S5 



soc 



and dexterous chieftain of fabulous times. 

I Uorat. Sat. 1, 3, 47. 

SlTHONiA, the central one of the three pro- 
montories which lie at the southern extrenriity 
or C'lialcidice in Macedunia. As Chalcidice was 
originally a part of Tiirace, the term Sithonia is 
oiten applied by the poets to the latter country; 
hence the epithet Sithonis. Herod. 7, 12i. — 
Virg. Ed. \(i,m.-Horat. Oi. 1, 18, 9. 
SlTluS, a Roman who assisted Caasar in Africa 

j| with great success. He was rewarded with a 
province of Numidia. Vid. Cirta. 

I SiT(3nfs, a German tribe in Scandinavia, 
separated by the ranije of mount Sevo from the 
Suiones. Tacit, de Germ. \b. 

Smaragdfjs, a town of Kgypt on the Arabian 
g-ulf, where emeralds {srmragdi) were dug. 
Strab. 16. 

Smerdis, a son of Cyrus, put to death by 
order of his brother Cambyses. As his execu- 
ti!;n was not public, and as it was only known 
to one of the ofiicers of the monarch, one of the 
magi of Persia, who was himself called Smerdis, 
and who greatly resembled the deceased prince, 
declared himself king, at the death of Cambyses. 
This usurpation would not perhaps have been 
known, had he not taken too many precautions 
to conceal it. Otanes, a Persian noble of the 
first rank, suspecting at last that there was some 
imposture from the circumstance of Smerdis 
never quitting the citadel, and from his never 
inviting any of the nobility to his presence, dis- 
covered the whole affair through his daughter 
Phsedyma. This female had been the wife of 
Cambyses, and with the other wives of the late 
king, had been retained by the usurper. At her ' 
father's request, she felt the head of Smerdis j 
while he slept, and discovered that he had no 
ears. Olanes on this was fully convinced that ' 
the pretended monarch was no other than the 
magui Smerdis; he having been deprived of his 
enii's by Cyrus on account of some atrocious con- 
duct. Upon this discovery the conspiracy en- 
sued which ended with the death of Smerdis, 
and the elevation of Darius, son of Hystaspes, 
to the vacant throne. Herod. 3, 69, &c. 

Smilax, a beautiful shepherdess, who be- 
came enamoured of Crocus. She was changed 
into a flower, as also her lover. Odd. Met. 4, 
2SJ. 

SmINTheus, one of the surnames of Apollo. 
He was worshipped under this name in the city 
of Chrysa and Troas, where he also had a 
temple. The inhabitants raised him a temple, 
because he had destroyed a number of rats that 
infested the country. These rats were called 
(TtAivQaC in the language of Phrygia, whence the 
surname. There is another story similar to this 
related by the Greek scholiast of Homer. 11. 
I, 39. 

SMYRNA, now Ismir, a celebrated city of Asia 
Minor, on the coast of Ionia, and at the head of 
a bay to which it gave name. It belonged orig- 
inally to the Jiolians, but was treacherously 
taken from them by the lonians. It was one of 
the many places that laid claim to the honour 
of being the birth-place of Homer, and as it 
appears, with considerable justice. It had a 
temple in honour of the poet, with his statue, 
and a square portico, called Homerium,a name 
which was also applied to a brass coin current 
amongst the inhabitants, vv'ho farther showed 
their admiration of his '.vritiiigs by paying him 



divine honours. Smyrna was one of ths riohei=t 
and most powerful cities of Asia, and is not 
unfrequently called its metropolis. Its inhabi- 
tants were given to luxury and indolence, but 
were, notwithstanding, much esteemed for their 
valour and intrepidity when surnmoned to ac- 
tion. Its memory is consecrated in Scripture, 
being one of the churches mentioned in the 
Revelation of St John. Herod. 1, 16,&c.— S^ra6 
12 et 14 — Pans. 7, 5 — Apoc. 1, 11. 2, 8. 

SOANES, a people of Colchis, near Caucasus, 
in whose territories the rivers abound with 
golden sands, which the inhabitants gather in 
wool-skins, whence, perhaps, arose the fable of 
the golden fleece. 

Socrates, the most celebrated philosopher 
of all antiquity, was a native of Athens. His 
father Sophroniscus was a statuary, and his 
mother Phenarete was a midwife. Having lost his 
small patrimony by the dishonesty of a relation, 
he pursued his father's profession, and is said to 
have executed statues of the habited graces, 
which were thought worthy of a place in the 
citadel of Athens. He was called away from 
this meaner employment, at which, however, 
he never blushed, by Crito, who admired his 
genius, and courted his friendship. Philosophy 
soon became the study of Socrates, and under 
Archelaus and Anaxagoras he laid the founda- 
tion of that great and exemplary virtue which 
succeeding ages have ever loved and venerated. 
He appeared like the rest of his countrymen in 
the field of battle; he fought with boldness and 
intrepidity, and to his courage two of his friends 
and disciples, Xenophon and Alcibiades, owed 
the preservation of their lives. But the character 
of Socrates appears more conspicuous and dig- 
nified as a philosopher and moralist than as a 
warrior. lie was fond of labour; he inured him- 
self to suflFer hardships: and he acquired that 
serenity of mind and firmness of countenance, 
which the most alarming dangers could never 
destroy, or the most sudden calamities alter. If 
he was poor, it was from choice, and not the 
effect of vanity, or the wish of appearing 
singular. He bore injuries with patience, and 
the insults of malice or res«ntment, he not only 
treated with contempt, but even received with a 
mind that expressed some concern, and felt com- 
passion for the depravity of human nature. So 
singular and so venerable a character was ad- 
mired by the most enlightened of the Athenians. 
Socrates was attended by a number of illustrious 
pupils, whom he instructed by his exemplary 
life, as well as by his doctrines. He had no 
particular place where to deliver his lectures, 
but as the good of his countrymen, and the re- 
formation of their corrupted morals, and not the 
aggregation of riches, was the object of his 
study, he was present everywhere, and drew th!» 
attention of his auditors either in the groves of 
Academus, or the Lyceum, or on the banks of 
the Ilyssus. He spoke with freedom on every 
subject, religious as well as civil; and had the 
courage to condemn the violence of his countr y- 
men, and to withstand the torrent of resent 
raent, by which the Athenian generals were 
capitally punished for not burying the dead at 
the battle of Arginusaj. It was but too natural 
that a man of his exemplary virtue, whose lite 
was a reproach to others, and who did not spare 
his ridicule of the pretenders to wisdom a»id 
knowledge, should create a number of euo ■ 
3 M 



soc 



686 



soc 



ini«s, and become the object of iasuU and 
slander. Either gained by the enemies of So- 
crates, or indulging his own sarcastic humour, 
Aristophanes wrote a piece entitled "The 
Clouds," in which the principal character was 
meant to personate this v^hilosopher, and the 
imitation consisted in making him utternothing 
but absurdity and profaneness. Socrates, con- 
scious that he bore no real resemblance to such 
a representative, did not scruple to attend the 
performance and to humour the ridicule by 
standing up in the view of the crowded audience. 
This calm cimtempt of party malice produced 
such an effect on the public, that when Aristo- 
phanes attempted the next year to renew the 
exhibition of his comedy, it met wiih a recep- 
tion that induced him to withdraw it. A more 
successful attempt to injure the philosopher was 
made some years after. Melitus stood forth to 
criminate him, together with Anytus and Lycon, 
and the philosopher was summoned before the 
tribunal of five hundred. He was accused of 
corrupting the Athenian youth, of making inno- 
vations in the religion of the Greeks, and of 
ridiculing the many gods which the Athenians 
worshipped; yet, false as this might appear, the 
accusers relied for the success of their cause 
upon the perjury of false witnesses, and the 
envy of the judges, whose ignorance would 
readily yield to misrepresentation, and be influ- 
enced and guided by eloquence and artifice. In 
this their expectations were not frustrated; and 
while the judges expected submission from 
Socrates, and that meanness of behaviour and 
servility of defence which distinguished crim- 
inals, the philosopher, perhaps, accelerated his 
own fall by the firmness of his mind, and his 
uncomplying integrity. Lysias, one of the 
most celebrated orators of the age, composed an 
oration in a laboured and pathetic style, which 
he offered to his friend to be pronounced as his 
defence in the presence of his judges. Socrates 
read it, but after he had praised the eloquence 
and the animation of the whole, he rejected it, 
as neither manly nor expressive of fortitude, 
and, comparing it to Sicyonian shoes, which, 
though fitting, were proofs of effeminacy, h( 



however, he was prevailed upon by his friends 
to olfer upon their credit a fine of thirty min». 
The judges notwithstanding remained inexor- 
able- they proceeded with out further delay lo ' 
pronounce sentence upon him-, and he wascon- 
(iemned to he put to death by the poison of 
hemlock. Socrates received this sentence with } 
perfect composure, and by a smile testified his 
contempt b;)th for his accusers and his judges,! 
The solemn celebration of the Delian festivals f 
If^id. Delia,] prevented his execution for thirty 
days, and during that time he was confined in 
the prison and loaded with irons. His friends, f 
and particularly his disciples, were his constant 
attendants; he discoursed with them upon dif- 
ferent subjects with all his usual cheerfulness? 
and serenity. He reproved them for their 
sorrow, and when one of them was uncommonly t 
grieved because he was to suffer though inno- 
cent, the philosopher replied, " Would yon then 
have me die guilty ':" With this composure he 
spent his last days, he continued to be a precep- f 
tor till the moment of his death, and instructed f 
his pupils on questions of the greatest import- f 
ance; he told them his opinions in support off 
the immortality of the soul, and reprobated with " 
acrimony the prevalent custom of suicide. He 
disregarded the intercession of his friends, and 
when it was iu his power to make his escape out 
of prison he refused it, and asked with his usual i" 
pleasantry, where he could escape death, 
'■where,'' says he to Crito. who had bribed thef 
gaoler, and made his escape certain, "where 
shall I fly to avoid this irrevocable doom pa;<sed 
on all mankind ?'' When the hour to drink the 
poison was come, the executioner presented him 
the cup with tears in his eyes. Socrates received ji 
it with a steady hand, and after prayer to the 
gods for a favourable passage to the invisible [ 
world, swallowed the poisonous draught. His 
friends around him burst into tears. Socrates 
alone was unmoved. He upbraided their weak- 
ness, and implored them to exercise a manly 
fortitude worthy of the friends of virtue. He 
continued walking till the influence of the hem- 
lock forced him to lie down upon his bed. After 
ng silent for a short time, he requested 



observed, that a philosopher ought to be con- j Crito not to neglect the ofl"ering of a cock, vchieh 
spicuous for magnanimity and for firmness of ; he had vowed to ^Esculapius. Then covering ' 
soul. In his apology he spoke with great ani-j himself with his cloak he expired. Such was' 
nation, and confessed that while others boasted the end of a man whom the uninfluenced answer I 
ttiat they were acquainted with every thing, he ! of the oracle of Delphi had pronounced the' 
himself knew nothing. The whole discourse j wisest of mankind. He was no sooner buried I 
was full of simplicity and noble grandeur, the ' than the Athenians repented of their cruelty, I 
energetic language of offended innocence. He and turned their indignation against his accusers. { 
modestly said, that what he possessed was | Melitus was condemned to death, and Anytus | 
applied for the service of the Athenians; it was j escaped the same fate only by voluntary exile. I 
his wish to make his fellow-citizens happy, and | To give a farther proof of the sincerity of their { 
it was a duty which he performed by the special I regret, the Athenians recalled the friends of! 
command of the gods, "whose authority," said ! Socrates from exile, decreed a general mourning, I 
he emphatically, to his judges, " I regard more } and erected a statue to his memory. His death | 
than yours." Such language from a man who j happened 3 )6 B. C, and in the 70th year of his i 
was accused of a capital crime, astonished and I age. As Socrates left nothing in writing, we are | 
irritated the judges. Socrates was condemned. ! indebted to his illustrious pupils, Xenophon and 
In this stage of the trial, he had a right to enter | Plato, for what is known both of his opinions 
his plea against the punishment which the i and manner of teaching ; and more especially 
accusers demanded and instead of a sentence of to the former, whose memoirs of Socrates con- ' 
death to propose some pecuniary amercement. ; tain more accurate information than the dialogues | 
But he at first peremptorily refused to make any of Plato, because he intermixes his own concep- ( 
proposal of this kind, imagining that it might tious and diction with the ideas and language of I 
be construed into an acknowledp-mcnt of guilt ; his m:isti>r. The philosophv of Socrates forms ' 
»nd asserted that his condjct ^ ?ed from the an inioresting epoch in the history of thehuraan ' 
ttate reward rather than punishment. At length, mind. The son of Sophroniscus derided the ' 



soc 



687 



SOL 



more abstruse enquiries and metaphysical re- 
searches of his predecessors, and by first intro- 
ducing moral philosophy, he induced mankind 
to consider themselves, their passions, their 
opinions, their duties, actions, and faculties. 
From this it was said that the founder of the 
Socratic school drew philosophy down from 
heaven upon the earth. In his attendance upon 
religious worship, Socrates was himself an ex- 
ample, he believed the divine origin of dreams 
and omens, and publicly declared that he was 
accompanied by a daemon or invisible conductor, 
I If^id. Diemon,] whose frequent interposition 
] stopped him from the commission of evil, and 
the guilt of misconduct. This familiar spirit, 
I however, according to some, was nothing more 
! than a sound judgment assisted by prudence 
and long experience, which warned him at the 
I approach ot danger, and from a general specula- 
I tioQ of mankind could foresee what success would 
I attend an enterprise, or what calamities would 
Ij follow an ill managed administration. As a 
I supporter of the immortality of the soul, he 
allowed the perfection of a supreme knowledge, 
j from which he deduced the government of the 
I universe. From the resources of experience as 
; well as nature and observation, he perceived the 
^ indiscriminate dispensation of good and evil to 
mankind by the hand of heaven, and he was 
I convinced that none but the most inconsiderate 
• would incur the displeasure of their Creator to 
avoid poverty or sickness, or gratify a sensual 
appetite, which must at the end harass their 
suul with remorse and the consciousness of 
guilt. From this natural view of things, he 
perceived the relation of one nation with another, 
and how much the tranquillity of civil society 
j depended upon the proper discharge of these 
' respective duties. The actions of men furnished 
I materials also for his discourse; to instruct them 
was his aim, and to render them happy was the 
ultimate object of his daily lessons. From 
principles like these, which were enforced by 
the unparalleled example of an affectionate hus- 
band, a tender parent, a warlike soldier, and a 
patriotic citizen in Socrates, soon after the 
celebrated sects of the Platonists, the Peripa- 
tetics, the Academics, Cyrenaics, Stoics, &c. 
arose. Socrates never wrote for the public eye, 
yet many support that the tragedies of his pupil 
Euripides were partly composed by him. He 
was naturally of a licentious disposition, and a 
physiognomist observed, in looking in the face 
of the philosopher, that his heart was the most 
depraved, immodest, and corrupted that ever 
was in the human breast. This nearly cost the 
Katirist his life, but Socrates upbraided his 
tlisciples, who wished to punish the physiogno- 
mist, and declared that his assertions were true, 
but that all his vicious propensities had ^een 
duly corrected and curbed by means of reason. 
Socrates made a poetical version of ^sop's 
fablr-s, while in prison. Laert. — Xenoph.— 
i'lnto. - Pans. 1, 2-Z. — Flut. de op. Phil, ^c — 
Cic. de Orat. 1, 54. Tusc. 1, 41, ^c. — Fal. Mix. 
3, 4.— —A leader of the Acliaeans at the battle of 
Cunaxa He was seized and put to death by order 

of Artaxerxes. An ecclesiastical historian 

of the fifth century. He was born at Constan- 
tinople, and bred to the bar, whence he obtained 
the name of Sclialusdcus. He wrote an ecclesi- 
astical history in seven books, from 306 to 43y, 
A. D. It is an exact and judicious work, and 



is written with great simplicity. The best 
edition is that of Reading, fol. Cantab. 1720. 

S<EMiAS, Julia, mother of the emperor 
Heliogabalus, was made president of a senate 
of women, which she had elected to decide the 
quarrels and the affairs of the Roman matrons. 
She at last provoked the people by her debau- 
cheries, extravagance, and cruelties, and was 
murdered with her son and family. She was 
a native of Apamea; her father s name was 
Julius Avitus, and her mother's Masa. Her 
sister Julia Mammaia married the emperor 
Septimius Severus. 

SOGDi ANA, a country of Upper Asia, between 
the Jaxartes and the Oxus, lying to the west of 
Scythia extra Imaum, from which it was separ- 
ated hy the range of Imaus. It was bounded 
on the north by the Jaxartes, and on the south 
by the Oxus, and corresponded with the modern 
province of Great Bukaria, a little district of 
which near the metropolis preserves the ancient 
name in Al Sogd. The metropolis of Sogdiana 
was Maracanda, now Samarcand, situated on 
the banks of the Polytimetus, or Kohuk ; it has 
been rendered famous in modern times by 
Tamerlane having constituted it the capital of 
his empire. 

SoGDiANUS, a son of Artaxerxes Longimanus, 
who murdered his elder brother, king Xerxes, 
to make himself master of the Persian throne. 
He was but seven months in possession of the 
crown. His brother Ochus, who reigned under 
the name of Darius Nothus, conspired against 
him, and suffocated him in a tower full of warm 
ashes. 

Sol, {the su7i), was an object of veneration 
among tlie ancients. It was particularly wor- 
shipped hy the Persians, under the name of 
Mithras. IFid. Hercules.] The Massagetaj 
sacrificed horses to the sun on account of their 
swiftness. According to some of the ancient 
poets, Sol and Apollo were two different persons. 
Apollo, however, and Phoebus and Sol, are 
universally supposed to be the same deity. 

SolTmjs, C. Julius, a f.atin grammarian, but 
of what particular period js not known, though, 
he is generally referred to the third century. 
He appears to have resided chiefly at Rome, but 
is known only as the author of a work, which tie 
called Polyhistor. It is a collection of various 
notices, principally geographical, taken from 
different authors, many of whom are now lost, 
but particularly from Pliny, whose text may 
perhaps be corrected from this abridijment. 
The best edition of the Polyhistor is that of Sal- 
masius, 2 vols. 8vo. Traj. 1689. 

SoLis FONS, a celebrated fountain in Libya. 
Vid. Amraon. 

Soli, a city of Cyprus, on the northern shore 
of the island, and south west of the promontory 
Crommyon. It was founded by two Athenian 
leaders named Phalerus and Acamaa. ltderives 
celebrity from the circumstance of Solon having 
resided there for some years at the court of 
Philocyprus, the reigning prince. Aristocyprus, 
who succeeded his father Philocyprus, was one 
of the leaders in the revolt excited by Onesilus 
against the Persians, and fell in the battle fouaht 
near Amathus. Notwithstanding his death, t ie 
Solians made a vigorous defence when besieged 
by the enemy, and surrendered only after their 
walls had been undermined. Soli has the nama 
of fiolea still attached to its site. Sirab. 14. — - 
3 M 2 



SOL 



6SS 



SOL 



Herod. 5, 113 et 115. A city of CiUeia Cam- 

pestris, near the mouth ol the river I-aruus. It 
\«'as founded by a mixed colony of Acheeans and 
Khodians from Linius. It was the birth-place 
of Chrysippus the philosopher, and of two dis- 
tinguished poets, Piiilemon and Aratus. Many 
writers affirmed that the term (ToXoiiavahs, which 
expressed an incorrect and ungrammatieal mode 
of speaking, was derived from Soli, the inhabi- 
tants of which used a mixed and corrupt lan- 
guage. This etymology, however, is not fully 
n£?reed upon. This city, having been nearly 
depopulated by an invasion of Tigranes, liing o! 
x\rmeaia, received a new foundation, as it were 
under Pompey the Great, who settled there a 
colony of the Cilician pirates, ^hom he had 
conquered. In consequence of this benefit, 
Soli assumed the name of Pompeiopolis. The 
present name of Soli is Mesetlu. Strab. M. — 
Dio Cass. 36.-. Vela, 1, U.—Firi. 5. 27. -Tacit. 
Ann. 2, oS. 

SOLCEIS, a promontory on the western coast 
of Mauritania Tingitana, now cape Cantin. 
Herod. 2, 32. 4, 43. 

Solon, one of the seven wise men of Greece, 
was born at Salamis, and educated at Athens, 
His father's name was Euphorion, or Exeches- 
tides; one of the descendants of king Codrus, 
and by his mother's side he reckoned among his 
relati ons the celebrated Pisistratus. Afier he 
had devoted part of his time to philosophical 
and political studies, Solon travelled over the 
greatest part of Greece, but at his return home 
he was distressed with the dissensions which 
were kindled among his countrymen. All tixed 
their eyes upon Solon as a deliverer, and he was 
unanimously elected archon and sovereign legis- 
lator. He might have become absolute, but he 
refused the dangerous office of king of Athens, 
and, in the capacity of lawgiver, he began to 
make a reform in every department. The com- 
plaints of the poorer citizens found redress, all 
debts were remitted, and no one was permitted 
to seize the person of his debtor if unable to 
make a restoration of his money. After he had 
made the most salutary regulations in the state, 
and bound the Athenians by a solemn oath that 
they would faithfully observe his laws for the 
space of a hundred years, Solon resigned the 
office of legislator and removed him;e!f from 
Athens. He visited Egypt, and in the court of 
Croesus king of Lydia, he convinced the mon- 
arch of the instability of fortune, and told him, 
when he wished to know whether he was not 
the happiest of mortals, that Tellus, an Athenian, 
who had always seen his country in a flourishing 
state, who had seen his children lead a virtuous 
life, and who had himself fallen in defence of 
his country was more entitled to happiness than 
the possessor of riches, and the master of em- 
pires. After ten years' absence Solon returned 
to Athens, but he had the mortification to find 
the greatest part of his regulations disregarded 
by the factious spirit of his countrymen, and the 
usurpation of Pisistratus. Not to be hmger a 
spectator of the divisions that reigned in his 
country, he retired to Cyprus, where he died at 
the court of king Philocyprus, in the eightieth 
year of his age, 558 years before the Christian 
era. The salutary consequences of the la^vs of 
Solon can be discovered in the length of time 
triey were in force in tbe rf^pnblii- of Atht^ns. 
For above 400 years they ri .urisheJ in full 1 



vigour, and Cicero, who was himself a witness | 
of their benign inllucuce, passes the highest i 
encomiums upon the legislator, whose superior '■ 
wisd om framed such a code of re3ulations. It ' 
was the intention of Solon to protect the poorer 
citizens, and by dividing the whole body of the ' 
Atuenisns into four classes, three of which were 
permitted to discharge the most important offices 
and magistracies of the state, and the la>c t;> i 
give their opinion in the assemblies, but noi i 
have a share in the distinctions and honours of ! 
their superiors, the le-iislator gave the popula(*H ' 
a privilege which, though at first small and 
inconsiderable, soon rendered tbera masters of | 
the republic, and of all the afifairs of government. 
He made a reformation in the Areopagus, he j 
er.cre.-.seJ the authority of the members, and | j 
permitted them yearly to enquire how every j 
citizen maintained himself, and to punish such ' I 
as lived in idleness, and were not employed in 
some honourable and lucrative profession. He 
also regulated the Prytaneum, and fixed the 
number of its judges to ^00. The sanguinary 
laws of Draco were all cancelled, except that i 
against murder, and the punishment denounced 
against every oS'ender was proportioned to his 
crime; but Solon made no law against parricide 
or sacrilege. The former of these crimes, he 
said, was too horrible to human nature for a 
man to be guilty of it, and the latter could never ; 
be committed, because the history of Athens j 
had never furnished a single instance. Such as 
had died in the service of their country, were i 
buried with great pomp, and their family was ' 
maintained at the public expence; but such as j 
had squandered away Sheir estates, such as re- j 
fused to bear arms in defence of their country, 
or paid no attention to the infirmities and dis- j 
tress of their parents, were branded with infamy. 
The liws of marriage were newly regulated, it 1 
became a union of affection and tenderness, and ; 
no longer a mercenary contract. To speak with ;| 
ill language against the dead as well as the j 
living, was made a crime, and the legislator |i 
wished that the character of his fellow-citizens il 
should be freed from the aspersions of malevo- {• 
lence and envy. A person that had no children \ 
was permitted to dispose of his estates as he i 
pleased, and the females were not allowed to be ' 
extravagant in their dress or expences. To be I 
euilty of adultery was a capital crime, and the I 
friend and associate of lewdness and debauchery I 
was never permitted to speak in public, for, as 1 
the philosopher observed, a man who has no j 
shame, is not capable of being entrusted with | 
the people. These celebrated laws were en- i 
graven on several tables, and that they might be 
better known and mors familiar to the Athenians I 
they were written in verse. The indignatio.i 
which Solon expressed on seeing the tragical 
representations of Thespis, is well known, and 
he sternly observed, that if falsehood and ilction 
were tolerated on the stage, they would soon 
find their way among the common occupations 
of men. According to Plutarch, Solon was re- 
conciled to Pisistratus. but this seems to be false; 
as the legislator refused to live in a country f 
where the privileges of his fellow -citizens were | 
trampled upon by the usurpation of a tyrant, i 

[ l id. Lycurgus.] Flut. in Sol Herod 1, 29.— ' 

Diog. 1. 

sbi.YMt.apeople of Lycia. \Vid. Lycia.]— - • 
Ancicnt name of Jerusalem. I'ld. iLiOSv/lv u a. 



ii , SQM u 

f ' SOMNOS, son of Erebas ancf Nox, was one of 

j the infernal deities, and presided over sleep. 
His palace, according to some mythologiscs, is a 
dark cave, where the sun never penetrates. At 

j the entrance are a number of poppies and som- 

I niferous herbs. The go i himself is represented 
as asleep on a bed of feathers with black cur- 
tains. The Dreams stand by him, and Morpheus 

I IS his princip d minister watches to prevent the 
tioise from awakening him. Hesiod. Ther><r. - 

I Homer. II 14, 26Q.—rirg. ^^En. 6, 893. -Ovid. 

' i>Iet 11, /ab. 10. 

SONCHIS, an Egyptian priest, in the age of 
Solon. It was he who ti)ld that celebrated phil- 
09)pher a number of traditions, particularly 
about the Atlantic isle, which he represented as 
more extensive than the continent of Africa and 
Asia united. This island disappeared, as it is 
said, in one day and one night. PLut. in hid. &c. 

Sonus, a river of India, falling into the 
Ganges, and now the Sone. Plin. 6, 18. 

SOPATER, a philosopher of Apamea, in the 
age of the emperor Constantine, He was one of 
tha disciples of lamblicus, and after his death he 
was p,t the head of the Platonic philosophers. 

SoPHfiNE, a country of Armenia, between the 
principal stream of the Euphrates and mount 
M isius. It is now called Zoph. Plin. 5, 12. — 
Lucan. 2, 593. 

Sofh5cles, a celebrated tragic poet, was 
born at Athens about B. C 497- He received 
an education in every way suitable to his rank 
in life; and it appears that he was but a youth, 
vyhen the monuments of the vicrory over Xerxes 
were fixed up at Salamis, and then he went at 
the head of a chorus of noble birth, whose son^ 
of triumph he led by the strains of his lyre. He 
first applied himself to lyric poetry, but the 
fame acquired by .lEschylus, the author, or at 
least the great reformer, of Grecian tragedy, 
induced him to try his powers in that species of 
composition; and in his 28th year he ventured to 
contend with that veteran for the theatrical 
prize. He obtained the victory, which was fol- 
lowed by the retreat of his rival, who left him 
the undisputed master of the tragic stage. The 
improvements introduced by Sophocles were so 
great, that he has generally and justly been re- 
garded as the father of the regular tragedy. He 
brouf{ht a third interlocutor to the two who be- 
fore alone appeared on the scene at once ; he 
interested the chorus in the subject of the piece; 
he reduced the turgid and unnatural diction of 
-iSlschylus to the proper standard of heroic 
dignity; and invented that artful construction of 
fable and development of incidents, which eon- 
tribute so much to the interest of a dramatic 
performance. In these points he was superior 
to his younger competitor Euripides; and upon 
the whole, he appears to have stood at the head 
of his class, in the judgment both of Greek and 
Roman critics. Cicero terms him "a divine 
poet:" and in a line of Virgil the Sophoclean 
buskin" is made an appellation for tragedy in 
general. Dionysius of Halicarnassiis commands 
him particularly for preserving the dignity of 
his characters, and dwelling rather on the more 
noble and generous afTections, than on the mean 
and debasing passions. These praises show that 
his works were regarded as the most perfect ex- 
ample of tragedy, in the highest sense of the 
word. Sophocles was a statesman, as well as a 
tra^jedian, and entrusted with very important 



39 S »R 

civil and military employments. He retained 
his faculties to the last, and continued to write 
tragedies to an advanced age, and when his 
unnatural sons, on account of some neglect in 
his domestic affairs, applied to the magistrates 
to put him under their guardianship, as having 
outlived his understanding, he appeared in court, 
an advocate in his own cause, and reciting his 
CEdipus at Colonos, which he had just finished, 
appealed to the judges and auditors, if that were 
the work of the dotard described by his own 
children. The sentence was pronounced un- 
animously in his favour, and ha was carried 
home with every mark of triumph. The be- 
nignity of his character acquired him a number 
of friends, his attachment to whom, and his 
moderate wishes, caused him to decline the 
invitations of the kings who were desiious of 
drawing him to their courts. He paid every 
token of respect to the memory of his rival 
Euripides, thus demonstrating that he was in- 
capable of the meanness of jealousy. He lived 
to the great age of ninety, and is said even at 
that age to have died with joy, on obtaining the 
prize lor his last tragedy. Above a hundred 
pieces have been attributed to him by some an- 
cient writers, of which only seven have reached 
our times. Of these, both separately and collect- 
ively, many editions have been made. Among 
the most esteemed are. that of Brunck, 2 vols. 
4to. Argent. 17S6, and 3 vols. 8vo. Argent. 1786 
-9, that of Erfurdt, 7 vols. 8vo. Lips. 1802-lJ, 
and the smaller edition of Erfurdt, superintended 
by Hermann, Lips. 1823-5, which is not yet 
completed. They have been translated into 
English by Francklin, Potter, and Dale. 

SOPHONISBA, a daughter of Asdrubal the 
Carthaginian, celebrated for her beauty. She 
married Syphax, a prince of Numidia, and when 
her husband was conquered by the Romans and 
Masinissa, she fell a captive into the hands of 
the enemy. Masinissa became enamoured of 
her, and married her. This behaviour dis- 
pleased the Romans; and Scipio, who at that 
time had the command of the armies of the re- 
public in Africa, rebuked the monarch severely, 
and desired him to part with Sopnonisba. This 
was an arduous task for Masinissa, yet he 
dreaded the Romans. He entered Sopbonisba's 
tent with tears in his eyes, and told her that as 
he could not deliver her from captivity and the 
jealousy of the Romans, he recommended her, 
as the strongest pledge of his love and affection 
for her person, to die like the daughter of As- 
drubal. Sophonisba obeyed, and drank, with 
unusual composure and serenity, the cup of 
poison which Masinissa sent to her, about 203 
years before Chirst. Liv. 30, 12, &tc.—SallusL 
de Ju'f. — Justin. 33, 1. 

SoPHRON, a native of Syracuse, born about 
420, B. C. and celebrated as a writer of mimes. 
His pieces, composed in the Doric dialect, and 
not in verse properly so called, but in a species 
of cadenced prose, were great favourites with 
Plato.who became acquainted with them through 
Dion of Syracuse, and spread the taste for this 
species of composition at Athens. We have only 
a few fragments remaining of the mimes of 
Sophron, which are given in ih^CLasxicnl Journal, 
vol. 4, p. 380, and with additions and corrections 
in the Museitm Criltcuin, No. 7, P- (ilO. 

SOPHHUNISCU.S, the father of Sn!i;(tes. 

SuRAC l ■■,!>, u mountain of Eliuria, a little fo 
3 M 3 



SOS 



G90 



SFA 



the south-east of Falerii, now Monte S. Silvestro, 
or, as it is by modern corruption sometimes 
termec^, Saiit' Oreste, On the summit was a 
temple and grove dedicated to Apollo, to whom 
an annual sacrifice was offered by a people of 
the country, distinguished by the name of Hirpii, 
V, ho were on that account held sacred, and 
exempted from military service and other pub- 
lic duties. The sacrifice consisted in their pass- 
in? over heaps of red hot embers, m ithout bein? 
injured by the fire. Plin. 7, 2. — Horat. Od. 1, 9. 
— T'irg. ^n. 11. 755.— Sn. Ital. 5, 175. 

SosiBius, a grammarian of Laconia, B. C. 
2.55. He was a great favourite of Ptolemy Phi- 
iopator, and advised him to murder his brother, 
and the queen his wife, called Arsinoe. He 
lived to a great age, and was on that account 
called Polychroncs. He was afterwards per- 
mitted to retire from the court, and spend the 
rest of his days in peace and tranquillity, after 
lie had disgraced the name of minister by the 
most abominable crimes, and the murder of 
many of the royal family. His son of the same 
name was preceptor to king Ptolemy Epi- 

phanes The preceptor of Britannicus, the 

son of Claudius. Tacit. Ann. 11, 1. 

SOSIGENES, a mathematician and chronologer 
of Egypt, who was sent for to Rome, by Julius 
Cassar, to assist in correcting the calendar, and 
it was he who formed what is called the Julian 
year. His works are lost. 

SOSII, celebrated booksellers at Rome, in the 
age of Horace. Ep. 1, 20, 2. 

SosipAter, a grammarian in the reign of 
Honorius. He published five books of obser- 
vations on grammar. A general of Philip, 

king of Macedonia. 

SOSiUS, a consul who follovied the intereft of 

Mark Antony. A Roman of co-^^sular dignity, 

to whom Plutarch dedicated his Lives. 

SOSTHfiNES, a general of Macedonia, who 
flourished B. C. 281. He defeated the GruIs 
under Brennus, and was killed in the bat:le. 

Justin. 24, 5 A native of Cnidos, who wrote ' 

a history of Iberia. Plut. j 

SOSTRATUS, a grammarian in the age of Au- 
gustus. He was Strabo's preceptor. An 

architect of Cnidos. B. C. 234, who built the ; 
white tower of Pharos, in the bay of Alexandria. ' 
He inscribed his name upon it. \_Vid. Pharos.] 

A Greek historian, who wrote an account 

of Etruria. A poet, who wrote a poem on the 

expedition of Xerxes into Greece. Jiw. 10, 17S. 

SOTADES, an Athenian poet of the middle 

comedy. A Greek poet, a native of Maronea, 

whose name has descended to posterity covered 
with infamy. He was the author of' Cincedo- 
logie strains, which exceeded in impurity any 
thing that had gone before them. These poems, 
at first called lonica, were subsequently deno- 
minated Sotadica. Having, before leaving Alex- 
andria, where he had been living for some time, 
written a very gross epigram on Ptolemy Phila- 
delphus, that prince caused him to be pursued. 
vSotades was seized in the island of Caunus, en- 
closed in a case of lead, and cast into the sea. 
Athen. 14. 

SOTER, a surname of the first Ptolemy. 

It was also common to other monarclis. 

SOTERTA, days appointed for thanksgivings 
and the offering of sacrifices for deliverance 
fri)m danger. One of these w.as observed at 
Siv'yon, to commemorate the deliverance of that 



city from the hands of the Macedonians by | 
Aratus. 1 

SOTERiCUS, a poet and his'.orian in the ase -i 
of Dioclesian. He wrote a panegyric on that 
emperor, as also a life of ApoUonius Thyanaeus, ; 
His works, greatly esteemed, are now lost, ex- i 
cept some few fragments preserved by the scho- 
liast on Lycophron. \ 

SOTHIS, an Egyptian name of the cor^stella- i 
tion called Sirius, which received divine honours I 
in that country. \ 

SOTIATES, a people of Gaul, conquered by j 
Cassar. Their chief town was Sotiatum, now ' 
Sos. CcEs. B. G. 3,20 et-Zl. 

SotTon, a grammarian of Alexandria, pre- | 
ceptor to S -neca. Seiiec. ep. 49 et 53. ] 

SOZJMEX, an ecclesiastical historian of 
Betiiulia in Palestine, who died 450 A. D. His i 
history extends from the year 324 to 439, and is I 
dedicated to Theodosius the younger, being , 
written in a style of inelegance and mediocrity. ; 
The best edition is that of Reading, fol. Cantab. 
1720. I 

Spaco the nurse of Cyrus. The word signj- , 
fied a female dog in the Median language. , 
Herod. 1, 110. 

SPARTA, a celebrated city of Greece, the 
capital of Laconia. It was situated in an ex- . 
tensive plain, on the right bank of the Eurotas, j 
now the Eure, which was here so full and rapid i 
as to be se.dom forded. It was at first an incon- ) 
siderable place, presenting the appearance of a 
collection of villages, and resembled a great j 
camp rather than a regularly planned and well | 
built city. It continued without walls during i 
the most flourishing periods of its history, Ly- I 
curgus having taught his countrymen, that the i 
real defence of a town was solely in the valour | 
of its citizens; but when it was governed by . 
despots, fortifications were erected which ren- 
dered it capable of sustaining a regular siege. ^ 
Its circumference then was 4S stadia, but it con- j 
tained more inhabitants than many cities occu- j 
pying double that space. Before the Pelopon- 
nesian war, it was destroyed by an earthquake; j 
only five houses having been left standing after i 
the shocks had ceased. Its public buildings | 
were originally few and insignificant, but their 
number and beauty increased with the power of < 
the inhabitants. Sparta is said to have received 
its name from Sparta, the daughter of Eurotas, . 
who married Lacedeemon. It was also called | 
Lacedeemon. \^Vid. Lacedasmon.] Its remains | 
are about two miles distant from the modern i 
Misitra. Thucyd. 1, 10. - JElinn. F- H. 6, 7.— 
Plut. in Cim.— Cic. de Div. 1, 50.— Plin. 2, 79 — ' 
Po!ijb. 9, 21. i 

SPARTS.CUS, a king of Pontus. Another, 

king of Bosphorus, who riifd B. C. 433 His 
son and suc cessor of the same name died B. C. ■ 

407 Another, who died 2S4 B. C. A 

Thracian shepherd, celebrated for his abilities, 
and the victories which he obtained over the ; 
Romans. Being one of the gladiators who were 
kept at Capua in the house of Leniulus, he es- 
caped from the place of his confinement with 
thirty of his companions, and took up arms 
against the Romans. He soon found himself 
with 10,000 men equally resolute with himself, 
and though at first obliged to hide himself in 
the woods and solitary retreats of Campania, he 
soon laid waste the coimtry; and when his fol- 
lov/crs were increased by additional numbers, , 



SPA 



691 



SPO 



Bnd better disciplined, Rnd more completely 
armed, he attacked the Roman generals in the 
field of baitle. Two consuls and other officers 
v-ere defeated with much loss; and Spartacus, 
supc-'or in counsel and abilities, appeared more 
terrible, though often deserted by Isis fickle at- 
endants. Crassus was sent against him, but 
tars celebrated general at first despaired of suc- 
cess. A bloody battle was fought, in which, at 
last, the gladiators were defeated. Spartacus 
behaved with great valour; when wounded in 
the leg, he fought on his knees, covering him- 
self with his buckler in one hand, and using his 
sword with the other; and when at last he fell, 
he fell upon a heap of Romans, whom he had 
sacrificed to his fury, B. C 71. In this battle 
no less than 40,000 of the rebels were slain, and 
the war totally finished. Flor.3, 2Q.- Liv. 95. 
—Eulrop.e, -Z.—Plut. in Crass.- Palerc. 2, 30. 
~-Appian. de B. Civ. 1 . 

Spart.'E, or Sparti, a name given to those 
men who sprang from the dragon's teeth which 
Cadmus sowed. They all destroyed one another, 
except five, who survived and assisted Cadmus 
in building Thebes. Ovid. Met. 3, 125. 

Spartani, or SPARTIAT^, the inhabitants 
of Sparta. Vid. Sparta, LacedaEmon. 

SpartiAnus, Aeliis, a Roman historian, 
flourished in the time of Diocletian, to whom 
he dedicated the lives of Adrian, i^Ilius Verus, 
Didius Julianus, Severus, and Pescennius 
Niger, which, as well as his lives of Caracal la 
and Geta, are come down to our times. He 
makes one of the Hisiorice Avgustcs Scripto7cs, 
but his historical merits are very inconsiderable. 

SPERCHIUS, a river of Thessaly, rising in 
mount Tymphrestus, which is the southern part 
of mount Pindus, and flowing eastward through 
the valley formed by the ranges of Othyrs and 
Q^^ta, into the Sinus Maliacus, now the gulf of 
Zeitoun. It received its name from <nripx£i-f 
festinare, owing to the rapidity of its current, 
and to it Peleus vowed the hair of his son Achil- 
les, if he returned safe from the Trojan war. It 
is now the Hellada. Herod. 7, J 98.— Ho?/! e?-. Jl. 
23, \^i.~Apollod. 3, Vd.—Mela, 2,3.— Ovid. Met. 
1. 557. 2. 250. 7, 230. 

Speusippus, an Athenian philosopher, the 
sen of Eurvmedon, by the sister of Plato. He 
succeeded his uncle in his school, over which he 
presided eight years, commencing from the 
death of that illustrious philosopher, B. C. 348. 
He closely adhered fo the doctrines of his mas- 
ter, but his manners did no honour to them, 
being both avaricious and a lover of pleasure. 
Becoming parylitic in his linnbs, he was convey- 
ed to and from the academy on a vehicle. On 
one of these occasions he met Diogenes, and 
saluted him; but the cynic, instead of returning 
the civility, upbraided him for enduring to live 
under such an infirmity. Speusippus well re- 
plied, "that he lived not in his limbs, but in 
his mind." At length, overcome by his maladies, 
and wearied of life, he put an end to his existence, 
having first constituted Xenocrates his successor 
in the academy. Diog. Laert. 

SphactkRiA, an island off the coast of 
Mycenae, and at the entrance of the harbour of 
Pylos Messenicus, which i^ nearly closed. It 
was also known by the name of Sphagia, which 
it still retains. Sphacteria was famed for the 
capture of a Lacedaemonij:n ilet,'!chn!eiit during 
Ihc Peloponncsian war. ISirab. 8. 

\ 



SpherL'S, an arm-bearer of Pelops, son of 
Tantalus. He was buried in a small island near 
the isthmus of Corinth, which, from him, was 
called Spheria. Pans. %, 10. A Greek phil- 
osopher, disciple to Zeno of Cyprus, 243 B. C. 
He came to Sparta in the age of Agis and Cleo- 
menes, and opened a school there. Plut in 

Sphinx, a monster which had the head and 
breasts of a woman, the body of a dog, the tail 
of a serpent, the wings of a bird, the paws of a 
lion, and a human voice. It sprang from the 
union of Orthos with the Chimaera.or of Typhen 
with Echidna. The Sphinx had been sent into 
the neighbourhood of Tnebes by Juno, who 
wished to punish the family of Cadmus, which 
she persecuted with immortal hatred, and it 
laid this part of Boeotia under continual alarms 
by proposing enigmas, and devouring the inhab- 
itants if unable to explain them. In the mid'?t 
of their consternation the Thebans were told by 
the oracle, that the Sphinx would destroy her- 
self as soon as one of the enigmas she proposed 
was explained. In this enigma she wished to 
know what animal walked on four legs in the 
morning, two at noon, and three in the evening. 
Upon this Creon, king of Thebes, promised his 
crown and his sister Jocasta in marriage to him 
who could deliver his country from the monster 
by a successful explanation of the enigma. It 
was at last happily explained by CEdipus, who 
observed that man walked on his hands and feet 
when young, or in the morning of life; at the 
noon of life he walked erect; and in the evening 
of his days he supported his infirmities with a 
stick. {_Vid. G'idipus.] The Sphinx no sooner 
heard this explanation than. she dashed her head 
against a rock, and immediately expired. Some 
mythologists wish to unriddle the fabulous tra- 
ditions about the Sphinx, by the supposition that 
one of the daughters of Cadmus, or Laius, in- 
fested the country of Thebes by her continual 
depredations, because she had been refused a 
part of her father's possessions. The lion's paw 
expressed, as they observe, her cruelty, the body 
of the dog her lasciviousness, her enigmas the 
snares she laid for strangers and travellers, and 
her wings the dispatch she used in her expedi- 
tions. Plut Hesiod. Theog. 326. - Ilygin. fab. 

m. — Apollod. 3, 5.- Ovid, in lb. 378.— Soph, in 
(Ed. r. 

SPHRAGlDirM, a cave on mount Cithaeron 
in Boeotia. The nymphs of the place were 
called Sphragitides. Pans. 9, 3 — Plut. in Arid. 

Spina, a city of Gallia Cisalpina, near the 
entrance of the most southern branch of tiie 
Padus, called from it Ostium Spineticum. It 
was founded by the Pelasgi. It became in time 
so flourishing a colony, as to present to the 
treasury at Delphi more valuable offerings thnn 
any other city. The Pelasgi were driven from 
it by the Tusci, and they, in their turn, by 
the Gauls, who took and destroyed it. Spina 
was once only twenty stadia from the sea, a 
distance which the alluvial deposit of the Fo has 
increased eight fold. Dion. Hal. 1, IS.— P/m. 
3, 16. 

SpinthArus, a Corinthian architect, who 
builtApollo's temple at Delphi. Paus. 10, 6. 
A freedman of Cicero, nd Alt. 13, ep. 25. 

SPOLETiU.M, a city of Umbria, north-east of 
Intcramna, in the south-western section of the" 
country. It was colonized A. U. C. 51',', and is 



SPO 



692 



STA 



famous in history for having withstood an attack 
made on it by Hannibal, shortly after the battle 
of Trasymene. It suffered severely in the civil 
wars of Marius and Sylla, from proscription. 
Its modern name is Svoleto Fell. Patcrc. 1, 14. — 
Liv. 22, 9. - Flor. 3, 2\..-- Appian. B. Civ. 5, 33. 

SpoRADES, a name given by the Greeks to 
the numerous islands lying to the south and 
east of the Cyclades, with which they are not 
unfrequently confounded. They received their 
nan)e from the word oirtipm spargo, owing to 
their dispersed situation, being scattered over 
the Cretan, Carpathian, and Icarian seas, as 
well as along the coast of Caria in Asia Minor. 
Tne chief of them, belonging to Europe, w ere 
Thera, Anaphe, los, t«icinos, Pholegandros, 
Donusa, Amoigos, Astypalaia, and Carpathus. 
Strab. in — Pun. 4, 12. 

SPlRiNA, an astrologer, who told Julius 
CiEsar to beware of the ides of March. As he 
went to the senate-house on the morning of the 
ides, Cassar said to Spiirina, "the ides are at 
last come." " Yes," replied Spurina, "but not 
vet past." Ccesar was murdered a few moments 
alter. Suet, in Cces. 81.— Val. Max. 1 et 8. 

SpurTls, a prjenomen common to many of 

the Romans. One of Ccesar s murderers 

Lariius, a Roman who defended the bridge over 
the Tibtr against Porsenna's army. 

StaBi^, a town of Campania, on the coast, 
about two miles below the river Sarniis, now 
Castel a Mare. It was once a place of some 
note, but having been destroyed by Sylla during 
the civil wars, its site was chiefly occupied by 
villas and pleasure grounds. Piin. 3, 5. — Ovid. 
Met. 15. 711.- Sil. Ital. 14- 409. 

StagiRA, a city of Macedonia, on the upper 
shore of the peninsula of mount Athos, near its 
junction with the mainland, and on the coast of 
the Sinus Strymonicus, I: was a colony from 
Andros, and the birth-place of Aristotle, thence 
surnam.ed Stagirites. Some trace of the ancient 
name is apparent in that of Slauros. Thucyd. 
4, \hQ. — Diog Laerl. 5. 14 et 16. 

Staseas. a peripatetic philosopher, engaged 
to instruct young M. Piso in philosophy. Cic. 
in Or at. 1 , 22. 

S rASICR.\TES, a statuary and architect in the 
wars of Alexander, who offered to make a statue 
of mount Athos, which was rejected by the con- 
queror. &c. 

STATlLiUS, a young Roman celebrated for 
his courage and constancy. He was an inveterate 
enemy to Caesar, and when Cato murdered him- 
self, he attempted to follow his example, but 
was prevented by his friends. The conspirators 
against Caesar w ished liim to be in their number, 
but thf answ er w hich he gave displeased Brutus. 
He was at last killed by the army of the trium- 
virs. Plut. 

StatIRA, a daughter of Darius, who married 
Alexander. The conqueror had formerly refused 
her, ^ut when she had fallen into his hands at 
Is-^us, the nuptials were celebrated w ith uncom- 
mon splendour No less than 9O0O per.sons 
attended, to each of whom Alexander gave a 
golden cup. to be offered to the gods. Statira 
had no children by Alexander. She was cruelly 
put to death by Roxana, after the conqueror's 

death. Justin. 12. 12- A sister of Darius, 

the last king of Persian. She also became his 
w ife, according to the manners of the Persians. 
She died after an aburtiou, in Alexander's camp, 



where she was detained as prisoner. She v 
buried with great pomp by the conqueror. Plut. 

in Alex A wife of Artaxerxes Mnemon, 

poisoned by her mother-in-law, queen Parysatis. 

Plut. in Art-. A sister of Mithridates the 

Great. Plut. 

STATius, C^ClLius. a comic poet in the age 
of Ennius. He was a native of Gaul, ar.d 
originally a slave. His language was inelegant, 
but he is f-AiA to have possessed much dramatic 

j talent. Cic de Sen. 7 Annaens, a physician, 

(the friend of the philosopher Seneca. Tacit. 

I Ann. 15, 64. P. Papinius, an eminent Roman 

poet, was born at Neapolis, in which ciiy his 
father was settled, and was in great reputation 
both for his lectures and poetry, in which he 
gained several prizes. Statius was born A. D, 
61. He early displayed a lively disposition and 
good talents, and soon became a votary of the 
Muses, with so much success, that during his 
father's life he obtained the crow n in the poetical 
contests of his native place. Ke w as also thrice 
a victor in the poetical games celebrated at 
Alba. A piece which he recited at Rome, in 
the quinquennial games instituted by Nero and 
renewed by Domitian, procured for him a golden 
crown from that emperor, and admission to his 
table. He was vanquished in a contest at the 
Roman games, on which occasion he recited a 
part of his principal poem, the Thebaid. Ac- 
cording to Juvenal, he was heard with delight 
by a crowd of auditors in other public recitations 
of his poem; the satirist at the same time in- 
timating that, notwithstanding this applause, 
the author might have starved, had he not sold . 
a new composition, his Agave, to the actor ' 
Paris, Domitian's favourite. He possessed a 
i small estate and country house near the site of 
I the ancient Alba, and lived in a decent state of 
! mediocrity. Having no children of his own, he 
[ adopted a son, whose death he tenderly laments 
in one of his m.iscellaneous poems. The time 
{ of his own death is not known; but it is thought 
I to have been in the year 96, when he was only : 
135 years of age. The existing works of Statius ' 
I consist of the Syha, or miscellaneous pieces, 
j in five books; the Thebais, an epic poem, in 
; twelve books; and two books of an unfinished 
' poem entitled Achilleis. They all display a 
j considerable share of real genius and talent, 
I but are vitiated by the false taste which then 
began to infect Latin poetry, and gave a turn to | 
turgid and unnatural thoughts and expressions, j 
I Several pieces in the Sylvce are, however, pleas- 
' ing and elegant. His principal work, the Thebaid, 
holds no mean rank among epic poems, and 
once it was a great favourite among the remains 
of antiquity. For this preference it was indebted 
to its swelling sentiments, verging to bombast, 
and to the savage and sanguinary character of 
its incidents, which suited the times of chival-j 
rous turbulence. But still even with these' 
faults, it exhibits strokes of the real sublime, 
and considerable force and novelty in natural 
description, especially in the similes. The best 
editions of Statius are, that of Gronovius, 12mo. > 
kmst. 1653, that of Barthius, 3 vols. 4to. ! 
Cygneae, 1664, that of Matkland (the Sylvte 
merely) 4to. Lond. 1728, and that of Amar and 
Lemaire, 3 vols Svo, Paris, 1S25. 

Stator, a surname of Jupiter, given him by 
Romulus, because he stopped (sto) the flight of 
the Uuaians in a battle against tlie Sabines. 



STE 



C93 



STCE 



The conqueror erected him a temple under that 
nanje. Liv. 1, 12. | 
StcllIo. a youth turned into an elf by Ceres, \ 
because he derided the goddess. Ovid. Mel. 5, ! 
445. 

Stenobcea. Vid. Sthenobcea. 

Stkntor, one of the Greeks who went to the 
Trojan war. His voice is described as so pow- 
erful that it equalled in loudness that of tiity 
men together. Juno assumed his form to ani- 
mate the Greeks whose power was exhausted in 
a fight against the Trojans. Homer, il. 5, 7d4. 
— Juv. 13, 112. 

STENTOPas LACUS, an estuary which the 
Hebrus forms at its mouth. Herod. 7, 58. 

Stephanus, Byzantinus, a grammarian, 
fiourished, as is conjectured, about ti)e close of 
the 5ch century. He was a professor in the im- 
perial college at Constantinople, and composed 
a dictionary containing words denoting the 
names of places, and designating the inhabitants 
of those places. Of this work there exists only 
an abridguient, made by Hermolaus, and dedi- 
c-ited to the emperor Justinian. This work is 
is known by the title, vepl noAscov, de Urbibus, but 
that of the original was 'E^M/cd; whence it has 
been supposed that the author's intention was to 
write a geographical work. The best edition 
of Stephanus is that of Berkelius, completed by 
Gronovius, fol. L. Bat. 1658. 

Sterofe, one of the Pieia.des, daughters of 
Atlas. She married GEnomaus, king of Piszs, 
by whom she had Hippodamia, &c. 

Stesichorus a Greek lyric poet, born at 
Himera, in Sicily, and who fiourished about 
570, B. C. His original name Wi;s Tisias, but 
he was afterwards called Stesichorus, in conse- 
quence of the improvements which he introduced 
in the arts of music and dancing. He was the 
inventor of the fable of the horse and the stag 
which Horace and some other puet> have imi- 
tated, and this he composed to prevent his 
countrymen from entering into an alliance with 
Phalaris. He is said to have died at Catana, in 
Sicily, in the 85;h year of his age; and to have 
been magnificently buried there at the public 
expence. His compositions are said to have 
been written in the Doric dialect, and to have 
consisted of no less than twenty-six books, all of 
which are now lost, with the exception of a few 
fragments. Stesichorus possessed, according to 
Dionysius, all the excellencies and graces of 
Pindar and Simonides, and surpassed them both 
in the grandeur of his subjects, in which he well 
preserved the characteristics of manners and 
persons: and Quintiliah represents him as hav- 
ing displayed the sublimity of his genius by the 
selection of weighty topics, such as important 
wars and the actions of great commanders, in 
which he sustained with his lyre the dignity of 
epic poetry. Accordingly Alexander the Great 
ranks him among those who were the proper 
study of princes. The best collection of the 
fragments of Stesichorus is given by Blomfield, 
in the Museum Ciiiicum, No. 6, p. 256. 

Sthen>:lus, a king of Mycenae, son of Per- 
seus and Andromeda. He married Nicippe, 
the daughter of Pelops, by whom he had t"o 
daughters and a son called Eurystheus, who 
was born, by Juno's influence, two months be- 
fore the natural time, that he might obtain a 
superiority over Hercules, as being older. 
Siheneius made war against Amphitryon, who 



had killed Eleclryon and seized his kingdoni. 
I Re fought with success and transmitted to 
I Eurystheus an undisputed crown and an ex- 
j tended kingdom. Homer. II. 19, 91. — Apollod. 
2, 4 — —A son of Capaneus. He was one of the 
Epigoni, and of tiie suitors of Helen. He went 
to the Trojan war, and was one of those who 
were shut up in the wooden horse, according to 

Virgil. Pans. 2, \8. — Virg. ^n. 2 et 10. A 

son of Androgeus, the son of Minos. Hercules 

made him king of Thrace. Apollod. 2, 5. A 

son of Actor, who accompanied Hercules in his 
expedition against the Amazons. He was killed 
by one of these females. 

Sthenobcea, a daughter of Jobates, king of 
Lycia, who married Prcetus, king of Argos. She 
became enamoured of Bellerophon, who had 
taken refuge at her husband's court, afte-r the 
murder of his brother, and when he reiused to 
gratify her criminal passion, she accused him 
before Proetus of attempts upon her virtue. 
According to some she killed herself after his 
departure. Horner, II. 6, 162. — Hygin. fab. 67. 

Many mytholr.gists call her Anta;a. 

StxLiCHO, a general of the emperor Theodo- 
sius the Great. He behaved with much courage, 
but under the emperor Honorius he showed him- 
self turbulent and disaffected. As being of a 
barbarian extraction, he wished to see the Ro- 
man provinces laid desolate by his countrymen, 
but in xh:?, he was disappointed. Honorius di.-- 
covered his intrigues, and ordered him to bo 
beheaded, about the year of Christ 408. H;s 
family were involved in his ruin, Zosimus, 
though upon the whole not favourable to hin\, 
acquits him of the treason laid to his charge, 
and he will live in the poetry of Claudian as the 
most di-tinguished hero of his age. 

Stilpo a celebrated philosopher of Megsra, 
who flourished 336 years before Christ, and was 
greatly esteemed by Ptolemy Soter. He v.as 
naturally addicted to riot and debauchery, but 
he reformed his manners when he opened a 
school at Megara. He was universally respected ; 
his school was frequented; and Demetrius, when 
he plundered Megara, ordered the house of the 
philosopher to be left safe and unmolested. 
Stilpo excited prejudices by not payii^g respect 
to the Athenian superstitions, but there is no 
proof of his infidelity with respect to the exis- 
tence of a supreme divinity. On moral topics 
he is said to have taught that the highest felicity 
consists in a mind free from the dominion of 
passion, a doctrine similar to that of the stoics. 
He is said to have livi d to a great age, and to 
have exptdited his filial departure by a draught 
of w ine. 

STGBiDrs, Joannes, a Greek writer who flour- 
ished A. D. 405. He was the author of several 
works, none of which have come down to 
modern times, except the fragments of a collec- 
tion of extracts from ancient poets and philoso- 
phers . The best editions of Stobajus are that of 
Heeren, 2 vols, (in 4) 8vo. Gutting. 1792, and 
that of Gaisford, 4 vols. 8vo. Oxon. 1822. 

Stobi, a city of Macedonia, in the district of 
Pjeonia, to the north of Edessa, and not far 
from the junction of the Erigonus and Axius. 
Liv. 33. 19. 40, 21. 

Sto'XHADES, islands in the Mediterranean, 
oir the coast of Gaul, and in a south-east direo- 
X\ox\ from Telo Martins or Tovlon now hifs d\ 
liioes. Strabo and Piolen-.y n.akc ll.tni hve io 



STO 



694 



STR 



number, but Pliny only three. They are said 
to have their name from their being ranged on 
the same iVrae, (arol^oj.) Pliu. 3, 5. — Lucan. 
3, 516. 

Srolci, a celebrated sect of philosophers 
founded by Zeno of Citium. Taey received 
their name from the portico, (rroi, where the 
philosopher delivered his lectures. Fid. Zeno. 

STRABO, a Roman cognomen in the Fanaian, 
P.jrapeian, and other families. It was first ap- 
plied to those whose eres were distorted, but 

afterwards became a general name. A cele- | 

brated geographer, bam at Amasia in Pontus. ' 
The time of his birth is uncertain; but it appears 
from his writings that he was familiar with C 
GmIIus when prsefect of Eg^ypc, to which office 
G-^;las was appjinted after the death of Antony . 
and Cleopatra; and that he was composing his 
geography in the fourth year of the emperor 
Tiberius. Strabo received a very enlarjted edu- 
cation. He was sent at an early age to Nyssa 
for the study of grammar and rhetoric; and after- 
wards was instructed in the principles of the 
various sects of philosophers in several of the 
most celebrated schiols of Asia. Of the cir- 
cumstances of his life w e have no other informa- 
tion than such as can be deduced from his 
works. He was a great traveller, and visited a 
considerable proportion of the countries which 
he describes. His tours extended from Armenia ■ 
to Sardinia, and from the Euxine sea to ^Ethio- ; 
pia. He must have been advanced in years 
when be wrote his geography, but how much 
longer he survived is unknown. Strabo was ' 
the author of some historical works which 
have been lost; but his " Geography," ia seven- 
teen books, has been preserved, and is justly re- 
garded as one of the most valuable relics of anti- 
quity. He treats on almost all the parts of the i 
world then known; and though the geographical 
science was at that period in an imperfect state; 
and information concerning many countries was 
incorrect, yet his work is very useful in eluci- 
dating the historical and other writings of the , 
ancients. As he was a man of a cultivated mind, ' 
he h,as interspersed many philosophical remarks, 
and short narratives relative to history and an- 
tiquities, which augment the value of his per- 
formance. Among the most useful editions of 
Strabo may be mentioned that of Casaubon, fol. 
Paris, 1620; that of Almeloveen, 2 vols. fol. 
Amst 1707, which is a reprint of Casaubon's, en- 
riched with notes from various scholars ; and 
that of Coray. 4 vols. 8vo, Paris, lSlS-19. 

Strato, or Stratox, a p'jilosopher of, 
Lampsacus, was a disciple of Theophrastus, to i 
whose school he succeeded about B. C 2S6. He 
was distinguished by his attachment to natural 
philosophy, which gave him the surname of 
Fhi/si~us. The eloquence and learning which 
he displayed caused him to be appointed pre- 
ceptor to Pi ileray Philadelphus, who remune- 
rated his services by a donation of eighty talents. 
Strato presided in the perip.^tetic school during ; 
pishteen years, and composed a number of books, i 
none of which have reached our time. His con- 
stitution was feeble, and it is said that he lost 
the powers of perception before his death. Toe 
opinions of Strato nearly approached to that i 
auheisra which excludes the idea of deity in the | 
formation of the world. From Cicero we learn, 
that he conceived all divine power to be seated j 
in nature, which pusseises the causes of produc j 



tion, increase, and diminution, but is wholly 
destitute of sensation and figure. He taught , 
also, that the seat of the soul is in the middle of 
the brain, and that it onlv acts bv means of the ' 

senses. Diog. o.—Cic. Acad. 1, 9. 4, 3S. A: 

physician of Berytus, a pupil of Erasislratus, ■ 
and like him, a determined enemy to bleedings j 
He became the head of a school. — — A liceii- , 
tious poet, a native of Sardis. Two hundrr<l ! 
and twenty epigrams of his are preserved in the i 
Greek Anthology. : 

Stratox. Fid^ Strato. j 

STRATONICE. a daughter of Thespius. Apol- j 

lod. A daughter of Pleuron. Id. A 

daughter of Ariarathes, king of Cappadocia» ! 
who married Eumenes, king of Pergamus, and 

became mother of Attalus. A daughter of ! 

Demetrius Poliorcetes, wtio married Seleucus, 
king of Syria. Antiochus, her husband's son | 
by a former wife, became enamoured of her, and 
married her w ith his father's consent, when the 
physicians had told him that if he did not com- 
ply, his son's hep.lth would be impaired. Piut. 

in Dem. — Val- Max. ,t, 7. The wife of Anti- 

gonus, mother of Demetrius Poliorcetes. 

Stratonicea, a city of Caria, between Ala- 
banda and Atlinda, one of the three most im- 
portant cities in the interior of the country. It 
was built by Antiochus Soter, and called after i 
his wife Stratonice. It was considerably en- ■ 
larged and beautified bv Hadrian. It is now i 

Esmissar. Strob. U — et 33 A . 

city near mount Taurus, called Stralonicea ad. | 
Taurum to distinguish it from the former. ■ 
Strab. 14. j 

STRATOXlS TURRIS, a city of Judaea, after- j 
wards called Caesarea, by Herod, in honour of 
Ausustus. Vid. CcEsarea, j 

STROXGfLE, one of the Lipari isles, or the 
first of the ^Eoliee Iniulaa to the north-east. It . . 
was called Strongyle (ErpoyyiM) by the Greeks 
on account of its round figure, whence, by cor« , 
ruption, the modern name SiTomboli. It is about [ 
nine miles in circumference. It consists of j 
single conical mountain, having on one side of i 
it several small craters, one of w hich is in cease- \ 
less activity, having in all probability continued, ' 
=0 during 'the last 2000 years. The crater is, I 
placed upon the slope of the mountain. The 
gaseous fluids escape from the volcano in succes- i 
sive explosions, the greater ones at intervals of i 
about seven minutes, and the lesser ones almo-* 1 
continually. The lava is thrown out only as 1 
projected scoriee, and is seldom or never dis*. 
charged in any quantity. Mela., 2. 7. — S.rab, 6. . 

Stroph^Ides, small islands ofif the coast of 
Elis, in the Ionian sea. They were two la 
number, and belonged to the territory of Cypa- 
rissa. They were first called Plotae, but took ; 
their name of Strophades, from the circum- 
stance of Zetes and Calais, the sons of B r*>as, 
having returned from thence (<rrpj<j>a), ^erto) 
after they had driven the Harpies ihuher from 
the table' ot Phineus. They are known to navi- 
gators at the present dav hv the name of StncaZi. 
S.rab. S.— Apr,ll. Rhod. 2. 295. 

Strofhics. a son of Crisus, king of Phocjs.- | 
He married a sister of Agamemnon, called An- | 
axibia, or Astyochia, or. according to others,, | 
Cyndraaora, by whom he had Pylades, cele.^ ' 
brated for his friendship w ith Orestes. After^ 
the murder of Agimemnon by Clylemncstr*; I 
aad .Hgysihus, the king of Phocis, educctted at 



STE 



695 



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flis own house, w ith the greatest care, his ne- ' 
phew, whoni Electra had secretly removed from 
the dagger of his mother and her adulterer. 
Orestes was enabled, by means of Strophius, to 
revenge the death of his father. Pans. 2, 29. — 
Hy gin. fab. 1, 17 A son of Pylades by Elec- 
tra, the sister of Orestes. 

Strymox, a large river of Thrace, forming 
the boundary of that country on the side of 
Macedonia. It rises in the chain of mount 
Scomius, jmd, after a course of nearly 200 miles, 
runs into a part of the iEgean sea, to which it 
communicated the name of Strymonicus Sinus, 
now Goljo di Contessa. Not far from its mouth 
it passed through Cercinitis Palus, now Lake 
Takinos. The Strymon gave its name to a wind 
which was pervalenc in the gulf into which that 
river discharges its.elf, and blew with great vio- 
lence from the nortli. The Strymon was also 
celebrated for its eels. Toe modern name of 
this river is Carasou, or the Black rucr. Strab. 
Epit. 7. —Herod. 8, 138. — Antiph. ap Aihen. 7, 
56. 

StymphIlis, a region of Macedonia, south 
of Orestis, and annexed to the former country 
upon the conquest of that kingdom by the Ro- 
mans. Liv. 45, 30. — — Palus, a lake of Arcadia, 
near the town of Stymphalus, and once the 
fabled haunt of birds, thence called Stymphali- 
des. Pausanias imagines that these came from 
Arabia, as there existed some of the same name 
in that country. The Stymphalian lake was 
supposed to communicate with the Erasinus, a 
small river of Argolis. The emperor Hadrian 
caused water to be conveyed from a fountain in 
the Stymphalian territory to Corinth. Apollod. 
2, 5, %.—Paus. 8, 22 — Herod. 6, 76. —Strab. 8. 

Stymphalus, a town of Arcadia, north-east 
of Orchomenus, and near the confmes of Achaia. 
Its antiquity is attested by Pindar, who calls it the 
mother of Arcadia. Its remains are about an 
hour to the west-south-west to Zaraka, and stand 
upon a rocky eminence rising from the north- 
east side of the lake. Paus. 8, 22.~Pind. Olt/^mp. 
6, 11.7. 

StJrus, a king of Albania, to whom iEetes 
promised his daughter Medea in marriage, to 
obtain his assistance against the Argonauts. 
Flacc 3, 497. 8, 358. 

Styx, a daughter of Oceanus and Tethys. 
She marr/ed Pallas, by whom she had three 
daushters. Victory, Strength, and Valour. 

Hefwd. Theog. 363 et 3')4 — Apollod. 1, 2. A 

celebrated river of hell, round which it flows 
nine times. According to some writers, the 
Styx was a small river of Nonacris in Arcadia, 
whose waters were so cold and poisonous, that 
they proved fatal to such as tasted them. Among 
others, Alexander the Great is mentioned as a 
victim to their fatal poison, in consequence of 
drinking them. They even consumed iron, and 
broke all vessels. The wonderful properties of 
this water suggested the idea, that it was a river 
of hell, especially when it disappeared in the 
earth a little below its fountain-head. The god* 
held the waters of the Styx in such veneration, 
that they always swore by them; an oath which 
was inviolable- If any of the gods had perjurpd 
themselves, Jupiter obliged them to drink the 
waters of the Styx,which lulled them for onewhole 
year into a senseless stupidity; for the nine fol- 
lowing years they were deprived of the ambrosia 
and the nectar of the gods; and after the expira' 



tion of the /*>ars of their punishmpnt, they wer« 
restored to the assembly of the deities, and fn 
all their original privileges. It is said that Ihia 
veneration was shown to the Styx, because it 
received its name from the nymph Styx, who 
with her three daughters, assisted Jupiier in his 
war against the Titans. Hesioi. 'iheog, 384, 
175.— Homer. Od. \0, bVS. — Herod. 6, 7i.— Jirg. 
y^n. 6, 323, 4S9, Sec— Apollod. J, 3. - Ovid. Met. 
3, 29, &c. — Lucan. 6, 378, &c. 

SUADA, the goddess of Persuasion, called 
Pitho by the Greeks. 

SUBLiciUS, the first bridge erected at Rome 
over the Tiber. FuZ. Puns. 

SUBURRA, a street at Rome, where all the 
licentious, aissolute, and lascivious Romans 
and courtezans resorted. It was situate between 
mounts Viminalis and Qurinalis, and was re- 
markable as having been the residence of the 
obscure years of Julius CrBsar, Suet, in Ca's. 
- Varro, de L. L. 4, d.—MartiaL 6, G6.—Juv. 3, 5. 

SUCRO, now Xucar, a river of Hispania Tar- 
raconensis, in the territory of the Contestant 
It rises in mount Idubeda, and falls into the 

Mediterranean. Mela, 2, 6.—Plin. 3, 3. A 

city of Hispania Tarraconensis, in the territory 
of the Edeiani, and at the mouth of tlie river 
Sucro, It lay between Carthago Nova and the 
river Iberus. Its modern name is CiUlera. 
Plin. 3,3. — Li'w. 28, 26. 29, 19. 

SUESSA, Pometia, an ancient Volscian city, 
the site of which must ever remain a matter of 
conjecture. It appears to have been in the 
neighbourhood of the Pomptinae Paludes, to 
which it gave name. This town was taken by 
Tarquinius Superbus, who with the plunder he 
there obtained, laid the fr.undations of the Capi- 
tol. It was a colony of Alba. Liv. \,b^. — Dion. 

1,4. — Virg. Mn. 6, 775. Aurunca, the capital 

of the Aurunci. Vid. Aurunci. 

SuESSiONES, a people of Gallia Eelgica, be 
tween the Remi, Veromandui, Vadocasses, 
Meldi, and Catalauni. Their capital, Augusta, 
afterwards Suessiones, now Soissons, stands on 
Oxona. now the Aisne. Cces. B. G. 8, 6.— Liv. 
Epit. m.-Plin. 4, 17. 

Suetonius, C- PauHnus, a Roman comman- 
der, who, in the reign of Claudius, made war 
upon the Mauri, and was the first Roman gen- 
eral that crossed mount Atlas with an army. 
He commanded subsequently in Britain, and 
there crushed a dangerous rebellion. He wrote 

an account of his campaign in Africa. C. 

TranquiUus, a Roman historian, was the son of 
Suetonius Lenis, tribune of a legion in the time 
of Otho. He is designated by Pliny the younger, 
as one of the sr.holastici. He was probably a 
teacher of grammar and rhetoric, composed 
fictitious pleadings, and, perhaps, sometinips 
pleaded real causes. With Pliny he was inti- 
mate, and was indebted to him for several 
favours. By his interest he obtained the dignity 
of military tribune, and also the jus trium liber ^ 
orum, granted to him by the emperor Trajan, 
though he was childless. He was afterwards 
secretary to the emperor Adrian, though he lost 
this office by his indiscreet familiarity with the 
empress Sabina ; an incident which occurred 
about A. D. l il, btit how long, or in what con. 
dition he afterwards lived, no records inform us. 
Suidas ascribes to him several works; but all 
are lost except his lives of the Coe.^Hr.-s, his live* 
of eminent grammarians, and a small part of 



SUE 



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SUN 



thos? Of* emir.ant rhetoricians. Hh liv^^s of the 
flrst twelve emperors, down to Domitian in- 
cm-ively, is one of the most interesting remains 
of ancient history; for, without being distin- 
guished by style or sentiment, it abounds with 
anecdotes reiacive to tha manners, characters, 
and incidents of those tir.ies, which no where 
else occur. Some of the facts which he relutes 
have been doubted ; but his general character 
and mode of writing narratives, acquit him of any 
intentional misrepresentation ; though he indi- 
cates a propensity to pay undue attention to 
vulgar tales and surmises. His freedom in expos 
ing the infamy of the Cossars may be politically 
vindicated on this general principle, that history 
aflfords no lessons more instructive than the 
crimes and vices consequent upon despotic 
power. The best editions of Suetonius are, that 
of Pitiscus, 2 vols. Svo. Leov. 1714, that of 
Oudendorp- 2 vols. 8vo. L. Bat. 1751, that of 
Ernesti, 2 vols. Svo. Lips. 1775, but particularly 
that of Crusius, 3 vols. Svo. Lips. 1S16— 18. 
There is an English translation by Dr Alexander 
Thomson. 

SUKVI, a name given to a large body of vari- 
ous people in Germany, and not the denomina- 
tion of any particular tribe. Their country was 
called Suevia, an appellation still retained in 
that of the modern Sicabia. to which a horde of 
them had found their way from the interior parts 
of their country. The Angli, Langobardi, 
Spmnones, Catti. and other less important na- 
tions, bore the general name of Suevi, which, 
according to some, was applied uninterruptedly 
to the tribes dwelling between the banks of the 
Danube and the Sinus Codanus. Ccbs. B. G. 4, 
1, — Tacit. Germ. 33, 45. -PUn. 4, 14. 

SUFFENUS, a Latin poet in the age of Catul- 
lus. He wasbutof moderateabilities. C'itull.2.1, 

SUFFETlUS, or SCFETiUS. Fid Metms, 

SXJIDAS, a Greek lexicographer, of whom no 
particulars are recorded; but he is supposed by 
some to have lived between 900 and 1025 A. D. 
His Lexicon is particularly valuable, on account 
of the excellent passages which it contains, 
taken from authors whose works are now lost. 
The best edition is that of Kuster, 3 vols. fol. 
Cantab. 1705. 

SUIONES, a people of Scandinavia, in whose 
nime that of the modern Swedes seems to lie 
concealed. Their fleet was thought worthy of 
notice. Tacit- de Germ. 44. 

SULClfJS, an informer whom Horace describes 
as hoarse with the number of defamations he 
daily made. Horat. Sat. 1, 4. 65. 

Sulla. Vid. Sylla. 

SULMO, a city of Latium, which stood on the 
site of the modern Sermonetta Fecchia. firg. 

/En. 10, 517 ^ city of the Peligni, about 

seven miles south-east of Corfinium, said to 
have been founded by Solymus, one of the com- 
panions of .Eneas. It was the birtti-place of 
Ovid, who has made us acquainted with that 
fact in more than one passage. It was exposed 
to all the vengeance of Sylla, for havine been 
attached to the cause of Marius. Ovid. Fast. 4, 

79. -Si. Ital. 9, "i&.—Flor. 3. 21. A Latin 

chief killed in the night by Nisu^, as he vvas 
eoing with his companions to destrov Euryalus. 
Firg. /En. 9, 412. 

SulfitTa, a daughter of Paterculus, who 
married Fulvius Flaccus. She was so famous 
for her chastity, that she Cinisecrated a temple 



to Venus Vertieordia, a goddes.s who was ir«- 7 
plored to turn the hearts of the Roman women i 

to virtue. Plin. 7, 35 -A poetess in the age 

of Domitian, against whom she wrote a poera^ 
because he had banished the philosophers f rom c t 
Rome. This composition is still extant. She l 
had also written a poem on conjugal afifection, ; i 

commended by Martial, \Q,ep. 3.'i, now lost. Af S 

daughter of Srrv. Sulpilius, mentioned in the 4th | d 
book of elegies, falselv attributed to Tihullus. • ■! 

SuLPlTiA LRX, rnilitaris, by C. Sulpicius, the i: j 
triiune, A. U. C. 665, invested Marius with the^ i 
full p )wer of the war against Mithridates, of 5 j 

which Sylla was to be deprived. Another, d5 > \, 

senntU; by Servius Sulpicius, the tribune. A U.C. |; u 
665. It required that no senator should owe[ S 

more than 2000 drachmai. Another, de cii4' \ i 

tate, by P. Sulpicius, the tribune, A. U. C. 6(i;». | 
It ordered that the new citizens who composed i: n 
the eight tribes lately created, should be divided i; si 
among the thirty-five old tribes, as a greater k i 

honour Another called also Serapronia, dci ti 

religione, by P. Sulpicius Saverrio and P. Sem- 
pronius Soph us, consuls, A. U. C. 449. It for-.j i* 
bade any person to consecrate a temple or altar;, l 
without the permission of the senate and the 1 d 
majority of the tribunes. 

SuLPiTius. or Sulpicius, an illustrious: ■) 
family at Rome, of whom the most celebrated 7 ji 
are — — ^Peticus, a man chosen dictator against v r 
the Gauls. His troops mutinied when he first 1 1 
took the field, but soon after he engaged the ; 5 

enemy, and totally defeated them Saverrio,: 

a consul who gained a victory over the yEqui. j !r 

Liv. 9, 45 C. Paterculu-, a consul sento ir 

against the Carthaginians. He conquered Sar-i r 
dinia and Corsica, and obtained a complete vic-li 
tory over the enemy's fleet. He was hoaouredi It 

with a triumph at his return to Rome. -|i ii 

Sparius, one of the three com.missioners whomj » 
the Romans sent to collect the best laws whiehq )\ 
could be found in the different cities and re-te in 

publics of Greece Publius, one of the asso-fe a 

ciates of Marius, well known for his intrigues' | 
and cruelty. He made some laws in favour of!j n 
the allies of Rome, and he kept ab'>ut SOOOd m 
young men in continual pay, whom be called;) » 
his ante-senatorial band, and with these he had 'I 
often the impertinence to attack the consul in j b 
the popular assemblies. He became at last soc t?( 
seditious, that he was proscribed by Sjl'a's ad-j' 
herents, and immediately murdered. His headj: h| 
wasfi.xed on a pole on the rostra, where he hadj ^ 
often made many seditious speeches in the capa<ll 

city of tribune. Liv. 77. C. Longus, a Roman: i 

consul, who defeated the Samnitrs, and killed : ij' 
30,000 of their men. He obtained a triumph forj 
this celebrated victory. He was afterwards r ;^ 
made dictator to conduct a war against ther \y 

Etrurian? ApoUinaris, a grammarian in the'j i'., 

age of the emperor M. Aurelius. He left some.' 
letters and a few grammatical observations, novv-i; 
lost. J.J 
SUMMANUS. a surname of Pluto, as prince of il ^ 
the dead, summus manlum. He had a temple ati ipj, 
Rome, erected during the wars with Pyrrhu."!, p, 
and the Romans believed that the thunderbolts ,1 
of Jupiter were in his power durins the night. Ii 
Cic. de Div. 1, 10. - Ovid. Fast. 6, 731. 

SUNiUM, a celebrated promontory of Attica, ^ ^ 
f.irming the extreme point of that province 
towards the south. Near the promontory stood ' , 
the town of the same name «iih a irirbour. 



i 



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697 



SYB 



i Sunium was held especially sacred to Minerva 
1 as early as the time of Homer. Neptune was 
i also worshipped here, as we learn from Aristo- 
! pnanes. Regattas were held here during the 
minor Panathenaic festivals. The promontory 
' of Sunium is frequently mentioned in Grecian 
history. Herodotus in one place calls it the 
i Suniac angle (rov yoi'vop tov ^owiaKiv.) Thucy- 
j dides reports that it was fortified by the Athen- 
I ians after the Sicilian expedition, to protect 
\ their vessels which conveyed corn from Euboea, 
j and were consequently obliged to double the 
I promontory. It is now called Cape Colonna, 
from the ruins of the temple of Minerva, which 
are still to be seen on its summit. Pans. 1,1. — 
: Homer. Od. 3, 278. — Aristoplu Eqiiit. 558. — 

HerocL 4, 99 Thucyd. 8, 4.— Vitruv. 4, 7. 

I SuoVETAURILiA, a sacrifice among the Ro- 
I mans, which consisted of the immolation of a 
(i sow {sus), a sheep (ous), and a bull [taurui), 
I whence the name. It was generally observed 
'} every fifth year. 

SUPERUM MARK, a name of the Adriatic sea, 
! because it was situate above Italy. The name of 
i Marelnferum was applied for the opposite reasons 
! to the sea below Italy. Cic. pro Cluent. &iC. 

SURENA, a powerful officer in the armies of 
Orodes, king of Parthia. His family had the 
j privilege of crowning the kings of Parthia. He 
j was appointed to conduct the war against the 
Romans, and to protect the kingdom of Parthia 
against Crassus, who wished to conquer it. lie 
defeated lha Roman triumvir, and after he had 
drawn him perfidiously to a conference, he 
ordered his head to be cut off. He afterwards 
returned to Parthia, rnimicking the triumphs of 
the Romans. Orodes ordered him to be put to 
death, B. C. 52. Surena has been admired for 
his valour, his sagacity as a general, and his 
prudence and firmness in the execution of his 
plans; but his perfidy, his effeminate manners, 
and his lasciviousness. have been deservedly cen- 
sured. Polycen. 7. — Prut in Cj-ass. 

SURRENTUM, now Sorrenio, a city of Cam- 
pania on the lower shore of the Sinus Crater, and 
near the Promontorium Minervas. It was said 
to have derived its name from the Sirens, who 
freq.uented this coast, and had a temple erected 
to them here. Surrentum appears to have 
become a Roman colony in the reign of Augus- 
tus. The wine of the Surrentine hills was held 
in great estimation by the ancients. Strab, 5, — ! 
StaL Sylv. 2, 2. 3, 5. - Ond. Mel. 15, 710.— Mar/, j 
13,110. 

SUSA, or Shushan, the capital of Susiana, 
in Persis, situated on the east side of the j 
Eulseus or Choaspes. It is stated in the mytho- j 
logy of the Greeks to have been founded by ' 
Tithonus, brother of Priam king of Troy, but : 
afterwards to have been completed by his son ! 
Memnon, for which reason the citadel is some- j 
times called Memnonium, and the city itself 
Memnonia, It is said to have derived its name ! 
from the number of lilies, which grew in its 
neighbourhood, Shushan signifying in the Per- ; 
sian language a lily. It was enlarged and beauti- 
fied by Darius Hystaspis, and became the winter 
residence, as Ecbatana was the summer resi- 
dence of the Persian kings. It was such an 
exceedingly weallhy city, that Alexander the' 
Great is said to have found in it.OO.OOO talents 
of uncoined gold, besides wedges of silver, acd 
jewels of inestimable value. Us ruins are now 



called Shustcr. Plin. 6, 25, &c. - Lucan. 2, 49. 
— Strab. ib. —Xenoph. Cyr.—Propert. 2, 13. — 
Claudian de Gild. 33. 

SrsiANA, or SUSLS, a country of Asia, of 
which the capital was called Susa, situate at the 
east of Assyria. It is now called Khusistan. 
Vid. Susa, 

SusiD^ PYLjE, narrow passes over mountains 
from Susiana into Persia. Curt. 5, 3, 

SUTHUL, a town of Numidia, where the 
king's treasures were kept. Sail. Jug. 37. 

SuTRiUM, now Sutri, a town of Etruria, 
about eight miles to the west of Nepete, and in 
a north-eastern direction from Caere. It was a 
town of some note, and was considered by the 
Romans as an important acquisition in further- 
ance of their designs against Etruria. Having 
been surprised by the latter power, it fell into 
their hands, but was almost immediately recov- 
ered by Camillus. Liv. 6, d.~Paterc. 1, 14. — 
Plead. Cas. 3, I, 10. 

SyAgrus, an ancient poet, the first who wrote 
on the Trojan war. He is called Sagaris by 
Diogenes Laertius, who adds that he lived in 
Homer's age, of whom he was the rival. JElian. 
V. H. 14, 21. 

SybAris, a river of Lucania, runriing by the 
city of the same name, and falling into the 
Sinus Tarentinus. Its waters were said to ren- 
der h orses shy. It is now the Cochile. Strab. 

6. —Milan. H. N. 2, 36. A celebrated city of 

Lucania, on the Sinus Tarentinus, and near the 
confines of Bruttium. It was situate between 
the rivers Sybaris and Crathis, and is said to 
have been founded by the people ©f Troezene, 
not long after tiie siege of Troy. But these 
were subsequently joined by a more numerous 
colony of Achsans, under the conduct of Iseli- 
cus, about 720 A. C. The rise and progress of 
this celebrated republic must have been wonder- 
fully rapid. We are told that it held dominion 
over four different people, and twenty-five 
towns; and that the city extended fifty stadia, 
or upwards of six miles, along the Crathis. But 
the number of its inhabitants, which are com- 
puted at 300,000 by several ancient writers, and 
which are said to have been actually brought 
into the field, is so prodigio-us, as to raise con- 
siderable doubts as to the accuracy of these 
statements. The accounts which we have of 
their luxury and opulence are not less extraor- 
dinary: to such a degree, indeed, did they 
indulge their taste for pleasure, that a Sybarite 
and a voluptuary became synonymous terms. 
But this prosperity and excess of luxury were 
not of long duration; and the fall of Sybaris was 
hastened with a rapidity only equalled by that 
of its sudden elevation. The Crotoniates, B. C. 
510, defeated the Sybarites, broke down the 
dams that confined the Crathis and inundated 
the city. Most of the inhabitants were massa- 
cred, and the few that escaped were cut to pieces 
by an Athenian colony, who removed to some 
distance and founded Thurii [_J'id. Thurii], 
which, in process of time, became a considerable 
state under the discipline of Charondas, and 
long flourished under the dominion of Rome; 
till, falling to decay, a coh^ny was sent thither, 
after which event it assumeti the name of Copia. 
A)isiot. PolU. 5, 3.- Strab. 6.- Athen. 12, 3, &c. 

— Diod. Sic. 12, 9. — Herod. 5, 44. A friend of 

.Eneas killed by Turnus. Firg. JEn. 12, 363. — 
Hor .t. Od. 1, 8, 2. 

3 N 



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STBARITA, an inhabitant of Sybaris. Fid. 
Sybaris. 

SYENE. now Es-souan^ the frontier town of 
Ei^ypt towards Ethiopia, and reckoned one of 
the keys of the Roman empire. It was only a 
few miles north of the Tropic of Cancer, where- 
fiTre, at the time of the summer solstice, all 
bodies were seen there at noon without shadows: 
to show this phenomenon more strikingly, the 
inhabitants dug: a deep pit, which at the proper 
season was wholly illuminated. Juvenal was 
sent hither, into a kind of honourable banish- 
ment, by being made the commander of a 
■praetorian cohort stationed in the neighbourhood. 
Slrnb. 1 et 2. — Mela, 1, 9.—Plin. 36, S—Ovid. 

ex Pom. 1, 5, 79- Met. 5, 74 Liccan 2, oi>7. S, 

col. lU, 234. 

j SyenesiUS, a Cilician who, with Labinetus 
' of Babylon, concluded a peace between Alyattes, 
king of Lydia, and Cyaxares. king of Media, 
while both armies were terrified by a sudden 
eclipse of the sun, B. C. 5S5. Herod 1, 74. 

SYENNHSIS, a satrap of Cilicia, when Cyrus 
made war against his brother Artaxerxes. He 
wished to favour both the brothers by sending 
one qf his sons in the army of Cyrus, and another 
to Artaxerxes. 

SYLLA, L. CORNELirs, a celebrated Roman 
of a noble family. The poverty of his early 
vears was relieved by the liberality of the cour- 
tezan Nicopolis, who left him heir to a large 
fortune; and with the addition of the immense 
wealth of his mother-in-law, he soon appeared 
one of the most opulent of the Romans. He 
first entered the army under the great Marius, 
whom he accompanied to Numidia. in the capa- 
city of quaestor. He rendered himself conspi- 
cuous in military affairs; and Bocchus, one of 
the princes of Numidia, delivered Jugurtha into 
his hands for the Roman consul. The rising 
fame of Sylla gave umbrage to Marius, who was 
always jealous of an equal, as well as of a supe- | 
r!or;'out the ill language which he might use, 
rather inflamed than extinguished the ambition 
of Sylla. He left the conqueror of Jugurtha, 
and carried arms under Catulus, Some time 
after, he obtained the praetorship, and was r-p- i 
pointed by the Roman senate to place Ariobar- 
zanes on the throne of Cappadoeia, against the 
views and interests of Mithridates, king of Pon- 
tus. This he easily effected. One battle left him 
victorious: and before he quitted the plains of 
Asia, the Roman praetor had the satisfaction to 
receive in his camp the ambassadors of the king 
of Parthia, who wished to make a treaty of alli- 
ance with the Romans. Sylla received them 
with haughtiness, and behaved with such arro- 
franoe. that one of them exclaimed, Surely this 
man is master of the vsorld, or doomed to 5e such 1 
At his return to Rome, he was commissioned to 
finish the war with the Marsi, and when this was 
successfully ended, he v^as rewarded with the 
consulship, in the 50th year of his age. In this 
capacity he wished to hsve the administration 
of the Mithridatic war; bur he found an obsti 
nate adversary in Marius, and he attained the 
summit of his w ishes only when he had entered 
R r-ms sword in hand. Affer he had slauirhtered 
a i his enemies, he set a price upon the head of 
Marius, and put to death the tribune Salpitius. 
who had i-ontinually opposed his views; he 
marched towards A-ia, and disrpgarded the 
flames of discord, which he left behind him un- 



extinguished. Mithridates was already mastef 
of the greatest part of Greece; and Sylla, when; 
he reached the coast of Peloponnesus, was de-: 
I layed by the siege of Athens and of the Piraeus. 
His operations w ere carried on with vigour, and 
when he found his money fail, he made no 
scruple to fake the riches of the temples of the 
gods, to bribe his soldiers and render them de-: 
voted to his service. His boldness succeeded? 
the Piraeus surrendered; and the conqueror, as 
if struck with reverence at the beautiful porti- 
coes where the philosophic followers of Socrates 
and Plato had often disputed, spared the city ot 
Athens, wliich he had devoted to destruction,' 
and forgave the living for the sake of the dead. 
Two celebrated battles at Chen naea and Orchoi 
menos rendered him master of Greece. He 
crossed the Hellespont, and attacked Mithridates 
in the very heart of his kingdom. Tne artfui 
monarch, who well knew the valour and perse- 
verance of his adversary, made proposals ol 
peace; and Sylla, whose interest at home was 
then decreasing, did not hesitate to put an end 
to a war which had rendered him master of so 
much territory, and which enabled him to re^ 
turn to Rome like a conquerer, and to dispute 
with his rival the sovereignty of the republic 
with a victorious army. Muraena was left at the 
head of the Roman forces in Asia, and Syllai 
hastened to Italy. In the plains of Campanial 
he was met by a few- of his adherents, whom the, 
success of his rivals had bani-hed from the capi^ 
tal; and he was soon informed, that if he wished 
to contend with Marius, he must encounter* 
fifteen generals, followed by twenty-flve well- 
disciplined legions. In these critical circum- 
stances he had recourse to artifice, and while he 
proposed terms of accommodation to his adver-: 
saries, he secretly strengthened himself, and 
saw, with pleasure, his armies daily increase by 
the revolt of soldiers whom his bribes or promises 
had corrupted. Pompey, who afterwards merit- 
ed the surname of Great, embraced his cause, 
and marched to his camp with three leeionsj 
Soon after he appeared in the field with advan- 
tage; the confidence of Marius decayed with bis 
power, and Sylla entered Rome like a tyrant 
and a conqueror. The streets were daily filled 
with dead bodies, and 700il citizens, to whom 
the conqueror had promised pardon, were sud- 
denly massacred in the circus. The senate, at 
that time assembled in the temple of Bellona, 
heard the shrieks of their dying countrymen : 
and when they inquired into the cause of it, 
Sylla coolly replied. They are only a few rebels 
u-ho-n I hat e ordered to be chastised. If this had 
been the last and most dismal scene, Rome 
might have been called happy; but if was onlyj 
the beginning of her misfortunes: each succeed-; 
ing day exhibited a greater number of slaughter-' 
ed bodies, and when one of the senators had fh.» 
boldness to ask the tyrant when he meant fo 
stop his cruelties, Sylla, with an air of uncon- 
cern, answered, that he had not yet (!etprmin»-ii, 
but that he would take it into his corsideration 
The slaughter was continued; a list of such a* 
were proscribed was daily stuck in the public 
streets. The slave was rewarded to bring hi» 
master's head, and the son was not ashamed ta 
imbrue his hands in the blood of his father for 
money. No less than 4700 of the most powerfi;! 
and opulent were slain, and Sylla wished the^ 
Romans to forget his cruelties in aspiring to the 



SYR 



title- of perpetual dictator. In this capacity he 
made new laws, abrogated such as were inimical 
to his views, and changed every regulation where 
his ambition was obstructed. After he had finish- 
ed whatever the most absolute sovereign may do, 
from his own will and authority, Sylla abdicated 
the dictatorial power, and retired to a solitary 
retreat at Puteoli, where he spent the rest of his 
days, if not in literary ease and tranquillity, 
yet far from the noise of arms, in the midst of 
riot and debauchery. The companions of his 
retirement were the most base and licentious of 
the populace, and Sylla took pleasure still to 
wallow in voluptuousness, though on the verge 
of life, and covered with infirmities. His intem- 
perance hastened his end: his blood was corrupt- 
ed, and an imposthume was bred in his bowels. 
He at last died in the greatest torments of the 
lousy disease, about 78 years before Christ, in 
the 60th year of^his age; and it has been observed, 
that, like Marius, on his death-bed, he wished 
to drown the stings of conscience and remorse 
by continual intoxication. His funeral was very 
magnificent; his body was attended by the senate 
and the vestal virgins, and hymns were sung to 
celebrate his exploits and to honour his memory, 
A monument was erected in the field of Mars, 
on which appeared an inscription written by 
himself, in which he said, that the good services 
he had received from his friends, and the in- 
juries of his enemies, hail been returned with 
unexampled usury. The character of Sylla is 
that of an ambitious, dissimulating, credulous, 
tyrannical, debauched, and resolute commander. 
He was revengeful in the highest degree, and 
the surname of Felix, or the Fortunate, which he 
assumed, showed that he was more indebted to 
fortune than to valour for the great fame which 
he had acquired. But in the midst of all this, 
who cannot admire the moderation and philoso- 
phy (jf a man, who, when absolute master of a 
republic, which he had procured by his cruelty 
and avar'^e, silently abdicates the sovereign 
power, chUlenges a critical examination of his 
administration, and retires to live securely in 
the midst of thousands whom he has injured and 
offended? The Romans were pleased and aston- 
ished at his abdication; and when the insolence 
of a young man had been vented against the dic- 
tator, he calmly answered, This usage may pe? ' 
hnps deter another from resigni?ig his power , to JoU 
low my example, if erer he becomes absolute. Sylla 
has been commended for the patronage which 
he gave to the arts and sciences. He brought 
from Greece the extensive library of Apellicon, 
the Peripatetic philosopher, in which were the 
works of Aristotle and Theophrastus, and he 
himself composed twenty-two books of memoirs 
concerning himself. Cic. in Verr. Src. — C. Nep. 
in Attic — Paterc. 2, 17. &c. —Liv. 75, &c. —Pans. 
1, 20. -Flor. 3, 5, &c. 4, 2, Sec— Vol. Max. 12, 
&c. - Polyb- 5. — Justin. 37, 38. — Eutrop. 5, 2. — 

Plut. in Vita A nephew of the dictator, who 

conspired against his country, because he had 
been deprived of his consulship for bribery. 

SYLVANUS, a god of the woods. Vid. Sil- 
■wanus. 

Sylvia, or Ilia, the mother of Romulus. 
Fid. Rhea. 

SylViUS a son of .tineas by Lavinia, from 
whom nftt-rwards all the kinss of Alba were 
called Sylvii. Virg. Mn. 6, 7o3. 

i)YM.MACHUS, consul of Rome, A.D. 3J1. He 



warmly opposed the Christian religion ; but 
when banished by Theodosius, was glad to take 
refuge in a church to save his life. The best 
edition of his epistles is that of Scioppius, 4io. 
Mogunt. 1608. 

SymplegAdes or Cyane^, two islands or 
rocks at the entrance of the Euxine sea. Vid. 
Cyaneas. 

Syncellus. (George) an historian of Con- 
stantinople, who lived about A.D. 792. The 
name Syncellus belonged to him as the official 
attendant on the patriarch, correspondent with 
the situation of archdeacon. The person here 
mentioned was a monk, and the compiler of a 
chronography, which Goar published in Greek 
and Latin, in 1652, folio. It is valuable for the 
account which it gives of the dynasties of Egypt. 

SyneSiUS, a bishop, was born at Cyrene in 
Africa, and studied under Hypatia at Alexan- 
dria. Ke went about A. D. 400, on an embassy 
to Constantinople, where he pronounced, before 
the emperor Arcadius, an oration on govern- 
ment; and delivered a pathetic representation 
of the sufferings which his native country en- 
dured from the Goths, In 410 he was chosen 
bishop of Ptolemais, much against his own 
inclination. He was far from being orthodox in 
his belief, particularly on the doctrine of the 
resurrection of the same body. His works were 
published by Petavius, at Paris, in 1612; and 
again in 1633, with notes. His style is florid, 

but his letters are valuable. A philosop ,er, 

who wrote a commentary on the work of Demo- 
critus respecting things of a physical and mys- 
tical nature. It is found in the B bliotheca 
Grceca of Fabricius, vol. 8, p. 238. 

Synnas, (-ados,) or SY'NNADA, (-orum,) a town 
of Phrygia. north-west of the plain of Ipsus. It was 
greatly famed among theRomans for the beautiful 
marble furnished by the neighbouring quarries, 
and which was commonly called Synnadic, from 
the town, but the people of the country gave it 
the name of Docimates from Doeimia, the pre- 
cise place where it was excavated from the 
quarry. This beautiful substance was of a light 
colour, interspersed with purple spots and veins . 
Sfrab. 12. Claudian in Eutrop. 2.— Martial. 9, 
17.— Stat Silv. 1, 5. 41. 

SYPHAX, a king of the Masresylii in Libya, 
who married Sophonisba, the daughter of As- 
drubal, and forsook the alliance of the Romans 
to join himself to the interest of his father in- 
law, and of Carthage. He was conquered in 
a battle by Masinissa, the ally of Rome, and 
given to Scipio the Roman general. The con- 
queror carried him to Rome, where he adorned 
his triumph. Syphax died in prison 201 years 
before Christ, and his possessions were given to 
Masinissa. According to some, the descen- 
dants of Syphax reigned for some time over a 
part of Numidia, and continued to make opposi- 
tion to the Romans. Liv. 24, &.c. — Plut. tn 
Srip. - Flor. 2, b.- Polyb.—Ital. 16, 171 et 138.— 
Ovid. Fast. 6, 769- 

SyracosIa, festivals at Syracuse, celebrated 
during ten days, in which women were busily 

employed in offering sacrifices. ■ Another, 

yearly observed near the lake of Syracuse, 
where, as they supposed, Pluto had disappearec' 
with Proserpine. 

SyracuS/K, a celebrated city of Sicily, 
founded B. C 732, by a Corinthian colony under 
Archias, in conjunction with some Dorians. lt» 
3 N 2 



SYR 



700 



TAB 



name was originally derived frosn the marsh Syr- 
ao.now known as IlPantano, and lying along the 
. right bank of the Anapus; now the Alfeo. The col 
- oniits settled at first in the island Omothermon, 
which they named Ortygia from its resemblance 
to a quail; it was also simply called Nasos, The 
city soon extended beyond the narrow channel 
which separated the island from the main land, 
and Acradina, extenditheng far to northward, 
, formed its second portion ; near the liiiiits of 
these two divisions of the city, which always 
remained the most important and splendid of 
the whole, there was an altar erected to Con- 
cord. Tycha, to the west of Acradina, was 
shortly afterwards a ided to the city, which was 
subsequenty increased by Neapolis to the south 
of Tycha, and west of Acradina. From these 
four divisions the city was sometimes called 
Tetrapolis: when Dionysius inclosed Epipolaj, 
which lay to the extreme west, it was called 
Pentapolis, but the last-mentioned district was 
not occupied by habitations. It was supposed 
to be the largest city which then existed in the 
world. The people of Syracuse were wealthy j 
and powerful ; though subject to tyrants, and 
p issessing a very circumscribed territory, they j 
extended their influence and renown over the 
councils and enterprises of many dependent 
states. It fell into the hands of the Romans 
under the consul Marcellus, after a siege of 
three years, B.C. 212. Of this city were Archi- 
medes the geometrician, who, during the siege 
by the Romans, constructed machines which 
annoyed them greatly; the historians Philistus 
and Vopiscus ; tne poets Theocritus, Philemon, 
.and Epicharmus ; and many other great and 
brave men. Thucyd. 6, 3. - Cic in Verr. 4, irl 
et 53.— Strab. 1 et 8.— C. Nep.2), 3.— Mela, 2. 
7 — Liv. 23, 8cc.—Plut. in Marce l. &c — Flor. 2, 
O.—Ilal. 14, 278 

Syria, a country of Asia, bounded on the 
north by the range of Taurus; on the east by 
the Euphrates and a small portion of Arabia; 
on the south by Arabia and Egypt; and on the 
west by the Mediterranean. It was divided 
into the three great divisions of Syria Proper, 
Phoenice, and Palaestina. or Judc-ea. Syria is 
also called Assyria, as forming part of that 
great empire; and the two names, though suffi- 
ciently defined in geography, are often used in- 
discriminately in history. The name of Syris, 
which is supposed to have been derived from 
Sora or Tyre, does not appear to have been ap- 
plied to the country until this city had risen to 
the pre-eminence it enjoyed. The old Greeks 
called the inhabitants of Syria, Armenia, and 
Mesopotamia, Arimaei, or Arimi; a name which 
they doubtlessly derived from Aram, one of the 
sons of Shem, to whose lot these countries first 
fell (with the exception of Phoenice and Pales- 
tine); they seem, also, to have extended the 
appellation to the Leuco-Syri of Asia Minor. 
Syria, prior to its invasion by the Assyrians, 
does not appear to have been governed by one 
king; for, besides the Phoenicians and the Jews, 
who were a people distinct from all others, 
there were also the kingdoms of Damascus, of 
Hamath, and probably other dynasties in the 
northern part of the country. From the hands 
of the Assyrians and Medes, the whole of Syria 
fell under the Persi.in yoke, to wliich it re- 
miined subject until wrested from it by Alexan- 
der the Gieat, after whose death, Seleucus Ni- 



canor. one of his generals, received this province i 
as a part of his lot, In the division pf the Mace- i 
donian dominions: he raised it B. C. 312 to aa 
empire, which is known in history as the king- 
dom of Syria, or Babylon. The Seleucidae, or, 
successors of this pr nee. governed the country ] 
for more than 2Ju year . during which they con- 
tested p.-rts of it wit! the Egyptians, the Par- 
thians, ;md the Jews; t:ie last 'of their race was 
Antiocims Aii.uicus, '.vho was dethroned by 
Ponipey, B.C. 65, and iVom that time Syria be- 
came a Roman province. The new conquerors 
allowed the ancient divisions of the country to 
remain, and kept possession of it until it was 
reduced by the Sar c^is, A. D 640. Herod. 2, 

3, et 7. -A.wUon. Arg. 1. -Strab. 12 et Hi. C. 
Nep. in Dal.— Mela, 1,2.— Ptol. 5, 6.— Cujf. 6, 

4. Dionys. i'erieg. 784. 

SyRi.A.CU3l M \RE, that part of the Mediter- 
ranean sea, which is on the coast of Phcenicia 
and Syriri, 

Syrinx, a nymph of Arcadia, daughter of the 
river Ladon. Pan became enamoured of her, 
and attempted to offer her violence; but Syrinx 
escaped, auJ, at her own request, was changed 
by the gods into a reed called Syrinx by the 
Greeks. The god made himself a pipe with 
the reeds, into which his favourite nvmph had 
been changed. Quid. Met. I, 6'Jl.— Martial. 9, 
63. 

Syros, now Syra, an island in the ^gean 
sea, one of the Cyclades, situate between Rhenea 
and Cythnos. It is mentioned by the ancient 
auihors as a fertile and exceedingly salubrious 
island. It was the country of Pherecydes, the 
philosopher, who first taught the immortality of 

the soul. Homer. Od. 15, 402 Slrab. 10.— 

Plin. 4, 12. 

Syrtes, two gulfs on the northern coast of 
Africa, one called Syrtis Minor, on the coast of 
Byzacium, and now the Gulf of Cabes; the 
other c."lled Syrtis Major, on the coast of Cyren- 
aica now the Gulf of Sidra. They derived their 
names from the Greek word irvpetv trah^.re, owing 
to the winds and currents drawing in as it were, 
and engulfing the vessels which traversed them, 
or as others say, from the winds, and waves 
influenced by the winds, drawing in there vast 
quantities of mud, sand, and rocks, which formed 
a shoal thence called Syrtis. The ancient 
sailors dreaded being cast upon them, so much 
si, that the earlier Greeks asserted the naviga- 
tion of either Syrtis as an utter impossibility, 
without the immediate assistance of the gods. 
.V/e?/a, 1, 7. 2, 7. — Virg. jEii. 4. i\.—Lu.an. 9, 
303 Sallnst. in Jug. SO. 

Syrus, an island. Vid. Syros. 



TA AUTES, a Pha?nician deity, the same a? the 
Saturn of the Latins. Vurro. ' 

Tabellari^ Leges, laws passed at various 
times for the purpose of enabling the Roman 
commons to voto by h.illnt «nfl no longer viva 
voce. The ol'ji>ct o! these laws was to diminish 



TAB 



701 



TAG 



the power of the nobility. Voting by ballot was 
allowed by the Gabinian law A. U. C. 614, in 
conferring honours; two years after, at all trials 
except for treason, by the Cassian law; in pass- 
ing laws, by the Papirian law, A. U. C. 622; and 
lastly, in trials for treason, also by the Ccelian 
law, A. U. C 630. 

TaberN-E. Rhenana;, a town of Germany, 
on the confluence of the Felbach and the Rhine, 

now lihin- Zabern. Riguae, now Bern (^>is(el, 

on the Moselle. Triboccorum, a town of 

Alsace in France, now Saverne. 

Tabor, a mountain of Galilee. It was called 
Itabyrius by the Greeks. Fid. Itabyrius. 

TabrAca, a town on the coast of Numidia, 
and near the limits of the Provincia Zeugitana, 
now Tabarca. It was colonized by the Romans, 
and was the place where Gildo, the tyrannical 
governor of the province of Africa, met his death. 
The woods which surrounded it were crowded 
with monkies. Juv. 10, 194. — Plin. 5, 3. 

TaburnUS, a lofty mountain in Samnium, 
the southern declivities of which were covered 
with olive grounds. It closed in the Caudine 
pass on the southern side. Its modern name is 
Taburno. rirg. G. 2, 3S. ^n. 12, 715. 

TacApa, a town of Africa, at the head of the 
Syrtis Minor. It is now Cubes. Plin. 5. 4. 

TacfARINAS, a Numidian who commanded 
an army against the Romans in the reign of 
Tiberius. He had formerly served in the 
Roman legions, but in the character of an enemy 
he displayed the most inveterate hatred against 
his benefactor. After he had severally defeated 
the officers of Tiberius, he was at last routed 
and killed in the field of battle, fighting with 
uncommon fury, by Dolabella. Tacit. Ann. 2, 
52. 4, 23. 

Tachampso, an island in the Nile, near 
Thebais. The Egyptians held one half of this 
island, and the rest was in the hands of the 
^Ethiopians. Hetod. 2. 

Tachos, or Tachus, a king of Egypt, in the 
reign of Artaxerxes Ochus, against whom he 
sustained a long war. He was assisted by the 
Greeks, but his confidence in Agesilaus, king of 
Lacedeemon, proved fatal to him. Chabrias, 
the Athenian, had been entrusted with the fleet 
of the Egyptian monarch, and Agesilaus was 
left with the command of the mercenary army. 
The Lacedaemonian disregarded his engage- 
ments, and by joining with Nectanebus, who 
had revolted from Tachus, he ruined the affairs 
of the monarch, and obliged him to save his 
life by flight. Some observe that Agesilaus 
acted with that duplicity to avenge himself upon 
Tachus, who had insolently ridiculed his short 
and deformed stature. The expectations of 
Tachus had been raised by the fame of Agesilaus ; 
but when he saw the lame monarch, he repeated 
on the occasion the fable of the mountain vihich 
brought forth a mouse, upon which Agesilaijs 
replied with asperity, that though he called him a 
mouse, yet he soon should find him to be a lion. 
C. Nep. in Ages, 

Tacitus, C. Cornelius, a celebrated Ro- 
man historian, was born about A. D. 57, at 
Interamna, the modern Terni. His father was 
a Roman knight, and procurator of Belgic 
.laul- Devoted from his youth to the cultiva- 
tion of literature and rhetoric, his reputation at 
maturity was so well established, that he was 
permitted by Juliui Agricola, at the expiration 



of his consulate, which occurred in the yeai* 77ii 
to form a matrimonial connection with his 
daughter. Thus introduced into public life, he 
was honoured by the patronage of Vespasian, 
Titus, and Domitian. Having discharged the 
office of prjetor, he withdrew from the capital 
for four years; and on his return he found the 
latter emperor exercising a tyranny which 
he bitterly lamented. His prospects, however, 
were brightened by the accession ol Nervatothe 
consulship, in the year 97 ; and as his associate 
Verginius Rufus, died before the termination 
of his office, Tacitus was appointed to be his suc- 
cessor, and commenced his literary career with 
an eloquent oration at the funeral of Verginius 
of whom Pliny says that he "crowned the feli- 
city of his life by possessing the most eloquent 
of eulogists at his death." In the early part of 
Trajan's reign, he concurred with his friend, 
Pimy the younger, in the accusation of Marcus 
Priscus for the crimes with which he was charge- 
able during his proconsulate of Africa. The 
conduct of Tacitus and Pliny on this occa>ion 
was honoured by the encomium of the senate 
in their sentence and condemnation of the cul- 
prit* The future circumstances of his life, and 
the precise time of his death, are unknown ; but 
as he makes no allusion to the reign of Adrian, 
it is most probal)le that he did not survive that 
of Trajan. The principal works of Tacitus 
were his "Annals" and his "History." The 
former comprehended the Roman affairs from 
the death of Augustus lo that of Nero; but it 
has been transmitted to us in a very mutilated 
state. The latter comprised the period from the 
end of Nero to the death of Domitian ; and now 
exists in an imperfect state as the narrative does 
not extend far beyond the accession of Vespa- 
sian. His other works are a Life of Agri- 
cola," and a treatise " On the Manners of the 
Germans." A " Dialogue concerning Orators," 
or " On the Causes of the Corruption of Elo- 
quence," has been ascribed to him by some 
learned critics, and is usually printed with his 
works, but who was the real author of it is a 
matter of great uncertainty. In historical repu- 
tation perhaps no name stands higher than that 
of Tacitus, nor has any writer of his class been 
the subject of more discussion, both with regard 
to his meaning and his merits. The frequent 
obscurity of his sentences is the consequence of 
a style singularly concise, abrupt, and elliptical, 
of which it is often difficult to make out the 
grammatical construction, and which abounds 
more in thoughts than in words. Hence the 
reader is frequently under the necessity of con- 
sidering more what he was likely to intend thati 
what his language actually imports ; and no oi e 
can with advantage peruse him, who is not iit 
some measure prepared to think along with him. 
It is partly his fault, and partly his excellence, 
perpetually to aim at saying a great deal in a 
small compass, and to give to a thought the 
force of an apophthegm by concentration. This 
he has commonly done with such effect, that his 
writings have been the great store-house of po- 
litical maxims, the energetic brevity of which 
impresses them indelibly on the memory; but 
occa.sionally an affectation appears of converting 
common remarks into aphorisms, and of philo- 
sophizing when he was only required to narrate. 
It is however to be remarked, that no prose- 
writer in any language surpasses or perhaps 
3 N3 



TAG 



702 



TAM 



equals him in f(.rce of descnntion, and the 
choice of circumstances by which he dramatizes 
a scene, and brings it before the eyes of his 
reader ; and no want of perspicuity appears in 
his style when employed in the relation of strik- 
ing events. With respect to his moral merits 
88 an historian, the different judgments given can 
scarcely have proceeded from any thing but the 
prepossessions of those who gave them ; for it is 
impossible for readers of a liberal and enlight- 
ened spirit, the friends of freedom and virtue, 
VzOt to admire the writer whose great aim ap- 
pears to be to inculcate the noblest principles of 
action, b'>th public and private, and to display 
the evils arising from uncontrolled power, 
united, as it generally must bt, with vice and 
tyranny. He was guarded by philosophy against 
credulity, and by the love of truth against 
calumny. On the whole, whatever defects may 
be justly imputed to him, his works can never 
fail to keep a distinguished place Emong the 
most valuable treasures vhich antiquity has 
bequeathed to us. Of the numerous editions of 
Tacitus, the following may be m,entioned as the 
most in esteem : that of Grnnovius, 2 vols. 4to. 
L. Bat. 1721; that of Ernesti, 2 vols. Svo. Lips. 
1772; that of Erotier, 7 vols. 12mo. Paris, 1776; 
and that of Oberlinus, 4 parts in 2 vols. 8vo. 
Lips. l&Ol. Of the English translations of Ta- j 

citus, the best is that by Murphy. M. Clau- . 

dius, a Roman, elected emperor by the senate, 
after the dea.'h of Aurelian, He would have re- j 
fused this important and dangerous office, but i 
the pressing solicitations of the senate prevailed, j 
and in the 70th year of his age he complied with j 
the wishes of his countrymen, and accepted the 
purple. The time of his administration was 
very popular, the good of the people was his 
care, and as a pattern of moderation, economy, 
tem.perance, regularity, and impartiality, Taci- 
tus found no equal. He abolished the several 
brothels which under the preceding reigns had 
filled Rome with licentiousness and obscenity: 
and by ordering all the public baths to be shut 
at sun-set, he prevented the commission of many 
irregularities, which the darkness of the night 
bad hitherto sanctioned. The senators under 
Tacitus seemed to have recovered their ancient 
dignity, and long lost privilege?. They were 
not only the counsellors of the emperor, but they 
even seemed to be his m.asters; and ^^hen Flo- 
rianus, the brother-in-law of Tacitus, was re- 
fused the consulship, the em.peror said, that the 
senate, no doubt, could fix upon a more deserv- 
ing object. As a warrior, Tacitus is inferior to 
few of the Romans; and during a short reign of 
about six months, he not only repelled the bar- 
barians V ho had invaded the territories of Rc me 
in Asia, but he prepared to make war rgainst 
the Persians and Scythians. He died in Cilicia 
as he was on his expedition, of a violent dis- 
temper, or. according to some, he was destroyed 
by the secret dagger of an assassin, on the 33th 
of April, in the 276th year of the Christian era. 
Tacitus has been comm.ended for his love of 
learning; and it has been observed, that he 
never passed a day without consecrating some 
part of his time to reading or writing. He has 
been accused of superstition, and authors have 
recorded, that he never studied on the second 
day of each m.outb, a day which he deemrd in- 
auspicious and unlucky. Tucit in Vita. — 
Zoeini. 



Tader, a river of Spain, near New Carthagp. 

T.-enArus, a promontory of Laconia, forming 
the southernmost point of the Peloponnesus. It 
is now called C'pe Matcp-^n, which is a modern 
Greek corruption from the ancient nertuirov. a 
front the promontory boldly projecting into the 
Mediterranean. Ancient geographers reckoneci 
from thence to Cape Phycus in Africa 3GO0 
stadia, to Cape Pachynus in Sicily 4600 or 40(:U, 
and to the promontory of Malea 570. Here w;-,s 
a celebrated temple of rvep'une, w ith an inviol- 
able asylum, and near it was a cave, said to be 
the entrance to Orcus, through which Hercules 
dragged Cerberus to the upper regions; Arion | 
i: said to have been landed here by the dolphin, 
and to have consecrated in the temple of Nep- I 
tune a small brazen figure of a man seated upon 
a dolphin's back, Tesnarus was a'so famed for | 
its beautiful green m.arble, which the Romans 
held in the highest esteem. About 40 stadia 
from the promontory stood the city of Taenarus. 
afterwards called Cagnepolis. Strab. S' — Ewip. 
Cyclop. 293.- Find. Pyth. 4, 77.— yirg. G. 4, 
^.ei.- Herod. 1, 25.- Paus. 3, 2o.— TibiUl. 3, 3. 
li.—Prcperi. 3, 2, 9. 

Tages, a son of Genius, grandson of Jupiter, 
was the first who taught the 12 nations of the 
Etrurians the science of augury and divinat on 
It is said that he was found by a Tuscan plouob- 
man in the form of a clod, and that he assumed i 
a humian shape to instruct this nation, wh-c > > 
became so celebrated for their knowledge of j 
omens and incantations. Cic. de Div. 2, 23. — i 
Olid. Met. 15, 558.— Lucan, 1, 673. | 

Tagls, the largest river of Spain. It rises in I 
Mons Idubeda, whence with a south-western j 
course it flow s for 530 miles, through the middle j 
of the Peninsula, till it reaches the Atlantic 
ocean at Olisipo, now Lisbon. The sands of the 
Tagus produced grains of gold and precious 
stones. It is now called by the Portuguese the ' 
Tpjo, though its ancient name still remains in 
general use. Mela, 3, I.- Ovid. Met. 2, 251. - 
Sil. 4, 23i.—Lucan. 7, 155. — Martial. 4, 55, t c. 

A Latin chief, killed bv Nisus. Virg. /ir-n. 

9, 418. A Trojan, killed'by Turnus. Id. \l, 

5J3. 

TiLASirs. Vid. Thalasius. 

TaltkybiUS, a herald in the Grecian carrp 
during the Trojan war, the particular minister 
and friend of Agamemnon. He brought aw hv 
Briseis from the tent of Achilles by order of his 
master. Talthvbius died at jEgium in Achaijj. 
Bom. n. 1, 320,'&c.— Pdws. 7, 23. 

Talus, a youth, son of the sister of Dsedalus, 
who invented the saw, compasses, and other 
mechanical instruments. His uncle becan e 
jealous of his grov ing fame, and m.urdered him 
privately; or, according to others, he threw him 
down from the citadel of Athens. Talus was 
changed into a partridge by the gods. He is 
also called Calvs, Acalus, Perdix, and Taliris. 
Apolhd. 3, 1.- Pnus. 1, 2J— Ovid. Met. 8, 237. 

A friend of .(Eneas killed by Turnus. Firg. 

JEn. 12, 513. 

TamaRA, a town of Britain, on the river | 
Tam.arus, in the territory of the Damnonii, and, j 
according to Camden, now Tiimerton, near Ply- | 
mouth. 

Tamaris, a river of Kispania Tarraconensis, 
on the north-western or Atlantic coast, and a 
.<;hoi t distance below the Promontorium Arta- 
biuni, now the Tcn hre. Mvla,2, \.~ riin,^\,Z, 



TAM 



703 



TAP 



-. TamARUS, a Tiver of Britain, now the T.m r. , 
— A river of Samnium, now the Tan.aro. j 
' Tamasea, a beautiful plain of Cyprus, sacrfd 
to the goddess of beauty. It w as in this place 
that Venus gathered the golden apples with 
which Hippomanes was enabled to overtake 
Atalanta. Ovid.MefiQ QA^.-Piin 5.-- Str .b.U. 

TamSsis, a river of Britain, nc.\-- the Thames. 
Cces. B. G. 5, 11. 

Tamos, a native of Memphis, made governor 
of Ionia by Toimg Cyrus Alter the death o! 
Cyrus, Tamos fled into Egypt, where he was 
murdered on account of his immense treasures. 
Diod. 14. 

TanAGRA, a city of Bceotia. situate on an 
eniinencej on the north bank of the Asopus,and 
near the mouth of that river. Its more ancient 
appellation was Graea. An obstinate battle u as 
fought in this neighbourhood, between the 
Athenians and Lacedaemonians, prior to the 
Peloponnesian war, when the former were de- 
feated. The ruins of Tanagra are to be seen at 
a spot now called Grimalhi, near the village of 
Skoimandari. Homer. II. 2, 498 — Lycophr. (Ab. 
— Thucyd. 1, 108. 

Tanagrus or TanAGER, a river of Lucania, 
rises in the central chain of the Apennines, be- 
tween Casal Nuovo and Lago Negro, and. after 
flowing 30 miles through the valley of Diafw, 
loses itself under ground for the space of two 
miles. It re appears beyond la PoUn, at a place 
called Pcrtosa, and falls into the Silarus below 
Contursi, The m.odern name of the river is 
Negro 

Tanais, now the Don, a large river of Eu- 
rope, rising in the Rhijibaei Aiontes, or Fc/dai 
Mountains, and flowing first with a southerly, 
and afterwards with a westerly course of 12C0 
miles, into the Masotis Palus. or Sen of Azov. It 
formed the boundary of Sarmatia Europaea, and 
Asiatica. The people who dwelled upon its 
banks were called Tanaitse. Mela. 1, ]9.—Sf.rab. 
11 et 16.— Curt. 6, 2.- Lucnn. 3, 273. 8, 319.— 

Propert. 2, 23, 54. -A city in Asiatic Sarmatia, 

situate at the mouth of the Tanais, and built by 
the confederate Greeks of the Bosporus, as the 
great emporium of their traffic with the Scy- 
thians. It became the most important place in 
the whole country after Panticapajum. which 
induced it to throw cfif the yoke of its rulers, 
It was, however, taken and destroyed by its ori- 
ginal founders, though they afterward? thought 
proper to rebuild it. Its ruins are to the west 
of the modern Azov. Plin. 6, 7. 

TanaQUIL, called also Caia Cascili'i, was the 
wife of Tarquin, the 5th king of Rome. She 
was a native of Tarquinia, where she married 
Lucumon, better known by the name of Tar- 
quin, which he assumed after he had come 
to Rome at the representation of his wife, w hose 
knowledge of augury premised him. scmethirg 
uncommon. Her expectations vtere not frus- 
trated; her husband was raised to the throne, 
and she shared with him the honours of royalty. 
After the murder of Tarquin, Tanaquil raised 
her son-in-law Servius TuUius to the throne, 
and ensured him, the succession. She distin- 
guished herself by her liberality; ar.d the Ro- 
mans in succeeding sges had such a vener^.tinn 
for her character, that the embroidery which she 
bad made, her girdle, as also the robe of her 
son-in law, which f-hn had worked with her own 
l ands, w*ie preserved w ith the greatest sanc- 



tity. Juvenal bestows the appel'ation of Tana- 
quil on ail such w omen as weie imperiims, and 
had the com.mand oi their husbands. Liv. J, 34, 
&c.- Dionys. Hal. 3, 59.— Flor. 1, 5 et 8.— 
13, 818. 

Tanis, now San, a very ancient city of Egypt, 
about midway beiv\ecn the Mt ndesian and Pe- 
lusiac branches of the Nile. It is called Zoan 
in the Scriptures, and was the place where 
Moses performed his m.iracles in the presence 
of Pharoah. Numb. 13, 22— Im 19, 11 et 18. 

Tantalides. a patronymic applied to the 
descendants of Tantalus, such as Niobe, Her- 

mione, &c. Agamem.non and Menelaus, as 

grandsons of Tantslus, are called Tantalidce 
fraires. Ox id. Heroid. 8,45 et li2. 

Tantalus, a king of Lydia, son of Jupiter, by 
a nymph called Pluto. He was father of Niobe, 
Pelops, &c., by Uione, one of the Atlantides, 
called by some Euryanassa. Tantalus is repre- 
sented by the poets as punished in hell, with an 
insatiable thirst, and placed up to the chin in 
the midst of a pool of water, which, however, 
flows away as soon as he attempts to taste it. 
There hangs also above his head a bough, richly 
loaded w ith delicious fruits, Avhich, as soon as he 
attempts to seize it, is carried away from his 
re;:ch by a sudden blast of w ind. According to 
some mythologistS: his punishment is to sit 
under a huge stone hung at some distance over 
his head, and, as it secm.s every m.cment ready 
to fall, he is kept under continual alarms and 
never-ceasing fears. The causes of this eternal 
punishment are variously explained. Some de- 
clare that it WPS inflicted upon him because he 
stole a favourite dog, which Jupiter had en- 
trusted to his care to keep his ten, pie in Crete. 
Others say, that he stole away the nectar and 
ambrosia from the tables of the gods, when he 
was admitted into the assemblies of heaven, 
and that he gave it to mortals on earth. Others 
support, that this proceeds from his cruelty and 
impiety in killirg his son Pelops, and in serving 
his limbs as food before the god?, whose divi- 
nity and power he wished to try, when they had 
stopped at his house as they passed over Phry- 
gia. Homer. Od. 11, 581.— C?c. Tusc. 1, 5. 4, 16. 

— Eurip. in Jphig. — Propert. 2, 1, 66. — Horol. 
Sat. 1, 1, 68. A son of Thyestes, the first hus- 
band of Clytemncstra. 

TanusiUS Geeminus, a Latin historian, in- 
timr.te with Cicero. Seneca, ep. &3. 

TAPHi^, islands in the Ionian sea, to tJ e 
north-east of Ithaca, or rather between Leuca 
dia and the coast of Acarnania. They form r 
considerable group, and are often mentioned 1>> 
H(;mer and other classical writers as the hp.uri 
of notorious pirates. The principal island is 
that which is called by Homer Taphos, but \ ) 
I later writers Taphius and Taphiussa, and is pro- 
, bahly the one know n to modern geographers by 
j the name of Megr.?ii.n. The Taphiai were also 
1 called Teleboae. They received these names 
. from Taphius and Telebcus, the sons of Nep- 
I tune, who reigned there. Homer, Od. 1, 181 et 

419. 15, 426 — Strab. 10. 
j TAPHirs, a s( n of Neptune by Hippothoe, 
: the daughter cf Nestor. He was king of the 
j Taphiae, to which he gave his name. Strcb, 10. 

— Apollod. 2, 4. 

I Tafhr.^, a city in the Tauric Chersonrsr, 
on the narrowest part of the isihnius. It is cow 
_ Pc rclwp. Mch, 2, 1. Plm. 4, 12. 



TAP 



704 



TAR 



Taphhos, thp strait between Corsica and 
Sardisi:?), now Bonifacio 

Tai'ROBANE, or Salice, as it was called by 
t'le naiives, an island in the Indian ocean, now 
known as Ceylon. It is said to have been for- 
merly called Paliesimundum. and was imagined 
by the ancients upon its first discovery to bave 
been the northern part of a new continent or 
world. Tneir subsequent investigations, how- 
ever, proved it to be an island: but they so ex- 
ajgerated its size as to make it larger than the 
whole of Great Britain, whereas it only contains 
1:),400 square miles or about 3800 less than 
Scotland. Its inhabitants were called Salae, 
and were said to be very rich, and to live to a 
great age; they were governed by a king, vho 
sent an embassy to th? emperor Oaudiuf : their 
chief divinitv was said to be Hercules. Piol. 6. 

— Strab. 2.— Odd ex Pont. 8. 5, 80- 

TAPSUS, a small and lo«ly situated peninsula 
on the eastern coast of Sicily. Its name ha> re- 
ference to its low sifuatinn; from ei.n:a), sepelio. 
It lay off Hybla. Fng. Mn. 3, 6-^9. 

i'ARAS, i^-antis) a son of Neptune, who built 
Tarentum, as some suppose. 

Tarasco, a town of Gaul, on the eastern side 
of the Rhone, and north of Arelate. It is now 
Tariscon, lying opposite to Beaucaire. 

Taraxippus, a deity worshipped at El is. 
His statue was placed near the race-ground, 
and his protection was implored, that no barm 
might happen to the horses during the games. 
P.. us. 6. 20, &c. 

Tarbelli, a people of Gaul, at the foot of 
the Pyrenees, which from thence are sometimes 
called Tarbella;. Tibull. 1, 7, 13. —Luecn. 4, 
m.— CcBs. B. G. 3. 27. 

Tarrntum, or Taras, now Taranto, a. city 
of lower Italy, situated in the north-eastern 
anele of the Sinus Tarentinus, and in the terri- 
tory of Messapia or Japygia. It was founded, 
or rather repaired, by a Lacedaemonian colony, 
about 707 years before Christ, under the con- 
duct of Phalanthus. Long independent, it 
maintained its superiority over thirteen tribu- 
tary cities -, and could once arm 100,000 foot, 
and 3000 horse. The people of Tarentum were 
very indolent, and as they were easily supplied 
with all necessaries as well as luxuries from 
Greece, they gave themselves up to voluptuous- 
ness, so that the delights of Tarentum became 
proverbial. The war which they supported 
anainst the Romans, with the assistance of 
P\rrhus, kin? of Epirus, and which has been 
called the Tarentinp. io>r. is greatly celebrated 
in history. This war. which had been under- 
taken B.C. 281, by the Romans to avenge the 
insults the Tarentines had offered to their ships 
w hen near th^ir harbour, was terminated afier 
ten years ; 300,000 prisoners were taken, and 
Tarentum became subject to Rome. The go- 
vernment of Tarentum was democratical; there 
were, however, some monarchs who reigned 
there. It was for some time the residence of 
Pythagoras, who inspired the citizens with the 
love of virtue, and rendered them superior to 
their neighbours in the cabinet as well as in the 
field of battle. The large, beautiful, and capa- 
cious harbour of Tarentum is greatly commend- 
ed by ancient historians. Flor. 1, 18. - Val. 
Ma.t. 2, 2 — Plut. in Pyrrh. — Plin. 8. 6- 15, 10. 
34, 7. Liv. 12. 1:5, -^-c Mela. 2. i.-Strab U. 

— Hurat. ep. I, 7, 45. /Elia7t. V. 11 5, 20. 



I Tarich£a. a strong city of P.ilestine, south 
i of TiOerias, and lying at the southern extrerniiy 
of the lake of Gennesarcth, or sea of Tiberias. 

i Several towns on the coast of Egypt bore 

^ this name frnm their pickling fish, 
j TAHPA, SPURIUS MiEnus, a critic at Rome 
j in the age of Augustus. He was appointed with 
four others in the temple of Apollo, to examine 
, the merit of every poetical composition, which 
j was to be deposited in the temple of the Muses. 
; In this office he acted with great impartiality, 
! though many taxed him with want of candour, 
j All the pieces that were represented on the Ro- 
man stage had previously received his approba- 
tion. Herat. Sat. 1, 10. 38. 
I TARPEIA, the daughter of Tarpeius, the go- 
vernor of the citadel of Rome, promised to open 
the gates of the city to the Sabincs, provided 
they gave her their gold bracelets, or, as she 
expressed it, what they carried on their lelt 
hands. Tatius, the king of the Sabines, con- 
sented, and as he entered the gates, to punish 
her perfidy, he threw not only his bracelet but 
his shield upon Tarpeia. His followers imitated 
his example, and Tarpeia was crushed undef 
the weight of the bracelets and shields of the 
Sabine army. She was buried in the capitol, 
wvhich from her has been called the Tarpeian 
rock, and there afterwards many of the Roman 
malefactors were thrown down a deep precipice. 
Plut. in Mom. — Ovid. Fast. 1, 261. J^or. 1, JO, 

bO.—Liv. 1, U.— Prvpert. 4, 4. One of the 

female attendants of Camilla in the Rutuliaa 
war. Virg. Mn. 11, 656. 

Tarpeia Rupes, a celebrated rork at Rome, 
forming a part of the Mons Capitolinus, and on 
the steepest side, where it overhung the Tiber. 
From this rock state criminals were accustomed 
to be thrown, in the earlier Roman times. It 
received its name in commemoration of the 
treachery of Tarpeia, and of her having been 
killed here by the Sabines. The perpendicular 
depth of the highest part may be fifty feet; but. as 
the soil has accumulated exceedingly at the bot- 
tom, it may have been nearly double that height. 

Tarpeius, Sp. the governor of the citadel of 
Rome, under Romulus. 

TarquiniA, a daughter of Tarquinius Pris- 
cus. who married Servius Tullius. When her 
husband was murdered by Tarquinius Superbus, 
she privately conveyed away his body by night, 
and buried it. This preyed upon her mind, 
and the night following she died. Some have 
attributed her death to excess of grief, or to 
suicide, while others, perhaps more justly, have 
suspected Tullia, the wife of young Tarquin, of 

the murder. A vestal virgin, who, as some 

suppose, gave the Roman people a large pier* 
of land, which was afterwards called the Cam 
pus Martins. 

TARQCINiI,now Twchina. one of most power- 
ful cities of Etruria, situate near the coast, and 
to the north-west of Caire. It was the birth- 
place of Tarquinius Priscus, and the place where 
Tages, author of the art of divination, was said 
to have sprung out of the earth, turned up hv 
the plough. Strab. ^. — Virg. Mn. 8, 506. — 5^. 

Ital. 8, 473 O' id. Met. 15, 553. 

TARQUINIUS. Priscus, the fifth king of 
Rome, was son of Demaratus, a native of 
Greece. His first name was Lucumon, but this 
he changed when by the advice of his wife Ta- 
naquil lie had eorae to Rome. He called him- 



i 



II 



TAR 



705 



TAR 



self Lucius, and asiumed the surname of Tav 
quinius, because born in the town of Tarquinii 
in Etruria. At Rome he distinguished himself 
so much by his liberality and engaging man- 
ners, that Ancus Martins, the reigning mon- 
arch, nominated him, at his death, the guardian 
of his children. This was insufficient to gratify 
the ambition of Tarquin ; the princes were 
young, and an artful oration delivered to the 
people immediately transferred the crown of 
the deceased monarch on the head of Lucu- 
mon. The people had every reason to be sat- 
isfied with their choice. Tarquin reigned with 
moderation and popularity. He increased the 
number of the se nate, and made himself friends 
by electing one hundred new senators from 
the plebeians, whom he distinguished by the 
appellation of " Patres minorum gentium,'' from 
those of the patrician body, who were called 
" Patres majorum gentium." The glory of the 
Roman arms, which was supported with so 
much dignity by the former monarchs, was not 
neglected in this reign, and Tarquin showed 
that he possessed vigour and military prudence 
in the victories which he obtained over the 
united forces of the Latins and Sabines. and in 
the conquest of the twelve nations of Etruria. 
He repaired, in the time of peace, the walls of 
the capital, the public places were adorned with 
elegant buildings and useful ornaments, and 
many centuries after, such as were spectators of 
the stately mansions and golden palaces of Nero, 
viewed with more admiration and greater plea- 
sure the more simple, though not less magnifi- 
cent edifices of Tarquin. He laid the foundations 
of the capitol, and to the industry and the public 
spirit of this monarch, the Romans were in- 
debted for their aqueducts and subterraneous 
sewers, which supplied the city with fresh and 
wholesome water, and removed all the filth and 
ordure, which in a great capital too often breed ; 
pestilence and diseases. Tarquin was the first 
who introduced among the Romans the custom 
to canvass for offices of trust and honour; he 
distinguished the monarch, the senators, and 
other inferior magistrates with particular robes 
and ornaments, with ivory chairs at spectacles, 
and the hatchets carried before the public 
magistrates, were by his order surrounded with 
bundles of sticks, to strike more terror, and to 
be viewed with greater reverence. Tarquin was 
assassinated by the two sons of his predecessor, 
in the LOth year of his age, 33 of which he had 
sat on the throne, 573 years before Christ. 
Dionys. Hal. 3, b'd—Val. M.x. 1. 4. 3, 2.~Flor. 

1, 5, Scc.—Liv. 1, 3\.-Virg. ^n. 6, 517. 

The second Tarquin, surnamed Superbus, from 
his pride and insolence, was grandson of Tarquin- 
ius Priscus. He ascended the throne of Rome 
after his father-in-law Scrvius TuUius, and was 
the seventh and last king of Rome. Ke married 
Tullia, the daughter of Tulliu?, and it was at 
her instigation that he murdered his father-in 
law, and seized the kingdom. The crow n which 
he had obtained with violence, he endeavoured 
to keep by a continuation of tyranny. Unlike 
his royal predecessors, he paid no regard to the 
decisions of the senate, or the approbation of 
the public assemblies, and by wishing to disre- 
gard both, he incurred the jfalousy of the one 
and the odium of the other. The public treasury 
was soon exhausted by the continual extrava- 
gance of Tarquin, and to silence the niurniurs 



of his subjects, he resolved to call their attention 
to «ar. He was successful in his military 
operations; the neighbouring cities submitted; 
but while the siege of Ardea was continued, the 
wantonness of the son of Tarquin at Rome for 
ever stopped the progress of his arms; and the 
Romans, whom a series of barbarity and oppres- 
sion had hitherto provoked, no sooner saw the 
virtuous Lucretia stab herself, not to survive the 
loss of her honour, IFid. Lucretia] than the 
whole city and camp arose wiih indignaiion 
against the mooarch. The gates of Rome were 
shut against him, and Tarquin was for ever 
banished from his throne, in the year of Rome 
244. Unable to find support from even one of 
his subjects, Tarquin retired among the Etru- 
rians, who attempted in vain to replace him on 
his throne. The republican government was 
established at Rome, and all Italy refused any 
longer to support the cause of an exiled monarch 
against a nation, who heard the name of Tar- 
quin, of king, and tyrant, mentioned with equal 
horror and indignation. Tarquin died in tlie 
</'Oth year of his age, about 14 years after his 
expulsion from Rome, lie had reigned about 
25 years. Though Tarquin appeared so odious 
among the Romans, his reign was not without 
its share of glory. His conquests were numer- 
ous; to beautify the buildings and porticoes at 
Rome was his wish, and with great magnificence 
and care he finished the capitol, which his pre- 
decessor of the same name had begun. He 
also bought the Sibylline books which the 
Romans consulted with such religious solemnity. 
IVid. Sibyllie.] Cic. pro Rah. el Tusc 3, 27.— 
Llv. 1, 46, &cc.—Dio7iyi. Hal. 4. 48, &c.-F/or. 
1, 7 et S. — Plin. S.ii'.- Phd. - Val. Max 9, 11. 
— Ovid. Fast. 2, 687. — Firg. ^n. 6. 817.— 

Eutrop. Collatinus, one of the relations: of 

Tarquin the Proud, who married Lucretia. 

[P'td. Collatinus.] Sextus the elueit of the 

sons of Tarquin the Proud rendered himself well 
known by a variety of adventures. When his 
father besieged Gabii, young Tarquin publicly 
declared that he was at variance with the mon- 
arch, and the report was the more easily believed 
when he came before Gabii with his body all 
mangled and bloody with stripe.«i. This was an 
agreement between the father and the son, and 
Tarquin had no sooner declared that this pro- 
ceeded from the tyranny and oppression of his 
father, than the people of Gabii entrusted him 
with the command of their armies, fully con- 
vinced that Rome could never have a more in- 
veterate enemy. When he had thus succeeded, 
he dispatched a private messenger to his fa'h -r, 
but the m.onarch gave no answer to be returned 
to his son. Sextius enquired more particularly 
about his father, and when he heard fron. the 
messenger that when the message was delivered, 
Tarquin ctU off with a stick the tallest poppies 
in his garden, the son followed the example by 
putting to death the most noble and powerful 
citizens of Gabii. The town sf on fell into the 
hands of the Romans. The violence which 
some time after Tarqumius offered to Lucretia, 
was the cause of his father's exile, and the total 
expulsion of his family irorn Rome. [K/c/. 
Lucretia.] Sextius was at last killed, bravely 
fighting in a battle during the war which the 
Latins sustained at'air.st Home in the arrempt- 
of re e.stablishing the Tarquins on Ihcii thr»>ue. 
Oild. Fast. Lv. 



TAR 



7^6 



TAT 



TaeracIna, a city of Latium, situate on the 
Epa-cuast. in a north-eastern direction from the 
Circeian promontory. It was also called Anxur 
and Trachas, and was taken from the Volsci by 
the Romans, who made it a great naval station, 
!r was sacred to Jupiter Anxyius, who was there 
represented in the form of a beardless boy. 
Ov. Met. 15, 717. — it' . 4, 59.— Virg. ^n. 7, 799. 

Tarkaco, now Tarragona, a town of the 
Cosetani in Hispania Citerior, on the coast of 
the Mediterranean, and north-east of the mouth 
of the Bwtts. This was the first place where 
the Seipios landed in the second Punic war, and 
which, after having fortified it, they made their 
place of arms, and a Reman colony. Tarraco, 
<.n consequence of this, soon rose to importance, 
ai;d in time became the rival of Carthago Nova. 
It was the usual place of re-idence for the Ro- 
nian praators. Plin. 3, ^.—Mela, 2, 6. 

TarrutICS. fid. Acca Laurentia. 

TarsIus, a river of Troas, near Zeleia, 
which, as Slrabo asserts, traveiiers had to pass 
twenty times; but he does not state on what 
route. It is now called the Tarza. Strab. 13. 

Tarsus, a celebrated city of Cilicia Campes- 
tris, on the river Cydnus, not far from its mouth, 
v. as of very ancient date, and was said by some 
to have been founded by Sardanapalus; others 
ascribed its origin to an Argive colony, who 
migrated hither under Triptolemus; and others, 
again, to Bellerophon and his horse Pegasus, 
which last losing his hoof here, caused the city 
to be called Tarsus. Tarsus was made a free 
colony by the Greeks, an honour which was 
granted to it by the Romans also; and hence St 
Paul, who was a native of the city, styles himself 
a free-born Roman. It was a very rich and po- 
pulous place, and had an academy, furnished 
with men so eminent, that they are said to have 
fxcelied in all arts of polite learning and philo- 
sophy; even the'academies of Alexandria, and 
Athens, and Rome itself, were indebted to it for 
their best professors. Alexander nearly lost his 
life by bathing, when over-heated, in the cold 
stream of the Cydnus, and it was here that 
Cleopatra paid her celebrated visit to Antony in 
all the pomp and pageantry of eastern luxury, 
herself attired like Venus, and her attendants 
like Cupids, in a galley covered with gold, whose 
sails were of purple, the oars of silver, and cord- 
age of silk; a fine description of which may be 
see in Shakspeare's play of Antony and Cleo- 
patra, Act 2, scene 2. During the civil war 
Tarsus espoused the cause of Caesar so warmly, 
as to adopt the name of Juliopolis, on which ac- 
count it was roughly handled by Cassius; but 
this injury was made up for by the magnificence 
of the triumviri. Tarsus is still called Tersoos, 
but is subject to Adana, an adjacent citv. Strab. 
U.— Xen. Anub. I, 2 — Arrim, 2, 4. — Acts, 21, 
39, 22, 3 Pt 27. 

Tartarus, (pi. -a, -orum,) one of the regions 
of hell, where, according to the ancients, the 
most impious and guilty among mankind were 
punished. It was surrounded with a brazen 
wail, and its entrance was continually l.idden 
from the sight by a cloud of darkness, which is 
represented three times more gloomy than the 
obscurest night. At ording to Hesiod it was a 
separate prison at a greater distance from the 
earth than the earth is from the heavens. Vir- 
gil says, that it ^^ as surrounded by three impene- 
trable walls, xind by the impetuous ai:d burning 



streams 01 the river Phlegethon. The entrance 
is by a large and lofty tower, whose gates are 
supported by columns of adamant, which 
neither gods nor men can open. In Tartarus, 
according to Virgil, were punished such as had 
been disobedient to their parents, traitors, 
adulterers, faithless ministers, and such as had 
undertaken unjust and cruel wars, or had be- 
trayed their friends for the sake of money. It 
was also the place where Ixioo, Tityus, the 
Danaides, Tantalus, Sisyphus, &c. were punish- 
ed, according to Ovid. Hesiod. Theog. 72!!. — 
S:L J3, b'i\ —Virg. 6.— Homer. Od. 11. - 

Olid. Met. 4, 13. 

Tartessus, a town of Spain, situate in an 
island of the same name at the mouth of the 
Bastis, formed by the two branches of the river. 
No traces of this island now remain, as one of 
the arms of the river has disappeared. With 
regard to the actual po.'?ition of the town itself, 
much difference of opinion exists both in ancient 
and modern writers. Mela, 2, 6. — Pans- 6, 19. 

-Strab. 3. 

Taruenna, a city of Gallia Belpica Secunda, 
in the territory of the Morini, now ITierouenne- 

TarvisiUM, an ancient city of Venetia, on 
the river Silis. It is now Trex iso. 

Tatianus, a Christian writer of the second 
century, was born in Syria, and flourished about 
A. D. 170. He taught rhetoric with great repu- 
tation, before his conversion, after which he be- 
came the scholar of Justin Martyr, and attended 
him to Rome. On the death of his master, he 
fell into errors respecting the Logos and the ope- 
ration of demons. His " Oratio ad Gracos" was 
printed at Oxford in 1700, r2mo. 

Tatienses, a name given to one of the tribes 
of the Roman people by Romulus, in honour of 
Tatius, king of the Sabines. The Tatienses, 
who were partly the ancient subjects of the king 
of the Sabines, lived on mounts Capitolinus and 
Quirinalis. 

Tatius, Titus, king of Cures among the 
Sabines, made war against the Romans after 
the rape of the Sabines. The gates of the city 
were betrayed into his hands by Tarpeia, and 
the army of the Sabines advanced as far as the 
Roman forum, where a bloody battle was fought. 
The cries of the Sabine virgins at last stopped 
the fury of the combatants, and an agreement 
was made between the two nations. Tatius 
consented to leave his ancient possessions, and 
with his subjects of Cures, to come and live in 
Rome, which, as stipulated, was permitted still 
to bear the name of its founder, whilst the in- 
habitants adopted the came-of Quirites, in com- 
pliment to the new citizens. After he had fi>r 
six years shared the royal authority with Ro- 
mulus, in the greatest union, he was murdered 
at Lanuvium, B.C. 742, for an act of cruelty to 
the ambassadors of the Laurentes. This was 
done by order of his royal colleague, according 
to some authors. Liv. ), 10, &o.— Plut. in Rom. 
Cic. pro Balb.- Otid Met. 14,804-- Flor.l, 1. 
Tatt^a, a long lake in the north-eastern 
part of Piirygia, now Tuzla. Its waters were so 
impregnated with brine, that if any substance 
was dropped into tiie lake, it was presently en- 
rusted with a thick coat of salt; and even birds, 
then flying near the surface, had their wings 
nioi.>^tened with the saline particles, so as to be- 
come incapable of rising into the air, and wer« 
easily caught. Sirab. l$i. 



TAU 



707 



TEC 



TAUNUS,a mountain range of d »rmany, lying 
in 1 north-west direction from F^rnnkfon on the 
M'lyj.e, between Wiesbaden AnA Romberg. It is 

' now called the HOhe, or Hey ich. 

Tauri, a people of European Sarmatia, who 
inhabited Taurica Chersonesus, and sacrificed 
ftll stransrers to Diana. The statue of this god- 
less, which they believed to have fallen down 
from heaven, was carried away to Sparta by 
Iphigenia and Cresies. Herod. 4, 99, &c 

. a/e/a, 2, I.— Pans. 3, 16.- Eurip. Jphig—Ovid. 
ex Pont. 1,2, 80.— Sil. 14, 2Q0.-Juu. 15, IIG. 
Taurica ChersonksuS, a large peninsula 

,of Europe, at the south- west of the Palus Mseoti.«, 
now called the Crimed. It is joined by an 
isthmus to Scythia, and is bounded by the Cim- 
merian Bosphorus, the Euxine sea, and the 
Palus Maeotis. The inhabitants, called Tauri, 
were a savage and uncivilized nation. Slrab. ' 

A.—Plin. 4, 12. Fid. Tauri. 

TauhTca, a surname of Diana, because she 
was worshipped by the inhabitants of Taurica 
Chersonesus. 

Taurini, a people of Liiiuria, occupying 
boili banks of the Padus, in the earlier part of 
its course, but especially the country situated 
between that river and the Alps. Having op- 
posed Hannibal, after bis passage of the Alps, 
be took and plundered their city, Augusta 
Taurinorum, now Turin, in Piedmont, but it 
was afterwards raised to the rank of a colony by 
the Romans. Polyb. 3, 60, - Plin. 3, 17. — Tacit. 
Hist. 2 66. 

TauromeNiUM, now Tnormino. a town of Si- 
cily, between Messana and Catana, but nearer 
the latter than the former. An ancient city 
named Naxos previously occupied the site of 
Tauromenium. The hills in the neighbourhood 
were famous for the fine grapes which they pro- 
duced, and they surpassed almost the whole 
world for the extent and beauty of their pros- 
pects. Diod. 16. 

Taurus, the name of a lofty chain of moun- 
tains, which, commencing at the Sacrum Prn- 
montorium on the Lycian and Famphylian 
coast; stretches in a north-easterly direction 
through Pisidia, Isauria, and Cappadocia, till it 
is intersected by the Euphrates near Melitene. 
It extends, however, much further, according 
to Strabo, as that geographer connects it with 
the great Indian range of Imaus, or Emodus, 
near Himalaya. He looks, indeed, upon this 
great chain as forming the belt of the entire 
Asiatic continent for the space of 4500 stadia, 
fihilst its breadch in some parts is not less than 
odOO stadia. That part of Mount Taurus which 
belongs to Asia Minor, is called by the Turks 
Stdian Dngh. To the west it is connected with 
the chain of lofty mountains known to the an- 
cients by the name of Cragus. and which rises 
precipitously above the coast of Lycia through- 
out nearly the whole of its extent. To the 
north-east Taurus sends out one of its ramifi- 
cations under the name of Anti-tauru.i, through 
Cappadocia and Armenia Minor; the highest 
point of this ridge was mount Arjiaeus, its sum- 
mit being covered with perpetual snow. Fur- 
ther north, Anti-taurus is connected with the 
inferior chains which traverse Paphlagonia and 
Pontus; such as mount Tecbes, Paryadres, and 
others, uniting afterwards with the central Ar- 
menian range of which Ararat forms the highest 
point; and stretching also into Colchis, where it 



meets the no less elevated ridge of Caucasus. 

Strab. 11 et 12. A mountain of Sicily 

Titus Statilius, a consul distinguished by his 
intimacy with Augustus, as well as by a theatre 
which he built, and the triumph he obtained 
alter a prosperous campaign in Africa. He was 

made praefect of Italy by his imperial friend, 

A pro-consul of Africa, accused by Agrippina, 
who wished him to be condemned, that she 
might become mistress of his gardens. Tacit. 

Ann. \2, 59 An officer of Minos, king of 

Crete. He had an amour with Pasiphae, whence 
arose the fable of the Minotaur, from the son, 
who was born some time afier. [^Vid. Minotau- 
rus.] Taurus was vanquished by Theseus, in 
the games which Minos exhibited in Crete. 
Plut. in Thes. 

Taxila, {plur.) a large country in India, be- 
tween the Indus and the Hydaspes. Plin. 6, 17. 

TaxIlus, or TaxILES, a king of Taxila, in 
the age of Alexander, called also Omphis. lie 
submitted to the conqueror, who rew arded him 

with great liberality. Curt. 8, 14. A genera) 

of Mithridates, w ho assisted Archelaus against 
the Romans in Greece, He was afterw ards con- 
quered by Mursena, the lieutenant of Sylla. 

TAYGfiTE or TaygEta, a daughter of Atlas 
and Pleione, mother of Lacedaemon by Jupiter. 
She became one of the Pleiades after death, 
Hygin. fah. 155 et 192c 

Taygetus or Taygeta, (-orit-7-,) part of a 
lofty ridge of mountains, which, traversing the 
whole of Lacouia from the Arcadian frontier, 
terminates in the sea at the promontory (jf 
Taenarus. It is covered with snow in some parts 
during the whole year; some of the ancients 
maintained, that from its summit the eye could 
comprehend the view of the whole Peloponne- 
sus. It abounded with various kinds of beasts 
of the chace, and with a race of hounds much 
valued for their sagacity and keenness of scent. 
It likewise produced a beautiful green marble, 
much esteemed by the Romans. The principal 
summit, named Taletum, is now St Elias; it 
was dedicated to the sun, to whom sacrifices of 
horses were there offered. The summit itself 
is now called Pente Dactylon, a name probably 
derived from that of Pente Lophi, by which it 
appears to have been once known. Strab. 8. — 
PH .. 37, 18.—Pind. Nem. 10, 113. - Horn. Od. 6, 
\03.~Firg G. 2, 488. 3, 44 — Martial. 6, 42. 

TeanUM, Apulicum, a city of Apulia, on 
the right bank of the river Frento, {Fortore.) 
The appellation of Apulicum was added to dis- 
tinguish it from the town of the Sidicini. The 
ruins of this place occupy the site of Civiiate, 
about a mile from the right bank of the Fortorf, 

and ten miles from the sea. S/rab.6. Sidi- 

cinum, the only city ascribed to the Sidicini, a 
Campanian tribe. It is now Teano, and was 
distant about fifteen miles from Capua in a 
north-west direction. It became a Roman co- 
lony under Augustus. Strab. 5. — P/m. 3, 5. 

Tearus, a river of Thrace, rising in the same 
rock (rom 3S different sources, some of which 
are hot, and others cold. Darius raised a co- 
lumn there when he marched against the Scy - 
thians, as if to denote the sweetnecs and salu- 
brity of the waters of that river. Herodot. 4, 90, 
8ic. — Plin. 4, 11. 

Teches, a mountain of Pontus, from which 
the 10,000 Greeks had first a view of the sea. 
Xenoph, Anab. 4. 



TEC 



TEL 



Tkck.m K.S.<\, the daush?er of a Phrygian 
prirc*^. c;:iled bv Some Teuihras, and by others 
Teleutas. When her father was killed in war 
by Ajax, son of Telanaon, the young princess 
became the property of the conqueror, and by 
him she had a son called Eurysaces. Sopl ocle?, 
in one of his tragedies, represents Techmessaas 
moving her husband to pity by her tears and 
entreaties, when he wished to s:ab himself. 
Horat. Od. 2, 1. 6. Diclys C/et.- Sophocl. in 
Ajac. 

Tectosagfs, ot Tkctosag.e. a ppople of 
Gailia Narbonensis. They received the name 
of Tectosagas quod sa^is tegerentur . Some ot 
them passed ii.to Germany, where they settled 
near the Hercynian forest, and another colony 
passed into Asia, where they conquered Phrygia, 
Paphlagonia, and Cappadocia. The Tectosa?:E 
were among those Gauls vho pillaged Rome 
under Brennus, and who attempted some time 
after to plunder the tsmple of ApoUo at Delphi. 
At their return home from Greece they were 
visited by a pestilence, and ordered, to stop it, 
to throw into the river all the riches and plun- ; 
tier which thev had obt =.ined in their distant ex- \ 
cursions. Cces. B. G. 6, 23- — C/c de Nat. D. 3. ^ 
— Liv. 3^, \d.— Flor. 2. H. - Justin. 32. I 

Tkgea, or Tkgxa, one of the most ancient I 
and important cities of Arcadia. It lay in an I 
eastern direction from the southern part of the ■ 
Masnalian ridge. It was said to have been ! 
founded by Tegeus, the son of Lycaon. The 
gigantic bones of Orestes were found here, and j 
removed to Sparta at the command of an oracle. ; 
It was said that a war with the inhabitants of 
Fheneus was prevented, by referring the deci- 
sion to a combat between three brothers from 
each city, in which one of the Tegeatae ohfaim d 
the victory, after he had slain his antagonists, 
and seen his brothers kUled. The story of the 
Horatii and Curiatii, recorded in Roman his- 
tory, is probably derived from this. The beau- 
tiful Atalanta was reputed to have been a native 
of Tegea, which was also famed for the temple 
of Minerva Alea, tl:e most splendid building of 
the kind in the whole Peloponnesus. The ves- 
tiges of Tegea are to be seen on the site now 
called Piali, about an hour east of Tripolitsa, 
but they consist 0T;ly of scattered fragments, 
and broken tiles and stones which cover the 
fields. Pans. 8 45. Strub. Q.— Herod. 1, 65.— 
Xen. Hist. GV. 6, 5, 16. &c. 

Teios. Fid. Teos. 

TELA3I0N. a king of the island of Salamis. 
son of .£acus and Endeis. He was brother to 
Peleus and father to Teucer and Ajax, who on 
that account is often called Telamonms heros. 
He fled from Megara, his native country, after 
he had accidentally murdered his brother Pho- 
cus in playing with the quoit, and he sailed to 
the island of Salamis. w here he soon after mar- j 
ried Glauce, the daughter of Cychreus, the king ' 
of the place. At the death of bis father-in-law, ' 
who had no male issue, Telamnn became king 
of Salamis. He accompanied Jason in his ex- j 
pedition to Coichis, and was arm-bearer to Her- ! 
pules, when that hero took Laomedon prisoner, 
and destroyed Troy. Telamon was rewarded 
by Hercules for his services with the hand of 
Hesione. whom the conqueror had obtainrd 
among the spoils of Troy, and with her he re- 
turtiPd to Greece. He also married Peribca, 
whom rome call Eriboca. Ovid Met. 13. 151,— 



Sophocl. in Aj. 570 — ApoUod. 1, 2. &c — Hpgin. 
fab. 97. &c. 

Telamoni.adhs, a p.atronymic given to the 
descPDdanrs ni Telamon. 

TelcHiN.'-s, a people of Rhodes, said to have 
been originally from Crefe. They were the in- 
ventors of many useful arts, and, according to 
Diodorus, passed for the sons of the sea. They 
were the first who raised statues to the god.s. 
They had the power of changing themselves 
into whatever shape they pleased, and, accord- 
ing to Ovid, they could poison and fascinate all 
objects with their eyes, and cause rain and hail 
to lall at pleasure. The Telchinians insulted 
Venus, for which the goddess inspired them 
with a sudden fury, so that they committed the 
grossest crimes. Jupiter destroved them all by 
a deluge. Bind. 5. - 0> id. Met. 7, 365, &e. 

Telchinia, a surname of Minerva. Also 

a surname of Juno in Rhodes, where she had a 
.statue at lalysus raised by the Telchinians, who 

settled there. Also an ancient name of Crete, 

as the place from whence the Telchines of 
Rhodes were descended. Stat- Silv. 4, 6, 47. 

TelchiN'jUS, a surname of Apollo among the 
Rhodians. 

Telhcce or TELKCOi's, a people of ^Etolia, 
called also Tar.hians. f'id. Taphise. 

TeleeoiDe's, islands opposite Leucadia. 
Fid. Taphice. 

Telegu>:i:s. a son of Ulysses and Circe, bom 
in the isl.and of ^£e.i, where he was educated. 
When arrived to the years of manhood, he went 
to Ithaca to make himself known to his father, 
but he was shipwrecked on the coast, and being 
destitute of provisions, he plundered some of 
the inhabitants of the island. Ulysses and Te- 
lemachus came to defend the property of their 
subjects against this unknown invader; a quar- 
rel arose, and Telegonus killed his father with- 
out knowing who he was. He afterward.? re- 
turned to his native country, and, according to 
Hyginus, he carried thither his father's body, 
where it wa^ buried. Telemachus and Penelope 
also accompanied him in his return, and soon 
after the nuptials of Telegonus and Penelope 
were celebrated by order of Minerva. Penelc^e 
had by Telegonus a son called Italus, who gave 
his name to Italy. Telegonus founded Tuscu- 
lum in Italy, and, according to sotne, he left 
one daughtpr called Mamilia, from whom the 
patrician family of the Marailii at Rome were 
descended. Horat. od. S, 23, 8.- Ovid. Fast. 3 
et \.— T7-ist. 1, {.-Pint, in Par — Uy gin. fab. 

Telemachcs, a son of Ulysses and Penelope. 
He was still in the cradle when his father went 
with the rest of the Greeks to the Trojan war. 
At the end of this celebrated expedition, Tele- 
machus, anxious to see his father, went to seek 
him, and as the place of his residence, and the 
cause of his Ion? absrnce, were then unknown, 
he visited the court of Menelaus and Nestor to 
obtain information. He afterwards returned to 
Ithaca, where the suitors of his mother Penelope 
had conspired to murder him, but he avoided 
their snares, and by means of Minerva, he dis- 
covered his father, w ho had arrived in the island 
two days before b.im, and was then in the house 
of Eum?eiis. With this faithful servant and 
Ulysses, Telemachus concerted how to deliver 
his m.nther from the importunities of her suitors, 
and it was t flfected with success. After the death 



TEL 



7C9 



TEL 



of his father, Teiemachus wpnt to the island of 
JEeea., where he married Circe, or, .iccording to 
others, Cassiphone, the daughter of Circe, by 
whom he had a son called Latinus. He some 
time after had the misfortune to kill his mother- 
in-law Circe, and fl d to Italy, where he founded 
Clusium. Telem;ichus was accompanied in his 
visit to Nestor and Menelaus, by the goddess of 
wisdom, under the form of Mentor. It is said, 
that when a child, Teiemachus fell into the sea, 
and that a dolphin brought him safe to shore, 
after he had remained some time under water. 
From this circumstance Ulysses had the figure 
of a dolphin engraved on the seal which he 
wore on his ring. Hygiti. fab. 95 et 125. — Ovid. 
Heroid. 1, m. — Horal. ep. 1, 7,41.— Homer. Od. 
2, &c. 

Telephus, a king of Mysia, son of Hercules 
and Auge, the daughter of Aleus. He was ex- 
posed as soon as born on mount Parthenius, 
but his life was preserved by a goat and by sorre 
shepherds. According to Apollodorus, he was 
exposed not on a mountain, but in the temple of 
Minerva, at Tegea, or, according to a tradition 
mentioned by Pausanias, he was left to the 
mercy of the waves with his mother, by the 
cruelty of Aleus, and carried by the winds to the 
mouth of the Caycus, where he was found by 
Teuthras, king of the country, who married, or 
rather adopted as his daughter, Auge, and edu- 
cated her son. Some, however, suppose that 
Auge fled to Teuthras to avoid the anger of her 
father, on account of her amour with Hercules. 
Yet others declare that Aleus gave her to Nau- 
plius to be severely punished for her incontin- 
ence, and that Nauplius, unwilling to injure 
her, sent her to Teuthras, king of Bithynia, by 
whom she was adopted. Telephus, according 
to the more received opinions, was ignorant of 
his origin, and he was ordered by the oracle, if 
he wished to know his parents, to go to Mysia. 
Obedient to this injunction, he came to Mysia, 
where Teuthras nflfered him his crown, and his 
adoptwS daughter Auge in marriage, if he would 
deliver his country from the hostilities of Idas, 
the son of Aphareus. Telephus readily complied, 
and at the head of the Mysians he soon routed 
the enemy, and received the promised reward. 
As he was going to unite himself to Auge, the 
sudden appearance of an enormous serpent se- 
parated the two lovers; Auge implored the as- 
sistance of Hercules, and was soon informed by 
the god that Telephus was her own son. When 
this was known, the nuptials were not celebrat- 
ed, and Telephus some time after married one 
of the daughters of king Priam. As one of the 
sons of the Trojan monarch, Telephus prepared 
to assist Priam against the Greeks, and with 
heroic valour he attacked them when they had 
landed on his coast. The carnage was great, and 
Telephus was victorious, had not Bacchus, who 
protected the Greeks, suddenly raised a vine 
from the earth, which entangled the feet of the 
monarch, and laid him flat on the ground. 
AchillfS immediately rushed upon him, and 
wounded him so severely, that he was carried 
away from the battle. The wound was mortal, 
and Telephus was informed by the oracle, that 
he alone who had inflicted it could totally cure 
it. Upon this, applications were made to Achil- 
les, but in vain; the hero observed that he was 
no physician, till Ulysses, who knew that Trov 
could not bi; taken without the assistance of one 



of the sons of ITercule?, and who w ished to m.-ike 
Telephus ihe friend of the Greeks, persuad'.d 
Achilles to obey the directions ot the oracle. 
Achilles consented, and as the weapon which 
had given the wound could alone cure it, the 
hero scraped the rust from the point of his spear, 
and, by applying it to the sore, gave it imnr.edi- 
ate relief. It is said that Telephus showed him- 
self so grateful to the Greeks, that he accompani 
ed them to the Trojun war, and fought with 
them against his father-in-law. Hygin. fab. 
lOl— Paws. 8, m. — Apollod. 2, 7, &.C.- ^lian. 
F. H, 12, 42 — Ovid. Fast. 1, I, Sic — Philostr. 

Her. A rival of Horace, remarkable for his 

beauty and the elegance of his person. Horat. 

od. 1, 12. L. Verus, wrote a book on the 

rhetoric of Homer, as also a comparison of that 
poet with Plato, and other treatises, all lost- 

Telesilla, a lyric poetess of Argos, who 
bravely defended her country against the Lace- 
daemonians, and obliged them to raise the siege, 
A statue was raised to her honour in the temple 
of Venus. Pans. 2, 20. 

TelesiNUS, Pontius, a general of the Sam- 
nites, who joined the interest of Marius, and 
fought agamst the generals of Sylla. He 
marched towards Rome and defeated Sylla with 
great loss. He was afterwards routed in a 
bloody battle, and left in the number of the slain 
after he had given repeated proofs of valour and 
courage, Plut. in Mar. Sec. A poet of con- 
siderable merit in Domitian's reign. Juv. 7,25. 

Tellus, a divinity, the same as the earth, 
the most ancient of all the gods after Chaos, 
She was mother by Coelus of Oceanus, Hype- 
rion, Ceus, Rhea, Japetus, Themis, Saturn, 
Phcebe, Tethys, &c. Tellus is the same as the 
divinity, who is honoured under the several 
names of Cybele, Rhea, Vesta, Ceres, Tithea, 
Bona Dea, Proserpine, &e. She was generally 
represented in the character of Tellus, as a 
woman w ith many breasts, distended with milk, 
to express the fecundity of the earth. She also 
appeared crowned with turrets, holding a sceptre 
in one hand, and a key in the other; while at 
her feet was lying a tame lion without chains, 
as if to intimate that every part of the earth can 
be made fruitful bv means of cultivation. 
Hesiod. Theog. m.— 'Virg.iEn. 7, \2,l.~Apollod. 
1, 1. A poor man, whom Solon called hap- 
pier than Croesus, the rich and ambitious king 
of Lydia. Tellus had the happiness to see a 
strong and healthy family of children, and at 
last honourably to fall in the defence of his 
country. Herod. 1,80. 

Telmessus, or Telmissus, the last city of 
Lycia, towards the west, and at the head of the 
Glaucus Sinus. Its inhabitants were famous 
for their skill in augury. It answers to the mo- 
dern Myes or Meis. Herod. 1, 78. — A7rian. Exp. 
Alex. 2, 3. — —A city of Caria, about 60 stadia 
to the souih-east of Haliearnassus, and on the 
Sinus Ceramicus. 

Telo MartiUS, a city and harbour on the 
cna.'^t of Gallia Narbonensis Secunda, now 
Toulon. 

Tei.piiusa, a cify of Arcr.dia, forty stadia 
from Cans, and in a north- eastern direction from 
Heiaea. It derived its name from Telphu«a, a 
daughter of the river Ladon. It was famed for" 
the worship of the goddess Erinnys and Apollo 
Cncffius. There was a fountain here, the waters 
of which were so extremely cold that Tiresias 
3 () 



TEM 



710 



TER 



was fabled to have died of drinking- of t1ipm. 
The siie of tlus city is supposed by Sir W. Gell 
t" correspond with the Kalybea of Fam'na. but 
Mailer is inclined to identify it with K'lisiouli. 
P us. 8, 25. 

TemeniTES, a surname of Apollo, which he 
received at Temenos, a small place near Syra- 
{•use, where he was worshipped. Cic, in Verr. 
4. 53. 

Tkmenos, a place of Syracuse, where Apollo, 
callf^d Temeni es. had a statue. Cic, iii Verr. 
4, 53. - Suet. Tib. 74. 

Temenus, the son of Aristomachu?, was the 
first of the Heraclidas who returned to Pelopon- 
nesus with his brother Ctesiphontes, in the reie:n 
of Tisamenes, king of Argos. Tetnenus made 
himself master of the throne of Argos, from 
whi -h he expelled the reigning sovereign. After 
death he was succeeded by his son-in-law Dei- 
phnn, who had married his drUghter Hyrnetho, 
and this succession was in preference to his own 

son Apollod. 2 et 7.- Paus. 2, 18, IP. A son 

of Pelasgus, who was entrusted with the care 
of Jutio's infancy. Pans. 8, 22. 

TEMEniND-^, the Scythian name for the 
Palus Maeotis. Piin. 6, 7. 

Temesa, a town of the Brutii, south-west of 
Terina, and near the coast. It was famed for 
its copper works, which are, however, referred 
by some to a town of the same name in Cypru.^. 
Romanelli fixes its site at Torre del piano del 
Cnsale. Homer. Od. 1. 184.— Ovid. Met. 15, 707- 
Fast b, 441. - Strab. 6. 

Tempe, {plur. neut.) a valley in Thessaly. 
between mount Olympus at the north, and Ossa 
at the south, through which the river Peneus 
flows into the iEgean. The poets have described 
it as the most delightful spot on the earth, with 
continually cool shades and verdant walks, 
which the warblirg of birds rendered more plea- 
sant and romantic, and which the gods often 
honoured with their presence. Tempe extended 
about five miles in length, but varied in the di- 
mensions of its breadth so as to be in some places 
scarce one acre and a half wide. All valleys 
that are pleasant, either for their situation or 
the mildness of thpir climate are called Tempe 
bv the poets. Mela, 2, S.—Dionys. Paries. 219. 
-^^lian. V. H. 3. 1. Plut. de Miis.— Virg. G. 
2- m. — Ovid. Met. 1, 569. 

Tenchtheri, a n.-?tion of Germany, who, in 
conjunction with the Usipii. crossed the Rhine, 
were defeated by the Romans, and found profec- 
tion and new settlements among the Sicambri. 
In their most flourishing period, the Tenchtheri 
dwelt in the southern part of the Duchy of C/e 
and also in that of Berg; they also took part in 
the confederacv of the Cre-usci. C(rs. B. G. 4, 
16 —Tadt. Ann. 13 56. H st. 4. 21. Germ. 32. 
, TENEDOS, a small and fertile island of the 
'.4:^iean sea, opposite Troy, at the distance cf 
about 12 miles from Sigaeum, and 56 miles north 
from Lesbos. It was anciently called Lewo- 
phrys, until Tenes, who had been exposed by 
his lather in a box, was driven by the sea on the 
island, and having built a tov^n, was subse- 
quently made kin?. It was especially sacred to 
Apollo, and was the place to which the Greeks 
retired, in order to make the Trojans believe 
ti.'ey had returned home without finishin? the 
siege. The earthenware made here was held in 
hiah estimation. Horn. O'i. 3. 59.— HVc. 
2, 21. — 0( irf. Met. 1, r.40. 12, W}.-Mela,'2. 7. 



Tr..Mi j.. u 'f Cycnus and Proclea. He 

was exp >sed on th° sea on the coast of Troas by 
his fattier, who credulously believed his wife 
Philonome, who had fallen in love with Cycnus,' 
and accused him of attempts upon her virtue, 
when he refused to gratify her passion. Tenes. 
arrived safe in Leucophrys, which he called! 
Tenedos, and of which he became tne sovereign-! 
Some time after, Cycnus discovered the guilt 
of his wife Philonome, and as he wished to be 
reconciled to his son, whom he had so grossly 
injured, he went to Tenedos; but when he hnd 
tied his ship to the shore, Tenes cut ofl" the cable 
with a hatchet, and suffered his father's ship to| 
be tossed about in the sea. From this circum-l 
stance, the hatchet of Tenes is become proverbial 
to intimate a resentment that cannot be paci-| 
fied. Some however, suppose that the provetb 
arose from the severity of a law made by a king' 
of Tenedos against adultery, by which thej 
guilty were both put to death with a hatchet.! 
The hatchet of Tenes was carefully preserved 
at Tenedos, and afterwards deposited by Peri- 
clytu?, son of Eutymachus, in the temple of 
Delphi, where it was still seen in the age of 
Pausania?, Tenes, as some suppose, was killed 
by Achilles, as he defended his country against) 
the Greeks, and he received divine honours 
after death. His statue at Tenedos was carriedi 
away by Verres. Paus. 10, 14. 

Tenos, a small island in the .^Egean, near An-^ 
dros, called Ophiussa and also Hy rvssa, from the 
number of its fountains. It was very mountain-i 
ous, but it produced excellent wines, universallyj 
esteemed by the ancients. Tenos was about 15 
miles in extent. The capital was also called! 
Tenos. Strab. 10. - Mela, % 7. - Ovid. Met. 7, 4C0. 

Tentyra, (plur.) and Tentyris, a city of 
Egypt in the Thebaid, situate on the Nile, to 
the north-west of Coptos. It was famous for 
its inhabitants destroying the crocodiles, and 
thus bringing themselves into collision with ihel 
people of Ombos, who paid adoration to them.l 
Strnb. n. — Jur. Sat. 15. ; 

Teos, or Teios, a city on the coast of Ionia,' 
situated upon a peninsula south-west of Smyrna.' 
It had been originally colonised by a party of, 
Minyas, from Orchomenus, led by Athamas; butj 
it subsequently received great accession of 
strength from Athens at the time of the lonisnj 
migration. When Ionia was invaded by the 
armies of Cyrus after the overthrow of Crce^us, 
the Teians. despairing of being able to resist thej 
Persian power, abandoned their native city, andl 
retired to Abdera in Thrace. Teos is celebrated; 
in the literary history of Greece for having eiveni 
birih tf) Ar anreon the poet, Heeala^us the histo-j 
rian, and Protagoras the philosopher. Thoughi 
deserted by the greater part of its inhabitants, 
Teos still continued to subsist as an Ionian city.] 
as may be seen from Thucydides. It revolted 
from Athens after the Sicilian overthrow, hut 
was again reduced. The site once occupied by 
this ancient citv is now called Boudroun. Strab. 
U.— Herod. 1. 16S. 3, m. — Thvcyd. 3, 32. 8, 16.1 
19 et 20. Liv. 37, I 

TerENTiA, the wife of Cicero. She becamej 
mother of M. Cicero, and of a daughter called; 
Tulliola. Cicero repudiated her, because the 
had been faithless to his bed, when he was ban.i 
ished in Asia. Terenria married Sallust, Ci- 
cero's enemy, and afterwards Messala Corviriis. 
She lived to her 103d, or, according to Pliny, 



TER 



711 



TER 



to her 117th yoar. Plut. in Cic Val. Max. 8, I 

13.— <7,c. ad Attic. 11. 16, &c. The wife of I 

Scipio Africanus. The wife of Mecasnas, with 

whom it was said that Augustus carried on an 
intrii^ue. 

Tbrentia LKX, called also CASSIA, //wmen- 
tnria, by M. Terentius Varro Lucullus, and C. 
Cas>ius, A. U. C. 680. It ordered that the same 
prioe should be given for all corn bought in the 
provinces, to hinder the exactions of the quaes- 
tors. Another by Terentius, the tribune, 

A. U. C. 291, to elect five persons to define the 
power of the consuls, lest they should abuse the 
public confidence by violence or rapine. 

TerentiAnos, a Roman to whom Longinus 

dedicated his treatise on the sublime. Mau- 

rus, a Latin poet and grammarian, was a native 
of Carthage. He wrote a poem de Uteris, syllabis, 
I pcdibus, et melris, in which these dry topics are 
j handled with all the art of which they are sus- 
ceptible. The most recent edition of this poem 
is that of Santen, completed by Van Lennep, 
Tiaj. ad Rhen. 1825. It is given also in the 
Corpus Prietjrum of Mattaire, 

Terentius Publius, a native of Carthage, 
in Africa, celebrated for the comedies which he 
J wrote. He was sold as a slave to Terentius 
I Lucanus, a Roman senator, who educated him 

I with great care, and manumitted him for the 
brilliancy of his genius. He bore the name of 
his master and benefactor, and was called Teren- 
tius. He applied himself to the study of Greek 
comedy with uncommon assiduity, and merited 
the friendship and patronage of the learned and 

II powerful. Scipio, the elder Africanus, and his 
friend Laelius, have been suspected, on account 

li of their intimacy, of assisting the poet in the 
composition of his comedies; and the fine lan- 
guage, the pure expressions, and delicate senti- 
ments with which the plays of Terence abound, 
seem perhaps to favour the supposition. Ter- 
ence was in the 25th year of his age, when his 
first play appeared on the Roman stage. All 
his compositions were received with great ap- 
plause; but when the words 

Homo sum, humani nil a me alienum puto, 

were repeated, the plaudits were reiterated, and 
the audience, though composed of foreigners, 
conquered nations, allies, and citizens of Rome, 
were unanimous in applauding the poet, who 
Bpoke with such elegance and simplicity, the 
language of nature, and supported the native 
independence of man. The talents of Terence 
were employed rather in translation than in the 
effusions of originality. It is said that he trans- 
lated 103 of the comedies of the poet Menander, 
six of which only are extant, his Andria, Eunuch, 
Heautontimorumenos, Adelphi, Phormio, and 
Hecyra. Terence is admired for the purity of 
his language, and the artless elegance and sim- 
plicity of his diction, and for a continued deli- 
cacy of sentiment. There is more originality 
in Plautus, more vivacity in the intrigues, and 
morp surprise in the catastrophes of his plays; 
but Terence will ever be admired for his taste,, 
his expressions, and his faithful pictures of na- 
ture and manners, and the becoming dignity of 
his several characters. Quintilian, who candidly 
acknowledges the deficif-nces of the Roman 
comedy, declares that Terence was the most 
elegant and refined of all the comedians whose 
writings appeared on the stage. The time and 



the manner of his death are unknown. He left 
Rome in the 35th year of his age, and nevet 
after appeared there. Some suppose that he 
was drowned in a storm as he returned from 
Greece, about 159 years before Christ, though 
others imagine he died in Arcadia or Leucadia, 
and that his death was accelerated by the loss 
of his property, and particularly of his plays, 
which perished in a shipwreck. The best edi- 
tions of Terence are that of Bentley, 4to. Anist. 
1727 ; that of Westerhovins, 2 vols. 4to. Hag. 
Com. 1726; and that of Zeunius, 2 vols. 8vo. 
Lips. 1774, beautifully, but not very accurately, 
reprinted at the London press, in 18iO, 2 vols. 
8vo. There is an English translation, by Col- 
man Q. Culeo, a Roman senator, taken by 

the Carthaginians, and redeemed by Africanus. 
When Africanus triumphed, Culeo followed his 
chariot with a pileus on his head. He was some- 
time after appointed judge between his deliverer 
and the people of Asia, and had the meanness to 
condemn him and his brother Asiaticus, though 

both innocent. Liv. 30, 45 A consul with 

.(Emilius Paulus at the battle of Cannae. He was 
the son of a butcher, and had followed for some 
time the profession of his father. He placed 
himself totally in the power of Hannibal, by 
making an improper disposition of his army. 
After he had been defeated, and his colleague 
slain, he retired to Canusium, with the remains 
of his slaughtered countrymen, and sent word to 
the Roman senate of his defeat. He received 
the thanks of this venerable body, because he 
had engaged the enemy, however improperly, 
and not despaired of the affairs of the republic. 
He was offered the dictatorship, which he de- 
clined. PluL— Liv. 22. &CC. 

Tereus, a king of Thrace, son of Mars and 
Bi«tonis. He married Progne, the daughter of 
Pandion, king of Athens, whom he had assisted 
in a war against Megara. He offered violence 
to his sister-in-law Philomela, whom he con- 
ducted to Thrace by desire of Progne. IJ'id. 

Philomela and Progne.] A friend of .^neas, 

killed by Camilla. Firg. Mn. 11, 675. 

Tergeste, a town of Venetia, in the terri- 
tory of the Garni, now Trieste. It was situate 
at the north-eastern extremity of the Sinus Ter- 
gestinus. It suffered severely, on one occasion, 
from a sudden incursion of the Japvdes. P/m. 
3, 18 — CcBS. B. G. 8. 24 — Appian. B. lllyr. 18. 

TerTNA a town of the Brutii, on the coast of 
the Mare Tyrrhenum. It was founded by the 
Crotonians,and destroyed by Hannibal. It gave 
name to the Sinus Terinaeus. It is now St 
Enfemia. Plin. 3. 5. — Strab. 6. 

Terioli, now Tyrol, a fortified town at the 
north of Italy, in the country of the Grisons. 

Termkrus, a robber of Peloponnesus, who 
killed people by crushing their head against hi 
own. He was slain by Hercules in the same 
manner. Phd. in Thess. 

TermiLyE, a name given to the Lycians. 
Fid. Lycia. 

TerminaliA, annual festivals at Rome, ob- 
served in honour of the god Terminus, in the 
month of February. It was then usual for the 
peasants to assemble near the principal land- 
maiks which separated their fields, and after 
they had crowned them with garlands and flow- 
ers, to make libations of milk and wine, and to 
sacrifice a lamb or a young pig. They were ori- 
ginally established by Numa, and thouj^h atftrat 



n 



12 



TEU 



it '-va.s iurbiiidet. to sheil the blood of victims, 3 et 
in process of time land-marks were plentifully 
sprinkled vvMh it. Ovid Fast. 2, C41 — Cic. Phil- 
12, 10. 

Terminalis, a surname of Jupiter, because 
he presided over the boundaries and lands of in- 
div'iduals, before the worship of the god Ter- 
minus was introduced. Dionys. H. 2. 

Terminus, a divinity at Rome, who was sup- 
posed to preside over bounds and limits, and to 
punish all unlawful usurpation of land. His 
v.orship was first introduced at Rome by Numa, 
whi) persuaded his subjects that the limits of 
f'leir lands and estates were under the imme- 
diate inspection of heaven. His temple was on 
the Tarpeian rock, and he was represented with 
a human head without feet or arms, to intimate 
that he never moved, wherever he was placed. 
The people of the country assembled once a 
year with their families, and crowned with gar- 
lands and flowers the stones which separated 
their different possessions, and olTered victims 
to the god who presided over their boundaries 
It is said that when Tarquin the Proud wished 
to build a temple on the Tarpeian rock to Jupi- 
ter, the god Terminus refused to give way, 
though the other gods resigned their seats with 
cheerfulness; whence Ovid has said, 

Eestilit, et magna cum Jove templa tenet. 

Dionys. H 2. Ovid. Fast. 2. 6iL—Plut. in 

Num.~Liv. b.— Virg. /En. 9 449. 

Terpander, a lyric poet and musician of 
Lesbos, 675, B. C. It is said that he appeased 
a tumult at Sparta by the melody and sweetness 
of his notes. He added three strings to the 
Ivre, which before his time had only four. 
.Uian. V. H. 12, 50. Plut de Mus. 

Terpsichore, one of the Muses, daughter 
of Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She presided over 
dancing, of which she was reckoned the invent- 
ress, as her name intimates, and with which she 
delighted her sisters. She is represented like a 
young virgin crowned with laurel, and holding 
in her hand a muiical instrument. Juv. 7, 35. - 
Apollod. I. 

Terra, one of the most ancient deities inmy- 
thologv, wife of Uranus, and motherof Oceanus, 
the Titans, Cyclops, Giants, Thea, Rhea, 
Themis, Phoebe, Thetys, and Mnemosyne. By 
(he Air she had Grief, Mourning, Oblivion. 
Vengeance, &c. According to Hyginus, she is 
the same as Tellus. Vid. Tellus, | 

Terror, an emotion of the mind which the! 
ancients have made a deity, and one of the at- I 
cendants of the god Mars, and of Bellona. | 

TERTULLIANUS, J. SEPTIMIUS I"LORENS,aj 
Christian writer in the second century, v\asbo!n ! 
at Carthage, where his father was centurion in ■ 
the army under the pro-consul of Afri&a. He ; 
was intended for the bar; but the constancy of j 
the martyrs made such an impression on him, I 
that he embraced the Christian religion, an;i 
became a priest. During the persecution in the 
time of Sevenjs, he published an eloquent apo- 
logy for the Christians; but towards the close of 
life he joined the Montanists, from whom also 
he separated, and formed a sect of his own, 
which subsisted till the time of St Augustine. 
The best edition of the entire woiks of Tertul- 
l!;!n, is that of Semler, 4 vols 8vo. Hal. 1/70; 
jsnd o( hi-^ Apologv, that of ILa trc;:Jup, Bvo. 
L. Bat. 171S. 



TETnys. the greate.-;t of the sea deitirs, was ' 
wife oi Oce.anus, ana daughter of Uranus and 
Terra. She was mother of the chiefest rivers of ' 
the universe, such as the Nile, the Alpheus, the | 
Riaeander, Simois. Peneus, Evenus. Seaman- 1 
der, &c. and about Si'OO daughters called Ocean- 
ides. Tethj.s is confounded by some mytholo- 
gists with her grand-daughter Thetis, the v\ife . 
of Peleus, and the mother of Achdles. The 1 
word Tethys is poetically used to express the 
sea. Apollod. ]. I, &.c.- rirg G. 1,21. — Ovid. 
Me/t. 2, n09, 9, 49i'. F.^st. 2, 191.— iie«oi. 7'/i. 
336.- Homer. 11 14, 302. 

TETRAP0LI3, a name given to the city of 
Antioch, the capital of Syria, because it was 
divided into four separate districts, each of 
which resembled a city. Some apply the word 
to Selena's, which contained the four large cities 
of Antioch, Laodicea, Apamea, and Seleucia in 

Pieria.' The name of Doris in Greece, from 

its four cities. FicZ. Doris. 

TetriCA, a mountain of the Sabines near the 
river Fabaris. Virg. jEn. 7. 713. 

TetriCUS, a Roman senator, saluted emperor 
in the reign of Aurelian. He w as led in triumph 
by his successful adversary, who afterwards 
heaped the most unbounded honours upon him 
and his son of the same name. 

Teucer, a king of Phrygia, son of the Sca- 
mander by Idea. According to some authors, 
he was the first who introduced among his sub- 
jects the w orship of Cybele, and the dances of 
the Corybantes. The country where he reigned 
was from him called Tmcria, and his siibjects 
Teucri. His daughter Batea married Dardanus, 
a Samothracian prince, who succeeded him in 

the g(.vernment of Teucria. Apollod. 3, 12 

Virg.Mn.d, 10^. A son of Telamon, king 

of Salarais, by Hesione the daughter of Laome- 
don. He was one of Helen's suitors, and ac- 
cordingly accompanied the Greeks to the Trojan 
war, where he signalised himself by his valour 
and intrepidity. It is said that his father refus- 
ed to receive him into his kingdom, because he 
had lef' the death of his brother Ajax unreveng- 
ed. This severity of the father did not dishearten 
the son; he left Salamis, and retired to Cyprus, 
where, with the assistance of Belus, king of 
Sidon, he built a town, which he called Salamis, 
atrerhis native country. He attempted to re- 
cover the island of Salamis after his father's 
death, but his efforts were successfully opposed 
and defeated by Eurysacus the son of Ajax. and 
he retired to Cyprus, where his posterity re- 
mained seated on the throne till the time of 
Evagoras. He afterwards built a temple to 
Jupiter in Cyprus, on which a man was annu- 
ally sacrificed till the reign of the Antonines. 
S'ime suppose that Teucer did not return to 
Cyprus, but that, according to a less riceived 
opinion, he went to settle in Spain, where new 
Carthsge was afterwards built, and thence into 
Galatia. Horn. II 1. 5iSl.- Firg. /En. 1, 623. - 
Apollod 3. \2.~Paus. 2, 2^J. - Justin. 44, 3. — 
Pa fere. 1.1. 

Teocri, .1 name given to the Trojans, from 
Teucer. their king. f rg. /En. 1, 42 et 239. 

Tkucria, a name given to Troy, from Teu- 
cer, one of its kings. f'i>g. /En. 2, 26. 

Tkuta, a queen of Illyricum, B.C. 231, who 
ordered ti:e Roman r.nibassadors, P. Jur.iusand 
T. Coruneanius to be put to death. Tliis nn- 
piictdtuted murder was the cause of a war 



TEU 



713 



THA 



which ended in her disgrace. Flor. 2, j. —Plin. 
34, 6 

Tkutas, or Trutates, a name of Mercury 
amoiiK the Gauls. Tlie people offered human 
victims to this deity. Lu an. 1, 445. 

TkuthrAS, a kin§r of Mysia on the borders 
of tlie Caycus. Ke adopted as his daughter, or, 
according to others, married, Auge. the daugh- 
ter of Aleus, when she fled away into Asia from 
her father, who wished to punish her for her 
amours with Hercules. Some time after, his 
kingdom was invaded by Idas, the son of Apha- 
reus, and to remove this enemy, he promised 
Auge and his crown to any one w bo could restore 
tranquillity to his subjects. This was executed 
by Telephus, who afterwards proved to be the 
son of Aufje, who was promised in marriage to 
him by right of his suece ssful expedition. Some 
authors call Teuthras the father of Thespius, 
and thence the fifty Thespiades, who brcame 
mothers by Hercules, are called Teuthmmia 
turh i. Apollod. 2, 7, 8ic. — Pnus. 3, 25. Ovid. 

Trist. 2, 19. Heroid. 9, 51 HijKin. fab. 100. 

O.ie of the companions of /Eneas iu Italy- 

yirfr. ^'71. 10, 402. 

Teutob'l RGIENSIS SALTl'S, a forest of Ger- 
many, lying in an eastern direction from Pader- 
born, and reaching as far as the territory of 
Ostiabruck. It was here that Varus, with three 
K':man legions, was completely routed by the 
Ciieruici under Arminius, A D. iO. ^ Tacit. Ann. 
1, 6U. 

Teutoni, and Teutones, a name given to 
sevesal united tribes of Germany, who with the 
Cimbri made incursions upon Gaul, and cut to 
pieces two Roman armies. They were at last 
defeated by the consul Marios, and an infinite 
number mane prisoners. [_Vid Cimbri.] Cic. 
pro Ma7iil.—Flor.'6, 3. - Plut. in Mar — M^.rlial. 
14, 26. 

Thais, a famous courtezan of Athens, who 
accompanied Alexander in his Asiatic conquests, 
and gained such an ascendancy ovrr him, that 
she made him burn the royal palace of Perse- 
pyiis. After Ab-xander's deaih, she married 
Piolemy. king of Egypt. Menander celebrated 
her charms, both mental and personal, which 
Were of a superior nature, and on this account 
she is called Menandrea by Propertius, 2, 6.— 
Odd. de Art. Am. 3, 604. de Rem. Am. 384.— 
Plut. in Alex. - Juv. 3. 93. 

Thala. a town of Africa, in the dominions of 
Ju-:rurtha. It is now Feri :na. Tuc. Ann- 3, 21. 

ThalassIus. a beautiful young Roman in 
the reign of Romulus. At the rapa of the Sa- 
bines, one of the^e virgins appeared remarkable 
for her beauty and elegance, and her ravisher, 
afraid of many competitors, exclaimed as he 
carried her away, that it was for Thalassius. 
The name of Thalassius was no sooner men- 
tioned, than all were eager to preserve so beau- 
tiful a prizp for him. Their unicn was attended 
with so mucii happiness, that it v as ever after 
usual at Rome to make u.se of the word Th dos- 
sing at nuptials, and to wish those that were 
married the felicity of Thalassius. He is sup- 
posed by some to be the same aa Hymen, as he 
was made a deity. Plut. in Rom. — Martial. 3, 
c) i.-LiD. ], 9. 

Thal.es, one of the seven wise men, and 
founder of the looic t.ect of philosophers, was 
born at Mileius, B.C. 580. He travelled into 
Egypt, and while there obtained favour from 



the king Amasis, till he offended him by the 
freedom of his remarks. Thales then returned 
to Greece, where he had Anaximander, Anaxi- 
menes, and Pythagoras, for his disciples. He 
taught, that water is the principle of all things; 
and that the universe is the work of an Infinite 
Being. He made discoveries in geometry, par- 
ticularly in triangles; and when in Eg\pt, 
he took the heights of the pyramids by the sha- 
dow. He was also an excellent astronomer, 
and divided the sphere into zones. arctic and ant* 
arctic circles, the two tropics and equator. He 
observed the apparent diameter of the sun, and 
calculated eclipses. He died at the age of yO, 
at the Olympic games. Herodot. 1, 7.— Diog. 1. 

- Cic. de Nut. D. &c. A lyric poet of Crete, 

intimate with Lycurgus. He prepared by his 
rhapsodies the minds of the Spartans to receive 
the rigorous institutions of his friend, and incul- 
cated a reverence for the peace of civil society. 

THALESTRiA, or Thalestris, a queen of 
the Amxazons, who, accompanied by 300 women, 
came 3j days' journey to meet Alexander, iv 
his Asiatic conquests, to raise children by a n:arv 
whose fame was so great, and courage so un- 
common. Cu7 t. 6, 5. Justin. 2, 4- 

Thalia, one of the Muses, who presided 
over festivals, and over pastoral and comic 
poetry. She is represented leaning on a co- 
lumn, holding a mask in her right hand, by 
which she is 'listinguished from her sister.?, as 
also by a shepherd's crook. Her dress appears 
shorter, and not so ornamented as that of the 
other Muses. Hor':i. Od. 4, 6, 25.— Mart. 9, 75. 
—-Plut. in Symp Src. i'irg. Ec. 6. 2. — One 
of the Nereides. Hesiod. Th.~Firg. Mn. 5, 

Thamyras, or Thamyris, a celebrated 
musician of Thrace. His father's name was 
Philaramon, and his m< ther's Argiope. He be- 
came enamoured of the xMuses, and challenged 
them to a trial of skill. His challenge was ac- 
cepted, and it was mutually agreed "that the 
conqueied should be totally at the disposal of 
his victorious adversary. He was conquered; 
and the Muses deprived him of his eye.-sightand 
his melodious voice, and broke his lyie. His 
poetical compositions are lost. Eoni. 11. 2, 594. 
5, b'-.id.— Apollod. 1, 3. - Ond. Amor. 3, 7, 62. 
.4rt. Am. 3, 399.-P«i«. 4, 33- 

ThapsaCUS, a city on the western bank of 
the Euphrates, nearly opposite to the modern 
Racca. There w as a great ford of the Euphrates 
here, which is celebrated in history by the cross- 
ing of three great armies: first, by Cyrus in his 
expedition against Artaxerxes B.C. 401; subse- 
quently by Darius, when defeated at Issus B. C. 
1^33; and three years afterwards by Alexander 
in pursuit of him, previous to the decisive battle 
of Arbella. Xen. Anab. 1, 4.— drrian. 2, 13. 3, 7. 
— SIrv.b 10. 

ThApsL'S, now Detnnss, a town of Africa Pro- 
pria, on the coast, south-east of Hadrumcfum, 
fauious for the victory obtained there by Caesar 
< v -r Juba and Metellus Scipio, the lat er of 
whom had fled hither with the wreck o! Pom- 
pev's party after the fatal battle of Pharsalia. 

Sii Kal. 3, 261. - Li-' 29, 30. 33, 48- A towa 

of Sicily, on the eastern coast, not far to the 
north nf .Syracuse. 

Thaugf.lIa, festivals in Greece, in honour 
of Apoilo and Diana. They lasted two days, 
and the youngest of both sexes carried olivc- 
3 3 



THA 



7i4 



TKE 



branches, on which were suspended crxKes and 
fruits. 

ThasU S, or ThuasIus, a famous soothsayer 
of Cyprus, who told Busiris, king of Egypt, 
that to stop a dreadful plague which afilicted 
his country, he must offer a foreigner to Jupiter. 
Upon this the tyrant ordered him to be seized 
and .-acriiiced to the god, as he was not a native 
of Egypt. Ovtd. de Art. Am. 1, (h9. A sur- 
name of Hercules, who was worshipped at Tha- 
sos. 

Thasos, now 7??rT.<;o, an island in the ^Egean. 
off the coast of Thrace, and opposite the mouth 
of the Nestus. It was also called ^ria and 
Chryse. It is about 40 miles in circumference, 
and was remarkable lor its fertility, its mines of 
gold and silver, as well as for its beautiful wine 
and marble. The Phoenicians first colonised it, 
but some Parians afterw ards settled there at the 
command of an oracle. It received the name 
of Thasos from the son of Agenor, who is said 
to have retired hither when despairing to find 
his sister Europa. Its chief town was Thasos. 
Herod. 6, 47 — P/m.4, 12. 36, Q.-Senec Ep. £6. 
— Diony^. Perieg. 523. ~ f'irg. G. 2, 91. 

ThasuS, a son of Neptune, who went with 
Cadmus to seek Europa. He built the town of 
Thasos in Tnrace. Some make him brother of 
Cadmus, ApoUod. 3. 1. 

Thaumaci, now Thaumaco, a city of Thes- 
saly, in the district of Phthiotis, and in a north- 
west direction from the head waters of the Sinus 
Maliacus. It is said to have derived its name 
from the singularity of its situation, and the as- 
fonishmeni [9avfj.a) produced upon the minds of 
travellers upon first reaching it. Lit. 32, 4. 36, 
J5 

ThalmantIas, and Thaumaktis, a name 
given to Iris, the messen;^er ot Juuo, because 
she was the daughter of Thaumas, the son of 
Oceanus and Terra, bv one of the Oceanides. 
Hesiod. Th. — Virg ^n. 9, 5.— Ovid. Net. 4, 
479, 14, 845. 

Theagkxes, an athlete of Thasos, famous 
for his strength. His father's name was Timos- 
thenes, a friend of Hercules. He was crowned 
above a thousand times at the public games of 
the Greeks, and became a god after death. Paus. 

6 6 et ]l.—Plut. A Theban officer, who dis- 

tinguished himself at the battle of Cherona£a. 

Plut A writer who published commentaries 

on Homer's works. 

TheAno, the wife of Metapontus, son of 
Sisyphus, presented some twins to her husband, 
when he wished to repudiate her for her barren- 
ness. The children were educated w ith the I 
greatest care, and some time afterwards, Theano ' 
herself became mother of tw ins. When they [ 
were grownup, she encouraged them to murder 
the supposititious children who were to succeed I 
to their father's throne, in preference to them. 
They were both killed in the attempt, and the ' 
father, displeased with the conduct of Theano, j 
repudiated her to marry the mother of the chil- 
dren whom he had long considered as his own. ' 

Hijgin. f.b. 186. A daughter of Cisseus, \ 

sister to Hecuba, w ho married Antenor, and w as 
supposed to have betrayed the Palladium to the 
Greeks, as she was priestess of Minerva. Homer, I 

II. 6, 298. — Paws. lU, 27.- Dictys Cret. 5, 8. 1 

One of the Danaides. Her husband's name w as ^ 
I'hante.^. ApoUod. 2, 1. The wife of the phi- 
losopher, Pythagoras, daujjhter of Pythaiiax of: 



1 Creta, or, according to others, of r>rontinus »P. 

I Crotcna. lHog. b, 42. The daughter <if. 

; Pythagoras. A poetess of Locris, A pries- 
tess of Athens, daughter ot Menon, who refused 
' to pronounce a curse up'-n Alcibiades, when he 
i was accused of having mutilated all the statues 

, ot Mercury. Pad The mother of Paus- 

J anias. tshe was the first, as it is reported, who 
j brought a stone to the entrance of Minerva's 
temple to shut up her son, when she he-ord of 
! his crimes and perfidy to his country. Polyce7u 

I 8 A Trojan matron, who became mother of 

I Mimas by Amvcus, the same night that Paris 
was born. Firg. .Sn. 10, 703. 

Theb^, {-aruDi), one of the most ancient and 
celebrated ot the Grecian cities, the capital of 
Boeotia, situated near the river Ismcnus, and in 
a north-eastern direction from Plataea. It was 
founded by Cadmus, who called it Cadmea, an 
appellation which was subsequently confined to 
the citadel only, but he afterwards gave it the 
name of Thebes, from the great ^Egyptian city. 
It was originally witl^ut walls, but Amphion 
,and Zethus built them by the sound of the lyre; 
from its seren gales, it is surnamed ewTairoXts, 
Eteocles and Polynices, the two sons of Oldipus, 
king of Thebes, inherited their father's throne, 
and mutually agreed that they should reign each 
a year alternately. Eteocles ascended the throne 
first, by right of seniority; but when the year 
was expired, he refused to resign the crown to 
his brother. Upon this, Polynices fled to Argos, 
to implore the assistance of the Argives, and 
there married Argia, the daughter of Adrastus, 
king of the country, and levied a large army, at 
the head of which he marched against Thebes, 
The command of this army w as divided amongst 
seven celebrated chiefs, who were to attack the 
seven gates of the city. The battle, however, 
was decided by single combat between the two 
brothers, who both killed one another. Epa- 
minondas, under whom the Thebans rose to the 
highest reputation, was the great ornament of 
their city. Pelopidas, the famous Theban 
general was born here, as was also Pmdar. 
Alexander, the son of Philip, proved the ruin of 
the city by razing it to the ground, in revenge 
for the inhabitants revolting against him; but he 
spared the' house and family of Pindar, from 
admiration of the poet. ApoUod. 2, 4, &c. — 
JJela, 2, 3.— P.:us. 2,6, 9, 5. — Strab. 9.— Pint, in 
Pel. Finn, et Alex.—C. Ncn. in Pel. Epam.8iC. 
-Horat.Art. Poet. 39i. — Ovid. Met. 2, 561. 4, 

416, &c. Phthioticae, a city of Thessaly, in 

the district of Phthiotis, situate about 300 stadia 
from Larissa, and not far from the sea. In a 
military point of view its importance w as great, 
as it commanded the avenues of Magnesia and 
Thessalv, from its vicinity to Demetrias Phera; 
and Pharsalus. Polyb. 5, 99, Scc—Lv'. 33, 5. 

39, 25. A celebrated city of Upper Egypt, 

the capital of Thebais. It was built at so remote 
a period, that the Egyptians reckoned it the 
most ancient city in the world. Thel es is men- 
tioned in Holy 'Writ by the name of No and 
Ammon No, and it was called by the Greeks 
Diospolis Magna or the Great City of Jove, from 
its being sacred to the father of the gods. It 
had obtained a great importance in a very early 
age, as may be conjectured from its being men- 
tioned by Homer, who describes it as having a 
hundred gates, whence it was sumamod Heta- 
tonipylos, liom each ol which il could pi-ur 



Till! 



715 



THE 



forth 200 armed men. It was forty miles in' 
cinrumference. and was surrounded by a waU24 
feel thick. It was the first residence of the 
kings of Egypt, who were buried in magnificent 
sepulchres hewn out of the Lybian mountains 
iin the western side of the Nile; their great pa- 
lace was also on the same bank of the river, in 
a part ot the city named Meranonium after the 
famous Memnon. In the times of the Greeks 
and Romans the appellation Diospolis was en- 
tirely confined to that part of Thebes which lay 
east of the Nile, the remainder being known by 
its old title of Memnonium. Alter its destruc- 
tion by Cambyses, Thebes never rose to its 
former grandeur and importance, the subsequent 
kings having taken up their residence at Mem- 
phis. Its site is now occupied by several vil- 
lages, as Carnac, Luxor, Medina^ Thabu, &c. the 
last of which appears still to preserve some 
vestiges of the ancient name. Pun. 5, 9. — Juv. 
15, \{i. — Tac.Ann.2,&Q.—Herod 2et 3.— Diod. 
2.— Horn. II. 9, m.—Strab. Vi. — Mela, 1, 9. 

Thebais, a country in the southern parts of 

Egypt, of which Thebes was the capital 

There have been some poems which have borne 
the name of Thebais, but of these the only one 
extant is the Thebais of Statius. Vid. Statius. 

Thkbe, a city of Mysia, north of Adra 
myttium, and surnamed Hypoplaci^, from being 
situated under a hill called" Placos. It was the 
birth-place of Andromache, and was taken by 
Achilles during the Trojan war. Ham. II. 6, 

397. — Lin. 37, 19. The wife of Alexander, 

tyrant of Pheraa. She was persuaded by Pelo- 
pidas to murder her husband. 

Thelxiofe, one of the Muses, according to 
gome writers. Cic de Fin. 3, 21 . 

Themis, a daughter of Coelus and Terra, 
who married Jupiter against her own inclina- 
tion. She became mother of Dice, Irene, Eu- 
nomia, the Parcae, and Horui; and was the first 
to whom the inhabitants of the earth raised 
temples. Her oracle was famous in Attica in 
the age of Deucalion, who consulted it with 
great solemnity, and was instructed how to re- 
pair the loss of mankind. She was generally 
attended by the seasons. Among the modems 
she is represented as holding a sword in one 
hand, and a pair of scales in the other. Ovid. 

Met. I, 321. A daughter of Ilus, who married 

Capvs, and became mother of Anchises. Apol- 
lod. 3, 12. 

THEMlsci'RA, a city of Pontus, capital of a 
district of the same name. The town of The- 
miscyra appears to have been one of very early 
origin. Scylax mentions it as a Grecian state; 
Herodotus also speaks of it; and Appian re- 
ports that it was besieged by Lucullus after the 
retreat of Mithridates from Cyzicus. The 
Themiscyrians defended themselves with vi- 
gour, and when their walls were undermined, 
they sent bears, and other wild bea?ts, and even 
swarms of bees, against the workmen of the 
enemy. Scylax, p. 33 — Herod. % Qij.— Appian 
B. M>Lhr. 78. 

Them^SON, a famous physician of Laodicea, 
disciple to Asclepiades. He was founder of a 
sect called Methodists, because he wished to 
introduce methods to facilitate the learning and 
the practice of physic. He flourished in the 

Augustan age. PUn. 20, I.— Juv. 10, 221. 

One of the generals of Antiochus the Great. He 
was born at Cyprus, ^Aian. V. il. 2, 11. 



THRMfSTA, or THK.^liSTis, a goddess, th? 
same as Tiiemis. 

Themistius, a Greek orator and philosopher, 
who, for his eloquence, was called Euphradcs. 
He flourished in the fourth century, at Constan- 
tinople, where Constantius elected him into tiie 
spnate, and ordered a statue to be set up in 
honour of hi.m in 361. Succeeding emperors 
showed him equal respect ; and Theodosius 
made him prefect of the city. Though Themis- 
tius was a heathen, he kept up a correspon- 
dence with the Christians, particularly Gregory 
of Nazianzus. His orations have been pub- 
lished by Hardouin. Themistius also wrote 
commentaries on the works of Aristotle. 

Themisto, a daughter of Hypseus, was the 
third wi.'e of Athamas, king of Thebes, by 
whom she had four sons, called Ptous, Leucon, 
Schceneus, and Ery throes. She endeavoured 
to kill the children of Ino, her husband's 
second wife, but she killed her own by means of 
Iro, who lived in her house in the disguise of a 
servant-maid, and to whom she entrusted her 
bloody intentions, upon which she destroyed 

herself. Pans. 9, 23. — Apollod. 1, 9. The 

mother of the poet Homer, according to a tra- 
dition mentioned by Pausanias,-10, 24. 

The>IISTOCLES, a celebrated general, born 
at Athens. His father's name was Neocles, and 
his mother's Euterpe, or Abrotonum, a native 
of Halicarnassus, or of Thrace, or Acarnania. 
The beginning of his youth was marked by 
vices so flagrant, and an inclination so incorri- 
gible, that his father disinherited him. This, 
which might have disheartened others, roused 
the ambition of Themistocles, and the protec- 
tion which he was denied at home, he sought in 
courting the favours of the populace, and in 
sharing the administration of public affairs. 
When Xerxes invaded Greece, Themistocles was 
at the head of the Athenian republic, and in this 
capacity the fleet was entrusted to his care. 
While the Lacedasmonians tmder Leonidas 
were opposing the Persians at Thermopylae, the 
naval operations of Themistocles, and the com- 
bined fleet of the Peloponnesians were directed 
to destroy the armament of Xerxes, and to ruin 
his maritime power. The obstinate wish of the 
generals to command the Grecian fleet, might 
have proved fatal to the interests of the allies, 
had not Themistocles freely relinquished his 
pretensions, and by nominating his rival Eury- 
biades master of the expedition, shown the 
•Aorld that his ambition could stoop when his 
country demanded his assistance. The Persian 
fleet was distressed at Artemisium by a violent 
storm, and the feeble attack of the Greeks; but 
a decisive battle had never been fought, if The- 
mistocles had not used threats and entreaties, 
and even called religion to his aid, and the fa- 
vourable answers of the oracle, to second his 
measures. The Greeks, actuated by different 
views, were unwilling to make head by sea 
against an enemy whom they saw victorious by 
land, plundering their cities, and destroying all 
by fire and sword; but before they were dis- 
persed, Themistocles sent intelligence of their 
intentions to the Persian monarch. Xerxes, by 
immediately blocking them with his fleet, in the 
bay of Salamis, prevented their escape, and 
while he wished to crush them all at one blow, 
he oblised them to fp^hr for their safety, as well 
as for the honour ol ilu ir country. Thin battle, 



I 



THE 



716 



THE 



which was fought near the island of Salamis, 
B.C. 480, was decisive, the Greeks obtained the 
victory, and Theniistocles the honour of having 
destroyed the formidable navy of Xerxes. Fur- 
ther to ensure the peace of his country, Themis- 
tocles informed the Asiatic monarch, that the 
Greeks had conspired to cut the bridge which 
he had built across the Hellespont, and to pre- 
vent his r( treat into Asia. This met with equal 
success; Xerxes hastened away from Greece, 
and while he believed, on the words of Themis- 
tocles, that his return would be disputed, he left 
his forces without a general, and his fleets an 
easy conquest to the victoricus Greeks. These 
signal services to his country, endeared The- 
tnistocles to the Athenians, and he was univer- 
sally called the most warlike and most coura- 
geous of all the Greeks who fought against the 
Persians. He was received with the most dis- 
tinguished honours, and, by his prudent admi-r 
nistration, Athens was soon fortified with strong 
walls, her Pireus was rebuilt, and her iiarbours 
were filled with a numerous and powerful navy, 
which rendered her the mistress of Greece. 
Yet in the midst of that glory the conqueror of 
Xerxes incurred the displeasure of his coun- 
trymen, which had proved so fatal to many 
of his illustrious predecessors. He was ban- 
ished from the city, and after he had sought 
in vain a safe retreat among the republics of 
Greece, and the barbarians of Thrace, he threw 
himself into the arms of a monarch, whose fleets 
he had defeated, and whose father he had ruin- 
ed. Artaxerxes, the successor of Xerxes, re- 
ceived the illustrious Athenian with kindness; 
and though he had formerly set a price upon his 
head, yet he made him one of his greatest fa- 
vourites, and bestowed three rich cities upon 
him, to provide him with bread, wine, and meat. 
Such kindnesses from a monarch, from whom 
he, perhaps, expected the most hostile treat- 
ment, did not alter the sentiments of Theniisto- 
cles. He still remembered that Athens gave 
him birth, and according to some writers, the 
wish of not injuring his country, and therefore 
his inability of carrying on war against Greece, 
at the request of Artaxerxes, obMged him to de- 
stroy himself by drinking bull's blood. The 
manner of his death, however, is uncertain, and 
while some affirm that he poisoned himself, 
others declare that he fell a prey to a violent 
distemper in the city of Magnesia, where he had 
fixed his residence, while in the dominions of 
the Persian monarch. His bones were conveyed 
to Attica and honoured with a magnificent tomb 
by the Athenians, '.\ho began to repent too la'e 
of their cruelty to the saviour of his country. 
Themistocles died in the 65th year of his age, 
about 449 years before the Christian era. He 
has been admired as a man naturally courage- 
ous, of a disposirion fond of activity, ambitious 
of ;^lory and enterprise. Blessed with a pro- 
vident and discerning mind, he seemed to rise 
Euprrinr to misfortunes, and in the midst of 
adversity, was possessed of resources which 
could enable him to regain his splendour, and 
even to command fortune. Plut. ei C. Nep. in 
yUa.-P us. 1, 1. 6, b2.-Mlian. V. H 2, 12.9, 

IS. 13. 4(1. A.writer, some of whose letters are 

exiant. The best edition is that of Bremer, 8vo. 
Lips. 1770. 

TuEoci.YMK.vrs. a soothsayer of Argolis, 
descended fium Melampus. His father s n^r^e 



j was Thestor. He foretold tne speedy return of 
! Ulvsses to Penelope and Telemachus. Hoiner. 
I Od. 15, 2-^5, ScQ.— Hygin. f .h. 128. 
! Theocritus, a Greek poet, a native of Syra- 
cuse, who flourished in the time of Ptolemy 
Philadelphus, and in the reign oi the second 
Hiero, B.C. 270. He was instructed, in his early 
education, by Asclepiades of ISamos, and Ptiil- 
etas of Cos ; subsequently he became the friend 
of Aratus, and passed a part of his days at 
Alexandria, and the remainder in Sicily. It 
has been supposed that he was strangled by order 
of Hiero, king of Sicily, in revenge lor some 
satirical invectives; but the passage of Ovid, on 
j which the supposition rests, mentions only '"the 
i Syracusan poet," and it does not follow that this 
I was our bard. The compositions of Theocritus 
I bear the name of Idylls (Ei^iiAXia), by which 
j word i.s meant not one particular class of sub- 
i jects, but miscellaneous or occasio-^al pieces of 
! various but moderate lengths. They are all 
I written in the Doric dialect yet few of them are 
pr operly p.ist(irals, though the greater part refer 
to cour try life and manners. The purely pas- 
lor.al may still be placed at the head of that 
ipecies of composition, from the truth and sim- 
plicity of the manners, sometimes, indei-d, 
deviating to coarseness, and the pleasing descrip- 
tions of natural objects, evidently drawn froni 
the life. In these respects Theocritus greatly 
excels his imitators, and his poetry in general 
is highly aareeable to all who have a taste for 
genuine simplicity and the beauties of nature. 
The most esteemed editions of Theocritus are 
that of Wharton, 2 vols. 4to. Oxon. 1770 ; that 
of Yalckenaer, 8vo. L. Bat. 17S1; that of Gais- 
ford, in the Poefae Minores, 4 vols. 8vo. Cxon. 
IS 16- 20; and that of Kiessling, 6vo. Lip. 1819." 
Pi.lwhele has translated this author into English- 
verse with notes. 

THEODAMA3,or THI0DA5I AS,a king of Mysia, 
in Asia Minor. He was killed by Hercules, be- 
cause he refused to treat him and his son Hyllus 
with hospitality. O; id. in lb. 435. — Apollod. 2, 
: l.-Hygin./ab. 271. 

! Thkodectes, a Greek orator and poet of 
I Phaselis in Pamphylia, son of Aristander, and 
! disciple of Isocrates. He w rote 50 tragedies 
besides other works now lost. He had such a 
! happy memory that he could repeat with ease 
j whatever verses were spoken in his presence. 
When Alexander passed through Phaselis, he 
crowned with garlands the statue which had 
i been erected to the memory of the poet. Cic. 
j Tusc. 1, 24. hi Oral. 51, Szc—PiuL— Quintil. 

Theodora, a daughter-in-law of the em- 
peror Maximi;<n. who married Constantius.- 

A daughter of Constantine. A woman who, 

' from being a prostitute, became empress to 
1 Justinian, and distinguished herself by her in- 
I trigues and enterprises.— The name of Theo- 
j dora is common to the empresses of the east in 
I a later peri'->d. 

Thegdori tuS, one of the Greek fathers, was 
born at Aniioch about A.D. 3;6. He was a 
; di?ciple of Chrysostom. In 4i0 he was mr.de 
I bishop of Cyrrhus, in Syria, where he labourf-d 
j assiduously in converting a rude people, .-.nd 
opposiniT the erro/s of Nestorius. He died 
I about -460. He is the aurhor of a history ci^m- 
I mencinjr in 323, where that of Eus<-bius ends, 
I and terminating in 42S. The best tditioa is tiiac 
j of Keaduig, fol. Cautab. 17^0. 



THE 



717 



THE 



TkeodorL'S, a Syracusan of great authority 
amoiig his cuuntrynien, vi ho severely inveighed 
against the ijr.-nriv oi Dionysius A philoso- 
pher, disciple to Aiistippus. He denied the ex- 
istence of a God. He was banished from Cyrene, 
and fled to Athens, where the friendship of 
Demetrius Phalereus saved him from the accu- 
sations which sWere carried to the Areopagus 
against him. Some suppose that he was at last 
condemned to death for his impiety, and that he 

drank poison. A preceptor to one of the sons 

ot Antony, whom he betrayed to Augustus. 

A consul in the reign of Hcnorius. Claudian 
wrote a poem upon him, in which he praises 

him with great liberality. A secretary of 

Valens. He conspired against the emperor and 

was beheaded. A Greek poet of Colophon, 

whose compositions are lost. A Greek poet 

in the age of Cleopatra. He wrote a book of 
metamorphoses, which Ovid imitated, as some 
suppose. 

Theodosia, a town on the south-east side of 
the Tauric Chersonese, called also Capha, now 
O'JTa. Mela, 2, 1. 

THEODOSlopTiLlS, a town of Armenia, built 
by Theodosius, &c. It is now called Hassan- 

Caleh.- Another in Mesopotamia, on the river 

Chaboras. Its previous name was Resaina, and 
it was founded by a colony in the reign of Sep- 
tiniius Severus. Vid. Resaina. 

'i'HEODOSius, FliAVius, a Roman emperor 
surnamed Magnus from the greatness of his 
exploits. He was invested with the imperial 
purple by Gratian, and appointed over Thrace 
and the eastern provinces, which had been in 
the possession of Valentinian. The first years 
of his reign were marked by different conquests 
over the barbarians. The Goths were defeated 
in Thrace, and 4000 of their chariots, with an 
immense number of prisoners of both sexeSj 
were the reward of the victory. This glorious 
campaign intimidated the inveterate enemies 
of Rome; they sued for peace, and treaties of 
alliance were made with distant nations, who 
wished to gain the favours and the friendship 
of a prince whose military virtues were so con- 
spicuous. Some conspiracies were formed 
against the emperor, but Theodosius totally 
disregarded them; and while he punished his 
competitors for the imperial purple, he thought 
himself sufficiently secure in the love and the 
affection of his subjects. His reception at 
Rome was that of a conqueror; he triumphed 
over the barbarians, and restored peace in every 
part of the empire. He died of a dropsy at 
Milan, in the GOth year of his age, after a reign 
of 16 years, the 17th of January, A. D. 395. 
His body was conveyed to Constantinople, and 
buried by his son Arcadius, in the tomb of 
Constantine, Theodosius was the last of the 
emperors who was the sole master of the whole 
Roman empire. He left three children. Area- 
dins and Honorius, who succeeded him, and 
Pulcheria. Theodosius has been commended 
by ancient writers as a prince blessed with 
every virtue, and debased by no vi(;i(>us propen- 
sity. Though master of the world he was a 
stranger to that pride and arrogance which too 
often disgrace the monarch; he was affable in 
his behaviour, benevolent and compassionate, 
and it was his wish to treat his subjects as hmi 
self was treated when a private man. and a 
dependant. Men of niiril were promoted to 



places of trust and honour, and the <ropeior 
was fond of patronising the cause of virtue and 
learning. His zeal as a follower of Christianity 
has been applauded by all tha ecclesiastical 
writers, and it was the wiah of Theodosius to 
support the revealed religion, as much by his 
example, meekness, and Christian charity, as 
by his edicts and ecclesiastical institutions. 
His want of clemency, however, in one instance, 
was too openly betrayed, and when the people 
of Thessalonica had unmeaningly, perhaps, 
killed one of his officers, the emperor ordered 
his soldiers to put all the inhabitants to the 
sword, and no less than 6000 persons without 
distinction of rank, age, or sex, were cruelly 
butchered in that town in the space of three 
hours. This violence irritated the ecclesiastics, 
and Theodosius was compelled by St Ambrose 
to do open penance in the church, and publicly 
to make atonement for an act of barbarity 
which had excluded him from the bosom of the 
church and the communion of the faithful. In 
his private character Theodosius was an exam- 
ple of soberness and temperance, his palace 
displayed becoming grandeur, but still with 
moderation. He never indulged luxury, or 
countenanced superfluities. He was fond of 
bodily exercise, and never gave himself up to 
pleasure and enervating enjoyments. The laws 
and regulations which he introduced in the 
Roman em.pire, vt'cre of the most salutary na- 
ture. Socrat. 5, - Zosim. 4. Src.—Ambros. — 

Augustin. — Claudian- Sfc. The 2d, succeeded 

his father Arcadius as emperor of the western 
Roman empire, though only in the eighth year 
of his age. He was governed by his sister Pul- 
cheria, and by his ministers and eunuchs, in 
whose hands was the disposal of the offices of 
state, and all places of trust and honour. He 
married Eudoxia, the daughter of a philosopher 
called Leontius, a woman remarkable for her 
virtues and piety. The territories of Theodo- 
sius were invaded by the Persians, but the 
emperor soon appeared at the head of a numerous 
force, and the two hostile armies met on the 
frontiers of the empire. The consternation was 
universal on both sides; without even a battle, 
the Persians fled, and no less than 100,00(1 were 
lost in the waters of the Euphrates. Theodosius 
raised the siege of Nisibis, where his operations 
failed of success, and he averted the fury of the 
Huns and Vandals by bribes and. promises. He 
died on the 29th of July, in the 49th year of his 
age, A. D. 450, leaving only one daughter, 
Licinia Eudoxia, whom he married to the em- 
peror Valentinian 3d. The carelessness and 
inattention of Theodosius to public affairs are 
well known. He signed all the papers that 
were brought to him without even opening them 
or reading them, till his sister apprized him of 
his negligence, and rendered him more careful 
and diligent, by making him sign a paper, in 
which he delivered into her hands Eudoxia his 
wife as a slave and menial servant. The laws 
and regulations which were promulgated under 
him, and selected from the most useful and 
salutary institutions of his imperial predeces- 
sors, have been called the TTicodosian coc/e. The- . 
odosius w as a warm advocate for the Christian 
religion, but he has been blamed for his partial 
attachment to those who opposed the orthodox 

faith. Sozor.i. — Sorrafes, ^t. A matb< mati- 

cian of Tripoli--, in ]>ydia, who flouiished pro- 



THE 



718 



THE 



bably under the emperor Trajan, about A. D. 
100. He wrote three books on the sphere, which 
were translated from the Greek into Arabic, 
and from thence into Latin. The best edition 

is that of Hunt, 5vo. Oxon. 1707 A Roman 

general, father of Theodosius the Great; he 
dit-d A. D. 376. 

TheodStus, an admiral of the Rhodians, 
sent by his countrymen to make a treaty with 

the Romans. A native of Chios, who, as 

preceptor and counsellor of Ptolemy, advised j 
the feeble monarch to murder Pompey. He i 
carried the head of the unfortunate Roman to 
Ciesar, but the resentment of the conqueror was | 
such that the mean assassin fled, and, after a i 
wandering and miserable life in the cities of j 
Asia, he was at last put to death by Brutus, j 

Plut. in Brut, et Pomp. A governor of Bac- ' 

iriana, in the age of Antiochus. who revolted 

and made himself king, B. C. 250. A friend 

of the emperor Julian. 

Theognis, a Greek poet, was a native of 
Megara. in Greece, and flourished about B, C. 
546. There remain of his poetry 1238 verses, 
belonging to the class of yK^^at \sentenlice) or 
maxims. They are simple verses or couplets, 
once, probably, forming parts of connected 
poems; two poems, particularly, are said to have 
been -composed by him. The portions extant 
are valued for their moral, rather than their 
poetical character. Theognis is said to have 
died B.C. 495. His verses are addressed, under 
the name of exhortations, chiefly to 

a young man to whom he gives counsel on the 
conduct of life. He has been reproached for the 
licentious nature of some of his sentiments; yet 
nothing of this character appears in the frag- 
ments extant. He inculcates religious and filial 
duty, and recommends caution in the choice of 
friends. It is not improbable, that some of the 
verses ascribed to Theognis are of later origin, 
although most of them are thought to be evi- 
dently of high antiquity. In ISiS, or near that 
time. 159 verses, never printed, were discorered 
by Bekker, in a Modena manuscript. These 
added make the whole number extant about 
1400. The best edition of Theognis is that of 
Bekker, 8vo. Lips. 1315. 

Theomxestus. a rival of Nicias in the ad- 
ministration of public affairs at Athens. An 

Athenian philosopher, among the followers of 
Piato's doctrines. He had Brutus CcEsar s mur- 
derer, among his pupils. 

THEOPHAne, a daughter of Bisaltus, whom 
Neptune changed into a sheep, to remove her 
from her numerous suitors, and conveyed to the 
island Crumissa. The god afterwards assumed 
the shape of a ram, and under this transforma- 
tion he had by the nymph a ram with a golden 
fleece, which carried Phrvxus to Colchis. Ovid. 
Met. 6, 177. - nygin./ab.'\S8. 

TheophAnks, a Greek historian, bom at 
Mitylene. He was very intimate with Pompey, 
and from his friendship with the Roman gene- 
ral, his countrymen derived many advantages. 
After the battle of Pharsalia, he advised Pom- 
pey to retire to the court of Egypt. Cic. pro 
Arch. &c. - Paterc. 2, IS. — Plui. in Cic. et Pomp. 

His son, M. Pompeius Theophanes, was 

made governor of Asia, and enjoyed the inti- 
macy of Tiberius. A native of Constanti- 
nople, known as ;.n liistorian, and as an ecclesi- 
astic at the seventh general council. He was 



banished into Sattiathrace by the jealousy of 
Leo the Armenian, and died there in 818 HCi 
is author of a chronicle, extending from tbbe 
period where Syncellus finishes, to the reign (tif, 
Michael Curopalata. of which the best edition iS} 
that of the Louvre, 1655, folio. . ! 

THEOPHANIA, festivals celebrated at Delphij 
in hoiiour of Apollo. 

ThccphIlus, a governor of Syria in the age' 

of Juiian. A friend of Piso A physician,. 

whose treatise de Urinis is best edited by Guido-i 
tius. L. Bat. 1723. The best edition of'&nGtherl 
work of his, de/abrica ho7ninis, is that by Moiell, 
Svo. Paris, 1556. Theophilus flourished undefj 

Heraclius, about A. D. 630. A bishop of An-' 

tioch. ordained to that see in 168 or 170, A.D. 
He opposed the heretics with great vigour, and 
wrote several books which are lost, except three 
in defence of the Christian religion, addresi^ed 
to a learned heathen named Autolycus. They 
were published by Conrad Gesner, at Zurich, in 
15-16. Theophilus is said to have been the first 
who made use of the word Trinity to express 'he 

three persons in the Godhead. The name of 

Theophilus is common among the primitive 
Christians. 

Theophrastus, a Greek philosopher, was 
born B.C. 371, at Eresos. a maritime town of 
the island of Lesbos^ After an education in the 
rudiments of learning in his own coimtry, his 
father, who is said to have been a fuller, sent : 
him to Athens, where he became a disciple first 
of Plato, and then of Aristotle. Under these 
eminent masters he made so great a progress in 
philosophy, which he adorned with eloquence 
and every liberal accomplishment, that when 
Aristotle withdrew to Calcis, he ntiminateu 
Theophrastus his successor in the Peripatetic 
sehooi. In this office, which he undertook B.C- 
323, he acquired so high a reputation that he H 
said to have been attended by 2000 scholars, 
among whom are found the names of Nicomachus 
the son of Aristotle, Erasistratus the celebrated 
physician, Demetrius Phalereus, and Menander. 
His fame extended to foreign countries, and he 
received an invitation to Egypt from Ptolemy, 
and to Macedon from Cassander. He deserved 
well of his country, which he is said twice to 
have freed from the domination of tyrants. He 
was so great a favourite with the Athenians, 
that when he was accused by one of his enemies 
of teaching impious doctrines, the accuser him- 
self narrowly escaped the punishment which he 
proposed to inflict on Theophrastus. He con- 

. tributed liberally towards the expense attending 
the public ireetings of the philosophers; and he 
consulted the dignity of his profession by ap- 
pearing in the schools in an elegant dress, and 
being very attentive to the graces of elocution. 
For this last quality he was so conspicuous, that 

j Aristotle, it is said, changed his original name 
of Tyrtamus, first to Euphrastus, the fine 
speaker, and then to Theophr stus, the divine 
speaker. Towards the close of his life he grew 
so infirm, that he was carried to the school on a 
couch. He reached, however, the age of 85, 
yet complained of the shortness of human life; 

I observing that nature had granted longevity to 
stags and crows, to whom it is of little value, 
but had denied it to man, who, when just ar- 
rived within sight of the summit of science, was 
carried off without being allowed to attain it. 
Theophrastus a rote many valuable works, some 



THE 



19 



THE 



\ of which have come do"n to u«. His ethical 
! pieces, styled UOikoi, XapaifTripes,Mor d Charucler^, 
'■> possess great worth, being written with brevity 
'!| and eloquence.and stamped \\ith truth and evinc- 
i\ ing much Itiiovuledge of human nature. They 
ij have the appearance, however, of being merely 
I extracts from the moral writings of Theophras- 
:j tus, made subsequently to his times. We have 
^ also, under the name of Theophrastus, a Bonk 
i\ of Metaphysics, and a. trea-iise irepi aioOr/treuis, On 
4 Perception. Of the numerous works on natural 
ij history written by Theophrastus, the following 
J< alone remain : wfpt (pvToiv Itr-optaj, History o) 
! Pl.ntS, in 10 books; nepl (pVTixZy atriZv, On the 
-| GiusesofPi uts, in lU books, of wli;ch only 6 
|j have come down to us; nepl Xiewv, Of S ones. 
I We have also from him several other treatises 
li on Winds, Fire, Odours &c. and various fr«g- 
IJ ments preserved in Photius. The best ediiicn 
I'l of the works of Theophrastus is that of Schnei- 
ij der, 5 vols. 8vo. Lips. 1818. The treatise on 
)] stones has bet-n translated into English by J. 
!, Hill, and is accompanied by very useful notes, 
i 8vo. Lond. 17/7. Toe best editions of the 
Characters" are. that of Casaubon, Svo. L. Bat. 
1592, that of Fische'-, Rvo. Coburg, 1763, and that 
of Ast, Svo. Lips. 1816. 
' Theophylactus, SIMOCATTA, a Byzan- 
tine historian. He wrote in eight books the 
history of the reign of the emperor Maurice, 
ending with the massacre of this prince and his 
children by Phocas. This work was printed at 

j Paris, in 16-J7, fi-lio One of the Greek fa- 

i thers, who flourished A D. 1070. His works 
'■■ were edited at Venice, 4 vols. 1754 to 1763. 

TheopOlis, a name given to Antioch, be- 
i; cause the Christians first received their name 
! thfre. 

Theopompus, a king of Sparta, of the family 
I of the Proclidae, who succeedfd his father Ni- 
cander, and distinguished himself by the many 
new regulatinns which he introduced. He cre- 
ated the Ephori, and died, after a long and 
peaceful reisn, B.C. 723. While he sat on the 
thror>e, the Spartans made war against Mesfenia, 

Plut. in Lyc. Paus. 3, 7 A famous Greek 

historian of Chios, disciple of Isocrntes, who 
flourished B C 35 K All his compositions are 
lost, except a few fragments quoted by ancient 
writers. He i.s compared to Thucydides and 
i Herodotus, as an historian, yet he is severely 
j censured for his satirical remaiks and illiberal 
reflections. He obtained a prize in which his 
ma-ttr was a competitor, and he was liberally 
rewarded for composing tlie best funeral oration 
in honour of Mausolus. His father's name was 
Dama-istratus. Plut. in Lys. — C. Nep 7. — 
Pa«.^. 6, 18.- Quint il. 10, 1. 

THEOXEnTa, a festival celebrated in honour 
of all the godfiin every city of Greece, but espe- 
cially at Athens. The Dioscuri establishpd a 
festival of the same name, in honour of the gods 
who had visited them at one of their entertain- 
ments. 

TheoxeNiCS, a Furname of Apollo. 

TherA, now Sanlorin, the mcist celebratrd 
of the Sporades, situate about 700 stadia fr(im 
ihe Cretan coast, and nearly 200 s'adia in cir- 
cumference. It was said by mytlioh.gists to have 
been formed in the sea, by a clod of earth, 
thrown from the ship Argo, and on its first ap- 
pearance obtained the name of Calliste. It was 
tirst colonised by the Phoenicians, and after- 



wards by the Lace<?aemonians, who settled here 
the descendants of the Minyae after they had 
been expelled by the Pelasgi from Lemnos. 
Theras, who headed this fugitive colony, gave 
his name to the island- Several generations 
afterwards, these Minya?, under Battus, founded 
Cyrene in Africa. 'Sirab. 10, Plin. 4, 12.— 
Hewd. 4, 147, 150, &c.—Paus. 3, \.-Pind. Pyth. 
4, iO. 

Theramenes, an Athenian philosopher and 
general in the age of Alcibiades. His father's 
name was Agnon. He was one of the thirty 
tj rants at Athens, but he had no share in the 
cruelties and oppression which disgraced thi^ir 
administration. He was accu.=ed by Critias, 
one of his colleague?, becatise he opposed their 
views, and he was condemned to drink hemlock, 
though defended by his own innocence, and the 
tiienuly intercession of the philosopher So- 
crates. He drank the poison with great compo- 
sure, and poured some of it on the ground, with 
the sarcas-.tical exclamation of, This is to the 
health oj Critias. This happened about 404 years 
before the Christian era. Theramenes, on ac- 
count of the ficklfness of his disposition, has 
been called Cothurnus, a kind of shoe used for 
eiiher foot. Cic. de Oral. 3, 16.- PLut. in Alcib. 
&e.- C. Nep. 

Therapn^, a town of Laconia, south-east 
of Sparta, and near the Eurotas. It received 
its name from Therapoce, daughter of Lelex. 
Here were shown the temple ol Menelaus, as 
v\ell as his tomb and that of Helen, and a temple 
of the Dioscuri, who are hence surnamed The- 
rnpncp.i fratres. Therapn^e probably corres- 
ponds with the village of Chrysapha, about two 
miles to the south-east of the ruins of Sparta. 
Pind.Isthm. 1, 43. Pyth. 11, 95. Nem. 10. If 6. 

A town of Boeotia, between Thebes and the 

liver Asopus, and in a line neaily with Potniae. 
Sitrab. 9, 

Therma, a town of Macedonia, afterwards 
called Thessalo7iica, in honour of the wife of Cas- 
sander, and now Salonichi. Fid. Thessalonica. 

TherMJS, (bUhs), This term is frequently 
used in connection with an adjective : thus. 
Thermae Selinuntiae are the warm baths adja- 
cent to the ancient Selinus, now Sciacca,- Ther- 
maj Himerenses, those adjacent to Himera on 
the northern coast of Sicily, now Termini, which 
has also become the modern name for the re- 
mains of the ancient city. So also in speaking 
of the warm baths constructed at Rome by va- 
rious emperors, w e read of the Thermae of Dio- 
cletian, &c- 

ThermaiCUS Sinus, a large bay setting up 
between the c^ast of Pieria. and that o( Chalci- 
dice, and rleriving its name from the city of 
Therma at its north-eastern extremity. It was 
also called Macrdonicus Sinus, from its ad- 
vancing so far int > the country of Macedonia. 
The modern name is the gulf of Salonichi. Fid, 
Thessalonica. 

ThermODON, a river of Pontus, rising in the 
mountains on the confines of Armenia Minor, 
and pursuing a course nearly due west until it 
reaches the plain of Themi.-icyra, when it turns 
to the north and empties into the Sinus Ami- 
penus. It is celchrnted by the poets of anti- 
quity as the fabled seal of the Amazons. It is 
now called the Thermeh. Herod. 9, 27.— Vir^. 
A?n. 11 , r,59. ^ Propert. 3, 14 — Plin. 6. 3. 

THERMOPf LiE, a small pass leading from 



i 



THE 



720 



THE 



Thessaly into Locris and Phocis. It has a , but these obstacles were easily removed by thel 
large ridge of mountains on the west, and the I courageous son of iEgeus. He destroyed Cory-I 
sea on the east, with deep and dangerous ' netes, Synnis, Sciron, Cercyon Procrustes, and| 
marshes, being in the narrowest part only 25 j the celebrated Phjea. At Athens, however 



feet in breadih. Thermopylas receives its name 
from the hot baths w hich are in the neighbour- 
hood, li is celebrated for a battle which was 
fought there B.C. 480, on the 7ih of August be- 
tween Xerxes and the Greeks, in which bOO 
Spartans resisted for three successive days re- 
peatedly the attacks of the most brave and 
courageous of the Persian army, which, accord- 
ing to some historians, amounted to five mil- 
lions. There was alsn another battle fought 
there, between the Romans, and Antifchus, 

king of Svria. Herodot. 7 17C, &c Lit. 3G 15. 

— Mela, 2. Z.—Paus. 7, 15. 

T.HERMUS, or Thermum, a city of ^tolia, 
north-east of Stratos, considered from its inac- 
cessible situation as the citadel of the whole 
c mntry. Here were held splendid games and 
festivals, and here the Panas.oHc assemblies met 
to decide upon the sffairs of the republic. This 
opulent and handsome city was twice attacked 
and razed to the ground by Philip the Third of* 
Macedon,in revenge for the excesses committed 
by the iEtolians at Dium and Dodona. Pohjb. 
5, 7, &c. 11, 4. 

Theron, a tyrant of Agrigentum, who died 



reception was not cordial; Medea lived there | 
with iEgeus, and as she knew that her influence' 
would fall to the ground, if Theseus was received! 
in his father's house, she attempted to destroy; 
him before his arrival was made public, ^geus 
was himself to give the cup of poison to this un-' 
known stranger at a feast, but the sight of hisj 
sword on the side of Tneseus reminded him ofl 
his amours with -Ethra. He knew him to be his 
son, and the people of Athens were glad to find! 
that this illustrious stranger, who had cleared 
Attica from robbers and pirates, was the son of 
their m.onarch. The tallantides, who expected 
to succeed their uncle ^^Ijieus on the throne, as; 
he apparently had no children, attempted to as- 
sassinate Theseus, but they fell a prey to their 
own barbarity, and were all put to death by the 
young prince. The bull of Marathon next en- 
gaged the attention of Thestus. The labour 
seemed arduous, but he caught the animal p.l.ve, 
and after he had led it through the streets of 
Athens, he sacrificed it to Minerva, or the god of j 
Delphi. After this. Theseus went to Crete, 
among the seven chosen youths whom the Athe- 
nians yearly sent to be devoured by the Mino- ! 



472 B.C. A Rutulian who attempted to kill j taur. The wish to deliver his country frc 

iEneas. He perished in the attempt. Virg. JEn. dreadf il a tribute, engaged him to undertake 
10,312. this expedition. He was successful, by means 

Thersander, a son of Polynices and Argia. j of Ariadne, the daughter of Minos, who was 
He accompanied the Greeks to the Trojan war, enamoured of him, and after he had escaped 
but he was killed in Mysia by Telephus, before ! from the labyrinth with a clue of thread, and 
the confederate army reached the enemy's coun- I killed the Minotaur, [JYc/. Minotaurus.] he 

try. Virg. Mn. 2, 261. — ApoUod. 3, 7. A son . sailed from Crete with six boys and seven maid- 

of Sisyphus, king of Corinth. lens, whom his victory had equally redeemed 

Thersilochus, a leader of the Paeonians in from death. In the island of Naxos, w here he 
the Trojan war, killed by Achilles. Virg. .Mn. was driven by the winds, he had the meanness 

6, 483 A friend of jEneas, killed by Turnus. to abandon Ariadne, to whom he was indebted 

Id. 12, 363. for his safety. The rejoicings which his return 

ThersItes, an oflRcer, the most deformed might have occasioned at Athens, were inter- 
aud illiberal of the Greeks during the Trojan ; rupted by the death of Mgens, who threw him- 
war. He was fond of ridiculing his fellow sol- i self into the sea when he savv- his son's ship re- 
diers, particularly Asamemnon, Achilles, and i turn with black sails, which was the signal of 
UUsses. Achilles killed him with one blow of i ill success. [^Vid. JEigens.'] His ascension on his 
li;s fist, because he laughed at his m.ourning the ; father's throne was universally applauded, B.C. 
death of Penthesilea. Ovid, ex Pont. 4, 13, 15. I 1235. The Athenians were governed «ith mild- 
Apollod. 1, 8. — Horner. 11. 2, 212, &c. j ness, and Theseus made new regulations, and 

Theseid^, a patronymic given to the Athe- j enacted new laws. The number of the inhabi- 



tants of Athens was increased by the liberality 
of the monarch, religious worship was attended 
with more than usual solemnity, a court was 
instituted which had the care of all civil afifair.s, 
and Theseus made the government democrati- 
cal, while he reserved for himself only the com- 
mand of the armies. The fame which he had 
gained by his victories and policy, made his al- 



nians from Theseus, one of their kings. Virg 
G 2, 3?3 

Theseis, a poem written by Codrus. contain- 
ing an account of the life and actions of Theseus, 
and now lost. Juv. 1, 2. 

Theseus, king of Athens, and son of ^Egeus, 
by iEthra, the daughter of Pittheus, was one of 
the most celebrated of the heroes of antiquity. 

He was educated at Troezene in the house of liance ourted; but Pirithous, king of the Lapi- 
Pittheus, and as he was not publicly acknow- i thK, alone wished to gain his friendship, by 
ledged to be the son of the king of Athens, he I meeting him in the field of battle. He invaded' 
passed for the son of Neptune. When he came , the territories of Attica, and when Theseus hart 
to years of maturity, he was sent by his mother marched out to meet him, the two enemies, 
to his father, and a sword was given him, by j struck at the sight of each other, rushed between 
which he miight make himself known to iEgeus their two arm.ies, to embrace one another in the 
in a private manner. \_Vid. .iEffeus.] His jour- ^ most cord'al and affectionate manner, and from 
ney to Athens was not across the sea, as it was ' that time began the most sincere and admired 
usual with travellers, but Theseus determined i friendship, w hich has become proverbial. The- 
to signa'.ise himself in going by land, and on- j sens was preserc at the nuptials of his friend, 
countering d faculties. The road which led and he was l lie ri ^^.t eager and courageous of the 
from Troszene to Athens wai^ intested with r. b- Lapithce, in the defence of Hippodamia and her 
bers and wild beasts, and rendered impassable; female attendants, against the brutal attempts 



THE 



'2i 



THE 



J of lhe Centaurs. When Pirithous had lost Hip- 
j piKianiia, he agreed with Theseus, '.vhose wife 
III Phoedra was also dead, to carry away some of the 
■II dniighters of the gods. The first attempt was 
I upon Helen, the daughter ol Leda, and after they 

!! had obtained this beautiful prize, they cast lots, 
' and she became the property of Theseus. The 
Athenian monarch entrusted her to the care of 
j his mother ^thra, at Aphidnae, till she was of 
I nubile years, but the resentment of Castor and 

!| Pollux soon obliged him to restore her safe into 
1 their hands. Helen, before she reached Sparta, 
! became mother of a daughter by Theseus; but 
jj this tradition, confirmed by some ancient my- 
I ihi/logists, is confuted by others, who affirm 
I tiiat she was but nine years old when carried 
away by the two royal friends, and Ovid intro- 
I duces her in one of his epistles, saying, ExcepeO 
Tedii passa timore nihil. Some time afier The- 
li seus assisted his friend in procuring a wife, and 
J they both descended into the infernal regions to 
'j carry away Proserpine. Pluto, apprised of 
their intentions, stopped them. Pirithous was 
placed on his father's wheel, and Theseus was 
tied to a huge stone on which he had sat to rest 
himself. Virgil represents him in this eternal 
state of pnnishment, repeating to the shades in 
Tartarus, the words of Discite justiliam moniti et 
non iemnere divos. Apollodorus, how ever, and 
others declare, that he was not long detained in 
hell; when Hercules came to steal the dog Cer- 
berus, he tore him away from the stone, but 
with such violence, that his skin was left be- 
hind. The same assistance was given to Piri- 
thous, and the two friends returned upon the 
; earth by the favour of Hercules, and the consent 
1 of the infernal deities, not, however, without 
suffering the most excruciating torments. Dur- 
ing the captivity of Theseus in the kingdom of 
Pluto, Mnestheus, one of the descendants of 
Krechtheus, ingratiated himself into the favour 
oi the people of Athens, and obtained thecrown in 
preference to the children of the absent monarch. 
At his return Theseus attempted to eject the 
usurper, but to no purpose. The Athenians had 
forgotten his many services, and he retired with 
great mortification to the court of Lycomedes, 
king of the island of Scyros. After paying him 
much attention, Lycomedes, either jealous of 
his fame, or bribed by the presents of Mnes- 
theus, carried him to a high rock, on pretence 
ofshowing him the extent of his dominions, and 
threw him down a deep precipice- Some sup- 
j pose that Theseus inadvertently fell down this 
I precipice, and that he was crushed to death with- 
out receiving any violence from Lycomedes. 
The children of Theseus, after the death of 
Mnestheus, recovered the Athenian throne, and 
that the memory of their father might not be 
without the honours due to a hero, they brought 
his remains from Scyros, and gave them a mag- 
! nificent burial. They also raised statues and a 
temple, and festivals and games were publicly 
' instituted to commemorate the actions of a hero, 
who had rendered such services to the people 
of Athens. These festivals were still cele- 
brated with oritrinal solemnity in the age of 
Pausanias and Plutarch, about 1200 years after 
the death of The.-;eus. The historians disagree 
from the poets in their accounts about this hero, 
and they all suppose, that instead of attempting 
(> carry away the wife of Pluto, the two friends 
v, i?hed to seduce a daughter of Aidoneus, king 



of the Molossi. This daughter, as they say, 
bore the name of Proserpine, and the dogv\hich 
kept the gates of the palace was called Cerberus, 
and hence perhaps arises the fiction of the poets. 
Pirithous was torn to pieces by the dog, hut 
Theseus was confined in prison, from whence he 
made his escape some time after, by the assis- 
tance of Hercules. Some authors place Theseus 
and his friend in the number of the Argonauts, 
but they were both detained, either in the in- 
fernal regions, or in the country of the Molossi, 
in the time of Jason's expedition to Colchis. 
Plut. in Vita. — Apollod. 3. - Hygiti. fab. 14, 79. 
- Pans. 1, 2, &.c.— Ovid. Met. 7, 4^3. lb. 412. 

Fast. 3, 473, 491. Eeroid. 10 — Diod. 1 et 4 

Lvcan. 2, 612. — Homer. Od. 21, 293. Hesiod. in 
Scut. Here — Mlian. V. H 4, 5.-Siai. Theh. 5, 
— Propert. S.— Ludani. ad Theb. S;at.~ 
Philostr. Icon. 1. Place 2. — Apollon, 1. — Virg. 
JEn. 6, 61 7- — Seneca i7t Hippol. 

TllESlD^, a name given to the people of 
Athens, because they were governed by The- 
seus. 

ThesIdes, a patronymic applied to the chil- 
dren of Theseus, especially Hippolytus. Ovid. 
Her. 4, 65. 

Thesmoph5ra, a surname of Ceres, as law- 
giver, in whose honour festivals were instituted 
called Thesmophoria. The Thesmophoria were 
instituted by Triptolemus, or, according to some, 
by Orpheus, or the daughters of Danaus. The 
greatest part of the Grecian cities, especially 
Athens, observed them with great solemnity. 
The worshippers were free-born women, whose 
husbands were oblif^ed to defray the expenses of 
the festival. They were assisted by a priest 
failed aTP(pauo(p6pos, because he carried a crown 
on his head. There were also certain virgins 
who officiated, and were maintained at the pub- 
lic expense. The free-born women w ere dressed 
in white robes to intimate their spo'less inno- 
cence; they were charged to observe the strictest 
chastity during three or five days before the 
celebration, and during the four days of the so- 
lemnity; and on that account it was usual for 
them to strew tlieir bed with agnus castas, Jlea- 
bane, and all such herbs as were supposed to 
have the power of expelling all venereal propen- 
sities. They were also charged not to eat 
pomegranates, or to wear garlands on their 
heads, as the whole was to be observed with the 
greatest signs of seriousness and gravity , without 
any display of wantonness or levity. It was, 
however, usual to jest at one another, -as the 
goddess Ceres had been made to smile by a 
merry expression when she was sad and melan- 
choly for the recent loss of her daughter Proser- 
pine. Three days were required for the prepar- 
ation, and upon the llih of the month called 
Pyanepsion, the women went to Eleusis, carry- 
ing books on their hejuds, in which the laws 
which the goddess had invented were contained. 
On the I4th of the sanie month the festival be- 
gan, on the 16th day a fast was observed, and 
the women sat on the ground in token of humi- 
liation. It was usual during the festival to offer 
prayers to Ceres, Proserpine, Plulo, and Calli- 
genia, whom some suppose to be the nurse or 
favourite maid of the goddess of corn, or per- 
haps one of her surnames. There were some 
sacrifices of a mysterious nature, and all per- 
sons whose offence was small were released 
from confinement. Such as were initiated at 
3 P 



THE 



722 



THE 



the festivals of Eleusis assisted at the Thesmo- 
phoria. Tlie place of high priest was heredi- 
tary in the family of Eumolpus. Ovid. Met. 10, 

431. Fas(. 4, 6\9.—Apollod. 1, 4 Firg. /En. 4, 

i,S.—Sophocl. in CEdip. Col.— Clem. Alex. 

THESMOTHETiE. a name given to the last six 
Archons among the Athenians, because they 
took particular care to enforce the laws, and to 
see justice impartially administered/ They 
were at that time nine in number. 

Thespia, or Thespiae, a town of Boeotia, 40 
stadia from Ascra, and near the foot of Helicon, 
looking towards the south and the CrisFaean 
gulf. The Thespians alone of all the Boeotians 
refused to tender earth and water as a token of 
submission to Xerxes. They assisted Leonidas 
at Thermopylae, and hence drew upon them the 
anger of the Persians, who burnt their city. 
Thespia was the birth-place of the celebrated 
courtezan Phryne, who, on receiving as a pre- 
sent from Praxiteles a beautiful statue of Cupid, 
presented it to her native city. Pausanias af- 
firms that this celebrated statue was sent to Rome 
by Caligula, but was afterwards restored to 
Thespia by Claudius. Nero removed it again 
to Rome, where it was destroyed by fire. Pliny, 
however, asserts that it still existed in his day 
in the schools of Octavia. It is now pretty well 
ascertained, by the researches of recent travel- 
lers, that the ruins of Thespia are occupied by 
the modern Eremo Castro. Herod. 7, 132 et 222, 
8, 50 — Sirab. 9.- Paus. 9, 26. - PUn. 36, 5. 

Thespiad^, the sons of the Thespiades. 
Vid. Thespius. 

ThespiAdes, a name given to the 50 daugh- 
ters of Thespius. Vid. Thespius. Also a 

surname of the nine Muses, because they were 
held in great veneration in Thespia. 

Thespis, a Greek poet of Attica, supposed 
by some to be the inventor of tragedy, 536 years 
before Christ. His representations were very 
rustic and imperfect. He went from town to 
town upon a cart, on which was erected a tem- 
porary stage, where two actors, whose faces were 
daubed with the lees of wine, entertained the 
audience with choral songs, &c. Solon was a 
great enemv to his dramatic representations. 
Horaf. Art. P. 276. - Diog. 

TheSPEOTIA, a district of Epirus, along the 
coast opposite to Coreyra, and extending also 
some distance inland. Of all the Epirotic 
tribes, the Thesproti appear to have been the 
most ancient. Horn. Od. 14, Zib.— Herod. 2, .56. 
7. 176 — Strah. 1. 

ThrssaLiA, a country of Greece, bounded on 
the south by mount a^;ta; on the west by the 
range of Pindus, dividing it from Epirus; on the 
north by the Cambunian mountains, extending' 
from Pindus to Clympus, and separating it from 
Macedonia; and on the east by the .iEgean sea. | 
In earlier times it bore the several names of ' 
.lEmonia, Argos Pelasgiciim, Hellas, Pyrrha, ! 
yEolis, &c.; that of Thessalia being derivpd ; 
from Thessalus, one of its kings It was origin- 
ally composed of many principalities, whirh 
united themselves subsequently, under the 
direction of a supreme magistrate, into a federal 
body, the first society of the kind established in 
Greece. Its government, however, brought it 
but little glory, for with the exception of one 
mnmnntary period of splendour in its hiscory, 
Thecsnly nppenrs to have been one of the « enk- 
est a; d moat insignificant provinces in the wlu^le 



country; at the same time that its resources, ilsl 
extent, and its capability of defence, ought toj 
h ive gained for it the very highest rank amongsti 
the other states. After having successively sub-! 
mitted to the yokes of Persia and Macedonia, iti 
was wrested from the latter power by the Ro-; 
mans, after the victory of Cynoscephalee, whenj, 
it was declared free by a decree of the senate! ' 
and people, or in other words, was made a Ro-', 
man province. With the exception perhaps ofi 
Boeotia. Thessaly seems to have been the mostr 
fertile and productive part of Greece, in wine.f 
oil, and corn, but more especially the latter, of 
which it exported a considerable quantity tot 
foreign countries. Hence, as might be expected,' 
the Thessalians were the wealthiest people in; 
Greece, nor were they exempt from those vices; 
which riches and luxury generally bring in their 
train. Their treachery was so proverbial, that 
falsp coin was called Thessalian money, and ai 
perfidious action Thessalian deceit. They were' 
likewise remarkably superstitious, and much 
addicted to witchcraft, incantations, and the 
study of magic. It seems to have been the 
general opinion of antiquity, that Thessaly was ! 
at some remote period covered by the waters of 
the Peneus and its tributary rivers, until some' 
great revolution of nature had rent asunder the 
gorge of Tempe, and thus afr.)rded a passage! 
to the pent up streams, a tradition connected no , 
dnubt with the deluge, which was said to have! 
flooded the country in the days of Deucalion.! 
Herod. 7, r,&.-~Slrab. 9. — Liv. 33. 32. 36. 9, &c.j 
—Xen. Hist. Gr. 6, \, i.— Theophr. Hist. Plant.^ 
8. 7 et 10.— Athen. 12, b.— Horat. Od- 1, 27, 21. | 
Epod. 5, 45. Epist. 2, 2, 203- - Tilull. 2,4, 56. ' 

Thessaliotis, a part of Thessaly, at the| 
south of the river Peneus. \ 
Thessalonica, a large and populous cityi 
and sea-port of Macedonia, the capital of one of I 
the four districts into which the Romans divided' 
that country after its conquest by Paulus .^mi- \ 
lius. It was situated at the north-eastern ex-j 
tremity of the Sinus Thermaicus, and was 
anciently called Therma; but, being rebuilt by 
Philip the father of Alexander, after his victory] 
over the Thessalians, it then received the name 
of Thess.ilonica. At the time of writing the 
epistle to the Thessalonian?, Thessalonica was 
the residence of the proconsul who governed the | 
province of Macedonia, and of the quaestor who | 
had the charge of the imperial revenues. Be- ' 
sides being the seat of gcvernment, this port 
carried on an extensive commerce, which cause d 
a great influx of strangers from all quarters; so 
that Thessalonica was remarkable for the num- 
ber, wealth, and learning of its inhabitants. Toe 
Jews were extremely numerous here. The 
modern name of this place is Salonichi. It is 
the chief port of modern Greece, and has a po- 
pulation of 6000 persons. 1200 of whom are Jews. 
Thucyd. 1, 21. 2. 29— raft. Epist. l.-Uv. 44, 

10et 45, 45, 29 A daughter of Philip, king ofi 

Macedonia, sister to Alexander the Great. She I 
married Cassander, by whom she had a son called 
Antipater, who put her to death. Paus. S 7- 
Thess.Alus, son of Hercules and Calliope, 

daughter of Euryphilus. A physician of Ly- 

dia, in the age of Nero. He gained the favours 
of the great and opulent at Rome, by the mean- 
ness and servility of his behaviour. He treated 
all physicians with contempt, and thought him 
self superior to all his predecessors. 



TliE 



723 



THO 



ThestAlcs a son of Hercules and Epicaste. 

Apollod. 

Thestor, a son of Idmon and Laothoe, 
father to Calchas. From him Calchas is often 
called Thedoridcs. Ovid. Met. 12, Stat. 
Ach. 1, ^[il.-Apollon. 1, 239. -Horn. 11. 1, 69 

Thestylis, a countrywoman mentioned in 
Theocritus and Virgil. 

Thetis, one of the sea deities, daughter of 
Nereusand Doris, often confounde J with Tethys 
her grandmother. She was courted by Neptune 
and Jupiter; but when the gods were informed 
that the son she should bring forth must become 
Ijreater than his father, their addresses were 
^tDpped, and Peleus, the son of ^acus, was 
permitted to solicit her hand. Thetis refused 
him, but the lover had the artifice to catch her 
when asleep, and by binding her strongly, he 
prevented her from escaping from his grasp, in 
assuming different forms. When Thetis found 
that she could not elude the vigilance of her 
lover, she consented to marry him, though 
much against her inclination. Their nuptials 
were celebrated on mount Pelion with great 
pomp; all the deities attended except the god- 
dess of Discord, who punished the negligence of 
Peleus, by throwing into the midst of the assem- 
bly a golden apple, to be given to the fairest of 
all the goddesses. \_Vid. Discordia.] Thetis 
became mother of several children by Peleus, 
but all these she destroyed by fire in attempting 
to see whether they were immortal. Achilles 
must have shared the same fate, if Peleus had 
not snatched him from her hand as she was 
going to repeat the cruel operation. She after- 
wards rendered him invulnerable by plunging 
him in the waters of the Styx, except that part 
of the heel by which she held him. As Thetis 
"ell knew the fate of her son, she attempted to 
remove him from the Trojan war by concealing 
him in the court of Lycomedes. This was use- 
less, he went with the rest of the Greeks. The 
mother, still anxious for his preservation, pre- 
vailed upon Vulcan to make him a suit of 
armour; but when it was done, she refused the 
god the favours which she had promised him. 
When Achilles was killed by Paris, Thetis 
issued out of the sea with the Nereides to mourn 
his death, and after she had collected his ashes 
in a golden urn, she raised a monument to his 
memory, and instituted festivals in his honour. 
Hesiod. Theog. 214, &c. - Apollod. 1, 2 et 9. 3, 
13. 'Hygin. f -b. 5!. Homer. II. 1. &c. Od. 
24, bj,~Paus. 5, 18, 8ic.-0vid. Met. 11, 7- 12, 
1, &c. 

Theutis or Teuthis, a prince of a town 
of the same name in Arcadia, who went to the 
Trojan war. He quarreled with Agamemnon 
at Aulis, and when Minerva under the form of 
Melas son of Ops, attempted to pacify him, he 
struck the goddess and returned home. Some 
say that the goddess afterwards appeared to him 
and showed him the wound which he had given 
her in the thigh, and that he died soon after. 
Paus. 8, 28. 

Thia, the mother of the sun, moon and 
Aurora, by Hyperion. IVid. Thea.] Hesiod, 

fheog. 371. One of the Sporade* that rose 

out of the sea in the age of Pliny. Plin. 27, 12. 

Thimbron, a Lacedaemonian, chosen gen- 
eral to conduct a war against Persia. He was 
rec;i)led, and .-.ftcrwards re-appointed. Hedied 

i{. C 3yi. 



ThirmiDA, a town in the interior of Numi- 
dia, where Hiempsal was slain by the soldiers 
of Jugurtha. SaV. Jug. 12 et 41. 

Thisbe, a beautiful woman of Babylcn. 
[_Vi'i. Pyramus.] A town of Bosotia, north- 
west of Ascra, and near the confines of Phocis. 
It was f.imed for its abounding in wild pigeons. 
The modern Kakosia marks its site. Horn. 11. 
2, 502. - Strao. 9. 

Thoas, a king of Taurica Chersonesus, in 
the age of Orestes and Pylades. He would 
have immolated these two celebrated strangj-rs 
on Diana's altars, according to the barbarous 
customs of the couniry, had they not been 
delivered by Iphigenia. \_Vid. Iphigenia. ] 
According to some, Thoas was the son of Bo- 

rysthenes. Ovid. Pont. 3, 2 A king of Lem- 

nos, son of Bacchus and Ariadne, the daughter 
of Minos, and husband of Myrine. He had 
been made king of Leranos by Rhadamanthus. 
He was still alive when the Lemnian women 
conspired to kill all the males in the island, 
but his life was spared by his only daughter 
Hipsipyle, in whose favour he had resigned the 
crown. Hipsipyle obliged her father to depart 
secretly from Lemnos, to escape from the fury 
of the women, and he arrived safe in a neigh- 
bouring island, which some call Chios, though 
many suppose that Thoas was assassinated by 
the enraged females before he bad left Lemnos. 
Some mythologists confound the king of Lem- 
nos with that of Chersonesus, and suppose that 
they were one and the same man. According 
to their opinion, Thoas was very young when 
he retired from Lemnos, and after that he went 
to Taurica Chersonesus, where he settled, 
FlaccS, 2m.- Hygin. fah. 74, 120.— Owd. in 
lb. 3S4. Hcroid. 6, \U.-Stat. Theh. 5, 262 et 
436 — Apollon. Rhod. 1, 209 et ^\b.— Apollod. 1, 

Eurip. in Iphig. A son of Andremon and 

Gorge, the daughter of ffineus. He went to 
the Trojan war with 15 or rather 40 ships^. 
Horn. II. 2, 8cc.—Dictys. Cret. \. — Hygin. fab. 
97. An officer of -^Etolia, who strongly op- 
posed the views of tha Rom.ans, and favoured 
the interest of Antiochus, B. C. 193. Liv. S5, 

12. One of the friends of ^neas in Italy, 

killed by Halesus. Firg. Mn. 10, 4J5. 

Thom^RIS, called also Tamyris, Tameris, 
Thamyris and Tomeris, was queen of the Mas- 
sagetae. After her husband's death she marched 
against Cyrus, who wished to invaded her ter- 
ritories, cut his army to pieces, and killed him 
on the spot. The barbarous queen ordered the 
head of the fallen monarch to be cut off and 
thrown into a vessel full of human blood, 
exclaiming as this was dene, " Take then thy 
fill," or words to that effect. Her son had been 
conquered by Cyrus before she marched herself 
at the head of her armies. Herod. 1,205.— 
Justin. I, 8. 

Thoon, a Trojan chief killed by Ulysses. 
Ovid. Met. IcS, 259- 

Thorax, a mountain near Magnesia in 
Ionia, where the grammarian Dapliitas was 
suspended on a cross for his jibusive language 
against kings and absolute princes, whence the 

proverb cate a Thorace. Strab. 14. A 

Lacedaemonian officer w ho served under Lysan-. 
der. and was put to death by the Ephori. Plut. 

in hys. A man of Larissa, who paid nwch 

attention to the dead body of Antigonus, &c. 

THORNAx, now Thornika^ a mountain of 
3 P 2 



THO 



724 



THU 



Laconia, north of Sparta, and forming part of ; 
the range called Menelaium. On its summit j 
v>&s a temple of Apollo, with a statue of the 
god, to which a quantity of gold was presented ' 
by Croesus; but the Lacedsemonians made use 
of it afterwards to adorn the more revered image 
of the Amyclean Apollo. Herod. 1, 69. — Paus. 
3, 10. 

Thoth, an Egyptian deity, the same as 
Mercury. 

Thrace, a daughter of Titan. A name of 

Thrace. Fid. Thracia. 

Thr.aces, the inhabitants of Thrace. Fid. 
Tiiracia. 

ThraciA, in its extended sense, conprehended 
the whole country bounded on the noith by the 
Danube, on the east by the Euxine and Propon- 
tis, on the south by the Mgean sea, and on the 
west by the rivers Strymon and Drinus, con- 
nected by the chain of Mons Scardus. This 
great extent of country, governed by many prin- 
ces, was divided on its conquest by the Romans 
into Moesia and Tnracia properly so called. 
The latter province, answering to the modern 
district of Roumelia in its confined sense, was 
bounded on the norih by the chain of mount 
Hasmus, on the east by the Euxine and Propon- 
tis, on the south by the ^gean sea, and on the 
west by the river Nestus, though its limits in 
this last direction extended once to the river 
Strymon. At a much later period, it v>as sub- 
divided into four districts; Europa to the south- 
east, Rhodope to the south-west, Thracia to the 
north-west, and Ha;mimontus to the north-east. 
The Thracians are said to have obtained their 
name from Thrax, the son of Mars, but the 
later Greek writers regarded it as originally 
derived from the word Tpaxeia., denoting roKgh 
in their language, and thought that this country 
was so named from its mountainous nature. 
The appellation, however, used by the oriental 
writers to distinguish Thrace, plainly shows 
that the name of the country was originally 
derived from Tiraz or Thiraz the son of Japhet, 
who probably settled in the north-western ex- 
tremity of Asia Minor, whence his descendants 
afterwards sent colonies into Thrace in Europe. 
The Thracians were a cruel, though brave and 
warlike people, whence Mars was said to have 
been born in their country, and to have resided 
amongst them; but, notwithstanding this, they 
attained to a remarkable stale of civilization. 
Herod. 4. 99 5, 3. - Strab. 1 et 7. - V^rg. Mn. 3, 
&c — Mela, 2, 2. &c.— Paws. 9, 29, Sic— Ovid. 
Met. 11, 92 13, 565, &c. - C. Aep. in Ale 11. 

Thraseas, Pas us, a Roman senator in the 
reign of Nero, distinguished for his integrity 
and patriotism. He was a native of Patavium, 
educated in the tenets of Stoicism, and a warm 
admirer of the character of Cato of Utica, wl ose 
life he wrote. His contempt of the base adula- 
tion of the senate, and his open and manly ani- 
madversions on the enormities of the emperor, 
■^vere the occasion of his being condemned to 
death. He died A.D. 66, in the 13th year of 
Nero's reign. Tacitus says that Nero endea- 
voured to extirpate virtue itself by the destruc- 
tion of Pastus and Soranus. Juv. 5, 36 —Martial. 
1, 19.— Tacit. Ann. 15, 16. 

Thrasybulus a famous general of Athens. 
whT) began the expulsion of the thirty tyrants of 
his country though he w as only assisted by thirty 
of his friends. His tlforts were attended with 



; success, B.C. 401, and the only reward he re- | 

j ceived for this patriotic action was a crown made'; |i I 

with two twigs of an olive-branch; a proof of his- t r 

j own disinterestedness and of the virtue of his i 

countrymen. The Athenians employed a man j 1 

whose abilities and humanity were so conspi- | I 

cuous, and Thrasybulus was sent with a power- \ t 

ful tieet to recover their lost power in the \ I 
.^^ean, and on the coast of Asia. Af er he had | 
gained many advantages, this great man was i 

killed in his camp by the inhabitants of Aspen- l i 

dus. whom his soldiers had plundered without | i 

his knowledge, B. C. 391. Died. 1-1.- C. Kep. > 

in Vita. - Cic. Phil.— Val. M-x. 4, 1. A tyrant ( 

of Miletus, B C 634- A son of Gelon, banish- i t 

ed from Syracuse, of which he was the tyrant, t { 

B.C. 466. \ P 

Thrasyllus, a man of Attica, so disordered ( p 

in his mind that he believed all the ships which fc c 

entered the Piraeus to be his own. He was cured • t 

by means of his brother, whom he liberally re- ; f 

proached for depriving him of that happy illu- i ti 

sion of mind. ^lian. V. H. 4, 25. One of the ) f 

Athenian commanders at the battle of Argi- i p 

nusas, condemned to death with his colleagues for i i 

omitting to collect and bury the dead after the i c 

action. [Fid. Arginusae.] A Greek Pythagu- I r 

rean philosopher and mathematician, who en- i ii 

joved the favours and the friendship of Augustus I a 

and Tiberius. Suet, in Tib. 14. j 1 

ThrasymaCHUS, a native of Carthage, who j c 

became the pupil of Isocrates and of Plato. / t 

Though he was a public teacher at Athens, he I 1 

starved for want of bread, and at last hanged I h 

himself. Juv. 7, 204. j { 

THRASYMENt'S, a lake of Italy, in Etruria, ! ii 

a few miles to the south of Cortona, celebrated ( b 

for a battle fought there between Hannibal and t i 

the Romans, under Flaminius, B.C 217. No | li 

less than 15 000 Romans were left dead on the ) j 

field of battle, and 10. 000 taken prisoners, or, f 

according to Livy, 6000, or Polybius 15,000. I i 

The loss of Hannibal was about 1500 men. i n 
About 10,000 Romans made their escape all \ 
covered with wounds. This lake is now called I 

Lago di Perugia, from the city of Perugia, the 1 f 

ancient Perusia, at its southern extremity, i il 

StraL. 5. Orid. Fast. 6, 765. g 

THRElcirs. of Thrace. Orpheus is called by ti 

wav of eminence Tlireicius Sacerdos. Virg, Mn. ai 

6, 645. fa 

THREISSA, an epithet applied to Harpalyce, j 

a native cf Thrace. Virg. JEh. 1, 320. ji 

ThrI AMBUS one of the surnames of Bacchus. •( 

ThronIlm. a town of the Locri Epicnemidii, j \ 

in Greece, near the river Boagrius. It was I n 
thirty stadia from Scarphea, and at some dis- 1 

tance from the coast. It was taken by the Athe- | n 

nians during the Peloponnesian war, and seve- i « 

ral years after it fell into the hands of Onomar- | u 

chus. the Phocisn general, who enslaved the ; 

inhabitants. Homer. II. 2, 5'63.— Strab. 9. — ! & 

Thucyd. 2, 26 Diod. Sic 12, 44. n 
ThucyDiDES, a celebrated Greek historian, I j 

was born in the 77th Olympiad, about 470 B.C. f h 

He was the son of Oforus, or Orolus, which j j 

name, being that of a Thracian prince, indicates ^ 

a connection with that country; and it appears ' jj 

from his own information that he possessed gold I j 

mines in it. and had a considerable irfluence \ j, 

over its chiefs. His family was one of the prin- ), 

cipal in Athens, and was related to that of Mil- ; ^ 

tiadcs. He received the liberal eductitiun usual i , 



THU 



725 



THY 



among Athenians of rank, and w as instrncted in 
rhetoric b> Antiph n. t-nd in philo-oiihy by 
Anaxagoras. The generous tmulation with which 
he was inspired, manifested itself upon hearing 
Herodotus recite his history at the Olympic fes- 
tival, when he burst into tears; and that distin- 
guished writer observing the circumstance, is 
aid to have congratulated Olorus on his son's 
isposition. He was at Athens during the 
dreadful pestilence in that city at the com- 
mencement of the Peloponnesian war, and bore 
a hhare in the calamity. In the eighth year of 
that war he had a command in Thrace, where 
he was opposed to the distinguished Spartan 
I general, Brasidas; and the latter having sur- 
I prised the town of Amphipolis, Thucydides was 
punished for the loss, which apparently he 
could not have prevented, by banishment. His 
exile was fortunate for literature, since he occu- 
pied himself during the twenty years of its con- 
tinuance in making the inquiries through differ- 
ent parts of Greece which enabled him to com- 
pose his history, conversing with the principal 
actors on both sides in the events which he re- 
corded, and spai ing no pains to obtain an accu- 
rate view of their causes and of the different 
interests of sta'es and individuals. He resided 
a considerable time in Thrace; but of his farther 
life, and the time and place of his death, nothing 
certain is known. It is the conjecture of Dod- 
well that he passed his 60th year, and died in 
Tlirace. The history of Thucydides compre- 
hends the transactions of the first 20 years of the 
Peloponnesian war, disposed in eight books; it 
indeed goes back some years earlier to the war 
between Corinth and Corcyra; but this is by 
way of preliminary to his subject, while deve- 
loping the causes of the long contest which he 
afterwards describes, and which continued still 
eight years beyond the close of his narrative. 
Although he has taken a topic much more li- 
mited than that of his predecessor and rival in 
fame, Herodotus, yet the manner in which he 
has treated it, may justly give him the prefer- 
ence in historicai merit, and entitle his work to 
that praise which an eminent modem writer has 
given it, that "the first page of Thucydides is 
the commencement of real history." His char- 
acteristics are great diligence in ascertaining 
facts from the best authority, which, indeed, in 
m.any instances was his personal knowledge; 
and, as far as we can judge, perfect impartiality, 
so that it would not be possible to discover from 
his narrative what was his country or party. As 
examples of this quality, he has painted as a 
great man his antagonist Brasidas; and has 
mentioned his own banishment as a simple fscf, 
w ith no other remark than that it afTordsd him 
the necessary leisure for the task he urdertook. 
Further, sagacity in tracing causes and effects, 
and a philosophical spirit in forniing his judg- 
ment of human aflairs, place him in the class of 
the first writers in this department. His Fubject 
has not afforded him much scope for striking 
description, yet he has given specimer;S of nar- 
rative which are hij^hly interesting, and denote 
the writer of genius. His style has been the 
subject of much criticism, and certainly excel- 
lence in that respect is not the quality for which 
he is most to be valued. It is of the kind an- 
ciently termed the austere. It aims .it force 
and brevity, rather than harmony, elegance, or 
perspicuity. Its extreme concisenesj, and bdc! 



transpositions, render it frequently obscure, a 
tieiect not c< mpensated by lis energy and ileva- 
tion. The best editions of Thucydides, are that 
of Hudson, fol. Oxon. 1696; that of Gottleber 
and Bauer, 2 vols. 4ro, Lips. 1790 1S04: that 
of Hsack, 2 vols. 8vo, Lips. 1820; that of Bek- 
ker, 4 vols. 8vo, Oxon. 1821, and that of Bloom- 
field, 3 vols. ]2mo, Lond. 1830. There are two 
excellent English translations of Thucydides, 
one by Smith, and the other by Bloomfield.— 

A rival of Pericles. A son of Memnon. 

Thuisto, one of the deities of the Germans. 
Tacit. 

Thijle, an island in the most northern parts 
of the German ocean, to which, on account of 
its great distance from the continent, the an- 
ci?nts gave the epithet of i/Z/zwa. Its situatioa 
was never accurately ascertained, hence its pre- 
sent name is unknown by modern historians. 
Siime suppose that it is the island now called 
Iceland, or part of Greenland,whilst others ima- 
gine it to be the Shetland isles. Stat. Syl. 3, 5, 

20.— Strub. I.— Mela, 3, 6.— Tacit. Agric. 10 

P:in. 2, 75. 4, 16.— Vtrg. G. 1, SQ—Juv. 15. 112. 

ThcRiI. a city of Lucania, in Lower Italy, 
near the site of the more ancient Sybaris, and 
which was founded by a colony from Athens, 
about fifty-five years after the overthrow of the 
latter city. Two celebrated characters are 
named among those who joined this expedition, 
which was collected from different parts of 
Greece; these were Herodotus, and Lysias the 
orator. The remains of ancient Thurii must 
be placed between the site of ancient Sybaris 
and Terra Aova. Aristot. de Rhet. 3, 9.—Diod. 
Sic. 12, 1(! — Strab. 6. 

ThurInus, a name given fo Augustus when 
he was young, either because some of his pro- 
genitors were natives of Thurium, or because 
they had distinguished themselves there. Suet. 
Aug. 7. 

Thuscia, a country of Italy, the same as 
Etruria. Fid. Etruria. 

Thyabes, {sing. Thyas,) a name of the 
Bacchanals. They received it from Thyas, 
daughter of Castalius, and m.oiher of Delphus, 
by Apollo. She was the first woman who was 
priestess of the god Bacchus. ?'irg. JSn. 4, 302. 
—Pans. 10,4. 

Thyamis, now the Calama, a river of Epirus, 
dividing Thesprotia fioui the district of Ces- 
trine. It appears from Cicero, that Atticus had 
an estate on the banks of the Thyamis. Thucyd. 

1. 46. — Cic, ad Ait. 7, 7 A promontory of 

Epirus, near the river of the same name, now 
Cape Nissi. 

THYATiRA, now Akhifsar, a city of Lydia, 
ne.-.r the noithprn corfines. situate on the small 
river Lyeus, not far from its source. Strabo in- 
forms us that it was a Macedonian colony, and 
Steph. Byz. confirms this account, while he adds 
to it by saying, that it was named by Seleucus 
Nicanor. Antiochus was encamped in its vi- 
cinity when about to engage with the Roman 
army under Scipio, but retired to Magnesia on 
his approach. It surrendered to the con.^ul after 
the battle. Thyatira is interesting to the Chris- 
tian antiquarian, as one of the seven churches 
of the Apocalypse. Strab. 13 — Liv. 37, 8 et 44. 
— Apoc. 1,11.2, 18 

Thyestes, a son of Pelops and Hippodamia, 
and grandron of Tantalu-, debauched ^rope, 
the wire of his brother Atreus, because he re- 
3 P 3 



THY 



726 



TIB 



fused to take him as his colleague on the throne 
of Argos. This was no £Ooner knovrn, than 
Atreus divorced jErope, and banished Thyesres 
from his kingdom ; but soon after, the more 
effectually to punish his infi lelity, he expressed 
a wish to be reconciled to him, and recalled him 
to Argos. Tnyes es was received by his bro her 
at an elegant entertainment, but he was soon 
i if jrmed that he had been feedingup m the fl-'sh 
of one of his own children. Tnis Atreus took 
care to communicate to him by showing him 
the remains of his son's body. This action ap- 
peared so barbirous, tha-, according to the at^- 
cient mythologists, the sun changed his usual 
cou-se, not to be a spectator of so bloody a 
scene. Thyestes escaped from his brother, and 
fled to Epirus. Some time after he met his 
daughter Pelopeia in a grove sacred to Minerva, 
and he offered her violence without knowing 
■who she was. Tnis incest, however, according 
to some, was intentionally committed by the 
father, as he had been told by an oracle,' that 
the injuries he had received from Atreus would 
be avenged by a son born from himself and Pe- 
lojeia. The daughter, pregnant by her father, 
was seen by her uncle At-eus and married, and 
some time after she brought into the world a 
son. whom she expo-ed in the woods. Tiie life 
of the child was preserved by goat--; he was 
called yEgysthus, and presented to his mother, 
and educated in tlie family of Atreus. When 
gro«n to years of maturity, the mother gave her 
son ^gysthus a sword, which she had taken 
from her unknown ravisher in the grove of Mi- 
nerva, with hopes of dis-.nvering wno he was. 
Msantime Atreus, intent to punish his brother, 
sent Agam-.'ranon and Menelaus to pursue him. 
ard when at last they found him, he wasdra?g?d 
to Argos, and thrown into a close prison. ^Egys- 
thus was sent to murder Thyestes, but the fa- 
ther recollected the sword, which was raised to 
stab him, and a few questions convinced him 
that his assassin wa> his own son. Pelopeia 
was present at this discovery, and when she 
found that she had committed incest with her 
father, she asked ^gysthus to examine the 
sword, and immediately plunged it into her own 
breast. ^^Igysthus rush.-d from the prison to 
Atreus, with the bloody weapon, and murdered 
him near an altar, as he wished to offer thanks 
to the gods on the supposed death of Thyestes. 
At the death of Atreus, Thyestes was placed on 
his brother's throne by JEgysthus, from which he 
was soon after driven by Agamemnon and Me- 
nelaus. He retired from Argos, and was ban- 
ished into the island of Cytherea by Agamem.- 
non, where he died. Apollod. 2, 4. Sophod. in 
AJac. iSn.— Myosin, fab. S6, Sec. —O- id. in lb. 
339. —Lu an. 1.544. 7, i5l. — Senec- in Thyest. 

Thymbu.a., a plain in Troas, through whicn a 
small riv?r, called Thymbrius, falls in its course 
to the Scamander. Apollo had a temple there, 
and from thence he is called Thymhrreus. 
Achilles was killed there bv P^ris, according 
to s:ome. Plin. 5, m.— Homer. II. 10,4>;0. 

THYMBR..SUS, a surname of Apollo. Virg.G. 
4,323. /En.Z.,Q5. TV'/. Thymbra. 

Thvmele, a eelebr-ited female dancer, fa- 
voured hv Domitian. Jin. 1. 36. 

Thymcetes, a king of .\thens, son of Ox:n- 
thas, the last of the descsndants of Tne>eu--, 
who reigned at Athens. He wa^ deposed bo- 
Ciiu>e he refused to accept a chalienge sent by 



I Xanthus. king of Bosotia, and was succeed 'd by 
a Messeniaa, B.C. J128, wlio repaired the hou- 

' our of Athens by H^hting the Boeotian kir -. 

! Piia. 2, IS, A Trojan prince, whose wife aw_ 

-on were put to death by order of Priam. It 
w is to revenge the king's cruelty that he per^ 
suad-^d his countrymen to bring the wood'm 
horse within their ci'v. He was son of Laome- 
(i in, according to some- Firg. Mn. 2, 32. - i 

Dictys Ciet. 4, 4 .\ son of Hicetaon, who 

accompanied .Eneas in'o Italy, and was killed ' 

; by Purnus. Virg. ^n. 10, 123. 12, 364. 

: "THY.Vi, or Bythyni, a people of Bithynii; 
hence the words Thyna merx applied to their 

1 commodi'ies. Vid. Bichynia. 

j Thyosf,, a name given to Semele after she 

i had been i re ented with immortaHty by her son 

i Baechu-. A polio i. 3, 5. 

j THYO.vsua. a surname of Bacchus from his 
moti er Semele, who was called Tkyone. Apr,l- 
' lad. i..o.— Hon/. Od. 1. 17,23.— O fi. Met. i, 13. 
I THYREA, the pr n-;ipal town of Cynuria, ir. 
I Arffolis, near which the celebrated battle was 
! fought between 300 Argives and as many Spar- 
• tans. Othryade , a champion of the latter 
1 people, remained master of the field, but only 
I lived long enough to raise a trophy on the spot 
j to Jupiter, which he inscribed with his own 
I blood. The Spartans celebrated this victory 
! with an annual festival, and having shortly after i 
j defeated the Argives in a second engagement, 
' they continued in possession of the district until 
it was finally ceded bv treatv to the latter people. 
Herod. 1, S2. — P.ais. 3, 7—S(rab. 8. 

THYR3AGET.E a people of Sarmatia, who live 
upon hunting. Herodotus makes the Taaiis 
rise in their -e.-ritory. Piin. 4, 12. I 
Thyrsus, a river of Sardinia, now Oristagni, I 
Tiberias, still called by the natives Tabaria^ 
was anciently one of the principal cities of Ga- I 
lilee. It w.as built by Herod the Great, and so I 
called in honour of the emperor Tiberius. The j 
privileges conferred upon its inhabitants by ' 
Herod caused it in a short time to become a 
place of considerable note; it was situated in a 
plain near the lake of Gennesareth, which is 
thence termed the lake or sej. of Tiberias. After 
the destruction of Jerusalem, this city became j 
em.inent for its academy, over which a succes- i 
sion of Jewish doctors presided until the fourth 
century, Ot every side ruins of walls, columns, ! 
and foundations indicate its ancient splendour, j 
Joseph. An'. Jud. 13. 3. - BeL- Jud 2, 8. 3. 16. ' 

TiBERlN'US, son of Capetus, and king of Alba, ! 
was drowned in the river Albuia, which on that 
account assumed the name of T-.beris, of which 
he became the orotecting god. Ltr. 1, 3 — Cic. 

1 de Nit. D. 2, 20. - V >rro de L. L. 4, 5, &c 

I Olid. Fa.st. 2 38) 4, 47. 

I TiBSRis, Tybsris, Tiber, or Tibris, a 
I river of Italy on whose banks the city of Rome 
I was built. It was originally called Albuia, from 
the whiteness of its waters, and afterwards Ti 
beris, when Tiberinus, king of Alba, had been 
drowned there. It was also named Tyrrhenus, 
because it watered Etruria, and Z.?/dius, becau-t? 
the inhabitants of the neighbourhood were sup- 
posed to be of Lydian origin. The Tiber rises 
in the Apennines, and falls into the Tyrrh.-^. <> 
sea, 16 miles below Rome, after dividing Latiu n 
from Rtraria. On. F. 4, 47, 329.5, 641. tn Ih h\ !. 

— Lw. 1, 3S] . —Varro L. LA, 5 — Firg. .^r, 7 ;jn 

— Hutal. OJ. 1, 2. 13. -Mela, 2, 4. Li- . 1,3. 



TIB 



727 



TIB 



Tiberius, Claudius Druses Nero, a Ro- 
man emperor after the death of Augustus, de- 
I scended from the family of the Ciaudii. In his 
early years he commanded popularity by enter- 
I taining the populace with magnificent shows and 
fights of gladiators, and he gained some applause 
' in the funeral oration which he pronounced over 
j his father, though only nme years old. His first 
j appearance in the Roman armies was under 
. Augustus, in the war against the Cantabri, and 
afterwards in the capacity of general, he obtained 
victories in different parts of the empire, and 
j was rewarded with a triumph. Yet, in the midst 
|| of his glory, Tiberius fell under the displeasure 
ij of Augustus, and retired to Rhodes, where he j 
|i continued for seven years as an exile, till by the i 
lj influence of his mother Livia with the emperor 
he was recalled. His return to Rome was the 
I more glorious; he had the command of the Ro- 
j man armies in Illyricum, Pannonia, and Dal- 
matia, and seemed to divide the sovereign power 
with Augustus. At the death of this celebrated 
emperor. Tiberius, who had been adopted, as- 
I Slimed the reins of government; and while with 
I dissimulation and affected modesty he wished to 
I decline the dangerous office, he found time to 
try the fidelity of his friends, and to make the ! 
greatest part of the Romans believe that he was ; 
invested with the purple, not from his own j 
choice, but by the recommendation of Augustus, 
and the urgent entreaties of the Roman senate. 
I The beginning of his reign seemed to promise 
tranquillity to the world; Tiberius was awatch- 
; ful guardian of the public peace, he was the 
friend of justice; and never assumed the sound- 
ing titles which must disgust a free nation, but 
he was satisfied to say of himself that he was the ! 
master of his slaves, the general of his soldiers, j 
and the father of the citizens of Rome. That ' 
seeming moderation, however, which was but < 
the fruit of the deepest policy, soon disappeared, j 
and Tiberius was viewed in his real character, i 
His ingratitude to his mother Livia, to whose ' 
intrigues he was indebted for the purple, his ; 
cruelty to his wife Julia, and his tyrannical np- ! 
pression and murder of many noble senators, 
rendered him odious to the people, and suspectfd 
even by his most intimate favourites. The j 
armies mutinied in Pannonia and Germany, but i 
the tumults were silenced by the prudence of 
the generals and the fidelity of the officers, and 
the factious demagogues were abandoned to \ 
their condign punishment- This acted as a check i 
upon Tiberius in Rome; he knew from thence, j 
as his successors experienced, that his power 
was precarious, and his very existence in perpe- 
tual danger. He continued as he had begun, to 
pay the greatest deference to the senate; all j 
libels against him he disregarded, and he ob- j 
served, that, in a free city, the thoughts and the 
tongue of every man should be free. The faxes 
i were gradually lessened, and luxury restrained 
by the salutary regulations, as well as by the 
prevailing example and frugality of the emperor, 1 
While Rome exhibited a scene of peace and 
public tranquillity, the barbarians were severally ! 
defeated on the borders of the empire, and Ti- \ 
berius gained new honours, by the activity and 
valour of Germanicus and his other faithful 
lieutenants. Yet the triumphs of Germanicus I 
. were beheld with jealousy. Tiberius dreaded 

his power, he was envious of his popularity, and < 
I the death of that celebrated general in Anfioch 



was, as some suppose, accelerated by poison, 
and the secret resentment of the emperor. Not 
only his relations and friends, but the great and 
opulent were sacrificed to his ambition, cruelty, 
and avarice; and there was scarce in Rome one 
single family that did not reproach Tiberius for 
the loss of a brother, a father, or a husband. 
He at last retired to the island of Caprese, on 
the coast of Campania, where he buried himself 
in unlawful pleasures. The care of the empire 
was entrusted to favourites, among whom Sejanus 
for a while shone with uncommon splendour. 
In his solitary retreat the emperor proposed 
rewards to such as invented new pleasures, or 
could produce fresh luxuries. He forgot his 
ase as well as his dignity, and disgraced him- 
self by the most unnatural vices and enormc.us 
indulgences which can draw a blush even upon 
the countenance of the most debauched and 
abandoned. While the emperor was lost to 
hirn^elf and the world, the provinces were har- 
assed on every side by the barbarians, and Ti- 
berius found himself insulted by those enemies 
whom hitherto he had seen fall prostrate at his 
feet with every mark of submissive adulation. 
At last grown weak and helpless through in- 
firmities, he thought of his approaching dissolu- 
tion; and as he well knew that Rome could not 
exist without a head, he nominated, as his-suc- 
cessor, Caius Caligula. Many might enquire, 
why a youth naturally so vicious and abandoned 
as Caius was chosen to be the master of an ex- 
tensive empire; but Tiberius wished his own 
cruelties to be forgotten in the barbarities which 
might be'displayed in the reign of his successor, 
whose natural propensities he had well defined, 
in saying of Caligula that he bred a serpent for 
the Roman people, and a Phaeton for the rest 
of the empire. Tiberius died at Misenum the 
16th of March, A.D. 37, in the 78th year of bis 
age, after a reign of 22 years, six months, and 
2(5 days. Caligula was accused of having hast- 
ened his end by suffocating him. The joy was 
universal when his death was known; and the 
people of Rome, in the midst of sorrow, had a 
moment to rejoice, heedless of the calamities 
which awaited them in trie succeeding reigns. 
The body of Tiberius was conveyed to Rome, 
and burnt with great solemnity. A funeral ora- 
tion was pronounced by Caligula, who seemed 
to forget his benefactor while he expatiated on 
the praises of Augustus, Germanicus, and his 
own. The character of Tiberius has been exa- 
mined with particular attention by historians. 
an(i his reign is the subject of the most perfect 
and elegant of all the compositions of Tacitu-. 
When a private man, Tiberius was universally 
esteemed; when he had no superior, he was 
proud, arrogant, jealous, and revengeful. If he 
found his military operations conducted by a 
warlike general, he affected moderation and vir- 
tue; but when he got rid of the powerful influ- 
ence of a favourite, he was tyrannical and disso- 
lute. If. as some observe, he had lived in the 
times of the Roman republic, bemighthavebef n 
as conspicuous as his great ancestors; but the 
sovereign power lodged in his hands, rendered, 
him vicious and oppressive. Yet, though he en- 
couraged informers and favoured flattery, he 
blushed at the mean servilities of the senate, 
and derided the adulation of his courtiers, who 
approached hin* he said, as if they approached 
a siivage elephant. He was a patron of learn- 



TIB 



723 



TIC 



in?; he was an ele^'^nt anri ready speaker, and 
dedicated some pait of his time to study. He 
wrote a lyric poem, entitled, A complaint on 
the death of Lucius Caesar, as also some Greek 
pieces in imitation of some of his favourite 
authors. He avoided all improper express ons, 
and all foreign w ords he to ally wished to banish 
from the Latin tongue. As instances of his hiu- 
manity, it has been recorded that he was un- 
com nonly liberal to the people of Asia Minor, 
w iio.-e habitations had been destroyed by a vio- 
lent earthquake, A. D. 17. One of his officers 
wished him to increase the taxes, A'o, said Ti- 
berius, a good shepherd must sheer, not fliy. his 
sheep. The senators wished to call the month 
of November, in which he was born, by his 
name, in imitation of J. Ca;sar and Augustus, 
in the month> of July and August; but this he 
refused, saying, Whit will you do, conscript fa- 
thers, if you have thirteen Ccvsars ? Like the rest 
of the emperors, he received divine honours 
after death, and even during: his life. It has 
been wittily observed by Seneca, that he never 
was intoxicated but once all his life, for he con- 
tinued in a perpetual state of intoxication from 
the time he gave himself to drinking till the 
last moment of his existpnce. Suet. in Vita,^c. — 

Tdcif. Ann. 6, Sec— Dion. Cass. One of the 

Gracchi. \_Vid. Gracchus] Sempronius, a 

son of Drusus and Livia, the sister of Germani- 

cus, put to death by Calig-ula. .\ son of 

Brutus put to death by his father, because he 
had con^pirpd with other young noblemen to re- 
store Tarquin to his throne. 

TiBiscus. or Pathissus, now Theirs, a river 
of Dacia, falling into the Danube, and forming 
the western limit of Dacia. Plin. 4, 12. —Amm. 

MnrccU. 17, 3. A city of Dacia. on the river 

Temes, one of tae tributaries of the Danube, 
and near the junction of the Bistra with the 
former stream. It is now Cavaran. 

TIBRIS. Vid. Tiberis. 

TibCla, a town of Sardinia, on the northern 
•oasr. and on the strait which separates that 
island from Corsica; hence it became a usual 
.an iing place. It is now Lons^o Sardo. 

TiBULLUS, AULUS AlbiuS, a celebrated 
Roman poet of the Augustan age, was of the 
equestrian rank, but whether he was a native of 
Rome or of a municipal town, is not ascertained. 
His patrimony was much impaired, either by his 
own prodigality, or by the devastation of the 
civil wars; but yet he does not seem to have 
been distinguished by any tokens of the liberal- 
ity of Augustus and Maecenas, the munificent 
patrons of literature at the period in which he 
lived, nor does he mention their names in any 
of his poems. M. Valerius Messala Corvinu^. 
upon whom he composed a panegyric, was his 
particular friend and patron, whom he accom- 
panied in his expedition to Asia; but he prefer- 
red peace and retirement in the society of one of 
those objects of his affection whom he has cele- 
brated in his elegies. Horace, with whom he 
was intimate, has addressed to him an ode and 
an epistle, complinientin? him as a candid judge 
of his writings, and d .scribing him as possessed 
of every worldly advantage . It has been infer- 
red, from an epigram of Domitius Marsus, that 
he died about the same time with Virgil, B.C. 
19, in the flower of his age. Ovid lamented hi- 
death in a beautiful elegy, representing his 
mother and sister as mourners at his funer.il. 



and speaking of him a poet of the highest re» 
puiation. Tue poems of TibuUus are elegies in 
three books, and a panegyric on Messala. It is 
upon his elegies that his fame is exclusively 
founded; and both ancient and modern critics 
for the most part agree, that there are no com- 
positions of the class, in any language, which 
surpass them in the appropriate qualities of ele- 
gance, tenderness, and that beautiful simplicity 
which is the character of real feeling. Love ^tnd 
rural life are their principal subjects. Though 
the passion he describes is illicit, and each book 
exhibits a separate flame, yet there are more, 
touches of a pure, and what may be termed a 
conjugal affection, than in almost any other Ro- 
man poet. His language is a true example of 
what the Latins call terse, or neat and polished. 
He is easy and natural, with scarcely any mix- 
ture of learned allusion or figure. This author 
is commonly printed in conjunction with Catul- 
lus and Propertius. Of the separate editions the 
most esteemed are, that of Brouckhusius, 4to. 
Amst. 170S; that of Vulpius, 4to. Patav. 174<J; 
that of Heyne, 8vo. Lips. 1755-77-98; and that 
of Wunderlich, 8vo, Lips. 1817. 

TiBUR, an ancient town of Latium, north- 
east of Rome, on the banks of the Anio. Ac- 
cording to Dionysius of Halicarnassus, it was 
originally a town of the Siculi, the most ancient 
inhabitants of Latium; and, as a proof of this 
fact, he mentions that the name of Sicelion was 
still attached to a portion of that city. Tibur, 
however, lays claim to a more illustrious, though 
a later, origin, having been founded, according 
to some authors, by Catillus, an officer of Evan- 
der, while others pretend that this Catillus was 
a son of Amphiaraus, who, with his two brothers, 
migrated to Italy, and, having conquered the 
Siculi, gave to one of their towns the name of 
Tibur, from his brother Tiburtus. Tibur is one 
of the places that appear most frequently to have 
afforded an asylum to Roman fugitives. From 
what period it enjoyed the rights of a Roman 
city is not precisely known, but it was in all 
probability anterior to the civil wars of Marius 
and Sylla. The latter indeed is said to have de- 
prived the Tiburtini of these privileges, but they 
regained them upon his abdication, and they 
were confirmed by the emperor Claudius. Her- 
cules was the deity held in the greatest venera- 
tion at Tibur, and his tem.ple, on the foundations 
of which the present cathedral is said to be built, 
was famous throughout Italy. Hence the epi- 
thet of Herculaneam given by the poets to this 
city. The modern name of Tibur is TivoH. 
Dion. Hal. 1, 16. - Suet. Cbmd.—Strah. 5. 
— Fir^. .3Ln. 7, 630 — Hor.U. Od. 3, 4. &c.- 
Quid. Fast. 6. 61, &c. -Sil. Ital. 4, 225. —Propert. 
2, S i. 

Tiburtus. a brother of the founder of Tibur, 
which is hence often called Tiburtii ryicenia. He ' 
was one of the sons of Amphiaraus. Virg. \ 
JEn. 7,670. 

TlCiD.A., Caius, a poet of Rome, who flour- 
ished a few years before the age of Cicero. He I 
wrote epigrams in an easy and elegant style, ' 
and praised his mistress Metella under the ficti- ; 
tious name of Petilla, and chiefly excelled in ; 
amorous poetrv. Only eight of his verses are 
preserved. O id. Trist. 2. 433. 

TICINUM, a city of Cis,alpine Gaul, situate on \ 
the river Ticinus, near its junction with the > 
Padus. It was founded by the Laeviand Marici. | 



TIC 



729 



TIM 



According to Tacitus, Augustus advanced as far ; 
as Ticinum to meet the corpse of Drusus, father ' 
of Germanicus. in the depth of winter, and from 
thenco escorted it to Rome. Under the Lom- 
bard kings it assumed the name of Papia. which 
in process of time has been changed to pLiu\a. 
Pli u 3, 17. - Tacit Anri 3, 5. 

TiCiNUS, now the Ticino, a river of Gallia 
Cisalpina, rising in the Lepontine Alps, and 
running through the Lacus Verbanus, or Lago 
Maggiore, irto the Po. At the mouth of this 
river the Ron)ans, under Cornelius Scipio, the 
father of Scipio Africanus the elder, were de- \ 
feaied by Hannibal. i 

TlFATA, a mountain range of Campania, 1 
about a mile to the east of Capua. It was a 
branch of the Apennines, and now takes its 
name from the village of Maddnloni. near Cas- 
erta. Liv. 23, bG et 39. 26, 5. - Sil. Ital. 12, 456. 

TIFEKNL'M, a town of Umbria, near the Me- 
tauius, ealied hence, for disrinctinn sake, Melau- 
rense. it is now St Angelo in Vado. Plin 3, 

n. A town of Umbna, towards the sources 

of the Tiber, and on the left bank of that river, 
distinguished from that circumstance by the 
epithet of Tihetinum. Its site is thought to be ' 
occupied by the modern C'itla di Castello. Plin 
Ep. 4, 1. 10, 24. A town of Samnium, sup- 
posed to have stood near the Ponte di Litnosnno 
on the right bank of the river Tifernus (now 
Bifeino.') The mons Tifurrus was near the 
source of the same river, above Eoiano, and is 
now called Monle Matese. ■ 

Tifernus, a mountain of Campania. Vid. 
Tifernum. 

TlGELLlxUS, SOSO.NIUS. a Roman celebrated 
for his intrigues and perfidy in the court of 
Nero. He was appointed judge at the trial of 
the conspirators who had leagued against Nero, 
for which he was liberally rewarded with trium- 
phal honours. He afterivards betrayed the em- 
peror, and. on the aecesfion of Ga.ba, was or- 
dered to destrov himself, CS, A. D. Tacit. Hist. 
1, 72.—Plnt.—jiiv. 1. 

TiGELLiUS. M. Hermogexes, a native of 
Sardinia, w ho became the favourite of J. Cassar, 
of Cleopatra, and Augustus, by his mimicry 
and facetiousness. He was celebrated for the 
melody of his voice, yet he was of a mean and 
ungenerous disposition, and of unpleasing man- 
ners, as Horace (Sat, 1, 2,3, &c.) insinuates. 

TiGRANES, a king of Armenia, who made 
himself master of Assyria and Cappadocia. 
He married Cleopatra, the daughter of Mithri- 
dates, and by the advice of hi.s father-in-law, he 
declared war against the Romans. He d'-spised 
these distant enemies, and even ordered the 
head of the messenjer to be cut off who first 
told him that the Roman general was boldly , 
advancing towards his capital. His pride, how- 
ever, was soon abated; and though he ordered 
the Roman consul LricuUus to be brought alive 
into his presence, he fled with precipitation from ; 
his capital, and was soon after defeated near 
mount Taurup. This totally disheartened him; 
he refused to receive Mithridates into his palace, 
and even set a price upon his head. His mean 
submission to Pompey, the successor of Lucul- ', 
lus in Asia, and a bribe of GO,0( talents, in- ' 
sured him on his throne, and he received a gar- ! 
ri-son in his cap'tal, and continued at peace with j 
the Romans. His .=econd son of the srsme n.ime 
revolted against h m,and attempted to dethrone j 



him with the assistance of the kin? of Parthia, 
whose daughter he had married. This did nol 

succeed, and the son'had recourse to the Romans, 
by whom he was put in posse.^sion of Sophene, 
v/hiie the father remained quiet on the throne 
of Armenia. The son was afterwards sent in 
chains to Rome, for his insolence to Pompev. 
Cic. pro Mm.- Fa\ Max. 5 1 —Paterc- 2, 33 
et 37. - Justin. 4U, 1 et 2. I'lut. in Luc. Pomp- 
Sec A king of Armenia in the reign of Tibt - 

rius. He was put to death. T cit. Ann. 6. 

Oi'.e of the royal family of the Cappadocian^ 

chosen by Tiberius to ascend the throne of Ar- 
menia. 

TIGRAXOCERTA, now Ser<, the capital of 
Armenia, situate on the left bank of the rivr 
Nicephcrius. It was built by Tigranes, who 
fortified it strongly, and peopled it chiefly with 
Greeks, whom he had forcibly carried hither 
from A.sia Minor. It was a wealthy and beauti- 
ful city, and was taken in the Mithridaiic w ar 
by Lucullus, who completely sacked it. and al- 
lowed the Greek colonists to return to their ow n 
homes. Tacit. Ann 12, 50. 14, 24. - Plin. 6, 9- 

Tigris, a large river of Asia, which rises in 
moun: Niphates, and after forming the boundary 
between Mesopotamia and Assyria, as well as 
betvveen Susiana and Babylonia, is joined by 
the Euphrates, and enters the Persian Gulf. Its 
course is nearly parallel with that of the Eu- 
phrates, but it is a much smaller river than the 
latter, being only 1000 miles long to its mnuih 
in the gulf. It derives its name from the rapi- 
dity of its current, the word Tigr in Median, 
and Tur in Persian, signifying an arrow. From 
the upper part of it having been known by the 
appellation Diglito, as well as from other con- 
current circumstances, it is supposed to be the 
same with the Hiddekel mentioned in Holy Writ 
as one of the rivers of Paradise. Plin. 6,' 27- - 
Justin. 42, 3.- Lucan. 3, 256. — ], 11. 3, 8. 
- Firg Eel. 1,63. 

TiGURiNl, a warlike people among the Hel- 
vetii. now formins the mt df^rn cantons of Su-its, 
Zurich^ Schaffriansen. and St Gall. Their capital 
w as Tisurum, now Zurich. Liv. Epit. G5. - Cas. 
B G. 1, 12 et 27. 

TiMACHUS, now the Tiwok, a river of Moesia 
fallins into the Danube. Pan. 3,26. 

TlM^EA, the wife of Agis, king of Sparta, was 
debauched by Alcibiades, by whom she had a 
son. This child was rejected in the succession 
to the throne, though Agis, on his death-bed, 
di-clared him to be legitimate. Plut. in Jig. 

TlM-5;us, a friend of Alexander, w ho came to 
his as-istance when he was alone surrounded by 
the OxydracnR. He was killed in the encounter. 

Cvrt. 9, 5. An historian of Tauromenium in 

Sicily, who flourished about 262 B.C., and di-d 
in the 9i';th year of his age. His father's name 
was Andromachus. He was banished from Si- 
cily by Agathoclcs. His general history of Si- 
cily, and that of the wars of Pyrrhu.', were in 
general es'eem, anrl his authority was great, ex- 
cept when he tre:itedof A^afhocles. His compo- 
sitions are lost. Plut.Nic. -C/c.Or. 2 . — A write r 
who published some treatises concerning an- 
cient philosophers. Diog. in Emp. A Py- 
thagorean philosopher b 'rn at Locri, B.C. 3 0. 
He followed the doctrines of the founder of th-; 
metempsychosis, but in some patts of his system 
of the world he differed from him. H-! wrote a 
treatise on the nature and tiic soul of the wor.u 



TIM 



TIM 



in the Doric dialect, slill extant. Plato in T.m. i falls into the Adriatic- Slr ib. 5. - J'irg. Ed. 8, 

— Fliit. A sophist, of the third century of our ! 6. G. 3, 475. ^/i. U 2^6.~Claudian. Bell. Get. 

era, who wrote a book called Lexiconvocu-n Ha- ! 562 — Mart. 4, 25. 5. 8, 28, ~ 
s edited with great ability by ' ' ' • 



tonicar 

Ruhi.ken. 8vo. L. Bat. 175^. 

TiMAGENES, a Greek historian of Alexan- 
dria, 54^ B. C. brought to R )me by Gabinius, 
and sold as a siave to Fau?tus, the son of Sylla. 



TiMOCLEA, a Thtban lady, sister to Theo- 
genes, who was killed at Cheionsea. One of 
Alexander's soldiers offered her violence, after , 
which she led her ravisher to a well, and while j 
he belie%'ed that immense treasures were con- i 



His great abilities procured him his liberty, and ] cealed there, Timoclea threw him into it. Alex- 
pained the favours of the great, and of Augustus. ' ander commended her virtue, and forbade his 1 



The emperor discarded him for his imperti- 
nence; and Timagenes, to revenge himself on 
his patron, burnt the interesting history which 
he had composed of his reign. Plut. - Horut. 

Ep. 1, 19, \5. — QuintU. 1, 10. An historian 

and rhetorician of Miletus A man who wrote 

an account of the life of Alexander. Cutt. 9, 5. 

TlMAG '.RAS, an Athenian, capitally punished 
by liis countrymen, for paying homage to Dari- 
us, according to the Persian manner of kneeling 
on ttie ground, when he was sent to Persia as 
aml)as-:ador. Fal. Max. 6, 3. rid. Meles. 

TiMANDRiDES, a Sparcan'celebiated for his 
virtues. /Elian. V. H. 14, 33. 

TiMANTHKS. a painter of Sicyon, in the reign 



oldiers to hurt the Theban females. Plul. 
Alex. 

TimocrAtes, a Greek philosopher of uucoai- 
mon austerity. 

Timocreon, a comic poet of Rhodes, who 
obtained poetical, as well as gymnastic prizes at 
Olympia. He lived about 476 years before Christ, 
distinguished for his voracity, and for his re- 
sentment against Simonides and Themistocles. 

Ti>lOL>.ON, a celebrated Corinthian, son of 
Timodemus and Demariste. He was such an 
enemy to tyranny, that he did not hesitate to 
murder his own brother Timophanes, when he 
attempted, against his representations, to make 
himself absolute in Corinth. This was viewed 



of Philip, the father of Alexander the Great- I w ith pleasure by the friends of liberty, but the 
In his celebrated painting of Iphigenia going to ; mother of Timoleon conceived the most invete- 



be immolated, he represented all the attendants 



e aversion for her son, and for ever banished 



overwhelmed w ith grief; but his superior genius, i him from her sight. This proved painful to Ti- ) 
by covering the face of Agamemnon, left to the ; moleon; a settled melancholy dwelt upon his j 
conception of the imagination the deep sorrows j mind, and he refused to accept of any offices in t 
of the father. He obtained a prize, for which the state. When the Syracusans, oppressed I 



the celebrated Parrhasius 



a competitor. I with the tyranny of Dionysius the younger, and 
This was in painting an Ajax with all the fury j of the Carthaginians, had solicited the assistance 
ich his disappointment could occasion, w hen ' of the Corinthians, all lookt d upon Timoleon as 
■ " ■ Cic. de Orat. a proper deliverer, but all applications would 

have been disregarded, if one of the magistrates 
had not awakened in him the sense of natural 



deprived of the arms of Achilles, 
— Fol. Mix. 8. 11.— E.Van. F.H. 9. 11. 

'I'IMARCHUS, a philosopher of Alexandri; 
intimate with Lamprocles, the disciple of So- 1 liberty. Timoleon, says he, 

crates. Diog. 6 A Cretan, accused before i command of this expedition 

Nero of oppression. Tacit. Ann. 15, 20 An ; you hat.e kiled a tyrant; but if not, we camiot but I 

officer in ^tolia, who burnt his ships to prevent call you your brotliei-'s murderer. This had due I 



, if you accept of the j 
we will believe that ' 



the flight of his companions, and to ensure him 
self the victory. Polycen. 5 



t, and Timoleon sailed for Syracuse in ten 
A king of Sala- i ships, accompanied by about 1000 men. The ' 
is. j Carthaginians attempted to oppose him, but Ti-, 

TimaSjTHECS, a chief magistrate of Lipara, | moleon eluded their vigilance. Icetas, who had ! 
who prevailed upon his countrymen to spare ; the possession of the city, was defeated, and Die- ^ 



some Romans whom they had piratically cap- 
tured in a ship sent by the senate to make an 
offering of the spoils of Veil to the god of Delphi. 
He conveyed them to their place of destination 
in one of his own vessels, and assisted them 
in dedicating the gift. The Roman senate 



nysius, who despaired of success, gave himself, 
up into the hands of the Corinthian general. 
Tnis success gained Timoleon adherents in .Si- i 
cily ;many cities which hitherto had looked upon 
him as an impostor, claimed his protection; and ' 
hen he was at la.^t master of Syracuse by the j 



rewarded him very liberally, and 137 years after, to'al overthrow of Icetas, and of the Carthag 
when the Carthaginians were disposses-sed of j nians, he razed the citadel which had been the 
l.ipara, the same generosity was nobly extend- j seat of tyranny, and erected on the spot a com- 
ed to his descendants in the island. Diod. 14. j mon hall- Syracuse was almost destitute of in- 



- Plut in Cam. 



I habitants, and at the solicitation of Timoleon, | 



TiMAVUS. a celebrated stream of Italy, in the | a Corinthian colony was sent to Sicily; the lands 



territory of Venetia, north-east of Aquileia, and 
falling into the Adriatic. Few streams have 
been more celebrated in antiquity, ormore.^ung 
by the poets, than the Timavus. Its numerous 
source.*, its lake and subterraneous passage, 
w hich have been the theme of the Latin muse 
from Virgil to Claudian and Ausonius. are now 
so little known. th:u their ex:su-ricf> ha=! even 
been questioned, and ascribed to poetical inven- 
tion. It has, however, been well ascertained, 
that the name of Timw is still preserved by 
s nne sprinsrs, which rise near S. Giovunni di 
C'T^o and the castle of Duino, and form a river, 
wijit^h, after a course of little more tiian a mile. 



equally divided among the citizens, and 
the houses were sold for a thousand talents, 
v\hich were appropriated to the use of the state, 
and deposited! in the treasury. When Syracuse I 
was thus delivered from tyranny, the conqueror! 
extend-^d his bent-volence to the other states of I 
Sicily, and all the petty tyrants were reduced | 
and banished from the island. A code of salu- ' 
tary laws was framed for the Syracusans; and! 
the armies of Carthage, which had attempted' 
again to raise commotions in Sicily were de-: 
feated, and peace was at last re-established. ' 
The gratitadc of the Sicilians was shown every' 
where lotheirdeliverer. Timoleon was receivedl 



TIM 



731 



TIR 



with repeated applause in the public nssem'olie?,' 
and though a private man, unconnected with 
! the government, he continued lo enjoy his for- 
' mer influence at Syracuse; his advice was con- 
I suited on matters of importance, and his autho- 
j rity respected. He ridiculed the accusations of 
malevolence, and when some informers had i 
charged him with oppression, he rebuked the 
I Syracusans who were going to put the accusers 
I to immediate death. A remarkable instance of 
his providential escape from the dagger of an 
I; assassin, has been recorded by one of his biogra- 
1 phers. As he was going to otfer a sacrifice to 
j the gods after a victory, two assassins, sent by 
I the enemies, approached his person in disguise. 
; The arm of one of the assassins was already 
1| lifted up, when he was suddenly stabbed by an 
f unknown person, who made his escape from the 
• camp. The other assassin, struck at the fall of 
I his companion, fell before Timoleon, and con- 
I fessed, in the presence of the army, the conspi- 
racy that had been formed against his life. The 
unknown assassin was in the mean time pursued, 
I and when he was found, he declared, that he had 
committed no crime in avenging the death of a 
] beloved father, whom the man he had stabbed 
had murdered in the town of Leontini. Enqui- 
ries were made, and his confes-ions were found 
to be true. Timoleon died at Syracuse about 
337 years before the Christian era. His body 
1 received an honourable burial, in a public place 
I called from him Timoleonteum; but the tears of 
! a grateful nation were more convincing proofs of 
, the public regret, than the institution of festivals 
and games yearly to be observed on the day of 
his death. C. Nep. et Plut. in vita. 

TjMOMACHXis, a painter of Byzantium, in the 
age of Sylla and Marius. His painting of Medea 
murdering her children, and his Ajax, were pur- 
chased for eighty talents by Julius Caesar, and 
deposited in the temple of Venus at Rome. 
P/m. 3 ), 11. 

I TiMON, a native of Athens, called Misanthrope, 
.for his unconquerable aversion to mankind snd 
to all society. He was fond of Apemantus an- 
other Athenian, whose character was similar to 
his own, and he said that he had some partiality 
for Alcibiades, because he was one day to be his 
country's ruin. Once he went into the public 
assembly, and told his countrymen that he had 
a fig-tree on which many had ended their life 
with a halter, and that as he was going to cut ir 
I down to raise a building on the spot, he advised 
I all such as were inclined to destroy themselves, 
to hasten and go and hang themselves inhisgar- 
j den. Plut. in Ale. <^c. - Lucan in Tim. — Pans. 

\ 6, 12. A Greek poet, son of Timarchus, in 

) the age of Ttolemy Philadelphus. He wrote 
I several dramatic pieces, all now lost, and died 
, in the 90th year of his age. Dio^. ^. — Alhen. 6 

et 13. A disciple of Pyrrho, who flourished in 

j the time of Ptolemy Philadelphus, and lived to 
the age of 90 years. He had a school at Athens; 
1 but led so debauched a life, that he once held a 
I contest with several hard drinkers, and came off 
victorious. He wrote a satirical poem aeainst 
I the whole body of philosophers, fragments of 
I which are extant. 

TiMOPHANES, a Corinthian, brother to Timo- 
leon. He attempted to make himself tyrant of 
his country, by means of the mercenary soldiers 
I with whom he had fought against the Argives 
and Cleomenes. Timoleon wished to convince 



! him of (he impropriety of his mPF.sures, .ind 
w hen he found him unmoved, l e caused him to 
be assassinated, Plut. et C. Nep- in Tim. 

TiMOTHEUS, a poet and musician of Miletus, 
son of Thersander or Philopolis- He was re- 
ceived with hisses the first time he exhibited as 
I musician in the assembly of the people; and fur- 
ther applications would have totally been aban- 
doned, had not Euripides discovered his abili- 
ties, and encouraged him to follow a prolession 
in which he afterwards gained so much applause. 
He received the immense sum of 1000 pieces of 
gold from the Ephesians, because he had com- 
posed a poem in honour of Diana. He died 
about the 90th year of his age, two years before 
the birth of Alexander the Great. There was 
also another musician of Bceotia in the age of 
Alexander, often confotmded with the musician 
of Miletus. He was a great favourite of the con- 
queror of Darius. Cic. de Leg. 2, 15. — Paus. 3, 

12.— Plut. de music, de fort. Sfc An Athenian 

general, son of Conon. He signalised himself 
by his valour and magnanimity, and showed 
that he was not inferior to his great father in 
military prudence. He seized Corcyra, and ob- 
tained several victories over the Thebans, but 
his ill success in one of his expeditions disgusted 
the Athenians, and Timntheus, like the rest of 
his noble predecessors, was fined a large sum of 
money. He retired to Chalcis, where he died. 
He was so disinterested, that he never appro- 
priated any of the plunder to his own use, but 
after one of his expt ditions, he filled the treasury 
of Athens with 1200 talents. Some of the 
ancients, to imitate his continual successes, 
have represented him sleeping by the side of 
Fortune, while the goddess drove cities into his 
net. He was intimate with Plato, at whose 
table he learned temperance and moderation. 
Pau$. 1, 29 — Plut. in Syll. &c. — Tllian. V. H. 2, 
10 et 18. 3. 16.- C. Nep. 

TINGIS, now Tangier, the metropolis of Mau- 
ritania Tingitana. on the north-western coast of 
Africa, and a short distance to the east of the 
Ampelusian promontory. It was so ancipnt 
that it was said in mythology to have bpen built 
by the giant Antaeus, or, as others maintain, by 
Sophax, the son of Hercules by Tinge, whom 
the hero married after the death of Antaeus. It 
was taken by Sertorius, who caused the tomb of 
the founder to be opened, and discovered in it a 
skeleton reported to be sixty cubits long; there 
was also a buckler found, which had been cut 
out of the hide of an elephant, and was so large 
that no man then living could wield it. The^e 
traditions caused the inhabitants to hold their 
city in ereat veneiation. Plut. in Serf. — MeUi, 
1, 5.- Plin. 5, 1. 

TlPHYS, the pilot of (he ship of (he Argo- 
nauts, was son of Hagnius. or. according to 
some, of Phorbas. He died before the Argo- 
nauts reached Colchis, at the court of Lycas in 
the Proponfis, and Erginus was chosen in his 
place. Orph. Apollod. ], 9.— Apollon.— Fa!. 
Fl,wc.—Paus. 9, 3i.~Hygin. fah. 14 et 18. 

TiREStA*, a celebrated prophet of Thebes, 
son of Everus and Chariclo. He lived to a. 
great age, which some authors have called as 
long as seven generations of men, others six, 
and others nine, during the time that Polydorus, 
Lahdacus, Laius. GEdipus, and his sons,' sat rn 
the throne of Thebes. It is said that in bis 
youth he found two serpents in the act of copu- 



TIR 



TIT 



Ist-.on on mount Cy'iene, and that ■when he had 
struck them with a stick to separate tliem, he 
found himself suddenly changed into a girl. 
Seven years after he found again some serpents 
tOj^ether in the same manner, and he recovered 
his original sex, by striking them a second time 
'.vith his wand. When he was a woman, Tire- 
sias had married, and it was from those reasons, 
according to some of the ancients, that Jupiter 
and Juno referred to his decision a dispute, in 
whicn the deities wished to know which of the 
sexes received greater pleasure from the connu- 
bial state. Tiresias, who could speak from ac- 
tual experience, decided in favour of Jupiter, 
and declared, that the pleasure which the female 
received was ten tin es sreater than that of the 
male. Juno, w ho supported a different opinion, 
and gave the superiority to the male sex, punished 
Tiresias by depriving him of his eye-sight. But 
this dreadful loss was in .some raea.sure repaired 
by the humanity of Jupiter, who bestowed upon 
him the gift of prophecy, and permit:ed him to 
live seven times more than the rest of men. 
These causes of the blindness of Tiresias, w hich 
are supported by the authority of Ovid, Hysi- 
nus, and others, are contradicted by Apolh do- 
ru.s, Callimachus. Propertius, &c., who declare 
that this was inflicted upon him as a punish- 
ment, because he had seen Minerva bathing in 
the fountain Hippocrene, on mount Helicon. 
Chariclo, who accompanied Minerva, complain- 
ed of the severity wi'h v\ hich her son was treated: 
but the goddess, who well knew that this was 
the irrevocable punishment inflicted by Saturn 
on such mortals as fix their eyes upon a goddess 
without her consent, alleviated the misfortunes 
of Tiresias, by making him acquainted w ith fu- 
turity, and givinff him a staff which could con- 
duct his steps with as much safety as if he had 
the use of his eye-sight. During his life-time, 
Tire>iaswa3 an infallible oracle to all Greece. 
The generals, during the Thebanwar, consulted 
him, and found his predictions verified. He 
dre^v his prophecies sometimes from the flight 
or the language of birds, in which he was as- 
sisted by his daughter Manto. and sometimes he 
(irew the manes from the infernal regions to 
know futurity, with mystical ceremonies. He 
at last died, after drinkin? the waters of a cold 
fountain, which froze his blood. He was buripd 
with great pomp by the Thebans on mount Til- 
phussus, and honoured as a god. His oracle at 
Orchomenos was in universal esteem. Homer 
represents L'lysses as going to the infernal re- 
gions to consult Tiresias concerning his re'urn 
to Irhaca. Arollnd. 3. 6. — Theocrit, Id. 24, 70. 
— Stnt. Theb. '2. 96.- Hysiti. fab. 75. - ^schyl. 
serA. an'e Theb.—Sophccl. in (BJip. Tyr. P nd. 

Xem. ].— Diod. 4 — Homer. Od. 11 Flut. in 

Syinp. S-c.— Paut. 9. 33. 

TlRIDATES, a monarch of Parthia, raised to 
the throne after Phraates had been expelled for 
his cruelty and oppression. Tiridates, hnw- 
ever, upon learning that Phraates was marching 
against him with a numerous army of Scythians, 
fled with the infant son of Phrantes to Augus- 
tus. Auffustus restored his son to Phraates, 
but refused to deliver up Tiridates. Horat. Od. 

1, '26. A king of Armenia, in the reign of 

Nero. 

Tiro, Tullius. the slave, and afterwards 
the freedman of Cicero, greatly esteemed by 
bis ma-ter for his learning and good qualities. 



It is said that he invented short-hand writing 
among the Romans. He wrote the life of Cicero, 
and other treatises now lose. CVc. ad Att. ate- 

TiRYNS, or Tirynthus, a city of Argoiis, 
south-east of Argos, and about twelve stadia 
I from Nauplia. It is said to have been founded 
by king Prcetus, and was celebrated as the earlv 
residence of Hercules till he killed Iphiius, and 
flpd hence into the Trachinian country. Tne 
Tirynthian citadel, said to have been called 
I.icymnia, from Licymnus, a son of Electryon ! 
and b; other of Alcraena, was defended by mas- 
sive walls of gigantic structure, built by work- , 
men from Lycia. Tnese are the Cyclopes, who j 
also built the treasury at Athens, as well as 
parts of Argos, Mycenae, and the Boeotian Or- 
chomenus. They appear to have been alto- 
gether different from the fabulous giants of 
Homer, and to have derived iheir name from 
the vast size of the materials they employed. 
They were said by some to have been Pnoeni- 
cians, but others again have supposed they were 
Egyptians, from tine similarity subsisfing- be- 
tween their works and the colossal remains of 
the latter people. Strab Q. — Paus- 2, 16 et 25. 
-Hes. Here. Scut. SI.- P.nd 01. 10, 40. Jsthm. 
6, 40. - T'irg. .-En. 7, 662 — Ovid. Met. 12, 664. 
i TIRYNTHIA. a name giren to Alcmena, "be- 
cause she lived at Tirynthus. Ovid. Met. 6. 

TiSAMENES, or TiSASlEXUS, a son of Orestes : 
and Hermione, the daughter of Menelaus. who j 
succeeded on the throne of Argos and I.acedae- i 
mon. The Heraclidas en'ered his kingdom in ) 
the third year of his reign, and he was obliged 
to retire with his family into Achaia. He was 
som.e time after killed in a battle against the 
lonians, near Helice. Apolod 2, 7 — Pans. 3, 

I. 7, 1. .\ king of Thebes, son of Thersander, ! 

and grandson of Polynices. The Furies, who | 
continually persecuted the house of CEdipus, j 
perm.itted him to live in tranquillity but they i 
tormented his son and successor Autesi jn, and ! 
obliged him to retire to Doris. Pans. 3. 5. 9. (>. j 

TlSAXDRUS, one of the Greeks concealed ' 
with Ulysses in the wooden horse." Some sup- | 
pcsp him to be the same as Thersander, the son I 
of Polynices. Vir^. ^In. 2, 261. I 

TiSDRLS. Vid. Tysdrus. I 

TISIFHONR, one of the Furies, daughter of I 
Nox and Acheron, who was the minister of di- 1 
vine vengeance upon mankind, and visited them j 
with plagues and diseases, and punished the '. 
wicked in Tartsrus. She w as represented with | 
a whip in her hand; serpents hung from her i 
head, and were wreathed round her arms in- j 
f tead of bracelets. By Juno's direction she at- j 
tempted to prevent the landing of Jo in Egypt, j 
but the god of the Nile repelled her, andob'iVed ' 
her to retire to hell. Slat. Theb. 1,59.- TiVvf. , 
G. 3. 532. /En. 6, 525 — Horat. Sii. 1. 8, 34. 

TISSAPHKRNES, an officer of Darius. A 

«atrap of Persia, commander of the forces of ^ 
Anaxerxps, at the battle of Cunaxa, against 
Cyrus. It was by his valour and intrepidity 
that the king's forces gained the victory, find I 
for this he obtained the d,iughter of Artaxerxes ' 
in marriage, and all the provinces of w hich Cy- 
rus was governor. His popularity did not long 
continue, and the king ordered him to be put to 
death w)ien he had been conquered by Agesilau<=, 
395 B.C. C. Nep. 

TiT.'EA, the mother of the Titans. She is j 
.^uppcstd to be the same as Thea, Rhea, Terra. ^i.c» i 



TIT 



TIT 



Titan, or TITAKUS, a son of Cce\u3 and 
Terra, brother to Saturn atid Hyperion. He 
was the eldest of the chilJren of Ccelus; but be 
gave his brother Saturn the kingdom of the 
world, provided he raised no male children. 
When the birth of Jupiier was concealed, Titnn 
made war against Saturn, and with the assist- 
ance of his brothers, the Titans, he imprisoned 
him till he was replaced on the throne by his 
son Jupiter. This tra(]itii)n is recorded by Lac- 
tantius, a Christian writer, who took it from the 
dramatic compositions of Ennius, now lost. 
None of the ancient mythologists, such as Apol- 
lodoru?. Hesiod. Hyginus &e.. have raaJe men- 
tion of Titan. Titan is a name applied to Saturn 
by Orpheus and Lucian; to the sun by Virg-il 
and Ovid; and to Prometheus bv Juvenal. 
Ovid. Met. 1, \Q.~Jui\ U, 35.— P;^^^'^ 2, 11. - 
Orpheus Hymn. 13 —rirg. .'En. 4, l;9. 

TlTANES, a name given to the sons of Cceiu> 
and Terra. They were 45 in number, according 
to the Egyptians. Apollodorus mentions 13, 
Hyginus 6, and Hesi >d "iO, among whom ai e t;.e 
Titanides. The most known of the Titans are 
Saturn, Hyperion. Oceanu^;, lapetu*, Cottus 
and Briareus, to v. horn Horace adds Typhoeus. 
Mimas, Porphyrion, Rhoe-us, and Enceladus, 
who are by other mythologists reckoned among 
the gi.mts. They were all of a gigantic stature 
and with pr<iportionable .^trengih. They wert- 
treated with great cruelty by Coelus, and con- 
fined in the bowels of the earth, till their mo- 
ther pitied their misfortunes, a!id armed them 
' against their father. .Saturn, with a scythe, cut 
' off the genitals of his father, as he was going to 
unite himself to Terra, and thre v them into the 
sea, and from the froth sprarg a new deity, 
called Venus ; as also Alrct^, Tisiphone, and 
Megaera, according to Apollodorus. When Sa- 
turn succeeded his father, he married Rhea; but 
he devoured all his male children, as he had i 
been informed by an oracle, thit he should be 
dethroned by them as a puni-hment for his | 
cruelty to his father. The wars of the Titans ' 
against the'gods are very celebrated in mytho- | 
logy. Tney are often confouodfd with that oi l 
the'giants; but it is to be observed, that the war ] 
of the Titans was against Saturn, and that of the I 
giants against Jupiter. Hpsind. Theog. 135, &c. j 
ApoUod. 1. \.—/E$chyl. in Prom. — Callim. in Del. 
M. -Diod 1. — Hygin. prtEf. fab. 

TitanTa a patronymic applied to Pyrrha, as 
gran l-danghter of Titan, ana likewise to Diana. 
Ov!d. Met 1, 395. 2, &c, 

Titanides. the daughters of Ccelus and 
Terra: reduced in number to six, according to 
Hesiod, or to seven, according to Orpheus. 
The most celebrated were Tethys, Themis, 
Dirne, Thea, Mnemosyne. Op's. Cybele, Vesta. 
Phrebf', and Rhea. Hesiod. Theog. 135, ^Vc — 
Apr,Uod. I. 1. 

TlTAKESTus, a river of Thessaly, called also 
F.urotas, flowing into the Peneus a little above 
the vale of Tempe. The waters of the two rivers 
(lid not, howpver, mingle: as those of the Peneus 
were clear and limpid, while those of the Tita 
riesitis vnre impresnated w ith a thick unctuous 
substance, which flca ed like oil upon the sur- 
face. Hence the fabulous account of its being 
a branch of the infernal ^tyx. It is now the 
Saranto Poros. Sirab. 9. — Horn. II. 2, 751,— 
Lucnn. 6. 376. 

TITHEMDIA, a festival of .Spart;i, in which 



nurses. TiOTivat. convoyed male inf.ints entrnsted 
to their charge, to the temple of Diana, wheie 
they sacrificed young pigs. During the time of 
the solemnity, they generally dai;ced and ex- 
posed themselves in ridiculous postures, tr;ere 
were also some entertainments given near the 
temple, where tents were ereced. Each had a 
sej^arate portion allotted him, tugether with a 
small loaf, a piece of new cheese, part of the en- 
trails of the victim and figs, beans, and green 
vetches instead of sweetmeats. 

TiTHONCS a son of Laomedon. king of Troy, 
by Strymo. the daughter of the Scamander. fie 
was so beautiful that Aurora became enamoured 
of nim, and carried him away. He had by her 
Memnon and ^Emathion. He begged of Aurora 
to be immortal, and the goddess granted it; but 
as he had forgotten to ask the vigour, you:h, 
and beauty which he then enjoyed, he soon 
grew old, infirm, and decrepit; and as life be- 
came insupportable to him, he prayed Aurora 
to remove him ir:<m the world. As he could 
not die. the goddess changed him into a cicatirs, 
or grasshopper. ApoUod. 3, b. — T'irg. G. 1. i47. 
/En. 4, 5S5. 8, 3i4. Hesiod. Theog. 9S4. ^ 
Odd. Fas!. 1, 461. 9, 403.— Hora.'. Od. 1, 2S. 
2, 16. 

TithokEa, a city on mount Parnassus, called 
also Neon, for the name of Tiihorea v^ss only 
properly applied to one of the peaks of Parnas- 
sus. This place was taken and burnt by the 
army of Xerxes. In its vicinity, Philcmelus. 
the Phocian general, was defeated and slain hy 
the Theb^ns. The ruins of Tithorea are to bo 
seen near the modern village of Velitsa. Herod. 

5, 32 et 33 — Pniis. 10. 2. 

Tithkalstes, a Persian satrap, B.C. 395, 
ordered to murder Tissaphernes by Artaxerxes. 
He succeeded to the offices which the slaughter- 
ed favourite enjoyed. He was defeated by the 

.\thenians under Cimon. An officer in the 

Persian court, ikc. Tlie name was comm.on to 
some of the superior r ffieers of sia-e in iha.<?oui t 
ol Artaxerxes. Flut — C. Xep. in Da!, et Canon. 

TiTiA LEX. de ma:,' i.-^lyatibus. by P. Titius. 
the tribune, A. U. C. 710. It ordained that a 
triimivirate of magistrates should be invested 
with consular power to preside over the repub- 
lic for five years. The persons ci osen were Oc- 

tavius. Antony, and Lepidus Another, de 

provinciis, which required that the provincial 
quaesto s like the consols and praetors, should 
receive ih^ i'- \ r.>vi ces by lot. 

TlTl-i-NUS, Juiisnus. 'a Latin geographical 
writer, who flourished about the comn^ei c: rrer:t 

of the third century Attil. a noble Ron^; n. 

put to death A. D. 156. by the senate lor aspirii g 
to the purple. He was the oniy one proscribed 
during ihereii n f^S An'oninus Pius, 

TlTiUS Procvus. a Roman knight, nr- 
poi;ited to watch Messalina. Tacit ■ Ann. 11,35. 

Sep'in.inus, a p^et in the August.Tn ace, 

w ho di; t ; guished himself hy his b ric and Irag c 
compositions. no« lost. Herat Ep. 1, 3. 9. 

TlTORMl S a si epherd of ^tolia, called an- 
other Hercules, on account of his prodigious 
strength. He w as stronger than his contenip;-- 
r-iry. Milo of Crotona, as he could lilt on hi.s 
shoulders a stone which the Crotonian moveo 
w ith difficulty. .Elian. F. H. 12. 22 Herod. 

6, 127. 

TlTURH'S, a friend of Julia Silana, who in- 
fornr.eU attainst Agrippii a, &c. Tacit. Attn. 13. 
3 Q 



TIT 4. 

A lieutenant of Cassar in Giui, killed by 

AmV)iorix, Ors. B G. 5, 29. &c. 

Titus Vespasianus, S(^n of Vespasian and 
Flavia Domitilla, became known by his valour 
in the Roman armies, particularly at the siege 
or Jerusalem. In the 79th year of the Christian 
era. he was invested wiih the imperial purple, 
and the Roman people had evi ry reason to ex- 
pect in him the barbarities of a Tiberius, and 
the debaucheries of a Nero. "While in the house 
of Vespasian, Titus had been distinguished for 
his extravag^ance and incontinence; his atten- 
dants were the most abandoned and dissolute; 
and it seemed that he wished to be superior to 
the rest of the world in the gratification of every 
impure desire, and in every unnatural vice. 
Fi-om such a private character, which still 
might be curbed by the authority and example 
of a father, what cculd be expected but tyranny 
and oppression ? Yet Titus became a model of 
virtue, and in an age and ofBce in which others 
wi-h to gratify all their appetites, the emperor 
abandoned his usual profligacy, he forgot hi.s de- 
baucheries, and Bernice, whom he had loved 
with uncommon ardour, even to render himself 
despised by the Roman people, was dismissed 
from his prrsence. When raised to the thione, 
he thought himself bound to be the father of his 
people, the guardian ol virtue, and the patron 
of liberty; and Titus is, perhaps, the only mo- 
narch who, «hen invested with uncontrollable 
power, bade adieu to those vices, those luxuries 
and indulgencies, which as a private man he 
never ceased to gratify. He was moderate in 
his entertainments, and though he often refused 
the donations which «ere due to sovereignty, 
no emperor was ever more generous and magni- 
ficent than Titus. All informers were banished 
from hispresence, and even severely punished. 
A reform was made in the judicial proceedings, 
and trials were no longer permifed to be post- 
poned for years. The public edifices were re- 
paired, and baths were erected for the jconveni- 
ence of the people. Spectacles were exhibited, 
and the Roman populace were gratified with the 
sight of a naval combat in the ancient nauma- 
chia. and the sudden appearance of 5000 wild 
beasts brought into the circus for their amuse- 
ment. To do good to his subjects was the am- 
bition of Titus, and it was at the recollection 
that he had done no service, or granted no fa- 
vour one day, that he exclaimed in the memor- 
able words of My friends, I have lost a day '. A 
continual wish to be benevolent and kind, made 
him popular; and it will not be wondered, that 
he who could say that he had rather die himself, 
than be the cause of the destruction of one of 
l;is subjects, was called the love and delight of 
mankind. Two of the senators conspired against 
iiis life, but the emperor disregarded their at- 
rempts, he made them his friends by kindness, 
and like another Nero, presented them with a 
sword to destroy him. During his reign, Rome 
was three days on fire, the towns of Campania 
were destroyed by an eruption of Vesuvius, and 
the empire was visited by a pestilence which 
carried away an infinite number of inhabitants. 
In this time of public calamity, the emperor's 
benevolence and philanthropy were conspicuous. 
Titus comforted the afQicted' as a father, he al- 
leviated their distresses by his liberal bounties, 
and as if they were but one family, he exerted 
himself for the good and preservation of the 



^ TLE 

whole. The Rnmsns. however, had not long {n 
enjoy the favours of this magnificent prince. 
Titus was taken ill. and as he retired into the 
country of the Sabines to his father's house, his 
indisposition was increased by a burning fever. 
He lifted his eyes to heaven, and with modest 
.submission complaiiied of the severity of fate 
which removed him from the world when young, 
where he had been employ ed in making a grate- 
ful people happy. He died the 13th of Septem- 
ber, A. D. 81, iri the 41st year of his age, after a 
reign of two years two months and twenty days. 
The news of his death was received with lamen- 
tations; Rome was filled with tears, and all looked 
upon themselves as deprived of the most bene- 
volent of fathers. After him Domitian ascended 
the tiirone, not without incurring the suspicion 
of having hastened his brother's end, by ordering 
him to be placed, during his agony, in a tub full 
of snow, \%here he expired. Domitian has also 
been accused of raising commotions, and of 
making attempts to dethrone his brother; but 
Titus disregarded them, and forgave the offen- 
der. Some authors have rf fleeted with severity 
upon the cruelties which Titus exercised against 
the Jews; but though certainly a disgrace to the 
benevolent features of his character, we must 
oonsider him as an instrument in the hands of 
Providence, exerted for the punishment of a 
wicked and infatuated people. Joseph. B. J. 7, 
in, &c.- Suet. — Dio &c. 

Titus, TatIls, a king of the Sabines. [Fi.i. 

Tatiiis ] Livius, a celebrated historian. If^id. 

I.ivius.] A son of Junius Brutus, put todeath 

by order of his lather, for conspiring to restore 
the Tarquins. 

TiTYRUS, a shepherd introduced in Virgil's 

eclogues, &c. A promontory on the western 

coast of Crete, called by Ptolemy Psacum, and 
now Capo Spada. 

TiTYUS, a celebrated gisnt, son of Terra; or, 
according to others, of Jupiter, by Elara, the 
daughter of Orchomenos. He was of such a pro- 
digious size, that his mof'erdied in travail after 
Jupiter had drawn her from the bowels of the 
earth, where she had been concealed during her 
pregnancy to avoid the anger of Juno. His por- 
tentous appearance rendered him powerful, and 
Juno, who was jealous of Jupiter's amours with 
Latona, employed the strength of Tityus to bring' 
her rival into her presence, but the attempt was 
resented by the god, who hurled the ravisher 
into Tartarus. According, however, to the more 
received opinion, Tityus became enamoured of 
Latona, and attempted to offer violence to her, 
but the goddess delivered herself from his 
importunities, by calling to her assistance her 
children, who killed the giant with their arrow.-!. 
He was placed in hell, where a serpent continu- 
ally devoured his liver-, or, according to others, 
where vultures perpetually fed upon his entrails, 
w hich grew again as soon as devoured. It is said 
that Tityus covered nine acres when stretched 
on the ground. He had a small chapel with an 
altar in the island of Eubcea. Apollod. 1, 4. — 
Find. Pyth. 4. - Homer. Od. 7. 325. 1. 11, 575. — 
ApoUon. Rh. 1, 1S2, &c. - I'irg ^n. 6. 525.— 
Horr.t. Od 3,4,77 — Hygin. fnb. bb — Ovid. Met. 
4, ibl.- Tibull. 1. 3, 75. 

Tlepclemus, a son of Hercules and Astyo- 
chia, born at Argos. He left his native country 
after the accidental murder of I/Icymnius, and 
retired to Rhodes, by order of the oracle, where 



TMA 



735 



TRA 



he was chosen king, as being one of the sons of 
Hercules, He left his kingdom to the care of 
Butes, and went to the Trojan war with nine 
ships, and was killed by Sarpedon. There were 
some festivals established at Rhodes in his hon- 
our, called Ttepolemia, in which men and boys 
contended. The victors were rewarded with 
poplar crowns. Apollod. 2, 7.~Hygin. fab. 97. 
— —One of Alexander's erenerals, wno obtained 
Carmania at the general division of the Macedo- 
nian empire*. Diod. 18 An Egyptian gene- 
ral, who flourished B.C. 207. 

Tmarus, a Ruiulian in the wars of yEneas. 

rirg. ^n. 9. 685. A mountain of Epirus. 

Fid. Tomarus. 

Tmolus, a king of Lydia, who married Om- 
phale and was son of Sipylus and Chthonia. 
He offered violence to a young nymph called 
Arriphe, at the foot of Diana's altar, for which 
impiety he was afterwards killed by a bull. 
The mountain on which he was buried bore 
his name. Apollod. 2, 6. — Ovid. Met. 11, 4. 

— Hygin. fab. 19!. A mountain of Lydia, 

which sends several tributary torrents into the 
Hermus on the one side, and into the Cayster 
on the other, and divides, in fact, the valleys 
through which those two rivers flow. It was said 
to derive its name from Tmolus, a Lydian king, 
having been previously called Carmanorius. 
This mountain was much celebrated for its wine. 
Hence the frequent reference to it in the Bacchae 
^of Euripides. It appears also to have abounded 
with shrubs and evergreens, nor was it less noted 
for its mineral productions. It yielded tin; and 
Pactolus washed from its cavities a rich supply 
of golden ore. Its modern appellation is Bous 
Dagh. Plin. 5, '2d. - Virg. G. 2, 93. - Senec 
Phcen. Ovid. Met. 6, \o. — Eurip. Bacch. 

55 et 65.— Callim. Frag. 93- - Strab. 13. A 

town of Lydia, which was destroyed by an earth- 
quake under Tiberius. Tacit. Ann, 2, 47. 

TogAta, an epithet applied to Cisalpine Gaul, 
where the inhabitants wore the Roman toga, i. e. 
enjoyed the rights of Roman citizenship. Fid. 
Gallia. 

TOLETUM, now Toledo, a town of Hispania 
Terraconensis, on the river Tagus, and the capi- 
tal of the Carpetani. Caesar made it a place of 
arms, and Augustus rendered it one of the seats 
of justice in Spain. Plin. 3. 4. 

TOLISTOBOII, a people of Galatia in Asia, de- 
scended from the Boii of Gaul. They were 
settled in the western part of the country around 
the river Sangarius, and their chief city was Pes- 
sinus. Plin. 5, 32 - Liv. 5S, 15 et 16. 

TOLLENTiNUM, a town of Picenum. Plin. 
3, 13. 

TOLMiDES, an Athenian officer, defeated and 
killed in a battle in Boeotia, 477 B.C. Polyccn. 
7. 

TOLOSA, now Toidouse, a town of Gallia Nar- 
bonensis, which became a Roman colony under 
Augustus, and was afterwards celebrated for the 
cultivation of the sciences. Minerva had a rich 
temple there, which Caepio the consul plunder- 
ed, and as he was never after fortunate, the 
words aurum Tolosanurn became proverbial. 
Cces. B. G. -Mela, 2, b.— Cic. de Nat. D. 3, 20. 

TOLUMNUS, an augur in the army of Turnus 

against iEneas. Firg. Mn. 11, 429. A king 

of Veii, killed by Cor. Cossns after he had or- 
dered tha arnb.-issadors of Rome to be assassi- 
nated. Liv. 4, ly. 



TOLL'S, a man whose head was found in dig- 
ging (or the foundation of the capiiol, in the 
reign of Tarquin, whence the Romans concluded 
that their city should become the head t-r mis- 
tress of the world. 

TOMARUS, or TMARUS, a mountain of Epirus, 
on the declivity, or at the foot of which, stood 
the celebrated Dodona. Strab. 7- 

TOMOS, or Tom I, now Tomiswar, or Bub a, a 
town situate on the western shores of the Euxine 
sea, about thirty-six miles below the mouth cf 
the Danube. The word is derived from re/j-vw, 
seco, because Medea, as it is said, cut to pieces 
the body of her brother Absyrtus there. Ic i.s 
celebrated as being the place where Ovid was 
banished by Augustus. Tomos was the capital 
of what the Romans called the province of 
vScythia, and was said to have been founded by a 
Milesian colony, B.C. 63c!. S/r-.b. 7.— Apollod. 
1, 9 — Melt, 2, 2 — Ovid, ex Pont. 4, 14, 59. Trist. 
3, 9, 33. &c. 

TOMYRIS. Fif. Thomyris. 

TONEA, a solemnity observed at Samos. It 
was usual to carry Juno's statue to the sea shore, 
and to offer cakes before it, and afterwards to 
replace it again in the temple. This was in 
commemoration of the theft of the Tyrrhenians, 
who attempted to carry away the statue of the 
goddess, but were detained in the harbour by an 
invisible force. 

Top A ZDS, an island on the western side of the 
Sinus Araoicus, in what was called the Sinus 
Immundus, and not far to the south of Berenice. 
It was called also Ophioaes, from its containing 
many serpents. The stone topasus was found 
here, whence the appellation given to the island, 
Diod. 3, 40.~Plin. 6, 20. 37, 8. 

TORONE, a town of Macedonia, situate to- 
wards the southern extremity of the Sithonian 
peninsula, and giving name to the Sinus Toro- 
naicus, or gulf of Cassandria. The harbour of 
Torone was named Cophos, from the circum- 
stance that the noise of waves was never heard 
there; hence the proverb Kwf nTepoi tov Topaiyaiov 
X.uevoy. Strab. Epit. 7. - Mela, 2, 3. 

TOKQUATA, one of the vestal virgins, daugh- 
ter of C. Silanus- She was a vestal for sixty- 
four years. Tacit. Ann. 3, 69. 

TORQUATUS, a surname of Titus Manlius 
Fid Manlius. 

TORYNE, or ToRONE, a haven of Epiru.s be- 
low the river Thyamis, and opposite Corcyra. 
Here the fleet of Augustus anchored, prior to 
the battle of Actium. Plut. in Anton.— PtoL 

TrabeA, Q., a comic poet at Rome, in the 
age of Regulus, highly esteemed and ranked in 
merit next to Terence and Turpilius. Only 
eight lines remain of his poetry collected in the 
Corpus Poctarum. Cic in Tusc 4, 31. — Fin. 2, 
4. 

Trachalus, M. Galerius, a consul in the 
reign of Nero, celebrated for his eloquence as 
an orator, and for a maji^stic and commanding 
asi>per. Quintil. 10, 1. Tavit. 

Trachis, Trachin, or TRECHIN, a town of 
Thos-aly in tl'.e Melian district, and near the 
shore of the Sinus Maliacus. It was to thist 
place that Hercules retired, after having com- 
mitted an involuntary murder, as we learn from 
Sophocles, who has made it the scene of one of 
his deepest tragedies. Trachis so called from 
t;he mountainous character of the cotmtry, forms 
the approach to Thermopylaj, on the side of 

3 Qa 



1 



TRA 



Taessaly. Thucyd jJes states that ii the sixth 
3 ear of tne Peloponnesi^n war, B.C. 426, the 
Lacedcemonians, at the rt quest of the Trachi- 
nians, who were harassed by the moun'aineers 
of Lhlta, sent a colony into their country. 
These, jointly with the Trachinians b'iilt a 
town to which the name of Heraclea was given, 
distant about sixty stadia from Thermopylae, 
a-d twenty from the sea. Its distance from 
Trachis was only six stadia. [Hd. Hpraclea.l 
Horn. II. -2, 682. Soph. Trieh 39.— Herod, f, 
176. Thiuyd. 3 92. -Sr :b. y. 

TRACH jMTIS, a pait of JuJcea, on the othrr 
side ot the Jordan. <>n the northern confines of 
Palestine. It ab. u ids with rocks, w nch af- 
forded shelter to numerous thieves and robbers. 
Flin. 5- 14. 

TRAJANOPaLlS, a city of Thrace, situated 
on the rijih- bank of the Hebrus. abnut 30 miles 
from its mouth. It is now Arichoro. Ptol. • 
A City of Cilicia, the same as Selinus. Vid. 
Selinus. 

Trajanus, M. Ulpius CrtMtcs, a Roman 
emperor, b >rn at Italica in Spain. His great 
virtues, and h's private as well as public charac- 
ter, and hi-; services to the empire, both as an 
officer, a governor, and a consul, recommended 
him to the notice of Nerva, who solemnly 
adopted him as l|^s ?ou; inve-t-d him during his 
life-time w ith the imperial purple, and gave him 
the name of Cai5ar and of Germcnicus. A little 
time a^ter Nerva died, and the election of Tra- 
jan to the vacant throne was confirmed by the 
unanimous rej licings of the penpie, antl the 
free concurrence of the armies on 'he confines 
«>f Germany and the barks of the D.mube. 
The noble and independent behaviour of Trajan 
evinced the proprietv and goouni-ss of Nerva's 
ch'iice, and the attachment of the legions; and 
the new emperor seemed calculated to ensure 
peace and domestic tranqui:lity to the exten-ive 
empire of Rome. AU the actions of Trajan 
showed a good and benevolent prince, whose 
virtues truly merited the encomiums which the 
pen of an elegant and courteous panegyrist has 
piid. The barbarians cr^ntinued quiet, and the 
hostilities which they senerally displayed at the 
election of a new emperor whose military abili- 
ties they distrusted, were now few. Trajan, 
however, could not ophold with satisfaction and 
unconcern the insolence of the Dacians, who 
claimed from tht' R >man pi^ople a tribute which 
the cowardice of Domitian had offered. The 
sudden appearance of the emperor on the fron- 
tiers awed the barbarians to peace: but Deceba- 
lus, their warl ke monarch, sonn began hostili- 
ties by violating the treaty. The emperor en- 
tered the enemy's country, by throw ir.g a biidae 
across the rapid stream of the Danube, and a 
battle was fought in which the slaughter was so 
jn-eat, that in the Roman camp linen w as w anted 
to dress the w ounds of the soldiers. Trajan ob- 
tained the victory, an i Decebahis despairing of 
success destroyed himself, and Dacia became a 
nrovince of Rome. Tnat the ardour of the Ro- 
man soldiers in defeating their enemies might 
not CO il. an expedition was undertaken into the 
east, and Parthi:i threatened with immediate 
war. Trajan psssed tbroUi-h the submissive 
kinjdnm of Armenia, and by his well dii^cted 
operations, made him.self ma-^-ternf theprovincfB 
nf Assyria and Mesopotamia. Hp extended his 
e-.nquests in the eait. he obtained victories over 



unknov.a nations; and when on the extremities 
of India, he lamented that he possessed not the 
vigour and jouth of an Alexander, that he might 
sdd unexplored provinces and kingdoms to the 
; Roman empire. These successes in different 
■ parts of the world gained applause, and the 
senators were profuse in the honours they de- 
I creed to the conqueror. This, however, wa 
but the blaze of tran.'ient glory. Trajan had r e 
j sooner signified his intentions of returning ■ 
Italy, than the conquered barbarians appear-^ 
I again in arms, and the Roman empire did n : 
I acquire one single acre of territory from thecon- 
i quests of her sovereign in the east. Tne retui n 
f of the emperor towards Rome was hastened by 
indisposition, he stopped in Cilicia. and in the 
town of Selinu=:, which afterwards was called 
Trajanopolis, he was seized with a flux, and a 
few days after expired, in the beginning of Au- 
gust. A.D. 117, after a reign of 19 years, six 
months, and 15 days, in the 64th year <if his ate. 
He was succeeded on the throne by Adrian, 
whom the empress Plotina introduced to the 
Roman armies, as the adopted son of her hus- 
band. Tne a^hes ( f Trajan were carried to 
RoHie, and deposited under the stately column 
which he had erected a lew years before. Under 
this emperor the Romans enjoyed tranquillity, 
and fnr a moment supposed that their prosperity 
was complete under a good and virtuous sove- 
reign. Trajan was fond of popularity, and he 
merited it- The sounding titles of Optimus, , 
and the father of his country, were not unwor- ' 
thily bestowed upon a prince who was equal to 
the greatest generals of antiquity, and who, to 
indicate his aflfability. and his wish to listen to 
the just complaints of his subjects, distinguished 
his palace by the inscription of the puliic palace. . 
Like other emperors he did not receive with an I 
air of unconcern the homage of his friends, but t 
rose from his seat and wpiit cr.rdially to salute j 
them. He refused the statues which the flattery 
of favourites w ished to erect to him, and he ri- ' 
dieided the follies of an enbglitened nation, that , 
C- 'Uld pay adoration lo cold inanimate pieces of ' 
marble. His public entry into Rom.e gained 
him the hearts of the people: he appeared on ' 
foot, and showed himself an enemy to parade, ■ 
and an ostentatious equipage. When in his | 
camp he exposed himself to the fatigues of war, j 
like the meanest soldier, and crossed the most 
barren deserts and ex'ensive plains un foot and 
in his dress and food displayed all the simplicity 
which once trained the approbation of the Ro- 
mans in their countryman Fabricius. All the 
oldest soldiers he knew by their own names, he 
conver-ed with them with the greatest familiari- 
ty, and never retired to his tent before he had 
visited tiie camp, and by a personal attendance 
convinced himself of the vigilance and the secu- 
rity of his army. As a friend he was not less 
distinguished than as a general. He had a se- 
lect number of intimates, whom he visited with 
freedom and openness, and at whose tables he 
partof^k many a moderate repast without form 
or ceremony. His confidence, however, in the 
good intentions of chers. was, perhaps, carried 
to excess. His favourite Sura had once been ac- 
cused of attempts upon his life, but Trajan dis- 
regarded the informer, and as he was that same 
day invited to the house of the supposed con-pi- 
ratcr. he went thither ear v. To try farrher the; 
sincerity of Sura, he ordered himself to b«' 



TRA 



737 



TRT 



iliaved by his barber, to have a medicinal appli- 
cation made to his eyes by the hand of his sur- 
geon, and to bathe together with him. The 
public works of Trajan are slUo celebrated; he 
opened free and easy communications between 
the cities of his provinces, he planted many co- 
J)nies, and furnished Rome with all the corn 
and provisions which could prevent a famine in 
the time of calamity. It was by his directions, 
that the architect Apollodorus built that cele- 
brated column w hich is still to be seen at Rome, 
under the name of Trajan's column. The area 
on which it stands was made by the labours of 
men, and the height of the pillar proves that a 
large hill 144 feet high was removed at a great 
expense, A.D. 114, to commemorate the victo- 
ries of the reigning prince. His persecutions of 
the Christians were stopped by the interference 
of the humane Pliny, but he was uncommonly 
severe upon the Jews, who had barbarously 
murdered 200,000 of his subjects, and even fed 
upon the flesh of the dead. His vices have been 
obscurely seen through a reign of continued 
splendour and popularity, yet he is accused of 
incontinence and many unnatural indulgences. 
He was too much addicted to drinking, and his 
wish to be styled lord has been censured by 
those who admired the dissimulated moderation, 
and the modest claims of an Augustus. Plin. 
Pane<r. SfC. — Dio- Cass, — Eutrop. — Ammian. — 
Spariian. — Joseph. Bell. J — Victor The fa- 
ther of the emperor, who likewise bore the 
name of Trajan, was honoured with the consul- 
ship and a triumph, and the rank of a patrician 
by the emperor Vespasian, 

TRAJECTUS Rheni, now Utrecht., the capital 
of one of the provinces of Holland. 

Tralles, now Ghinsel-hissor., a town of Ly- 
dia, a little to the east of Magnesia ad Masan- 
drum. It was said to have been founded by 
some Argives, together with a body of Thra- 
cians, from whom it took the name of Tralles. 
It had previously borne those of Anthea, Erymna, 
Charax, Seleucia, and Antiochia. Its shape 
was that of a trapezium, and it was defended by 
a citadel, and other forts. Slrab. 14^. — Plin. 5. 
29. 

TRANSTIBERINA, a part of the city of Rome, 
on one side of the Tiber. Mount Vatican was 
in that part of the city. Martial. 1, 109 

Trapezus. now Trebisotid, a city on the north- 
eastern coast of Pontus, founded by a colony 
from Sinope. It obtained its name from the 
mathematical figure in which it was built, an<i ! 
was remarkable as the first friendly spot reached I 
by the 10 000 Greeks during their masterly re- | 
treat from Cunaxa. Trapezus was a magnifi- j 
cent city, and became very famous under the 
emperors of the eastern empire, v\ho made it I 
their capital. Xen. Aiiab. 4, 7 — Mela, 1, 19. - 

Plin. 6, 4. A city of Arcadia, in the south- ' 

western angle of the country, and between tiie i 
Achelous and Alpheus. Pam. 8, 27 et 28. 

TRASIMENUS. Vid- Thrasymenus. 

TkauluS MonTanls, a Roman kni2:ht. one 
of M( Sialina's favourites, put to death by Clau- 
dius. Tacit. Ann. 

Treba, a to%vr. of the fiabires, near the 
source of the Anio. now T,evi. Plin. 3, 12. 

TrebaTiUS Testas, C, a man banished by 
Julius Ciesar for following the interest of Pom- 
j>:'y, and recalled by the eloquence of Cicero. 
He was afterwards reconciled to Cccsar, and en- 



joyed the favours and p.isronage of his successor 
Augustus. Trebatius was not less distinguished 
for his learning than for his integrity, l^is mili- 
tary experience, and knowledge of law. He 
wrote nine books on religious ceremonies, and 
treatises on civil law; and the verses that he 
composed proved him a poet of no inferior con- 
sequence. Horal- Sat. 2, 1, 4. 

TrebelliANUS, C. Anmus, a pirate who 
proclaimed himself emperor of Rome, A.D. '264. 
He was defeated and slain in Isauria, by the 
lieutenants of Gallienus. 

Trebellius Pollio, a Latin historian, 
who w rote an account of the lives of the empe- 
rors. The beginning of this history is lost; pait 
of the reign of Valerian, and the life of the tw o 
Gallieni, with the thirty tyrants, are the only 
fragments remaining. He flourished A D. 305. 

TrebiA, a river of Gallia Cisalpina, rising in 
the Apennines, and falling into the Po, a little 
to the west of Placentia. It is celebrated 
for the victory which Annibal obtained there 
over the forces of L. Sempronius, the Roman 
consul. S I. 4, 4;6.— Lucan. 2, 46. - Liv. 21, 54 
t 56. 

TrebonTa lex, de provinciis. by L. Trebo- 
nius, the tribune, A.U.C. 698. It assigned pro- 
vinces to the consuls for five years: Spain to 
Pompey; Syria and the Parthian war l.; Crassus; 
and prolonged for a time the command in Gaul, 
which had been bestow ed on Caesar by the Vati- 
nian law. Cato. for opposing this law, was led 
to prison. According to Dio, he was only 

Iragged from the assembly. Another, by L. 

Trebonius, the tribune, A.U C. 305. which con- 
firmed the election of the tribunes in the hands 
of the Roman people. Liv. 3, 5. 

Trebonhs, Caius, one of Caesar's friends, 
made ttircugh his interest prsetor and consul. 
Though thus raised to honours of ( ffice by Cee- 
sar, he yet preferred the safety of the republic 
to gratitude, and he joined in the conspiracy 
against his benefactor. On the fatal day, whilst 
the bloody deed was done, he detained Antony 
at the door in conversation, and thus preserved 
bis life. After the dictator's death, Trebonius 
obtained Asia as his province, where he was 
treacherously killed by Dolabella at Smyrna. 
Ccvs. Bell. 5, i7. Cic in Phil. 11, 2.- Uorat. 

Sat. 1, 4, 114. Garocianus ag overnorof Africa, 

who init to death the proconsul Clodius Macer, 

by Galba's ordcr.^. Tacit. H. 1, 7. A tribune 

vho proposed a law at Rome, and imprisoned 
Cato, because he opposed it. J'id. "Trebonia 
Lex. 

TRf S Tabern.^:, a small place or village on 
the Appian W^ay to Rome, where travellers 
stopped for refreshment. According to the Iti- 
nerary of Antoninus, it was thirty-three Roman 
miles from Rome. Some critics and commen- 
tators, however, suppose that they were retail 
shops for the sale of provisions to travellers. 
Cc.Aft. ■>. 12 — Ads, 28,' 15. 

Treveri, a ration of Gallia Belgica, be- 
tween the Mosella, or Moselle., and Silva Ardu- 
enna. Their chief city was Augusta, called af- 
terwards Treveri, now Treves. Cces. B. G. 5, 3. - 
6, 2.-r«c. Ann. 1, 41. 3, 42. Ge m. 28.— Mela, 
3, 2. 

Triarius, C, an orator commended by Ci- 
cero. A frirnd of Porapcy. He had for^nme 

time the care of the war in Asi.i ligamst Mitli- 
ridates, whom he defeated, and bv whom he was 
3^3 



TRI 



TRI 



arterwart's 'caton. He wp.s killed in the civil 
WAts nt Pornpey and Csesar, Cces. B. C- 3, 5. 

TRIBALLl, a Thracian people, by far ths 
most numerous and powerful tribe in that coun- i 
try. They were conquered by Philip, the father : 
of Alexander; and some ages after, they main- j 
tained a long war against the Roman emperors. 
Thucyci. '2. 9o.— S(rab. 1. \ 

Triboci, a German tribe, on the left bank 
of the Rnine, and between that riv-r and the 
M-diomatrlce and Leuci. Their chief city was 
Ar;;entoratum, now Strasbourg, near which 
Julian defeated the Alemanni. Tacit, in Germ. 
2<. C(Fs. B. G. 1, 51. ! 

TRIBUNI. Plbbis. mflffistrates at Rome, 
created in the year U. C. '261, when the people 
after a quarrel with the senators had retired to 
Mons Sacer. Two tribunes were at first created, ; 
at the assembly by Curi«, who created three I 
colleagues to themselves. In the year 283, they i 
were first elected at the Comitia Tributa, and, 
in A U- C- 297, ten tribunes were created, two ; 
nut of each class, w hich nun ber continued ever ' 
after. The appellation of tribune was g-iven to 
them because they were at first chosen from the 
tribunes of the s ddiers. Their office was an- 
nual, and as the first had been created on the \ 
4th of the ides of December, that d;iy was ever ! 
alter chosen fur the election. Their power, j 
though at first small, and gran'ed by the patri- ' 
cian> to appease tiie momentary seditions of the ■ 
populace, soon became formidable, and the sena- 
tors repented too late of having consented to ■ 
elect magistrates, who not only preserved the j 
rights of the people, but could summon assem- j 
biies, propose laws, stop the consultations of the ; 
senate, and even abolish their decrees by the j 
word Veto. Their approbation was also neces- 
sary to confirm the senatuscor.sulta, s.nd this was 
done by affixing: the letter T under it. If any 
irregularity happened in the state, their power • 
was almost absolute; they criticised the conduct ' 
of all the public magistrates, and even dragged ; 
a consul to prison, if the measures he pursued ! 
were hostile to the peace of Rome. The dictator } 
alone was their superior, but when that magis- ! 
trate was elected, the office of tribune was not, j 
like that of all other inferior magistrates, abo- i 
lished while he continued at the head of the ! 
state. It was one of the peculiar privileges con- ' 
nected with the office of tribune, that their per- \ 
sons should be held sacred, (sacrosanct i) ; and ' 
any one, therefore, who hurt a tribune in word j 
or deed, was held accursed, and his goods were ' 
confiscated to the temple of Cei-es. Under the 
sanction of this law, they carried their power to ' 
an extravagant height. By the Julian law p.lso 
it was forbidden under the severest penalties, 
to interrupt a tribune while speaking, and no 
one was allowed to speak in the assemblies 
.summoned by them without their permission. 
Tne marks by which they were distinguished 
from other magistrates were not very conspi- 
cufius. They wore no particular dress, only a 
beadle called viator marched before them. At 
first they " ere not allowed seats in the senate, 
hut sat on benches without, and the decrees of 
that body were brought to them for their ap- 
proval or rejection; they were soon, however, 
admitted within. Yet great as their power 
might appear, they received a heavy wound 
from their number, and, as their consultations 
and resolutions v. ere of no effect if they were 



not all unanimous, the senate often took adv.in- 
lage of their avarice, and by gaining one of then, 
by bribes, they, as it were, suspended the autho- 
rity of the rest. The office of tribune of the 
people, though at first deemed mean and servile 
was afterwards one of the first steps that led to 
more honourable employments; and as no patri- 
cian was permitted to canvass for the tribune- 
ship, we find manv that descended among the 
plebeians to exercise that important office. 
From the power with which they were at la-t 
invested by the activity, the intrigues, and c: n- 
tinual applications of those who were inoffi e, 
they becam.e almost absolute in the state; and 
it has been properly observed, that they caused 
far greater troubles than tho^e which they were 
at first created to silence. Sylla, when raised 
to the dictatorship, gave a fatal blow to the 
authority of the tribunes, and by one of his de- 
crees they were no longer, permitted to harangue 
and inflame the people. They could make no 
laws; no appeal lay to their tribunal; and such 
as had been tribunes were not permitted to 
solicit for the other offices of the state. This 
disgrace, however, was but momentary, at the 
death of the tyrant the tribunes recovered their 
privileges by me-ns of Cotta and Pompey the 
Great. In the consulship of the former, they 
obtained the right of enjoying other offices, and 
in the consulship of Pompey and Crassus, all 
their former powers, a thing which Caesar 
strenuously prevented. The tribunes hence- 
forth were employed by the leading men as the 
tools of their ambition. Backed by a hired 
m.ob, they determined every thing by force; 
they made and abrogated laws at pleasure, and 
in fine threw the whole state into utter confu- 
sion. Julius Caesar, who had been the principal 
cause ( f their excesses, and had made the viola- 
tit n of their power a pretext for taking up arms, 
having at last become absolute, reduced the tri- 
bunitian power to a mere name, and deprived 
the tribunes of their office at pleasure. Augustus 
got the tribunitian power conferred upon himself 
by a decree of the senate. This pow er gave him 
the right of holding the senate, of assembling 
the people, and of being appealed to in all cases. 
It also rendered his person sacred and inviol- 
able, so that it became a capita! crime to injure 
him in word or deed; which, under the succeed- 
ing emperors, served as a pretext for cutting off 
numbers of the chief men of the state. Hence 
this among other powers used to be conferred on 
the emperors in the beginning of their reign, or 
upon other solemn occasions; and hence also 
the ye^rs of their government were called the 
yarsof their tribunitian power, which are often 
found marked on ancient coins, computed most 
o-pnerally from the com.mencement of their reign. 
Under Constantine the tribuneship was totally 
abolished. The tribunes were never permitted 
to sleep out of the city, except at the Ferirv 
Latinre. when they w ent w ith other magistrates 
to offer sacrifices upon a mountain near Alba. 
Their houses were always open, and they re- 
ceived every complaint, and were ever ready to 
redress the wrongs of their constituents. Th^ir 
authority was not extended beyond the walls of 

the city There were also other officers who 

bore the name of tribunes, such as the tribuni 
rm'h'tum or militares, who commanded a division 
of the legions, ten centuries, or about 1000 men. 
They commanded each in turn, usually a month 



TRI 



:9 



TRI 



about. They were empowered to dpcifle all 
quarrels that might arise in the army; tbey took 
care of the camp, and gave the watch-word. 
There were only three at first, chosen by Romu- 
lus, but the number was at last increased to six 
in every legion. After the expulsion of the Tar- 
quins, they were chosen by the consuls ; but 
afterwards the right of electing them was divided 
between the people and the consul. The people, 
after A. U- C 393, usually appointed six annu- 
ally out of twenty-four. Afterwards the manner 
of choosing them varied. By the Atilian law 
the people claimed to themselves the ripht of 
choosing sixteen for four legions, or sixteen out 
of twenty-four, that is, two-thirds of the whole. 
Those chosen by the people were called Comi- 
tiati, by the consuls, Rutili or Rufuli. Some- 
times the people created the whole. In danger- 
ous conjunctures, however, the choice was for 
the most part left entirely to the consuls. Under 
the emperors they were chosen chiefly from 
among the senators and equites. The former 
were called laliclavii, and the \mter an^'usiiclavii, 
from their peculiar dress. They wore a golden 
ring, and were in office no longer than six 

months There were also some officers called 

iribuni vnlitum corisulut i poifsta/e, elected inslead 
of consuls, A. U. C. 310. They were only three 
originally, but the number was afterwards in- 
creased to six or more, according to the will and 
pleasure of the people and the emergencies of 
the state. Part of them were plebeians, and the 
rest of patrician families. When they had sub- 
sisted for about seventy years, not without some 
interruption, the office was totally abolished, as 
the plebeians were admitted to share the consul- 
ship, and the consuls continued at the head of 

the state till the end of the commonwealth. 

Tiie tribuni cchortium pTcEtorianaruni were en- 
trusted with the person of the emperor, which 

they guarded and protected. The inhuni 

cerarii were officers chosen from among the peo- 
ple, who kept the money which was to be wp 
plied to defray the expenses of the army. Thn 
richest persons were always chosen, as much 
money was requisite for the pay of the sf)ldiers. 
They were greatly distinguished in the state, 
and they shared with the senators and Roman 
knights the privileges of judging. They were 
abolished by Julius Csesar, but Augustus re- 
established them, and created 2f'0 more, to de- 
cide causes of smaller importance.— The tri- 
luni celerum had the cnm.mand of the guard 
which Romulus chose for the safety of his per- 
son. They were 100 in number, distine-uishod 
for their probity, their opulence, and their nobi- 
lity. The tribrtni volu-ptainm were commis- 
sioned to take care of the amusements which 
were prepared for the people, and that nothing 
might be wanting in the exhibitions. This 
office was also honourable. 

TRICALA, or TriocAla, a mountain fortress 
and town in Sicily, near the lower coast, east of 
St^linus, and north of the mouth of the Crimisus. 
Sil Ital. 14, 271. 

Tricasses, a people of Gaul, north east of 
the Senonenes, and through whose territories, 
fl.'iws the Sequana, or Seine, in the earlier part 
of its course. Their chief city was Augusta 
Bona, afterwards Tricasses, now Troyes. Amm. 
More. 15, 11. 16, 2. 

TuiCCA, now Trv'.ala, a city of Thessnly. 
south-east of Gomphi, and near the junction of 



the Peneus and Lethasus. It is placed by Ho- 
mer under the dominion of the sons of .lEscula- 
pius. It possessed a temple of .^srulapiu?, 
which was held in great veneration. Home?-. 11. 
2, 729. — Strab. 9. 

TriclariA, a yearly festival celebrated by 
the inhabitants of three cities in Ionia, to ap- 
pease the anger of Diana Trit'^jria, whose temple 
had been defiled by the adulterous commerce of 
Menalippus and Cometho. It was usual to sac- 
rifice a boy and a girl, but this barbart)us custom 
was abolished by Eurypilns. The three cities 
were Aroe, Messatis, and Anthea, whose united 
labours had erected the temple of the goddess. 
Paus. 7, 19. 

TRiCORil, a Gallic tribe in Gallia Narbonen- 
sis, in the territory of Massilia and Aquae Sen- 
tiae. Liv. 21, 31.- P/m. 3, 4, 

Tridentcjm, now Trent, a city of Rhatia, on 
the river Athesis, or Adige, and a short distance 
from the northern confines of Venetia. It was 
built by the Cenomani. who were dispossesspd 
by the Romans. It. is celebrated in ecclesiastical 
history as the seat of the eighteenth and last 
general council, which assembled in 1545, and 
was prolonged by intrigues and various changes 
for eighteen years. The decisions of this coun- 
cil are implicitly received as the standard of 
fsith, morals, and discipline in the Romish 
church. Justin. i;0, 5. 

TrieterICA, a name given to the orgies of 
Bacchus, as celebrated every three years. Vi'g- 
^n. 4, 302. 

Trigemina, one of the Roman gates, so cal- 
led because the three Horatii went through it 
against the Curiatii. Liv. 4, 16. 35. 41. 40, 51. 

TRINACRiA, one of the ancient names of 
Siciiv, from, its triangular form. Firg. Mn. 3, 
384. &c. 

Trinobantes, a people of Britain in modern 
Essex and Middleiex. Tacit. Ann. 14, 31.— C<f s. 
B. G 5. 20. 

TriocAla, Vid. Tricsia. 

Triopas or Triops, a son of Neptune by 
Car;ace, the daughter of ./Eolus. He was father 
of Iphim.edia and of Erisichthon. who is called 
on that account Trio^ieius, and his daughter 

Triopeis. Ovid. Met. 8, — Apollod. \, 7 

A son of Phorbas, father to Agenor, Jasus, and 
Mpssene. Homer. Hymn, in Ap. 211. 

TRIOPIUM. a city of Caria, founded by Trio- 
pas, son of Erisichthon, and situate near the 
promontory of Triopium, at the extremity of 
Doris. On the promontory was a temple of 
Apollo, where the Dorians celebrated gsmes in 
honour of this god. At this temple was held a 
general assembly of the Dorians in Afia, opt n 
the model of that of Thermopyla;. Vid. Doris 

TRIPHYLIA, the southern portion of Elis. It 
is said to have derived its name from Triphylns, 
an Arcadian prince, or from its inhabitants hfir- 
ing sprung from three different tiibes, viz. the 
Epei. the Minyae, and the Elei. It was a fertile 
and well inhabited country. Polyb. 4, 77 et 78. 
- - t^tntb 8 

TRIPolis, now Tripoli- a city of Syria, on the 
sea-coast below Aradus. Tripolis was so called 
in consequence of its having been built by the 
people of the three cities Tyrus, Sidon, and Ara- 
dus, for the convenience of assembling in this 
place the several federal bodies* of Pliocni< e. for 
the discussion of suf h matters as related to 
whole country. Died. Sic. IG, 41. - St7ub. 16. 



TRI 



710 



TRI 



—— A region of Af;i:a. on tht' coast of the Medi- 
terraneau, be;^Neen the two S>rres. it appears 
to have a-jquired its name on account of its con- 
taining the three tiiies of Leptis Magna, now 
Lebid^., Sabrata, now Sabur', and (Ea, the site 
of wnich the modern city of Tripoli is supposed 

to occupy. A ci:y of Ponlus, on the coast, at 

the mouth of the river Tripoli?, and north-cast 
of Cerasus. It is now called Tireboli. Plin. b, 

4. A city of Lydia, on the western bank of 

the Maeander, north-w est of Hierapolis, and near 
the confluence of the Maiander and Cludrus. 
Flin. 5, 29. 

Triptolemus, a son of Oceanus and Terra, 
or, according to some, of Trochilus, a priest of 
Argos. According to the more received opinion, 
he was son of Celeus king t>f Attica, by Netasa, 
whom some have ca'.'ed Metanira, Cotho:iea, 
Hyona, Melania, or Pulymnia. He was born at 
Eleusis in Attica, and was cured in bis youth of 
a severe illness by the care of Ceres, who had 
been i:ivited into the house of Celeus by ihe 
monarch's children, as she travelled over the 
country in quest of her dauahter. To repay ;he 
kindness of Celeus, the goddess took particular 
notice of his son. She fed him with her own 
milk, and placed him on burning coals during 
the night, to destroy whatever particles of mor- 
tality he had received from his parents. The 
mother was astonished at the uncommon grow th 
of her son, and she had the curiosity to watch 
Ceres. She disturbed the goddess bj' a suJderi 
cry, when Triptolemus was laid on the burning 
ashes, and as Ceres was therefore unable to 
make him immortal, she laughthim agriculture, 
and rendered him serviceable to mankind, by 
instructing him how to sow corn, and make 
bread. She also gave him her chariot, which 
was drawn by two drngons, and in this celestial 
vehicle he travelled all over the earth, and dis- 
tributed corn to all the inhabitants of the world. 
In Scythia, the favourite of Ceres nearly lost 
his life; but Lyncus, the king of the country, 
who had conspired to murder hira, w as changed 
ir.t:) a lynx. At his return to Eleu?js, Triptole- 
mus restored Ceres her chariot, and established 
the Elp'jsinian festivals and mysteries in honour 
of the deity. He reigned for some time, and 
after death received divine honours- Some 
suppose that he accompanied Bacchus in his In- 
dian expedition. Diod. - Hyip.ii. fab \A7. - 
P. us. 2, 14. b, i. ~Justi-a. 2- 6- - Ap'nllod. 1, 5.— 
Caliim. in Cer. 22.— id. Met. 5, e46. Fast. 4, 
501. Trisl. 3, 8, 1. 

Triquetha a name given to Sicily by the 
Latins, for iis trianiiuiar form. 

TRiSMEGISTLS, a celebrated Egyptian priest 
and philosopher. T'id. Mercurius, 

TriTx5:a, a city of Achaia, south-west of 
iEgium, and near the confines of Elis. It was 
said to have been founded by Cailidas, who 
CJme from Cumss in Italy, or, according to 
other accounts, by Menalippus, scrn of Mars and 
Tritaea. It was made dependent on Patrae, by 
order ( f zVugustus. Its remains are generally 
Fupposed to correspond with those ob-^erved by 
modern travellers at Goumen tsa. Paus. 7, 22. 
— Slrab.%. 

TriTOGENTA: a surn?-m.? of PaViA?, because 
she w as born on the 3 J of the month, or becatise 
she was born on the borders of the lake Trito- 
ni-s &c, Diod. 1. 

Triton, a sea doityj son of Neptuiu^, by Anv 



[ phitrite; or, according to some, by Celero, oi 
I Salacia. He was very powerful among the sea 
! deities, and could calm the ocean and abate 
i storms at pleasure. He is generally represented 
j as blowing a shell, his body above the waist is 
like that of a man, and below a dolphin. Some 
represent him with the fore feet of a horse, 
j '\iany of the sea deities are called Tritons, but 
the name is generally applied to those only whal 
are half men and half lishes, Apollod. 1, 4. — j 
Hesiod. Theog. 930 - Ovid. Met. 1, 333. Cic. 
de Aa(. D. 1, 28. -Tlrg. ^n. 1, 148. 6, 173.— 

Pi us. 9, iO. A river of Africa, rising in a parti 

of mount Atlas called Usaletus, and, after pass-i 
ing through the two lakes of Libya and Tritonis, 
entering the sea at Sacape. It is now the Cabes.l 
TritOnis, now Faraouni. a lake of Africa,' 
inland from the Syrtis Minor. It was alsoi 
named Pallas, from the tradition that Minerva, i 
hence surnamed Tritogenia and Tritonia, first' 
made her appearance on its , shores; the remem- 
brance of this legend was observed by an annual' 
feast, during which the most beautiful woman, 
in the coimtry was clothed like Pallas, and 
drawn in triumph round the lake. Near the 
Tritonis Palus was the Libya Palus, now Low- 
deah. Herod. 4, 178. - P^-us. 9, 33.— Virg. i 

2, Ml. — Mela, 1, 7 Athens is also called | 

Triton's^ because dedicated to Minerva. 

Trivia, a surname given to Diana, because 
she presided over ail places where three roads I 
met. At the new moon the Athenians offered , 
her sacrifices, and a sumptuous entertainment j 
-vhich was generallv distributed among the poor. ' 
Firg. Mn. 6, 13. '7. 774. — Ored. Met. 2, 416. I 
Fast. I, 389. ' 

TRlVIiE ANTRUM a place in the valley of ; 
Aricia, where the nymoh i geria resided. Mar- 
tid. 6, 47. ' \ 

ThivTcum, a place situate among the moun- I 
tains that separate Samnium from Apulia. The I 
little town of Trenco, which appears on a height 
above the course of the ancient Appian Way, | 
indicates the site of this place. Horai.Sat. 1,5,79. i 
Triumviri, republicce constituendm, were | 
three magisirates appointed equally to govern ' 
the Roman state with absolute power. These | 
ofRcers gave a fatal blow to the expiring inde- | 
pendence of the Roman people, and became | 
celebrated for their different pursuits, their am- | 
bition, and their various fortunes. The first tri- j 
umvirate, B.C. 60, was in the hands of J. Caesar, 
Pompey. and Crassus, who, at the expiration of 
their office, kindled a civil war. The second 
and last triumvimte, B.C. 43. was under Angus- i 
tus, M. Antony, and Lepidus, and through 
them the Romans totally lost their liberty. 
Augustus disagreed with his colleagues, and 
after he had defeated them, he made himself ! 
absolute in Rome. The triumvirate was in full j 
force ar R;;rre for the space of about 12 years. 

There were also t:fficers who were called ' 

(r:um< iri c^ipHales, created A. U- C. 464. They | 
took ctigv.i.^ance of murders and robberies, and L 
every thing in which slaves were concerned. I 
Criminals under sentence of death were entrust- I 
ed to their care, and they had them executed ac- j 
cording to the commands of the prastors- ^ 
Tiie trimwiri nocturni watched over the safety ■ 
of Rome in the night time, and in case of fire ! 
V. ere ever ready to give orders, and to take the 

most pffecUial meastires to extinguish it. Tne 1 

; ttiuvAiiri agrarii had the care of colenics thai I 



TRl 



T4i 



TRO 



v.ere sent to settle in different parts of the em 
pire. Tliey made a fair division of the lands 
among; the citizens, and exercised over the new 
colony all the power which was placed in the 

hands of the consuls at Rome. The triumviri 

monetales wer.,- masters of the mint, and had ihe 
care of the coin, hence their office was generally 
intimated b> the Ibilowing letters often seen on 
ancient coin's and medals, II IV I R. A. A. A. F. F. 
1. e. Triumviri auro, arffento, cere flando, /er ten- 
do. Some suppose that they were created only 
n the age of Cicero, as those who were emp)loyed 
before them were called Denariorum Jlandorum 

cufuiores. The iriurnvni valeiudtnis were 

chosen when Rome was visited by a plague or 
some pestiferous distemper, and they took par 
ticular care of the temples of health and virtue. 
The triumviri senatus legendi were appoint- 
ed to name those that were most worthy to be 
made senators from among the plebeians. They 
were first chosen in the age of Augustus, as be- 
fore, this privilege belonged to the kii gs, and 
afterwards devolved upon the consuls, and the 

censors, A. U.C 310. The triumviri mensmii 

were chosen in the second Punic war to take 
care of the coin and prices of exchange. 

Triumvirorum IiNSCla, an island in the 
small river Rhenus, one of the tributaries of 
the Po, celebrated for the meeting of the second 
triumvirate, Augustus, Antony, and Lepidus, 
who remained there three days, and agreed to 
share the sovereign authority among them. 
PLut. Cic. el An!.- D o a.ss. 46. Suet. Aug. 96. 

TroaDES, the inhabitants of Troas. 

TllOAS- a district on the ^Egean coast of My- 
sia in Asia Mmor, extending as far south as the 
promontory of Ledum, now Cape Baba, of 
which Troy was the capital. The kinjjdom of 
Prir.m, if we form our ideas of it from the poems | 
of Homer, must have been of very limited ex- | 
tent. Strabo, indeed, through partiality for his 
favourite poet, seeks to enlarge the limits o! 
Priam's kingdom, and makes it to haveconipre- : 
hended the country on the coast of the Prcponti.s 
as far as the river ^Esepus, near Cjzicus. Ho- 
mer, however, names many expressiy as allies 
of the Trojans whom Strabo would wi-h to con- 
sider as the suLjects of Priam. The norihern 
part of Troas was termed Dardania, from Dar- 
danus, one of the ancestors of Prian . The 
Trojans were very probably of Thracian origin. 
Vid. Troj",. 

Trochois, a lake in the island of Deh.s, near 
which Apollo and Diana were born. 

TROCMI, a people f)f Galatia, who occupied 
the norih-eastern portion of that country towards 
Pontus and Cappadocia, and chiefly on the right 
bank of the river Halys. Their chief city was 
Tavium. Liv. 38. 16— Pirn. 5. 32. 

TROiZENK, a city of ArgoHs, situate on the 
Sinus Saronicus, near the south-eastern extre- 
mity of that country, and north-east of Hermi- 
one. It was a very ancient city, and is said to 1 
have borne the several names of Orea, Althepia, 
and Posidonia, before it received that of Tioe- 
zene, from Trcezen, the son of Pelops, one of • 
the earliest sovereigns of the country. Pie w as j 
succeeded by Pittheus. wh( se daughter marry- I 
in^ Mgeas, became the mother of Theseus, j 
This hero was born at Troezene, where he long 
resided. Many of his adventures, as well as 
tho.-e of Plia-. lra and Hi| pf>liti!s, are represenli d 
by the tragic poets as occurring at this place. 



Tioeztne wej at onetime a republic independent 
of Argos, to which it had been subject at the 
time of the Trojan expedition. Its ruins are to 
be seen near the village of Damala, in a plain 
situate at the foot of a lofty range of mountains, 
which runs from the Saronic gulf to that of Her- 
minne. Fuus. 2. 30. Herod 1, 99. 8, 43. 9, 28. 

TrogilijE, ihree small islands near Samos, 
named Psilon, Argennon, and Sandalion. I'lin. 
5, 31. 

TrcgiLiI'M, a promontory at the foot of 
mount M}cale, opposite to, and about five miles 
from, Samos. It is mentioned by St l.uke in the 
Acts, in his account of St Paul's voyage from 
Troas to Miletus, by Mitylene. Chios, and Sa- 
mos. It is now called Cape S. Muvia. Strab. 
14. — Acts, 20^ 15. 

TroglodyTuE, an appellation denoting a 
people who dwelt in caves {~pwy'\r] specus, Sifn 
subeo.) The whole western coast ot the Sinus 
Arabicus was inhabited by Troglodytaj; but the 
name of Troglodytice, or Tisebarice. by which 
it was also known, was frequently confined to 
the coast of Ethiopia alone. They lived entirely 
upon fish, whence they were also called lehlhyo- 
phagi; they are represented as not possessing 
the least degree of civilisation, but as the low- 
est grade of mankind, and almost on a par with 
the brute creation. Sirab i6.-Plin. 2, 70. 6, 
19 et 29. 

Trogus POMPEirs, a Latin historian, B. C. 
41, born in Gaul. His father was one of the 
friends and adherents of J. Caesar, and his an- 
cestors had obtained privileges and honours 
from the most illustrious of the Romans. Tro- 
gus wrote a universal liistory of all the most 
important events tliat had happened from the 
beginning of the world to the age of Augustus, 
divided into 44 books. This history, which was 
greatly admired for its purity and elegance, was 
epitomized by Justin, and is still extant. Some 
suppose that the epitome is the cause that the 
original of Trogus is lost. Justin. 47, 5. — Aug. 
de Civ. D. 4, 6. 

Tboja, a city the capital of Troas, or, ac- 
cording to others, a country of which Ilium was 
tlie capital. It w as built on a small eminence, 
a short distance above the confluence of the Si- 
mois and Scamander, between these t«o rivers, 
and about three miles from the sea shore. 
Dardanus, the first king of ti:e country, built it, 
and called it Dardania; and from Tros, one of 
his successors, it was called Trotja, and irom 
Ilus, llion. Neptune is also saici to have built, 
or more properly repaired, iis walls, in the age 
of king Laomedon. This city has been cele- 
brated by the poems of Homer and Virgil, and 
of all the wars which have been carried on 
among the ancients, that of Troy is the most 
famous. The Trojan war was undertaken by 
the Greeks, to recover Helen, whom Paris, the 
son of Priam, king of Troy, had carried awa;. 
from the house of Menelau«. All Greece united 
to avenge the cause of Menelaus, and every 
prince furnished a certain number of ships and 
soldiers. According to Euripide?, Virgil, and 
Lycophron, the armament of the Greeks 
amounted to lOnn ships. Homer mentions 
them as being 11 6, and Thucydides supposes 
that they were 1200 in number. The number of 
men which these ships carried is nnki own- yet 
as the Inrsren con'.-nned ab ut 120 u>,"n each, 
and the smallest 50, it may be supposed that no 



TRO 



742 



TRO 



Ir'js Ihan inn Gi^O men were eiigaged in this c- le- ; 
brated txpediiiun. Agaojemnoa was chosen ; 
general of all th-se forces; but the princes and , 
kin^s (.if Greece were admitted among his ccua- j 
sellors, and by them all the operations of the ! 
« ar were directed. The most celebrated of the 
Grecian princes that distinguished themselves 
in this war, were Achilles, Ajax, Mtntlaus, 
Ulys-es, Diomedes. Protesilaus, Patroclu>. Aga- i 
niemnon, Ncstor, Neoptoleiiius, Sic The Gre- 
cian army was opposed by a more numerous ' 
force. Tiie king of Troy received assisiance 
from the neighbouring princes in Asia Miaor, 
and reckoned among his most active generab, 
Rnesus, king of Thrace, and Memnon, v>ho en- 
tered the field with -O.OlO Assyrians and Ethio- 
pians. Many of the adjacent ci;:e> were re- 
duced and plundered before the Greeks p.p. 
proached the walls-, but when the sie^e »;-:s be- 
gun, the enemies on both sides gave procfs ( f 
valour and intrepidity. The army of the | 
Greeks, ho vever, was visited by a plague, and ; 
the operations were not less retarded by the 
quarrel of Agamemnon and Achilles. Tiie loss 
was great on both sides; the most valiant of the 
Trojans, and particularly of the sons of Priam, 
were slain in the field; and, indeed, so great was 
ti e slaughter, that the rivers of the country are 
represented as filled with dead bodies and suits 
of armour. After the siege had been carried on 
for ten years, some of the Troj ms, among whom 
were .Eneas and An'.enor. betrayed the city ii.io 
the hands of the enemy, and Troy w as reduced 
to ashes. Tr.e poets, however, support, that the 
Grt'eks mide themselves masters of the place by 
artifice. They secietly filled a large wooden 
horse with armed men, and led a^■•ay their army 
from the plains, as if to return home. The Tro- 
jans brought the \iooden horse into their city, 
and in the night, the Greeks that were confined 
within the sides of the animal, rushed out and 
opened the gates to their companions, who had 
returned from the place of their concealment. 
Tiie greatest part of the inhabitants were put to 
the sword, and the others carried away by the 
conquerors. This happened, according to the 
Arundelian marbles, about 11S4 years before the 
Cnristian era, in the 3530ih year of the Julian 
period, on the night between the 11th and 12th 
of June, 40S years before the first Oi\n-ipiad. 
Troy appears, however, to have partly risen 
Irom its ruins, for Xerxes and Alexander both 
visited it, but it never gained its former impor- 
tance, being eclipsed by liium Novum, which 
was built about 30 stadia lower down the Simois 
than the old city. It is said that J. C^sar, who 
wished to pass for one of the descendants of 
.-Eneas, and consequently to be related to the 
Trojans, intended to make it the capital of the 
Roman empire, and to transport there the 
senate and the Roman people. The same ap- 
prehensions were entertained in the reign of 
Augustus and acc^^rding to some, an ode of 
H race. Justum et tenacem ftofcsiti v. rum, was 
w ritten purposely to dissuade the en;peror from 
putting into execution so wild a project. The 
site of Troy is supposed to be now occupied by 
the village of Bounarbachi, but the lapse of more 
ti.an SnrO years has not only obliterated every 
trace of the city, but has also effected such 
changes in the face of the country, as ro render 
ii impo^fible 10 asc-evtain its pxact position, fsr- 
ther ili.ui thai ae-u-s: \:hich ih-s ancient de- 



scriptions (ff<r no cbjecfions. [Titi. Paris, 
.^intas, Antenor, Agamem.non, Laomeduii, 
Mer.elaus. &c."l f'irg. /En. — Homer. — Ovid, — 
Diod^ a-c. 

Trojani, and TROJUGEN.E, the inhabitants 
of Troy. 

TroJANI Ll'DI, games instituted by ^Eneas, 
or his son Ascanius. to commemorate the deaiii 
of Anchises, and celebrated in the circus at 
Rome. Boys of the best families, dressed in a 
neat manner, and accoutred wiih suitable arrr.s 
and weapons, were permitted to enter the list. 
Sylla exhibited them in his dictatorship, and 
under Augustus they were observed with un- I 
usual pump and solemnity. A mock fight on ' 
horseback, or sometimes on foot, was exinbited. 
The leader of the party was called princeps jii- 
tent2itis, and was generally the son of a senator, 
or the heir apparent to the empire. Virg. /En. 
5. CQZ.-Suel. m Cces. et m Aug.-Flut. in SyU. 

TeoTli s, a son of Priam and Kecuba, durin* ' 
whi se life the fates had decreed that Troy should 
not fall. This important oracle did not deter ' 
him from attacking Achilles, by which be lost' 
his life, and his country her independence. 
Some have sr.id that Achilles w as immoderately 
fond of this Trojan prince, and that he actually 
killed him by the excess of his embraces, i 
ApoUod. 3, 12. - Horat. Od. 2, 9, 16.— Virg. /Sn. t 
1, 474. 

TnoPHONiUS, a celebrated architect, son of 
Ertinus, king of Orchomenos, in Boeotia. He 
built Apollo's temple at Delphi, with the assist- 
ance of his brother Agamedes, and when he de- 
manded of the god a reward for his trouble, he 
was told by the priestess to wait eight days, 
and to live during that time with all cheerful- 
ness and pleasure. When the days were passed, 
Trophonius and his brother were found dead in 
their bed. According to Pausanias. however, 
he was swallowed up alive in the earth; and 
when afterwards the country was visited by a 
great drought, the Boeotians were directed to 
apply to Trophonius for relief, and to seek bira 
at Lebadea, where he gave oracles in a cave. 
They discovered this cave by means of a swarm i 
of bees, and Trophonius told them how to ease ; 
their mistortunes. From that time Trophonius | 
w as honoured as a god; he passed for the son of i 
Apollo; a chapel and a statue were erected to ; 
him, and sacrifices were offered to his divinity, | 
when consulted to give oracles. The cave of < 
Trophonius became one of the most celebrated j 
oracles of Greece. Many ceremonies were re- j 
quired, and the suppliant was oblieed to make i 
particular sacrifices, to anoint his body w ith oil, 
and to bathe in the waters of certain rivers. He , 
was to be clothed in a linen robe, and with a 1 
cake of honey in his hand, he was directed to 
descend into the cave by a narrow eutrance, 
from whence he returned backwards, after he 
had received an answer. He was always pale 
and dejected at his returi^and thence it became 
proverbial to say of a melancholy m.En, that be- 1 
had consulted the oracle of Trophonius. There ■ 
were annually exhibited games in h.onour of 1 
Trophonius at Lebadea. Pavs. 9, 37- &c — Cic. | 
Tusc. 1, A7.— Flut.- Plin. 34. 7.-^lian, V. H, \ 
3, 45. 

TrOs. a son of Ericthonius, king of Troy- who 
mr.rried C&Uirhue, the daughter of the Scaman- 
der. by whom he had Tins. Assaracus, and 
G.".n) ii.idts. He ni.ide war iiga^ast Tantai-js, 



TRO 



743 



ktnff of Phn cla, whom he accused of having 
sioieii away the j oungrpst of his sons. The capi- 
tal of Phrygia was called Trcga from him, and 
the country itself Troas. f 'irg. G.3, 36. — Horn. 
II. 20, 2\9. —Apollod. 3. 12. 

TROSStLUM, now Trcsso, a town of Etruria. 
to the west of Ferentinum. Pliny tells us, that 
this town having been taken by cavalry alone, 
the Roman horse, from t ;at circumstance ob- 
tained the name of Trossuli. P.in. 33, 2. 

TRYPHIODoars, a native of Egypt, of whose 
history nothing is known, lived in the 6;h cen- 
tury, and was the author of a poem, entitled 
'l>iov dXaxTii, the Destruction of Troy. It is 
marked by bombast and affectation of ornament. 
He is said to have written other poems as the 
Marathoniaca, the Hippodameia. and the Odyssey 
called Lipngrammatic, Xet-oypafj.uaTf<i], because 
some particular letter of the alphabet was ex- 
cluded from each of the 24 books, or according 
to others, because the letter 2 was excluded 
from the whole poem. The Dest?ucfic?i of Troy 
] consists of only 631 verses, and is perhaps 
i merely a sort of argument of a more full woik 
contemplated by the author. It was first 
printed by Aldus, and has passed through subse- 
quent edi'ions by Northmore, 8vo. Cantab. 1791, 
I and Wernicke, 8vo. Lips. Ibi9, which are those 
i the most esteemed. 

Tryfho, a tyrant of Apamea in Syria, put 

j to death by Antiochus. Justin. 3Q, I A sur- 

j name of one of the Ptolemies. M'ian. F. H. 14, 

! 31. A grammarian of Alexandria, in the age 

! of Augustus, who wrote, among other works, a 
treatise entitled r-afir; Xf?fa.v, and another x-fpl 
i TpoTToji-. The best edition of these two is given 
in the Mvseum Criticum, vol. 1, p. 32. <^c. 

TUBERO, Q- ,^Lit:s, a Roman consul, son- 
in-law of Paulus the conqueror of Perseus. He 
is celebrated for his poverty, in which he seemed 
to glory, as well as the rest of his family. Six- 
I teen of the Tuberos, with their wives and chil- 
I dren, lived in a small house, and maintained 
j themselves with the produce of a little field, 
■which they cultivated with their own hands, 
I The first piece of silver plate that entered the 
I house of Tubero. was a small cup, vvhich his 
I father-in-law presented to him after he had con- 
I quered the king ot Macedonia, 
j TUBDRBO, two towns of Africa, called Major 
I and Minor. Plin. 5, 4. 

j TUCCA, Plautius, a friend of H(>race and 
I Virgil. He was ordered by Augustus, as some 
i report, to revise the ^noid o! Virgil, which re- 
I mained uncorrected on account of the prema- 
I ture death of the poet. Herat. Sat. J, 5, 4(J. 
I in, 84. 

I TUDER, a town of Umhria, north-west of 
j Spoletium, and near the Tiber. It was famous 

for its worship of Mars. It was (aken by Ctas- 
I SJis durin? the civil wars. It is now Todi. Sil. 
j Ital. 4. 22-2 et 4l)\.— Plid. Crass, el C M>n: 
I TUISTO, a deity of the Germans, son of Terra, 
! and the founder of the nation. Tacit, de Germ .-2. 
j Tl'LlNGI, a people of Gaul, reckoned anion? 
I the Helvetic by some, but more correctly their 
I neighbours, and of Germanic origin. Ca:s. D. 

G. ], 5- 

1 TULLIA, a daughter of Servius Tullius, king 
I of Rome. She married Tarquin the Proud, 
i after she had murdered her first husband Arunx, 
j and consented to see Tnllius assassinated, that 
I Tarquin might be raised to the throne. It is 



said that she ordered her chariot to be driven 
over the br dy of her aged fattier, which had been 
thrown all mangled and bloody into one of ttie 
streets ot Rome. She was a;terwards banished 
from Rome, with her husband. Ovid, in lb. 
1363. — Another daughter of Servius Tullius, 
i who married Tarquin the Proud. She was 
I murdered by her own husband, that he might 
i marry her ambitious sister of the same name. 

I A daughter of Cicero. Fid. Tulliola. 

i TULLiA LEX, de semdu. by M. Tullius Ci- 
I cero, A.U.C. 690, enacted that those who had a 
libera legatio granted them by the senate, should 
hold it no more than one year. Such senatms 
as had a libera h-gaiio. travelled through t;'L- 
prf--vinces of the empire without any expense, as 
if they were employed in the affairs of the state. 

Another, de ambitu, by the same, the sam.e 

year. It forbade any person, two years before 
he canvassed for an office, to exhibit a show of 
gladiators, unless that case had devolved upon 
him by will. Senators guilty of the crime of 
au.hitus were punished wiih the aquce et ignis 
interdiclio (ox ten years, and the penalty ir.flicted 
on the commons was more severe than that of 
the Calpurnian law. 
' TULLIANUM, a name given to part of the 
\ pub'.ic prison at Rome. The prison was built 
j by Ancus Martius, as we learn from Livy, who 
tells us that that king, " to repress the growing 
licentiousness, caused a prison to be constructed 
in the middle of the city, overlooking the 
Forum." The subterranean part was added by 
Servius Tullius, and was thence called Tulli- 
anum. It was also denominated Ilobur; and if 
this is what Livy means by the Career Lautumi- 
arum, or the prison of the stone-quarries, we 
may perhap; safely conclude that the excavation 
was originally made for the purpose of procur- 
ing stone, and that the quarry was afterwards 
converted into a prison. The steps, known by 
(he name of the Scalai GemonijE by which cri- 
minals were dragged to prison, or led out to 
execution, were near the entrance. Tlie prison 
itself consists of two cells, one above the other, 
■ to which the only entrance was by a small aper- 
ture in the roof of the upper cell ; w hile a similar 
j aperture in its floor led to the cell below. The 
j upper cell is seven-and-twenty feet in length, 
by twenty in width; the lower, which is of an 
! oval form, is tw enty by ten. The height of the 
] former is fourteen feet, that of the latter only 
] seven. These dungeons served as the state 
j prisons, being appropriated to persons of dis- 
I tinction. It was here that the Catiline coa- 
I spirators were confined and executed; it was 
here that Jugurtha perished of hunger ; here, 
I too, it was that Sejanus, that sport of fortune, 
j met the punishment due to his crimes; and that 
i Perseus, the last of the Macedonian kinss, 
dragged on a miserable existence, till, towards 
the close of life, he was removed, at the inter- 
cession of his conqueror, Paulus .?imilius. to a 
less frightful abode. Liv. \, 33. 3-^, 26 —Sallust. 
de Belt. Cat. bh. 

TULLIvlLA, or TULLIA, a daughter of Cicero 
by Terentia. She married Caius Piso, and 
I afterwards Furius Crassij es, and lastly P. Corn. 
! Dolabella. With this last husband she had 
i every reason to be dissatisfied. Dolabella was 
tur\)ulent, and consequently the catise of much 
grief to Tullia and her fa' her. Tullia died in 
child-bed, about 44 years before Christ. Cicero 



TUL 



744 



TUT 



was inconsolable on this occasion. According 
to a ridiculous story which s-^me of iht- nu derns 
report, in the a?e of pnpe Paul third, a monu- 
ment « as discovered on the Appian road, with 
the superscription of TuUiolcB filice mece. The 
body of a woman was found in it, which was 
reduced to a?hes as soon as touched; there was 
also a lamp burnin?, which was extinguished as 
soon as the air gained admission there, and w hich 
.nas supposed to have bef n lighted above 1500 
)p.irs. Cic.— P:ut. in Cic. 

Tl'LLiUS, ClMBER, the pon of a freed-man, 
rose to great hon nrs, and f llowed the intf^rest 
o\ PompfV. He w ;;s reconciled to Ju ius Casar, 
nhom he muniered with Brutus. Pint, iii Bivt. 

Cicero, a celebrated orator. [_f'id. Cicero.] 

• Tne son of the orator Cicero, [JYtZ. Cicero.] 

Servius, a king of Rome. 1 1 id. Servius.] 

One of the kings of Rome. fid. Servius. 

TULLCS HoSTILiL'S, the third king of Rome 
aner the death of Numa. He was of a warlike 
and active disposition, and signalised himself by 
his expediti' n against the people of Alba, whom 
he conquPTf d. and w hose ciJy he destroyed, alter 
the famous i aifle of the Horatii and Curiatii. 
He afterwards carried his arms against the La- 
tins and the neighbouring slates with success, 
and enforced reverence for majesty among his 
subjects. He died with all his family, about 
6-10 years before the Christian era, after a reign 
of thirty two years. The manner of his df^ath 
is not precisely known. Si'me suppose that he 
was killed by lijrhtning, wh.ile he was perform- 
ing some magical ceremonies in his own hou'e; 
or, according to the more probable accounts ol 
others, he was murdered by A"ncus Martius. who 
set fire to the palace, to make it believed that 
the impietv of TuUus had been punished hv 
heaven. Flor. 1, 3.— Dioius. Hal. 3, 1. - P'irg. 
./En. 6 814,— Lit; \, 22— Pluf. 

Tunes, now Tunis, a ci'v of Africa. 120 
stadia to the south-west of Carthage, and on the 
same bay with it. Near this place, in the first 
Funic war. the Roman gereral Reg-olus was (h- 
feared and taken prisoner by the Carthaginians 
under the command of Xantiptnts the Lacedae- 
monian. Po'yb. 14, 10. - Liv. 30. 9. 

TUNGRI. a name eiven to som.e of the Ger- 
mans, suiiposed to live on the banks of the 
Meuse. "hose chief city, called Atuaca, is now 
TongTea. Tacit, de Germ. 2. 

TC'R.\NifS. C. a Latin tragic poet in the age 
of Anstistus. Olid, ex Pont. 4, 16, 29. 

TtTRRO, a gladiator, mentior.td by Horace, 
Sot. 2. 3, 310- He was of a small stature, but 
uncommonly courageous. 

TCRDETANI, a people of Baetica in Spain, in 
.he south-eastern part. They were skilled in 
iitferent kinds of industry long before their 
i'eighbours. When the Phoenicirns arrived on 
their coast, silver was so common amongst them, 
that their ordinary utensils were made of it. 
Polyh. 34, 9. — Li: 21, 6. 24, 42. 

TcrdCli, a people of Baetica in Spain, situate 
to the north and north-east of the Turdetani. 
Me'a, 3, l. — Pltn. 3, 1. 4, 20. 

TURI.\. a river of Spain, fallins into the sea 
at Valentia. It is now the Guadalaviar. Mela, 
2 }6.-Phn. 3. 3. 

TCRNL'S, a king of the Rutuli.son of Daunus 
and Venilia. He made w ar against JEneas, and 
attempted to drive him awav from It.aly, that he 
might not marry the daughter of Lati^u.^, who 



had hern previously eng.nged tobim. IliseQbrts 
were atteniied with no success, though suppor fd 
with great courage, and a numerous ariu> . Be, 
was Ciinquered, and at last killed in a single] 
combat by .Eneas. He is represented as a man) 
of uncom.mon strength, f'irg. /JL71. 7, 66, &c. — ) 
Tibull. 2, 5, 49. - Oud. Fad. 4, 8/9. Met- U,\ 
451. j 

TuRONES, a people in the interior of Galiia 
Lugdunensis, whose territory answers to Uiel 
modern Touraine. Amm. Marc. 15, 11. — Tacit.\ 
Ann. 3. 41. 

TCRPIO, fid. Ambivius. 

TURRIS Hanmbalis, a small place on thel 
coast of Africa, close to Tbapsus. From thid 
Hannibal took his departure for Syria, when 
banished by his ungrateful countrymen. | 

TL'RI.'NTC'S, a river of Sarraatia, supposed to 
be the Duina. or Duna. 

TUsCI, the inhabitants of Etruria. Th*^ 

villa of Pliny the Younger, near the sources o\ 
the Tiber. Plin. ep. 5 et 6- 

TuscIa, a large country at the west of Rome.' 
the sam.e as Etruria. fid. Eti uria. 

TUSCUL-ANUM. a country house of Cicero, 
near Tusculum, where the orator composed hi.* 
QucFStiones. concerning the contempt of dealhj 
Sec. in five books. Cic. Tusc 1, 4. Alt. 15, 2.' 
Dir. 2. 1. , 

Tcsci LL'M, a town of Latium. on the sumJ 
m.t of the ridge of hills which forms the conv 
tinuation of the Alban mount, and above the 
modern town of Frasca i. It was distant aboul 
one hundred stadia Irom Rome, or twelve mile^ 
and a half. It is said to have been built by Te> 
Ifgonus, son of Ulysses and Circe. Like all tb^ 
neighbouring state.?, great enmity subsisted be- 
tween the inhabitan;s of it and the Romans: 
Tarquin the Proud, in order to maintain his 
authority at Rome, and secure the friendship c ' 
the citizens of Tusculum, gave his daughter ir 
marriage to a le.iding man am.ong them. Liv^ 
says, that when Porsenna marie peace with tht 
Romans. Tarquin repaired to his son-in law a 
Tusculum, which occasioned a war betweei 
Tusculum and the Romans; which war, afte 
various successes, terminated in favour of tht 
Romans, at the lake Regulus. Tuscu'uiii coulc 
boast of having given birth 10 M. Porcius Cato 
several of the Fabii. &c. Cicero has rendeier 
this town famous by his Tusculan letters, whifi 
he wrote at his Villa Tusculana, near Tusculum 
In several parts of this work he speaks of tht 
number and variety of country-houses that t!.< 
Romans had in that neighbourhood, of the salu 
brity of the air, and of the temples, academies 
cascades, and libraries that enibellished tl'.c : 
neighbourhood of Tusculum, and rendere;! i 
most enchanting and attractive, both for tl: 
mind and the bodv. Dion. Hnl. 10, 20.- Orid 
Fast. 3. 92. 4. 7\.- Properf. 2, 35.— Sil. Ital. 7 
6 )-. — in'. 1. 49. 2. 19. Sfrab. 5. 

TUSCL'S, belonged 'o Etruria. The Tiber i 
called Tiisms amnis, from its situation, rirs; 
.En. 10, i.'»9. 

TuscvM MARr: a part of the Mediterranean 
on the coast of Etruria. Vid. Tyrrhenum. 

TUTA, a queen of lilyricum, &c. fid. Teuta ; 

TuTiA, a vestal virgin, accused rf inconti- 
nencp. She proved herself to be innocent b? 
carrying water from the Tiber to the temple o 
\'csta in a sieve, after a solemn invocation t< 
the goddess. Liv. 20. A small river sir ■ 



TYA 



745 



TYR 



milps from Rome, where Annibal pifched his 
camp, when he retreated from thecitv. Liv.2'6, 
11. 

TYANA,now Ketch-hissar, a town of Cappa- 
docia, strongly fortified by nature and art, lyin^ 
on the main road to Cilicia and Syria, and at the 
foot of mount Taurus. It is supposed to be the 
sime with Dana, through which Cyrus passed 
on his way to Syria. Its oriiiinal appellation is 
said to have been Thoana, which it obtained frt m 
Tiioas, king of the I'auri, who followed Pylades 
and Orestes hither, in order to wreak his venge- 
ance on them. It gave name to the district 
Tyanitis, and was also called Eusebia ad Tau- 
rum. It was the birth-place of the impostor 
Apollonius, whose life and actions are recorded 
by Philostratus. PLin. Q., 3. — Amm. Marc 23,6- 

Tyanitis, a district in the southern part of 
Cappadocia, near the range of Taurus. Its prin- 
cipal town was Tyana. 

Tybkis. Vid. Tiberis. 

Tyche, one of the Oceanidi^s. Resiod. Theog. 
360. A part of the town of Syracuse. It re- 
ceived its name from a temple of Fortune (Ti);i ??), 
which was within its walls. It had also a lar^e 
gymnasium, and manv sacred edifices. Cic. in 
Ferr.4,b3. 

TYcmus, a celebrated artist of Hyle in 
Bceotia, who made Hector's shield, which was 
covered with the hides of seven oxen. Ovid. Fast. 
3, 8i3.—Strab. 9. — Horn. II. 7 2-0. 

Tydeus, a son of (Eneus, king of Calydon. 
He fled from his country after the accidental 
murder of one of his friends, and found a safe 
asylum in the court of Adrastus, king of Argos, 
whose daughter Deiphyle he m.arried. When 
Adrastus wished to replace his son-in-law Poly- 
nices on the throne of Thebes, Tydeus under- 
took to announce the war to Eteocles, who 
usurped the crown. The reception he met with 
provoked his resentment; he challenged Eteo- 
cles and his officers to single combat, and de- 
feated them. On his return to Argos he slew 
fifty of the Thebans who had conspired against 
his life, and lay in an ambush to surprise him; 
and only one of the number was permitted to 
return to Thebes, to bear the tidings of the fate 
of his companions. He was one of the seven 
chiefs of the army of Adrastus, and during the 
Theban war he behaved with great courage. 
Many of the enemies expired under his blows, 
till he was at last wounded by Menalippus- 
Though the blow was fatal, Tydeus had the 
strength to dart at his enemy, and to bring him 
to the ground, before he was carried away from 
the fisht by his companions. At his own request 
the dead body of Menalippus was brought to 
him, and after he had ordered the head to be 
cut off, he began to tear out the brains with his 
tei?th. The savage barbarity of Tydeus dis- 
pleased Minerva, who was coming to bring him 
relief, and to make him immortal; and the god- 
(If'ss left him to his fate, and suffered him to die. 
He was buried at Argos, where his monument 
V. as still to be seen in the age of Pausanias. He 
was father to Diomedes. S<>me suppose th;il 
the catise of his flight to Argos, was the murder 
of the son of Melu-;, or, according to others, of 
Alcathous, his father's brother, or, perhaps his 
own brother Olenius. Homer. II. 4, 365 et 387. 
- ApoHod. 1, ». 3, Q.— j^schyl. Sept. ante T/ieb — 
P' us. 9, 18. — Diod. 2. - Kiirip. in Suppl. - Firg. 
Mn 6, 479.- Oiid. in lb. 350, &c. 



TvninES, a patronymic of Diomedes, a« son 
of Tydeus. rirg. ^n. 1, lOi. Horut. OJ. i. 
15, 2>i. 

TYLOS, now Bahram, an island in the Sinus 
Persicus, on the Arabian coast, famous for its 
pearl fishery. Flol. 

TyndariD.^;, a patronymic of the children ci 
Tynciaius, as Castor, PuUux, and Helen, &c. 
Ovid. Met. 8. 301. 

TVN)>ARis, a patronymic of Helen, daughfei 

of Tyndarus. Fi'g. Ain 2, 5(i9. A town c/ 

Sicily, on the northern coast, south- "est of 
Messana. It was founded bv the elder Diony- 

sius. Liv. 3f), 2.—Sil. Ital. 14, 208 Horace 

gave this name to one of his mistresses, as best 
expressive of all female accomplishments, Od, 

1,17, 10 A name given to Cassandra. Ovid. 

A A. 2, 408. 

Tyndarus, a son of C^balus and Gorgophone, 
or, accordin'^ to some, of Perieres. He was king 
of Lacedaemon, and married the celebrated Leda, 
who bore him Timandra, Philonoe, &o., and also 
became mother of Pollux and Helen by Jupiter. 
Fid. Leda, Castor, Pollux, Clytemnestra, &c. 

Typhgeus, or Typhon, a famous giant, son 
of Tartarus and Terra, vi ho had a hundred heads 
like those of a serpent or a dragon. Flames of 
devouring fire were darted from his mouth and 
from his eyes, and he uttered horrid yells, like 
the dissonant shrieks of different animals. He 
was no sooner born, than, to avenge the death of 
his brothers the giants, he made war against 
heaven, and so frightened the gods that they fl' d 
away and assumed difft-rent shapes. Jupiter 
became a ram, Mercury an ibis, Apollo a crow, 
Juno a cow, Batfchus a goat, Diana a cat, Venus 
a fish, &c. The lather of the gods at last resumed 
courage, and put Typhceus to flight with his 
thunderbolts, and crushed him under mount 
^Eina, in the island of .Sicily, or, according to 
some, under the island Inarime. Typhoeus 
became father of Geryon, Cerberus, and Orthos, 
by his union with F,chidna. Hvgin f b. 152 et 
196. — Ovid. Met. 5, 32,b. — ^schyL. Sept. aide 
Theb — Hesind. Theog 820. - Homer. Hymn. - 
Herod. 2. 156. Viig. .En. 9, 716. 

Typhon, a giant whom Juno produced by 
striking the earth. Some of the poets make him 
the same as the famous Typhcsus. \_Vi4. Ty- 
phoeus.] A brother of Osiris, who married 

Nepthys. He laid snares for his brother during 
his e.xpedition, and murdered him at his return. 
The death of Osiris was avenged by his son 
Orus, and Typhon was put to death. [ Vid. OA- 
ris.] He was reckoned among the Eu'vptians to 
be the cau.se of every evil, and on that account 
generally represented as a wolf and a crocodile. 
Pint, in 'h. et Os. 

TYRANNiO, a grammarian of Amisa in Pon- 
tus, intim.ate with Cifero. His original name 
was TheophrastuP, and he received that of Ty- 
ranrio, from his au.'^terity to his pupils. He was 
taken by Luculhis, and restored to his liberty 
by Muraina. He opened a school in the house 
of his friend Cicero, and enjoyed his friendship. 
He was extremely fond of books, and collected 
a library of about 3l), 000 volumes. To his care 
and industry the world is indebted for the pre- 
servation of Aristotle's works. There was also 

one of his disciples called Diodes, who bore his 
name. He was a native of Phoenicia, and was 
made prisoner in the war of Augustus and An- 
tony. He was bought by Dymes, one of the 



TYR 



TYR 



pmperor's favoiiritps. snd afterwards by Teren- 
tia, »bo gave him his liberty. He wrote sixty- 
fcjgh: difiFerent volumes, in one of which he 
proved that the Latin tongue was derived from 
the Greek; and another in which Homer's poems 
v.PTP coriecred. &c. 

TyPiAS, another name for the Danastus or 
Dniester. It rises from a lake amid the Car- 
pathian mtiuntains in Austrian Gallicia, and, 
after a south-easterly course of about 6O11 miles, 
enters the Black Sea near Odessa. Upon its 
banks dwelled the Tyritae or T} ragitae "ho are 
thought to have derived their name from Tiraz, 
a 5< n of Japhet. Oud. ex Pont. 4, 10. f O. 

Truo, a beautiful nymph, daughter t-f Sal- 
moneus, king of Elis, tnd Al'-idice. She was 
treated w:th great severity by her mother in-law 
Sidero, and at last removed from her father's 
h iuse by ht-r uncle Cretheus. She b rame ena- 
moured of the Enipeu=; and as she often walked 
on the banks of the river, Neptuce assumed the 
shape of her favoured lover, and gained her af- 
fec'ions. She had tw o sons, Peliss and Neleus. 
by Npptune, whom she exposed, to conceal her 
incontinence from the world. The children 
were pre.«erved by shepherds, and when they 
had arrived to years of maturity, they avenged 
their mother's injuries by assassinj.ting the 
cruel Sidero. Some time after her amour with 
Nep'un**, T>ro married her uncle Cretheus, 
by whom she had Am\thaon, Pheres, and 
^-on. Trro is often called Sihvonit from her 
f3t^er. Hi/mer. Od. 11, 234. - Find. Pyth. 4,— 
Apollo i. 1. 9. — Z>fW. A.— Propert. I, i3, 20. 2, 
b'l 31. 3, 19, \3.— 0cid.Am. 5,6. 4d. - Mlian. V. 
H. 12,42. 

Ttros. a city of Pbosnicia, Vid. Tyrus. 

TYRRHEID.S; a patronymic given to the sons 
of Tvrrheus, who kppt the flo.ks of I.atiims. 
nVs-.'.iT?. 7, 4S+. 

Tyrrhe.m, he inhabitants of Etruria. Vid. 
Hetruria. 

TtrrhSkcm mark, that part of the Medi- 
terranean which lies e n the coast of Etniri.a. It 
is also called In/erwn. as being at the bottom or 
south of Italy. 

Tyrrhzx'us. a son of Aty?, k'ng of Lydia, 
brother to Lydus. In the time of a great scar- 
city the lot decided which of the two brothers 
should leave his native ccunrry, and Tyrrhenus, 
obliged to yield, came to Italy, wh^^re part of 
the countrv was called alter him. Tccii. Ann 
4 ho.— Pater c. 1, 1. 

Tybkhels, a shepherd of king I.afinu', 
whose st^g beir.g killed by the companions of 
A>can u«, was the fir?t cause of war bet^ieen 
.5^neas and the inhabitants of Latium. Lav!n:a 
a'terwards took refuse in his house, and tiiere 
gave b rtn to Sylvius, who became kins of 
.-^ iba. Hence the word Tyrrheides. Virg. A£n. 
6 760. 7, 4S5. 

Tyet^LS, a Greek poet, celebrated for bis 
martial strains, is said to have hren bom at 
Mil-tus. but to have settled at Athens in the 
capacities of a poet, musician, and school-roas- . 
ter. He is described as being short and de- 
formed, blind of one eye, and lame; but with i 
these bodily defects, he possessed a manly and 
elevated soul. In the war between the Lacedae- 
monians and thp Messenians, the form.er, having 
met with some ill success, consulted the oracle \ 
fif Iphi. B.C. 623. bv which they were directpd 
to fip'jiy to Athens for a general. The ALnr-ni- 



an?, as some suppose in derisicn, sent them 
TyrtKU?, who. Ly reciting, as wtil beSore the 
magistraies, as to all who would listen i.j iiim. 
poem.s in praise of valour and patriotism, t-o 
animated the Spartans, that at length they be- 
came victorious, and reduced the Messenians to 
subjection. Besides the merit of his poetry, he 
is rt'lated to have given useful advice as a mili- 
tary leader: and the Spartans recognised their 
obl!;;atiors to him by granting him the right of 
citizenship, and treating him with honour when 
he tcok up bis residence among them. The 
war-poems of Tyrtagus must have been in bign 
reputation among the ancients, for Horace joins 
hira with Homer in this department. Besides 
these, he composed Moral Precepts." and a 
work '* On the Poiily of the Lacedaemonians. ' 
.Sr>rre fragments of his war-poems remain, 
w hich are characterised by a masculine simpli- 
city. They have been published with the other 
n;iror Greek p ets. 

Tyrls or Tyros, a very ancient city of 
Phoenicia, built by the Sidonians. Its Hebrew 
name is Tsci or Zor. which signifies a reck. 
The city of Tvre was al otted to the tribe o! 
Asher, with the other maritime cities of the 
ssn.e coast; but it di-es not appf-ar that the 
Asherites ever drove out the Canaanites. Isaiah 
calls Tyre the daughter of Sidon; that is. a co-'. 
lony from it. Homer never speaks of Tyre, but 
only of Sidon. Josephus says, that Tyre wa' 
built not above two hundred and forty years be- 
fore the temple of Soiomon; which would be in 
the year of the world 2760, two hundred year? 
after Joshua. Tyre was twofold, insular and 
continental. Insular Tvre was certainly the 
most ancient, for it was noticed by Joshua: the 
continental city, however, as being more com- 
modiously situated, first srew into consideration, 
and assumed the name of Palae- Tyrus, or Old 
Tyre. Want of sufScie^ t attention to this dis- 
tinction has embarrassed both the Tyrian chro-j 
nolosy and geography. Insular Tyre w as con-i 
fined to a sma:l rocky island, eight hundred 
paces long and f ,ur hundred broad, and could 
never exceed two miles in circumference. But 
Tyre, on the opp)Otite coast, about half a mile 
from the sea, was a city of vast extent, since, 
many centuries after its demolition by Nebuch- 
adnezzar, the scattered ruins mea-ured nine-* 
leen miles round, as we learn from Pliny and 
Strabo- 01 these, the most curious and sur-! 
prising are, the cisterns of Ras-el-Ain, designed 
to supply the city with water; of which therej 
are three stiil entire, atscut one or two furlongs 
from the sea. so well descrit ed by Maundrell,! 
for their curiou- construction aiid solid masonryj 
Old Tyre withstood the mighty Assyrian power,' 
having been besieged in vain, by Shalmaneser,' 
for five years, although he cut off their supplies 
of water from the cistern?, which they remedied 
by digging wells within the city. It afterwards 
held out for thirteen years against Nebuchad- 
nezzar, king of Babvlcn. and was at length 
taken; but not until the Tyrian? had removed, 
their effects to the insular town, and left no- 
thing but the bare walls to the victor, which he' 
(iem,olished. What completed the destruction 
ot the city was. that Alexander .nfterwards made 
use of these materials to build a prodigious 
esusew ay, or isthmus, above half a mile long, 
to the insular city , w hirh revived, as the phoenix, 
irom the .ishe? of the old, and grew to great 



VAC 



747 



VAL 



power and opulence, as a rEaritime state ; ar.d 
*»bich he stormed alter a most obstinate siege 
of five tijonths. Pocucke observes, that "there 
are uo sigrs of the ancient eitj ; and as it is a 
sandy shore, the face of every thing is altered, 
and the great aqueduct is in many parts almo^t .' 
buried iu the sand." Thus has been fulfilled 

he prophecy of Ezekiel, Thou shalt be buiit ; 

o more: though ihou be sought for, yet shalt ' 
thou never be lound a^ain," Tiie fate of insular 
Tyre has been no less rerEark;;ble; vthen Ales- 
snder stormed the city, he set Gre to it. This 
circumstance was foretold: Tyre did build 
herself a stronghold, and heaped up silver as the : 
dust, and Erie gold as the mire of the stree;s. 
Befjold the Lord will cast her cut, and he \^iU 
smite her po-.-ver in the sea, and she shall be ■. 
de--troyed with fire." After this terrible cala- ; 
mity, Tyre again retrieved her losses. Only ■ 
eighteen years auer, she had recovered such a [ 
share of her ancient commerce and opulence, as ; 
enabled her to stand a siege of fourteen months 
.-.gainst Antii'onu?, before he could reduce li:e 
city. After this. Tyre fell alternately urder . 
the dominion of the kings of Syria and Egypt, , 
and then of the Romans, until it was taken by ; 
the Saracens, about A.D. 633; retaken by the | 
Crusaders, A. D. 1124; and at length sacked and | 
razed by the Mamelukes of Egypt, with Sidcn, j 
and other strong towns, that they n.ight no ' 
longer harbour the Christians, A. D.'l2S;t. Josh. 
19, i:9. h. 23, 12. — Ezek. 2G. 21.- Zech. Q. 3 et 
A.— Plin. 9, be.- i7r,it. 16. r//i' /I.'?;. 1, G 339, 
&o. — Ovid. Fast. 1, Sec. jlct. S.^eC \^.—Lucan. 
3, &c. 



VACATIONE (lex de) was enacted concerning 
the exemption from military service, and con- 
tained this very remarkable clause, niii bellmn 
Gallivum exoriatur, in which case the priests 
themselves were cot exempted from ser\ ice. 
This can intimate how apprehensive the Ro- 
mans were of the Gauls, by whom their ciiy had 
once been t;iken. 

Vacca. or Vaga, row Beja. a town of Africa, 
west oi Carthage on the river Rubricatus, and 
remarkable amon;.' the Airican and Numidian 
cities for its extensive traffic. During the Ju- 
gunhine war it d^clared for the Romans, but 
having afterwards risen against the garrison 
and murdered them, it was destroved bv Metel- 
lus. Salluit. Jug. 47.— Sil. Ital. 3. '259. 

VaccJEI a people at the north of Spain, oc- 
cupying parts of Leon and Cld Castile. Liv. 21, 
5. 00. 7. 

Vac UNA, a goddess at Rome, w ho presided 
over repose and leisure, as the word inriicaies 
{racare). Her fe.-tivals were observed in the I 
month of December. Ovid. Fast. 6, 307. — 
Uorat. Ep. 1. 10. IV. 

VadimOMS LacL'S, a lake of Etruria, which j 
formerly existed close to liassano, but is now 
fillt'd up w ith peat and rushes. It is celebrated ^ 
ia the history of Roc.c for having wilRes.-td tbe : 



total defeat of the Etrurians by the Romsrs, 
B.C. SIC, a defeat so decisive that they never 
could recover Ircm its effectSv Another baule 
was fought here by the Etrurians, in conjuncf.un 
with the Gauls, against the Romans, with the 
sam.e ill success. Plin. 2, 95. — Liv. 9, Sy. — 
Folyb. 2, 20. - Flor. 1, 12. 
Yaga. fid. VaccH. 

VAGtM. or Vagien.vi, a people of Liguria, 
in the inieritr (,r the country, and near the 
angle formed by the separation of the Apen- 
nines and Alps. Their chief city was Augusta 
Vasiennorun;, now Bene. Sil. ital. 8, 607. — 
Flin. 3, 5. 

Vahalis, the w estern branch of the Rhine, 
now u:e JVhaal. Tacit. Ann. 2, 6. 

S alens, Flavils, a .-on o! Grctian, born in 
Pannonia. His brother Valeniinian took him 
as his colleague on the throne, and appointed 
him ov^r the eastern parts of the Rcri.an em- 
pire. Tiie bold n-.easures and the thrta s of the 
rebt 1 Proccpius. fri.htened the new eniperor ; 
sn^ ir his friends had i.ut interiered, he would 
hr.ve willingly resigned all his pretensions to 
the empire, which his brother had entrusted to 
his care. By perseverance, however, Valens 
was enabled to destroy his rival, and to distin- 
guish himself in his wars against the northern 
barbarians. But his lenity to these savage in- 
truders proved fatal to the Reman power; and 
by pem-.iiting some of the Goths to settle in the 
provinces of Thrace, and to have free access to 
every part of the country, Valens encouraged 
them to make depredations on his subjects, and 
to disturb their tranquillity. His eyes were 
opened too late; he attempted to repel them, 
but he failed in the attempt. A bloody battle 
was fought, in which the barbarians obtained 
some advantage, and Valens was hurried away 
by the obscurity of the night, and the afTectii n 
of the soldiers for his person, into a lonely 
house, which the Goths set on fire. Valens, 
unable to make his escape, was burnt alive in 
the 5ljth year of his age, after a reign of hfteen 
years, A.D. 378. He has been blamed for his 
superstition and cruelty, in putting to death all 
such of his subjects whose name began by 
Theod, because he had been informed by his fa- 
vourite astrologers th.nt his crown w ould devolve 
upon the head of an officer whose name began 
with these letters. Valens did not possess any 
of the great qualities which distinguish a good 
and powerful monarch. He was illiterate, ar.d 
of a disposition naturally indolent and inactive. 
Yet though timorous in the highest degree, he 
was warlike; and though fond of ease, he was 
acquainted with the character of his officers, 
and preierred none but such as possessed merit. 
He was a great friend of discipline, a pattern of 
chastity and temperance, and he showed himsi lf 
always ready to li.-ten to the just complaints of 
his subjects, though he gave an attentive ear to 
flattery and malevolent informations. yJmv.ian^ 

&c. Valerius, a proconsul of Achaia, who 

proclaimed himself emperor of Rome, when 
Marcian, who had been invested w ith the purple 
in the east, attemipted to assassinate him. He 
reigned only six months, and was murdered Ly 
his soldier.-, A.D 261. 

Yalentia, a secret and hallowvd name 

of K..me. Pit ,. 3. 5. 28, 2. A city of tl.e 

Seyalauni, in Gallia Narboncn-^^is, vn lise 
Ivcki of the Rhcdanus. It is now Valeucc 
3 R2 



VA.L 



743 



VaL 



Pint. 3, 4. A province of Britain, in what is 

no* Scotland, conquered in the time of Valen- 
i.uian from the Picts and Scots, and formed by 
rhcodosius into a province, A i.m. Marc. 23, 3. 

A city of the Edetani, or Contestani, in 

Hispania Terraconensi." near the mouth of the 
Turia. It was assigned I y Jun ius Brutus to the 
troops who had served under Viriatu-, and was 
destrovfd by Pompey in the Sir orian war, but 
was afterwards re.-t >red and col nised by Julius 
Cie-ar. Icisna^\ [Valencia. 

ValentimaXLS lit, a sonof Qratian, rai?pc] 
to the imperial throne by his merit and valour. 
He kept the wf sLern part of the empire for him- 
self and appointed over the east his brother 
V^ilens. He gave the most convincing proof r f 
his military valour in the victories which he ob- 
taii'.ed over the barbarians in the provinces of 
Gaul, the deserts of Africa, and on the banks ol 
tiie Rhine and Ihe I'aniibe. The insolence of 
the Quadi he punished vvi;h grfst severity; and 
when these de.-perate and indii^ent barbariai s 
had deprecated the conqueror's mercy, Valenti- 
niaa treated them w ith contempt, and upbraided 
Ihem with every mark of resentment. While 
bespoke with such warmth, he broke a blood- 
vessel, and fell lifeless on the ground. He w as 
conveyed into his palace by his attendants, and 
soon after died, after sufFering the greatest 
agonies, violent fiis, and cnntorti< ns of his 
limbs, on the 17th of November, A.D. 375 He 
was then in the 55th > ear of his age. and had 
reigned 12 year-. He has been repre.-ented by 
s<!me as cruel and covetous in the highest de- 
gree. He was naturally of an irascible disposi- 
tion, and he gratified his pr.de in expressing a 
c.tntempt for these who were his equals in mili- 
tary abilities, or who shone for gracefulness or 

elegance of address. Amndan. .\b(.ut six. 

days after the death of Valentinian. his second 
s.in, Valen iaian the second, was proclaimed 
emperor, though onlv five years old. He suc- 
ceed -d his brother Gra- an, A.D, 3S3. but his 
youth seemed to favour dissension, and the at- 
tempts and the u uruations of rebels He was 
lobbed of his throne by Maximus, four years 
after the death of Gratian; and in this helpless 
situation he had recourse to Theodosius, who 
was then emperor of the east. He was success- 
ful in his applications: Maximus was conquered 
by Tf.eodosius, and Valentinian entered Eonne 
in triumph, accompanied by his benefactor. He 
was sanie time after strangled by one of his oEB- 
cers, a native cf Gaul, called Arbogastes, in 
whom he had placed too much confidence, and 
from whom be expected more deference than 
the ambition of a barbarian could pay. Valen- 
tinian r igned nine years. This happened the 
loth of May, A.D. 392, at Vienne, one of the 
modem t iwns of France. He has been com- 
mended for his many virtues, and the applause 
which the populace bestowed upon him, was be- 
stowed upon real merit. He abolished the 
greate-t p-;rt of the taxes; and because his sub- 
jects complained that he was ton fond of the 
amusements of the circus, he orden d all such 
festivals to be abolished, and all the w ild beas s 
that were kept fur the entertainment of the 
peorle to be s'.ain He was remarkable for his 
benevolence and clemei c- ,no! onW to his frienrls, 
but even to such as had conspired against his 
life; and he used to say, that tyrants alrne are 
suspicious. He was fond cf imitating: the vir- 



tues and exemplary life of his friend and patron 
Thc-odosius, and if he had lived longer, the Ro- 
mans might have enjoyed peace and secur ty. 

■Valentinian the third, was the son oi Co"- 
stantius ai'd Placidia. the daughter of Theodo- 
sius the Great, and therefore, as related to the 
imperial l.imily, he was saluted emperor in his 
youth, and publicly acknowledged as such «t 
Rome, the .3d of Oct< ber, A. D. -323. about ti e 
6th J ear of his age. He was at first goveined by 
his mother, and the intrigues of his generals and 
courtiers; and when he came to years <,f di:cre- 
tion, be disgraced himself by violence, oppres- 
sion, and ircontinence. He was murdered in 
the midst o( Rome, A.D. 454. in the iibth year i>f 
his age, and 31st of his reign, by Petronius 
Maximus to whose wife he had rffered violence. 
The Vices of Valentinian the third were conspi- 
cuous; every passion he wished to gratify at the 
expense of his honour, l is health, and charac- 
ter; and as he lived without one single act of 
benevolence or kindness, be died lamented by 
none, though pitied for his imprudence and vi- 
cious propensities. He was the last of the family 

j of Theodosius. A son of the emperor Gratian, 

who died when very young. 

Valeria, a sister of Publicola, who advised 
the Roman matrons to go and deprecate the re- 

sentm.ent of Ci riolanus. Plut. in Cor. A 

daughter of Publicola, given as an hostage to 
Porsenna. by the Romans. She fled from the 
enen.v's country with Clorlia, and swam across 

the Ti"i;er. Piut. de J'iit. Mul. A daughter of 

Messala, sister to Hortensius. who married S} Ha. 

The wife of the emperor Valentinian 

The wife of the emperor G-.lerius.&c. A road 

in Sicily, which led from Messsna to Lilybfcum. 

ValeRjA lex, de provocaticne, by P. Vale- 
rius Poplicola, the sole consul A.U.C. 243. It 
perndtted the .nppeal from a magistrate to the 
people, and forbade the magistrate to punish a 
citizen for making the appeal. It further made 
it a capital crime for a citizen to aspire to the 
sovereignty of Home, or to exercise any office 
without the choice and approbation of the 
r eople. Fa . Max. 4- 1. Liv. 2, 8.— Dir.n, Hal. 

4 Another, de deliiOTibus, by Valerius Fiac- 

cus. It required tliat all creditors should dis- 
charge their debtors, on receiving a fourth part 

of the whole sum. Another by M. Valerius 

Corvinus, A L'.C. 453, which confirmed the first 

Valerian law, enacted by Poplicola. Another, 

called als J Horaiia, by L. Valerius and M. IIo- 
ratius the C( nsuls, A.U.C. 304. It revived th.^ 
first Valerian law, which under the triurrvi;ate 

had lost its force Another, de mat;isiraiiLvs, 

: by P. Valerius Poplicola, sole consul, A.U.C. 
2-53. It created two quaesters to fake care (>'" 
the public treasure, which was for 'he future to 
be kept in the temple of Saturn. Pluf. iv Fop 

VAL£R1.\NUS. PLBLUS LiCiNlUS a Ro- 
m.an, procl'^imed en peror by the am ies in 
! Rhaetia, A.D. 254. The virtues which shone in 
jhim, when a j r vate man, were lost when he 
■ ascended the throne. Formerly distinguished 
\ for his temperance, moderation, and many vir- 
tues which fixed the uninfluenced choice of all 
Rome upon b^m. Valerian, invested with the 
purple, displayed inability and meanness. He 
was cowardly in his operations, and, though ac- 
quainted with war, and the patron of science, he 
se'.dom acted with p'ud-^nce, or favouied n en 
I of true genius and -nient He t ok his son, 



VAL 



749 



VAL 



i Gallienus, as his colleague in the empire, and 
I showed the malevolence of his heart by perse- 
! cutiiig the Chrisctans whom hs had for aviliile 
toleratt^d. He also made war against the Goth? 
I and Scythians; but in an expedition which he 
I undertook against Sapor, king of Persia, his 
arms were attended v.ith ill success. He was 
: conquered in Mesopotamia, and when he wished 
j to have a private conference with Sapor, the 
I conqueror seizt d his person, and carried him in 
i triumph to his capital, where he exposed him, 
j and in all the cities of his empire, to the ridi- 
I cule and insolence of his subjects- When the 
Persian monarch mounted on horseback. Vale- 
I rian served as a footstool, and the many other 
insults which he suffered, excited indignation 
even among the courtiers of Sapor. The mo- 
narch at last ordered him to be flayed alive, and 
jj salt to be thrown over his mangled body, so that 
1 he died in the greatest torments. His skin was 
tanned, and painted in red; and, that the igno- 
I miny of the Roman empire might be lasting, it 
was nailed in one of the temples of Persia. Va- 
lerian died in the 71st year of i;is age, A. D. 260, 

a'ter a reign of seven years A grandson of 

Valerian the emperor. He was put to death, 
I when his father, the emperor Gallienus, was 

I killed One of the generals of the usurper 

Niger. 

Valerius Publius, a celebrated Roman, 
fvurnamed Poplicola, from his popularity. He 
was very active in assisting Ijiiuus to expel the 
Tarquins, and he was the first who took an oath 
to support the liberty and independence of his 
I country. Though he had been refused the con- 
sulship, and had retired with great dissatisfac- 
tion from the direction of affairs, yet he regarde d 
the public opinion; and when the jealousy of 
the Romans inveighed against the toviering ap- 
pearance of his house, he acknowledged the re- 
proof, and in pulling it down, he showed his 
wish to be on a level with his fellow-citizens. 
and not to erect what might be considered as a 
citadel fv,r the oppression of his country. He 
was afterwards honoured with the consulship, 
on the expulsionof Collatinus, and he triumphed 
over the Etrurians, after he had gained the vic- 
tory in the battle in which Brutus and the sor.s 
of Tarqiiin had fallen. Valerius died after he 
had been four times consul, and enjoyed the po- 
pularity, and received the thanks and the grati- 
tude, which a people redeemed from slavery and 
oppression usually pay to their patrons and de- 
liverers. He was so poor, that his body was 
buried at the public expense. The Roman ma- 
trons mourned his death a whole year. Pad. hi 

F'ita. — Flor. 1,9.- Liv- 3, 8, &c. Corvinus, 

a tribune of the soldiers under Camillus. When 
the Roman army were challenged by one of the 
Senon.^s, remarkable for his strength and sta- 
ture. Valeriu'^ undertook to engage him, and 
obtaiiied an easy victory, by means of a crow 
that assisted him, and attacked the face of the 
Gaul, whence his surname of Corvinus. Vale- 
rius triimiphed over the Etrurians, and the 
neighbouring states that made war against 
Rome, and was six times honoured with the 
consulship. He died in the lOOth year of hi- 
age, admired !.nd regretted for many public and 
private virtues. Val. Max. 8, 13.— Liv- 7, 27, 
&e. — Plut. in Mar. — Cic. in Ca^.— Antia? 
an excellent Roman historian, in the z^-v o: 
Marius and Sylla'; often quoted, and p-ini- 

! 



cularly by Livy, Marcu-- Corvinus Mes- 

sala. It id. Messs.la." A Pvi.man historian, 

usually called Valerius Maxinius, born at 
Rome, during the reign of Augustus, of a 
patrician family. He served in Asia under 
Sextus Pompeius. who was consul in the year of 
the death of Augustus; and returning to Rome, 
Oe appears to have taken no part in public 
affairs. He devoted his leisure to the composi 
tion of a work entitled Dictorum factorumque 
memorahilium libri ix, which is a collection of 
anecd.jtes and observations, com.prising some 
curious facts and details, recorded by no other 
ancient writer. It is dedicated to Tiberius in 
ttrms of hifih euh gy. It is cited by Pliny the 
elder, Plutarch, and A. Gellius; and few bocks 
were more read and quoted at the revival of 
liter.iture in Europe. Ti'e best editions of Va- 
lerius Maximus are, that of Vorsiius, 8vo. Berol. 
1672; that of Torrenius, 4to. L. Bat. 1726; and 

that of Kappius, Svo. Lips. 1782 Marcus, a 

brother of Poplicola, who defeated the army of 
the Sabines in two battles. He was honoured 
with a triumph, and the Romans, to show their 
sense of his great rr erit, built him a house on 

mount Palatine, at the public expense. Poti- 

tus, a general who stirred up the people and 
arm) against the decemvirs, aud Appius Clau- 
dius in particular. He was chosen consul, and 

conquered the Volsci and Mqni. Flaccus, a 

Roman, intimate with Cato the censor, whose 
friendship he honourably shared. He was con- 
sul with him, and cut oft an arm.y of 10.000 of 
the Insubres and Boii in Gaul, in one battle. 
He was also chosen censor, and prince of the 

senate, &c A Latin poet, who flourished in 

the reign of Vespasir.n, and died at an early age, 
in the time of Domitian. From an epigram in 
Martial, it would appear that he was in no afflu- 
ent condition, for he advises him as a friend to 
quit the reuses for the more gainful purs^uits of 
the forum. The work on which his fame resf.s 
as a poet is entitled «■ Argor.auticon," in eight 
books. It is an imitation of the Greek poem of 
Apollcnius Rhodius on the same subject, and 
may rank ansong the most respectable of the 
Latin epics after the .liSneid, the manner ard 
style of which he aims at copying. It contains 
sublime and splendid passages, and is free from 
the bomibast and extravHgarce of most of the 
second race of Latin poets; but it is in general 
(if ficient in poetical spirit, and is likewise wai t- 
ing in plan and contrivance. The be?t editions 
cf Valeri'as Flaccus are, that of Burmann, 4to. 
L. Bat. 1724; that of Harles, Svo. Altenb. 1781; 
that of Wagner, Svo. Gotting. 1805 ; and that 

of Weichert, Svo. Mis. ap. Goed. 181S. 

Asiaticus, a celebrated Roman. accur;ed of 
having murdered one of the relations of the 
emperor Claudius. He was condrmned by the 
intrigues of Messalina, though innocent, ar'd 1 e 
opened his veins, and bled to death. Tacif> Ann. 

Leevious, a co' sul, who fought against 

Pyrrhus during the T:;rer:tine war. Vid. I.ai- 
vinus. 

VaLGiUS Rufus, a Romsn poet in Ihe 
Augnstiof r:^e, celel r.it' d (or the flrgsnce and 
harvy n of his p; e!ry. He was infima e 
Witt) Hor-.ce. Tibulius, arid other great men, ■ 
.'.nci tlic v. jts of the as-e, and was considered as ■ 
hi':nly c^; uble to celi b) .-;te the wars, the heroic 
ac'.io;-! 5. .md sup;'r:!)r eloquence of his friend 
Me £al;\ Corvinus. !Ie has, hoi'.ever, been ac- 
3 R a 



VAN 



750 



VAR 



cused of ignorance, in saying that ^^Sina was the 
onlv volcano in the worlil. Only five verses re- 
main of his poetry. TibuU. 3, \, ISQ.^ Horat. 
;Sat. \. 10 82. 

VandalU, a nation of Europe, whose ori- 
ginal seat appears to have been the banks of the 
' Oder, and ilie m,ii itime parts of Pomernnia and 
Meckletilmrg', Gibbon supposes the Vandals 
and the Goths to have boen oriainally one great 
people; but the latter were a Scandinavian na- 
tion, while the former, the parent nation of the 
B-.irgundians and Lombards, would seem to 
have belonged to ttie Slavonic family. In the 
coimtry between the Elbe and the Oder, several 
populous villages of Lusatia are inhabited by 
the reputed descendants of the ancient Vandals, 
who still preserve their peculiar language and 
customs, and the purity of their blood. Gibbon, 
however, infers from their Slavonian dialect, 
that they are the remnant of a colony who suc- 
ceeded to the genuine Vandals already scattered 
and destroved in the age of Procopius. Dio 
Cass. 71. 12 —Eutrop. 8, 33. - Procop. B- G. 1, 
2.— Tacit. Germ. 2. 

V.ANGroNF.S, a German tribe along the Rhine. 
Tlieir chief town was Borbelomagus, called also 
Vangiones, now J-J'orms. Tacit. Hist. 4, 70. 
Germ - "9'. Lucan 1, 431. 

Var.anE^, a name common to .some of the 
Persian monarchs in the age of the Roman 
emperors. 

Vardanus, a river of Asia, called otherwise 
Hypanis, which rises on the northern side of 
Caucasus, and runs into the Palus Maiotis by 
several mouths. Some traces of i's oh! name 
may be observed in its modern one of Kuban. 
Ptol. 

VARiA LEX, de majestnte. by the tribune L. 
Varius, A. U. C. G62. It ordained that all such 
as had assisted the confederates in their war 
against Rome, should be publicly tried. An- 
other, de cii'itafe, by Q. Varius Hybrida. It 
pimished all such as were suspected of havin? 
assisted or supported the people of Italy in their 
petition to b^co'irie free citizt»ns of Rome. Cic. 
pro Mil. 36. in Brut. 56. 88, &c. 

Varius. Lucius, a tragic poet, intimate with 
Horace and Virgil. He was one of those whom 
Augustus appointed to revise Virgil's iEneid. 
Besides tragedies, he wrote a panegyric on the 
emperor, and, indeed, so highly were his abili- 
ties esteemed, that Horace, not less in the lan- 
guage of truth than of partiality, declares, that 
he was the only poet capable to celebrate the 
heroic achievements and illustrious char.ncter 
of M. Agrippa. Among his tragedies his Thyes- 
tes has been particularly mentii ned by Quinti- 
liin as a most happy effusion, as possessing- all 
the elegance, the pathos, and sublimity which 
we admire on the Grecian stage. Only thirteen 
verses of all his compositions have survived the 
ravagps of time, and they seem little inferior to 
the finished lines of his friend and favourite 
Virgil, Virg. Ed- 6. 10. 9. 26. Quintil. 10.— 

Horat. Sat. 1, 5, 40.— Martial. 8 17. 12. 4. 

One of the friends of Antony, surnamed Cotylon. 

Varro, M. TerenTIUS, a Roman consul 
defeated at Cann;e by Annib.al. iVid. Teren- 

tius.] Marcus Terentius, the most learned of 

the .ancient Romans, began with serving his 
country in various considerable posts, and was 
presented with a naval crown by Ponipey the 
Great, in the piratical wair. He joiiud the 



pnrty of that chief in the civil war against, 
Cajsar, but soon submitted to the latter: and 
was so much esteemed by him for his learning 
and judgment, that when he adopted the desit;n 
of forming a public lilirary at Rome, he fixed 
upon Vitrro as the person to whom the collee- j 
tion of books was to be confided. The death of 
Cassar interrupted this design; and in the sue- I 
ceeding troubles Varro was involved in the pro- 1 
scription by the triumvirafes, from which he 
escaped with life, but with the loss and difper- i 
sion of his library. On the restoration of tran- . 
quillity. he entirely devoted himself to his stu- 
ciies in retirement, for the remainder of a long 
lite, continuing to compose books as lale as his ' 
88th year. He survived to the ace of 9(1, and , 
died about B C. 27. He is highly extolled for | 
his various talents and literary performances by 
ancient writers, and particularly by Cicero in 
his "Academics." Aulus Gellius cites a pas- I 
sage from Varro, in which he declares of him-. | 
self, that to the 7Sth year of his life he had com- 
posed 490 books, and he continued to write to his ' 
90th year. The subjects on which he wrote were ' 
grammar, eloquence, poetry, the drama, history, 
antiquities, philosophy, politics, agriculture, 
nautical affairs, architecture, and religion. He 
was also the first Latin author of the species of . 
satire called the Menippe.:n, from Menippus, a j 
Greek, its inventor, and which was written in • 
prose with a mixture of verse in different mea- i 
sures. Such and so pre-eminent was the repti- ' 
tation of Varro, that when Asinius Pollio, in the | 
reign of Augustus, opened the first public library i 
at Rome, and placed in it the efligies of various 
learned persons, he was the only living writer 
who had the honour of this distinction. The 
only relics of his numerous works are six books, i 
in an imperfect state, out of twenty-four, which | 
he composed on the Latin language, with three i 
books on agriculture, and a few fragments of his ' 
satires and epigrams- The best edition of the j 
treatise de re ritstica. is that contained in the j 
Scriptorps Rei RustictP of Gesner, 2 vols. 4to. , 
Lips. 17.35; or in the same eiiiied by Schneider, | 
7 vols. Bvo. Lips. 1794—97. The best editicn of | 
the treatise de lingua Latina is that printed at ! 

Dordrecht, 8vo. 1619 P. Terent. surnamed j ] 

Atacinus, because born near the Atax or Ande, i \ 
a river of Gallia Narbnnensis. flourished in the | | 
age of Julius Cassar. He translated into Latin] , 
verse the Argonautica of ApoUonius Rhodius, ( j 
with great correctness and elecance. He also 
wrote a poem entitled de hello Seqnanico. besides , 
epierams and an elegiac poem in which he cele- , 
brated the beauty and accomplishments of hisl j 
favourite Leucadia. Some fragments of hi^ ,| 
poetry are still extant to the number of only 12 1 
He failed in his atte-mpfs to write satire. Horat-* 
Sat. 1, 10. 46. — O'/rf. Ann. 1, ]5.-Qinnt. 10. 1. 

Varus, Quintilius, a Roman proconsul,! 
descended from an illustrious family. He w jiS 
appointed governor of Syria, and afterwards , 
made commander of the armies in Germany. , 
He was surprised by the enemy, under Armi- ' 
nius. a cr.ifty and dissimulating chief, and hisi 
army w as cut to pieces. When he saw thatevervl 
thing was lost, he killed himself, A. D. 10, and' 
his example w as followed by some of his officers. 
His head was afterwards sent to Auaustus, hi 
Rome, by one of the barbarian chiefs, as aUo 
his body; and so great was th'> influence of this 
defeat upon the emperor, that he continu*;d for 



VAS 



751 



VEI 



V hole months to show all -he tnnrksof dejection, 
and of deep sorrow, often pxclaimiiig, " Varus, 
restore me my legions /" The bodies of the slain 
were left in the field of battle, where they were 
found six years alter by Germanicus, and buried 
with great pomp. Varus has been taxed with 
ind(ilence and cowardice, and some have inti- 
mated, that if he had not trusted too much to 
the insinuations of the barbarian chiefs, he might 
have not only escaped ruin, but awed the Ger- 
mans to their duty. His avarice was also con- 
spicuous; he went por r to S3 ria, whence he re- 
turned loaded with riches. Horat. Od. 1, 24. — 

I^alerc. 2. Ul.-Flor. 4, 12.— Firg Ed. 6. 

A son of Varus, who married a daughter of Ger- 
manicus. Tacit. Ann. 4, 6 The father and 

grandfather of Varus, who was killed in Ger- 
many, slew themselves with their own swords, 
the one after the battle of Philippi, and the 

other in the plains of Pharsalia. Quintilius. 

a friend of Horace, and other great men in the 
Augustan age. He was a good jud?e of poetry, 
and a great critic, as Horace, Art- P. 438, seems 
to insinuate. The poet has addressed the 18th 
ode of his first book to him, and in the 24th he 
mourns pathetically his death Somie suppose 
this Varus to be the person killed in Germany, 
while others believe him to be a man who de- 
voted his time more to the muses than to war. 

• Lucius, an Epicurean philosopher, intimate 

with Julius Cassar. Some suppose that it was to 
him (hat Virgil inscribed his sixth eclogue. He 

is commended by Quintil. 6, 3, 78 Alfenus, a 

barber of Cremona, who, growing out of conceit 
with his profession, quitted it, and came to 
Rome, where, attending the lectures of Servius 
Sulpicius, a eelebraied lawyer, he made sn great 
proficiency in his studies, as to become even- 
tually the ablest lawyer of his time. His name 
often occurs in the Pandects. He obtained the 
consulship A. U. C. 755. Horat. Sat. 1, 3. 130. 

A river, which falls into the Mediterranean, 
to the west of Nice, after separating- Liguria 
from Gallia Narbonensis, now the Var, Lucan. 
1, 404. 

Vascones, a people of Spain, between the 
Iberus and ihe Pjrenees, in what is now the 
kingdom of Nnvarre. They subsequently passed 
into Gaul, where they have left their name, 
though something corrupted, in Ihe province of 
Guscony. Their chief city was Poropelo, now 
Pampeluna. Plin. 3, 3- 

VatiCANUS. a hill at Rome, near (he Tiber 
and the Janiculum, which produced wine of no 
great esti^em. It was supposed to derive its 
name from the Latin word rates, as it was once 
the scat of Etru=can divination. It was disre 
gardcd by the R<'n)ans on account of the un- 
wholesomenes.s of the air, and the continual 
stench of (he filth that was there, and of s'ae- 
nated waters. Heliogabalus was the first who 
cleared it of all disagreeable nuisances. It is 
now admired for ancient monuments and pillar?, 
for a celebrated public library, and for the palace 
of the pope. Horat. Od. 1, 20 

VatiknuS, now Snter?io, a river rising in the 
. Alps, and falling into the Po. Martial. 3, 67.— 
Plin. 3. 16. 

VatiniA lex. de provinciis, by the tribune 
P. Vatinius, A.U-C 694. It appointed Caesar 
governor of Gallia Cisalpina and Illsricum. for 
five years, without a decree of the senate, or the 
"abual custom of casting lots. Some persons 



were also appnmted to attend him as lieuten- 
ants without the interference . of the senate. 
His army was to be paid out of the public trca- 
.=ury, and he was empow ered to plant a Rom.an 
colony in the town of Novocomum, in Gaul. 

Another by P- Vatinius, the tribune, A. U.C. 

694, de repetundis, for the hetter management 
of the trials of those who were accused of extor- 
tion. 

VatiniI S, an intimate friend of Cicero, once 
distinguished for his enmity to the orator. He 
hated the people of RomiC for their great vices 
and corruption, whence excessive hatred ber an;e 
prnveibial in the words Vatinianum odium. 

Catull. 14, 3 A shoemaker, ridiculed for his 

great deformities, and the oddity of his charac- 
ter. He was one of Nero's favourites, and he 
surpassed the rest of the courtiers in flattery, 
and in the commission of every impious deed. 
Large cups, of no value, are called Vatmiana 
from him, because he used one which was both 
ill-shaped and uncouth. Tacit. Ann. 13, 34. — 
Juv.— Mart. 14, £6. 

Ubii, a people of Germany near the Rhine, 
transported across the river by Agrippa, who 
gave them the name of Agrippinenses, from his 
daughter Agrippina, who had been born in the 
country. Their chief town, Obiorum oppidum, 
or Ara. is now Colof;ne. Tacit, G. 28. Anru 12, 
27.— Plin. 4, 17.- Cces. 4, 30. 

UCALEGON, a Trojan chief, remarkable for 
his great age, and praised for the soundness of 
his counsels and his good intentions, though 
accused by some of betraying his country to the 
enemy. His house was first set on fire by the 
Greeks. Vir^. Alu. 2. 312.— Horn. 11. 3. 148. 

Vectis, the Isle of Wi^ht, south of Britain. 
It was reduced by Vespasian, during the reign 
nf Claudius, and was known to the Romans in 
a very early period, from the trade in tin or 
white lead having been here carried on between 
the Gauls and the inhabitants of the Cassi- 
terides. Suet. Vesp. 4.— Plin. 3, 4. 

VediUS PoLLlo, a friend of Augustus, very 
cruel to his servants, &c. Vid. Pollio. 

VegetIUS, Flavius Renatus, a Latin writer 
of the 4th century, lived in the reian of one of 
the emperors Valentinian, to whom he dedi- 
cated the work of his which has come down to 
our times, entitled de re inilitari. It can scarcely 
be doubted that he was a military man; and in 
several m.anuscripts of his work, the title of 
count is annexed to his name. He writes in a 
style remarkably pure for that age, and treats 
with much exactness concerning the miliiary 
system of the Romans, collecting his facts from 
various authors. Of the editions of Vegetius, 

the best is that of Stewechius, Vasal. 1670. 

Publius, who, notwithstanding the difiference of 
prsenomen, has been carelessly confounded with 
the military tactician, was a writer on farriery. 
This work, entitled artis veterinarits sire mulo- 
medicince lihri iv. was first printed at Basil in 
1528 ; but the best edition is that of Gesner, in 
the Script ores rei rusticfv. 

Veientes. the inhabitants of Veii. They 
were carried to Rome, where the tribe they 
composed was called Veientina. Vid. Veii. 

Vetento, Fabr. a Roman, as arrogant as he 
was satirical. Nero banished him for his libel- 
lous writings. Juv. 3. 185. 

Veii, a powerful city of Etrurla. at the dis- 
tance of about 12 n:iles from Rome. It sus 



VEJ 



VEL 



tsined many long wars against the Rorrans, 
tnd was at last taken and destroyed by Camiilus, 
alter a siege of ten years. At the time of its 
destrucEion, Veil was'larger and far more mag- 
nificent than the city of Rome. Its situation 
was so eligible, that the Romans, after the burn- 
ing of their city by the Gauls, were long inclined 
to migrate there, and totally abandon tlieir na- 
tive home: and this would have been carried 
into execution, if not opposed by the authority 
EP.d eloquence of Camiilus. The site i;f ancient 
Veii answers to the spot known by the name of 
r /sola Fornese, and situated about a mile end a 
half to the north-east of the modern post-house 
of la Storla. Gvid. Fast. 2, 195. - Cic. de Div. 1, 
44 Herat. S^t. 2, 3, \^3.~Liv. 5, 21, &c. 

VejoviS, or v't JUPITER, a deity of ill omen 
at Rome. He had a temple on the Capitoline 
hil!, built by Romulus. Some suppose that he 
v.ns the same as Jupiter the ivfant, or in the 
cradle, because he was represented without 
thunder, or a sceptre, and had only by his side 
the t;oat Amialth^a, and the Cretan nymoh who 
fed liim when young. Ovid. Fast. 3, 430. 

VelABRUM, a name applied generally to all 
the ground lying on the left bank of the Tiber, 
between the base of the Capitol and the Aven- 
tine. The term is said to have been derived 
from te'w, because this part being forraeily 
swampy, and subject to inundation, it was ne- 
cessary, at such times as it was flooded, to em- 
ploy boats for the purpose of C(;?T7/in°- passengers 
and goods from one hill to another. In later 
times, it was ujual for the processions of the 
Circensian games to pass throusih the Velabrum, 
to the Circus Maxiraus. In this quarter were 
the shops of the oil venders, &c. Herat. Sat. 2, 
3, 'm.— Ocid. Fast. 6. 4U1. 

VeLiA, or Elea, a city of Lucania, on the 
coast of the Mare Tyrrhenum^ belneen the pro- 
montories of Palinurum and Pi.sidonium, and 
situate about three miles I'rom the left bank of 
the river Heles or Eiees. It was founded l;y 
the Phocajans, after their abaiidonm.ent of Alalia 
in Corsica. The Phocas.ins called the town 
Hyele, which the Latins afterwards changed to 
Talia. Velia is particularly celebrated in the 
annals of Grecian science for the rchool of phi- 
losophy, which was formed within its walls, 
under the auspices of Parraenides and Zen:), and 
which is commonly known by the name of the 
Eleatic sect. The situation of tbis place seerns 
lo have been considered very healthy; as Plu- 
tarch says that Paulus ^milius was ordered 
there by his physicians, and that he derived con- 
siderable benefit from the air. Horace was also 
recommended to visit Velia for a disorder in his 
eyes. The ruins of Velia stand about half a 
mile from the sea, on the site now called Castel- 
ajnr.re della B-uca. Herod. 1, 164, &c.— Cfc 
Acc.d. 2, 42.— S/rui. 6.—HorLit. Epid. 1, 15. 

VelTna, the name of one of the Roman 
tribes, deriving its appellation, as is said, from 
the lake Velinus in the Sabine territory. It 
T>as added to the other tribes, together with the 
one termed Qw?y2>(a, A.U C. 513. Tbe locality 
of this tribe was in the vicinilv of mount Pala- 
tine. Hornt. Ep. 1, 6, 52. 

Vei.iNUS, nowthe Fe/rno, a river in the Sa- 
bine territory, rising in the Apennines .ird fall- 
ing into the Nar. It occasionally overflov\ed its 
b;inks, and formed some small lakes before it 
entered the Nar. One of tiie lakes, ai,d the 



' chief of the number, w as cnllod the Lacus Veil 
nus, now Lugo di Fie di Lugo. Tiie drainage 
of the stagnant waters produt-ed by the occa- 
sional overllow of the lakes, and of the river, 
was first attempted by Curius Dentaius, the 
conqueror of the Sabines. He caused a channel 
to be made for the Velinus, through which the 
waters ot that river were carried into the Nar, 
over a precipice of several hundred feet. This 
is the celebrated (all of Terni, known in Italy 
by the name of Caduta dclle Marmore. 

VELiTR.(E, now Feiletri^ an ancient town of 
Latium, south-east of Aricia, and on the road 
between Rome and Tarracina. It was always 
reckoned one of the most important and consi- 
derable cities of the Volsci. The inhabitants 
were engaged in frequent hostilities with the 
Romans, and revolted so often, that it became 
necessary to punish them with unusual severity. 
The walls of their town were razed, and its 
senators were removed to Rome, and compelled 
to reside in the Transtiberine part of the city ; 
j a severe flne being imposed upon any individual 
j of their number who should be found on the 
; other side of the river. The colony, however, 
i planted by the Romans at Velitras still subsisted 
: m the reign of Claudius, as mention is made of 
i it at that period. Its chief boast was the hon- 
i our of having given birth to Auijustus. Dion. 
I Hal. 3, 41.- Liu. 8,U.- Suet. i7i Aug. 6.- Hil. 
j Ital. «, 378. 

I Vellaunodunum, a city of the Senones, in' 
i Gallia Lugdunensis, now Beaune. C(es. IS. G. \ 
i7,lJ. I 
I Velleda. a w oman famous among the Ger- 
[ mans, in the age of Vespasian, and worshipped' 
i as a deity. Tacit, de Germ. 8. 
! Velleius Paterculus, a Roman historian, ' 
i was descended from an ancient family in Cani- 
' pania, w hich had borne various important offices | 
in the state. He w as himself a military tribune;! 
and served under Tiberius in Germany, as com- 1 
mander of the cavalry, and accompanied him in! 
: all his expeditions during nine a ears. After! 
I having been quajstor he was nominated praetor, 
j These are all the facts relating to the personal! 
! history of Paterculus that have come down to 
I us. As he was a friend of Sejanus, it has been' 
conjectured that he was involved in the ruin of 
that minister. Paterculus is known principally' 
by his abridgment of the Reman history, ad- 
dressed to the consul M. Vinicius, but of this 
I work the greater part has perished, and wbati 
, remains is extremely deficient, only one manu-( 
I script having been discovered. The st}le of, 
I this author is pure and elegant. In chronology I 
he is more exact than was customary with mr-stf 
ancient wrircrs, and he has introduced m.any' 
brief but curious notices of the foundation of 
cities and states. In drawing characters he has 
rarely been excelled, sketching v.iih a few 
strokes a striking and masterly likeness. He 
was the friend and adulator of Tiberius and Se - 
janus, and his attachment to monarchical pow er 
has biassed him in his representation of the ac- 
tions and characters of the republican party. 
The best editions of Paterculus are, that of 
Burmann, 2 vols. 6vr. L. Bat. 1744; that of 
Ruhnken, 2 vols. Svo. L. Bat. 1/79; and that of 
Krause. Svo. Lips. 16fO. 

^ ELOC.ASiES, a people of Gallia Belgica, 
p.lor.LC the northern bank of the Sequana, w < st 
ts' lilt Beiiovaci, and north of the Aulerci Ebu- 



VEN 



753 



VEN 



roviees. Their chief town was Rotomagus, 
now Rouen. Cas- B. G, 7, 7b. - Plin. 4, 27. 

Venafrum, now Venafri, a city of Campania, 
in the north-east anjjle of the country, and near 
the river Vulturnus. It is much celebrated in 
antiquity, for the excellence of the oil which its 
territory produced. Strab. 5.— Plin 16, 2. — 
Horai. Od. ^, 6, J6. Sal. 2, 4, - Martial. 13. 
93. 

Venedi, or Venedse. a German tribe, on the 
eastern bank of the Vistula, near its mouth. 
They gave name to the Venedicus Sinus, off this 
coast, and to the Montes Venedici, or the low 
range of mountains between East Prussia and 
Poland. Tacit de Germ. ^6.- Plin. 4, 13. 

Veneti, a people of Italy in Cisalpine Gaul, 
near the mouths of the Po. They were descend- 
ed from a nation of Paphlagonia, iVid. Heneti,] 
v^ho settled there under Antenor some time after 
the Trojan war. The Venetians, who had been 
long a powerful and commercial nation, were 
originally very poor, whence a writer in the age 
of the Roman emperor.s said, they had no other 
fence against the waves of the sea but hurdles, 
no food but fish, no wealth besides their fishing- 
boats, and no merchandise but salt. Sir^.b. 4, 
&c — Liv. 1, l.—Melu, 1, 2. 2, 4.~Ccvs. Bell. G. 

3, 8.— /.wean. 4, V6\.— Ital. 8. G05 A n&tion 

of Gaul, at the south of Armorica, on the western 
coast, powerful by sea. Their chief city was 
Dariorigum. called afterwards Veneti, now" Van- 
nes. CcEs. B G. 3, 8. 

VenetiA, the country of the Veneti, in Gal- 
lia Cisalpina. Fid. Veneti. 

Venetl'S Paulus, a centurion who conspir- 
ed against Nero w ith Piso, &c. Tacit . Avn. 15, 
fin, — - A lake through which the Rhine pa.eses, 
the same w ith the Lacus Brigantinus. or lake of 
Constance. Mela, 3, 2. 

VenilTa, a nymph, sister to Amafa, and 
mother of Turnus, by Daunus. Amphitrite tlie 
s^a £oddp.ss is .ilso calied Venilia. Virg. jF.n. 
111. 76. — Otfrf. Met. 14, 334 — Varro de L. L. 4, 
10. 

Venta Belgarum, a town of Britain, now 

Winchester. 5iilurum,a town of Britain, now 

Caerwent in Morroouthshire Icenorum, 

now Caister, near Norwich. 

Venti. The ancients, and especially the 
Athenians, paid particular attention to the 
winds, and offered them sacrifices, as to deities 
intent upon the destruction of mankind by con- 
tinually causing storms, tempe.'ts, and earth- 
quakes. The winds were represented in diffe- 
rent attitudes and forms- The four principal 
winds were Euriis, the south-east, who is repre- 
.■^enied as a young man flying with great impe- 
tuosity, and often appearing in a playsome and I 
canton humour. Auster, the south wind, ap- I 
peaied generally as an old man with grey hair, I 
a gloomy countenance, a head covered with [ 
clouds, a sable vesture, and dusky wings. He I 
is tiie dispenser of rain, and of all heavy showers. I 
Ze/:hyrus is represenied as the mildest of all the [ 
winds. He is young and gentle, and his l;ip is | 
filled with vernal flowers. He married Flora, i 
the gof'dess, with whom he fcnjo3ed the most) 
perlect felicity. Boreas, or the north wind, ap- ! 
pears always rough and shivering. He is the j 
rather of rain, snow, hail, and tempests, and is 
always represented .is surrounded with iinpene- | 
tr.ible clouds. Those of inferior note v. ere. So- I 
lanus, whose name is seldom meniioned, lie I 



appeared as a young man holding fruit in his 
lap, such as peaches, oranges, &c. A/ricus, or 
south-west, is represented with black wings, and 
a melancholy c(.untenance. Corus or north- 
west, drives clouds of snow before him ; and 
Aquilo, the north-east by north, is equally 
dieadful in appearance. The winds, according 
to some mythologists, were confined in a largo 
cave, of which ^Eolus had the management, and 
without this necessary precaution they would 
have overturned the earth, and reduced every 
thii'g to its original chaos. Virg. /En. 1, 57, &c. 

Ventidil'S Bassus, a native of Asculum in 
Picenum, born of an obscure family. "Wher 
Asculum was taken, he was carried before the 
triumphant chariot of Pompeius Strabo, hanging 
on his mother's breast. A bold, aspiring soul, 
aided by the patronage of the family of Caesar, 
raised him from the mean occupation of a chair- 
man and muleteer to dignity in the state. He 
displayed valour in the Rom.an armies, and 
gradually arose to the offices of tribune, praetor, 
high-priest, and consul. He made war against 
the Parthians, and conquered them in three 
great battles, B.C. 39. He was the first Roman 
ever honoured with a triumph over Parthia. He 
died greatly lamented by all the Rorran people, 
and was buried at the public expense. Plut. in 
Anton.- Juv. 7, 199- 

VenClTjS, one of the Latin elders sent into 
Magna Graecia, to demand the assistance of 
Diomedes, &c. Virg. /En. 8. 9. 

Venus, one of the most celebrated deities of 
the ancients. She was the goddess of beauty, 
the mother of love, the queen of laughter, the 
m.istress of the graces and of pleasures, and the 
patroness of courtesans. Some mythologists 
speak of more than one Venus. Plato mentions 
two, Venus Urania, the daughter f f Uranus, and 
Venus Popularia, the daughter of Jupiter and 
Dione. Cicero speaks of four, a daughter of 
Ccelus and Light, one sprung from the froth of 
the sea, a third, daughter of Jupiter and the 
Nereid Dione. and a forth born at Tyre, and the 
same as the Astarte of the Syrians. Of these, 
however, the Venus sprung from the froih of the 
sea, after the mutilated part of the body of Ura 
nus had been thrown there by Saturn, is the m(.s', 
known, and of her in particular, ancient mytho- 
logists as well as painters, make mention. She 
arose from the sea near the island of Cyprus, or, 
according to Hesind, of Cythera, whither she 
was wafted by the Zephers, and received on the 
sea-shore by the Seasons, daughters of Jupitei 
find Themis. She was soon after catried to 
heaven, where all the gods admired her beaut} , 
K.nd all the goddesses became jealous of her per- 
sonal charms. Jup-iter attempted to gain her 
aflFections and even wished to offer her violence., 
but Venus refused, and the god to punish her 
obstinacy, gave her in marriage to his ugly and 
deformed son Vulcan. This marriage did not 
prevent the goddess of love from gratifying her 
favourite passions, and she defiled her husband's 
bed by her amours with the pods. Her intrigue 
witii Mars is the most celebrated. .She wrs 
caught in her lover's arms, and exjioseti to the 
ridicule and laughter of all ihe gods. [ VYrf. Alec- 
tryon ] Venus became mother of Ilermione, 
Ciipid, and Anteros, by Mars; by Mercury she 
had Hermaphroditus ; by Bacchus, Priapus ; ■ 
.^nd by Neptune, Eryx. Her great pari-i...- 
iity for Adonis made her abandon the SQiio 



VEN 



754 



VER 



of Olympus, IFid. Adcsnis] and her regard 
for Anchises obliged her often to visit the 
^\oods and solitary retreats of mount Ida. 
[F/d. Anchises, iEneas.] The power ( f Venus 
over the heart was supported and assisted by a 
celebrated pirdle, called i^uvT} by the Greeks, 
and cestus by the Latins. This mysterious 
crirdle gave beauty, grace, and elegance, when 
worn even by the most deformed;' and it escited 
love and rekindled extinguished flames. Juno 
herself was indebted to this powerful ornament, 
to gain the favours of Jupiter ; and Venus, 
though herself possessed of every charm, no 
.'Doner put on her cestus, than Vulcan, unable 
\o resist the influence of love, forgot all the in- 
trigues and infidelities of his wife, and fabricated 
arms even for her illegitimate children. The 
contest of Venus for the golden apple of Discord 
is well known. She g-ained the prize over Pal- 
las and Juno, \_Vid. Paiii, Discordia.] and re- 
warded her impartial judge with the hand of the 
fairest woman in the world. The worship of 
Venus was universally established; statues and 
temples were erected to her in every kingdom, 
and the ancients were fond of paying homage to 
a divinity who presided over generation, and by 
whose influence alone mankind existed. In her 
sacrifir-es and in the festivals celebrated in her 
honour, too much licentiousness prevailed, and 
public prostitution was often part of the cere- 
mony. Victims wert; seldom ofiFered to her. or 
her altars stained with blood, though we find 
Aspasia making repeated sacrifices. No pigs, 
however, or male animals were deemed accep- 
table. The rose the myrtle, and the apple, 
were sacred to Venus; and among birds, the 
dove, the swan, and the sparrow, were her fa- 
vourites; and among fishes, those called the 
aphya and the lycostomuf. The goddess of 
beauty was representeti amon^ the ancients in 
different f Tms- At Elis she appeared seated on 
a goat, with one foot resting on a tortoise. At 
Sparta and Cythera, she w^.s represented armed 
like Minerva, and sometimps wearing chains on 
iter feet. In the tcrrple of Jupiter Olympius, 
she was represented by Phidias as rising from 
the sea, received by love, and crowned by the 
goddess of persuasion. At Cnidus her statue 
made by Praxiteles. \_Vid. Cnidus,] represented 
her naked, with one hand hiding what modesty 
keeps concealed. Her statue at Elephantis was 
the same, with only a naked Cupid by her side. 
In Sicyon she held a poppy in one hand, and in 
the other an apple, while on her head she had a 
crown, which terminated in a point, to intimate 
the pole. She is generally represented with her 
son Cupid, on a chariot drawn by doves, or at 
other times by swans or sparrows. The sur- 
names of the goddess are numerous, and only 
serve to show huw well established her worship 
was all over the earth. She was called Cyptia. 
because particularly worshipped in the island 
of Cypru?, and in that character she was often 
repre.sented with a beard, and the male parts of 
generation, with a sceptre in her hand, and the 
body and drps.= of a female, whence she is cailed 
duplex Amathima hy Catullus. She received 
the nam.e of Paphia, because worshipped at 
Paphos, where she had a temple with an altar, 
on whir-h rsin never fell, though exp(!sed in the 
open nir. S. Tne of the ancients called her Apos- 
l)cj'iiia, or FpisiropJ.hi, as .-liso Venus I'lunia. 
and \'enus Pandemcs. The first of these she 



received as presiding over wantonness; the 
second because she patronised pure love, and 
chaste and moderate gratifications; and the 
third because she favoured the propensities of 
the vulgar, and was fond of sensual pleasures. 
The Cnidians raised her temples under the 
name of Venus Acrcpa of Doris, and of Euploea. 
In her temple under the name of Euploea, at 
Cnidus, was the most celebrated of her statups, 
being the most perfect piece of Praxiteles. Ve- 
nus was also surnamed Cyihercea, because she 
was the chief deity of Cythera; Exopolis, because 
her statue was without the city of Athens; 
Phallomineda, from her affection for the phallus; 
Philomir.edis^ becaiise the queen of laughter; 
Telessigama. because she presided over mar- 
riage- Coliada. Coloh's, or CoHas. because wtir- 
shipped on a promontory of the same name in 
Attica; Area, because armed like Mars; J'erii- 
coi dia, because she could turn the hearts of wt;- 
men to cultivate chastity; Apaturia, because 
she deceived; Calva, because she was represent- 
ed bald; Ericyna- becau.=;e worshipped at Eryx; 
Etaira. because the patroness of C(>urte2ans ; 
yJcidalia, because of a fountain of Orchomenos; 
BasHea. because the quetn of love; Myrtea. be- 
cause the myrtle was sacred to her; Libe-'tiita, 
from her inclinations to gratify lust; Mechayiitis, 
in allusion to the many artifices practised in 
love, &c. &c. As goddess of the sea. because 
born in the bosom of the water?, "\>nus v as 
called Pnnda, Marina. Limnesia, Epipnnfia, j 
Pe'agi i, Sa taenia, Pontogenia, Aligena, Tludas- ■ 
Siu, &c. ; and as rising from the sea, the name I 
of Anadyomeiie is applied to her, and rendered j 
immortal by the celebrated painting of Apelles, 
which represented her as issuing from the bosom ( 
of the waves, and wringing her tresses on her j 
shoulder. [Fzc/. Anadvomene ] Cic. de Nat. D. ' 
2. 27. 5. 23. - Orpheus Hymn. ^A. — Hesiod. Theog, { 
Homer. Hyirri. in J'cn. &c. Virg. ^n. 5, 800, 
he. — Ovid. Heroid. 15, 16, 19, &c. JMet. 4, fid), i 
5. &c — Diod, 1, 8. b.—Hygin. fab. 94, 271 — 
Maitial. 6, 13 — Eurip. in Hel in Iphig. inTroad. I 
- jElian. V. H. 12. 1.- Fai. Max. 8. W.-Horui. \ 

Od. 3, 26. 4, 11, &c. A planet called by the ■ 

Greeks Phosphorus, and by the Latins Lucifer, I 
when it rises before the sun, but, when it fol- , 
lows it, Hesperus or Vesper. Cic. de Nat. D. 2, [ 
20. i?2 som7i Scip. 4. 

VknusiA, now Venosa, a city of Apulia, on j 
the great Appian Way, leading to Tarentum, 
jsnd about fifteen miles to the south of the Aufi- i 
dus. This place appears to have been a Roman J 
colony of some importance before the war against 
Pyrrhus. After the disaster at CannjB it afforded 
a retreat to the consul Varro. and the handful 
of men who escaped from that bloody fiehi. | 
The services rendered by the Venusini on thatj 
occasion, obtained for them afterwards the spe-; 
cial thanks of the Roman senate. Venusia de-j 
serves our attention still more, from the asso- 
ciations which connect it with the name of 
Horace, who was born there A.U.C. 6S8. Ve'd. , 
Paterc. 1. ^A. — Horat. Sat. 2, 1, ob.—Liv. 22,54. 
27, 20. S rab. 5. | 

VerAgrI, an Alpine tribe, living among the] 
Graian and Pennine Alps. Their capital wasi 
Octodurus. now Martigny. Plin. 3, cO. 

VhraNiUS, a governor of Britain under Nero. 
He succeeded D«d!us Gallus. Tac .4nn. li. 

Verba NUS I.ACUS, now Logo Mnggiore. a 
lake of Gailia Cisalpina, through which Hows. 



VER 



755 



VER 



thf^ river Tio-rns. The Mcgg.'rre lifs 'while our ovrn Sbnksppp.re ha? renpl.-d it with 

partly iii Sv\i:zeiland, but principally in Italy, i imaginary beings, not less palpably df-fin^d to 
its dimensions have be<nver\ differently stated; | the fancy, thnn the shades of the Listen ic dnnd. 
but it would appear to be between fifty and sixty I It is thus felt to be at once classic and lomanf ic 
miles in length, and from five to six in breadth. | ground ; nor dnes the tomb of Pepin, nor even 
FHn. 3, 19 — Sirab. 4. Jthe arch of Gallienus. waken a stronger interest 

VERCELL^ffi;, a city of Gallia Cisalpina, to the than the supposed tomb of Juliet. The w ines 
rorth-west of Ticinum, and the capital of the i of Verona were celebrated in ancient times, as 
Libicii. It was situate on the river Sessites, j appears from Virgil's apostrophe to the produce 
now the 5e.«?'a, and its site corresponds with that ! of the Rhcetic grape; but their reputatioii at 
of the modern Borgo FercellL Plin. 3, J 7.— Cic. \ present is very low, as is that of almost all the 
Fcrm. 11, 19 — Sil. Jtal. 8, i)9f^. ! wines produced on the northern side of the 

VercINGETORIX, a celebrated chief of the ' Apennines. Plin. 3, 19.- Liv. 5, 3.5 Ovid. Am. 

Gauls, in the time of Caesar, By his powerful 3, l4.~Martial. 14, 193.— J'tr^. G. 2, 95. 
influence the nations of Gaul united to shake off i Verres. C, a Roman w ho governed the prn- 
the Roman yoke, but the superior valour and ' vince of Sicily as prstor. The oppression and 
fortune of Caesar prevailed, and Vercingetorix, j rr.pine of which he was guilty, while in office, 
."-fter severe losses, surrendered himself up at so otTended the Sicilians, that they brought an 
Alesia to the conqueror, who. after dragging | accusation against him before the Roman se- 
him in chains to adorn his triumph, ordered : nate. Cicero, who was connected with the un- 
h'm, with a cruelty unworthy of his fame, to be i fortunate Sicilians by a former questorship, un- 
put to death. Flor. 3, iO.— Ccts. B. G. 7 . 'i. j dertock their cause, and pronounced those 

Vekgasillaunus, one of the generals and \ celebrated orations which are still extant, 
friends of Vercingetorix. Cers. B. G. \ Verres was defended by Hortensius, but as he 

Vergellus. a small river near Cannes, fall- ' despaired of the success of his defence, he left 
ing into the Aufidus, over whicti Annibal made Romie without waiting for his sentence, and 
a bridge w iih the slaughtered bodies of the Ro- ^ lived in great affluence in one of the provinces, 
mans. Flcr. 2, 6.— Val. Max. 9, 11. I He was at last killed by the soldiers of Antony 

Vergili^. seven stars, called also Pleiades. 1 the triumvir, about 26 years after his voluntrsry 
When they set, the ancients began to sow their exile from the capital. Cic, in Var.- Plin. 
corn. They received their name from the spring } 34, 2. 

quia rere oriantur. Propert. 1, 8, 18 — CiC. de\ VerRiTS Flaccts, a freedman and gram- 
IS'nt. D. 2, 44. j marian. famous for his powers in instructing. 

VerginiUS, one of the officers of the Roman | He was appointed over the grand-children of 
troops in Germany, who refused the absolute I Augustus, and also distinguished himself by his 
power which his soldiers offered to him. Tacit. \ writings. A. Gell. 4, 5.— Suet, ds Grain. 

Hist. 1, 8. A rhetorician in the age of Nero, j VerticordiA, one ofthesurnam.es of Venus, 

banished on account of his great fame. Id. 1 the sam.e as the Apostrophia of the Greeks, be- 
Ann. 15. 71. [ cause her assistance was implored to turn the 

VERGOBRfiTCS, one of the chief.-; of the.^dui, ; hearts of the Roman matrons, and teach them 
in the age of Caesar, &c. Cfl?s. B. G. 1, 16. to follow virtue and modesty. Val. Max. 8, 15. 

Veritas, {Truth,') was not only personified ! Vertumxus. a deity among the Romars, 
by the ancients, but also made a deity, and ; who presided over the spring and over orchards, 
called the daughter of Saturn and the mother of He endeavoured to gain the affections of the 
Virtue. She was represented like a young vir- j goddess Pomona; aud to effect this, he assumed 



the shape and dress of a fisherman, of a soldier, 
a peasant, a reaper. &c., but all to no purpose, 
till under the form of an old woman, he pre- 
vailed upon his mistress and married her. He 
is generally rerrpsenfed as a young man crowned 
with flower?, covered up to the waist, and hold- 
ing in his right hand fruit, and a crown of plenty 
in his left. Ovid. Mel.. 14, 642, &ic.— Propert. 
4. 2. 2.—.Horat. Sat. 2. 7, 14. 

Verus, Lucius Ceionius Commodus, a 
Roman emreror, son of .^Elius and Domitia 
Lucilla. He was adopted in the seventh year 
of his age by M Aurelius, at the request of Ad 



gin, dressed in white apparel, with all the marlcs 
of youthful diffidence and modesty. Democri- 
tus used to say, that she hid herself at the bot- 
tom of a well, to intimate the difificulty with 
which she is found; and Apelles, in his cele- 
brated picture of Calumny, represented her 
dressed in a modest manner, and standing at a 
distance. Pivd. Ohjmp. JO, 5. 

VeROMANDUI, a people of Gallia Bel?ira 
Secmida, below the Nervii and Atrebates. 1 heir 
chief town was Augusta Veromanduorum . now 
St Quenfin. Cars. B. G. 2. 4 —Plin. 4. 17- 

Verona, a city of Gallia Ci?«!pin.o, in the 
territory of the Cenomanni, and situate on the ' rian, and he married Lucilia the daughter < 
river Athesis, in an eastern direction from the his adopted father, who al?o took him as his 
southern extremity of the Lacus Benacus. The colleague on the throne. He was sent by M. 
history of its frundation is somewhat uncertain, ; Aureliui to oppose the barbarians in the east, 
for Pliny ascribes it to the Rhfeti and Euganei, His arms were attended with, success, and he 
while Livy as positively attributes it to the Ce- j obtained a victory over the Parthians. He was 
nomanni. It will be easy to reconcile these [honoured with a triumph at his return home, 
two opinions, by admitting that the Cenomanni and soon after he marched with his imperial 
made this settlement in the territory previously j colleague against the Marcomanni in Germany, 
pfissessed by the Rhaiti and Euganei. The | He died in this expedition of an apoplexy, in the 
birth-place of Catullus, of Vitruvius, of Come- i 3f»th year of his age, after a reign of eight years 
lius Nepos, of Pliny the naturali.^^t. of Paul Vero- I and some months. His body was brought back 
ncse, of Scaliger, of Maffei, of Pindemonte, and ' to Rome, and buried by M. Aurelius w ith great 
other illustrious men of ancient and modern j pomp and solemnity. Verus has been greatly 
d.tys, it possesses a strong historic interest ; censured fur his debaucheries, which appeared 



VE3 



756 



VES 



more enormous a d di.-gnsting: when compared | 
to the teaipcrancf, nieekness, and popularity of 
Aurelius. The example of his faiher did not 
influence him, and he often retired from the 
frugal and moderate repast of Aurelius, to the 
profuse banquets of his own palace, where the 
night was spent in riot and debauchery, with the 
meanest of the populace, with stage-dancers, 
buffoons, and lascivious courtesans. At one 
entertainment alone, where there were no more 
than twelve guests, the emperor spent no less 
than six millions of sesterces, or about 32,"2001. 
sterling. But it is to be observed, that what- 
ever was most scarce and costly was there; the 
quests never drank twice out of the same cup; 
and whatever vessels they had touched, they 
received as a present from the emperor when 
they left the palace. In his Parthian expedition. 
Verus did not check his vicious propensities; 
for four years he lelt the care of the war to his 
officers, while he retired to the voluptuous re- 
treats of Daphne, and the luxurious banquets of 
Anfioch. His fondness for a horse has been 
faithfully recorded. The animal had a statue 
of jjold; he was fed with almonds and raisins by 
the hand of the emperor; he was clad in purple, 
and kept in the most splendid of the halls of the 
palace, and when dead, the emperor, to express 
his sorrow, raised him a magnificent monument 
on mount Vatican. Some have suspected M. 
Aurelius of dispatching Verus to rid the world 
of his debaucheries and guilty actions, but that 

seems to be tlie report of malevolence. L. 

Annasus, a son of the emperor Aurelius, who 

died in Palestine. The lather of the emperor 

Verus. He was adopted by the emperor Adrian, 
but like his son he disgraced himself by his de- 
baucheries and extravagance. He died before 
Adrian. 

VescIANUM, a country house of Cicero in 
Campania, betwei-n Canua and Nola. Cic. ad 
AH. 15, 2. 

Vesentio, a town of Gaul, now Besanqon. 
Ccps. B. G. \, 38. 

VESEViUS and Vesevus. \_Vid. Vesuvius.] 

Vesonna, a town of Gaul, now Perigueux. 

VespasiAnus. Titus Flavics, a Roman 
emperor, descended from an obscure family at 
Reate. He was honoured with the consulship, 
not so much by the influence of the imperial 
courtiers, as by his own private merit, and his 
public services. He accompanied Nero into 
Greece, but he offended the prince by falling 
asleep while he repeated one of his poetical 
compositions. This momentary resentment of 
the emperor did not prevent Vespasian from 
being sent to carry on a war against the Jews- 
His operations were crow ned with success; many 
of the cities of Palestine surrendered, and V^es 
pasian began the siege of Jerusalem. This 
was, however, achieved by the hands of his son 
Til us, and the death of Vitellus and the affec- 
tion of his soldiers hastened his rise, and he was 
proclaimed emperor at .Alexandria. The chDice 
of the army was approved by every province of 
the empire; but Vespasian did not betray any 
signs of pride at so sudden and so unexpected an 
exaltation, and though once employed in the 
mean office of a horse doctor, he behaved, when 
invested with the imperial purple, with all the 
dignity and greatness which became a successor 
<)! Auifustus. In the beginning of his rei^n Ves- 
pasi.iu attenji-tid to reform the manners of the 



Romsns, and he took away tr\ appointrrert 
whic.il lie had a few days befoie giaiited to a, 
young iiobleman who approached him to return ! 
him tnanks, all smelhn}; ot periumes and covered I 
w ith ointment, adding, 1 had rather yoii had ^7><eif. j 
of garlick. He repaired the public building?, 
embellished the city, and made the great road.-J j 
more spacious and convenient. After he had i 
reigned with great popularity for ten years, Ve.^- 1 
pasian died with a pain in his bowels. A. D. 79, i 
in the 70th year of his age. He was the fi;>t 
Roman emperor that died a nctural death, snd j 
he was also the first who was succeeded by his 
own son cn the throne. Vespasian has been! 
admired for his great virtues. lie was clen-ent, 
he gave no ear to flattery, and for a long time] 
refused the title of father of his country, which, 
was often bestowed upon the most worthless and' 
tyrannical of the emperors. He despised infor- j 
mers, and rather than punish conspirators, he| 
rewarded them with great liberality. When the 
king of Parthia addressed him with the super- 
scription of Arsaces khig oj kings to Flatius Ves~ 
pasianns, the emperor was no way dissatisfied, 
with the pride and insolence of the monarch, 
and answered him again in his own words ;j 
Flavius Vespasianus to Arsaces king of kings. To 
men of learning and merit, Vespasian was veryi 
liberal: one hundred thousand sesterces were an-, 
nually ( aid from the public treasury to the va-j 
rious professors that were appointed to encourage i 
and promote the arts and sciences. Yet in spite j 
of this apparent generosity, some authors havej 
taxed him with avarice. According to them, he, 
loaded the provinces with new taxes, he bought) 
commodities, that he might sell them to 
greater advantage, and even laid an impost upon j 
urine, which gave occasion to Titus to ridicule, 
the meanness of his father, Vespasian, regard- 
less of his son's observation, was satisfied to 
show him the money that was raised from so 
productive a tax, asking him at the same time, 
whether it smelt offensive ? His ministers were, 
the most avaricious el his subjects, and the em-j 
peror used very properly to remark that hej 
treated them as sponges, by wetting them when, 
dry, and sqeezing them when they were wet.j 
He has been accused of selling criminals theifj 
lives, and of condemning the most opulent tO| 
make himself master of their possessions. If, i 
however, he v. as guilty of these meaner prac- j 
tices, they were all under the name of one of 1 
his concubines, who wished to enrich herself by { 
the avarice and credulity of the emperor. Suet. . 
iti Vito. - Tacit. Hist. 4. j 
VEsTA, a goddess, daughter of Rhea and Sa i 
turn, sitter to Ceres and Juno. She is often! 
confounded by the mythologists with Rhea,( 
Ceres, Cybele, Proserpine, Hecate, and Tellus. 
When considered as the mother of the god.-,! 
she is the mother of Rhea and Saturn, and; 
when considered as the patroness of the vesta'; 
virgins and the goddess of fire, she is called the ! 
daughter of Saturn and Rhea. Under this las ' 
name she was worshipped by the Romans [ 
>Jlneas was the first who introduced her mys 
teries into Italy, and Numa built her a temple' 
where no males were perniitted to go. T; e, 
pelladium of Troy was supposed to be preserved [ 
within her sanctuary, and afire was continually 
kept lighted by a certain number of virgins, , 
who had dedicated themselves to the sf rvire of- 
the goddess. i/Vd. Vestales.] If the fire of;; 



'67 



VES 



VeMta was ever estin^uislipd, it was ?uppo«ef^ to 
threaten the r-^pub!ic with some sudden caia- 
mity. The virgin by whose negligence it had 
been exfinguishsd, was severely punished, and 
it was kindled again by the rays of the sun. 
The temple of Vesta was of a round form, and 
the goddess was represented in a long flowing 
robe, with a veil on her head, holding in one 
hand a lamp, or a two-eared vessel, and in the 
I other a javelin, or sometimes a palladium. On 
( some medals she appears holiiing a drum in one 
I hand, and a small figure of victory in the other. 
( Hesiod. Theog. 454.— Cic de Leg. 2, 12 — Apcl- 
' lod. 1, l.-Firg. Mn. 2, -296.— Ovid. Fast. 6. 
I Trist. 3. - VaL Max. 1, 1 .—P. ut. in Num. 

Vestal.es, priestesses among the Romans, 
1 consecrated to the service of Vesta, as their 
! name indicates. This office was very ancient, 
I as the mother of Romulus was one of the ves- 
tals. jEneas is supposed to have first chosen 
the vestals. Numa first appointed four, to 
j which number Tarquin added two. They were 
1 always chosen by the monarchs, but after the 
I expulsion of the Tarquins, the high priest was 
entrusted with the care of them. As they were 
; to be virgins, they were chosen young, from the 
age of six to ten ; and if there was not a sufficient 
j number that presented themselves as candidates 
for the office, twenty virgins were selected, and 
they upon whom the lot fell were obliged to be- 
come priestesses. Plebeians as well as patri- 
cians, were permitted to propose themselves, 
but it was required that they should be born of 
! a good family, and be without blemish or de- 
I formity in every part of their body. For thirty 
I years they were to remain in the greatest conti- 
' nence; the ten first years were spent in learning 
the duties of the order; the ten following were 
employed in discharging them with fidelity and 
sanctity, and the ten last in instructing such 
as had entered the noviciate. When the thirty 
years were elapsed, they were permitted to 
marry, or if they still preferred celibacy, they 
waited upon the rest of the vestals. As soon as 
a vestal was initiated, her head was shaved, to 
intimate the liberty of her person, as she was 
then free from the shaciiles of parental authori- 
ty, and she was permitted to dispose of her pos- 
sessions as she pleased. The employment of the 
vestals was to take care that the sacred fire of 
Vesta was not extinguished, for if it ever hap- 
pened, it was deemed the prognostic of great 
calamities to the state; the offender was pun- 
ished for her negligence, and severely scourged 
by the high priest. In such a case all was con- 
sternation at Rome, and the fire was again 
kindled by glasses with the rays of the sun. 
Another equally particular charge of the ves- 
tals was to keep a sacred pledge, on which 
depended the very existence of Rome, which 
according to some, was the palladium of Troy, 
or some of the mysteries of the gods of Samo- 
thrace. The privileges of the vestals were 
! great; they had the most honourable seats at 
public games and festivals; a lictor with the 
fasces always preceded them when they walked 
in public; they were carried in chariots when 
they pleased; and they had the power of par- 
doning criminals when led to execution, if they 
declared that their meeting was accidental. 
Thpir declarations in trials were received with- 
out the formality of an oath; they were chosen 
as arbiters in caures of moment, and in the exe- 



cution of wills, and so gre?.t wa^ the deference 
paid them by the magistrates, as v% ell as by the 
people, that the consuls themselves made way 
for them, and bowed their faces when they 
passed before them. To insult them was a 
capital crime, and whoever attempted to violate 
their chastity, was beaten to death with scourges. 
If any of them died while in office, their body 
was buried within the walls of the city, an hon- 
our granted to few. Such of the vestals as 
proved incontinent, were punished in the most 
rigorous manner. Numa ordered them to be 
stoned, but Tarquin the elder dug a large hole 
under the earth, where a bed was placed, with a 
little bread, wine, water, and oil, and a lighted 
lamp, and the' guilty vestal was stripped of the 
habit of her order, and compelled to descend 
into the subterranean cavity, which was imme- 
diately shut, and she was left to die through 
hunger. Few of the vestals were guilty of in- 
continence, and for the space of one thousand 
years, during which the order continued esta- 
blished from the reign of Numa, only eighteen 
were punished for the violation of their vow. 
The vestals were abolished by Theodosius the 
Great, and the fire of Vesta extinguished. The 
dress of the vestals was peculiar; they wore a 
white vest with purple borders, a white linen 
surplice called linteum supernum, above which 
was a great purple mantle which flowed to the 
ground, and which was tucked up when they 
offered sacrifices. They had a close covering on 
their head, called infula., from which hung rib- 
bands, or vittcc. Their manner of living was 
sumptuous, as they were maintained at the pub- 
lic expense, and though originally satisfied with 
the simple diet of the Romans, their table soon 
after displayed the luxuries and the superfluities 
of the great and opulent. Plut. in Num. ^c. — 
Val. Max. 1, 1 — Cic. de Nat. D. 3. 30 

VestaliA, festivals in honour of Vesta, ob- 
served at Rome on the 9th of June. Banquets 
were then prepared before the houses, and meat 
was sent to the vestals to be offered to the gods; 
millstones were decked with garlands, and the 
asses that turned them were led round the city 
covered with garlands. The ladies walked in 
the procession bare-footed to the temple of the 
goddess, and an altar was erected to Jupiter sur- 
named Pistor. Ovid. Fast. 6, 305. 

Vestalium Mater, a title given by the 
senate to Li via the mother of Tiberius, with the 
permission to sit among the vestal virgins at 
plays. T'acit. Ann, 4, 16. 

VestTni, a mountaineer race of Italy, whoso 
territory was bounded on the south and south- 
west by the Peligni and Mardi, on the east by 
the Adriatic, and on the north and north-west 
by the Praetutii and Sabines. Their chief town 
was Pinna, now Civita di Penna. Strab. 5. 

VesViUS. Vid. Vesuvius. 

Vesulus, now Monte Fiso, a mountain at the 
termination of the Maritime, and commence- 
ment of the Cottian, Alps. It is celebrated in 
antiquity as giving rise to the Padus, or Po. 
Pliny mentions the source as being a remark- 
able si^ht.—Plin. 3, Ifj. 

Vesuvius, a mountain of Campania, about 
eight miles south-east of Naples, celebrated for 
its volcano. It rises with a gentle acclivity 
from the bay of Naples to the height of 38i() 
feet above the level of the sea. It appears to 
have been first known under the name of Vese- 
3 S 



VET 



75S 



VIC 



VU3. but the appellations of Vesvius and Vesbius 
are no less frequently applied to it. The upper 
part of the mountain has been torn by a series 
of convulsions, and is strewed with its own frag- 
ments; the part next in the descent is mixed 
with dried lava, extending in wide black lines 
over its surface; whilst the lower part of the 
volcano, as if danger were far remote, is covered 
with villages and country seats, with groves of 
fruit trees, vineyards, and other luxuriant pro- 
ductions, all displaying the great fertility given 
by the ashes to the soil. The summit of the 
mountain is in the form of a cone, and consists 
of masses of burnt earth, ashes and sand, thrown 
out in the course of ages by the volcano : the 
crater is nearly a mile and a half in circumfer- 
ence ; but its depth, or descent from the ridge, 
is not above 350 feet. The total number of 
great eruptions on record is above thirty, reck- 
oning from the celebrated one of A. D . 79, which 
proved destructive to Pompeii, Herculaneura, 
and Stabia; : one of the latest, thouuh not most 
formidable, took place in 1819, and has some- 
what lowered the height of the mountain. Dio 
Cass, 46 — Farro de R R. 1, -Liv. 23, 39. 
—Strab. 5,— Tacit, Hist. 1, 2. — Mela. 2, 4— 
Plin. 6, ep. 16.— SU. Ital. 12. 152 17, 19S.— 
Virg.G. 2, 22^.— Martial. 4, 43 etii.— Fal.Flacc. 
3, 209. 4, 5S7. 

Vet£ra castra, a Roman encampment in 
Germany, which became a town, now S^nen^ 
near Cleves. Tacit. H. 4, IS. Ann. 1, 45. 

VETTiUS, SP. a Roman senator, who was 
made interrex at the death of Romulus, till the 
election of another king. Renominated Numa, 

and resigned his office — Plut. in yum A 

Roman knight who became enamoured of a 
young female at Capua, and raised a tumult 
amongst the slaves who proclaimed him king. 
He was betrayed by one of his adherents, upon 
which he laid violent hands upon himself. 

Vettones, a nation of Lusitania, lying 
along the eastern boundary, Plin, 4, 20. — Sit. 
Ital. 3, 378. 

Vetulon'iI, one of the most powerful and 
distinguished of the twelve cities of Etruria, a 
few miles to the south-west of Veterna. Its 
remains exist in a forest still called Selia di Vet- 
ieta. Tne Romans are said to have derived 
the insignia of their magisterial offices from 
Vetulonii. Plin. 3. o. — Sil. Ital. 8, 455 

VkturIA, one of the Roman tribes, divided 
into two branches of the Junii and Senii. It re- 
ceived its name from the Veturian family, which 

was originally called Vetusian. — Liv. 36 

The mother of Coriolanus. She was solicited 
by all the Roman matrons to go to her son with 
her daughter-in-law, and entreat him not to make 
war against his country. She went and prevail- 
ed over Coriolanus, and for her services to the 
state, the Roman senate offered to reward her 
as she pleased. She only asked to raise a 
temple to the goddess of female fortune, which 
was done on the very spot w here she had pacified 
her son. Liv. 2, iQ. — Dionys. Hal. 7, &c. 

VetuRiUS, a Roman artist, who made shields 
for Numa. — Fid. Mamurius. 

Ufens now Axifente, a river of Latium, rising 
in the Volscian mountains, above Setia and 
Privemuin, and, in cons.'quen«e of the want of 
a sufficient fall in the Pontine plains, through 
which it passed, contribntmg with other stieams 
to form the Pontine raarshe?. Vvg. JEn. 7, 802. 
— Sil. Itnl. 8, 334. A prince who assisted 



Turnus against .iCneas.. The Trojan monarch 
made a vow to sacrifice his four sons to appease 
the manes of his friend Pallas, in the same 
manner as Achilles is represented killing some 
Trojan youths on the tomb of Patroclus. J'irg. 
/En. 7, 745. 10, 518. He was afterwards killed 
by Gvas.-/d. 12, 460. 

UfentIN'A, a Reman tribe, first created 
A.U.C. 435, with the tribe Falerina, in conse- 
quence of the great increase of population at 
Rome. Liv. 9, 20. 

Via, .EMILIA, a celebrated road, made by 
the consul M. ^-Emilius Lepidus, A. U. C. 567. It 
led w ith the Flaminian road to Aquileia. There 
was also another of the same name in Etruria, 

which led from Pisas to Dertona. Appia called 

by way of eminence Regina Viarum, was madt by 
the censor Appius Csecus, A.U.C 441, and ori- 
ginally carried only as far as Capua, passing 
through Aricia, Tarracina, and Sinuessa. From 
Capua it was afterwards continued to Beneven- 
tum, and finally to Brundusium.: at Benevenlum 
it divided into two branches, one of which pass- 
ed through Venusia and Tarentum to Brundu- 
sium, the other led through Equus Tuticup, 
Canusium, and Egnatia, which city communi- 
cated to the latter road the name of Via 

Egnatia. There was also another road called 

Minueia, or Numicia, which led to Brundusium, 

but bv what places is now uncertain. Fla- 

minia'was constructed by C. Flaminius the cen- 
i sor, A.U.C 533, and extended originally only as 
far as Namia; here it divided, one branch passing 
through Carsulae, the other through Spoletiuni, 
' and both joined at Fulginia. Hence it continu- 
: ed to Nuceria, where it separated again ; one 
' road passing through Septempeda, Ancona, and 
along the coast of the Hadriatic as far as Fanum 
Fortunae, where it was rejoined by the other 
, branch, which had passed through Helvillum 
j and the Pe ra Pertusa : from Fanum Fortunae, 
' the Via Flaminia passed on to Ariminum.— - 

; Lata one of the ancient streets of Rome. 

i Valeria supposed to have been constructed by 
' the censor M. Valerius Maximus, commenced 
at Tibur, and passed through Corfinium and 
Teate Marrucinorum to Hadra in Pieenum.^ 
i There were besides many streets and roads of ■ 
inferior note, such as the Aurelia, Cassia. Cam- i 
pania, Ardeatina, Labicana, Domitiana, Ostien- | 
; sis, Praenestina. &c. all of which were made and; 

constantly kept in repair at the public expense. , 
I VlADRUS, or VlADUS, a river of Germany,] 
generally regarded as answering to the modern 
Oder. 

VIBIT^S, a Roman who refused to pay any at- 
tention to Cicero when banished, though he 
had received from him the most unbounded 

favours. Virius,a man at Capua who advised 

his countrymen to revolt to Annibal. When 
Capua was'retaken by the Romans, he poisoned 
himself not to fall into the hands of the conque- 
rors. Liv. 26 13 et 14. Sequester, a Latin 

writer, who wrote a geographical catalogue oi 
the rivers, lakes, mountains, forests, &c. for his 
son Virgilianus, from which many illustrations 
of other authors, particularly the poets, may be 
derived. He is supposed to have flourished be- 
tween the fifth and the seventh centuries. The 
best edition of Vibius Sequester is that of Ober- 
linus, Svo. Argent. 1778. 

ViBO. Valentia. nd. Hipponium. 

ViCA POTA, a goddess at Rome, who presided 
over victory (vincere and poiiri^. Liv. 'Z, 1. , 



VIC 



759 



VIN 



VlCENTlA, or VlCETlA, a town of Gallia 
Cfsalpina, in the territory of Venetia, and situ- 
ate between Patavium and Verona. It is now 
Vicensa. Strab. 5.— Tacit Hist. 3, S. 

Victor, Sext. Aurelius, a Latin histo- 
rian, who lived in the fourth century. He was 
the son of humble parents, and did not enjoy 
the benefit of a learned education. The place 
of his birth is not recorded; but however obscure 
his origin, he possessed talents which procured 
him the highest honours. In the year 361, the 
emperor Julian appointed him prefect of Pan- 
noiiia; and a long time afterwards he was pre- 
fect of Rome, and in the year 369, consul with 
Valentinian. He appears to have lived till 
towards the end of the fourth century. The 
following works are extant under his name, 
*' Origo geniis Romanes " Z>e Viris illustribus 
RotncBi" " De Ccesaribus, sire historice abbreviates 
pars altera, ah Augusto Octaiiano, id est, a fine 
Tiii Livii usque ad consulatum decimum Constaniii 
Augusti et Juliani CcBsaris tertium." The best 
editions of Aurelius Victor are, that of Pitiscus, 
Svo. Traj. ad Rh. 1696; and that of Arntzenius, 

4to. Amst. 1733. Surnamed, for distinction 

sake, the Younger, a contemporary of Orosius, 
who made an abridgment of one of the works 
of the elder Victor (the third above mentioned) 
which he entitled " Epitome de Ccesaribus," or, 
according to others, "•De yita et Moribus Impera- 
iorum Romanorum," and which he continued 
down to the death of Theodosius the Great. He 
made some changes also in the original work, 
and added some new facts and circumstances. 

Victoria, one of the deities of the Romans, 
called by the Greeks Ntwa, supposed to be the 
daughter of the giant Pallus, or of Titan and 
Stjx. The goddess of Victory was sister to 
Strength and Valour, and was one of the atten- 
dants of Jupiter. She was greatly honoured by 
the Greeks, particularly at Athens. Sylla 
raised her temple at Rome, and instituted festi- 
vals in her honour. She was represented with 
wings, crowned with laurel, and holding the 
branch of a palm tree in her hand. A golden 
statue of this goddess, weighing 320 pounds, 
was presented to the Romans by Hiero, king of 
Syracuse, and deposited in the temple of Jupiter 
on the Capitoline hill. Liv.%2 — Varro de L. L. 
4, 10.— Hestod. Theog. 384 — Eygin. prcef. fab. 
- Suet, in Aug. 100. 

ViCTORlNA, a celebrated matron who placed 
herself at the head of the Roman armies, and 
made war against the emperor Gallienus. Her 
son Victorinus, and her grandson of the same 
name were declared emperors, but when they 
were assassinated, Victorina invested with the 
imperial purple one of her favourites called Te- 
tricus. She was some time after poisoned, A.D. 
269, and, according to some, by Tetricus him- 
self. 

Victorinus, an African philosopher, con- 
verted to Christianity, flourished in the fourth 
century. He taught rhetoric in Rome for many 
years, with so much reputation, that a statue to 
his honour was erected in one of the public 
places. The study of Plato's works is said to 
have given him the first impression in favour of 
the scriptures, and to have led him to the peru- 
sal of them, by which he was convinced of their 
truth. Victorinus was the author of several 
works of no great value contained in the Biblio- 
Iheca Patrum, 



Victs LONG US, a street at Rome, where an 
altar was raised to the goddess Pudicitia, or the 

Modesty of the plebeians. Liv. 10. 23 Cy- 

prius, a place on the Esquiline hill, where the 
Sabines dwelt. 

ViDUCASSES, a people of Gallia Lugdunensis 
Secunda, on both sides of the river Olina, or 
Orne. Flin. 4, 18. 

Vienna, a city of the Allobroges, in Gallia 
Transalpine, famed for its wealth and the civi- 
lisation of its inhabitants. At a later period it 
became the metropolis of the province of Vien- 
nensis, and in the fifth century the residence of 
the Burgundian kings. It is now Vienne. Cces. 
B. G. 7, 9.~ Tacit. Ann. 11, I.— Mela, 2, 5. — 
Plin. 3, 4. 

ViLLlA LEX, annalis or annaria, by L. Vil- 
lius, the tribune, A. U. C. 574, defined the pro- 
per age required for exercising the office of a 
magistrate, twenty-five years for the quaestor- 
ship, twenty-seven or twenty-eight for the 
ffidileship, or tribuneship, for the ofiBce of prae- 
tor thirty, and for that of consul forty-three, 
Liv. 11, 44. 

ViLLius, a tribune of the people, author of 
the Villian law, and thence called Annalis, a 

surname borne by his family. Liv. Jl, 44. 

Publius, a Roman ambassador sent to Antio- 
chus. He held a conference with Annibal, who 
was at that monarch's court.— A man who dis- 
graced himself by his criminal amours with the 
daughter of Sylla. Herat. Sat. 1, 2, 64. 

VlMINALIS, one of the seven hills on which 
Rome was built, so called from the number of 
osiers {vimines) which grew there. Servius Tul- 
lius first made it part of the city. Jupiter had a 
temple there, whence he was called Viminalis. 
Liv. 1, 44.— VarTO, L. L. 4, 8. 

ViNALiA, festivals at Rome in honour of 
Jupiter and Venus. 

VlNDELiCi, an ancient people of Germany, 
between the heads of the Rhine and the Danube. 
Their country, which was called Vindelicia, 
forms now part of Swabia and Bavaria, and their 
chief town Augusta Vindelicorum, is now Augs- 
burg. The Vindelici are said by some to have 
been lUyrians, whose name was derived from 
the two rivers Vindo, or Wertach, and Licus, or 
Lech, which ran through their territory; others 
say they were a branch of the Venedi, who, 
settling on the Licus, thus received their came. 
Herat. Od. 4. 4, 18. 

VlNDEMlATOR, a cor.stellation that ro^e 
about the nones of March. Oud. Fast. 3, -^07. 
—Plin. 18, 13. 

ViNDEX Julius, a governor of Gaul, who 
revolted against Nero, and determined to deli- 
ver the Roman empire from his tyranny. He 
was followed by a numerous army, but at last 
defeated by one of the emperor's generals. 
When he perceived that all was lost, he laid 
violent hands ujron himself, 68 A.D. Suet, in 
Galb.- Tacit. Hist. 1, 51.— P/m. cp. 9, 19. 

ViNDICiUS, a slave who discovered the con- 
spiracy which some of the most noble of the 
Roman citizens had formed to restore Tarquin 
to his throne. He was amply rewardrd, and 
made a citizen of Rome. Liv. 2, 5 — Plut. in 
Popl. 

ViNDONISSA, now Wendish a town of the. 
Helvetii on the Aar, in the territory of Berne. 
Tacit. Hist. 4, 61 et 70. 

ViNlus, T., a commander in the prastorian 
3 S 2 



ViP 



760 



VIR 



guards, intimate with Galba, of whom be be- i 
came Ibe first minister. He was hotioured witb 
;iie ccnsulsbip, and some tinr:e alter, in conse- 
quence of his profligacy and manv crimes, he 
was murdered. Tacit. Hist. 1, il. 42 et :38.— 
Plut. 

ViPSANIA, a daughter of M. A^rippa, mother 
o: Drusus. She was the only one of Acrippa'e 
<iaaghters who died a natural death. She was 
married to Tiberius when a private man, tnd 
when she bad been repudiated, she married Asi- 
nius Gallus. Tacit. Ann. 1, 12. 3, 19. 

Virago, a name applied to Minerva and Di- 
ana, as expressive ot the boldness, the lortitude 
and manly exertions of their character. Ovid. 

Met. 2, 765. 6, 130.— Stat. Sdv. 4, 5, 23. It is 

also applied to Medusa and to Juniter. Stut. 
Theb. U, 4i4.— f'irg. /En. 12, 468. 

VlRBlcs, (qui inter vivos bis fuit.) a name 
given to Hipv.oiytus. after he had been brought 
biick to life by ^sculripius, at the instance of ' 
Diana, who pitied his unfortunate end. Some 
suppose that ^sculapius was destroyed by Ju- 
piter for raising him to life, and that he was 
concealed in a forest in Italy by Diana, under 
the name of Virbius. Here he married Aricia, 
and had a son called also Virbius. who sup- 
pf)rted Turnus against .£neas. Ovid. Met. 15, 
bi^.-Hygin. fub. 5i51. 

VIKGTLILS Mako, Publius, Palled ihe 
p/ince of ihe Latin poets, v>&s born at Andes, a 
village near Mantua, about 70 years before 
Christ, on the 15th of October. His first years 
were spent at Crtn;ona, where his taste was 
formed, and bis rising talents first exercised. 
The distribution of the lands of Cremona to the 
soldiers of Augustus, after the battle of Philippi, 
nearly pri.vtd fatal to the poet, and when he at- 
tempted to dispute the possession of his fields 
with a soldier, Virgil was obliged to save his 
li/e from the resentment of the lawless veteran, 
by sw imar.icff across a river. This was the be- 
^nning of bis greatness; he with his father re- 
paired to Rome, where be soon forrried an ac- 
qtiaintaoce wiih Meca;nas, and recommended 
himself to the favours of Augustus, The em- 
peror restored his lands to the poet, vihcse mo- 
dest muse knew so well bow to pay the tribute 
of gratitude, and his first bucolic was written to 
thajik bis patron, as well as to tell the world 
that his favours were not unworthily bestowed. 
The ten bucolics were written in about three 
years. The poet showed his countrymen that 
he could write with graceful simplicity, with 
elegance, delicacy of sentiments, and wish purity 
of language. Some time after, Virgil undertook 
the Georgia, a poem the most perfect and finish- 
ed of all Latin compositions. The ^neid'^l'id. 
.ilneis] was begun, as some suppose, at the par- 
ticular request of Augustus, and the poet, while 
he attempted to prove that the Julian family 
was lineally descended from the founder of La- 
vinium, visibly described in the pious and bene- 
volent character of his hero, the am.itble quali- 
ties of his imperial patron. The great merit cf 
this poem is well known, and it will ever rerrain 
undecided, w hich of the two poets, either Homer 
or Virgil, is more entitled to our praise, rur sp- 
plause, and our admiration. The w riter of the 
Iliad stood as a pattern to the favourite of Au- 
gustus. The voyage of ^neas is copied from 
the Odyssey; and for his battles, Virgil fou. d a 
model in the wars of Troy, and the animated 



descriptions of the Hi^d. The l oet died before 
he bad revised this immcrtai wutk, which bad 
alrf auy engaged his time for eleven successive 
jears. He had auempted to r.tiend his patron 
in the east, but he was detained at Naples on 
account of his ill health. He, however, went to 
Athena, where he met An^uatus on his return, 
but he scon a'ter fell sick at Megara, and 
thiugh indisposed, he ordered himself to be re- 
moved to Italy. He landed at Brundusium, 
where a few days after he expired, the 22d of 
September, in tl.e olst year of his age, B.C. 19. 
Ke ieft the greatest part oi his in n.ense posses- 
i-ions to his triends, particularly to JiecEenas, 
Tucca, and Augustus, snd he ordered, as his 
last will, his imiinished poem to be burnt. 
These last injunctions weie disobeyed; and, 
according to the words of an ancient poet, Au- 
gustus saved his favourite iioy from a second 
and more dismal conflagration. The poem w as 
delivered by the emperor to three of his literary 
friends. They were ordered to revise and ex- 
punge whatever the y deemed improper ; but 
they were strictly enjoined net to m.ake any ad- 
ditions, and hence, as seme suppose, the causes 
that so rr any lines of the .£neid are unfinished, 
particularly in the last books. The body of the 
poet, according to his own directions, was con- 
veyed to Naples, and interred with much so- 
lemrity in a monument, elected on the road 
that leads from Naples to Puteoli. [Vid. Pausi- 
lipus.] The follow in^' modest distich was en- 
graved on the tom.b, written by the poet some 
few moments betbre he expired : 

Mantua n:e genvil; Ca'alri rnpueie; tenet nunc 
Parlitenope : cecinipasc-ua, rura, duves* 

The Remans were r ot insensible of the merit of 
their poet. Virgil received much applause in 
the capital, and when he entered the theatre, he 
was astonished and delighted to see the crowded 
audience rise up to him as to an emperor, and 
welcom.e his approach by reiterated plaudits. 
He was naturally modest, and of a timorous dis- 
position. TN'hen people crowded to gaze upon 
him, or pointed at him with the finger with rap- 
ture, the poet blushed, and stole away from 
them, and often hid himself in shops to be re- 
moved from the curiosity and adm.iration of the 
public. The most liberal and gratifying m.arks 
of approbation he received, w ere from the em- 
peror and from Octavia. He attempted in bis 
,£neid to paint the virtues, and to lament the 
premature death of the son of Octavia, and I e 
was desired by the em;ppror to repeat the lines 
in the presence of the afflicted mother. He had 
no sooner begun nale. &c., than Octavia burst 
into tears: be continued, but he had artfully 
suppressed the name of her sen; and when he 
repeated in the 16ih line the well known words, 
Tu MarceLlus €9 is, the princess sw ooned aw ay, 
and the poet withdrew, but not without being 
liberally rewarded. Octavia presented him ten 
sesterces for every one of his verses in praise of 
her son, the whole cf which was equivalent to 
two thousand pounds English money. As ta 
instance of his m.odesty, the following circum- 
stance has been recorded. Vircil wrote this 
distirti, in which he compared his patiuu to 
Jupiter, 

?>'ocfe plnii totn, redeiint spectccul.i inane, 
1 Eiiiiuvi iv.i^crium cmto Joie Cccsar habct. 



VI R 



761 



VIR 



and placfd it in the nioht on the gates of the 
palace of Augustus. Inquiries were made for 
the author by order of Au!?ustu?,and when Vir- 
gil had the difiilence not to declare himself, 
Bathyllus, a ontemptible poet of the age, 
claimed the verses as his own. and was liberally 
rewarded. This displeased Virgil •, he agrain 
wrote the verses near the palace, and under 
them : 

Hos ego versicu'os feci, tullt a.ter honor es ; 
^vith the beginning of another line in these 
words. 

Sic fos non vobis, 
four times repeated. Augustus wished thelines 
t'> be finished, Bathyllus seemed unable, and 
V.rj^il at last by completing the stanza in the 
following order : — 

Sic vos non vobis nidijicat s ares ; 
Sic vos non vobis vel'era fertis o es; 
S c vos 7ton vobis me lificatis apes; 
Sic vos non vobis fertis aratra boves; 

proved himself to be the author of the distich, 
and the poetical usurper became the sport and 
ri iicule of Rome. In the works of Virgil we 
can find a more perfect and satisfactory account 
of the religious ceremonies and customs of the 
Romans, than in all the other Litin poets, Ovid | 
excepted. Every thing he mentions is founded 
upon historical truth, and though he borrowed ^ 
much from his predecessors, and even whole j 
lines from Ennius, yet he has had the happiness 
to make it all his own. He was uncommonly 
severe in revising his own poetry, and he used 
often to compare himself to a bear that licks her 
cubs into shape. In his connections, Virgil 
was remarkable, his friends enjoyed his un- 
bounded confidence, and his library and posses- 
sions seemed to be the property of the public. 
Like otner great men he was not without his 
enemies and detractors in his lifd-time, but from 
their aspersions he received additional lustre. 
The best edition of Virgil is that of Heyne, 
which first appeared from the Leipsic press, in 
1767-63, 4 vols. 8vo. It was often reprinted : 
the last and most complete edition is the Leip- 
sic one of 1800, 4 vols. 8vo. Of the translators 
of Virgil the most popular are Dryden, Pitt, 
and Warton. Faierc. 2, 35, —Horat. Sat. 1, 5, 
40. -Propert. 2, 3+, Qi. — Ovid. Trist. 4, 10,51. 
— Martial Q, 53.— /uu. 11, 173 — Qiiintil. 10, 1 — 

Plin. 3 21 Caius a proetor of Sicily, who, 

when Cicero was banished, refused to receive 
the exiled orator, though his friend, for fear of 
the resentment of Ciodius. Cic ad Q. Fratr. 
1, 2. 

Virginia, a daughter of the centur'on L. 
Virginius. Appius Claudius, the decemvir, be- 
came enamoured of her, and attempted to re- 
move her from the place where she resided. 
She was claimed by one of his favourites as the 
daughter of a slave, and Appius, in the capacity, 
and with the authority of judge, had pronounc- 
ed the sentence, and delivered her into the 
hands of his friend, when Virginius, informed 
of his violent proceedings, arrived from the 
camp. The father demanded to see his daugh- 
ter, and when his request was granted, he 
snatched a knife and plunged it into Virginia's 
breast, exclaiming, T/iis is all, my dearest d'uig'i- 



ter, I can give thee, to preserve Ihy chastity from 
the lust and violence of a tyrant.' No sooner was 
the blow given, than Virginius ran to the camp 
with the bloody knife in his hand. The soldiers 
were astonished and incensed, not against the 
murderer, but the tyrant that was the cause of 
Virginia's death, and they immediately march- 
ed to Rome. Appius was seized, but he 
destroyed himself in prison, and prevented the 
execution of the law. Spurius Oppius, another 
of the decemvirs who had not opposed the 
tyrant's views, killed himself also, and Marcus 
Claudius, the favourite of Appius, was put to 
death, and the decemviral power abolished, 
about 449 years before Christ. Liv. 3, 44, &c. 
— Jitv. 10, 294. 

ViRGl.Nius, the father of Virginia, made 

tribune of the people. IP^id. Virginia.] A 

tribune of the commons, who accused Q. Ckso, 
the son of C.ncinnatus. He increased the number 
of the tribunes to ten, and distinguished himself 

by his seditions against the patricians. 

Caius, a pr.ietor of Sicily, who opposed the en- 
trance of Cicero into his province, though under 
many obligations to the orator. Some read 
Virgilius. 

VIRIATHUS, a mean shepherd of Lusitania, 
who gradually rose to power, and by first head- 
ing a gang of robbers, saw himself at last follow- 
ed by a numerous army. He made war against 
the Romans with uncommon success, and for 
14 years enjoyed the envied title of protector of 
public liberty in the provinces of Spain. Many 
generals were defeated, and Pompey himself 
was ashamed to find himself beaten. Caepio 
was at last sent against him. But his despair 
of conquering him by force of arms, obliged him 
to have recourse to artifice, and he had the 
meanness to bribe the servants of Viriathus to 
murder their master. B.C. 40. Flor. 2, 17, — Fa^. 
Max. 6, 4. — Liv- 52 et 54. 

VIRIDOMARUS, a young man of great power 
among the iEdui. Caesar greatly honoured him, 
but he fousht at last against the Romans, 
and was killed in single combat by Marcellus. 
Ccps. Bell. G. 7, 39, &c. 

ViRlPLACA, a goddess among the Romans 
who presided over the peace of families, whence 
her name [vimm placare]. If any quarrel hap- 
pened between a man and his wife, they gener- 
ally repaired to the temple of the goddess, which 
was erected on the Palatine mount, and came 
back reconciled. Fal. Max. 2, 1. 

Virtus. All virtues were made deities 
among the Romans. Marcellus erected two 
temples, one to Virtue, and the other to Honour. 
They were built in such a manner, that to see 
the temple of Honour it was necessary to pass 
through that of Virtue; a happy allegory among 
a nation free and independent. The principal 
I Virtues were distinguished, each by their attire. 
I Prudence was known by her rule, and her 
pointing to a globe at her feet; Temperance 
I had a bridle; Justice held an equal balance; 
I and Fortitude leant against her sword; Honesty 
; was clad in a transparent vest; Modesty appear- 
I ed veiled; Clemency wore an olive branch, and 
Devotion threw incense upon an altar; Tran- 
quillity was seen to lean on a column; Health 
was known by her serpent, Liberty by her cap, 
and Gaietv by her mvrtle. Cic. de N. D. 2, 23. 
— Plaut. in Amph. Prol. — Liv. 29, ll. — Val. Max 
1, 1 — Aug. de Civ. D. 4, 20. 



VIS 



762 



ULP 



ViSELLiA was made by Visellius Varro, 
the consul, A.U.C. 776, to restraia the introdue- 
tian of improper persoas inio the ofiSees of the 
state. 

Vistula, a river falling into the Baltic, tbe 
f aj5tern boundary of ancient Gern^any, now the 
Visituln. or, a< the Germans write the word, the 
Weichsel. Melji, 3, 4 — Plin. 4, \%.—A:>nm. Masc. 
32, S. 

ViSURGIS, a river of Germany, now called 
the Weser. and falling into the German ocean. \ 
Fell. Pat % 105. — Tacit. Ann. 1, 70. I 

VlTSLLlCS AULUS, a Roman raised by bis 
vices to the throne. He was descended from 
one of the most illustrious families of Rome, i 
ana as such he gained an easy admission to the j 
palace of the emperors. The greatest part of his i 
youth was spent at Capreaa, where his willing- i 
ness and compliance to gratify the most vicious 
propensides of Tiberius raised his father to the i 
dignity of consul and goveroor of Syria. The ] 
applause he gained in this school of debauchery, ; 
was too great and flattering to induce Vitellius i 
to alter his conduct, and no iMiger to be one of 
the votaries of vice. Caligula was pleased with 
his skill in driving a chariot. Claudius loved 
him because he was a great gamester, and he 
recommended himself to the favours of Nero by 
wishing him to sing publicly in the crowded 
theatre. With such an insinaatsng disposition, 
it is not to be wondered that Vitellius became 
so great. He did not fall with his patrons, like 
the other favourites, but the death of an empe- 
ror seemed to raise him to greater honours, and 
to procure him fresh applause. He passed 
through all the offices of the state, and gained 
over the soldiery by donations and liberal pro- 
mises. He was at the head of the Roman legions 
in Germany when Otho was proclaimed empe- 
ror, and the exaltation of his rival was no sooner 
heard in the camp, than he was likewise invested 
with the purple by his soldiers. H? accepted 
with pleasure the dangerous office, and instr.nily 
marched against Othn. Three battles were 
fought, and in all Vitellius was conquered. A 
fourth, however, in the plains between Mantua 
and Cremona, left him master of the field and 
of the Roman empire. He feasted his eyes in 
viewing the bodies of the slain, and the ground 
covered with blood, and regardless of the insalu- 
brity of the air, proceeding frora so many ear- 
cases, he told his attendants that the smell of a 
dead enemy was always sweet. His first care 
was not like that of a true conqueror, to alleviate 
the distresses of the conquered, or patronise the 
frisTids of the dead, but it was to insult their mis- 
fortunes, and to intoxicate himself with theeom- 
paaioas of his debauchery in the field of tjattle. 
Each successive day exhibited a scene of greater 
extravagance. Vitellius feasted four or five i 
tinies a-day, and such was his excess that he 
often made himself vomit to begin his repast i 
airesh, and to gratify his palate with more i 
luxury. His food was of the most rare and ex- | 
qaisite nature, the deserts of Libya, the shores i 
of Spain, and the waters of the Carpathian sea, | 
were diligently searched to supply the table of j 
the emperor. The mast celebrated of his feasti, ! 
was that with which h^ was treated by his bro- j 
ther Lucius. The table, among other meats, ' 
was covered with two thousand difft^reat dishes | 
of fish, and seven thousand of fowls, and so ex- | 
peaiive wa=! he ia every thing, that above seven ' 



millions sterling were spent in maintaining his 
table in the space of four months, and Josephus 
has properly observed that if Vitellius had 
reigned long, the gi eat opulence of all the Ro- 
ni\n empire would have been found insnfficient 
to defray the expenses of his banquets. This 
extravagance, which delighted the favourites, 
soon raised the indignation of the people. Ves- 
pasian was proclaimed emperor by the army, 
and his minister Primus was sent to destroy the 
imperial glutton. Vitellius concealed himself 
under the bed of the porter of his palace, but 
this obscure retreat betrayed him. he was drag- 
ged naked through the streets, his hands were 
tied behind his back, and a drawn sword was 
placed under his chin to make him lift up his 
head. After suffering the greatest insults from 
the populace, he was at last carried to the place 
of execution, and put to death with repeated 
blows. His hsad was cut off and fixed to a pole, 
and his mutilated body dragged with a hook 
and thrown into the Tiber, A. D. 6% after a 
reien of abaut ei^ht months. Suet — Tacit. Hist. 

2. — Eutrop. —Dio.—Piut. Lucius, the father 

of the emperor, obtained great honours by his 
flattery to the emperors. He was made gover- 
nor of Syria, and in this distant province he 
obliged the Parthians to sue for peace. His 
adulation to Messalina is well known, and he 
obtaint^d as a particular favour the honourable 
office of pulling off the shoes of the empress, &c. 
Suet. &c.— A brother of the emperor, who 
enjoyed his favours by encouraging his gluttony, 

&c. Publius, an uncle of the emperor of that 

name. He was accused under Nero of attempts 
to bribe the people with monev from the trea- 
sury against the emperor. He killed himself 
before his trial. A son of the emperor Vitel- 
lius, pat to death by one of his father's friends. 
——Some of the family of the Vitellii conspired 
with the Aquilii and other illustrious Romans 
to restore Tarquia to his throne. Their conspi- 
racy was discovered by the consuls, and they 
were severely punished. Plut. Src 

ViTRDVics PoLlvio, M., a celebrated writer 
on architecture, was bom at Verona. He lived 
in the first part of the first century, performed 
military service at first under Caesar, and was 
appointed by Augustus over the military pre- 
parations and public ediSces. Rome was im- 
proved in beauty by the plan of building pro- 
jected by him. His work on Architecture con- 
sists of ten books, and has been preserved com- 
plete even to the sketches belonging to it. Pro- 
perly speaking only the first seven books treat 
of architecture, the eighth on aqueducts, the 
ninth on dials, and the tenth on mechanics. He 
has often been censured for want of elegance in 
style, without adverting sufficiently to the novelty 
and the nature of his materi.ils. The tpxt also 
needs much ctirrectinn. The best edition of 
Vitruvins is that of Schneider, 3 vols. Svo. Lips. 
I ?v07. There is a good French translation by 0. 
Perrault, fol. Paris, 16S4; and an English one 
by W. Wilkins. 2 vols. fol. 1812. 

VlTULA, a deity among the Romans who pre> 
sided over festivals and rejoicings. Maerob. 3, 
2. 

UL.PIA Tr.ajaxa, a city of Dacia the resi- 
dence of Deeebalus. It was taken by Trajan, 
and called by his name. Its previous appell Ti- 
tian appears to have been Sarraiiegethusa. The 
modera name is Varhely. 



ULP 



763 



ULY 



Ulpianum. a town of upper Moesia, said by ; cules. [Fid. Philoctetes.] He was not less dis- 
Piocouius to have been repaired and embellished Uinguished lor his activiiy and valour. With 
■ ?d Justiniana Secunda. It ■ the assistance of Diomedes he murdered Rhe- 
■Oae of the principal towns sus, and slaughtered the sleeping Thracians in 
midst of their camp, IFid. Rhesus and Do- 



by Jubtinian and called Justiniana Secunda, 
is now Guistendil. 
of Dacia. 

UlpiANUS Domitius, an eminent lawyer, 
the tutor, friend, and minister of Alexander Sc- 
verus. When Alexander became emperor, one 
of his first acts v.as to recal Ulpiao, who had 
bfien exiled by Heliogabalus, and to place him 
at the head of the council of state. He was also 
made secretary of state, and ultimately prEetori- 
Bn prefect. He lived in great repute for his 
wise and virtuous administration, umil the em- 
peror, probably at his suggestion, undertook the 
dangerous task of reforming the army. The 
discontent of the soldiery broke out into a mu- 
tiny, and Ulpian. pursued by a body of them, 
was massacred in the presence of the emperor 
and his mother, A. D. 228. Ulpian has obtaint d 
the praise of all the heathens, but the Christians 
accuse him of a determined enmity to their sect, 
which he carried so far as to collect all the edicts 
and decrees of the preceding sovereigns against 
them. There are remaining of Ulpian, twenty- 
nine titles of fragments, wiiich are inserted in 
some editions ol the civil law. 

Ulubr^, a small town of Latium, at no great 
distance from Veiitras. Its marshy situation is 
plainly alluded to by Cicero, who calls the in- 
habitants little frogs. Cic. Ep. ad Fnm. 7, 18.— 
norat. Epist. 1, 11.— /uu. Sat. 10, 102. 

Ulysses, a king of the islands of Ithaca and 
Dulichium, son of Anticlea and Laertes, or ac- 
cording to some, of Sisyphus. \_Vid. Sisyphus 
and Anticlea,] He became like the other prin- 
ces of Greece, one of the suitors of Helen, but as 
he despaired of success in his applications, on 
account of the great number of his competitors, 
he solicited the hand of Penelope, the daughter 
of Icarius. Tyndarus, the father of Helen, fa- 
voured the addresses of Ulvsses, as by him he 
was directed to choose one of his daughter's sui- 
tors without offending the others, and to bind all 
by a solemn oath, that ihey would unite together 
in protecting Helen if any violence was ever 
offered to her person, Ulysses had no sooner 
obtained the hand of Penelope, than he returned 
to Ithaca, where his father resigned him the 
crown, and retired to peace and rural solitude. 
The rape of Helen, however, by Paris, did not 
long permit him to remain in his kingdom, and 
as he was bound to de.'"end her against every " 



the 

Ion,] and he introduced himself into the city of 
Piiam, and carried away the Palladium of the 
Trojjins [Firf. Pallftdium.] For these eminent 
services he was universally applauded by the 
Greeks, and he was rewarded with the arms of 
Achilles, which Ajax had disputed with him. 
After the Trojan war Ulysses embarked on 
board his ships, to return to Greece, but he was 
exposed to a num.ber of misfortunes before he 
reached his native country. He was thrown by 
the winds upon the coasts of Africa, and visited 
the country of the Lotophagi, and of the Cj^clops 
in S cily. Polyphemus, who was king of the 
Cyclops, seized Ulysses with his companions, 
five of whom he devoured, [Vid. Polyphemus,] 
but the prince of Ithaca intoxicated him and put 
out his eye, and at last escaped from the dan- 
gerous cave where he was connned, by tying 
himself under the belly of the sheep of the Cy- 
clops when led to pasture. In ^olia he met 
with a friendly reception, and j^Eolus gave him, 
confined in bags, all the winds which could ob- 
struct his return to Ithaca, but the curiosity of 
his companions to know what the bags Cv^ntained, 
proved nearly fatal. The winds rushed with 
impetuosity, and all the fleet %vas destroyed, ex- 
cept the ship which carried Ulysses. From 
thence he was thrown upon the coasts of the 
Lffistrygones, and of the island ^Eea, where the 
magician Circe changed all his companions into 
pigs for their voluptuousness. Re escaped their 
fate by means of an herb which he received from 
Mercury, and attcr he had obliged the magician 
by force of arms to restore his companions to 
their original shape, he yielded to her charms, 
and made her mother of Telegonus. He visited 
the infernal regions and consulted Tiresias how 
to regain his country in safety; and after he had 
received every necessary information, he re- 
turned on earth. He passed along the coasts of 
the Sirens unhurt, by the directions of Circe, 
[Vid. Sirenes,] and escaped the whirlpools and 
shoals of Scylla and Carybdis. On the coa^ts 
of Sicily his companions stole and killed some 
I oxen that were sacred to Apollo, for which the 
god destroyed the ships, and all v/ere drowned, 
; except Ulysses, who saved himself on a plank, 
and swam to the island of Calypso, in Oxygia. 



trader, he was summoned to the war with the! There, for seven years, he forgot Ithaca, in the 
ether princes of Greece. Pretending to be in- I arms of the goddess by whom he had two chil- 
sane, not to leave his beloved Penelope, he ; dren. The gods at last interfered, and Calypso, 
yoked a horse and a bull together, and ploughed ! by order of Mercury, suffered hini to depart after 
the sea shore, where he so«ed salt instead of | she had furnished hi:n with a ship, and every 
corn. This dissimulation w,T3 soon discovered, i thing requisite for the voyage. He had almost 
and Palamedos. by placin<r before the plough of ; readied the island of Corcyra, when Neptune, 
Ulysses, his infant son Telemachus, convinced ' still mindful that hia son Polypheni-us harl been 
the world that the father was not mad, who had robbed of his sight by the perfidy of Ulysses, 



the providence to turn away the plough from the 
furrow, not to hurt his child. Ulysses was 
therefore obliged to go to the war, but he did 
not forget him who had discovered his pretended 
insanity. \_Vid. Palamerie.i.] During the Tro- 
jan war, the king of Ithaca was courted for liis 
superior judgment and ssgaclty. By his means 
Achilles was discovered among the daughters of 
Lycomedes, king of Scyros, \_Vid. Achilles,] and 
Philoctetes was induced to abandon Lenntos, 
and to fij^iit the Trojans with the arrows of Her 



raised a storm^nd sunk his ship. Ulysses s 
with difficulty to the island of the Phaeaeians, 
where the kindness of Nsusicaa, and the hun:a- 
nity of her father, king Alcinous, entert.Tiried 
him for a while. He related the series of his 
misfortunes to the monarch, and at last, by his 
benevolence, he was conducted in a ship to 
Ithaca, The Phaacians laid him on the sea 
shore as he was asleep, and Ulysses found himself 
s:;fely restored to his country after a long absence 
of twenty years. He ^vas■.v>.■l! ir.rornud thitt his 



UMB 



764 



VOL 



palace was besieged by a number of suitors, who 1 UndecfmviRI, magistrates at Athens, to 
continually disturbed the peace of Penelope, j whom such as \^ere publicly condemned were 
and therefore he assumed the habit of a beggar, { delivered to be executed. C. Nep. in Fhoc. 
by the advice of Minerva and made himself i Unelli, a people of Gallia Lugdunensis Se- 
known to his son, and his faithful shepherd Eu- ' cunda, whose couniry A rmed part of the Trac- 
maeus. With them he took measures to re esta- \ tus Armoricus, and answers to the north-wes- 
blish himself on his throne; he went to the pa- ! tern extremity of modern Aorinandy. in wha 



lace, and w as personaliy convinced of the virtues 
and of the fidelity of Peneloje. Beiore his 
arrival was publicly know n, all the importuning 
suitors w^re put to death, and Ulysses restored 



Cctenttn. Ctes. B. G 3, 1. 7 75.- P.m. 
4, 1. 

LnXiA, a surname of Juno, derived from un- 
'ere, to anoint, because it was usual among the 



to the peace and bosom of his family. [Fid. ] Romans for the bride to anoint the threshold of 
Laertes, Penelope, Telemachus, Eum.ceus.] He her husband, and from this necessary ceremony 



lived about sixteen years after his return, and 
was at last killed by his son Telegonus, who 
had landed in Ithaca, with the hopes of making 
himself known to his father. This unfortunate 
event had been foretold to him by Tiresias, who 
assured him that he should die by the violence 
of something that w as to issue from the bosom 
of the sea. iVid. Telegonus.] According to 
some authors, Ulysses w ent to consult the oracle 



were called Unxores, and afterwards 
I'xores. from Urixia, w ho presided over them. 

VocoNiA LEX, de testatne7itis, by Q. Voconius 
Saxa. the tribune, A. U. C. 584, enacted, that no 
woman should be left heiress to an estate, and 
that no rich persm should leave by his will 
more than the fourth part of his fortune to a w o- 
man. This step was taken to prevent the decay 
of the noblest and most illustrious of the fami- 



mother, but Penelope no sooner knew w ho he 
was than she resolved to destroy him. There- 
fore when Ulysses returned, he put to imme- 
diate death his unknow n son, on the crimination 
of Penelope his wife, who accused him of at- 
tempts upon her virtue. The adventures of 
Uiysses in his return to Ithaca from the Trojan 
war, are the subject of Homer's Odvs^ey. Ho- 
mer. II. et Od. — Virg. ^JT/i. 2, 3, '&.c. — D:ctvs 
Cret. l.&c. - Ovid. Met. 13. Heroid. l. — Hy- 
gin. fab. 201, &ic. - ApoUod. 3, \0.—JEliar}. V. " 
13. 12.— floral. Od. 3, 29, 8 — Par then. Erot. 3. 

UmbriA, a country of Italy, to the east of 
Etruria and north of the Sabine territory. The 
Umbri, or Umbranici, as they were called by 
the Greeks, have probably the best claim to the 
title of the Aborigiues of Italy; for they seem to 
have occupied the central parts of the country, 
till they were expelled from them by the Tusci, 



possessed the Tusci of their newly acquired ter- 
ritory about the Padus. drove the Umbri from 
the shores of the Adriatic into the mountains, 
and after beating the Romans on the banks cf 
the AUia, sacked Rome. The Senones were 
afterwards vanquished and totally extirpated, 
and the whole of Umbria then became a Roman 
province; that part of it which the Senones in- 
habited for some time, was called Ager Gailicus 
orGallicanus, Flor. I, ll. — Plin 3. 14. — Dlony^. 
H. J, \9.— Strab. 5. -Lit. 9. n.-Pohjb. 2, 19. 

Umbro, a general who assisted Turnus against 
^51neas, and was killed during the war. He 
cduld assuage the fury of serpents by his songs, 
and counteract the poisonous effect of their 
bites, firg. ^n. 7, 752. 10. 544. 

UKCA. a surname of Minerva among the 
Phoenicians and Thebans. The goddess was 
first known in Egypt by that name, and .(Eschy- 
lus is the first Greek writer who gives her 
that appellation, which probably had bt en intro- 
duced into Bosotia by Cadmus. Mschyl. Sept. 
ante Th, 



of Apollo after his return to Ithaca, and he had j lies of Rome. This law was abrogated by Au- 
the meanness to seduce Erippe, the daughter of guslus. 

a king of Epirus. w ho had treated him w ith VocONTiI, a people of Gallia Narbonensls, on 
great kindness. Erippe had a son by him whom { the banks of a small stream called Druna or 
she called Euryaius. ^yhen come to years ofi Drome, which falls into the Rhone about 100 
puberty, Euryaius was sent to Ithaca by his j miles from the mouth of that river. Their chief 



n was Dia, now Die. Cces. B. G. 1, 10.— Liv. 
21. 31.- Mela, 2, 5. 

VOGESI S, now lu Vo ge. a mc-untain of Bel- 
gic Gaul, which separates the Sequani from the 
Lingones. It rises to an elevation ol from 4i 00 
to oOGO fee% and is covered w ith snow during 
great part of the year. In it are the sources of 
the Mosa, Mosella, and the Arar. Liican, 1. 397. 
— C(rs. B G. 4, 10. 
ly- I VOLATERRJE, now Vo'terra. a city of Etruria, 
H. ' Ui rth-west of Sena, and north-east of Vetulonii. 
It stood nearly fifteen miles inland, on the right 
bank of the river Caecina. It was the birth- 
place of the satirist Persius. Near Volaterrse, 
the Etrurians were beaten by the Romans under 
L. Corn. Scipio, B C 300; and a long time af- 
terwards it sustained for two years a siege 
ag-fiinst Syila._ 

Volat'err.\na Vada, a harbour on the 



the Sabini, and Latini, who are all supposed to coast of Etruria, deriving its name from the city 
have descended from them. In later times, the j of Volaterrai, which lay inland. It is still 
Senones. a colony of Gauls, invading Italy, dis- I known by the name of Fada. Cic. pro Quirjct. 



—Plin. 3, 

VOLC^, a people in the southern part of Gal- 
lia iSaibonensis, between the Garonne and the 
Rhone, divided into the Arecomici and Tecto- 
sages. Liv. 21, 26. — Mela, 2, 5- 

VoLOGESES, a name common to many of the 
kings of Parthia, w ho made war against the Ro- 
man emperors. Taat. Ann. 12, 14. 

VOLSCENS, a Latin chief who discovered Ni- 
sus and Euryaius as they returned from the 
Rutulian camp loaded with spoils. He killed 
Eurvalus, and was himself immediatslv stabbed 
by Nisus. Virg. .i"??. 9, 370 et 442. 

VOLSCI, at one time a more considerable and 
powerful people than any other in Latium. 
Their territory, on the coast, stretched from 
Antium to Tarracina, and extended, inland, be- 
yond the river Liris to the borders of the Sam- 
nites and Marsi. Their capital was Antium. 
Lir. L 53. 6, 21. 

V0LTUM>\4!; Fanvm, a spot in Etruria, 
where the general assembly of the Etrurians 
w as held on solemn occasions. Liv. A, i'3. 5, 17. 



VOL 



VUL 



VoLSINlUM. Vid. Vulsimi. 

VoLLiBlLls, a town of Africa, in Mauritania 
Tinsitana, on a branch of the river Subur, about 
midway between Banasa and mount Atlas. It 
has given name to the modern f^alili. Mela, 3, 
10. 

VOLUMffiA, the wife of Coriolanus. Liv. 2, 

40. The freedwoman of Volumnius Eutrape- 

lus. Cic. Phil. 2, 21. 

Volumnius, T., a Roman famous for his 
friendship towards M. LucuUus, whom M. An- 
tony had put to death. His great lamentations 
were the cause that he was dragged to the tri- 
utJivir, of whom he demanded to be conducted 
tc the body of his friend, and there to be put to 
death. Ris request was easily granted. Liv. 

114. 20. An Etrurian who wrote tragedies in 

his own native language. A friend of M. 

Brutus. He was preserved when that great re- 
publican killed himself, and he wrote an ac- 
count of his death and of his actions, from which 
Piutarch selected some remarks. 

VOLUPTAS and Voi-UPiA, the goddess of 
sensual pleasures, worshipped at Rome, where 
she had a temple. She was represented as a 
joungand beautiful woman, well dressed, and 
elegantly adorned, seated on a throne, and 
having Virtue under her feet. Ctc- de Nat. D. 
2, 25. 

VoNONES, a king of Parthia expelled by his 
subjects, and afterwards placed on the throne of 
Armenia. Tacit. Ann. 12, 14. 

VoPiSCUS, FLAVius, one of the writers of 
the Augustan History. He was a native of Sy- 
ractise, and contemporary with Trebellius Pol- 
lio, having flourished towards the close of the 
third and in the early part of the fourth century. 
Of him we have yet the lives of Aurelian, Taci- 
tus, Florian, Probus, Firmus, Saturninus, Pro- 
culus, Bonosus, Carus, Numerianus, and Cari- 
nus. He excels the other writers of the Augus- 
tan history in method, minuteness, and learning. 
His works are contained in the Eistoi ice Augus- 
tce Scriptores. 

VoTIENUS MONTANUS, a man of learning, 
banished to one of the Baleares for his malevo- 
lent reflections upon Tiberius. Ovid has cele 
brated hira as an excellent poet. Tacit. Ann. 
4, 42 

UraniA, one of the Muses, daughter of Jupi- 
ter and Mnemosyne, who presided over astro- 
nomy. She is generally called mother of Linus 
by Apollo, and of the god Hymenaeus by Bac- 
chus. She was represented as a young virgin 
dressed in an azure coloured robe, crowned 
with stars, and holding a globe in her hands, 
and having many mathematical instruments 
jdaced round. Hesiod. Theof(. 77. — ApoUod. 1, 

2. — Hygi7i. Jab. 161 A surname of Venus, 

the same as Celestial. She was supposed, in 
that character, .'j preside over beauty and gene- 
ration, and was called daughter of Uranus or 
Coelus by the Light. Her temples in Asia, 
Africa, Greece, and Ifalv, were numerous. 
Plato in Symp.— Cic. de. Nat. D. 3, 23. 

URANOPulIS, a city on the peninsula of 
Athos, founded by Alexander, brother of Cas- 
.-^ander. Its site is now called Callitsi. Atheti. 

3, M. 

Uranus, or Ouranus, a deity, the same as 
Coelus, the most ancient of all the gods. He 
ij arried Tithea, or the Earth by whom he had 
Ctu8, Creus. Hyperion, Mnemosyne, Cottus, 



Ph(£be, Briareus, Thetis, Saturn, Gyges, called 
from their mother Titans. His children con- 
spired against him, because he confined them 
in the bosom of the earth, and his son Saturn 
mutilated him., and drove him from his throne. 
Hesiod. 77i. 134.- ApoUod 1. 

UrciNiUM, a town on the western coast of 
Corsica, east of the Rhiuna Prom.ontorium. It 
is now Ajaccio. 

Urgo, now Gorgona, an island in the bay of 
Pisa, opposite Leghorn, famou.s for anchovies. 
Plin. 3, 6. 

URiA, a tow n on the coast of Apulia, giving 
name to the Sinus Urias, or gulf oi Mavfredonia. 
Strab. 6.— Plin. 3, 11. 

UsiPiTES, or USIPII, a German tribe. 
Driven by the Suevi from the interior of Ger- 
many, the Usipifes presented themselves on tlie 
banks of the Lower Rhine, crossed that stream, 
and passed thrciu.gh the territories of the Me- 
napii into Gaul. Cassar defeated then>, and 
drove them back over the Rhine, and we then 
find them settling to the north of the Luppia, or 
LippCy and reaching to the eastern mouth of the 
Rhine. At a subsequent period, they had their 
settlement between the Sieg and Lahn, but gra- 
dually merged into the name of AUemanni. 
Ca's B. G. 4, 1, &c. 

USTICA, a mountain and valley in the S.nbine 
territt;ry, near Horace's farm. HoraU Od. 1, 17, 
11. 

UtiCA, now Porto Farina, a city of Africa, on 
the sea- coast, north-west of Carthage, and sepa- 
rated from its immediate district by the river 
Bagradas. It was the earliest, or one of the 
earliest colonies planted by Tyre on the African 
coast, and Bochart deduces the name from the 
Phoenician aiica, i. e. ''ancient." It was be- 
seiged in vain by Scipio, during the second Punic 
war, but at the beginning of the third, its inha- 
bitants thought it advisable to surrender them- 
selves willingly to the Romans, who thus gained 
a firm footing in Africa, for which, after the 
destruction of Carthage, they were rewarded 
with the greater part of its flourishing territory, 
and their city was made the seat of the pro- 
consul. Notwithstanding this, it never rose to 
any eminence, on account of its being so fre- 
quently the scene of contention during the civil 
wars of Rome; it was here that Pompey de- 
feated the enemies of Sylla, that Curio fought 
with such imprudence for the cause of Cajsar, 
and the opponents of Caesar fixed their head- 
quarters during their struggles against him. It 
was after this last unfortunate stand for the 
cause of freedom, that Cato, hence surnamed 
Vticensis, stabbed himself to prevent his falling 
into the hands of the dictator, B C. 46- close to 
the ruins of that once splendid city, whose utter 
destruction his ancestor had sc5 unceasingly and 
remorselessly hurried on. Augustus raised it 
to the rank of a Roman colony, subsequent to 
which it recovered much of its greatness, but 
was only considered as the second city in the 
province after the rebuilding f)f Carthage. Jus- 
tin. 18. ^.—Polyb. 1, 82 et 88. 3. 24. 36, l.-Diod. 
Sic. 20, 54. Appian Bell. Pun. 135. - Eirt. de 
Bell. Afr. 87 et 90.— Dio Cnss. 49. 16.— P/m. 5, 
4.— Sii. Hal. 3, 242.- Hornt. Epist. 1, 20. 13. 

VuLCANALtA, festivals in honour of Vuloan, 
brought to Rome from PrtRneste, and observed 
in the month of August. The streets were illu- 
minated, fires kindled every where, and animals 



vuL 766 vuL 

thrown into the flames, as a sacrifice to the deity, iter, who had promised him in marriage whaf- 

Varro de L. L. b.—Plin. 13, 33. ' lever goddess he should choose, and when she 

VULOANI lysL L^, or VULCANIA, a name refused his addresses, he attempted to offer her 

given to the islands hetween Sicily and Italy, I violence. Minerva resisted with success, tbcugh 

now called Lipari. iVid. Lipara.l Theyreceived | there remained on her body some marksof Vul- 

it because there were there subterraneous fires, ' can's passion, which she threw down upon earth 
supposed to be excited by Vulcan, the god of | wrapped up in wool. \_Vid. Erichsithonius.] 

fire. j This disappointment in his love was repaired 

V'ULCANUS, a god of the ancients, who pre- by Jupiter, who gave him one of the Graces, 
sided over fire, and was the patron of all artists Venus is universally acknowledged to have been 
who worked iron and metals. He was son of the wife of Vulcan; but her infidelity is well 
Juno alone, who in this wished to imitate Jupi- known, as well as her amours with Mars, which 
ter, who had produced Minerva from his brains, were discovered by Phcebus, and exposed to the 
According to Homer, he was son of Jupiter and gods by her own husband. \_Vid. Alectryon.j 
Juno, and the mother was so disgusted with the The worship of Vulcan was well established, 
deformities of her son, that she tr.rew him into ' particularly in Egypt, at Athens, and at Rome, 
the sea, as soon as born, where he remained for It was usual in the sacrifices that were offered to 
nine years. According to the m.ore received him, to bum the whole victim, and not reserve 
opinion, Vulcan was educated in heaven with part of it, as in the immolations to the rest of the 
the rest of the gods, but his father kicked him gods. A calf and a boar pig were the principal 
down from Olympus, when he attempted to de- victims offered. Vulcan was represented as 
liver his mother, who had been fastened by a covered with sweat, blowing with his nervous 
golden chain for her insolence. He was nine arm the fires of his forges. His breast was hairy, 
days in coming from heaven upon earth, and he and his forehead was blackened with smoke, 
fell in the island of Lemnos, where, according Some represent him lame and deformed, hold- 
to Lucian, the inhabitants seeing him in the air, ing a hammer raised in the air, ready to strike; 
caught him in their arms. He, however, broke while with the other hand he turns with pincers, 
his leg by the fall, and ever after remained lame a thunderbolt on his anvil, for which an eagle 
of one foot. He fixed his residence in Lemnos, waits by his side to carry it to Jupiter. He ap- 
where he built himself a palace, and raised for- pears on some monuments w ith a long beard, 
ges to work metals. The inhabitants of the dishevelled hair, half naked, and a small round 
island became sennble of his industry, and were cap on his head, while he holds a hammer and 
taught all the useful arts which could civilise pincers in his hand. The Egyptians represented 
their rude m.anners, and render them service- him under the figure of a monkey. Vulcan has 
able to the good of society. The first work of received the names of Mulciber, Pamphanes^ 
Vulcan was, according to some, a throne of gold Clytotechnet, Pandamator, Cy'dopodes, Chalai- 
with secret springs, which he presented to his poda, &c. all expressive of his lameness and his 
mother to avenge himself for her want of affec- profession. He was father of Cupid, by Venus; 
tion towards him. Juno no sooner w as seated of CcecuIus, Cecrop=, Cacus, Periphetes, Cercyon, 
on the throne, than she found herself unable to Ocrisia, &c. Cicero speaks of more than one , 
move. The gods attempted to deliver her by deity of the name of Vulcan. One he calls son | 
breaking the chains which h^-ld her, but to no of Ccelus and father of Apollo, by Minerva; the i 
purpose, and Vulcan alone had the power to set second he mentions is son of the Nile, and called ' 
her at liberty. Bacchus intoxicated him, and Phtas by the Egyptians; the third was the son 
prevailed upon him to come to Olympus, where of Jupiter and Juno, and fixed his residence in 
he was reconciled to his parents, Vulcan has Lemnos; and the fourth, who built his forges in 
been celebrated by the ancient poets for the in- the Lipari islands, was son of Menalius. That 
genious works and automatical figures which he by Vulcan is understood ^r?, the name itself dis- i 
made, and many speak of two golden statues, covers if we believe Varro, who says that the ' 
which not only seemed animated, but which word Vulcanus is derived from the force and ! 
walked by his side-, and e%-en assisted him in the violence of fire {Vulcanus. quasi VoUcanus, quod [ 
working of metals. It is said, that at the request isnis per aerem volitai, vel a vi ac violentia igniss) \ 
of Jupiter, he made the first woman that ever and, therefore, he is painted with a blue hat, a i 
appeared on earth, well known under the name symbol of the celestial or elementary fire. Some 
of Pandora. [FicZ. Pandora.] The Cyclops of writers derive the nam.e and story of Vulcan I 
Sicily were his ministers and attendants, and from Tubal-Cain mentioned by Moses {Gen. 4, j 
with him they fabricated not only the thunder- 22.) Hesiod. Thcog. et in Scut. Here 140 et 320. ; 
bolts of Jupiter, but also arms for the gods and —ApoUod. 1. 3. &c — Homer. 11. 1, 57. 15, 18. 11, 
the most celebrated heroes. His forges were 337. &c.~ Cic ce Nat. D. 3, 22.— Herod. 2 et S. 
supposed to be under mount -.^itna, in the island — Varro de L. L. 

of Sicily, as well as in every part of the earth VCLCATIUS. Gallicanus. one of the writer? of 

where there were volcanos. The most known the Ausustan History. He has the title of Vir 

of the works of Vulcan w hich were presented to Clarissimus. which indicates that he was a sena- 

mortals are the arms of Achilles, those of vEneas, tor. Vulcatius lived under Diocletian, and pro- i 

the shield of Hercules described by Hesiod, a posed to himself to w rite a history of all the Ro- | 

collar given to Hermione, the wife of Cadmus, m.an emperors; we have from him, however, i 

and a sceptre, which was in the possession of only the life of Avidius Cassiu'. Some manu- 

Agamemnon, kin? of Argos and Mycenae. Tne scripts even assign this biography to Sparti- 

coUar proved fatal to all those that wore it, but anus. 

the sceptre, after the death of Agamemnon, was VuLSlNil, or Volsinii, and also Vulsiniom, 

carefully preserved at Cheronaea, and regarded or Volsinium, a city of Etruria, situate on the 
as a divinity. The amours of Vulcan are not! northern shore of the Lacus Vulsiniensis. It is 

numerous. " He demanded Minerva from Jupi- I generally allowed to rank among the first cities 



VUL 



767 



XAN 



of the country. From Livy we learn that the 
Etruscan goddess Nortia, or Nursia, v\as wor- 
shipped there, and that it was customary to 
mark the years by fixing nails in her teniple. 
Vulsinii was the birth-place of Sejanus. It is 
now Bolsena. Liv. o, 31. 7,3. 10,37.- Juv. 3, 
191. - Tacit. Ann. 4, 1. 

VULTURNUM, a town of Campania, at the 
mouth of the river Vulturnus, and on the left 
bank. It is now Caitel di Volturno. The ori- 
gin of this city was probably Etruscan, but we 
do not find it mentioned in history until it be- 
came a Roman colony, A.U.C. 558. Strab. 5. — 
Me!. 3,4.— Plin 3,5. — Liv. 34, 45. 

-Vulturnus, a river of Campania, now Vol- 
turno, rising among the Aiiennines, in the 
north-western corner of Samnium, and flowing i 
with a southerly and westerly course of 100 | 
miles into the Tuscan sea. A magnificent bridge 
with a triumphal arch was thrown over this ' 
river by Domitian, when he caused a road to be 
constructed from Sinuessa to Puteoli-, a work 
which Statins has undertaken to eulogise in 
some hundred lines of indifferent poetry. Ovid. 
Mel. 15. T15. — Lucan. 2, 423. - Sil. Ital. 8, 530. 

Stat. Silv. 4, 3. The wind which received the 

name of Vulturnus, when it blew from the side 
of the Vulturnus, highly incommoded the Ro- 
mans at the battle of Cannae. Liv. 22, 43 et 46. 

A surname of Apollo on mount Lissus in 

Ionia, near Ephesus. The god received his 
name from a shepherd, who raised him a temple 
after he had been drawn out of a subterranean 
cavern by vultures. 

UXA.NTis, an island oflF the coast of Gaul, 
now Ushani. 

UXELLODUNUM, a city in Aquitanic Gaul, in 
the territory of the Cadurci, now Le Puy d' h- 
solu. It was remarkable for the siege which it 
sustained against Csesar, being the last place in 
Gaul which held out against him. Cces. B. G. 
8 33. 

UxTl, a mountaineer race occupying the 
ranges thus run on each side of the river Oro- 
atis, and separate Persis from Susiana. They 
were an insolent set of robbers, compelling all 
who passed through their territory to pay them 
tribute, until they were reduced to obedience 
by Alexander the Great. Diod. 27, 67. —Arrian. 
Ind. 3, 18. - Plin. 6 27. 



X 



XANTHT, the inhabitants of Xanthus in Asia. 
lid X;tnthus. 

XantHiCA, a festival observed by the Mace- 
donians in the month called Xanthicus, the 
same as April. It was then usual to make a 
lustration of the array with great solemnity. A 
bitch was cut into two parts, and one half of the 
body placed on one side, and the other part on 
the other side, after which the soldiers marched 
between, and they imitated a real battle by a 
eham engagement. 

Xanthus, or Xanthos, a river of Troas, ... 
Asia Minor. It is the same as the Scainandcr, 



but according to Homer, it was called Xanthn.= 
by the gods, and Scamander by men, [F/ /. 
Scamander.] A river of Lyeia, anciently call. d 
S j bes. It was sacred to Apollo, and fell inio 
the sea, near Patara. Homer. 11.6, [72.— Virg. 

.En. 4, 113. — iV/e/a, 1. 15. One of the horses 

of Achilles, who spoke to his master when chid 
with severity, and told him that he must soon 

be killed. Homer. II. 19. One of the horses 

yiven to Juno by Neptune, and afterwards to 
the sons of Leda. A king of Bceotia, who made 
war against the Athenians. He was killed by 

the artifice of Melanthus. [Fid. Apaturia.] 

A philosopher of Samos, in whose house Jisop 

lived some time as servant. A town of Lycia 

on the river of the same name, at the distance 
of about fifteen miles from the sea shore. The 
inhabitants were remarkable for their love of 
liberty, which led them to destroy themselves 
rather than submit to the yoke either of the 
Persians or Romans : after having bravely re- 
sisted the attack made on them by the latter 
under Brutus, they set fire to their houses, and 
rushed into the flames with such obstinacy, 
hat Brutus, though he wished to save them, 
and offered rewards to his troops for all that 
they brought alive to him, was only able to take 
150 of them prisoners. Pint, in Brut. — Appiun. 
B. a. 4, IS.-DiO Cass. 47, 34. 

Xantippe, a daughter of Donis who married 
Pleuron, by whom she had Ageuor, &c. Aj.ollod. 

1, 7. The wife of Socrates, remarkable for 

her ill humour and peevish disj osition, which 
are become proverbial. Some suppose that the 
philosopher was acquainted with her moroseness 
and insolence before he married her, and that he 
took her for his wife to try his patience, and 
nure himself to the malevolent refleciions of 
mankind. She continually tormented him with 
her impertinence; and one day, not satisfied 
with using the most bitter invectives, she 
emptied a vessel of dirty water upon his head, 
upon which the philosopher coolly observed, 
after thunder there genei-ally falls rain Xan- 
tippe was without doubt a woman of a high and 
unmanageable spirit. Socrates himself, how- 
ever, allows that she possessed many domestic 
virtues; and towards the close of his life, and 
during his imprisonment, she expressed great 
affection for her husband; and, indeed, aittr 
twenty years' experience, it would have been 
strange if it had been otherwise. JElian V, H. 
7, 10. 9, 7. 11, \2.—Diog. inSocrat. 

Xantippus, a Lacedaemonian general who 
assisted the Carthaginians in the first Punic 
war. He defeated the Romans, 256 B. C. and 
took the celebrated Regulus prisoner. Such 
signal services deserved to be rewarded, but the 
Carthaginians looked with envious jealousy up- 
on Xantippus, and he retired to Corinth afti-r 
he had saved them from destruction. Some 
authors support that the Carthaginians ordered 
him to be as.sassinated, and his body to be 
thrown into the sea as he was returning home; 
while others say that they had prepared a leaky 
ship to convey him to Corinth, which he art- 
fully avoided. Liv. 18 et 28, 43. — An Athe- 
nian general who defeated the Persian fleet at 
Mycale with Lentychides. A statue was erect- 
ed to his honour in the citadel of Athens. He 
made some conquests in Thrace, and increased 
the power of Athens. He was father to the 
celebrated Pericles, by Agariste, tlie niece of 



XEN 



7o8 



XSN 



Clisthenes, who expelled the Fisistratids from 
Athens. Pans- 3, 7. 8, 52. A son of Peri- 
cles, who disgraced his father by his disobedi- 
ence, his ingratitude, and his extravagance. He 
died of tl)e plague in the Peloponnesian war. 
Phit. 

Xenarchus, a peripatetic philosopher of 
Seleucia, who taught at Alexandria and at 

Rome, and was intimate with Augustus A 

praetor of the Achasan league, who wished to fa- 
vour the interest of Perseus, king of Macedonia, 
against the Romans. 

Xekiades, a Corinthian who went to buy 
Diogenes the Cynic, when sold as a slave. He 
asked him what he could do? upon which the 
Cynic answered, coynmand freemen. This noble 
answer, so pleased Xeniades, that he gave the 
Cynic his liberty, and entrusted him with the 
care and the education of his children, Aul. 
GelL 2, IS. 

Xenius, a surname given to Jupiter as the 
god of hospitality. 

XenOCLEA, a priestess of Apn'l )"s temple at 
Delphi, from whom Hercules extorted an oracle 
by force when she refused to answer him because 
he was not purifii^d of the blood and death of 
Iphitus. Pans. 10, 13. 

Xenocles, an Athenian tragic poet, ridicul- 
ed by Aristophanes, and yet the conqueror of 
Euripides on one occasion, B.C. 215. He was 
of dwarfish stature, and son of the tragic poet 
Carcinus. In the Pax, Aristophanes applies 
the term ,ar,x'avoii(pa.s to the family. From the 
scholiast it appears that Xenocles was celebrat- 
ed for introducing machinery and stage-shows, 
especially in the ascent or descent of his gods. 

A Spartan officer in the expedition which 

Agesilaus undertook against the Persians 

An architect of Eleusis. A celebrated rhe- ! 

torician of Adramyttiura, who accompanied 
Cicero in Asia. Cic. Br. 91. ^Shab. 13. 

XexocrXtes, an ancient philosopher bom 
at Chalcedon, and educated in the school of 
Plato, whose friendship he gained, and whose 
approbation he merited. Though of a dull and 
sluggish disposition, he supplied the defects of 
nature by unwearied attention and industry, 
and was at last found capable of succeeding in 
the school of Plato after Speusippus, about 339 
years before Chri.<?t. He was remarkable as a 
disciplinarian, and he required that his pupils 
should be acquainted with mathematics before 
they came under his care, and he even rejected 
some who had not the necessary qualification, 
sayinz that they had not yet found the key of 
philosophy. He recomm.ended himself to his 
pupils not only by precepts, but more power- 
fully by example, and since the wonderful 
change he had made upon the conduct of one 
of his auditors, iVid. Polemon,] his company 
was as much shunned by the disolute and extra- 1 
vagant, as it was courted by the virtuous and i 
benevolent. Philip of Macedon attempted to \ 
gain his confidence with money, but with no ' 
success. Alexander in this imitated his father, \ 
and sent some of his friends with 50 talents for ; 
the philosopher. They were introduced, and ' 
supped with Xenocrates. The repast was ; 
small, frugal, and elegant, without ostentation. I 
On the morrow, the officers of Alexander wish- 
ed to pay down the 50 talents, but the philoso- 
pher asked them whether they had not perceiv- 
ed from the entertainment of the preceding day, 
that he was not in want of money: Tell your 



master, said he, to keep his money; he has imre 
people to maintain than 1 have. Yet nut to 
offend the monarch, he accepted of a small 
sum, about the 200th part of one talent. His 
character was not less conspicuous in every 
other particular, and he has been cited as an 
instance of virtue from the followinjr circum- 
stance: The courtezan Lais had pledged her- 
self to forfeit an immense sum of money, if she 
did not triumph over the virtue of Xenocrates. 
She tried every art, assumed the most captivat- 
ing looks, and used the m.ost tempting attitudes 
to gain the philosopher, but in vain; and she j 
declared at last that she had not lost her money, I 
as she had pledged herself to conquer a human 
being, not a lifeless stone. Though so respect- | 
ed and admired, yet Xenocrates was poor, and i 
he was dragged to prison, because he was un- j 
able to pay a small tribute to the state. He | 
was delivered from confinement by one of his J 
friends. His integrity was so well known, that 
when he appeared in the court as a witness, the ' 
judges dispensed with his oath. He died B.C. ■ 
314, in his 82d year, after^he had presided in 
the academy for above 25 years. It is said, that 
he fell in the night with his head into a basin of 
water, and that he was suffocated. He had 
written above (30 treatises on diflferent subjects, j 
all now lost. He taught thnt the heavens are I 
divine, and the stars celestial gods; and that i 
besides these divinities, there are terrestrial de- 
mons, of a middle order between the gods and 
man, which partake of the nature both of mind 
and body, and are therefore, like human beings, 
capable of passions, and liable to diversity of j 
character. Diog — Cic- ad Attic 10, 1, &C. ; 

Tusc. 5,32 — Fal. Mux. 2, 10. A physician -I 

in the age of Nero, not in great esteem. His i 
Greek treatise, de alimento ex aquntilibus, is 
best edited by Franzius, Lips. 8vo. 1774. j 

XenophaNES, a Greek philosopher of Colo- | 
phon, disciple of Archelaus, born B.C. 556. He 
wrote several poems and treatises, and founded j 
a sect which was called the Eleatic. Wild in | 
his opinions about astronomy, he supposed that I 
the stars were extinguished every morning, and 
rekindled at night; that eclipses were occasion- 1 
ed by the temporary extinction of the sun; that I 
the moon was inhabited, and 18 times bigger j 
than the earth ; and that there were several suns I 
and moons for the convenience of the different 
climates of the earth. In metaphysics he 
taught, that if ever there had been a time when j 
nothing existed, nothing could ever have exist- j 
ed; that whatever is, always has been from 1 
eternity; that nature is without limit; that what 1 
is one, is similar in all its parts, else it would | 
be many; that the one infinite, eternal, and 
homogeneous universe, is incapable of change; 
that God is one incorporeal eternal being, of 
the same nature with the universe, comprehend- 
ing all things within himself; that he is intelli- 
gent and pervades all things, and bears no re- i 
semblance to human nature, either in body or j 
mind. Xenophanes possessed the chair of 
philosophy about seventy years, and lived to 
the age of a hundred. Cic. Qucest. 4, 37. de Div» I 
1, 3. de Nal. D. 1, 11. ! 

XENOPHON, an Atheni.qn son of Gryllus^ \ 
celebrated as a general, an historian, and a phi- 
losopher. In the school of Socrates he received ; 
those instructions and precepts which afterwards 
so eminently distinguished hira at the head of an 
army, in literary solitude, and as the prudent i 



XEN 



father nf a family. He was invitpd by Pi oxenus, 
one of his intimate friends, to accompany Cyrus 
the younger in an expedition ag^ainst his brother 
Artaxerxes, king of Persia; but he refused to 
comply without previously consulting his vene- 
rable master, and inquiring into the propriety of 
such a measure. Socrates strongly opposed it, 
and observed, that it might raise the resentment 
of his countrymen, as Sparta had made an alli- 
ance with the Persian monarch; but, however, 
before he proceeded further he advised him to 
consult the oracle of Apollo. Xenophon paid 
due deference to the injunctions of Socrates, but 
as he was ambitious of glory, and eager to en- 
gage in a distant expedition, he hastened with 
precipitation to Sardis, where he was introduced 
to the young prince, and treated wiih great at 
tention. In the army of Cyrus, Xenophon 
showed that he was a true disciple of Socrates, 
and that he had been educated in the warlike 
city of Athens. After *.he decisive battle in the 
plains of Cunaxa, and the fall of young Cyrus, 
the prudence and vigour of his mind were called 
into action. The ten thousand Greeks who had 
followed the standard of an ambitious prince, 
"Were now at the distance of above 600 leagues 
from their native home, in a country surrounded 
on every side by a victorious enemy, without 
money, without provisions, and without a leader. 
Xenophon was selected from among the officers, 
to superintend the retreat of his countrymen, 
and though he was often opposed by malevolence 
and envy, yet his persuasive eloquence and his 
activity convinced the Greeks that no general 
could extricate them from every difficulty, bet- 
ter than the disciple of Socrates. He rose supe- 
rior to danger, and though under continual 
alarms from the sudden attacks of the Persians, 
he was enabled to cross rapid rivers, penetrate 
through vast deserts, gain the tops of mountains, 
till he could rest secure for a while, and refresh 
his tired companions. This celebrated retreat 
was at last happily effected, the Greeks returned 
home after a march of 1 155 parasangs, or leagues, 
which was performed in 215 days, after an ab- 
sence of 15 months. The whole perhaps might 
now be forgotten, or at least obscurely known, 
if the great philosopher who planned it, had not 
employed his pen in describing the dangers 
which he escaped, and the difficulties which he 
surmounted. He was no sooner returned from 
Cunaxa, than he sought new honours in follow- 
ing the fortune of Agesilaus in Asia. He en- 
Joyed his confidence, he fought under his stan- 
dard, and conquered with him in the Asiatic 
provinces, as well as at the battle of Coronaea. 
His fame, however, did not escape the asper- 
sions of jealousy, he was publicly banished from 
Athens for accompanying Cyrus against his 
brother, and being now without a home, he re- 
tired to Scillus, a small town of the Lacedaemo- 
nians, in the neighbourhood of Olympia. In 
this solitary retreat he dedicated his time to 
literary pursuits, and as he had acquired riches 
in his Asiatic expeditions, he began to adorn and 
variegate by the hand of art, for his pleasure and 
enjoyment, the country which surrounded Scil- 
lus. He built a magnificent temple to Diana, 
in imitation of that of Ephesus, and spent part 
of his time in rural employments, or in hunting 
in the woods and mountains. His peaceful 
occupations, however, were soon disturbed. A 
war arose between the Laceda;raonians and Elis, 



and the sanctity of Diana's temple, and the 
venerable age of the philosopher, who livt d in 
the delightful retreats of Scillus, were disre- 
garded, and Xenophon, driven by the Elians 
irom his favourite spot, where he had com- 
posed and written for the information of pos- 
terity, and the honour of his country, retired to 
the city of Corinth. In this place he died in the 
90th year of his age, 359 years before the Chris- 
tian era. The works of Xenophon are nume- 
rous. He wrote an account of the expedition of 
Cyrus, called the Anabasis, and as he had no in- 
considerable share in the enterprise, his descrip- 
tions must be authentic, as he was himself an 
eye witness. Many however have accused him 
of partiality. He appeared often too fond of ex- 
tolling the virtues of his favourite Cyrus, and 
while he describes with contempt the imprudent 
operations of the Persians, he does not neglect 
to show that he was a native of Greece. His 
Cyropcedia, divided into eight books, has given 
rise to much criticism, and while some warmly 
maintain that it is a faithful account of the life 
and the actions of Cyrus the Great, and declare 
ihat it is supported by the authority of scripture; 
others as vehemently deny its authenticity. Ac- 
cording to the opinions of Plato and of Cicero, 
the Cyropaedia of Xenophon was a moral ro- 
mance, and these venerable philosophers sup- 
port, that the historian did not so much write 
what C.vrus had been, as what evei^ true, good, 
and virtuous monarch ought to be. His Hellenicc 
were written as a continuation of the history of 
Thucydides; and in his Memorabilia of Socrates, 
and in his Apologtj, he has shown himself, as 
Valerius Maximus observes, a perfect master of 
the phdosophy of that great man, and he has 
explained his doctrines and moral precepts with 
all the success of persuasive eloquence and con- 
scious integrity. These are the most famous of 
his compositions, besides which there are other 
small tracts, his eulogium given on Agesilaus, 
his ceconomics, on the duties of domestic life, 
the dialogue entitled Hiero, in which he happily 
describes and compares the misery which at- 
tended the tyrant, with the felicity of a virtuous 
prince; a treatise on hunting, the symposium of 
the philosophers, on the government of Athens 
and Sparta, a treatise on the revenues of Attica, 
&c. The simplicity and the elegance of Xeno- 
phon's diction have procured him the name of 
the Athenian muse, and the bee of Greece, and 
they have induced Quintilian to say, that the 
graces dictated his language, and that the god- 
dess of Persuasion dwelt upon his lips. He re- 
ceived however a more noble appellation, the 
surname of Benefactor, when with arms in his 
hands, and with all the eagerness of humanity 
and valour, he forced his victorious troops to 
abandon the plunder of Byzsntium, and to spare 
a prostrate enemy. His sentiments, as to the 
Divinity and religion were the same as those of 
the venerable Socrates; he supported the im- 
mortality of the soul, and exhorted his friends to 
cultivate those virtues which ensure the happi- 
ness of mankind, with all the zeal an(i fervour 
of a Christian. He has been quoted as an in- 
stance of tenderness and of resignation on Pro- 
vidence. As he was offering a sacrifice, he was 
informed that Gryllus, his eldest son, had been 
killed at the battle of Mantinea. Upon this he 
tore the garland from his head, but when he was 
told that his son had died like a Greek, and had 
3 S 2 



XER 



XUT 



given a mortal wound to Epaminondas, the rno- 
mv's general, lie replaced the flowers on his 
Lead, and continued the sacrifice, exclaiming 
thai the pleasure he derived from the valour of 
his son, was greater than the grief w hich his un- 
fortunate death occasioned. The best editions of 
the woiics of Xenophon are, that of Schneider, 
6 vols. 8vo. Lips. 1815 ; and that of Weiske, 
6 vols 8vo, Lips. 1798—1804. There are seve- 
ral meritorious translations of separate w orks of 
tnis author, by Spelman, Cowper, Smith, Field- 
ing, Wellwood, Greaves, and others. Cic in 
Oral. 19. Val. Max. 5. 10. - Quintil. 10, 2,— 
/Elian. V. U. 3, 13. 4, 5. -Diog. in Xenoph. — 

tienec. A Greek romance writer, a native of 

Ephesus w hose period of flourishing is unknown. 
Some have plnced him as late as the filth cen- 
tury; others suppose he mui-t have lived before 
the time of Couitantine; Peerikamp thinks thai 
he was the earliest of the Greek romancers, and 
that Xencphon is merely an assumed name. He 
wrote the story of Ajithia aiid Airocomas. Ta Kara 
^Aieiav Kul 'A^poKOi^rjy, i^i tive books- The best 
editions of this work are, that of de Locella 4to. 
Vindob. 1796; and that of Peerikamp, 4to. Karl. 

1818. A physician of the emperor Claudius, 

born in the island of Cos, and said to be descend- 
ed from the Asclepiades. He enjoyed the em- 
peror's favours, and through him the people of 
Cos were exempt from all taxes. He had the 
meanness to poison his benefactor at the instiga- 
tion of Agrippina. Tacit. Ann. 12, til et 67. 

Xerxrs, Jst, succeeded his father Darius on 
the throne of Persia, and though but the second 
son of the monarch, he w as preferred to his elder 
brother Artabazanes. The causes alleged for 
this preference were, that Artabazanes was sen 
of Darius when a private man, and that Xerxes 
was born, after his father h;td been raised on the 
Pei siHn throne, of Atossa. the daughter of Cyrus. 
Xerxes continued the warlike preparations of his 
father, and added the revolted kingdom of Egypt 
to his extensive possessions. He afterwards in- 
vaded Europe, and entered Greece with an army, 
which, together with the numerous retinue of 
servants, eunuchs, and women, that attended it, 
amounted to no less than 5,283,2i0 souls. This 
multitude, which the fidelity of the historians 
has not exaggerated, was stopped at Thermopyla;, 
by the valour of 300 Spartans, under king Leo- 
nidas. Xerxes, astonished that such a handful 
of men should dare to oppose his progress, order- 
ed some of his soldiers to bring them alive into 
his presence; but for three successive days ihe 
most valiant of the Persian troops were repeat- 
edly defeated in attempting to execute the mo- 
narch's injunctions, and the courage of the Spar- 
tans might perhaps have triumphed longer, if a 
Trachinian had not led a detachment to the top 
of the mountain, and suddenly fallen upon the 
devfited Leonidas. The king himself nearly 
perished on this occasion, and it has been re- 
ported, that in the night, the desperate Spartans 
sought, for a while, the royal tent, which they 
found deserted, and wandered through the Per- 
sian army, slaughtering th(<usands before them. 
The battle of Thermopylce was the beginning of 
the disgrace of Xerxes; the more he advanced, 
it was to experience new disappointments; his 
fleet was defeated at .-^rtemisium and Salamis, 
and though he burnt the deserted city of Athens, 
and trusted to the artful insinuations of Tbe- 
mistocles, yet he found his millions unable. to 



cor.quer a nation that was superior to him in 
the knowledge of war and maritime affair.-. 
Mortified with the ill success of his expedition, 
and apprehensive of imniinent danger in an 
enemy's country, Xerxes hastened to Persia, 
and in thirty days he marched over all that ter- 
ritory which before he had passed with much 
pomp and parade in the space of six monthi-. 
Mardonius, the best of his generals, w as left be- 
hind with an army rf SOO.OuO men, and the rest 
that had survived the ravages of war, of famine, 
and pestilence, followed their timid monarch 
into "Thrace, where his steps were marked by 
the numerous birds of prey that hovered round 
him, and f d upon the dead carcases of the Per- 
sians. When he reached the Hellespont, Xerxes 
found the bridge of boats which he had erected 
there, totally desiroyed by the storms, and he 
crossed the straits in a small fishing vessel. 
Restored to his kingdom and safety, he forgot 
his dangers, his losses, and his defeats, and gave 
himself up to riot and debauchery. His indo- 
lence and luxurious voluptuousness offended 
his subjects, and Artabanus, the captain of his 
guards, conspired against him, and murdered 
him in his bed, in the 21st year of his reign, 
about 464 years before the Christian era. The 
personal accomplishments of Xerxes have been 
ci mmended by ancient authors, and Herodotus 
observes that there was not one man among the 
millions of his army, that was equal to the mo- j 
narch in comeliness or stature, or that was as : 
worthy to preside over a great and extensive I 
empire. The picture is finished, and the char- i 
acter of Xerxes completely known, when we i 
hfar Justin exclaim, that the vast armament I 
"hich invaded Greece was without a head. 
Xerxes has been cited as an instance of hu- 
manity. When he reviewed his millions from 
a s'ately thrc.ne in the plains of Asia, he sud- , 
deiily shed a tori eiU of tears, on the recollection i 
that the multitude o! men which he saw before 
his eyes, in one hundred years should be no I 
mere.' His pride and ii solence have been de- I 
servedly censured.'; he ordered chains to be i 
thrown into the sea, and the waves to be I 
whipped, because the first bridge he bad laid i 
across the Hellespt.nt had been destroyed by a i 
storm. He cut a channel through mount ! 
Athos, and saw hi= fleet sail in a place which 
before was dry ground. The very rivers were 
dried up by his army as he advanced towards i 
Greece, and the cities which he entered reduced I 
to want and poverty. Herod. 1, 183. 7, 2, &c. ' 
/Elian. V. H. 3. 25.— Justin. 2. 10, &c.- Paui. 3, i 
4. 8, 46.— Lucan. '2, 672.— Pint, in Them &c. 

The 2d, succeeded his father Artaxerxts | 

Longimanus on the throne of Persia, 423 B- C. < 
end was assassinated in the first year of his 
reign by his brother Sogdianus. | 

XlPHONiA, a promontory of Sicily at the 
north of Syracuse, now Capo di S. Crcce. Strab. 

Xois. a city of Egypt, situate in an island in. 
the Phatnetic branch of the Nile, below Seben- I 
n?tus. I 

XcTHiA, the ancient name of the plains of | 
Leontium in Sicily. Died. 5, 8. 

Xi:thus, a son of Hellen. grandson of Deu- 
calion. He was banished from Thessaly by bis 
bvothers, and came to Athens, where he mar- 
ried Creusa, the daughter of king Erechtheus, 
by whom he had Achafus and Ion. He retired, 



XYL 



771 



ZEL 



after the death of his father-in-law, into Achaia, 
where he died. According to some, he had no 
children, but adopted Ion, (he son whom Creusa, 
before her marriagre. had born to Apollo. 
ApoUod. 1, 7 — Pans. 7, l.— Euripid. in Ion. 1, 
sc. 1. 

XYLENOPOLIS, a town at the mouth of the 
Indus, built by Alexander, supposed to be 
Laheri. Plin. 6, 23. 



ZABATUS, a river of Media, falling into the 
Tigris, near which the ten thousand Greeks 
stopped in their return. It is also called Zabus, 
Zerbis, Lycus, and, by modern travellers, Zab. 
Farther down, another river, named Zabus 
Mmor, and otherwise Lycus, is also received 
into the Tisrris, and is now called Altun Sou, or 
Ihe golden river. Polyb. b 51. — Amm. Marc. 23, 
14 Xen. Anab. 2, 5. ~ Plin. 6, 26. 

ZabdicKNE, a district in Mesopotamia, in 
which was si uated a city named Zabda or 
Bezabda. It was yielded to the Persians by 
Jovian. Amm. Marc. 25, 7. 

Zabirna, a town of Libya, where Bacchus 
destroyed a large beast that infested the country. 
Diod. 3, 72. 

Zabus. Vid. Zabatus. 

Z.-VCYNTHUS. a native of Bceotia, who accom- 
panied Hercules when he went into Spain to 
destroy Geryon. At the end of the expedition, 
he was entrusted with the care of Geryon's 
flocks, by the hero, and ordered to conduct them 
to Thebes. As he went on his journey, he was 
bit by a serpent, and some time after died. 

■ An island in the Ionian sea to the west of 

the Peloponnesus, and below Cephallenia. It 
is said to have obtained its name from Zacyn- 
thus, the son of Dardanus, an Arcadian chief. 
It once received a colony of Achseans from the 
Peloponnesus. Its principal town was Zacyn- 
thus, a place of considerable importance, with a 
strong citadel called Psophis. At the southern 
extremity of the island were some remarkable 
pitch-wells, which are still made available. 
The modern name of Zacynthus is Zante. 
Homer. 11. 2, 634. Od. 1, 2^6.— Paws. 8, 21.— 
Thucyd. 2, 66. - Liv. 26, 24. 

Zaleucus, a lawgiver of the Locrians in 
Italy, and one of the disciples of Pythagoras, 
550 B. C. He was very humane, and at the same 
time very austere, and he attempted to enforce 
his laws more by inspiring shame than dread. 
He had wisely decreed, that a person guilty of 
adultery should lose both his eyes. His philo- 
sophy was called to a trial, when he was in- 
formed that his son was an adulterer. He or- 
dered the law to be executed; the people inter- 
fered, but Zaleucus re>isted, and rather than 
violate his own institutions, he commanded one 
of his own eyes, and one of those of his son to 
be put out. This made Kuch an impression 
upon the people, that while Zaleucus presided 
iver the Locrians, no person was again fouiid 



guilty of adultery. Va'. Max. J, 2. 6, 5. - Cic. 
de Leg. 'i, 6. ad AUic 6, 1. - ^ttan. V. H. 2, 37. 
3, 17. 13, 24. 

Zama, a city of Numidia, five days' journey 
west of Carthage, celebrated for the victory ob- 
tained there over Hannibal, by Scipio Africanus 
the elder, B. C. 201, which put an end to the 
second Punic war. It afterwards fell into the 
hands of the Numidian kings, and was chosen 
by them as their usual place of residence, whence 
it received the surname of Regia. It was be- 
sieged in vain by Metellus, during the Jugur- 
thine war, and was remarkable for its inhabitants 
refusing to admit their king Juba within its 
gates, after his defeat at Thapsus, owing to his 
having resolved, if unsuccessful against Caesar, 
to destroy himself and the city. Its modern 
name is Zowareen. Hist. Af. 91.— C. Nep. in 
Hannib. - Liv 30. 29. — Sallust de Jug. — Flor. 

3, \. — Sil. Iial. 3, 26i. — Strab. 17. 
Zamolxis, a celebrated person among the 

Scythians, is reported to have been the slave of 
Pythagoras, and to have accompanied his mas- 
ter into Egypt, where he was manumitted, and 
whence he carried his doctrine to his country- 
men, the Getae, It is added, that having dis- 
closed the immortality of the soul to this people, 
in order to give them evidence of its truth, he 
dug a subterraneous apartment, in which lie 
concealed himself three years, and then re-ap- 
pearing as from the dead, fully established his 
authority as a teacher. Herodotus, however, 
who relates this story, seems to give it little 
credit, and professes his belief that Zamolxis 
lived long before Pythagoras. The truth seems 
to be, that he was a Thracian, who at a remote 
period inculcated the doctrine of the immorta- 
lity of the soul amoing the Scythians, and was 
after his death regarded by them as a divinity, 
wiih whom they were to dwell in the invisible 
world. The same historian says, that on cer- 
tain festal days they chose by lot several persons, 
who were to be sent as messengers to Zamolxis, 
and whom they put to death, by throwing them 
up in the air, and catching them on the points of 
their spears; a circumstance not improbable 
among a barbarous people who are known to 
have practised human sacrifices. Diod. — Herod. 

4, 19. &c. 

Zancle, a town of Sicily, on the straits 
which separate that island from Italy. It re- 
ceived its name from its appearing like a scythe, 
which was called ^ay«Ar/, in the language of the 
country. Fid. Messana. 

ZARANGiEI, a nation of Upper Asia, south- 
east of Aria, having for their capital Pro[)hs.ha- 
sia, now Dooshah. Plin. 6, 23. — Arrian Exp, 
Alex. 3, 2. 

Zariaspa Bactra, the capital of Bactriana, 
on the river Bactiu.^. now Balkh. Piin. 6, 16 

ZebiNA, Alexander, an impostor who 
usurped the throne of Syria, at the instigation of 
Ptolemy Physcon. 

Zela, a city of Pontus, south-east of, and 
not tar from, Amasea. It was originally a vil- 
lage, but Pompey increased it, ai d raised it to 
the rank of a city. It is rendered remarkable 
in history, by a victory obtained over the Ro- 
man forces under Triarius, by Mithridafea, and 
still more by the defeat and discomfiture of 
Pharnaces, son of the latter, which Caesar ex 
pressed in the laconic sentence—" Vent, vidit 
vici." The modern village of Zt'/rA occupies the 
3 S 2 



ZEN 



7?2 



ZEN 



si'e of the ancient city. Strab. 12. Pli7i. 6, 3- 
—Appian. Mifhr. 69— Hhims, B. A. 72. 

Zeno, a philosopher of Elia or Velia in Italy, 
the disciple, or, according to some, the adopted 
s;m of Parraenides, and the supposed inventor 
of dialectic It is said that he attempted to de- 
liver his country from the tyranny of Nearchus. 
Kis plot was discovered.and he« as exposed to the 
must excruciating torments to reveal the name 
of his accomplices; but this he bore with unpa- 
rallelfd fortitude, and not to be at last conquered 
by tortures, he cut off his tongue with his teeth, 
and spit it into the face of the tyrant. Some say 
thai he was pounded alive in a mortar, and that 
in the midst of his torments he called to Near- 
chus, as if to reveal something of importance; 
the tyrant approached him, and Zeno, as if wil- 
ling to whisper to him, caught his ear with his 

teeth, and bit it ofif. The founder of the sect 

of the Stoics, born at Citium in the island of Cy- 
prus.- — His father, Mnaseus, was a merchant, 
who, in his professional concerns, having fre- 
quently occasion to visit Athens, purchased 
several writings of the Socratie philosophers for 
the use of his son, who early displayed a great 
propensity to learning, which tiie father was 
liberal enough to encourge. Zeno was bom 
about B.C. o66, and in his bOth year took a voy- 
age to Athens, carrying with him, it is said, a 
cargo of Phoenician purple, which was lost by 
shipwreck on the coast of Attica. Going into a 
bookseller's shop, he took up a volume of Xeno- 
phon's commentaries, and reading some passages 
of it, was so much delighted, that he enquired 
of the bookseller where such men were to be 
met wi h. Crates, the cynic philosopher, hap- 
pened at that instant to pass by, when the shop- 
keeper, pointing to him, said, "Follow that 
man. ' Zeno from that time became an atten- 
dant upon the lectures of Crates, but the modesty 
of his character would not permit him to copy 
the cynic disregard to the ordinary decorums of 
life. He was likewise desirous of extending-the 
sphere of his knowledge beyond the narrow 
limits of a sect which prided itself in the con- 
tempt of every kind of science. He, therefore, 
became an auditor of other masters who pro- 
fessed to instruct their disciples in the nature of 
things, and he entered the school of Stilpo. 
Crates, unwilling to lose a promising follower, 
attempted to drag him thence by force ; but 
Zeno said to him, " You may seize my body, 
but Stilpo has got hold of ray "mind." After an 
attendance of some years upon Stilpo. he be- 
came a disciple of Xenocrates and Diodorus 
Chronus, from the latter of whom he learnt the 
dialectic art; and he wa.^ so much delighted with 
the ingenious subtleties communicated to him 
by this master, that he rewarded him with a 
large sum of money. He finished his course of 
instruction in the school of Polem.o, who, aware 
of his intention to co'lect materials on all sides 
for some purpose of his own, said to him, "I am 
not unacquainted. Z-='no, with the Phoenician 
disguise in which yi.u creep int') gardens to rob 
the fruit." Having thus informed himself of 
every part of the philosophy then taught in 
Greece, he resolved to become the founder of a 
new sect He chose for his school a place cal- j 
led the Facile {UoihC^t, Sroa), or Fainted Porch. ' 
from its beirg adorned with the pictures of 
Polygnotu.s and other eminent painters: and the 
2 T044, or Pcrcli^ by way of distinction; and from | 



! the latter appellation his followers acquired the 
name of Stoics. He obtained great fame by the 
acuteness of his reasonings, a quality much ad- 
miied among the Greeks; and his private cha- 
racter being also highly respectable, he was 
I much beloved and esteemed by his numerous 
i disciples, and was honoured with the notice of 
the great Antigonus Gonatus, king of Macedon, 
I when at Athens, attended his lectures, and in- 
' vited him to his court; but so little was he dis- 
posed to make an interested use of royal favour; 
; that when an acquaintance offered to procure 
i him some gratuity from the king, he declined 
i all further intercourse with him. The Athenians 
I placed such confidence in his integrity, that they 
: deposited the keys of their citadel in his hands, 
and decreed him a golden crown and a statue. 
Ke is said to have come very rich to Greece; 
i but he lived with great simplicity and abstemi- 
I ousness, keeping only one servant, and limiting 
himself to bread and fruits at table, though the 
\ great were irequently his guests. In other plea- 
sures he was equally ccntinent: and the modesty 
' of his disposition led him to shun crowds and 
personal distinction. Zeno w as tall and slender, 
; with a severe aspect, and a contracted brow. 
His constitution was naturally weak, but by 
temperance his life was prolonged to extreme 
old age. He had reached his 95th year, when 
falling by accident he broke one of his fingers. 
Taking this as a warning to depart, he struck 
the ground with his hand, and repeating from 
the tragedy of Niobe the line, Epxa^ai, rt >*' 
afetj; / am coming, vhy caUest thou me? went 
home and strangled himself, pursuant to the 
philosophical tenet, that a man's life was always 
at his own disposal. The Athenians honoured 
him with a public funeral in the Ceramicus, 
and a tomb, with an inscription recording that 
his memory was thus cherished on account of 
the precepts of virtue which he inculcated on 
the youths who were his auditors. He died B.C. 
264. If we compare the doctrines of Zeno with 
the history of his life, his heterogeneous system 
will appear to have been compiled out of the 
various tenets of the schools which he frequented ; 
and on the credit of these he assumed to himself 
the title of the founder of a new sect, which 
spread widely, and subsisted for many ages. Of 
Zeno, Cicero says, that he had little reason for 
deserting his masters, especially those of the 
Platonic school, and that he was not'so much 
an inventor of new opinions as of new terms. 
Zeno transferred the dialectics of Diodorus 
Cnronus, and the moral doctrine of the Cynic 
sect, into his own system; the principal diffe- 
rence bet«een the Cynics and Stoics consisting 
in this particular, that the former disdained the 
cultivation of nature, and the latter affected to 
rise above it. On the subject of physics. Zeno 
rpceived his doctrine from Pythagoras and 
Heraclitus, through the channel of the Platonic 
school. The moral part of the Stoical philoso- 
phy partook of the defects of its origin. It may 
be as justly objected against the Stoics as the 
Cynics, that tht-y assum.ed an artificial severity 
of manners, and a tone of virtue above the con- 
dition of man. Their doctrine of moral wisdom 
was an ostentatious display of words, in which 
little regard was paid to nature and reason. It 
professed to raise human nature to a degree of 
perfection before unknown; but its real effect 
was, merely to amuse the car, and captivate the 



ZEN 

fancy, with fictions which can never be realised. I 
Acccording to me Stoical de^ctrine concerning ' 
nature^ there existed frono eternity a dark con- 
fused chaos, in which were contained the first 
principles of all future beings ; which chaos, being 
at length arranged, and emerging into variable 
forms, became the world, as it now subsists. The 
universe, though one whole, contains two princi- 
ples, distinct from elements; one passive, which 
is pure matter, without qualities, and the other 
active, which is reason or God. "With respect to 
the doctrine of divine providence, it appears that, 
according to the Stoics, the agency of the deity [ 
is nothing more than the active motion of a ce- 
lestial ether, or fire, possessed of intelligence, 
which at first gave form to the shapeless mass 
of gross matter, and being always essentially 
united to the visible world, by the same neces- 
sary agency, preserves Its order and harmony. 
Providence, in the Stoic creed, is only another 
name for absolute necessity, or fate, to which 
God and matter, or the universe, which consists 
of both, is immutably subject. The Stoic doc- 
trine of the resurrection of the body, upon which 
Seneca has written with so much elegance, 
must not be confounded with the Christian doc- 
trine; for, according to the Stoics, men return 
to life, not by the voluntary appointment of a 
wise and merciful God, but by the law of fate; 
and are not renewed for the enjoyment of a bet- 
ter and happier condition, but drawn back into 
their former state of imperfection and misery. 
The Stoical doctrine of morals is founded on the 
principles of physics. Conceiving God to be 
the principal part of nature, by whose energy all 
bodies are Ibrmed, moved, and arranged, and 
human reason to be a portion of the Divinity, it 
was their fundamental doctrine in ethics, that 
in human life one ultimate end ought for its own 
sake to be pursued; and that this end is, to live 
agreeably to nature, that is, to bp conformed to 
the law of fate by which the world is governed, 
and to the reason of that divine and celestial fire 
which animates all things Since man is him- 
self a microcosm, composed, like the world, of 
matter and a rational principle, it becomes him 
to live as a part of the great whole, and to ac- 
commodate all his desires and pursuits to the 
general arrangement of nature. To live accord- 
ing to nature, as the Stoics teach, is virtue, and 
virtue is itself happiness; for the supreme good 
is, to live according to a just conception of the 
real nature of things, choosing that which is in 
itself eligible, and rejecting the contrary. Every 
man having within himself a capacity of dis- 
cerning and following the law of nature, has his 
happiness in his own power, and is a divinity to 
himself. Wisdom, say the Stoics, consists in 
distinguishing good from evil. Good is that 
wliich produces happiness according to the na- 
ture of a rational being. Since those things 
only are truly good which are becoming and 
virtuous, and virtue, which is seated in the 
mind, is alone sufficient for happiness, external 
things contribute nothing towards happiness, 
and therefore are not in themsrlves good. The 
wise man w ill only value riches, honour, beauty, 
and other external enjoyments, as means and 
instnunents of virtue; for, in every condition, 
he isBappy in the possession of a mind accom- 
modated to nature. Pain, which does not be- 
long to the mind, is no evil. The wise man will 
be happy in the midst of torture. All external 



i /O ZEN 

things are indifferent, since th< y cannot affect 
the happmess of man. Every virtue being a 
conformity to nature, and every vice a deviation 
from it, all virtues and vices are equal. Ore 
act of beneficence or justice is not more truly 
so than another; one fraud is not more a fraud 
than another; therefore there is no other differ- 
ence in the essential nature of moral actions, 
than that some are vicious and others virtuous. 
This is the doctrine which Horace ridicules in 
the 4th satire, Ist book. The Stoics advanced 
many extravagant assertions concerning their 
wise man; for example, that he feels neither 
pain nor pleasure; that he exercises no pity; 
that he is free from faults; that he is divine; 
that he does all things well; that he alone is 
great, noble, ing-nious; that he is a prophet, a 
priest, a king, and the like. These paradoxical 
vauntings are humorously ridiculed by Horace. 
The sum of man's duty, according to the Stoics, 
with respect to himself, is to subdue his passions 
of joy and sorrow, hope and fear, and even pitj'. 
He who is, in this respect, perfectly master of 
himself, is a wise man ; and, in proportion as 
we approach a state of apathy, we advance to- 
wards perfection. Concerning the whole moral 
system of the Stoics, it must be remarked, that, 
although it be highly deserving of praise for 
the purity, extent, and variety of its doctrines, 
and although it must be confessed, that in many 
select passages of the Stoic writings it appears 
exceedingly brilliant, it is nevertheless founded 
on false notions of nature and of man, and is 
raised to a degree of refinement which is extra- 
vagant and impracticable. The piety which it 
teaches, is nothing more than a quiet submission 
to irresistible fate. The self-command which it 
enjoins, annihilates the best affections of the 
human heart. The indulgence which it grants 
to suicide is inconsistent, not only with the 
genuine principles of piety, but even with that 
constancy which was the height of Stoical per- 
fection. And even its moral doctrine of benevo- 
lence is tinctured with the fanciful principle, 
which lay at the foundation of the whole Stoic 
system, that every being is a portion of one 
great whole, from w hich it would be unnatural 
and impious to attempt a separation. Diog. 
Laeit. 5 et 7.—Cic. de Fin. 3 et 4. Tnsc. Qu. 5. 
de Nat. D, 1 et 3 — Senec. Consol. 12. Ep. 9, 71, 
et 1J8.-/MD. Sat. 13, Vil. Horat. Ep. 1, 18. 

S:t. 1, 3. A rhetorician, father to Polemon, 

who was made king of Pontus. The son of 
Polemon who was king of Armenia, was also 
called Zeno.— — A native of Tarsus, or, accord- 
ing to others, of Sidon, and the in. mediate suc- 
cessor of Chrysippus in the Stoic school. Diog. 

Laert, 8, 3S.— Tactt. A7in. 2, 56. The name 

of Zeno was common to some of the Romar em- 
perors, on the throne of Constantinople, in the 
5th ami 6th centuries. 

Zenobia, a queen of Iberia, wife to Rhada- 
mistus. She accompanied ber husband when 
he was banished from his kingdom by the Ar- 
m.enians; but as she was unable to follow him 
on account of her pregnancy she entreatf'd him 
to murder her. Rhadamistus long hesitated, 
but fearful of her falling into the bands of his 
enemy, he obeyed, and threw her body into the 
Ar.ixes. Her clothes kept her up on the surface 
of the water, where she was found by some shep- 
herds, and as the wound w as not mortal, her 
life was preserved, and she was carried to Tiri- 
S S 3 



2EN 



774 



ZF.N 



dates, w ho acknowledged her as queen. Tacit. 

Ann. 12, 51. SeptKuia, a celebrated princess , 

of Palmyra, ^^ho married Odenatus, whom Gal- 
lienus acknowledged as his partner on ihe Ro- 
man throne. After the death of her husband, 
which, according to some authors, she is said to 
have hastened, Zenobia reig^ned in the east as 
regent of her iniant children, who were h<.n- 
onred with the iitle of Ccesars. She assumed 
the name of Augusta, and she appeared in im- 
perial robes, and ordered herself to be styled 
the queen of the east. The troubles which at 
tnat time agitated the western parts of the em- 
pire, prevented the emperor from checking the 
insolence and ambition of this princess, who 
boasted to be sprung froni the Ptol< mies of 
Egypt. Aurelian was no sooner invested wi;h 
the impe-r;al purple than he marched into the 
east, determined to punish the pride uf Zenobia. 
He well knew her valuur. and he was not igno- 
rant that in her wars against the Persians, she 
had distinguished herself no less than Odenatus. 
:>he was the mistress of the east; Egypt ac- 
knowledjied her power, and all ihe provinces of 
Asia Minor were subjpct to her command. 
When Aurelian approached the plains of Sjria, 
the Palmyrean queen appeared at the head of: 
700,000 men. She bore the labours of the field 
like the meanest of her soldiers, and walked on 
foot learless of d.-.nger. T«o battles were 
fought; the courage of the queen gained the 
superiority, but an imprudent evolution of the 
Palmyrean cavalry ruined her cause; and while 
they pursued with spirit the flying enemy, the 
Roman infantry suddenly fell upon the main 
body of Zenobia's army, and the defeat was in- ., 
evitable. The queen fled to Palmyra, deter- 
mi:;ed to suppt rt a siege. Aurelian followed , 
her, and alter he had almost exhausted his 
stores, he proposed terms of accommodation, ; 
vhich were rejected with disdain by the warlike 
princess. Her hopes of victory, how ever, soon 
vanished, and though she harassed the Romans 
night and day by continual sallies from her 
wails, and the working of her military engines, 
she despaired of success when she heard that 
the armies which were marching to her relief 
from Armenia, Persia, and the east, had partly 
been defeated and partly bribed from her alle- 
giance. She fled from Palmyra in the night, 
but Aurelian, «ho was apprised of her escape, 
pursued her. and she was caught as she was 
crossing the river Euphrates. She was brought 
into the presence of Aurelian. and though ihe 
£oldiers were clamorous for her death, she 
was reserved to adorn the triumph of the con- 
queror. She was treated with great humaniry, 
and Aurelian gave her large possessions near 
Tibur, where she was permitted to live the 
rest of her days in peace, w ith all the grandeur 
and majesty which becam.e a queen of the east, 
ar.d a warlike prir.ce^s. Her children were pa- 
tronised by the emperor, and married to persons 
of the first distinction at Rome. Zenobia has 
been admired not only for her military abilities, 
but also for her literary talents. She was ac- 
quainted with every branch of useful learning, 
and spoke with fluency the language of the 
Egyptians, the Greeks.' and the Latins. She 
composed an abridgment of the history of the 
oriental nations, and of Egypt, which was 
greatly commended by the ancients. Sne re- 
ceived no less honour from the patronage she 



afifordtd to the oeetraied Longinus, who was 
one of tier favourites, and who taught her the 
Greek tongue. She has also been praised for 
her great chastity, and her constancy, though 
she betrajed too often her propensities to cru- 
elty and intoxication when in the midst of her 
officers. She fell into the hands of Aurelian 
about the 273d year of the Christian era. ^ur. 
Vicf. Zos &c. 

ZENOBli iNSLL.^;, small islands atthe mouth 
of the Arabian gulf. Arrian Peripl. 

Zenodorls, a sculptor in the age of Nero. 
He made a statue of Mercury, as also a colossus 
for the en-.peror, which w as 110 or 120 feet high, 
and which was consecrated to the sun. The 
head of this colossus was some time after 
broken by Vespasian, who placed there the head 
of an Apollo surrounded with seven beams, 
each of which was seven feet and a half long. 
Erom this fam.ous colossus the modern Coliseum 
whose rums are row so much admired at Rome, 
took its name. Fiin. 34, 7. 

Zenod Otus. a native of Troezene, who wrote 
a history of Umbria. Diun. Hal. 2. A gram- 
marian of Alexandria, in the age of Ptolemy 
Soter, by whom he was appointed to take care 
of the celebrated librarv of Alexandria. He 
died B.C. 2-15. 

Z PHYRiUM, a promontory of Magna Graecia, 
on the eastern coast of the lower extremity of I 
Bruttium, whence the Locrians derived the ' I 
appellation of Epizephyrii. It is now Capo j [ 

di Bruszano. Strab. 6 A promontory on 

the western coast of the island of Cyprus, , 
where Venus had a temple built by Ptolemy [ 
Philadelphus, w hence she w as called Zephyria.- > ^ 
It w as in this temple that Arsinoe made an offer- i 
ing of her hair to the goddess of beaulv. Slrab, , 
14. ' i ' 

Zephyrus, one of the winds, son of AstrenS j 
and Aurora, the same as the Faronius of th* | 
Latins. He married a nymph called Chloris, | 
or Flora, by whom he bad a son called Carpos. , 
Zephyr was said to produce flowers and fruits ' 
by the sw eetness of his breath. He had a temple I 
at Athens, w here he was represented as a young ' 
man of delicate form, with two wings on his i 
shoulders, and with his head covered with all: 
sorts of flowers. He was supposed to be the I 
same as the west wind. Hesiod. Theog. 377. — -I 
Virg. ^n. 1, 135. 2, -il?. 4. 223. &c.- Ovid. J\leU\ 
1, 64. 15, 700.— Pro;, 1. 16. 34, &:c. j 

Zerynthls, a town of Samothrace, with aj i 
cave sacred to Hecate. Ihe epithet of Zetyn- 
thins is applied to Apollo, and also to Venus. j 
Ovid. Trisi. 1. 9, 19.— i^r. 38, 41. i 

Zethes, Zetes or Zetus, a son of Boreas, | 
king of Thrace and Orithya, who accompanied, 1 
with his brother Calais, the Argonauts to Col-, 1 
; chis. In Bithynia, the two brothers, who are' i 
represented with wings, delivered Phineus from i 
' the continual persecution of the Harpies, and I 
drove these monsters as far as the islands called 
Stropbades, where at last they were stopped by, 
. Irii. who promised them that Phineus should 
no longer be tormented by them. They were| 
both killed, as some say, by Hercules, durinp 
the Argonautic expedition, and were changed 
into those winds which generally blow eight ot 
ten da>s before the dog-star appears, and art 
called Prodromi by the Greeks. Their sistei 
, Cleopatra married Phineus king of Bifbynia, 
I Orpheus. '3 rg. 220.- AfoUod. 1,9. 3, 15.- Hygin. 



ZET 775 zop 



fab. \\.— Omd. Met. 8, 716.— Patis. 3, \8.— Fal. 
Flacc. 1, 469. 4, 465. 

Zetvs, or Zethus, a son of Jupiter and An- 
tiope, brother to Amphion. The two brothers 
were born on mount Cithferon, where Antiope 
had fled to avoid the resentment of her father 
Nycteus. When they had attained the years of 
manhood, they collected a number of their 
friends to avenge the injuries which their mo- 
ther had suffered from Lycus, the successor of 
Nycteus on the throne of Thebes, and from his 
wife Dirce. Lycus was put to death, and his 
wife tied to the tail of a wild bull, that drag^sed 
her over rocks and precipices till she died. The 
crown of Thebes was seized by the two bro- 
thers, not only as the reward of this victory, but 
as their inheritance, and Zethus surrounded the 
capital of his dominions with a strong wall, 
while his brother amused himself with playing 
on his lyre. Music and verses were disagree- 
able to Zethus, and, according to some, he pre- 
vailed upon his brother no longer to pursue so 
unproductive a study. Hygin. fab. 7-—Paus. 2, 
6, Sic. — Apollod. b, 5 et lO. — Horat. ep. 1, 18, 41. 

Zeugis, or Zeugitana, a district of Africa, 
in which Carthage was situated. It extended 
from the river Tusca to the Hermaean promon- 
tory, and from the coast to the mountains that 
separated it from Byzacium. Nothing is known 
with any certainty concerning the origin of the 
name Zeugitana. but it is conjectured to have 
been derived from the Zugantes, who dwelled 
hereabouts ; they were an aboriginal people, 
and are supposed to have been connected with 
the neighbouring Byzantes who gave name to , 
Byzacium. Isid. Hist. 14, 5. — Plin. 5, 4. j 

Zeugma, or the Bridge, the name of the , 
prinoipal passage of the river Euphrates, south- j 
west of Edessa. An ancient fortress by which I 
it was commanded is still called Roum-Kala, or 
the Roman Castle; and on the opposite shore 
there is a place called Zeugme. PLin. 5, 24 — 
Curt. 3, 1.— Tacit. Ann. 12, 12. 

Zeus, a name of Jupiter among the Greeks, 
expressive of his being the father of mankind, 
and by whom all things live. Diod. 5. 

Zeuxidamus, a king of Sparta, of the family 
of the Proclidae. He was father of Archidamus, 
and grandson of Theopompus, and was succeeded 
by his ?on Archidamus. Paus. 3, 7. 

ZeuXIS, a celebrated painter, born at Hera- 
elea, which some suppose to be the Heraclea in 
Sicily. He flourished about 468 years before 
the Christian era, and was the disciple of Ajiol- 
lodorus, and contemporary with Parrhasius, 
In the art of painting he surpassed not only all 
his contemporaries, but also his master, and 
became so sensible, and at the same time so 
proud of the value of his pieces, that he refused 
to sell them, observing that no sura of money, 
however great, was sufficient to buy them. He 
is said by Quintilian to have been the first who 
understood the management of light and shade, 
and to have excelled in colouring ; but he is 
censured for giving too much bulk to his heads 
and massiveness to his limbs, which is ascribed 
to an imitation of the strength and grandeur of 
Homer's manner. His most celebrated paintings 
were his Jupiter sitting on a throne, surrounded 
by the gods; his Hercules strangling the ser- 
pents in the presence of his affrighted parents; 
his modest Penelope; and his Helen, which was 
.fterwards placed in the temple of Juno Lacinia, 



in Paly. This last piece he had painted at the 
request of the people of Crotona, and that 5)« 
might not be without a model, they sent him 
the most beautiful of their virgins. Zeuxis exa- 
mined their naked beauties, and retained five, 
from whose elegance and graces united, he con- 
ceived in his mind the form of the most perfect 
woman in the universe, which his pencil at last 
executed with wonderful success. His contest 
with Parrhasius is well known; [^Vid. Parrha- 
sius;] but though he represented nature in such 
perfection and copied all her beauties with 
such exactness, he often found himself deceived. 
He painted grapes, and formed an idea of the 
goodness of his piece from the birds which came 
to eat the fruit on the canvass. But he soon ac- 
knowledged that the whole was an ill- executed 
piece, as the figure of the man who carried the 
grapes was not done with sufficient expression 
to terrify the birds. According to some, Zeuxis 
died from laughing at a comical picture which 
he had made of an old woman. Cic. de Inv. 2, 

I. —Plut. in Par. S,-c. 

ZiNGis, a promontory of Ethiopia, near the 
entrance of the Red sea, below the Aromata 
Promontorium, now Cape Orfui. 

ZOiLUS, a sophist and grammarian of Amphi- 
polis, B. C. 259. He rendered himself known 
by his severe criticisms on the works of Isocra- 
tes and Plato, and the poems of Homer, for 
which he received the name of Homeromastix 
or the chastiser of Homer. He presented his 
criticisms to Ptolemy Philadelphus, but they 
were rejected with indignation, though the au- 
thor declared that he starved for want of bread. 
Some say. that Zoilus was cruelly stoned to 
death, or exposed on across, by order of Ptolmy, 
while others support, that he was burned alive 
at Smyrna. The name of Zoilus is generally 
applied to austere critics. The works of this 
unfortunate grammarian are lost. JElian. V. H. 

II. 10. - Dionys. Hal. - Ovid, de Rem. Am. 2(;(5. 
Zona, or Zone, a city on the uEgean coast 

of Thrace, near the promontory of Serrhium. 
Here Orpheus sang, and Vjy his strains drew 
after him both th** woods and the beasts that 
tenanted them. He?od. 7, 59. — Apollod. Argon. 
1, 29. 

ZonAR-'^S, Johannes, a Byzantine historian, 
who flourished in the llth and 12th centuries. 
He was raised to distinguished honours in tlie 
court of the emperor Alexius Comnenus, but 
resigned them and retired as a monk to mount 
Athos. Of many works composed by him in the 
latter part of his life, we have his Anvals, 
Xpoi-cKoi/, in 18 books, including a general his- 
tory from the beginning of the world down to 
A. D. 11 IS. It consists of abridgments or ex- 
tracts from larger works, and exhibits gre;:t 
inequality of style. The history of the Jews is 
given first, then that of the Greeks, and of the 
Roman republic, and lastly that of the Roman 
empire. In the latter part he closely follows 
Dion Cassias. Zonaras left also a lexicon rr 
glossary, which is useful as a concomitant to 
that of Hesychius. The Annals are foimd in 
the collections of the Byzantine historians. The 
lexicon was published by Tittmann. with the 
lexicon of Photius, 3 vols. 4tc. Lips. 1808. 

Z(,)PYRUS, a Persian, son of Meg:ibyzus, wl^o, 
to show his attachment to D irius, the son "i 
Ily<faspes. v\hilc he bpsirp.r(i B.ibylon, cut i u 
his ears and nose, and fled to the enemy, telli\ig 



ZOR 



776 



ZYG 



them that he bad received such a treatment from 
his royal master bf cause he had advised him 
to raise the siege, as the city was impregnable. 
This was credited by the Babylonians, and Zo- 
pyrus was appointed commander of all their 
forces. When he had totally gained their con- 
fidence, he betrayed the city into the hands cf 
Darius, for which he was liberally rewarded. 
The regard of Darius for Zopyrus could never 
be more strongly expressed than in what he 
used often to say, that he had rather have 
Znpvrus not mutilated than twenty Babylons. 
Herod. 3, 154, &c.- Plut. in Apnph. Reg. 3 — 

Justin. 1, 10. A physician in the age of Ml- 

thridates. He gave the monarch a description 
of an antidote which would prevail against all 
sorts of poisons. The experiment was tried 
upon criminals, and succeeded. 

ZOROANDA, a part of Taurus, where the Ti- 
gris opened a subterraneous passage. Plin. 6, 
27. 

ZonOASTER, a k'ng of Bactria, supposed to 
have lived in the age of Ninus, king of Assyria, 
some time before the Trojan war. According 
to Justin, he first invented magic, or the doc- 
trines of the Magi, and rendered himself known 
by his deep and acute researches in philosophy, 
the origin of the world, and the study of astro- 
nomy. He was respected by his subjects and 
contemporaries for his abilities as a monarch, a 
lawgiver, and a philosopher, and though many 
of his doctrines are puerile and ridiculous, yet 
his followers are still found in numbers in the 
wilds of Persia, and the extensive provinces of 
India, Like Pythagorus, Zoroaster admitted 
no visible object of devotion except fire, which 
he considered as the most proper emblem of a 
supreme being; which doctrines seem to have 
been preserved by Numa, in the worship and 
ceremonies which he instituted in honour of 
Vesta. According to some of the moderns, the 
doctrines, the laws, and regulations of this cele- 
brated Bactrian are still extant, and they have 
been lately introduced in Europe in a French 
translation by M. Anquetil. The age of Zoro- 
aster is so little known, that many speak of two, 
three, four, and even six lawgivers of that name. 
Some authors, who support that two persons 
only of this name flourished^, describe the first 



as an astronomer, living in Babjlon, 2459 years 
B.C., whilst the era of the other, who is sup- 
posed to have been a native of Persia, and the 
restorer of the religion of the Msgi, is fixed 589, 
and by some 519 years B.C. The learned Dr 
Hyde, and alter him Dr Prideaux and several 
others, are of opinion, that Zoroaster was the 
same with the Zerdusht of the Persians, who 
was a great patriarch of the Magi, and that h. 
lived between the beginning of the reign r 
Cyrus, and the latter end of that of Darius H 
stapes. Dr Warburton censures Hyde and Pi 
deaux for making an early Bactrian lawgiver 
be a late Persian false prophet, and says th ', 
this whole story of him is a mere fable, contrt 1 
dieting all learned antiquity, and supportec 
only by the romantic relations of late Persiar 
writers under the caliphs. Justin. 1, 1. — August 
de Civ. LI, 14.- Oros. 1, 4 — Plin. 7, 10. 30, 1. 

ZOSIMUS, an officer in the reign of Theodo- 
sius the younger, about the year 410 of the 
Christian era. Re wrote the history of the Ro- 
man emperors in Greek, from the age of Au- 
gustus to the beginning of the 5th century, of 
w hich only the five first books and the beginning 
of the sixth are extant. In the first of these he 
is very succinct in his account from the time of 
Augustus to the reign of Diocletian, but in the 
succeeding he becomes more diffuse and inter- 
esting. His composition is written with ele- ; 
gance, but not much fidelity, and the author 
showed his malevolence against the Christians 
in his history of Constantine, and some of his 
successors. The best editions of Zosimus are, 
that of Celarius, 6vo. Jerse 172S, and that of 
Reitemier, 6vo. Lips. 1784. 1 

ZosTERTA, a surname of Minerva. She fc? ' 
two statues under that name in the city ■ 
Thebes, in Boeotia. The w ord signified girt, « 
armed for battle, words synonymous among th. 
ancients. Pans. 9, 17.— Horn. II. 2, 478. 11, 15 

ZUCHIS, a lake to the east of the Syrtis Miiu 
with a town of the same name, famous for . i 
purple dye and salt-fish. Strab. 17. 

ZUGANTES. Fid. Zeugis. I 

ZyGiA, a surname of Juno, because she pre | 
sided over marriage {a iCavyvvfjujungo). She i 
the same as the Ptonuba of the Latins. Pollux 
3, 3. 



THE END. 





GEOftGE BR0I>KMAN, PRINTER, GLASGOW. 



i 



4 



028 326 JX 5 



